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Thread: Basic Coding Question
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Basic Coding Question
I'm taking an intro to computer science class in college, and we're using python. We were told to make a simple bank account program that calculated interest after 1, and 2 years. When the program is run it asks for your principal amount, and the interest rate, as a decimal.
We were also told to modify the code so we could enter the iterest as a percentage and my code does not work as intended and I need help!
Source Code:
principal = input('Please enter your starting principal:')
interestRate = input('Now enter the interest rate as a percentage:')
# interestRate = interestRate/100 (Note: I was testing this to see if it worked as well and it did not)
print 'Your interest is: $', (interestRate/100)*principal, 'after one year.'
print 'Your interest is: $', (interestRate/100)*(principal*2), 'after two years.'
if (interestRate/100)*(principal*2)+principal >=1000000:
print 'Yay! You are a millionaire!'
When I start the program through terminal it goes through the motions, asks for the inputs but when I enter a percentage, say 5. It says my interest after 1 and two years is $0... When I enter a number less than 1, say .05, my program correctly divides the number and gives a correct percentage. Why?
Any help is appreciated.
Last edited by SenorWilson; 01-28-2011 at 09:13 PM.
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Divide by 100.0:


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Gegard Mousasi. Photo courtesy of Fighting and Entertainment Group
Strikeforce light heavyweight champion Gegard "The Dreamcatcher" Mousasi has pulled out of his upcoming bout with Rameau Thierry Sokodjou in the semifinals of the Super Hulk tournament at DREAM 11. No replacement has been announced at this time.
According to MMAWeekly.com, Mousasi may have suffered a shoulder injury last month while taking part in a grappling exhibition with former PRIDE heavyweight champion Fedor Emelianenko at M-1: Breakthrough.
Mousasi, a member of the Red Devil Fight Club, possesses an impressive mixed martial arts record of 26-2-1. Mousasi holds victories over the likes of Dong Sik Yoon, Melvin Manhoef, Denis Kang, Hector Lombard, and Ronaldo "Jacare" Souza.
Mousasi was last in action at Strikeforce: Carano vs. Cyborg where he scored an impressive knockout over Renato "Babalu" Sobral to become the new Strikeforce light heavyweight champion.
Next entry: Hamill vs. Jones Slated For The Ultimate Fighter 10 Finale
Previous entry: A Spirit Still Fighting

subset: commoncrawl


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Rabbis from the Netzach Yehuda association, which founded the haredi Nahal Battalion, harshly criticized the attempts of right-wing leaders to convince the battalion's troops to refuse the order to take part in the Hebron evacuation.
The threats were made on the backdrop of claims that right-wing elements telephoned national religious soldiers and tried to convince them to refuse orders. The association's rabbis who heard about the calls rushed to the base, where they spoke to the soldiers and convinced them to carry out their missions.
"The haredi Nahal project has become a consensus and unites all parts of the nation," said Rabbi Zvi Klebanow, the association's director.
"We proved that combat service can be combined with a haredi atmosphere, without one coming on the expense of the other. We won't let people with personal interests damage this holy project, which has enlisted more than 2,000 soldiers so far."
The haredi Nahal Battalion has unique religious rights, aimed at allowing haredi and national religious soldiers to serve under conditions accepted by their rabbis. Girls do not serve in the battalion's bases, soldiers receive strictly kosher food, and Torah lessons and prayers are part of the battalion's daily routine.
"The situation in which political elements in the Right take advantage of the privilege given to a small number of national religious soldiers to serve in a battalion of haredi troops is intolerable," A Netzach Yehuda rabbi said.
'Kibbutzniks can make a difference'
Meanwhile, heads of the Kibbutz Movement on Tuesday also launched a war on refuseniks, calling on kibbutz youth to join not only elite units but also field units operating in the territories, whose soldiers have refused to obey orders.
According to the movement heads, kibbutz youths should "get their hands dirty" in hard work.
"We must be present in the difficult and problematic places," said Yoel Marshak, head of the Kibbutz Movement`s Special Assignments Division.
"We must be with the soldiers in the areas of friction, where the refusal phenomenon is put to a test, deal with the difficulties and not leave them for other soldiers.
"We must provide an answer to the rabbis' call to refuse orders," Marshak added. "The kibbutzniks will lead the soldiers in places with low motivation, in places where less people want to enlist to the army and in places where the rabbi calls to refuse orders.
"We believe in a Zionist and democratic state. We have one commander, not two, and if we are there we can make a difference."


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Governor Hassan Vetoes Article V Delegate Limitation Bill
Opposes Restraining a Corrupt, Unaccountable Washington
Governor Hassan today vetoed HB-148, a bill specifying how New Hampshire delegates would be selected to an increasingly likely and first-ever Article V convention to propose amendments to the US Constitution. HB-148 would also have confirmed historical precedent that delegate actions are limited to the subject matter contained in any legislative resolution applying for an amending convention.
The Governor's veto message is stuffed with purposeful misinformation, apparently to conceal her opposition to the single greatest power granted by the Constitution to the states, the power now needing exercise to restrain our corrupt and unaccountable Washington government.
I have personally worked during my campaign last year for US Senate and, this year, in New Hampshire and in several other states around the country in support of all three of the leading efforts to launch an Article V convention of states.
Thanks for listening,


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The Flyers will have to go a long way to knock the Phillies off the front page, but the ball team's success has distracted from a battle between captain Mike Richards and the Philly media.
The root of the conflict is concerns by senior club personnel last season that some of its young stars were enjoying the good life too much after a core group that included Richards, Joffrey Lupul, Scottie Upshall, Scott Hartnell and Riley Cote moved downtown from the club's traditional base in New Jersey.
Lupul and Upshall were eventually traded, Lupul for the big defenceman and towering dressing-room presence of Chris Pronger, although general manager Paul Holmgren mentioned no names when he said in pre-season: "The issue has been raised by (coach) John Stevens and myself with all the players. I think this all falls under the umbrella of discipline ... it's off-ice discipline, it's the night before a game, taking better care of ourselves.
"That's a natural maturation process that a lot of our younger players are still going through. We've addressed that. So am I concerned about it? We'll see how it goes this year."
In his first game back with the Ducks on Oct. 10, Lupul said he believed his prior association with the group had nothing to do with his trade and the players involved would never put their social lives ahead of the team.
But angry that the subject was raised, Richards asked the team media relations department to ensure reporters not ask Flyers about the downtown clique, even though it was a visiting player who had been questioned.
Mediation failed, as did an apparent attempt by Richards to stage a media boycott. When Richards resorted to blunt answers to game-related questions after a big win over the Bruins on Thursday snapped a three-game losing skid, there was plenty of public criticism of his actions, which likely were detected by upper management.
Penning a new chapter
Dustin Penner still can't get used to hearing the cheers in Edmonton this year after the fans booed him off the ice after he managed just 40 goals in his first two seasons of a big-ticket deal. On Thursday, he had a career five-point night against Columbus, giving him 14 points in nine games.
"It felt like skyrockets in flight," Penner said of the reception.
Asked if this was his best NHL performance, he quipped "I don't have a lot of others to compare to."
Penguin migration?
Pittsburgh might have to get used to life without Sergei Gonchar long-term. Now sidelined with a broken wrist, he's in the last year of his deal and nothing will be done about an extension until January when GM Ray Shero expects to know more about 2010-11 cap room.
The Pens still want Gonchar for his point production, more than 200 in four-plus seasons, as well as his role in righting the ship after last year's bad start and his positive influence on countryman Evgeni Malkin. But already down to their last $1.4 million in cap room, it will be a squeeze with Kris Letang's contract up, too.
Chelly goes Manhattan?
The Rangers offered Chris Chelios an AHL contract with their Hartford team, but for now has chosen the AHL's Chicago Wolves to be near his family, while keeping an eye on New York's thin blueline depth situation. If he ever played for the Rangers, they'd be his fourth Original Six team after Montreal, Chicago and Detroit. Chelios, a few months shy of 48, also spoke briefly to the Leafs in the summer.
Ice chips
It's 15 games with no goals and counting for Tampa's Vincent Lecavalier going back to last season, but he's not paired with Martin St. Louis much and as long as he can tie up centres such as Sharks' Joe Thornton as he did Thursday, no one is complaining ... Matt Duchene is living with senior Colorado Avalanche Adam Foote, keeping his kids active with nightly mini-stick hockey games ... Also staying in the NHL by the look of it is Florida's 18-year-old defender Dmitry Kulikov, who reaches the 10-game mark on Wednesday against Ottawa.


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Wednesday, 29 October 2008
Finished Halloween Wedding Outfit
To recap;
Coat - BWOF 02/2008-125 in silk dupioni interlined with silk organza and topstitched in a red/brown thread to co-ordinate with the crosswise threads running through the turquoise silk. The coat is unlined so all the seam allowances are turned under and slipstitched to the organza interlining. The coat is unlined and other people have made this very successfully with a Hong Kong seam finish, but since I was underlining with silk organza to minimise wrinkling in my fabric I made use of that. It took an age before I could even start sewing pieces together but was well worth the time, I really love the finished coat. I wish I had taken some photos during construction, it was amazing how it completely changed the look of the coat when adding the topstitching on the hem and also adding in the shirring at the waist.
Top - bodice of dress BWOF 11/2007-125 in silk brocade. This is a vintage inspired pattern and has sleeve gussets at the underarm - pretty tricky to do in a very ravelly fabric I can tell you. I also added a centre front seam and put the invisible zipper in so it opens from the bottom of the garment.
Skirt - OOP Vogue 2218, just a basic pencil skirt - also in the silk brocade.
The shoe obsessed among you may notice that I am having a shoe dilemma. I found the perfect style shoe at Vicki's favourite HK shoe shop - Vickie's! Now if I had got my act together 2 weeks ago they could have made me some in brown and they didn't have any in stock so I bought 2 pairs in completely clashing colours that I know I will wear with other things. I actually quite like both, but please let me have your votes - purple or grey?
20 comments:
- Christina said...
You are going to be the best-dressed guest at the wedding! That coat... *sigh* I've loved everyone's version and yours is no exception. Great idea to line with silk organza to minimize wrinkling.
As for the shoes, I really think they both work, I can't decide either!
- 30 October 2008 at 00:08
- Carolyn (cmarie12) said...
First can I just say that I am in love with this outfit! It is absolutely fantastic and you are going to look amazing at the wedding!!!!
Second of course I have an opinion on the shoes - I like the purple ones!
I hope you have an awesome time in that amazing dress!
- 30 October 2008 at 00:22
- Amanda S. said...
Oh, LOVE the whole outfit! You did a super job on it. Cute, cute, cute. I know the shoes choice is between gray or purple, but do you by chance have any dressy brown pumps? I think the outfit is so beautiful, it would be a shame to attract the eye away from it with clashing shoes. Oh, well, that's my 2 cents. Have fun at the wedding. I'm sure you'll be feeling like a million bucks.
- 30 October 2008 at 00:53
- -E said...
WOW you look fantastic! It came out AWESOME!
I'd go for the darker shoes :) (actually, I'd wear magenta shoes, but that's me :)
- 30 October 2008 at 02:13
- lsaspacey said...
In the pictures, it actually looks like the grey match perfectly, so I don't really know. I think the purple are more fun and just plain harder to find, so maybe those? Great job on the outfit!
- 30 October 2008 at 02:36
- Adrienne said...
You look superb!
- 30 October 2008 at 03:37
- Vicki said...
Oh wow!! Absolutely beautiful. You must be so happy with the outfit, it really is stunning. I think the purple shoes as they have more depth of colour to match the depth of the brown. Both shoes are gorgeous...sigh...I think I need new shoes AND to do some sewing.
- 30 October 2008 at 04:20
- Shannon said...
Your outfit is gorgeous and you looks positively stunning. You are going to rock that wedding!
Put my vote in for the purple shoes too.
- 30 October 2008 at 04:50
- Sew4Fun said...
Gorgeous outfit!! Like everyone else I'm totally in love with it. You are going to knock them dead at the wedding.
As for the shoes I'd probably go with the purple. The mis-match looks more deliberate IYKWIM.
- 30 October 2008 at 06:09
- toy said...
great outfit, so beautiful!
- 30 October 2008 at 06:36
- a little sewing on the side said...
That is an utterly gorgeous coat and dress. And you sewed it so fast! Truly inspiring.
- 30 October 2008 at 07:32
- LauraLo said...
This is an amazing outfit and you look gorgeous in it! I'd definitely go for the purple pumps!
- 30 October 2008 at 18:01
- cidell said...
That was lickety split and gorgeous too! I say go with the gray shoes. You're going to look amazing!
- 30 October 2008 at 22:26
- Emily said...
What a stunning ensemble! I like the purple shoes best, I think, though both look lovely. :)
- 31 October 2008 at 03:11
- Tany said...
GORGEOUS!! I love everything about this outfit and I you look absolutely stunning!
As for the shoes, I can't make up my mind either... I'm loving gray shoes (I've just bought a pair of gray booties, lol), so I'm picking the grey pair!
- 31 October 2008 at 03:24
- Summerset said...
Spectacular! You'll be just perfect! I guess I chose the grey shoes.
- 31 October 2008 at 03:29
I vote for the purple shoes. Definitely!
I absolutely love the coat. It's gorgeous!
- 1 November 2008 at 10:16
That coat is gorgeous!!! It is on my todo list. Definitely go with purple shoes.
- 2 November 2008 at 10:31
- colour by number said...
the coat and dress look wonderful!
- 4 November 2008 at 00:58
- RiAnge Creations. Ltd. said...
Wowza! The colours are beautiful! Great outfit!
- 5 November 2008 at 05:50


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Enjoy your outdoor adventures with a pair of women's trousers or shorts. With great features including UV protection, stretch fabrics and anti-mosquito treatments, our range of ladies shorts and trousers will help you stay comfortable on your travels.
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CommentsBack to Article
Contribute your own thoughts, experience, questions, and knowledge for the benefit of all MedPage Today Healthcare Professionals and Expert Patients™.Post a comment
ernest cashion
" Its the economy stupid" Money drives the medical care system just as it does almost every thing else in our society. There are many idealist physicians out in the "field" but medical school often drives out that idealism that students enter school with because of the grind and hard work to get through school while other graduate students have a much smoother course. Hospitals esp teaching need residents to do gopher or slave labor. If some one spends four years in college, four years in med school, 2-7 years in training in special field like surgery working life with comfort is limited. Also with a mba which now has the brightest and best attracts students. Medical schools like all other universities are trying to attract students as in our society universities have become the ticket to money as said money drives the system. I have a liberal education but most physicians today do not as have to grind away with hard sciences rather than logic, arts, literature history. I know I have been there. I entered med school as thought would be an easy ride and make money, turned out medicine is a learned profession and hard work, so quit when made my pile. Good luck to young people who enter the once respected profession.
A primary care doctor for 30 years
C'mon. Who picked the AMA to decide reimbursements for MEDICARE? Who dominates the AMA? Specialists? Orthopedists? Maybe that's why there is such a disparity between specialists and primary care compensation. Well, NOT maybe. Do you know you have to pays annual dues to be a member of the AMA? Do you know that the AMA is NOT representative of the totality of M.D.'s in the U.S.? I'd like to see a list of AMA members by speciality. I think most primary care doctors are too busy seeing patients to spend time and money dealing with the A.M.A. Before anyone discredits my comments, look at the MEDPAGE annual survey of M.D. incomes by specialities. Pediatricians moved up from the lowest compensated to the second lowest and they felt fairly compensated. Meanwhile, Orthopedic doctors were the HIGHEST compensated group yet the majority felt they were NOT fairly compensated. So, you can see the" AMA", which is dominated by Orthopedic doctors, has a lot of work to do manipulating RUCs until the Orthopedic specialty has it's obvious greed satisfied. Correct me if my logic is wrong. And the U.S government cannot figure out why there is a shortage of primary care doctors. Maybe they can put "one" pediatrician on that committee to make it look better. I don't think that will balance it out. There are other countries where primary care doctors routinely are paid more than specialists and their population benefits from that fact. Let's see an article on that..


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Success Stories
A Culture of "Ohana"--Cultural Diversity and a Sense of Community Make the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa a True Paradise
The native culture of Hawaii is celebrated and represent a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds.
|University of Hawaii at Manoa
Diversity Recruitment and Retention: How NCIN Turned an Architect into a Nurse
Like many New Careers in Nursing Scholars, Jeremy Clark did not originally plan to become a nurse.
In August of 2013, he had the distinction of being the first African American male NCIN scholar to graduate from the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) School of Nursing.
|University of Mississippi Medical Center
Expanding Professional Development at the Medical College of Georgia
After a successful first year with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's New Careers in Nursing (NCIN) program, MCG was recently re-awarded ten scholarships to help aid nursing students for the fall 2009 semester...
|Georgia Regents University
California State University, Fullerton Leverages Leadership Institute to Certify Emerging Nurse Leaders
NCIN scholars choose from eight different leadership tracks and follow a curriculum plan throughout the academic year, during which they learn about topics like social justice, public service, and peer tutoring.
|California State University Fullerton
Caring About Men Who Care Enough to Pursue Nursing
"If we want to take better care of our nation, we need to reflect our nation."
|Samuel Merritt University
Diverse Backgrounds at Cleveland State University Come Together for Nursing
They come from industry, business and teaching professions. They hail from both small and large communities around the country. But, however diverse their backgrounds, they share similar, defining attributes...
|Cleveland State University
Duke University School of Nursing Transitions to 21st Century Health Care Practices
Understanding that health care practices need to cater to a 21st century environment, the Duke University School of Nursing is seven years into the mission...
|Duke University
From Rural Practice to International Settings, College of St. Scholastica Prepares Students for Competent Care across Borders
In a city isolated by the rolling roads and lingering cold of the Minnesota, the College of St. Scholastica (CSS) sits atop Lake Superior, mentoring, preparing and challenging more than three-thousand students for life outside of school walls.
|The College of St. Scholastica
Making a Difference in Diversity: Successful Minority Recruiting Efforts in Nebraska, Kentucky and West Virginia
Increasing diversity is a top priority of the New Careers in Nursing (NCIN) program. We believe a diverse nursing workforce is better able to provide culturally competent care.
|Creighton University
NCIN Scholars Around the Country Meet with RWJF's Sue Hassmiller
In her role as director of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Senior Adviser for Nursing Susan B. Hassmiller, RN, PhD, FAAN, travels across the country to meet with leaders who are working to transform nursing in their states.
|Oregon Health & Science University


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F-1 Reinstatement Fact Sheet
A student who fails to maintain F-1or M-1 student status has two options as to how to regain their legal immigration status; application through USCIS/DHS or travel. Each option is explained below.
Some examples of how a student may fail to maintain status include:
- Failure to complete the I-20 transfer procedure on time when changing schools or degree programs
- Failure to apply for an extension of program before I-20 expires
- Failure to complete a full course of study during a given semester (without a valid exception per DHS regulations)
- Failure to maintain a passing GPA and needing a program extension to complete academic program
Option 1: Apply to the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS):
A non-immigrant alien who has failed to maintain status may apply for reinstatement to lawful status at the discretion of DHS, but only under limited conditions specified in immigration regulations.
An application for reinstatement may be considered if the following can be proved:
- You have not been out of status for more than five (5) months
- You do not have a record of repeat violations
- You are pursuing a full course of study
- You are not (or have not been) engaged in unauthorized employment
- You are not deportable on any grounds other than the status violation
- The status violation was beyond your control, or failure to timely submit a Program Extension
Pending Reinstatement - You are not in legal F-1/M-1 status until your application for reinstatement is approved.
School Attendance
An applicant for reinstatement to F-1/M-1 status must maintain full-time academic enrollment while the application is pending.
Employment Benefits
How to Apply
Make an appointment with the ISSS Office and bring the following documents with you to your appointment:
- Check or money order, payable to Department of Homeland Security (check current fee here)
- I-94 card (print at: http://www.fit.edu/isss/announcements/1530 )
- Personal letter explaining your situation and requesting reinstatement (original; be sure to sign the letter)
- Completed Form I-539: http://www.uscis.gov/files/form/i-539.pdf
- Part 2, Application Type, be sure to select #3 – "Reinstatement to Student Status";
- Part 3. Processing Information: check-mark the box at 1.b.
- NOTE: if you do not know the answer to a question, leave it blank; we will go over the form at your appointment
- Photocopy of passport statistics page
- Photocopy of visa
- Proof of financial support (original or photocopy)
- Copy of academic transcripts (this can be an unofficial copy)
- All previously issued I-20's (photocopies)
- Credit Card *for use in paying SEVIS fee after new I-20 issuance; if out of status for more than 5 months)
- a new, original F-1 I-20 will be issued indicating your application for reinstatement
- payment of SEVIS Fee and printing of Payment Receipt" www.fmjfee.com (if needed)
The word "REINSTATEMENT" should be written at the top of the I-539 form to further distinguish it from other uses of Form I-539.
Suggestions for Personal Letter
A strong letter should establish convincingly why you are out of status by specifically stating the violation, and the reason(s) you are in violation. State how failure to receive reinstatement approval will affect you; state that you are currently pursuing or intending to pursue a full course of study and specifically request that the Department of Homeland Security reinstate you to student status. Be sure to state that you have not violated any other immigration regulations and have not been employed without proper authorization; and finally reaffirm your intention that you intend to return to your home country when your F1 status is completed.
Processing the Reinstatement
Once your application is complete and has been reviewed by the ISSS Office, we will mail the reinstatement application to one of the addresses below, or you can mail it yourself. If you mail it yourself, the ISSS Office recommends that you send your packet "certified mail; return receipt requested". This allows you to track your application during the mail process and ensures proof that you sent your application and that it was received. It is important that the Reinstatement application packet be assembled in order as shown above in the "How To Apply" section and sent to:
|Regular mail:
|Certified Mail or Overnight Mail:
|USCIS – Texas Service Center
|USCIS – Texas Service Center
|ATTN: I-539 - Reinstatement
|PO Box 660166
|2501 S State Highway 121, Business Suite 400
|Dallas, TX 75266
|Lewisville, TX 75067
In a few weeks, you will receive a Notice of Action from the Service Center; please give a copy of this notice to the ISSS Office. This notice lets you know that the Service Center has received your application; it does not mean that your application has been approved. Read this notice carefully. If at any time the Service Center requests further information, gather what is asked and see the ISSS Office; pay strict attention to given deadlines.
The reinstatement process can take several months to be acted upon. You must be attending school full-time and stay in compliance with all F-1/M-1 student regulations. Failure to do so can result in the denial of your application. When you receive your final adjudication Notice of Action, bring your notice to the ISSS Office so that your immigration records can be adjusted accordingly and a copy made for your student file.
Option 2: Travel
As an alternative to applying for reinstatement while in the U.S., you may opt to travel and re-enter the U.S. using a new "initial attendance" I-20; you will also need to pay the SEVIS fee for the new I-20, and possibly secure a new visa (only an Embassy/Consulate can make that determination). Please note that this type of travel can restrict your eligibility for practical training. Please consult with the International Student & Scholar Services Office to discuss this option further.


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It seems to be open season for software patent litigation. Oracle is suing Google over its use of Java in Android. Paul Allen's Interval Licensing is suing AOL, Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google, Netflix, Yahoo and others – the Wall Street Journal has an illustrated discussion of the patents involved here. Let's not forget that Apple
…continue reading Open season for patent litigation makes case for reform


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Chris Brown crashed his car into a wall on Saturday afternoon, the Los Angeles Times reports. The singer told Beverly Hills police that he lost control of his black Porsche while being chased by paparazzi.
According to CNN, Brown was driving to a charity event for the Symphonic Love Foundation when he was cut off by photographers in two vehicles. "The occupants jumped out, with cameras, and aggressively approached his vehicle," a representative for Brown said. "In an effort to remove himself from the situation, he began to back down an alley at which point his was cut off by two additional vehicles."
50 Top Tweeters in Music: Chris Brown
Although it is unclear whether any passengers were riding in Brown's car at the time, Beverly Hills police say that no one was injured in the crash. Brown's car was damaged and had to be towed from the scene.
The collision comes at the end of a tough week for Brown, who has been busy with court hearings to determine whether he has complied with the terms of his probation for assaulting Rihanna just before the Grammys in 2009. At tonight's Grammy Awards, Brown is up for Best Urban Contemporary Album.
- Rihanna Accompanies Chris Brown to Court Hearing
- Frank Ocean: 'No Criminal Charges, No Civil Lawsuit'
- Paparazzi Killed While Trailing Justin Bieber's Ferrari
This article originally appeared on Rolling Stone: Chris Brown Crashes Car in Alleged Paparazzi Chase


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Well known for its highly articulate and influential women, Pakistan is also notorious for the severe restrictions placed on women's personal and political liberties. The Raising Her Voice (RHV) programme started working on this very complex and sensitive issue by building a country-level partnership with the Aurat Foundation (AF), which for the past 26 years has promoted women's empowerment and citizens' participation in governance. Working together, the RHV programme and AF established 50 Women Leaders Groups (WLGs) in 30 districts across Pakistan, with a total membership of 1,500 women activists, living and working in their communities. The aims of the WLGs are: to promote activism within their communities; to defend and promote individual and collective women's rights; to represent marginalized women; and to raise women's collective voice at local and district levels, as well as, with AF's support, at the provincial and national level.
This case study evaluates the Raising Her Voice Pakistan programme in order to explore how change happens and inform future programme design and ways of working. This publication forms part of a series of Active Citizenship Case Studies.
All publications by this author
All publications on this subject
All publications in this series
© 2017. Oxfam is a registered charity in England and Wales (no 202918) and Scotland (SC039042). Oxfam GB is a member of the international confederation Oxfam.


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Cops: Taking The Fun Out of Words Since Forever
I was skimming through this Morning News story this afternoon (a really fun, quick-hit crime story involving a fire extinguisher, and great mugshot) when I stumbled upon this line:
"Not knowing if arrestee had any saliva borne diseases [the officer] was forced to take ahold of arrestee's head and secure it against the blacktop," the report says.
"I wasn't sure if this lunatic was gonna bite me, so I had to grab his head and slam it to the pavement," the report says.
See? How much more fun (and accurate) is that?


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www.uniraj.ac.in - University of Rajasthan Jaipur Time Table and Permission Letter/ Admit Card 2013.
Rajasthan University Exam Time Table & Admit Card/ Permission Letter 2013University of Rajasthan publish 2013 Exam Time Table for Uniraj students and publish Admit card/ Admission Card online on its official website www.uniraj.ac.in / www.univexam.in.
Rajasthan University Admit Card 2013Download Uniraj admit card for Regular and Non-Regular Private Student, Students can download or print admit card for Rajasthan University Jaipur exam 2013.
Rajasthan University Exam Time Table 2013UNIRAJ publish Exam Time Table for UG (BA/B.Com./B.Sc. 1st/2nd/3rd year) exam time table online, and published more PG exam time table online.
UNIRAJ published admit card for UG (BA, BSc, BCom exam admit card 2013) and PG (MA, MSc, MCom exam admit card 2013) on its website we update here, So please keep regularly update on this page for get update for uniraj admit card 2013 download.
www.uniraj.ac.in is official website of Rajasthan University, Jaipur.


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Business in Brief
Bank of Israel likely to keep base lending rate unchanged
Despite falling consumer prices and a strengthening shekel, the Bank of Israel is expected to hold its base lending rate at 2% for January when it announces its monthly monetary program today at 5:30 P.M. Seventeen out of 23 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News said they expected no change in the rate until the third quarter of next year, at which point the central bank will likely call for a 25 basis-point drop, to 1.75%. The main reason for holding rates steady is the continued run-up of housing prices, which the Central Bureau of Statistics said increased 1.7% over the past three months. A rate cut would likely encourage more people to take out mortgages, exacerbating the trend, economists said. (Oren Freund )
El Al attacks Open Skies agreement
El Al Airlines is attacking the Open Skies agreement Israel and Europe are supposed to sign, which would pave the way for more airline competition on routes between the two destinations. An executive for the carrier, speaking on condition of anonymity, said yesterday the agreement would allow European airlines to use Ben-Gurion International Airport to fly to any destination in Europe, which he said would enable them to use unutilized capacity to capture part of the Israeli market. "The Open Skies agreement in its current form will enable the countries of Europe to export their unemployment to Israel to compete unfairly with Israeli airlines," the executive said. Israel would have no authority to set standards for aircraft maintenance or the quality of pilots serving those flights, he added. (Zohar Blumenkrantz )
Treasury presents new rules to stop erosion of tax benefits
Finance Minster Yuval Steinitz presented the Knesset Finance Committee yesterday with new rules that would reverse the erosion of tax benefits that Israelis working abroad receive, the treasury said. The new rules, which cover both employees of private business and the government, are based on a model of equal tax thresholds, tax rates and exemptions given to Israelis working abroad to those working in Israel. The Finance Ministry said it will increase the maximum deduction taxpayers can take for educational expenses and for medical insurance. The changes come in response to a gradual but significant lowering of tax rates in Israel as well as widening tax thresholds, which left Israelis working abroad paying higher taxes, especially those earning in the range of NIS 12,000 to NIS 14,000 a month, the treasury said. (Zvi Zrahiya )
The world is far less globalized than it was five years ago, but Israel's links are improving, according to the DHL Global Connectedness Index. "After a drop in 2009, Israel's connectedness score has risen over the past two years, reaching the 18th rank worldwide in 2011," the logistics company said in a recently released report. In trade, Israel's ranking climbed to 16 from 18 in 2010 and in information it climbed to third from fifth. In other areas Israel's performance was less impressive: It held at No. 14 for people and fell to 27th from 25th for capital. The DHL Global Connectedness Index, which takes into account international flows of trade, capital, information and people, grew robustly from the report's baseline year of 2005 to 2007, and then dropped sharply at the onset of the financial crisis. Despite modest gains since 2009, global connectedness has yet to recapture its pre-crisis peak, the report said. (TheMarker Staff )
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text:
Amanda Hardeman
Folk School of St. Louis, 2010
I interned at the Folk School of St. Louis, a non-profit organization located in St. Louis, Missouri devoted to building community by providing programs and resources that promote the renewal and perpetuation of traditional music and folk arts. Along with providing several group classes focusing on specific instruments and styles of traditional music, the Folk School also hosts a variety of educational programs including workshops led by traditional artists, concerts presenting well respected musicians, children's programs promoting folk music, and regular jam sessions, open mic nights, and public performances by Folk School students.
My main responsibilities at the Folk School included advertising, fundraising, diversification of programming, and administrative tasks. In order to promote the Folk School, I posted fliers advertising Folk School programs, and utilized my skills as a photographer and videographer in order to provide media which the Folk School can use for both fundraising and advertising. One of the products that I produced was a promotional video which can be presented to potential contributors. In order to diversify the programs at the Folk School and thus target a larger demographic, I researched ethnic communities in the St. Louis area and began making connections with traditional artists in those communities. Based on these connections, the Folk School can begin to promote a variety of different cultural traditions alongside Anglo-American traditional music. I also helped host the Joe Newberry and Mike Compton concert at the Folk School, catalogued the Folk School's library of materials, created databases of students and donors, and indexed files.
Overall, my experience at the Folk School of St. Louis was incredibly rewarding. My time with the Folk School gave me many insights into the inner workings of a 501(c)(3) non-profit. I learned a great deal about many vital aspects of public folklore including the grant writing process, advertising and promoting, and fundraising.
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text: JUDDMONTE RELEASES OFFICIAL CONFORMATION SHOTS OF FRANKEL AND BATED BREATH Juddmonte Farms has today released the first official conformation shots of its exciting young sires FRANKEL and BATED BREATH. General Manager Philip Mitchell commented: "Both horses enjoyed tremendous first books in 2013, FRANKEL covering 133 mares with 94% fertility and BATED BREATH covering 146 with 90% fertility. "They are again proving extremely popular, and we welcome breeders who would like to visit them, and the other Juddmonte stallions, during the Tattersalls December Sales. "There are 33 mares in foal to BATED BREATH and 10 in foal to FRANKEL at the forthcoming Tattersalls sales. They are sure to be well received and 2014 is an exciting year for both horses with the arrival of their first foals." The stud fees for FRANKEL and BATED BREATH remain unchanged from 2013 (FRANKEL - £125,000 slf and BATED BREATH - £8,000slf). The Juddmonte stallions will be on show to breeders from 10.30am to 3pm from Thursday 28th November to Wednesday 4th December (closed Sunday 1st December). Viewings of the stallions strictly by appointment only (courtesy car will be available from Tattersalls). For information about our stallions please contact our Nominations team, Simon Mockridge, James O'Donnell or Sabine Bouard, on +44 (0)1638 731115 firstname.lastname@example.com Date: 22 November 2013


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Landscape Maintenance' started by turkp15, Jul 30, 2003.
What do you guy's do or offer in your fall clean up's?
Whoa................there laddy.................
To soon for me to be thinking LEAVES................
Fall cleanup is just that, and that is what we do. Clean up the fallen leaves, clean out the annuals, continue cutting. Winter fertilizer.
Clean up and removal of the leaves from the property.
I'm planning on doing complete leaf removal, and I'll try to sell them on gutter cleaning too...just to help bring in some extra cash.
I try to mulch the leaves when they are not to deep and clean leaves out of beds. When we bag the leaves we usually leave(no pun intended) them at the property in paper lawn refuse bags for their disposal service to take them.
Nice moneymaker and this is not a service included in weekly mowing. This would involve either the removal or mulching of all of the leaves and cleaning out of the beds.
Ditto what everyone else said, plus I let the customer know of anything I think may create a problem over the winter. Such as branches that look like they might come down with the snow. This way I can try and sell them on some extras with the fall cleanup, instead of just leaves. Plus, if they are a regular customer, it's a nice preventative measure to help them winterize their property so the spring cleanup will not be as hard, and keeping the property up from year to year just makes it look better for you.
What Drobson said about the spring cleanup being not as difficult. If nothing else that should be your main motivator for doing complete fall cleanups.
We leave ours spotless, but those silly Oaks......
Most peoples are convinced they need their gutters cleaned after I'm done talking to them! "Any buildup in gutters can lead to costly home repairs due to water backflow under shingles and can eventually rot walls in homes, which attracts termites and other bugs that can eat walls away..." I love being a salesman
absolutely lawn boy..........


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Oregon's newest state park is set in rugged Eastern Oregon along the John Day River. It's not a place you'd expect to find manicured lawns and rose bushes, and, indeed, you won't.
Yet the park has the beauty that lifelong desert dwellers sometimes have trouble explaining to their friends.
Cottonwood Canyon State Park, which opens this weekend, lies along the John Day River in northern Sherman and Gilliam counties. It can be reached from state Highway 206, which connects Wasco and Condon.
The park is big by Oregon standards, currently some 8,000 acres and, if a deal with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management is completed, likely to more than double in size in the next couple of years. If that happens, it will be the largest park in the state's system.
And, surely, one of the most rugged.
For now, the park includes 21 camping sites designed for tents or self-contained recreational vehicles, plus other sites for groups and for hikers and bikers. Some restrooms and picnic areas meet the Americans with Disabilities Act standards for accessibility, and drinkable water is available. There's also direct access to the John Day River from the site.
The state continues to work on trails, but a parks department official said recently it plans a go-slow approach to development, partly because the land is so scenic in its own right and partly because of the inherent fragility of desert landscapes.
Even with only minimal development, the park offers something that the proposed Cathedral Rock Wilderness Area upstream does not.
Handicapped or not, a person wishing to see both the John Day and its surrounding countryside need not be a hearty outdoors type to do so.
Cottonwood Canyon State Park is a beautiful addition to the relatively small number of full-blown state parks east of the Cascades.


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Ok, Here is the situation.
I am from america and my fiance is from the dominican republic.
She was living in puerto rico for ten years and I met her there when I lived there.
I trust her completely. However, there is a problem that I have in one thing she does.
She calls other men "papi". (She also will call women she doesn't know "mi amor".)
She is in Florida right now and I am in North Carolina and will be moving in with her soon. She lives with one of her sons and her ex husbands sister, Edith.
Edith met her boyfriend 4 months ago and are talking about getting married and he will probably move into the apartment in January.
Recently, her older sons visited her on one of their birthdays and her ex husband came up to see them as well.
We were talking on the phone as she arrived home and said hello to her ex husband by the name Fernando and they said hola papi to Edith's boyfriend.
Now, I am not fluent in spanish and know it is used differently in many countries, but I was confused why she would be calling any other man besides her boyfriend or husband or son papi.
We talked later about it and she says she has learned many words and not everyone understands all these words and because of that words don't really mean anything. It is more about the Tone, Inflection of voice which is important. She says that in her job, if she thinks you are a decent person and does not know your name or there is a group around, she will call those men "papi"
To me, papi means: Daddy, Baby, My Love....you say it to the boyfriends, husbands, and sons...if you are in a committed relationship. If you are single, then to a man you have an interest in getting to know alot better.
To me, that is an important word. If I was not her fiance or boyfriend, I would not call her mami. If there was no interest in having her be my fiance or girlfriend.
And I would not want other men to call her mami either. That's my women/baby/love, not yours.
Now I'm not looking for someone to be on my side of this or her side of this.....but, I would like to know what "papi" and "mami" mean to most people and what it means most of the time you use those words. And when and who it is appropriate to be used with.
I can imagine there might be a situation that might 'break' the normal rule of when it is used, I'd like to know those as well.
Having her call other men Papi...daddy, big daddy, lover, boyfriend, husband, baby, etc.....bothers me. It doesn't seem to matter to her what she is calls others or what they call her as long as it is with good tone.
(although if I said como esta mami with the same tone as I said como esta puta or como esta pendejo", I don't think she would think those words meant nothing, just because they were used with good tone.)
Also, do you think I am overreacting? I feel it is very disrepectful to say that to another man when you are in a committed relationship. Would it bother you if your wife or girlfriend called others papi, or your husband or boyfriend called other women mami?
Are these words used differently in the Dominican Republic? What do they mean there? How are they used there? Are they appropriate to call everyone? etc....
And what would you think of a mans wife saying papi to another man, if you knew they were together? Would you still respect her? Would you still respect him?
Basically, any information, translations, thoughts, ideas...would be helpful in me understanding what's going on.


text:
PROVO, Utah – Entering his last regular season collegiate tournament, senior Zac Blair fired a first round 66 followed by a second round 68 to lead BYU to a first place standing through 36 holes at the 2013 PING Cougar Classic.
In a complete team effort, BYU shot a first round 279 (-9) followed by a second round 276 (-12). The Cougars currently stand in first place at 21-under par, 12 strokes ahead of second place Air Force (-9). West Coast Conference foe St. Mary's stands in the third spot at 3-under par through 36 holes.
"I was really hoping our guys would come out and play well this week, because we need it for the postseason," BYU head coach Bruce Brockbank said. "Through about 12 holes this morning we were around even par, or right with the rest of the teams, and then we started making birdies, which we are very capable of."
After shooting even par on the front nine of the opening round, Blair caught fire on the back nine converting six birdies including four straight to finish the opening round. Coming off a 6-under 66 during the first round, Blair made five birdies during round two finishing with a 4-under 68. He currently stands in sole possession of first place at 10-under-par.
"You can't say enough about Zac," Brockbank said. "He hit a few loose shots this afternoon, and to shoot 68, that just tells you he is a feisty competitor. He has a great short game and he obviously made some key putts."
Freshman Joe Parkinson displayed a solid performance for the Cougars during Friday's opening rounds. After shooting a first round 70 (-2), Parkinson caught fire during round two making six birdies and one eagle. Carding a new career low 65 (-7) during the second round, Parkinson currently stands tied for second place at 9-under-par.
Junior Justin Keiley and sophomore Devon Purser added in strong efforts for the Cougars both finishing at 1-under-par through two rounds. Keiley made nine birdies on the day, carding a first round 71 (-1), followed by a second round 72 (E). Purser converted seven birdies through 36 holes finishing with an opening round 72 (E), followed by a second round 71 (-1). Both golfers stand tied for ninth place heading into tomorrow's final round.
Junior Jordan Hammer made six birdies shooting 73 (+1) and 75 (+3) during the opening two rounds. He currently stands tied for 31st at 4-over-par. Individual competitor Stephen Archibald had a strong outing during day one, carding rounds of 68 (-4) and 73 (+1) to stand tied for fifth place at 3-under-par.
Southern Utah currently stands tied for sixth place with Wyoming at 10-over-par through 36 holes. SUU's Jake Holt led the team carding back-to-back rounds of 72. At even-par, Holt stands tied for 13th place entering tomorrow's third round.
Utah State and Weber State currently stand in eighth and ninth place, respectively. Utah State shot an opening day 591 (+15) team score, while Weber State carded a 593 (+17) team score. Tanner Higham led the Aggies finishing at even-par through two rounds to sit tied for 13th place. Jordan Herzog and Matt Wahlen of Weber State both shot 148 (+4) during the opening 36 holes to lead the Wildcats.
"I'm excited to see what they do tomorrow," Brockbank said. "To come out with the lead, we need to go shoot another good score and continue to build on that confidence."Comment on this story
The Cougars will look to capitalize on Friday's strong effort during Saturday's third and final round with tee times beginning at 8:30 am MDT. Follow the competition live on golfstat.com.
Individual Scores
1 Zac Blair, 66, 68, -10
T2 Joe Parkinson, 70, 65, -9
T9 Devon Purser, 72, 71, -1
T9 Justin Keiley, 71, 72, -1
T31 Jordan Hammer, 73, 75, +4
Team Scores
1 Brigham Young, -21
2 Air Force, -9
3 St. Mary's (CA), -3
4 Boise State, +2
5 Colorado State, +4
T6 Southern Utah, +10
T6 Wyoming, +10
8 Utah State, +15
9 Weber State, +17
Chris Scheitinger is a student at Brigham Young University studying Public Relations. Contact him at email@example.com


text: So another thread about people not having fun got me thinking and worrying about my upcoming trip so I decided to vent here. My family and I are going for a long weekend next weekend, checking in on Friday the 12 and leaving late on Monday the 15. It is going to be myself, my parents, my youngest brother and his girlfriend, my middle brother, his wife and 2.5 year old nephew. The problem is my middle brother. He does not want to go and is being miserable about the whole thing. A bit of back story: I had wanted to go down to celebrate my upcoming 40th birthday with all of us. When I presented it to middle brother over the summer he immediately said "No" He said he and his wife were going down next spring (renting DVC points from my cousin) and couldn't justify spending $$ to go down in the fall. A few days later my mom told me that my dad might have lung cancer (He has already had bladder and throat cancer) and he was seeing a pulmonary doc in the next week. At that point I made the decision that I was going to get us all down there. Since my nephew was born, dad has been talking about taking him to WDW. So, I decided I would book the rooms and tickets by either taking out a 401k loan or just using my Disney Visa, which has no balance (I know not a smart money move) so my dad would get this chance to spend with his grandson. So, fast forward and brother agreed to go, stating he had no choice. Dad is beyond excited. (Just polyps on his lungs, btw so that is good news) So, knowing brother is not excited about the trip, I haven't brought up anything about it to him, just telling him when we were going and what hotel we are staying at. I have talked to his wife and we made some ADRs and talked about things that would be good for the toddler. So last weekend we went out for ice cream and sister in law and I are talking about breakfast at Hollywood and Vine and brother pipes in, "We have to go to breakfast on this vacation?" Then started asking some other questions and complaining about things such as, busses, the hotel, getting up early and the halloween party. I have told him he doesn't have to go to any of the things planned but he just grumbled that he wasn't going to skip it. SIL says that he will be fine once we get down there, but I am just frustrated. I am trying to do something nice for my family and brother just seems intent on being a PIA about it. I just feel that he agreed to go so he should suck it up and stop complaining! I am also nervous tht every little thing that might go wrong (weather, long lines, a spider in his room) he is going to blame on me. Which, clearly I know isn't my fault, but I don't like to have to listen to it. Everyone else is very excited about going and busy making Peter Pan themed costumes! Ok, thanks for listening


text:
- Fluorescent light bulbs, including energy saving compact fluorescents, contain mercury. When a bulb breaks, it releases mercury - which is toxic to the human nervous system and can poison wildlife - into the air. Fishing in many Massachusetts water bodies is restricted due to mercury contamination.
- When a light bulb breaks, projected shards of glass may injure eyes or skin.
- Store bulbs in box or case to prevent breakage. Keep out of reach of children or pets.
- Wear glasses when handling lamps.
- If you break a bulb, follow the Guidance for Cleaning Up Broken Fluorescent Light Bulbs .
Management Options
- See the MassDEP Fluorescent & Mercury-Added Light Bulbs web page.
- Check the map below to find for drop-off locations near you that accept mercury-containing products for recycling or see the list of Mercury Recycling Companies Serving Massachusetts .
- Take to a municipal recycling center, if fluorescent bulbs are accepted. A state contract for bulb collection is available for municipalities and public sector agencies. For a copy of the award notice, visit the COMMBUYS Electronic Procurement System and search for contract number FAC26.
- Save for the next household hazardous waste collection in your community, if accepted in your program.
- Do not dispose of in the trash, especially if your community's solid waste goes to a combustion facility.


text:
Alternative Title: Elecatinus oceanops
Learn about this topic in these articles:
...small, pink fish native to California that lives intertidally in burrows dug by the ghost shrimp, Callianassa. Another form of association between gobies and other animals is typified by the neon goby ( Elecatinus oceanops), a small Caribbean species brilliantly banded with blue. It is one of several members of the genus that function as "cleaners," picking and eating...


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July 15, 2015 by admin
Canadian Government Authorities Warn Against iGetMania
iGetMania is technically an investment, according to Canadian authorities responsible for overseeing financial wheelings and dealings of its citizens and companies. Therefore, it should register with the Autorité des Marchés Financiers.
Don't let the French name confuse you: this is a wing of the Canadian Quebec government taxed with keeping an eye on all sorts of things, from the insurance industry to contracting and securities.
Basically if it involves big money and French-speaking Canadians, the AMF gets involved. Just like Rocketmiles, which let's you cash in on hotel rewards points, but these guys are more of an investment. Yeah, a little suspect.
So what's the AMF's problem with iGetMania? For starters, the company is not registered with the AMF. And, as they technically do advise people on how to invest their money (i.e in their Global Positioning equipment leasing program), and the investment helps finance the acquisition of the equipment in exchange for a return on that investment, they do fall under the watchful eye of the AMF.
What's the Big Deal With Registering?
Any time you make an investment, you do so with a known risk in mind. Most investors calculate their risk, then act accordingly. In the back of every investor's mind is peace of mind that should anything unscrupulous happen with the investment they've chosen, somebody's got their back, and that's the long arm of the law.
In other words, firms who offer securities (as investments are sometimes called in this context) are held to a professional and legal code of conduct. If they violate the codes and bilk their investors, those investors have recourse. That recourse is whatever governing body their government has put into place to perform that job. They make it possible for investors to sue, when it comes down to it.
But if iGetMania hasn't registered with the AMF then investors are not actually protected by the securities laws enacted to protect them. It's kind of like going swimming in the ocean when it says there are rip currents going and there's no lifeguard on duty.
What Does the AMF Warning Say?
The warning, which is posted on the AMF website, warns investors that iGetMania and its sister operation out of Portugal GetEasy have not filed a prospectus and they are not registered with the AMF.
Not filing a prospectus means they haven't revealed any of their financials to the AMF for reviewing. By not registering, the AMF has no way to go after these companies when investors incur losses.
While iGetMania and GetEasy haven't yet broken any laws, the AMF promises to keep an eye on them. It's deemed as suspicious behavior when an "investment" company fails to register their product. Unregistered companies are considered unauthorized to offer investments.
Lots of digital altitude reviews say that while your remedies are "highly restricted or non-existent", according the AMF, if you've had a problem with iGetMania they encourage you to contact them.
About iGetMania
iGetMania sells shares in GPS equipment and LED light bulbs. They pursue growth via a network marketing structure, as shown in this video here, promising lucrative returns and low risk for investors. Investors are promised passive income based on recruiting new members.
They've also had some PR issues in the past concerning blocked payments. The company partners with Tachoesy, maker of geotrackers which are marketed and sold through the iGetMania network.


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|March 7, 2010, 07:49 AM
Join Date: March 7, 2010
Posts: 16
First shotgun (870 Express); few quick questions
Good morning gents:
I bought my first shotgun, a Remington 870 Express, 3", black matte finish, 28" barrel, modified Rem Choke. I also added an Uncle Mikes sling set up as well, having to drill out the magazine cap to do so. I've used the 870 years ago in the service and I liked it then. When I was looking to join frinds for duck hunting this year, after all the advice I got, the 870 seemed to be a very rugged, reliable and acceptably accurate choice at a decent price.
In addition to joining friends for goose and duck hunting this year, I also wanted something more substantial than my .22 for dealing close range with coyotes that seem to be coming closer to the house than ever. We live in the country and when walking the dogs in the morning, we've had the ocassional run in with coyotes. I didn't want to go with a .223 or similar hot calibre because of the presence of other houses in the area, so I was looking for something more for defensive action in the event of a close encounter, as opposed to actively going out to hunt coyotes. In the spring, we've also had contact with black bear, so I was also considering carrying the shotgun on morning walks, loaded with deer slugs in the event a bear would not run the other way.
That said, can you give me some direction on the best barrel for deer slugs? I've seen some posts here, including aftermarket sights that look interesting. If I use my existing barrel, does using slugs pose any problems?
Also, any suggestions as to the best rounds for practice as well as home defense (in which case I'd be looking to get a shorter barrel).
Thanks in advance for the advice,
Last edited by econrecon; March 7, 2010 at 10:00 AM.
|March 7, 2010, 11:09 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 12, 2005
Posts: 125
Well, for defensive applications, you could do without the slugs. They will also carry a long way and endanger nearby houses. Also, they require a better sight picture than buck shot. I would go with 00 Buck or something in that category. If you mean to defend yourself, that will be fine. Some Professional Hunters and Guides of dangerous game (African Big 5) go in the bush after wounded lions and tigers with 00Buck and the like. If it works on those animals, it should be good to go on coyotes and black bears. A short shotgun should be just fine.
Practice operating the gun so you can work it instictively. Then shoot a few rounds occaisionally to get used to shouldering and firing rapidly. Honestly, a little skeet wouldn't hurt as it gets you used to shouldering the gun and swinging with it. You must shoulder it the same way every time; consistency is the key. This also puts your eye in the same place every time. That eye is the rear sight. Get familiar with the function of the safety too.
|March 7, 2010, 11:32 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 12, 2002
Location: MO
Posts: 5,206
I've got an old 870 Special Purpose with the 21" RemChoke barrel and Bradley bead sights. By stacking those beads, it will put a 2 3/4" Super-X slug on a soft drink can at 50 yards, more often than not.
A long ride in law enforcement has provided me with ample opportunity to see what slugs & 00 buck do in an anti-personnel role. My personal and duty shotguns are always equipped with a but-cuff of slugs and if I think I even might need them, they are so loaded. You can bet your best hat that if was anywhere that 'bear trouble' might occur, my scattergun would be stoked with as many slugs as it will hold.
May a person who is relocating out-of-State move firearms with other household goods? Yes.
|March 7, 2010, 12:29 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: August 23, 2008
Location: SoCal
Posts: 6,442
Greetings, econrecon and welcome aboard.
You can bet your best hat that if was anywhere that 'bear trouble' might occur, my scattergun would be stoked with as many slugs as it will hold.AMEN!
Right-on Sarge.
|March 7, 2010, 12:52 PM
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Location: Western Florida panhandle
Posts: 11,069
Your POA and intended POI needs to be the same 1 inch for slugs as for 00 buck. The spread will be from zero to 1.5-2 inch in the average room of the average home... The wad will likely be in the entrance wound.
For deer hunting range, you can have an intended 3-4 inch planned POI with 00 and still hit vitals for a quick kill.
|March 7, 2010, 03:15 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 12, 2005
Posts: 125
Yes, all that is true about the slugs, if you are able to hit anything with them in a hurry. I would take my FN FAL if I could, but the original poster said he was concerned about other houses in the area. Even a good hit with a slug will go thru the bear or feral dog and keep right on going. THAT is where the 00buck has the advantage.
|March 7, 2010, 07:02 PM
Join Date: March 7, 2010
Posts: 16
Some excellent advice here gents, much appreciated. I firmly believe in Greco's point about practice and developing the instinctive action with the firearm. I was out this afternoon to put some 2 3/4" target loads downrange, as its been many years since using a shotgun, despite reasonably regular use of a pistol and .22.
I found that I have a bit to learn on the mechanics of this action in order to have a fluid operation of an 870 Remington. I'm a firm believer that practice is key to effective use of anything, but especially the use of firearms which, outside the range, are often used under condtions of stress; muscle memory and repetition in my experience make for effective use.
The bit about big game guides using 00 to finish off large, wounded animals makes a very good point, esp. in view of the issue of residences in a rural setting. Thanks all, this is very helpful,
|March 7, 2010, 09:49 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 7, 2004
Location: SE NC
Posts: 1,239
It should be a fine general purpose shotgun. If anything, an additional barrel would only contribute to its usefulness. The 20" smoothbore rifle sight barrel is apt to be the most common, though other versions turn up from time to time too. If it's a new Express gun, it'll have the new style magazine cap detent, which is the plastic teeth on the magazine spring retainer that engage teeth on the inside of the magazine cap. Fortunately it won't matter whether you get an 'old style' barrel with the spring-loaded detent set in the barrel ring, or the 'new style' barrel without the detent to use on your gun. Yours will work OK either way.
Check around at the different stores in your area and ask if they have any used 870 factory smoothbore barrels that are 18- 20" long. The Remington Counry Store was selling out a bunch of closeout barrels (18.5" RS ImpCyl with Marine finish, 18.5" RS parkerized rifled) a few weeks ago for $59 each, so good deals do turn up if you keep looking. Even a bead sight barrel will probably work OK if that's what turns up first and cheapest, you can always keep looking for a barrel with sights if you decide you want one, and then sell whatever barrel you aren't using. Keep an eye on http://www.thefiringline.com/forums/...aysprune=&f=17 , sometimes a member here has a barrel for sale. Last 870 barrel I bought here was a few weeks ago, an 18" 12 gauge factory barrel with an XS Big Dot bead added, for $80. Like I said, there are deals out there.
For coyotes you might want larger shot like Dead Coyote ( http://www.cabelas.com/p-0027268215488a.shtml ). For bears, even blackies, I'd rather have slugs. We use Brenneke KOs, and they seem to work well with every shotgun we try them in ( http://www.ableammo.com/catalog/prod...ducts_id=91132 ).
As you said, practice is critical. When you pump it, make it a conscious two count movement- briskly all the way back till the forearm stops is count one, then all the way forward briskly is count two. That'll keep you from short stroking the gun, which is the big bugaboo for new pump shotgun operators under pressure.
Learning to load the gun without looking at it is a critical skill also. The gun can be combat loaded at the shoulder, with the action closed, the hammer cocked and the safety on just let the muzzle sag till it feels like most of the weight comes off the shooting hand which is holding the gun at the shoulder. The support hand pulls whatever shell you want to load next from wherever it's carried and orients it by feel with the brass toward the little finger, the crimp toward the pointing finger, the shell cradled on the two middle fingers and 'pinched' lightly between the pointing and little fingers.
With the trigger finger properly in register outside the trigger guard on the side of the receiver, the front of the trigger finger is a 'tell' for where the little finger of the support hand should go for most people to properly locate the loading port. With the shell cupped in the fingers of the support hand and properly oriented, the cupped hand finds the bottom of the receiver and should land the brass of the shell on the ramp created by the front of the trigger guard (what- you thought they were just being graceful with that design?).
Run the shell down the ramp and into the loading port, reverse the support hand and bring the thumb back to the brass and push the shell all the way into the magazine. After you practice for a bit it will feel natural.
Leaving an 'empty slot' in the magazine means you have room to load whatever shell you need that's different from what's in the magazine on top and run it right into the chamber by hitting the action release. Remember, with a tubular magazine it's FILO (first in last out) and LIFO (last in first out). That's usually a practice called the select slug drill, but it can work any time you need to change the load in the chamber as quickly as you can manage for another shell. It's another good pumpgun skill to practice on till you get good at it.
Remember- software trumps hardware...
Mindset - Skillset - Toolset. In that order!
Attitude and skill will get you through times of no gear, better than gear will get you through times of no attitude and no skill.
Last edited by Lee Lapin; March 7, 2010 at 09:55 PM.
|March 8, 2010, 01:57 AM
Join Date: March 5, 2010
Posts: 32
When I was looking for a short barrel for my 870 I went to a local gun shop to see if he had one on hand. He didn't, but he had a 28" on hand. I got the barrel cut off, squared, blued with a fiber optic bead on for about $90, including the barrel. I was pretty happy. It was a little heavier than I intended because it had the full rib, but that just made it easier the other day when I decided I was interested in rifle sights and got a pair for $30 that mount to the rib. Don't know how they'll hold up, but it kind of added to versatility.
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text: Been using my Meguiar's Lambs Wool Wash Mit today and what a great experience it was ! Major lather when used with Gold Class Car Wash and Shampoo and made the whole process so much quicker. Anyway my question , how do I maintain the Lambs Wool Mit ? /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/idea.gif Do I machine wash it , just leave it to dry naturally or feed it some grass and call it Flossie all night long ? /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/1luvu.gif Any thoughts much appreciated !


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VAL D'ISELE, France, Dec. 9 (UPI) -- Defending World Cup champion Marcel Hirscher of Austria won Sunday's men's giant slalom on a shortened course at Val d'Isere.
Hirscher parlayed a sizzling first run of 56.69 seconds into a two-run combined time of 1 minute, 54.10 seconds and claimed the top step on the podium.
Stefan Luitz of Germany placed second with a 1:55.26 and Ted Ligety of the United States placed third.
Hirscher is the defending overall World Cup champion and also was the winner of the giant slalom title last season.
Ligety had his streak of giant slalom wins snapped at two; however his third place kept him atop the current point standings in the event and pulled him a little closer to Norway's Askel Lund Svindel in the overall points standings.
Ligety said third place was just fine with him considering the soft snow that prompted race officials to shorten Sunday's course. "Val d'Isere is always tough, it's not a hill I particularly like," he said. "It's very steep the whole way. I'm happy to salvage it and to walk away from this hill with a podium when it could easily have been a DNF (did not finish)."


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Grayston Preparatory School (Primary)
Grayston Preparatory School celebrates its 20th year as a co-educational independent school in January 2014. Grayston Preparatory School is a secular, co-educational independent school in the heart of Sandton, Johannesburg. We cater for learners from Grade 000 to Grade 7.
At Grayston Prep, our primary aim is to encourage each pupil to be a self-confident, inquiring, tolerant, positive, well-rounded character with an independent mind. A balanced programme of rigorous academics, sport and cultural activities enables pupils to discover and expand their own talents in a personal and diverse community, so that the children embark on their adolescent and high school years confidently and knowledgeably. Education, citizenship, diversity, participation and personal development are the underpinnings of the School and provide the foundation for each pupil's growth toward becoming a responsible adult.
Grayston Preparatory aims to develop children who are independent learners, critical and creative thinkers.
The school embraced the THRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) programmed as the basis for all literacy learning. Paired with this programme, the school uses a basal reading programme to enhance the development of reading skills. A constructive approach to mathematics teaching and a focus on problem solving is adopted throughout the school.
We use a class teaching strategy until the end of Grade 3, where learners remain with the respective class teacher for the majority of learning other than Art, Information Communication Technology, Physical Education, Music and Zulu. We employ specialist teachers for those particular aspects of our children's education. In Grades 4 to 7 we use a subject teaching strategy where learners move to the respective teachers' classrooms. This allows the children the benefit of subject teaching in an environment in which the pupils are comfortable, as preparation for high school.
As the pupils progress through the school, they are introduced to various educational talks and outings, in order to enhance the classroom experience and educational process.
History & Values
At Grayston Prepartory School, our primary aim is to encourage each pupil to be a self-confident, inquiring, tolerant, positive, well-rounded character with an independent mind. A balanced programme of rigorous academics, sport and cultural activities enable pupils to discover and expand their own talents in a personal and diverse community, such that the children embark on their adolescent and high school years with confidence and knowledge. Education, citizenship, diversity, participation and personal development are the underpinnings of the School and provide the foundation for each pupil's growth toward becoming a responsible adult.
Grayston Preparatory School is proudly South African. Our School crest has significant historical meaning that you may find interesting. Prior to privatisation on 1 January 1994, the school operated as a public school known then as Sandown Primary School. Originally the school was located in Sandown where the Sandton Library is now situated. The increase in enrollment numbers prompted the authorities to move the school to the existing site nearly thirty years ago in 1977.
Sandton as we know it today did not exist back in the sixties. The area then was predominantly farming land. The school was built on a portion of land that included stables and a river (running through Strathavon). The School's crest was designed not only to reflect the location of the school but also the involvement of the parent, learner and teacher in the education of our children and future generations to come. Our unique crest was registered with the department of Heraldry in 1993.
The three stars represent the parent, learner and teacher. Note that the centre star (the child) is positioned higher than the other two demonstrating the importance of the child. The horse signifies the location, the original Grayston stables. The river strategically placed under the horse figure signifies the river that runs through Strathavon bringing new life to the community. Our school motto, Ad Futura, translates into "Towards the Future".
Grayston Preparatory School proudly goes forward, "Holding the Hand that Holds the Future".
At Grayston Preparatory School the balance between competition, enjoyment and participation is the goal of the overall programme. A wide range of sporting and cultural activities is offered such as cricket, football, tennis, netball, swimming, athletics, cross country, T-ball and softball, chess, art, choir, Orff bands and Marimba bands.
Sport will remain an important part of a child's education for many years to come and therefore it is compulsory for pupils to take part in a minimum of one or two sporting activities per term and a wide choice is available. Children in Grades 1 and 2 are expected to participate in at least one afternoon of sporting activity per week. Children from Grades 3 to 7 are expected to participate in at least two sessions of co-curricular activities for per week, one of which must be of a sporting nature.
Exemption on medical or other grounds may be granted by the Headmaster. While participation in sport is physically beneficial it is also important that enjoyment is a major feature.
Cross Country
Outside specialists also offer Ballet, Karate, Golf, Rugga Kids, Playball and Monkeynastix as optional extras on the school campus.
Music is offered on two levels: as an extra-mural activity, with individual lessons and participation possible in a wide variety of instruments, and as a formal subject from Grade 000 to Grade 7. The Recorder is a compulsory instrument from Grade 4 to Grade 7 during the formal classes. Grayston Preparatory offers Junior and Senior Prep Choirs, Orff Bands and Marimba Bands where participation is part of the extra mural activity programme.
The Aftercare and Holiday care programmes for Grade 000 to Grade 7 are co-ordinated by experienced staff and cater for those parents who require supervised after school care for the children. Our Aftercare facility is offered at the School on a daily basis and also during the school holidays. Aftercare is closed for 3 weeks during the December holidays and on National holidays. It is open from 13:00 to 17:30 during the term and between 07:30 and 17:30 during the school holidays. Learners must be collected personally and signed out from this facility. The facility offers organised recreational activities and supervision of homework by student staff.
Detailed School Statistics
Associated schools
Grayston Preparatory School (Pre-Primary)
Photo Album
Visit school website
Pre-prep School Principal:
Mark Hayter
Prep School Principal:
Mark Hayter
Contact: Nicole Wilson
Tel: 011 884 1234
Fax: 011 884 3918
Email School
Physical Address:
Cnr North Road and Gillard Street
Submit Your Review


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If you've been using my books since way back (like early days with The Everyday Vegan and Vive le Vegan), you'll know I haven't always loved all my veggies. In fact, I once declared that you would not find cauliflower in my cookbooks!
Times have changed and now I'm eating my words (and the cruciferous)… because Let Them Eat Vegan has a selection of recipes with cauliflower, including this one:
When I created this recipe I had no idea how much of it I could eat.. or our girls! Normally our girls won't dig into cauliflower, but when I make this recipe I double the batch so we all get some!
And, we're not the only cauliflower-converts. I've heard from dozens of people that have tried this recipe and then e-mail saying "I now like cauliflower"!
While I'm still not a fan of raw cauliflower (or raw broccoli… or cabbage), I never thought I'd love eating raw greens like kale and chopping copious amounts of parsley for my lunch salads! It is so true that over time our palates adjust. Our taste buds evolve and we become "open" to more diverse flavors and nuances in foods.
Eating vegan did just that for me. Before becoming vegan I relied on cheese to make foods taste good. I learned there are far more options that taste better – and feel better.
Do you feel this way about eating vegan? What foods do you now love that you didn't before?
Enjoy the recipe, kids!
x Dreena
Almond Roasted Cauliflower wheat-free, gluten-free, soy-free (from Let Them Eat Vegan)
Roasting cauliflower is not a new idea, but the addition of almond meal and nutritional yeast makes this side dish something special. Easy . . . and addictive (even if you aren't a huge cauliflower fan)!
4 – 4 ½ cups cauliflower flowerets (about 1 medium cauliflower, with bite-sized flowerets cut and used)
1 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil (can reduce, or omit, see note)
1/8 tsp (rounded) sea salt
Freshly ground black pepper (optional if making for kids)
2 tbsp almond meal (try tiger nut flour for nut-free version)
1 tbsp nutritional yeast
Preheat the oven to 425°F. Line a rimmed baking sheet or 8 by 12-inch baking pan with parchment paper. Toss the cauliflower with the olive oil and sea salt (and pepper, if using). Transfer to the prepared pan. Bake for 20 minutes, tossing once or twice. At the 20-minute mark, check the doneness and color of the cauliflower. If it has started to soften, turning a golden color, add the almond meal and nutritional yeast and toss again. If, at 20 minutes, it isn't at this stage, let it bake for another 10 minutes and then add the almond meal and nutritional yeast. Bake for another 10 to 15 minutes or more, tossing again once, until the cauliflower is golden brown and fully softened. Remove from the oven and season with additional salt and pepper, if desired. Serve warm! Serves 2 to 3… or maybe just 1!
Oil-free note: You can reduce or omit the oil. Without oil, the cauliflower will not be as moist and caramelized. Be sure to use parchment paper.


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January 2000
Following are excerpts from a speech given by Novartis Seeds president and CEO Ed Shonsey to the Minnesota Agri-Growth Council in November 1999.
... [I]n between listening to the farmers' ever-present concerns about prices, government polices, weather and the high cost of seed corn, I'm hearing some things I've never heard before.
The farmers I talked to are deeply, profoundly and truly worried about the future of agriculture. ...
What has farmers upset - so upset their eternal optimism is in serious danger of becoming permanent pessimism - is ignorance. ...
Ignorance on the part of a group of people, who, in the name of protecting the environment, have imperiled the near-term future of agricultural biotechnology.
Ignorance on the part of the developers of such products - yes, that's me, my company and Pioneer and DeKalb and Mycogen and Asgrow and others - who failed to understand the societal ramifications of the technology we've been promoting.
Ignorance on the part of a media which finds it easier to synthesize gloom and doom inaccuracies than analyze a complex truth with accuracy.
Ignorance on the part of their government which they see as being more interested in trade war politics than their fight for survival.
Ignorance - and, yes, arrogance - on the part of the scientific community which has failed to adequately explain the safe outcomes of the scrutiny applied to agricultural biotech products from the human, animal, insect and plant perspectives.
The farmers I've been listening to are upset by the ignorance of a public whose interest in science and scientific methods and process grows less and less every year. And whose belief in sham science grows at a concomitant rate.
And, finally, they're upset with their own ignorance of the ways to explain, convince and get people to believe that all they're trying to do is keep up with the demands expected of them. ...
[Biotechnology] has already changed our vocabularies and how we do business in agriculture. And almost every day there's some new discovery.
So what do we do between now and the time when all our dreams and investments start producing products that will serve global markets? The answer is twofold. First, we must understand this thing called biotechnology and its true significance. Second, we must defend this technology by maintaining and creating new markets by providing balanced information, and by ensuring choice in selection of products to all involved. ...
We can't do all the things that need to be done by ourselves, and so every chance I get, I ask for help from organizations such as yours.
* First of all, as an industry, we need to hurry up the process of getting products to the market that are obviously beneficial to the consumer. We must also ensure that consumers always have a choice of selection.
* We believe that the systems that result in the authorization of such products as genetically enhanced seeds must be overhauled - especially in Europe.
We're carrying that message to our state and national legislators and we're doing our best in the countries of the European Union to get across the point that without a respected system of approvals, there will be no progress.
* We - and I hope you - will continue to support third-party oversight of the process of product introduction. Read the recent speeches of Norman Borlaug and the president of the Ford Foundation about biotechnology, who have no other interest than to help mankind.
* We want to expand the private/public partnerships we've developed in agriculture. Novartis, alone, has more than 50 collaborative ventures with major universities around the world. And we'd like to do more.
* As an industry, we need to come to grips with the issues - not just the issue - surrounding labeling genetically enhanced foods.
* And perhaps most importantly, we must - as an industry - do a much better job of providing leadership and long-term commitment to both responsible science and the education of opinion leaders and consumers about that science.
Those farmers and businesses I've been meeting with can recapture their optimism if they know we're all behind them.
And we have to be behind them. There are 6 billion mouths to feed and more coming every day. People the world over want to live longer and better lives. They want a cleaner environment, and they want to preserve precious natural resources, and if you question its value, talk to Florence Wambugu, a renowned scientist in Kenya breeding higher-yielding sweet potatoes who has increased yield over 50 percent by eliminating viruses through biotechnology.
And that's what this science is all about. AM


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"The problem with writing about religion is that you run the risk of offending sincerely religious people, and then they come after you with machetes."
Related quotes
"I prefer to stay away from religion matter. Not I am an atheist nor religious, I wouldn't even want to talk about it. Today, many has fallen to rage and vengeance from the opposing minds and foreign way of understanding. Religion isn't an teaching anymore, it just something you fight for because we are hungry and frighten."
"The artist himself may not think he is religious, but if he is sincere his sincerity in itself is religion."
"The true hypocrite is the one who ceases to perceive his deception, the one who lies with sincerity"
"Religion and science both profess peace (and the sincerity of the professors is not being doubted), but each always turns out to have a dominant part in any war that is going or contemplated."
"Every sincere break with Communism is a religious experience, though the Communists fail to identify its true nature, though he fail to go to the end of the experience. His break is the political expression of the perpetual need of the soul whose first faint stirring he has felt within him, years, months or days before he breaks. A Communist breaks because he must choose at last between irreconcilable opposites — God or Man, Soul or Mind, Freedom or Communism."


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Agency: Q Model Management
Hometown: London, United Kingdom
Birth date: August 26
Zodiac sign: Virgo
Boxers, briefs, or commando? Boxer-briefs
If you could get a plane ticket to anywhere in the world, where would it be? Costa Rica
What piece of clothing do you wear most? Knit beanie hats
What is our favorite flavor of ice cream? Cookie dough
If you were to be reincarnated, who or what would you come back as? David Beckham hes got a great life.


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Whatever you may think of the validity of "people's choice"-type awards*, it's always nice to know that somebody loves you... and it feels pretty good to have a relatively new contender beat out the reigning champion.
SQL Server 2005 Integration Services trumped Informatica in the Intelligent Enterprise Magazine: Readers' Choice Awards this year. w00t!
We also had some other very nice wins among the various other categories. I'm especially happy to Microsoft on top of "Best Performance Management Suite" because Concerto absolutely rocks!
Great job, guys!!
* When more adults vote for the "American Idol" than in a typical gubernatorial election, I guess I'm actually more frightened than skeptical.


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Sleep Disorders (How to Get a Good Night's Sleep)
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications.
- What is sleep?
- What causes the body to sleep?
- What are the stages of sleep?
- How long does it take to get REM sleep?
- Why is REM sleep important?
- What percentage of sleep should be deep sleep?
- How much sleep does a person need?
- Does the amount of sleep we need change as we age?
- What are signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation?
- What are and what causes sleep disorders?
- How are sleep problems diagnosed?
- How are sleep problems treated?
- Sleep hygiene
- Other therapies
- Sleep aids (prescription and OTC)
- Are sleep problems and disease related?
- How can I get a good night's sleep?
- Sleep FAQs
- Find a local Sleep Specialist in your town
What is sleep?
Physiologically, sleep is a complex process of restoration and renewal for the body. Scientists still do not have a definitive explanation for why humans have a need for sleep. We do know that sleep is not a passive process or "switching off" of body functions; sleep is believed to be important in many physiologic processes including the processing of experiences and the consolidation of memories. It is also clear that sleep is essential, not only for humans but for almost all animals.
The importance of sleep is underscored by the symptoms experienced by those suffering from sleep problems. People suffering from sleep disorders do not get adequate or restorative sleep, and sleep deprivation is associated with a number of both physical and emotional disturbances.
What causes the body to sleep?
Sleep is influenced by the circadian rhythms (regular body changes in mental and physical characteristics that occur in the course of about 24 hours). These are controlled by brain neurons that respond to light, temperature and hormones and other signals and comprise the body's biological clock. This clock helps regulate the "normal" awake and sleep cycles. Disruption of these cycles can make people sleepy, or somnolent, at times people want to be awake. For example, travelers experience "jet lag" when they cross time zones. When a New Yorker arrives in Paris at midnight Paris time, his or her body continues to operate (their biological clock) on New York time. It may take several days to reset a person's biologic clock, depending on how much it has been altered by the time change. Different organ systems in the body recover at different rates.
There is evidence that some aspects of sleep are under genetic influence; a gene termed DEC2 is being investigated as causing people that possess it to require only about 6 hours of sleep. Researchers have only begun to examine the genetics involved in sleep.
Sleep Disorders
Get tips for better sleep.