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CO2 and electrical forcing
Expand Messages
- At some point in time the public stopped believing big tobacco.
We are no where near that level of public opinion about big oil and
coal and fossil fuels and climate. Indeed, I wouldn't even call it a
vast right wing conspiracy. I would call it people looking and
finding a means before a justification, and then sensing any
justification works. The problem for the fascists, unfortunately for
them, is their spokespersons themselves make the case for human
activity as a concern. They who the right has anointed to make their
argument for the environmentalists--they have fooled themselves.
And most of it is done on the internet. A few years ago it was John
Daly--but he died of a heart attack. There was also Theodore
Landschedt from Daly's site--he also died within months of Daly. So
where would the right go to satisfy themselves now? After all,
the 'truth' should come out of anyone's month, no?
This isn't about the truth, that's for certain. Daly, for instance,
argued against the green house gas warmers that the SOI determined
climate. Of course, little did he know that he too was making the
case for the environmentalists--as the SOI is decidedly about out
gassing differences between Tahiti and Darwin, and, therefore, shows
CO2's conductivity meaning exactly as I have been teaching.
This is what a good lawyer will tell you. Never ask a question you do
not know the answer to. In Daly's case, he attempted to show that CO2
as a green house gas was not a climate forcing, and his answer was
the SOI. Again, SOI proves the environmentalist's position! It's a
blunder for an advocate. It's like this. Say you just murdered
someone, and a detective comes up to you and says, you killed victim.
And you say, I did not kill victim with a knife! And the detective
says, how did you know he died from a knife wound? See? It's
No where is the fraud more clear than at a website called Climate
Audit, where Steve McIntyre writes a blog and the faithful from the
right come. They have had no place to go since John Daly died.
McInteyre is essentially a mathematician, making for the most part a
poor argument. Everything is a spin, a justification of the fossil
fuel culture, and his argument is easy to summarize. Climate was
random, climate is random, climate will be random, burn fossil fuels,
because it doesn't matter. He does particularly well if he can show
that the green house gas warming isn't going according to the vast
left wing conspirators, and then he goes straight into his theme.
Nothing varies too much from it.
As you all know by now, my view is that the earth was alive, the
earth is alive, let's keep it that way. And that the MO of this
living earth is large scale electrical features that impact cloud
mechanics. And as McIntyre is neither trained in life or electro
magnetical fields, he is easy to expose.
His latest gem is located here:
He is arguing his math, in this case some basic statistics, to make a
point about the character of the warming on a smaller scale than the
whole earth. He works really hard to show this one picture, which
essentially is his argument above in picture form. What the picture
shows instead of global warming everywhere is that the main changes
are in specific areas:
Let me say this before I destroy his point. The so called 'skeptics',
as you may appreciate, are in my view nothing of the sorts. They are
very very poor advocates of a position that is political. And the
closer they come to basing their 'arguments' on facts, on science,
models, statistics based on facts, the closer they come to providing
us not with a skeptical view of another's perspective, but rather,
providing us with their theory. Only, as I shall show, just like John
Daly's SOI shows the conductivity meaning of CO2, so too does this
The outcome is actually quite simple and predictable. If you increase
CO2 to the climate system, it is dissolved in the oceans in greater
amounts. It is then, therefore, more available with low pressures on
the ocean surface to come out of solution with the lower pressure and
the roiling winds that come with such a low. The gas first comes out
of carbonation and rises to the ocean surface, where it equilibrates
back into ion form in the context of the electrical fields involved
and resulting pH, and that then decreases conductivity with the
surface low, and cloud microphysics are organized accordingly.
The problem is that the Pacific Ocean is relatively less saline in
the significant location of the Pacific high. So that the signal of
greater CO2 will make will be most directly on the Pacific Ocean. The
Atlantic, for instance, will have high levels of salt ions to aid its
conductivity without CO2's input, and CO2's input will be
less 'felt'. Specifically, I look at the impact of the Pacific High
as the most changed with higher CO2. That then causes the tropical
jet to run farther north.
Same type of thing occurred with the 30,000 dead of a heat wave in
Europe--which occurred with an algae bloom in the region, that then
impacted the jet behaviors there. There were also flooding events in
Europe associated with that bloom. See:
Especially this figure:
The drunken looking trees, diseased and tipped over, and melting
tundra in Alaska, and the thinning ice in the Arctic all prove this.
But then what happens thereafter is the jet comes south over the
CONUS, and causes increased thunderstorm levels there. And the
increased strikes also power the Pacific High changes in cloud
microphysics per the China paper, and it becomes a seasonal feedback.
That's why in combination with the microbial bloom along the west
coast last year you had a string of so many days without
precipitation to go along with all the hurricanes Florida had last
season. That high strike levels then powers the ITCZ in the Atlantic,
along with the Bermuda High, and you essentially warm it up by
compression, air flow and changed cloud microphysics. You increase
the intensity of tropical storms, but not their frequency.
That change then follows the warm and electrically conductive Gulf
Stream and Europe relatively heats up. In short, the warming meets
what I call an event horizon seen condition. That is, you can make
certain or easily determined predictions based on the phenomenon
being within the horizon. For instance, during the day the sun comes
out and generally it warms. There is a daily event horizon that
factors into a discussion on climate and weather. Likewise, the green
house gas warmers argue such a horizon, based on climatology. My
arguments are based on the idea that if you increase the CO2 content
of the oceans you increase the capacitive couplings between
ionosphere and ocean that impact cloud microphysics. This follows
easily Coulomb's law, for those who can track with that law. It is
easily repeated science--you can repeat it in a lab or with the
oceans. And now, with the help of a McIntyre's fraud, it is repeated
with statistical significance.
I found 6% more ions over the tropical Atlantic compared to the
Pacific Ocean where the Pacific High exists. See for yourself:
Ionosphere to space Capacitive Coupling above Eye (not to scale):
............................-..+..- electron van Allen belt
............................+..-..+ Proton van Allen belt
............................-..+..- Upper ionosphere
............................+..-..+ Lower ionosphere
.......................***o*o*o*** Cloud level
............................-..+..- Ocean surface
Layer electrically below ocean surface
Okay. Let's see if I can explain from another standpoint. Currents
won't move from the depths, back and forth, between surface, because
the static field from the ionosphere and above causes a forcing
against anything from a vertical standpoint. There is OTOH no
horizontal forcing other than electrical resistance.
Another set of pictures:
-+++++++++ Ionosphere
*................. Clouds
+__________ Ocean Surface
-++++++++++Just below surface
--++++++++ Ionosphere
**............... Clouds
++-------------- Ocean Surface
--++++++++ Just below surface
+--+++++++ Ionosphere
.**.............. Clouds
-++-------------- Ocean Surface
+-++++++++ Just below surface
-+--+++++++ Ionosphere
* .**............. Clouds
+-++------------ Ocean Surface
-+--+++++++ Just below surface
--+--++++++ Ionosphere
** .**............ Clouds
++-++---------- Ocean Surface
--+--++++++ Just below surface
+--+--+++++ Ionosphere
.** .**.......... Clouds
-++-++-------- Ocean Surface
+--+--+++++ Just below surface
Notice how the charges just below the surface and the coupling from
the ionosphere only allows the pattern from the clouds to move along
the surface. The atmosphere and ocean are not like a pure
capacitor. There are horizontal fields above and below, and the
clouds move in between these fields. In order for the fields to be
maintained, it requires 'work'. It requires a number of ions to move
horizontally, especially important is the horizontal movement along
the surface of the ocean, where conductivities then substantially
matter. Included in such calculas is SSTs, which have about a
percent drop in resistance per increase of degF in SSTs. In sum,
there is a vertical field component that current movement that is
horizontally forced by a changing horizontal field dynamic must push
against to overcome. That requirement of a counter-force IS
resistance. The static field is so significant vertically compared
to the conductivity of the salt water that almost all of the current
moves through the surface with the coulds. The proof is in the
pudding--cloud behaviors react accordingly, and according to the
cloud microphysics behaviors demonstrated in the China paper.
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text: CREDIT: DOMINIC BRACCO II..SLUG:PRJ/KAZAKHSTAN..DATE:10/30/2009..CAPTION:Construction workers pour a new section of concrete on the Syr Dary river near Aralsk, Kazakhstan on Oct. 30, 2009. These floodgates are the part of the original phase of the Dike Kokaral project that should have been completed four years earlier. ..Aral Sea Overview: ..During the 1960s the USSR began irrigating the waters of the Aral Sea in southern Kazakhstan to combat their growing food crisis. The Soviets severely miscalculated and water began receding quickly from the port cities. The waters continued to recede. By 2000 the water was 80 km away from the city of Aralsk, a main seaport in Kazakhstan. In 2005 with help from the World Bank, construction began on a 13km dike that locals hoped would bring the waters back to their original shores. The project raised water quality and fishing was able to resume, however four years after completion of the dike the water is still 50km from Aralsk's port. Locals seem mixed on the possibility of the sea returning after more than 40 years without the sea. Fishermen from Aralsk make a three-hour path through soft desert road along the former seabed. The only source of income for many is cattle, horses, and camels, which have, began to overgraze the areas of the former seabed and surrounding desert. Because of this nutrient rich topsoil is lifted by the wind and the process of desertification continues. .Add to Lightbox Download

subset: commoncrawl


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Rachel Martin of Little Chute usually bags groceries at Larry's Piggly Wiggly.
In October, the 33-year-old won Wisconsin's best bagger competition.
She's in Las Vegas this week to compete for the national title.
"It's trying to be the best, go fast, and do it as best as you can," said Martin. "I just care about what I'm doing, no matter what it is."
Martin will be judged on speed and style.
She lost in the competition last year. She says her strategy this year is to just grab stuff and start bagging it.


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Global Tax Alert (News from Americas Tax Center) | 3 September 2013
Mexican Supreme Court rules certain financial institutions must pay profit sharing on all profits
The Mexican Supreme Court recently ruled, through a binding judicial decision, that a financial institution that is not engaged solely in lending activities must pay profit sharing (PTU by its Spanish acronym) on all of its profits rather than a limited distribution of one month's salary. As a binding decision, this ruling should be followed by lower courts in the future.
As background, Mexican employers are generally subject to mandatory PTU distributions equal to 10% of the adjusted taxable income of the employer. The Federal Labor Law (FLL) provides an exception to the 10% calculation for certain types of businesses. For these exceptions, the profit sharing is limited to one month's salary for each employee. As described below, the controversy in this case relates to whether or not the exception can be applied if a financial institution has activities other than those included in the exception.
Article 127 Section III of the FLL provides that PTU shall not exceed one-month's salary with respect to employers: ...whose income is derived exclusively from the work of personal service employees and for those whose activities are the custody of goods to derive income or the collection of debts and interest.
The controversy is related to the placement of the word "exclusively" in Article 127. Whether this article refers to all of the activities mentioned or whether only to the activities for personal services.
The Sixth Circuit Court construed Section III of Article 127 of the FLL literally. This court ruled that the one-month salary limit is applicable to employers whose activities include the custody of goods to derive income or the collection of debts and interest, regardless of whether or not they have other operations. This is based on the argument that Section III of Article 127 of the FLL sets forth two different scenarios: (i) employers whose income is derived exclusively from the work of personal service employees, and (ii) employers whose activities are the custody of goods to derive income or the collection of debts and interest. Under this interpretation, the term "exclusively" is only related to the first scenario. As a result, an entity that performs activities in the second category may also have other activities and still benefit from this provision.
However, another Circuit Court ruled that Section III of Article 127 of the FLL is applicable only to employers whose income is derived exclusively from the activities mentioned in the article. This position was based on an interpretation of the legislative intent of the provision.
Because of a split in the circuits, this case went to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that the intent of the legislators in this provision to cap the PTU payment to one month's salary is applicable when the only source of income for the employers is the custody of goods that derive rental income or the collection of debts and interest. Therefore, all employers that obtain income from any other source, albeit minimal, are excluded from this relief.
For additional information with respect to this Alert, please contact the following:
Mancera, S.C., International Tax Services, Mexico City
- • Koen van´t Hek
+52 55 11 01 6439
- • Eduardo Michan
+52 55 52 83 1308
Ernst & Young LLP, International Tax Services, Miami
- • Terri Grosselin
+1 305 415 1344
EYG no. CM3781


text:
One of the responses in our recent chapter survey showed that members want more information about other members (see #3). I think this means members want to interact more, to get to know their peers better.
But going out to the meetings each month isn't always possible given the remote locations of some members. And others have family commitments or other obstacles that prevent them from interacting.
To get around this, I've added a chat feature to the Suncoast chapter site. I hope to start experimenting with virtual get-togethers. I'm not sure what topic would work — maybe just an evening of introductions. Has anyone ever done member chats? Does it work well? My feeling is that it may require someone to direct and lead the discussion on a certain topic.
Get new posts delivered straight to your inbox.
I'm a technical writer based in the California San Francisco Bay area. Topics I write about on this blog include technical writing, authoring and publishing tools, API documentation, tech comm trends, visual communication, technical writing career advice, information architecture and findability, developer documentation, and more. If you're a professional or aspiring technical writer, be sure to subscribe to email updates using the form above. You can learn more about me here. You can also contact me with questions.


text:
Up to 400 households in Ballynanty in Limerick city have been advised by Irish Water that they should not drink the water from the public water supply in the area.
In a letter to households in Ballynanty, Irish Water states that recent testing has shown lead levels above the statutory limit for lead in drinking water.
Irish Water added that they have requested additional advice from the HSE in relation to risks posed by the possibility of elevated lead levels in the water.
As a precautionary measure the HSE advice is not to drink the water or use it for preparing food or diluted drinks including baby formula feeds or ice cubes.
The HSE also emphasise that pregnant women and young children in particular should not drink the water.
A number of drinking water standpipes have been made available in the area by Irish water and Limerick City and County Council.
Residents in the area today expressed frustration at the measures because of the burden it places on the residents and the elderly.
The HSE has also confirmed that water restriction in place on the Kildysart Public Water Supply scheme will remain in place until at least Tuesday 5 August.
Approximately 1,500 customers were advised on Tuesday 29 July that the water was unsuitable for drinking due to discolouration caused by increased manganese levels.
A Clare County Council spokesperson said: "At this stage the water quality has improved because of the ongoing modifications to the water treatment process.
"The general quality of the water is not yet at a satisfactory level and following consultation with the HSE it is advised that the water is not suitable for drinking until further notice."
Water tankers will be available at Kildysart Secondary School from 10am - 11am and 6pm - 7pm daily, and at the Hilltop Bar in Coolmeen from 12pm- 1pm and 8pm - 9pm daily.


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Hello loves! How's your day? Good thing we have a great weather today so I can finally go to my fave malls in Metro and shop till I drop ha-ha. I am so excited to buy some goodies too for my series of easy giveaway on my Facebook page and new Twitter account so follow if you haven't guys!
Onto the shopping news…
Calling all Students and Teachers in the Metro (Philippines) I have good news to y'all! On the 24th and 31st of this month, go to your favorite F21 stores and grab 15% OFF DISCOUNT.
*Don't forget to bring and show your valid student ID/ teachers ID or any proof of eligibility*winks
F21 loves our teachers too so go ahead and spread the awesome news!


text:
Hunter Hayes vs. Kenny Chesney – The Showdown
Hunter Hayes' new song 'Wanted' continues to prove itself to fans and those who've yet to buy into the hysteria surrounding this 20-year-old. Last week, the song thumped 'Postcard From Paris,' the Band Perry's new single. The country song is halfway to the Showdown Hall of Fame, but Hunter's got one tall hurdle to get past this week.
Kellie Pickler Brings Wounded Marine as Her Date to the 2012 CMT Music Awards
It was a blink-and-you'll-miss-it moment during the 2012 CMT Music Awards on Wednesday (June 6). Who was the Marine seated next to Kellie Pickler? He certainly isn't her husband Kyle — did she bring someone back from her recent USO trip?
Daily Roundup: 2012 CMT Music Awards + More
The 2012 CMT Music Awards featured top-notch performances from some of country music's biggest stars, as well as red carpet highlights — and a few lowlights. Find it all in the Daily Roundup today. Also included is Scotty McCreery's momentous occasion and reviews of Alan Jackson's new album and Trace Adkins' new single.
Taylor Swift's 'Dear John' Humiliated John Mayer
John Mayer has felt the wrath of Taylor Swift's guitar and pen, and he didn't like it. The pop-singer acknowledges that 'Dear John' — an album cut from Swift's 2010 'Speak Now' album — is about him, but adds that he didn't know that he'd hurt her until the song came out.
Carrie Underwood, Eric Church + More Rehearse for 2012 CMT Music Awards
The 2012 CMT Music Awards are a collection of both superstars and hot, new country talent. This week, stars like Carrie Underwood and Eric Church have been rehearsing their performances, while newcomers like Kip Moore, Jana Kramer and the FARM look to take the stage for the very first time. Scroll through these photos of artists preparing for Wednesday's (June 6) CMT broadcast.
Daily Roundup: Kenny Chesney, Scotty McCreery + More
Scotty McCreery has changed his name! The 'Water Tower Town' singer made the big announcement on late night television last night. Find out his new name, and also what led to this rash decision, in today's Daily Roundup. Also learn about Kenny Chesney's new record deal, Sheryl Crow's brain tumor and the next four entries in the Top 100 Country Songs list.
Trace Adkins' Wife Shows Off His Superman Underwear
If Trace Adkins was shy about sharing the more intimate details of his wardrobe, he'd probably be upset with his wife Rhonda today. However, the country giant has proven in the past that he's willing to let fans see what's behind the metaphorical curtain (and the actual one). On Monday afternoon, what started as an innocent tweet ended up with a picture of the big man's underwear.
Daily Roundup: Kenny Chesney, Tim McGraw, Top 100 Country Songs + More
The tour of the summer began over the weekend. Kenny Chesney, Tim McGraw and Jake Owen opened the Brothers of the Sun Tour in Tampa, Fla., and few walked away not believing they'd seen one of the greatest shows in country music. Read a full recap, lus catch up on the latest entries in the Top 100 Country Songs countdown in the Daily Roundup below.
Hunter Hayes vs. The Band Perry – The Showdown
Last week, Hunter Hayes topped Little Big Town in one of the tightest Showdowns of all time. Just two percentage points separated his song 'Wanted' from their hit 'Pontoon,' meaning he'll move on to face a new challenger this week. It's another handicap match, with a solo artist facing the tag team partnership of one of country music's hottest trios.
Daily Roundup: Scotty McCreery, Chely Wright + More
Scotty McCreery and Lauren Alaina were just added to a major country music awards show, but Chely Wright wasn't and she's upset about it. OK, she didn't mention this show specifically when talking about being shut out of industry events, but others like it. Read both of these stories, and find out about Garth Brooks new tour dates in the Roundup below.
Daily Roundup: Doc Watson, Carrie Underwood + More
A Carrie Underwood conversation that involves the potential for kids is never a boring thing. In a recent interview, the singer shared how many kids her husband Mike Fisher hopes to have, and let's just say they'd better get started soon. The Daily Roundup includes a sad story today as well. Country music lost a pioneer in famous flatpicker Doc Watson. Find out why he was so instrumental below.
Daily Roundup: Zac Brown Band, Randy Travis + More
Zac Brown announced excited news this morning, while the headline was more troubling for Randy Travis. Those are just two of over a dozen country music news stories from Tuesday. Also in today's Daily Roundup, learn who was added to the Blake Shelton cruise and help determine country music's favorite crossover artist.


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A wealthy car dealer implicated in a campaign finance scandal has hired one of San Diego's most experienced and respected defense attorneys.
NBC 7 has learned that attorney Michael Pancer now represents Marc Chase, owner of Symbolic Motor Cars, on La Jolla Boulevard.
Prosecutors say a billionaire Mexican businessman, identified as Jose Susumo Azano, funneled more than $500,000 into local campaigns. It is illegal for foreign nationals to contribute to U.S. elections.
Key Players in the Campaign Finance Scandal
Neither Susumo nor Chase have been charged in this case, but three others, including a former San Diego Police Department detective and a City Hall lobbyist, are accused of Conspiracy to Commit Offenses Against the United States.
Those criminal complaints indicate that Chase acted as a "Straw Donor" by funneling at least $180,000 of Susumo Azano's money into independent campaigns benefiting mayoral candidate Bob Filner and congressional candidate Juan Vargas.
Prosecutors say Susumo Azano hoped his contributions would give him the inside track to develop high-rise buildings on the San Diego bayfront.
Former federal prosecutor John Kirby says Chase could face criminal charges for his alleged role in the scandal.
Those charges might not be as serious as the one used against the three named defendants, but Kirby told NBC 7, "Usually, when you're talking about campaign contributions, you can find a statue that will work."
Kirby says Chase might be cooperating with the FBI in hopes of avoiding those charges.
On Monday, Chase's attorney, Michael Pancer was out of town and unavailable for comment.
Attorney Guadalupe Valencia, who is working on the case with Pancer, would not address the legal aspects of the case, but stressed that Chase is an upstanding citizen and very generous donor to local charities, including a fund for research into childhood diseases at the Scripps Research Institute.


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Unocal's Northrock unit announces successful offer for Tethys shares
Calgary, Alberta, July 17, 2001 -- Unocal Corporation's (NYSE:UCL) Northrock Resources Ltd. subsidiary today said that it had successfully completed the terms of its offer for all of the common shares of Tethys Energy Inc. (TO: TET). Northrock has taken up all of the shares deposited under the bid. Shareholders of Tethys will receive C$4.25 (US$2.76) for each Tethys common share deposited.
Northrock has directed the depositary for the bid, Computershare Trust Company of Canada, to mail payment for the Tethys common shares deposited under the bid in the next three days.
Northrock said that 31 million Tethys common shares, representing approximately 96 percent of the Tethys common shares, were tendered. Northrock intends to exercise its statutory right to acquire the additional Tethys common shares not tendered to the bid for the same consideration paid pursuant to the offer.
Based on an independent reserve report and successful exploration and development activity in 2001, Tethys has proved reserves (U.S. basis) of 12 million barrels-of-oil equivalent (BOE) on a 6:1 net basis. More than 60 percent of the reserves are liquids-rich natural gas.
Tethys' current production is 4,600 barrels-of-oil equivalent (6:1 net basis) per day, including 16 million cubic feet per day of natural gas production.
This news release contains certain forward-looking statements about expected production, reserves and business transactions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. The statements are based upon Unocal's current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward looking statements. Actual results could differ materially as a result of factors discussed in Unocal's 2000 Form 10-K and other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Unocal undertakes no obligation to update the information in this news release.
Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosure in Unocal's 2000 Form 10-K and other reports. Copies of the company's SEC filings are available from the company by calling 800-252-2233. The reports are also available on the Unocal web site.
Updated: July 2001


text:
Hello, Stabyourself Community!
I have another request: I'd like to record the window where Mari0 runs (for making walkthroughs, trailers , etc.). I tried using Cropper and the Screen Recorder from DVDVideosoft, but both return a very, very laggy output (about 0.25 - 0.5 FPS). Compared to the videos Maurice or other Stabyourself members produce - which don't lag at all - this Software appears not to operate as intended on Mari0. So I'd like to ask if you know a screen recording software which makes unlaggy videos.


text:
Bad crash closes Tempe intersection
TEMPE, Ariz. (KSAZ) - A bad accident near Southern and Rural has closed the intersection early Tuesday morning.
The Tempe Police Department tells Fox 10 that eastbound Southern is closed at Rural and westbound traffic is restricted due to the crash.
TRAFFIC ALERT: Injury accident at Southern/Terrace. EB Southern closed at Rural and WB traffic restricted to 1 lane. Use caution— Tempe Police (@TempePolice) November 17, 2015
There are injuries at the scene, however, the extent of them is unknown. Police say the accident was caused by impairment.
This what Driving Under the Influence looks like. Today's accident on Southern/Terrace. pic.twitter.com/BpnQVTaR2Q— Tempe Police (@TempePolice) November 17, 2015
Stay with Fox 10 as more information becomes available.


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TNT has canceled Dark Blue, according to The Futon Critic.
The cop drama, starring Dylan McDermott, averaged 2.25 million viewers in its second season. That's significantly below the network's other series; The Closer averaged 7.21 million viewers last season and new drama Rizzoli & Isles averaged 6.89 million.
Watch full episodes of Dark Blue in our Online Video Guide
Even Hawthorne, the least-buzzed about of the network's shows, averaged 3.09 million viewers.
Dark Blue was executive produced by Jerry Bruckheimer.
A rep for the series did not immediately respond to TVGuide.com's request for comment.


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At Gemvara, we believe that the jewelry you wear should be one of a kind, like you. That's why we make each piece to order, one at a time, just the way you want it. Choose black diamond and palladium or tanzanite and white gold: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a wedding or birthday to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Celebrate Valentine's Day with a romantic gift of jewelry that will always remind her of you. Gemvara uses only the highest quality materials to craft your multistone sapphire family jewelry design with meticulous attention to detail. Our precious metals are recycled or responsibly mined. Sapphire is the gem of truth and the soul. In addition to blue sapphire jewelry, today pink sapphire jewelry, yellow sapphire jewelry and white sapphire jewelry are also popular and more affordable than blue sapphire. Sapphire other than blue is known as fancy sapphire. Our wide selection of multistone sapphire family jewelry by Randy Dixon, Damon Washington, David West, and other talented designers means you can find jewelry that's exactly your style. You can also shop by style, choosing our Delicately Detailed, Statement, or Geometric Collections. Every gem in our lovely multigem styles is selected to perfectly complement the other gems in the design. Design family jewelry that will express your signature style. Gemvara's fine quality multistone sapphire family jewelry is designed to be passed down for generations to come, crafted by hand in the United States.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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Hughesy Gives Melbourne Lord Mayor Massive Attitude!
Hughesy has fired unexpected 'shots' at Melbourne's Lord Mayor Robert Doyle on Twitter after he questioned him about Almond Milk in a flat white.
Hughesy tweeted "About to drink an almond milk flat white. Wish me luck" before the Mayor replied questioning where the udder is for an Almond.
About to drink an almond milk flat white. Wish me luck.— Dave Hughes (@DHughesy) March 11, 2016
.@DHughesy Where exactly is the almond's udder?— Robert Doyle (@LordMayorMelb) March 11, 2016
You're Lord Mayor, find out! https://t.co/q8JtSPzHIx— Dave Hughes (@DHughesy) March 11, 2016
.@DHughesy Have to b careful in politics these days. Don't want there to be a book in it for a staffer. Anyway my curiosity has bounds.— Robert Doyle (@LordMayorMelb) March 11, 2016
Hughesy's followers have also jumped on board questioning the truth behind "milk" from an almond?
@DHughesy how do you milk an almond?— Wardy (@wardygohawks) March 11, 2016
From this hilarious twitter conversation exchanged between the pair we have learnt that Almonds almost certainly don't have udders but Almond milk in a coffee is not too bad according to Hughesy.
@DHughesy Well ... Still waiting for the result?!— ema (@25MMCC) March 11, 2016
I didn't detest it. #almondmilkflatwhite— Dave Hughes (@DHughesy) March 11, 2016


text: In 'Redemption,' Collecting Cans To Survive News & Features NPR · Feb 20, 2013 Listen Story audio 5min 8sec Copyright 2017 NPR. Stay Informed The news on your schedule from MPR News Update Email Address* Zip Code MPR News Update AM MPR News Update PM See our Privacy Policy. Must be age 13.


text:
Day Nursery Co-founder Alison Dyke Heads to House of Commons
Alison Dyke, co-founder of the new early years nursery franchise, Nature Trails, was invited to attend a parliamentary reception, 'Celebrating the Early Years Community' attended by MPs and industry professionals.
April 4, 2014 (Newswire.com) - Alison Dyke, co-founder of the new early years nursery franchise, Nature Trails, was recently invited to attend a parliamentary reception, 'Celebrating the Early Years Community', which celebrated the great work undertaken by early years staff and nurseries in raising the professional profile of the sector in the UK.
The reception was open to select members of the National Day Nurseries Association (NDNA) and took place at the House of Commons on 18 March.
Opening the event, NDNA chief executive, Purnima Tanuku, said it offered the chance to "do something special to highlight the extraordinary contribution of early years providers, and their workforce, in delivering high-quality care and providing better outcomes for children".
The keynote speaker was childcare minister Elizabeth Truss MP, who used the opportunity to make new announcements about the promise of government help for parents using childcare and for children with specific need in nursery care, as promised in this year's recent budget.
Alison said: "It was very special to be invited to the House of Commons. All the people attending were absolutely passionate about early years and childcare and how they can improve children's lives and outcomes.
"It was a hugely positive event and a celebration of our successes in helping to raise both the qualification profile and the professional profile of early years workers in the UK. Elizabeth Truss was keen to advocate the strong work being undertaken to raise standards across the board."
The reception was hosted by Huddersfield MP Barry Sheerman, former chair of several parliamentary committees concerned with children and education, and provided an excellent opportunity for key representatives like Alison to meet with like-minded professionals that are passionate about providing high-quality nursery education and childcare.
The depth of the attendees on the day was highlighted through a conversation between Alison and special guest speaker Priti Rao, managing director of Pumpkin Patch Daycare in India, who discussed their similarly held views about how higher-quality day care might be developed in both countries.
Alison has also recently been invited to become an Ambassador for the NDNA and Skills for Care (a joint initiative), helping to raise the profile of the workforce that the NDNA champions and supports and to heighten awareness of career opportunities and career progression in the early years sector.
Categories: Education
Tags: Day Nursery, Education, franchise, Government Early, Years


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SAN CLEMENTE, Calif., June 4, 2012 – After a stacked final in Newport, the boys from Jack's Surfboards were crowned the West Regional Champs at the fourth stop of the 2012 Oakley Surf Shop Challenge. The Final had four teams—all former regional champs—competing for the top spot and the expenses-paid trip to Bali for the National Championship.
With 12 surf shop teams in attendance from throughout Orange County and L.A., the competition was heated for the chance to compete at Keramas for a shot at the $10,000 grand prize. The contest is a four-man rotation, tag-team format, with a wildcard "whammy" rider as well. Each team member was given a three-wave maximum and needed to post a score to contribute to their heat total, with their designated "whammy" rider able to double his best score. They had 60 minutes to get all four in and out of the water.
At 54th St., a barrage of waves in the last ten minutes of the heat saw the lead switch three times during the Final. It was Bobby Okvist, riding for Jack's, who clinched the win, linking five turns together on a doubled-up left for a late 7.33. Okvist followed up his teammate Chris Waring's whammied 5.53 in response to a late 7.67 by Spyder Surf's Kelly Zaun and an 8.5 from Katin Surf Shop's Tanner Hendrickson—the highest scored wave of the entire event. The score pushed their team total score to 27.72, defeating rival Katin Surf Shop by a mere four tenths of a point.
"Bobby came in at the end, and just blew up," said Jack's teammate Matt Pagan.
"The waves were pretty bad, so we were just trying to get quick waves off the start," said Bobby Okvist. "I had a lot of time, because they did their part, got good scores, and got finished really fast. I just took my time, got good waves, and linked one all the way to the inside."
"I was pretty nervous," added Okvist. "I was shaking bad, but after I got my second wave, it was all good. So excited for Bali."
A coincidentally well-timed lag in the judges' scoring system at the end of the Final left the surf shop teams waiting in suspense at the podium, where the boys from Jack's eventually stepped up to raise the trophy and receive their loot. With their win, the Jack's team earns an all-expense-paid trip to Bali, custom Oakley sunglasses and gear, 59 custom New Era Jack's hats, a three month supply of Muscle Milk, and a shop profile in an upcoming issue of SURFER.
The next morning saw the second stop of the inaugural Oakley High School Challenge, which invited local high school surf teams to compete for a $5,000 grand prize and Oakley prize pack. Newport's Harbor High took top honors for the groms, taking home the priceless local bragging rights as well as the purse and Oakley gear. Half of the check from Oakley will be donated to their school's athletic department, and the other half to their science department.
"There was a lot of competitive energy flowing and we were stoked to be apart of it," said Newport's coach Matt Burns. "That Final was intense. The boys were dialed in and surfed perfectly. Their patience and quality decisions were clutch. I'm super proud of the team and happy to have the bragging rights."
The next stop on the 2012 Oakley Surf Shop Challenge is in Hawaii at Ala Moana on July 6. It's the fifth stop of seven on the regional tour, which culminates in Bali on October 6
The complete 2012 Oakley Surf Shop Challenge calendar:
- Stop #1: April 6 – Southwest – Seaside Reef, Cardiff, Calif.
- Stop # 2: April 19 – Mid-Atlantic – Jenette's Pier, Nags Head, NC
- Stop #3: April 20 – Northeast – Casino Pier, Seaside Heights, NJ
- Stop #4: June 1 – West – 54th/56th Street – Newport Beach, Calif.
- Stop #5: July 6 – Hawaii – Ala Moana Bowl, South Shore, Haw.
- Stop #6: Aug. 14-15 – Southeast – New Smyrna Beach Inlet, New Smyrna Beach, Fla.
- Stop #7: Aug. 31 – Northwest – Steamer Lane, Santa Cruz, Calif.
- Final: Oct. 6-10 – National Championship – Keramas/Canggu, Bali, Indo.
Special thanks to Oakley and other event partners, Muscle Milk, Rusty, Bubble Gum, New Era, Future Fins, Waterman's Applied Science and Mizu for their support, without which the Surf Shop Challenge series would not be possible.


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Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi told Time Magazine that his American counterpart Barack Obama was instrumental in reaching the truce between Israel and Gaza groups.
"President Obama has been very helpful, very helpful," he said. "And I can say, really, that his deeds coincide with his intentions." Addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, he added: "It's very difficult. Both sides are talking about differences. We want them to talk about similarities … We are now doing this job as much as we can." (Yitzhak Benhorin, Washington)


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Swimming: Perham skims past Lakers for Mid-State championship; Melgaard and Oak set new conference meet records
DETROIT LAKES - Although Friday's meet didn't result in Detroit Lake's first Mid-State Conference title in five years, it can be considered as the Laker's coming of age meet.
For many of the DL swimmers or divers, this year's Mid-State meet was their first championship-style competition and many of the Lakers made the most of it.
The up-and-coming Laker team was a couple of hand lengths away in the 400-yard freestyle relay from capturing that elusive Mid-State championship, but ultimately, it was Perham which brought home the title -- the Yellow Jackets first outright conference banner.
The Lakers ran the favored Yellow Jackets all the way down to the very last event -- the 400 freestyle relay.
DL's "A" team of seniors Michael Bogda, Matt Weiss and freshmen Brandon Olson and Quillan Oak did their part by winning with a time of 3:34.47.
It came down to Perham and Detroit Lakes' "B" teams and it came down to a touch.
Perham's anchor was able to out-touch DL's final swimmer Zach Conklin by .5 of a second to secure the title.
For DL, they were quietly confident heading into the meet after beating Perham in the Park Rapids Invite just a week ago.
"We knew we were close (to Perham), but we also knew we weren't just going to take it," said sophomore Jon Melgaard, who had a record-breaking performance in diving.
For Oak, who helped win the 400 relay with a strong 52-second split in the anchor position, there was definitely an air of nervous energy for DL.
"Our confidence was high, but we were really nervous, too," Oak said. "(During the 400 relay) I took it easy on my third leg, because I knew (the Perham swimmer) was going to come after me.
"I just held my breath and went hard on the final lap."
Oak continued his torrid pace in the 100 breaststroke, not only winning the event, but also setting a new Mid-State record with a time of 1:02.46, breaking Mark Lewica's time of 1:04.38 set in 1988.
"I wasn't thinking of the record, I just wanted to do the best I could for the team," Oak said. "I have had a goal for a 1:02, but I thought I kind of had a plateau for this year."
Melgaard's diving score of 403.20 was also a Mid-State diving record, smashing Cody Olander's mark of 231.35 set in 1996.
Sophomore Justin George also scored some big points by taking second for DL with a 294.15.
"I was hoping Justin and I could take first and second to help out the team," Melgaard said. "I also wanted to get a high enough score to get back to third in the state rankings, which I think I was able to."
The win extends Melgaard's undefeated streak on the season, as well.
The Lakers were able to take a one-point lead in the meet after taking first and second in the 50 freestyle race before diving, as Bogda and Conklin went 1-2 with times of 24.40 and 25.29, respectively.
"We were counting on taking the top two spots in each of the 50 free and diving," said DL head coach Rian Heimark. "If we were not one and two in those events, we would have been out of it. After diving, I told the guys, 'It's a new start now.'"
Perham recaptured the lead with a top two finish in the 100 butterfly by Ethan McMahon and Casey Rutten, respectively.
Perham followed that up with a gold-silver placing in the 100 freestyle by Luke Hofland and Gavin Grismer, but the Lakers stayed close behind with some middle of the pack finishes.
"Our depth came through, especially in a two-person entry meet," Heimark said.
The Lakers had a total of five first-place finishes, including Olson's gold performance in the 500-freestyle with a time of 5:25.34, which should put him in the top 20 in the state.
"That was a total mental race for Brandon," Heimark said. "There wasn't anyone there to push him, so he was basically racing against himself."
DL will have two more home meets Tuesday against Morris and Thursday against Thief River Falls, then it's time to start tapering for the section meet.
Oak is currently ranked No. 2 in the state in the breaststroke and No. 1 is Fergus Falls' Mike Hurley -- who happens to be in the Laker's section.
"I'm going to work super hard the next few weeks to get ready for sections," said Oak, who missed going to state in the event by seconds last year. "I've been cursed the last few years because I've gotten sick before the sections. So I've been taking lots of vitamins every night so that doesn't happen this year."
For Melgaard, who finished in the top eight in the state meet last year in diving, is also looking to make a splash come section and hopefully state time.
"It would be great to get into the top five," Melgaard said of his goal at another potential state berth. "Last year, it was hard getting used to the U of M pool (where the state meet is held), but I went to a camp there last summer, so that shouldn't be a problem."
But even in defeat, the young Laker team found out that can make one even stronger after a strong Mid-State Conference meet.
Laker results
Mid-State Conference meet at Detroit Lakes in the BTD Aquatics Center, Friday, Feb. 13.
Team results -- Perham 131, Detroit Lakes 121, Park Rapids 75.
DL event results (*Mid-State Conference record) -- 200 medley relay: 2. DL A (Matt Weiss, Quillan Oak, Brandon Olson, Michael Bogda) 1:52.07; 5. DL B (Cody Johnson, Jon Melgaard, Dameon Rozek, Cody Okeson) 2:03.30...200 freestyle: 2. Olson 2:00.97; 4. Weiss 2:06.02...200 individual medley: 2. Oak 2:07.84; 6. Travis King 2:31.28...50 freestyle: 1. Bogda 24.40; 2. Zach Conklin 25.29...Diving: 1. Melgaard 403.20; 2. Justin George 294.15...100 butterfly: 3. Weiss 1:03.48; 6. Rozek 1:10.15...100 freestyle: 3. Bogda 54.30; 5. Conklin 57.42...500 freestyle: 1. Olson 5:25.34; 3. King 5:58.72...200 freestyle relay: 3. DL A (Okeson, Melgaard, King, Conklin) 1:46.07; 4. DL B (C. Johnson, Brady Eilertson, Carter Krengel, Rozek) 1:50.02...100 backstroke: 4. C. Johnson 1:11.46; 5. Alex Renner 1:14.52...100 breaststroke: 1. Oak 1:02.46; 4. Melgaard 1:16.63...400 freestyle relay: 1. DL A (Bogda, Olson, Weiss, Oak) 3:34.47; 5. DL B (King, Eilertson, Johnson, Conklin) 4:05.07.


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Set on 360 acres within the Rancho Mirage community, The Westin Mission Hills Resort & Spa is surrounded by landscaped courtyards and extensive waterways.
This venue is approximately five miles from the Palm Springs International Airport, and has two 18-hole golf courses. Local atractions include the Big League Dreams Sports Park, Childrens Discovery Musuem of the Desert, Knott's Soak City, and downtown Palm Springs.
Resort amenities include three pools, recreational facitiles such as soccer, basketball, biking and tennis, two golf courses, spa, 39,000 square feet of meeting space, 24-hour concierge, and on-site fitness center. On-site dining options include La Concha, featuring contemporary American dishes, and Bella Vista for views coupled with California cuisine.
For more information click here.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|13 Oct 2009
|Filing date
|15 Jul 2003
|Priority date
|31 Oct 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stephen R Carter
|Original Assignee
|Novell, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (14), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority to and is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. Application entitled: "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network," having a Ser. No. of 10/285,271 and filed on Oct. 31, 2002. The disclosure of this is incorporated by reference herein.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The following notice applies to the software and data as described below and in any drawings hereto: Copyright � 2003, Novell, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
This invention relates to content distribution networks and in particular to techniques for dynamically routing using enriched routing tables of a content distribution network.
Conventionally, a network is abstracted into higher levels of abstraction in order to simplify the complexities of the underlying physical network. The abstraction is commonly viewed as an overlay on the physical network. Moreover, the abstraction is often referred to as a topology or logical map of the network. The map includes nodes representing physical (e.g., servers) or logical (e.g., applications) resources of the network. The map also includes links representing physical (e.g., media channels) or logical (e.g., protocols) communications between the nodes. A path from an entry or ingress node to one or more destination or egress nodes can be defined within the map by connecting nodes and links in an ordered manner. The nodes and links can also include costs that are determined by policies for the network. Thus, a path from an ingress node to an egress node can have an associated cost. The policies can include a variety of metrics or attributes for each of the links and nodes, such as bandwidth available, geographic distance, media transmission channel, and the like.
Once the nodes, links, and policies are known, spanning tree algorithms can be used to generate trees with the topology. The results of these algorithms produce paths within the network for routing data. These paths can be depicted within routing tables that are consumed by network routing devices and applications when routing the data through the network as data needed to pick a reasonable alternative is gathered.
Typical routing tables include a single path through a network for routing data, and should a failure occur alternative paths are dynamically generated by the hardware and software associated with a network device or application that unsuccessfully attempted to route a data packet via a failed link or node. Dynamically determining an alternative path within a routing table is fraught with problems, because, among other reasons, it unduly taxes the routing links and nodes of the network.
However, recently beneficial improvements have been made to these conventional approaches such that when a routing table is initially generated for a network, the routing table already includes a desired path and one or more alternative paths to use if a node or link failure occurs while routing data packets through the network. Such a beneficial improvement is described in U.S. Patent Application entitled "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network," identified by Ser. No. of 10/285,271 and commonly assigned to Novell, Inc. of Provo, Utah.
With the teachings of the "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network" invention, selective and optimal dynamic routing within a routing table can more efficiently be implemented. Rather than using typical techniques to dynamically generate from scratch alternative paths in the event of a failure, the alternative paths pre-exist in the routing tables of the "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network" invention.
Yet, in some instances, based on current processing conditions of the links and nodes associated with a path, it can be advantageous to dynamically alter or redirect data packets to some predefined alternative paths on a local basis, in order to optimally use the network. For example, some links or nodes can be over utilized or underutilized at any particular point in time when a data packet is being routed. In these instances, it is desirable to selectively redirect the data packet to an alternative local link or node that may be currently underutilized. With improvements made to the "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network" invention, such a circumstance can be realized for selectively and dynamically routing data packets through a network.
Thus, there is a need for providing selective dynamic routing of data packets through enriched routing tables for a network.
In various embodiments of this invention, techniques for dynamically routing a data packet through a Content Distribution Network (CDN) are presented. A routing table represents the CDN and includes a desired path and one or more alternative paths through the CDN. Each path includes links connecting pairs of an entry node, intermediate nodes, and a destination node. Each link includes policies that are processed by the entry node and the intermediate nodes in order to reorder a number of the intermediate nodes within the routing table.
More particularly and in one embodiment of this invention, a method for dynamically routing a data packet through a CDN is described. A routing table for a CDN and a data packet are received. The routing table represents a desired path and alternative paths through the CDN. Additionally, each path represents links between an entry node, intermediate nodes, and a destination node. Policies associated with currently available links for currently available paths are evaluated at the entry node or at one of the intermediate nodes, when the data packet is received. Next, currently available intermediate nodes are reordered within the routing table, if the policies are triggered by current conditions of the currently available intermediate nodes. Finally, the data packet is routed to a next available intermediate node of the routing table. The next available intermediate node is selected from one of the currently available intermediate nodes.
In another embodiment of the invention, another method for dynamically routing a data packet through a Content Distribution Network (CDN) is provided. Policies are associated with a routing table, and the routing table includes a desired path and one or more alternative paths. Each path includes links between an entry node, intermediate nodes, and a destination node. A receiving node evaluates the policies when a data packet is acquired. The receiving node also dynamically reorders next available intermediate nodes within the routing table when the policies are triggered.
In still another embodiment of the invention, a system for dynamically routing a data packet through a Content Distribution Network is taught. The system includes a routing table, policies, and a routing module. The routing table includes a desired path and one or more alternative paths. Each path includes links from an entry node through intermediate nodes to a destination node. Policies are associated with the links of the paths, and each link is associated with two connecting nodes. The routing module evaluates the policies associated with currently available links of the paths when a data packet is received and is to be routed though one of the currently available links. Moreover, the routing module dynamically reorders currently available intermediate nodes associated with the currently available links within the routing table when the policies are triggered.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, a CDN routing data structure implemented in a computer readable medium is provided for dynamically routing a data packet through a content distribution network. The CDN routing data structure includes a routing table and policies. The routing table is associated with a desired path and one or more alternative paths. Each path includes links, and each link represents connections between pairs of an entry node, intermediate nodes, and a destination node. The policies are associated with each link of the paths. Furthermore, the policies are processed by the entry node and the intermediate nodes in order to dynamically reorder the intermediate nodes of the routing table while routing the data packet through the CDN.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical, optical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limited sense, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
In various embodiments of the invention, a Content Distribution Network (CDN) is abstracted into a topology that represents and simplifies the particulars associated with the actual physical network. Many routers, switches, hubs, and the like can be used for affecting the physical network that the topology abstracts. CDN administrators view the topology to create a job that describes the content/data to be moved through the CDN. Moreover, the CDN uses the topology to schedule when the job will process and where the content or data packet is to be delivered within the CDN. The topology characterizes the CDN and can be coupled with visualization applications to visually present the CDN to administrators.
Accordingly, administrators use the topology to visualize the network as one or more trees, where each tree has an ingress node (entry node), zero or more intermediate nodes, and one or more egress nodes (destination nodes). The nodes represent physical devices of the CDN (e.g., servers, computing devices, appliances, and others) and logical devices of the CDN (e.g., applications, server farms, and others). The nodes of the tree are connected via links. The links represent physical connections between the nodes (e.g., media channels, transmission line types, and others) and logical connections between the nodes (e.g., communication protocols used, security applications used, and others).
Moreover, depending upon a particular node's membership within a spanning tree at any given point in time that a data packet is being routed, an entry node and a destination node can be characterized as intermediate nodes. For example, a destination node can be used as an intermediate node within a path to a different destination node. Additionally, an entry node can be used as an intermediate node when receiving a data packet from another entry node. Thus, the characterization of entry nodes and destination nodes can change based on any particular processing node's current membership within a spanning tree during a data packet transfer through a CDN.
The topology permits attributes or characteristics of various trees to be readily discerned. For example, an entry node (e.g., a single tree's root node) can be depicted as an octagon; a destination node can be depicted as a circle with two triangles to the bottom right of the circle, and the like. Additionally, the displayed length of a link can be used to discern the physical distance of a communication connection between two nodes or, optionally, the quality and speed of the communication link. Thus, a link of longer length can be considered as associated with a less desirable communication connection than a link having a shorter length. Also, links can be presented as dashed lines with directional arrows in order to indicate a planned path of a data packet through any particular tree from the entry node to one or more destination nodes.
CDN topologies are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and readily made available to CDN administrators. Moreover, a variety of visual cues (e.g., colors, textures, fonts, and the like) can be used beyond what has been presented to identify various attributes and characteristics of nodes, links, and paths within the tree or topology of the CDN. Thus, the visual cues discussed above are presented for illustrative purposes only to assist in describing some embodiments of the invention, and should not be viewed as a limitation on the invention.
An entry node is a point in the topology where a data packet is injected into the CDN. A single tree depicted within the CDN topology includes a single entry node. It is not desirable to move the data packet, once received at an entry node, to all nodes of the CDN, since this is an inefficient use of the CDN resulting in redundant data transfers within the CDN. A destination node is an exit point for the data packet (e.g., device or appliance where the content/data is consumed) and, therefore, is a known consumer of the content/data.
Furthermore, the initial tree that is depicted within the CDN topology for the invention can be generated using any conventional algorithm, such as the Steiner spanning tree algorithm. Ad hoc or customized tree generating algorithms can also be used, such as when particular characteristics of the CDN make such an option desirable to do. Also, paths within the tree or topology can be generated using any conventional, ad hoc, or customized path generation algorithm. As one of ordinary skill in the art readily appreciates, path generation algorithms take input parameters (e.g., a pointer to the root of a tree, cost characteristics, policies, attributes of nodes and links, egress nodes, and the like) in order to produce one or more planned paths within a topology for the data packet to travel most efficiently.
The embodiments of the invention utilize the teaching of the "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network" invention, such that a desired path and alternative paths are predefined before a data packet is routed through the CDN. These paths are represented in a routing table data structure. In addition to the routing table data structure, with teachings of this invention, policies are assigned to links between nodes of the paths. These policies are processed by entry nodes or intermediate nodes when a data packet is received and is to be routed further to another intermediate node or a destination node. When a node processes the policies, dynamic reordering of the routing table nodes can occur on a local basis. In other words, any particular processing node can alter the routing of a data packet along a planned path (e.g., link and node) to an alternative path (e.g., alternative link and node) when a processed policy dictates such a change based on conditions associated with next available links and nodes, which are immediately accessible to the processing node.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the invention is implemented within CDN product offerings, distributed by Novell, Inc. However, it is to be understood that the teachings of the invention can be implemented in other existing products (e.g., existing routers, switches, hubs, cache accelerators, customized applications, and the like) and/or standalone products. All such modifications to existing products or to custom created products which use the teachings of this disclosure are intended to fall within the scope of this invention.
Each ingress node 4 and 5 can be viewed as a root of a tree having nodes within the topology 100. As one of ordinary skill in the art readily recognizes, trees can be derived and generated using any spanning tree algorithm, such as the Steiner spanning tree algorithm and others. For purposes of illustration only, the present example discussed in
In addition to generating initial tree T, any conventional, custom, or ad hoc path generation algorithm can be used to generate paths from the root node 5 of tree T to the corresponding destination nodes 9, 0, 7, and 2. For example, the path to destination node 9 is defined by traversing tree T in the following order 5->6->9. Likewise, the path to destination node 0 is defined by 5−>6−>7=>0. The path to destination node 7 is 5−>6−>7, and the path to destination node 2 is 5−>6−>7−>2. Path generation algorithms are determined based on costs (e.g., characteristics of nodes and/or links, and/or policies of the CDN), which paths are most optimal for the CDN as a whole. Thus, in the present example, it is less expensive to move a data packet injected into the CDN at entry node 5 to node 6 before proceeding to any of the destination nodes 9, 0, 7, or 2.
Once the tree T and the initial planned paths are derived from the topology 100 for the CDN, the tree is enriched to include one or more alternate paths within the tree T for the content/data to move in the potential event of node or link failures.
Once a desired path (e.g.,
Each link represented in the routing table 111 is also assigned one or more policy metrics. This association can be achieved via a reference pointer from each link to a policy data structure, or in some embodiments the policies can be embedded within the routing table 111.
In alternative embodiments, the policies are entirely separate from the routing table 111, such that the routing table 111 is any conventional routing table consumed by network routing devices and applications. In these embodiments, policy processing applications and policy data structures are used to interface the conventional routing table to the policies.
For example, if entry node 5 of
Accordingly, with the teachings of this invention, any routing table 111 can be used in combination with policy data structures and routing modules. Therefore, no alterations need to be made to conventional routing devices and applications to realize the beneficial improvements of the invention.
Policies associated with links of the routing table can take a variety of forms, such as bits currently being received by a node or link, bits currently being transferred by a node or link, current applications being processed on a node, current priority assignments for network traffic on a node or link, and others. The policies are executable or interpretable statements processed by a routing module to acquire policy metrics at a given point in time from a link or a node. This is easily achieved since; the dynamic routing of this invention is selective based only on local nodes that are immediately accessible to a node processing the policies.
At 210 a processing node or an initial processing node (entry node) receives a routing table and a data packet for routing through a CDN. In situations where the processing node receives the routing table and data packet, this information is received from a previously processing node that routes the data packet. In situations where the entry node receives the information, it is received from an application that initially starts the routing process through the CDN. Additionally, the routing table and data packet need not be received together by a processing node. Thus, although a processing node receives both the routing table and data packet, these items can be received separately by the processing node, and there is no requirement that they be received together.
The routing table represents an electronic data structure that can be used by network devices and applications for deriving a desired path and one or more alternative paths for the data packet through the CDN. As was previously discussed, the paths include links from an entry node through one or more intermediate nodes to one or more destination nodes, and each link connects two nodes together. Thus, the routing table is enriched in the manner discussed in the "Enriched Tree for a Content Distribution Network" invention.
Each link in the routing table can include policies, these policies are processed by a processing node that is currently in possession of the data packet and desires to route the data packet along a local link to a next currently available intermediate node. Thus, at 220, policies for locally accessible links, which are available to a processing node that is in possession of the data packet, are processed in order to evaluate policy metrics defined by the processed policies. In some instances, some links can include no associated policies, and in these situations a NULL policy is associated with such links.
Current policy metric values are acquired from current conditions associated with the currently available links (locally accessible) and nodes identified in the routing table. Some metrics include currently available link or node processing load, bandwidth utilization, and data traffic priority assignments. The processing node then compares the resulting metric values of the currently available links and nodes against the corresponding policy metric threshold values defined by the appropriate policies at 230.
If at 230 no threshold is detected, then at 231 no action is taken on the routing table and at 260, the processing node routes the data packet via a preferred link to a preferred node identified in the routing table in a normal and expected fashion. However, if any particular threshold is encountered, then an action associated with the appropriate policy is taken.
In one embodiment, before processing any action associated with a reached threshold, an additional check at 232 is made to determine if the action needed would promote a previously demoted node within the routing table. In such a circumstance, it may be desirable, to not promote a previously demoted node and to therefore proceed to 231 taking no action on the routing table, and routing the data packet at 260 to a preferred link and node defined in the routing table.
A promoted node is a node in a routing table that has been moved ahead of other nodes in the routing table, thus making it more preferred than the nodes that it has been promoted over. Conversely, a demoted node is a node in a routing table that is moved behind other nodes in the routing table, thus making it a less preferred node over the ones ahead of it.
Additionally, at 240, in some embodiments, if a required processing action will demote a link or node within the routing table, then formal notation can be used to uniquely identify such a link or node. This notation can be recorded within a policy data structure, the routing table, or within a separate data structure associated with the data structure, such that when a next processing node receives the data packet this situation can be detected, and if desired, the demoted node will not be subsequently promoted within the routing table by the next processing node.
At 250, if an action associated with reaching a threshold is reached and other conditions, as discussed above, are in order, then at 250, the routing table is dynamically reordered to reflect links and nodes that are promoted or demoted based on the action taken. Next, at 260, the data packet is routed via a new preferred link and node.
The processing of the method 200 is iterative and is processed by each entry node or intermediate node that receives the data packet beginning at 220. Moreover, in some embodiments, the entire initial enriched routing table can be distributed to all nodes of the CDN before the data packet is routed through the CDN. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the routing table is attached with the data packet and thus the processing of the method 200 can be iterated beginning at 210. However, in either of the two above alternative embodiments, any dynamically reordered routing table need not be communicated to subsequent processing nodes, since with the teachings of this invention, it is the currently available links and nodes (locally accessible links and nodes) that are reordered by any particular processing node. Thus, the reordered routing table is not needed by subsequent processing nodes. Alternatively, in some embodiments, it may be beneficial to at least report any reordered routing table to the currently available node that receives the data packet from a processing node that reordered the routing table, such as when previously demoted nodes are prevented from subsequently being promoted by subsequent processing nodes.
Furthermore, in some embodiments, the policies can be conditional such that if a particular link or node is promoted or demoted with the routing table, any subsequent processing nodes can use this information for processing alternative policies. Under these circumstances, retention and routing of reordered routing tables can prove beneficial to the processing nodes.
Initially, at 310, policies are associated with a routing table. The routing table is an electronic data structure that is used for deriving a desired path and one or more alternative paths for a data packet to be routed through a CDN. A path includes one or more links from an entry node through one or more intermediate nodes to one or more destination nodes, and each link is a pair of nodes associated with one another.
Policies are executable or interpretable statements that are processed by receiving nodes in the CDN. These policies include metrics associated with threshold values for various processing conditions of locally accessible (currently available) links and nodes relative to the receiving (processing) node. Policies can be associated with the routing table in a variety of manners, such as by providing a link within the routing table to a policy data structure having the policies and metrics or by using a routing module in combination with the policy data structure that consumes and can alter the routing table before the routing table is passed on to a network routing device or application.
In one embodiment, at 311, the policies are associated with links defined in the routing table. Thus, any particular policy is executed by a receiving node for all currently available links and nodes accessible to the receiving node.
A receiving node, at 330, evaluates the appropriate policies by executing policy statements the query currently available intermediate nodes for policy metrics defined in the policies. Some of these metrics include bandwidth utilization, processing load, and traffic priority assignments. The currently available intermediate nodes respond with the results of the query processing, and these results are compared against threshold metric values defined in the policies. If a threshold value is reached or not reached then an action associated with the appropriate policy is triggered for processing on the receiving node.
If such a processing action determines that the currently available links and intermediate nodes need to be reordered within the routing table, then, at 340, the routing table is dynamically reordered to reflect any promotion or demotion of currently available intermediate nodes and links.
In some situations, such as the ones discussed above with
At 350, the receiving node routes the data packet to a next currently available node that is represented within the routing table as a preferred node and link for data transfer.
The embodiments of
The system 400 includes a routing table 410, policies 420, and a routing module 430. The routing table 410 is an electronic data structure consumed by network routing devices and applications when routing a data packet through the CDN 401. The routing table 410 provides a technique for the network routing devices and applications to derive a desired path and one or more alternative paths. Thus, the routing table 401 represents an enriched tree for a CDN 401.
A path includes a route for a data packet to be routed through the CDN 401 beginning at an entry node and traveling through one or more communication links to one or more intermediate nodes and ultimately to one or more destination nodes. The path includes communication links and each link is associated with a pair of nodes.
Policies 420 include policy threshold metrics and executable or interpretable statements for use by a processing node 440 in order to acquire processing conditions on currently available links and nodes (locally accessible links and nodes). Policies are associated with each link; a single link can have one or more policies. The designation of a processing node 440 occurs when any particular node is in possession of the data packet being routed through the CDN 401.
The routing module 430 consumes the routing table 410 and the policies 420. Moreover, the routing module 430 processes on each of the nodes once any particular node becomes designated as the processing node 440. The routing module 430 initiates when a processing node 440 receives the data packet for routing. Next, the routing module 430 acquires the policies 420 associated with currently available links and nodes defined in the routing table 410. These policies are processed for each of the currently available links and nodes and processing condition values are returned from each of the currently available nodes. These values are compared against policy metrics to determine if associated policy actions need to also be processed by the routing module 430. Policies can be used to acquire values from currently available links and nodes associated with current processing load, current number of bits being received per second, current number of bits being sent per second, current priority assignments for current data traffic, and others.
If a policy action is triggered, then the routing module 430 can dynamically reorder the preferred ordering of currently available links and nodes within the routing table 410. In this situation, a network routing device and application acquires the updated routing table 410 and routes the data packet through the new preferred link to the new preferred node.
In other embodiments, more complex routing operations can be achieved with system 400. For example, the routing table 410 can include formal notation identifying links and nodes that have been previously promoted or demoted. Any subsequent processing node's routing module 430 can use this information for selecting alternative policies 420 to process or to prevent an action from taking place based on a triggered policy 420.
The CDN routing data structure 500 includes a routing table 501, policies 502, and optionally formal notation 503. The routing table 501 represents an enriched tree for the CDN. Thus the routing table 501 represents a desired path and one or more alternative paths for traversing through the CDN. Each path represents links from a pair of nodes, and each node can be an entry node, an intermediate node, or a destination node. The designation of a node as an entry node, intermediate node or destination node, can be changed based on a particular node's current membership within a spanning tree while routing the data packet. Accordingly, in some situations, an entry node can be designated as an intermediate node, and in some situations a destination node can be designated as an intermediate node.
The policies 502 include executable statements that can be processed by the instances of the routing module 520, policy metrics, and policy actions. The routing module 520 processes policy executable statements when a processing node is determining which currently available link and node to route the data packet. Each policy 502 associated with currently available links and nodes are processed by the routing module 520 to query the currently available processing nodes for values associated with current processing conditions of the currently available links and nodes. When these values are returned, the routing module 520 compares them to threshold policy metrics to determine what, if any, policy action to further execute.
Some policy actions that are triggered result in a preferred ordering of the currently available links and nodes to be altered or dynamically reordered within the routing table 501. This can occur for a variety of desired reasons, such as the previous preferred link and node that was included in the routing table 501 is too heavily loaded with processing or transferring other data to adequately handle the new data packet that the processing node 530 wants to route. Alternatively, reordering can occur when there is a desire to efficiently load balance or utilize data bandwidth throughout the CDN. In still other circumstances, reordering can occur based on priority assignments assigned to current network traffic on the currently available links and nodes.
In one embodiment, when reordering occurs for either promoting or demoting a node within the routing table 501, the reordering can be captured and retained within the CDN routing data structure 500 using any formal notation 503. Therefore, any subsequent processing node 530 can detect the formal notation and use this to process policies 502 selectively, or prevent certain policies actions from taking place, such as re-promoting a previously demoted node. The formal notation 503 can be associated with the policies 502 or the routing table 501.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose can be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover all adaptations or variations of various embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that the above description has been made in an illustrative fashion only. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of various embodiments of the invention includes any other applications in which the above structures and methods are used. Therefore, the scope of various embodiments of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
It is emphasized that the Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. �1.72(b), which requires an Abstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
In the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are grouped together in single embodiments for the purpose of description. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the invention require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment.
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|15 Jul 2003
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text:
High-Frequency Shops Poach Talent From Exchanges and Bulge-Bracket Firms
As automated trading continues to dominate the markets, a number of top Wall Street executives are shrugging off the high-frequency trading controversy, leaving their jobs to take senior roles at HFT firms, which are scooping up talent from exchanges as well as the bulge-bracket sell-side firms.
The recent high-profile defections include Chris Concannon, previously EVP of Nasdaq OMX Transaction Services, and Adam Nunes, the former VP of U.S. options at Nasdaq OMX with responsibility for both the Nasdaq Options Market and Nasdaq OMX PHLX. In late April Concannon joined Virtu Financial, a newly formed proprietary trading firm. Nunes left Nasdaq and in May joined Hudson River Trading Group, a multi-asset-class quantitative trading and technology firm based in lower Manhattan. A call to Nunes was not returned by press time.
The trend reflects the meteoric rise of high-frequency trading and offers a sign that even the most entrenched Wall Street executives -- not just the traders, developers and quant researchers who are sought after as the innovators of HFT strategies -- see black-box trading as the future of the markets.
One of the bigger moves this year was the May departure of Will Sterling from UBS, where he was global head of direct execution services. According to a UBS spokesperson, Sterling left to join a high-frequency trading firm. Sources say Sterling joined Teza Technologies, a Chicago-based high-frequency startup founded by two former Citadel traders. Sterling could not be reached for comment at press time.
Teza made headlines in early July when it suspended Sergey Aleynikov, the former Goldman Sachs programmer charged with taking code illegally from the bank's trading software platform. Aleynikov, who was earning $400,000 annually at Goldman, reportedly tripled his salary to $1.4 million when he joined Teza.
Insatiable Demand
According to insiders, former exchange executives such as Concannon and Nunes offer valuable experience in equity and options market structure. They also have insight into which exchanges HFT firms should connect to and in formulating make-or-take rebate strategies.
On the other hand, former UBS executive Sterling brings a much sought-after technology background in algorithmic trading and was one of the founders of the Island ECN. In fact, sources point out, several of the executives who have jumped to high-frequency trading boutiques either are ex-employees of Island ECN or worked on Nasdaq's INET matching engine.
For example, in 2007 Hudson River Trading hired Jim Hurley, who previously was SVP and head of sales at Instinet and before that served as head of sales at INET ATS, which Instinet sold to the Nasdaq Stock Market and now serves as the exchange's core matching engine. According to Hurley's profile on LinkedIn, he currently is in a "strategy" role at HRT.
Another former Island alum who made the move to a high-frequency shop is Cameron Smith, who currently is general counsel at Quantlab Financial, a quantitative hedge fund manager based in Houston. He previously was the general counsel at Island.
Most of the candidates coveted by the high-frequency trading firms have backgrounds in technology and quantitative trading. Many have experience building electronic trading systems for the equity markets. "They can build the system, understand how to make it fast and how to develop models and strategies," notes Joe Long, quantitative trading executive recruiter at I-NET Technologies, a New York-based recruiting firm. But hedge funds and proprietary trading firms also are hiring to expand into European equities or to trade high-frequency strategies in Asian equities, he adds. "It's cross-asset -- equities, FX and futures, and I've heard of people doing high-frequency in different interest rates," Long says. Ivy is Editor-at-Large for Advanced Trading and Wall Street & Technology. Ivy is responsible for writing in-depth feature articles, daily blogs and news articles with a focus on automated trading in the capital markets. As an industry expert, Ivy has reported on a myriad ... View Full Bio


text:
When we began building our Banff lodge over twenty years ago we wanted to provide an oasis of calm, an escape from the busy lives people experienced on a daily basis. A place without the intrusion of telephones and TV was important to us as we designed and built the lodge. Little did we know how technology would impact us? Though we still don't have television and phones, our one concession is the installation of Wi-Fi.
Our philosophy of enjoying one of the most beautiful places on earth remains unchanged. Hike, breathe the fresh mountain air, rekindle a relationship and create wonderful experiences and lasting memories.
Working in harmony with nature, our luxury Lodge is almost self-sufficient. When you turn on your tap, you are experiencing some of the freshest water in the world as it comes directly from an alpine mountain well. We generate our own power and transport all waste safely out of the area. We attempt to reduce, re-use, and recycle wherever possible to protect our precious landscape.
We take great effort to hire and train each team member to provide exceptional service, and hope you find them friendly, eager to assist, and knowledgeable. We encourage all team members to explore this wonderful park, so they can provide you with valuable information to enhance your stay.
The Owners


text:
A TEENAGE girl died on Bank Holiday Monday, May 26, after collapsing at Warren Farm Holiday Centre in Brean Sands.
The 15-year-old girl was rushed to Weston General Hospital after collapsing at 10pm, but despite extensive efforts to revive her, she sadly passed away.
A spokesperson from the police said: "Her death is not being treated as suspicious and a post-mortem examination will take place in due course.
"She was from the Midlands and she was believed to have been on holiday."


text:
SAN FRANCISCO, April 3 (UPI) -- An attempt to lift California's voter-approved ban on affirmative action has been rejected by the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco.
In a 3-0 ruling, the court rejected a suit filed by 55 University of California applicants and an advocacy group called By Any Means Necessary, the San Francisco Chronicle reported Tuesday.
The plaintiffs, supported by Gov. Jerry Brown, argued that the legal rationale for California's Prop. 209 had been undermined by developments since its passage in 1996.
Among developments the lawsuit cited was a 2003 U.S. Supreme Court ruling allowing universities to consider applicants' race as a factor in promoting campus diversity.
In Monday's appeals court decision, Judge Barry Silverman noted that the high court has granted a review of a Texas case that could lead to a nationwide ban on preferential treatment of minorities.
California's Prop. 209 bars state and local agencies from considering race or gender in employment, contracting and education.