text:
possible to get a new frame for my raleigh?
i want to customize the looks of my bike, i have a raleigh m60, but i want one of them cannondale frames and forks, is it possible to mix and match bike parts so you can customize it? and do they sell only the frames?
Some parts are compatible. Seat posts might be a different size which as well as a new seatpost might mean a new front derailleur. You'll probably be okay with wheels, brakes, shifters and rear mech. I don't know about your stem and bars or bottom-bracket and chainset.
Most companies sell frames separately, but you might well be better off buying a whole new bike.
|All times are GMT -6. The time now is 12:24 AM.


text:
Go Behind the Scenes In the Seattle Seahawks' Super Bowl Locker Room [VIDEO]
Michael Robinson has finally released the Super Bowl edition of his "Real Rob Report".
By now, Seahawks' fans have seen the team's journey through last season's playoffs and eventual Super Bowl victory over the Denver Broncos from just about every angle. We've heard the players wired for sound, and seen all sorts of video highlights.
Now, you get to go behind the scenes with fullback Michael Robinson's "Real Rob Report" Robinson has been posting videos for years now as he prepares himself for a post-football broadcast career.
Fans have been waiting for this report for some time, and now the Super Bowl edition is ready.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Going from one note to a symphony
George Williams College of Aurora University is changing.
�We�re emerging out of a dormant phase,� said Wen-D Kersten, the college�s marketing director.
In the last five years, the institution has transformed from a one-note recreational tune to a symphony of degree programs and community offerings.
College staff believed it had an obligation to include the community in its metamorphosis.
�We have an enormous responsibility to add to the culture and education of everyone in the community,� Kersten said. �(The college) is a little diamond in the midst of this community. We have an opportunity to offer this community so many things.�
George Williams College long has been a staple in the lakes area, but it wasn�t until recently that it enjoyed an influential role in the community.
�People come to us looking for assistance,� said Bill Duncan, the college�s vice president and chief academic officer. �We play an important role in community life, now.�
Not only is the college a place people come for an education, but it�s also a place where people come to soak in culture.
�Our community is starved for things like that,� Kersten said.
Collaborating with the village
True to its roots in recreation, perhaps the college�s biggest contribution to the community has been its operation of the Williams Bay Recreation Department since 2001.
�It�s just a wonderful partnership,� said Village Administrator Bob Carlson.
The department previously was staffed only part time and didn�t offer much in the way of activities for youth and families. The village was growing, and officials knew they needed to step up their recreation department.
George Williams College�s School of Experiential Leadership offered the expertise needed to get the program off the ground.
Graduate students pursing their master�s degrees in recreation administration staff the department, which means they get real-world experience. And of course the village benefits from having a plethora of sports and leisure activities for its residents, from youth baseball and basketball to woodcarving and quilting.
�Most families and youth and adults are looking for things to do in their leisure time,� said Dr. Rita Yerkes, dean of the School of Experiential Leadership. �Particularly in the Bay, we have done special events not there before.�
Such events include a Halloween �Spooky Walk� through the Kishwauketoe Nature Conservancy, an Earth Day program and TGIF activities for seventh- and eighth-graders.
�We�ve tried to pay attention to what community residents would like to have happen,� Yerkes said of the expanded programming.
Carlson said the village�s collaboration with the college has a lot more people turning to the recreation than before.
Adding cultural attractions
And true to its role as an institution of higher learning, the college is bringing the community cultural opportunities.
�It�s something that you can�t say you have enough of,� Carlson said. �Culture and things for people to do of all ages�you don�t really have enough of that.�
Perhaps what started bringing George Williams College out of the woodwork was the rebirth of the popular summer concert series �Music by the Lake� in 2001.
�That brought people onto campus that hadn�t been there in years,� Duncan said.
Now in its eighth season, the series has featured an array of national performers, including Gaelic Storm, Manhattan Transfer, The Fifth Dimension and several orchestras.
George Williams College started a business speaker series, intimate �fireside chats� with local business leaders. The series� first guest was Erik Buell, founder and CEO of Buell Motorcycle Co. of East Troy.
Standing-room-only attendance was proof there�s interest for such an event, said David Frost, assistant professor of business.
A series of Saturday-afternoon career management workshops add to the college�s offerings. The first workshop was held in December, and the second was held Jan. 26. The final workshop, �Balancing Work and Home,� will be held March 22.
Frost said the goal of such workshops is to provide working people with �pathways to healthy professional and personal lifestyles.�
George Williams College officials agree that the institution�s newfound role in the community�providing recreational and cultural opportunities�is just part of the job.
�It�s part of the history of colleges,� Duncan said, �to share ideas and try to raise the well being of an area.�
History of George Williams College
1844: Sir George William founded the Young Men�s Christian Association in London.
1886: The YMCA purchased four acres of land on Geneva Lake for a summer retreat for its leaders. It was known as �College Camp.�
1890: The YMCA opened a school in Chicago to educate young men for leadership.
1896: The school in Chicago merged with the campus in Lake Geneva and permanently was established in Chicago as the Secretarial Institute and Training School of the YMCA.
1913: The school was renamed the Young Men�s Christian Association College.
1915: YMCA College moved to Hyde Park on Chicago�s south side.
1933: YMCA College was named George Williams College in honor of the movement�s founder.
1966: GWC relocated to a new campus in Downers Grove, Ill.
1985: The college succumbed to financial difficulty and closed.
1986: Some programs were transferred to Aurora University in Aurora, Ill.
1988: The GWC board entertained proposals from several colleges and universities around the country to form an affiliation that would re-establish the college�s unique programs.
1992: GWC and Aurora University signed an affiliation agreement.
2000: GWC and Aurora University merged.
Last updated: 5:22 pm Thursday, December 13, 2012


text:
BRASELTON, Ga. -- Twenty-four of the nation's brightest minds and best junior golfers were named to the 2013 HP Scholastic Junior All-America Team, the American Junior Golf Association and HP announced Friday, Oct. 4. Sponsored by HP since 1988, the team consists of 12 young men and 12 young women who demonstrate the ability to excel both on the golf course and in the classroom.
To be eligible to apply for the HP Scholastic Junior All-America Team, boys must have placed in the top 10 of an AJGA Open or Invitational, while girls needed a top-five finish. The selections were then based on grade point average, class rank, SAT/ACT/PLAN/PSAT scores, community service and writing ability. Candidates were required to submit an essay no longer than 500 words on an original topic relating to golf.
"HP is once again proud to recognize outstanding academic, athletic, and community service achievements with the naming of the 2013 HP Scholastic Junior All-America Team," said John Dayan, Vice President, Technology Services Group, Hewlett-Packard. "The AJGA, working closely with parents and players alike, strives to prepare these young adults for life in college and beyond, by instilling honor, integrity, persistence and sportsmanship. HP and the AJGA are celebrating 25 years of support for this award and recognition of excellence."
The 12 boys on the HP Scholastic Junior All-America team are Franklin Huang of Poway, Calif. (2014), Andrew McKinney of Danville, Ky. (2014), Mitchell Meissner of San Antonio (2014), Jackson Moss of New Albany, Ohio (2014), William Register of Burlington, N.C. (2014), Sam Rosenberg of Dallas (2014), Michael Sharp of Kendallville, Ind. (2014), Corey Shaun of Encinitas, Calif. (2014), Nathan Tenpas of Chevy Chase, Md. (2014), Carter Thompson of Tallahassee, Fla. (2014), Jens Verhey of Reno, Nev. (2014), and Jackson Wendling of Effingham, Ill. (2015)
The 12 girls on the HP Scholastic Junior All-America team are Alexandra Farnsworth of Nashville, Tenn. (2014), Madison Glennie of Clearwater, Fla. (2014), Alexandra Harkins of Crystal Lake, Ill. (2014), Tatum Jackson of Mountain Brook, Ala. (2014), Sabrina Long of Alpharetta, Ga. (2015), Julie Luo of Centreville, Va. (2015), Emily Mills of Farmingdale, N.J. (2014), Shawn Rennegarbe of Addieville, Ill. (2014), Jayshree Sarathy of Palo Alto, Calif. (2014), Michelle Xie of Palo Alto, Calif. (2015), Nancy Xu of Sunnyvale, Calif. (2014), and Anna Zhou of Palo Alto, Calif. (2015)
These outstanding individuals will be honored at the Rolex Junior All-America Awards Banquet, Nov. 24, at PGA National Resort & Spa in Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. By being named to this team, each player is also eligible to participate in the Polo Golf Junior Classic, one of the most prestigious events in junior golf, which will take place on PGA National Resort & Spa's Champion and Fazio Courses, Nov. 23-29.
Former HP Scholastic Junior All-Americans have gone on to successful amateur and professional golf careers, including Casey Martin (1989), Wendy Ward (1990), Kellee Booth (1992), Matt Kuchar (1994), Scott Langley (2005) and Patrick Rodgers (2009, 2010).
The HP Scholastic Honor Roll recognizes those juniors who have achieved a weighted GPA of 3.5 or higher, but who were not selected as HP Scholastic All-Americans. For a complete 2013 Honor Roll list click here.
For more information, please contact Abby Liebenthal (email@example.com) in the AJGA Communications Department at (678) 425-1786, or visit ajga.org.
About the American Junior Golf Association
The American Junior Golf Association is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the overall growth and development of young men and women who aspire to earn college golf scholarships through competitive junior golf. The AJGA provides valuable exposure for college golf scholarships, and has an annual junior membership (boys and girls ages 12-18) of approximately 6,000 junior golfers from 49 states and more than 50 countries. To ensure scholarship opportunities for all junior golfers who have the skill, the AJGA created the Achieving Competitive Excellence (ACE) Grant program to provide financial assistance to young players in need.
Titleist, the AJGA's National Sponsor, has been the catalyst and driving force behind the Association's success since 1989. Rolex, which is in its fourth decade of AJGA support, became the inaugural AJGA Premier Partner in 2004. In 2007, after 12 years of support, Ralph Lauren became the AJGA's second Premier Partner.
AJGA alumni have risen to the top of amateur, collegiate and professional golf. Former AJGA juniors have compiled more than 500 victories on the PGA and LPGA Tours. AJGA alumni include Brandt Snedeker, Bubba Watson, Webb Simpson, Hunter Mahan, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods, Stacy Lewis, Vicky Hurst, Paula Creamer, Cristie Kerr, Brittany Lincicome and Morgan Pressel.


text:
Samardzija zeroing in on rotation spot
Samardzija zeroing in on rotation spot
"Obviously, that lock's getting a little closer and closer to being finalized," Cubs manager Dale Sveum said Sunday, one day after Samardzija's four innings against the Rangers. The right-hander gave up one run on three hits. He has not walked a batter over 10 innings this spring.
"It's impressive and it's what organizations dream of -- a 6-foot-6, 240-pound athlete on the mound who has four pitches with velocity," Sveum said of Samardzija's performance. "It's impressive, there's no doubt about it. I don't think he's doing anything we didn't expect. The way he finished throwing the ball the last season, the mechanical changes he made, the confidence he gained. Now it's just full force right now."
Samardzija has about three starts remaining in Cactus League play. He's also got competition from Chris Volstad, Rodrigo Lopez, Travis Wood, and Randy Wells for the two openings in the rotation.
On Saturday, Samardzija faced the minimum in the first three innings and then the Rangers collected three straight singles in the fourth which led to their run.
"The thing people forget about hits is that even a lot of good pitchers will give up hits, singles," Sveum said. "It's the slugging percentage that you look for as much as anything with starting pitchers. I don't care what level you're at but it's difficult to string singles together to score runs.
"When you have starting pitchers who can go on the mound and keep the slugging percentage down through the course of the season as well as games, you'll be a lot better off," he said.


text:
Hurley Sea Fire String Tie Side Swim Bottom HU23303
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This product was discontinued July, 2014 and is no longer available. Please consider one of the Customer-Recommended Replacements above, or try a new search.
You'll be on fire with style in this fashionable swim bottom. Features a colorful floral pattern. Made of polyester/spandex.
See matching Hurley Sea Fire Triangle Swim Top HU23123.
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text:
Published: March 1, 2013
Alex Forte of St. Patrick Church in Hubbard takes deep-fried haddock out of the fryer during a fish fry at the church on a recent Friday. Volunteers prepare days in advance for a meal attended by more than 600 people
on Fridays during Lent.
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text:
Bad News, Good News
The "bad news" is: if you wanted to catch the Montana Veterans Affair rep in Shelby this morning or Cut Bank this afternoon, you missed it! The GOOD news is: the Veterans Affair rep will be in Browning tomorrow morning, (Thursday) at the Eagle Shield Center from 9 until 11. I think I speak for all of us when I say that we're most proud of ALL of our military veterans & that we are also most appreciative to rep visiting us here in the Golden Triangle every month in Shelby, Cut Bank, & Browning. A THANK YOU goes out to all our Montana Veterans & also to the Veterans Affair rep for the monthly visits to the Golden Triangle. We'll see you in January!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 27, 2006
|Filing date
|Mar 2, 2004
|Priority date
|May 12, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Daniel F. Sievenpiper
|Original Assignee
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (101), Non-Patent Citations (57), Referenced by (109), Classifications (31), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent application No. 60/470,027 filed May 12, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This application is also related to the disclosure of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/470,028 also filed on May 15, 2003 and entitled "Steerable Leaky Wave Antenna Capable of both Forward and Backward Radiation", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. It is also related to a subsequently filed and related non-provisional application, which application was filed on the same date as this application (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/792,412) and which application is also entitled "Steerable Leaky Wave Antenna Capable of both Forward and Backward Radiation", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This application is also related to the disclosure of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/470,025 also filed on May 15, 2003 and entitled "Compact Tunable Antenna for Frequency Switching and Angle Diversity". It is also related to a subsequently filed and its related non-provisional application, which application was filed Apr. 30, 2004 (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/836,966) and which application is entitled "Compact Tunable Antenna".
This application is also related to the disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,496,155; 6,538,621 and 6,552,696, all to Sievenpiper et al., all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
This technology disclosed herein relates to a steerable, planar, meta-element antenna, and an array of such meta-elements. An antenna is disclosed that comprises a radiating element that is directly fed by a radio-frequency source, and a plurality of additional elements that are coupled to each other and to the radiating element. The coupling results in radiation not only from the element that is directly fed (the main element), but also from the other elements (the parasitic elements). Because of this coupling, the effective aperture size of the meta-element is equal to its entire physical size, not just the size of the main element. The nature of the coupling between these elements can be changed, and this can be used to change the direction of the radiation.
A plurality of the meta-elements can be arranged into an array, which can have an even larger effective aperture area. Each meta-element can be addressed by a phase shifter, and those phase shifters can be addressed by a feed system, which distributes power from a transmitter to all of the meta-elements, or collects power from them for a receiver. The coupling between the elements is explicitly defined by a tunable device located on each element or between each neighboring element. Besides allowing the coupling to be tunable, this explicit coupling can be greater than would be possible with ordinary free-space coupling. This explicit and strong tunable coupling allows the antenna to be lower profile, and to have greater capabilities than is possible with other designs. The use of this coupling mechanism to perform much of the beam steering and power distribution/collection allows the antenna to be much simpler and lower cost than presently available alternatives
The technology disclosed herein improves upon two existing technologies: (1) the steerable parasitic antenna, and (2) the phased array antenna. The state of the art for steerable parasitic antennas includes a cluster of antennas, where the main antenna is fed by an RF connection and the parasitic antennas are each fed by a tunable impedance device or variable phase element. In this prior art design, the coupling between the antenna elements is constant and is provided by free-space. The feed point impedance of each of the parasitic elements is tuned, and this changes the reflection coefficient of that element. In this way, the resulting beam can be steered.
The meta-element disclosed herein operates in a somewhat similar manner, but has several advantages. In the disclosed meta-elements, the feed point impedance of the parasitic elements is constant and the coupling coefficient is provided by a tunable device, rather than by free space. This provides three advantages:
If M elements are arranged in a lattice, and each element has n neighbors, the prior art architecture only allows M degrees of freedom, because it is the feed-point impedance of each element that is tuned while the coupling is constant. With the architecture disclosed herein, there are potentially Men degrees of freedom because the coupling between each neighboring element can potentially be tuned separately. This greater freedom allows greater capabilities in controlling the beam angle(s), null angle(s), frequency response, and polarization of the antenna.
When used as an array of meta-elements, the disclosed meta-element provides an advantage over state-of-the-art phased arrays, because, among other things, it is simpler. It can be lighter and lower-cost, and can fill a greater number of applications. These improvements come about because the tunable coupling between the elements provides much of the beam steering and power distribution/collection of the array, thus reducing the number of required components such as phase shifters and power combiners or dividers. In addition, for the control system, a single analog line can take the place of several digital lines, reducing the total number of connections. For slow-speed scanning, the elements can be addressed by rows and columns, further simplifying the array.
The disclosed meta-element can be used in a number of applications, including next-generation vehicular communication systems, where beam steering may be needed for greater gain and for interference cancellation, low-gain steerable antennas on mobile platforms, or unmanned ground units. When used as an array of meta-elements, the technology disclosed herein can find a large number of applications as a replacement for conventional phased array antennas. Since it can be low profile and conformal, as well as low-cost, it can fit a wide variety of applications. Furthermore, there are many communication and sensing systems that are impractical today, but that would be enabled by the existence of a low-cost or lightweight phased array. For example, the ability to place a steerable, high-gain antenna on every vehicle on the battlefield would allow more sophisticated networks and enhanced data-gathering and coordination than is presently available. With a greater number of connected nodes, the value of a network is increased by the square of the number of nodes, as described by Metcalf's law.
The prior art includes existing parasitic antennas such as the Yagi-Uda array (see
In general, steerable antennas are made up of several or many discrete antennas. Beam steering is typically accomplished by preceding each radiating antenna with a phase shifter. The phase shifters control the phase of the radiation from each antenna, and produce a wave front having a phase gradient, which results in the main beam being steered in a particular direction depending on the direction and magnitude of this phase gradient. If the spacing between the antennas is too large, a second beam will also be formed, which is called a grating lobe.
The minimum spacing to prevent grating lobes depends on the direction of the main beam, and it is between one-half wavelength and one wavelength. For large arrays, this results in a large number of antennas, each with its own phase shifter, resulting in a high cost and complexity. A feed structure is also required to feed all of these antennas, which further increases the cost and weight.
The prior art also includes a body of work that has appeared in various forms, and can be summarized as a lattice of small metallic particles that are linked together by switches. Such antennas can be considered as distinct from the present disclosure because the metal particles are not resonant structures by themselves, but only when assembled into a composite structure by the switches.
The prior art also includes:
In one aspect, the presently disclosed technology provides an antenna having at least one main element; and a plurality of parasitic elements, where at least some of the elements have coupling elements or devices associated with them, the coupling elements or devices being tunable to thereby control the degree of coupling between adjacent elements.
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are top and side elevation views of a tunable impedance surface;
FIGS. 5(a) and 5(c) are graphs of the radiation versus distance for leaky antennas on an electrically tunable impedance surface, the impedance being uniform for FIG. 5(a) and non-uniform, nearly periodic for FIG. 5(c);
FIGS. 5(b) and 5(d) correspond to FIGS. 5(a) and 5(c), respectively, but show the leaky waves on the surface and departing the tunable impedance surface of FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) with the bias or control voltages shown as a function of position;
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) depict two embodiments of a meta-element antenna;
FIG. 7(a) depicts the electric field profile (|E|) and the Poynting vector (S) as a function of position for a meta-element antenna with uniform coupling between elements;
FIG. 7(b) depicts the electric field profile (|E|) and the Poynting vector (S) as a function of position for a meta-element antenna with non-uniform coupling between elements that is optimized to produce radiation in a particular direction;
FIG. 8(a) depicts a single meta-element seen from the top view, consisting of a square array of coupled parasitic elements, and a dipole-like main element;
FIG. 8(b) depicts an array of meta-elements, consisting of many parasitic elements, each associated with one of several main elements;
FIG. 9(a) depicts a traditional phased array where all elements are active, are each fed by a phase shifter and an associated feed network and where the array spacing is about one-half wavelength;
FIG. 9(b) depicts an array of meta-elements in side elevation view where only the main elements are active and the rest of the elements are passive, thus simplifying the design and lowering the cost and wherein the passive elements are spaced at one-quarter wavelength and supply much of the power distribution and phase control;
FIG. 10(a) is a graph of the total radiation from a system of an antenna and a reflecting surface with arbitrary phase;
FIG. 10(b) depicts the tunable impedance surface and the main antenna element combining to produce the total radiation (indicated by the line circling the head of the arrow);
FIG. 10(c) depicts various possible available states for the combined radiation;
FIGS. 10(d)-10(f) depict the possible states for a one-, two-, or three-bit phase shifter;
FIG. 11(a) depicts the element factor and the array factor for a traditional phased array antenna;
FIG. 11(b) depicts the element factor and the array factor for a meta-element antenna; and
FIG. 11(c) depicts the total pattern of either the traditional phased array antenna or the meta-element array antenna.
It has been known for decades that parasitic antenna elements can also be used for beam forming, such as the popular Yagi-Uda array 10, shown in FIG. 1. This array 10 consists of three kinds of elements: (1) a single driven element 2, (2) a reflector element 4, which is typically longer or has a lower resonance frequency than the driven element 2, and (3) a series of director elements 6, which are typically shorter or have a higher resonance frequency than the driven element 2.
The Yagi-Uda array 10 works as follows: The driven element 2 radiates power, which is received by all of the parasitic elements, which comprise the reflector element 4 and the director elements 6. These parasitic elements 4, 6 re-radiate the power with a phase that depends on the resonance frequency of the parasitic elements with respect to the frequency of the driven element 2. The radiation from the parasitic elements 4, 6 adds with the radiation from the driven element 2 with the appropriate phases to produce a beam 8 in a particular direction. If an element 6 having a higher resonant frequency lies to the left in this figure of an element 6 having a lower resonant frequency, the phases of the radiation from these two elements will produce a beam to the left, as shown. Thus, a series of elements that are tapered in size (increasing in resonance frequency) to the left will produce a beam in that direction. More elements can be added to increase the gain in the main beam 8.
An improvement upon the design of
Antennas have also been proposed that include strong coupling between elements and that use this coupling for beam steering. These are commonly referred to as coupled oscillator arrays, and an example of such an antenna 12 is shown in FIG. 3. These typically consist of a series of oscillators 14 that produce RF power on their own—that is, they are active resonators. They are coupled to their neighboring oscillators 14 by some means, which could be simply free space coupling, but other coupling techniques could be used instead. The coupling must be strong enough that each oscillator 14 will tend to lock in phase with its neighbors. They are disposed near (typically at a distance 0.25λ from) a reflector element 13. If one oscillator is tuned out of phase, it will tend to pull both of its neighbors out of phase to some degree. This can produce a steerable beam because if the oscillators at the edge can be pulled out of phase or detuned by some external means, and this will tend to pull all of the oscillators out of phase to form a phase gradient 16. This defines a beam in a particular direction. One problem with this kind of antenna is that it works best for continuous-wave (CW) radiation, and works less well for modulated radiation. Other difficulties include providing a means to modulate the radiation from such an antenna 12, or of using the antenna 12 in a receive mode.
Another device that has attracted interest in the antenna art is the tunable impedance surface 20 (see
This surface 20, which can be utilized in one (but not the only) embodiment of the presently disclosed technology, is typically built as a series of metal plates 22 that are printed on a substrate 21, and a ground plane 26 on the other side of the substrate 21. Some of the plates are attached to the ground plane by metal plated vias 24, while others of the plates are attached to direct current (DC) bias lines 28′ by vias 28 which penetrate the ground plane through openings 32 therein. Between adjacent patches are attached variable capacitors 30, which may be implemented as varactor diodes that control the capacitance (coupling) between the patches in response to control voltages applied thereto. The patches 22, loaded by the variable capacitors 30, have a resonance frequency that can be tuned with the applied bias or control voltages on the variable capacitors. Such a structure is shown in FIG. 4. For an antenna operating at 4.5 GHz, the substrate 21 may be, for example, a 62 mil (1.5 mm) thick dielectric substrate clad with copper and etched as shown and described with reference to FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b). Even with an antenna disposed on surface 20, the total thickness of the surface 20 and the antenna elements (see, for example, element 50 in FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b)) should be less than 2.5 mm for a 4.5 GHz antenna. This thickness is clearly less than 0.1λ and thus the antenna has a very low profile.
Moreover, while the tunable impedance surface 20 is depicted as being planar, it need not necessarily be planar. Indeed, those skilled in the art will appreciate the fact that the printed circuit board technology preferably used to provide a substrate 21 for the tunable impedance surface 20 can provide a very flexible substrate 21. Thus the tunable impedance surface 20 can be mounted on most any convenient surface and conform to the shape of that surface. The tuning of the impedance function would then be adjusted to account for the shape of that surface. Thus, surface 20 can be planar, non-planar, convex, concave or have most any other shape by appropriately tuning its surface impedance.
The surface 20 can be used for radio frequency beam steering in several modes, which are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,496,155 and 6,538,621 to Sievenpiper et al. and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/470,028 (and its subsequently filed non-provisional application identified above) to Sievenpiper et al. entitled "Steerable Leaky Wave Antenna Capable of both Forward and Backward Radiation".
One of those modes is the reflection mode, whereby a radio frequency beam is reflected by the surface from a remote source (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,621). The angle of the reflected beam can be steered by changing the resonance frequency of each of the cells in the surface. Because the reflection phase from each cell depends on its resonance frequency with respect to the frequency of illumination, it is possible to create a phase gradient, which steers the reflected beam. Having the tunable impedance surface operate as a surface for reflecting a beam implies that some sort of antenna, such as a horn antenna, is disposed remote from the surface so that it can illuminate the tunable impedance surface from afar. Unfortunately, such a design is impracticable in a number of applications, particularly vehicular and airborne applications.
Another mode of operation is the leaky wave mode, which is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/470,028 (and its subsequently filed non-provisional application identified above) to Sievenpiper et al. entitled "Steerable Leaky Wave Antenna Capable of both Forward and Backward Radiation". This mode of operation is closely related to the presently disclosed technology, in that it does not involve illuminating the tunable surface from a remote source, but instead involves launching a wave on the surface from a planar launching structure that is adjacent to the surface. In this mode, a wave known as a surface wave is launched across the surface, and in a certain frequency range this surface wave can be considered as a leaky wave, because it radiates some of its energy into the surrounding space as it propagates. Leaky wave antennas of various kinds have been described in the open literature. In this mode of operation, the tunable impedance surface differs from the previous leaky wave antennas that have been described in two important ways: (1) It can generate radiation in either or both the forward and/or backward direction. (2) The effective aperture area of such an antenna can be much greater than was typically possible with many kinds of leaky waves in the past, and in fact the effective aperture size can be controlled. These two features are achieved by applying a non-uniform voltage function to the varactors 30, which generates a non-uniform surface impedance function, which allows for control of both the magnitude and phase of the radiation across the entire surface.
Traditional leaky wave antennas suffer from the fact that the leaky wave dies out as it propagates, because it is radiating away into the surrounding space. This is shown in FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b). The effective aperture for such an antenna is limited by the decay rate of this leaky wave. It has been shown in the aforementioned US Provisional Application that this is not a required drawback of leaky wave antennas, and that it is possible to create a surface where the effective aperture is nearly the entire area of the surface, as shown by FIGS. 5(c) and 5(d). This is accomplished by using a non-uniform, nearly periodic surface impedance on surface 20, which can be considered to consist of regions producing radiation having different magnitudes and phases. By controlling the amount of radiation that leaks off the surface, the effective aperture can be extended. This has been shown in traditional leaky wave antennas, but not typically in ones that can be steered to an arbitrary direction by using a non-uniform, cyclic surface impedance on surface 20. FIG. 5(d) shows that controlling the bias voltages (V) on the variable capacitors in a periodic or nearly periodic manner can cause the leaky waves to be emitted across the surface.
The technique of tapering the radiation profile to extend the effective aperture of some types of antennas is known per se in the prior art. However, it is typically used for closed structures, where a wave propagates within a waveguide, and then radiates out through apertures or by other means. It is not typically used for open structures, and it has not been shown before for leaky wave antennas that are capable of steering in arbitrary directions, both forward and backward.
With the background information provided above whereby one can create leaky wave antennas that can steer a beam in either the forward or backward direction and that can have a large effective aperture over a wide range of beam angles, the reader is now in a better position to understand the subject matter of the presently disclosed technology. To understand the concepts disclosed herein, it is best not to consider the use of surface waves or leaky waves as they have been described above, but instead to consider a surface consisting of coupled resonant elements (which need not resemble the tunable impedance surface 20 described above, but that is one possible embodiment) and to consider an element which acts as an exciter 50 (the main element), and spreads radio frequency energy across a broad area of the other resonant elements 52 (the parasitic elements). The coupling between the elements can be of any type, but it can be tuned independently for each element or pair of adjacent elements, by a coupling element 54. The main element 50 could resemble the parasitic elements, or it could be distinct. The main element 50 is attached to an RF feed structure 56. The coupling between the elements is controlled by control lines 58, which can be connected directly to the coupling elements 54, or connected indirectly through some of the elements. Examples of these two coupling techniques are shown in FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b). In FIG. 6(a) one embodiment of the meta-element antenna is shown with its main element 50 distinct from the parasitic elements 52 and not necessarily disposed in the same plane as the parasitic elements 52. Another embodiment appears in FIG. 6(b) where the main element 50 resembles one of the parasitic elements 52 and preferably lies in the same plane as the parasitic elements 52. In both embodiments, the main element 50 is the element that is directly connected to an RF feed 56. The parasitic elements 52 are not directly connected to an RF feed 56. The coupling between the elements is controlled by a set of control wires 58, which are shown attached to the coupling devices or elements 54 between the elements 50, 52, but could be connected to the coupling devices 54 in any way, including indirectly through the elements 50, 52 themselves.
The term "meta-element" as used herein in a general sense is considered to be a combination of a main element and several parasitic elements, (i) where at least some of the elements (main and parasitic) have coupling elements or devices associated with them, (ii) where the coupling elements or devices control the degree of coupling between adjacent elements, and (iii) where the coupling elements or devices can be tuned. The elements and the coupling devices can be of any form. For example, the coupling devices can be tunable capacitors, tunable inductors, or any combination of those. They are generally small compared to the wavelength of interest, so they can generally be described using a lumped circuit model. The elements themselves can be metal patches, dipoles, dielectric resonators, or nearly any other structure that is capable of storing microwave energy, and can therefore be considered as resonant.
The meta-element has no particular height requirements or limitations. In bright contrast, the driven and parasitic elements of a traditional parasitic array are all likely to be on the order of a quarter wavelength in height, whereas the meta-element has no height requirement. One way of making a meta-element will be by means of a tunable impedance surface. Such surfaces have heights that are typically less than 0.1λ, so using known techniques to make a meta-element results in a very low profile antenna (less than 0.1λ) that is much shorter than are conventional parasitic array antennas.
In one embodiment, the tunable elements help form tunably resonant LC circuits where the tunable element is provided by a tunable capacitor associated with a tunable impedance surface, for example. In the embodiment of FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b), the tunable elements in the LC circuits are provided by tunable capacitors (preferably in the form of varactors 30) while the elongate elements 24 and 28 provide inductance and the plates 22 provide additional capacitance. Elements 28 act as if they are coupled to the ground plane 26 due to capacitive coupling at openings 32 in the ground plane 26 at the operating frequency of the antenna, but act as if isolated from the ground plane 26 at the switching frequency of the control voltages V1, V2 . . . Vn. The inductive elements 24, 28 and/or the capacitive elements 22, 30 of the LC circuits can also provide the coupling between elements.
This meta-element differs from traditional parasitic antennas in that the coupling is explicitly defined by a tunable element 54, rather than by free space, and that the feed point impedance of the parasitic elements does not need to be tuned. In fact, the parasitic elements do not need to have a feed point at all; there does not need to be a port on the parasitic elements through which RF energy could be coupled to an external device that is not directly attached to it.
In the tunable impedance surface embodiment, element 54 of FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) can be provided by the variable capacitors 30 (preferably in the form of varactor diodes).
The presently disclosed technology also differs from traditional leaky wave antennas in that the driven element need not have a preferred direction. The main element 50 can be omnidirectional, and the beam from the meta-element can be steered in most any direction. FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) show the antenna being used in two modes, which can be considered as examples of the possible modes of operation, but not the entire set of possible modes of operation. FIG. 7(a) graphs the electric field profile (|E|) and the Poynting vector (S) as a function of position for a meta-element with uniform coupling. FIG. 7(b) graphs the same parameters for a meta-element with non-uniform coupling that is optimized to produce radiation in a particular direction.
The beam direction and aperture profile (beam width) can be changed by varying the coupling between the meta-elements. The meta-element can produce a nearly omnidirectional pattern, if the coupling between the elements is set so that the field decays rapidly away from the main element. It can also be set so that it forms a narrow beam, if the coupling between the elements is set so that the field extends to the edge of the meta-element. The minimum beam width is determined by the size of the meta-element.
In its most basic form, the meta-element antenna described herein can be used as a low-gain steerable antenna, such as might be useful for many communication applications. An example is shown in FIG. 8(a), where a small cluster of parasitic elements 52 is fed by a single main element 50, as can be seen from this plan view thereof. The main element 50 may be a dipole or some other type of antenna that can serve as an exciter, or it could resemble the parasitic elements 52. The spacing of the parasitic elements 52 may be about one-quarter wavelength, so the antenna shown in FIG. 8(a) would be about two wavelengths square.
Varying the coupling between the parasitic elements 52 is controlled, as previously discussed, so that the surface impedance would follow a pattern like that shown in FIG. 5(d) circularly around an axis normal to element 50 in FIG. 8(a). Of course, the smaller the size of parasitic elements 52, the closer that the surface impedance can follow FIG. 5(d). But smaller parasitic elements 52 beget more coupling elements 54, which increase the cost of the antenna. So, while the size of the parasitic elements 52 maximizes at one-quarter wavelength of the operating frequency of the antenna, the parasitic elements 52 can be made smaller, with the realization that doing so will require more coupling elements 54 to be utilized thereby increasing the cost of manufacture of the meta-element.
In this embodiment of a tunable impedance surface embodiment discussed immediately above, the parasitic elements 52 are preferably implemented by the grounded metal plates 22 of a tunable impedance surface 30 as previously discussed with reference to FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) while the tunable coupling elements 54 are implemented by the ungrounded metal plates and their associated variable capacitors. However, the presently disclosed technology is not limited to use with a tunable impedance surface of the type having electrically controlled capacitors. Consider FIGS. 5(a) and 8(a) again. The parasitic elements 52 can be metal patches or elements disposed in close proximity to (less than 0.1 λ away from) a ground plane 20 (and typically spaced or separated therefrom by a dielectric layer 51). The tunable coupling elements 54 can be implemented as optically controlled MEMS capacitors and fiber optic cables can implement the control lines 58. Still other devices can be used to control the impedance across the surface.
The meta-element can be one part of a multi-element array, as shown in FIG. 8(b) and indeed is preferably part of a multi-element array for beam steering. In this case, there are multiple main elements 50, and many parasitic elements 52. The parasitic elements 52 are arranged into groups 55, and each group is associated with a main element 50. This array of meta-elements can be arbitrarily large, and can have arbitrarily high gain, depending on its size. This array of meta-elements can fill many of the same applications as a traditional phased array, but can be made for much lower cost, because much of the beam forming and power distribution tasks are taken care of by the tunable coupling devices, and by free space.
The array of meta-elements of FIG. 8(b) has an advantage, compared to the prior art, of a significant potential cost savings over a traditional phased array. A common array architecture used today is shown in FIG. 9(a). Many active elements 2 are arranged on a lattice, which elements 2 typically have one-half wavelength spacing. Each active element 2 is driven via a phase shifter 3, and signals are supplied to and collected from the elements 2 by a corporate RF feed network 5. Other architectures exist, but many of the common ones resemble some variation on this general concept.
FIG. 9(b) shows how the main elements 50 of the array of FIG. 8(a) can be controlled or driven by a RF feed network 56. The array of meta-elements, shown in FIG. 9(b), is much simpler and therefore has the advantage of a lower cost for the following reasons:
The simplification of the required phase shifters is now described with reference to FIGS. 10(a)-(f). For an antenna placed near a resonant array or surface, the total radiation from that antenna will consist of components that originate directly at the antenna, and components that are scattered by the array, as shown in FIG. 10(a). Numeral 60 leads to an arrow, which signifies the radiation from a main element while numeral 62 leads to an arrow that signifies the radiation from the parasitic elements 52. If the array can supply a phase shift on reflection that ranges from 0 to 2π, then the total radiation is the combination of this scattered radiation, which can be represented as a circle where the radius of the circle is the scattered power, and the points along the circumference are the various phase states, as shown in FIG. 10(b). The radiation that originates directly from the antenna can be represented as a line, where the length of the line is the radiated power. The sum of the circle and the line is as shown in FIG. 10(c). Clearly, not all possible phase states are possible with this configuration. Of course, if it were possible to minimize the direct radiation from the antenna 60 and maximize the portion of the total radiation that is scattered by the array 62, then all or a greater number of possible phase states would be achievable, with more uniform magnitude.
FIGS. 10(d)-10(f) show the possible states that are achievable with one, two, or three bit phase shifters in the RF network 56 of FIG. 9(b). The total radiation is shown as a thick line 64, and the states that are achievable with only the phase shifter are shown as arrows 66. Clearly, the fact that the array supplies much of the required phase shift eases the requirements on the phase shifter. Consider the 3-bit phase shifter example of FIG. 10(f), for example. Here the amount of shift attributable to the 3-bit phase shifters corresponds to the eight arrows showing the different directions in which the main lobe of the array would occur. Fine shifting between these eight coarse directions is handled by tunable elements 54, the fine shifting being signified by arrows 68.
For the meta-element and array described here, the antenna in the above model can be seen as representing one of the main elements and the array or surface can be seen as representing the parasitic elements. If the radiation from the main element 50 can be minimized, then no phase shifter at all is required in the RF network 56. If the radiation from the main element 50 represents a significant amount of the total radiation from the antenna, then the situation will be as shown in FIG. 10(a), and a phase shifter will be required, with at least two but preferably at least three bits of control data.
The bandwidth of a meta-element is governed by its thickness, as with any resonant surface, and also by its effective area. The forming of a beam in the far field depends on the coherent combination of radiation from an area that is the effective aperture of the meta-element. This requires that energy travel from the main element to all of the parasitic elements that are participating in the radiation. Because the phase at each element is a function of frequency, it is not possible to define the same phase at each parasitic element over a broad range of frequencies. This problem gets worse as more parasitic elements participate in the radiation. Thus, for broad bandwidth operation, the meta-element should be of a smaller size. For narrow bandwidth operation, it can be of a large size, which lowers the cost per effective aperture area, particularly when used in an array of meta-elements.
Those skilled in the art might be skeptical over whether this system will work, because it would seem that the wide spacing of the main elements would produce grating lobes. However, the element to be considered here is not merely the main element 52, but rather the entire meta-element of FIG. 8(a), for example. Therefore, since the total pattern from the array can be considered as the product of the array pattern (or array factor) and the element pattern (or element factor), one can understand this array as one where the element pattern is highly directive and steerable. The total pattern is then the product of the array pattern (which does have grating lobes) and the highly directive element pattern (which cancels the grating lobes). See FIG. 11(b) where the combined effect of taking the product of the array pattern (which does have grating lobes) and the highly directive element pattern (which cancels the grating lobes) is shown graphically, resulting in a total pattern as shown in FIG. 11(c). FIG. 11(a) shows the same sort of analysis as applied to a prior art phased array antenna. Of course, the advantage of the disclosed meta-element is that it is much simpler and lower cost than the phased array. Also, due to its thinness and the ability to make the meta-elements array using printed circuit board technology, the meta-element array can be not only low profile, but also conformal thereby permitting it to conform to a curved surface such as is found on the exterior surfaces of aircraft and other vehicles, for example.
Having described the presently disclosed technology in connection with certain embodiments thereof, modification will now certainly suggest itself to those skilled in the art.
As such, the presently disclosed technology is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments except as required by the appended claims
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Owner name: HRL LABORATORIES, LLC, CALIFORNIA
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text:
I know I should be happy with myself(working on that), its too soon, I am not ready all of that. But even though I am not ready, at some time I hope I will be ready. My concern is when I am ready, how can I meet anyone. I am currently doing meetups for my hobbies. But my work is not a place to meet others. I go out to bars rarely.
For those of you over the age of 45 and if you are dating or have a SO, how did you meet? Where are you meeting people that are single and interested for dating?
I guess I am concerned I will be buried with my bus pass!
They have a choice: they can live in my new world, or they can die in their old one." Daenerys Targaryen
I live in a pretty remote area, and have also had some difficulty in the dating world. I've had the best luck with OLD, but you have to have really thick skin for it.
I also have a platonic male friend that I do a lot of activities with, such as antique shopping and supper a couple of times per week.
I kind of like my current situation. I have a really good friend that I spend time with, and I also am dating someone that I see once or twice per week. I also have time just for me.
We're been together, in an LDR, for 3 1/2 years.


text:
hah, ok, I couldn't resist posting this tidbit, but apparently Big Papi is a fan of Miami Restaurant, and some feel his waistline might be interfering with his power stroke. From the globe:
""I think David's got some extra weight," said Francisco Martes, owner of Los Caballeros II Market on Centre Street, who recalled seeing David Ortiz recently at nearby Miami Restaurant. "I saw this guy eating the other day, and he was eating 15 pieces of pork chop. Fifteen pieces! That's too much.""
OK, so who;s had the pork chops at Miami? They must be good!


text: Senate Confirms Elena Kagan To Supreme Court News & Features Audie Cornish · NPR · Aug 5, 2010 Listen Story audio 3min 38sec Copyright 2017 NPR. Stay Informed The news on your schedule from MPR News Update Email Address* Zip Code MPR News Update AM MPR News Update PM See our Privacy Policy. Must be age 13.


text:
The GameStick ($80) is the latest independent, Android-based console to hit Kickstarter. Powered by an Jelly Bean, this unique system consists of a dongle that draws all its power over HDMI and a sleek Bluetooth 4.0 controller with dual analog sticks.
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text:
EL SEGUNDO, Calif. — The NBA has been locked out for approximately 3½ of the 4½ months since the LA Lakers introduced Mike Brown as the 22nd head coach in franchise history on May 31.
It's given Brown plenty of time to think about how he'll try to shape a team that followed up back-to-back championships with a second-round flameout in the spring.
Despite the sweep by the Dallas Mavericks that included a 36-point drubbing in Game 4, Brown does not believe drastic changes to the Lakers are necessary to get them back to the title. Baseball betting lines
"I don't know if you need to change the identity too much," Brown said Thursday during a lunch interview with a handful of reporters at the Lakers' practice facility. "I don't know if you need to change the culture too much, because this was already obviously a winning culture here.
"I think there are things I can do or bring to the table to help it and there may be some things I'll be able to learn that have already been here and have been through it. So, I think it's a win-win. … The exciting thing about coming into this team is I don't have to say anything. These guys were embarrassed last year and they're all winners because they've been there and done that. … So, I'm not going to get in the way of that.
"That in and of itself is a motivation that I could not muster up to put inside of anybody. They have it on their own already because of how it went down last year."
The genius of Phil Jackson, in LA as well as Chicago was his ability to use esoteric philosophy, new age techniques and hands off management style as strategies to get high priced athletes to perform at the bet of their abilities. However, all good things and philosophies must come to an end and can run its course. The LA Lakers got their butt kicked and were out hustled. The new ball coach may need to be a more hands on manager and manifest more emotion on the sideline than Jackson.
While Brown will be part of a team challenge to return the championship to L.A., he faces a personal challenge as being the person to replace the most decorated championship coach in NBA history, Phil Jackson.
"Everybody hits me with, 'Man, are you worried about walking in? Especially with Phil (leaving)?'" Brown said. "Phil? I'm not trying to be Phil."
Brown said his only interaction with Jackson prior to taking over as coach of the Lakers was after the 2009 NBA All-Star Game in Phoenix when Jackson's West team bested Brown's East team 146-119. Baseball lines
"I saw him in the back hallway after the game and I walked up to him and I said, 'Coach, I wish that we would have won the game. I could have definitely used that extra $10,000 more than you did,'" Brown said with a smile on his face. "He just laughed. … That was the extent of our conversation."
Brown had an unexpected visitor to his office a week ago, however, when Jackson stopped by while Brown was conducting a coaches' meeting with assistants John Kuester, Chuck Person, Quin Snyder and Ettore Messina.
"He poked his head in," Brown said while explaining that Jackson was in the office to visit his longtime companion and Lakers executive, Jeanie Buss. A choice between Brown and Jeanie. Jackson shows again why he won so many championships.
Brown said the conversation lasted 15-20 minutes but featured more talk between Kuester and Jackson about what part of L.A. they live in and other casual topics of that nature with the group, rather than talk between Jackson and Brown about X's and O's.
"We talked a little basketball, but that was towards the tail end of our conversation," Brown said.
The 41-year-old Brown said he and his staff have had "plenty of stuff for us to do" despite the fact that in a non-lockout year the Lakers would already be three weeks into training camp.
The first order of business was to go over Brown's playbooks and apply them to the Lakers.
They combed through his thick 200-plus page offensive playbook that he used in Cleveland and replicated it with tailored changes to fit the Lakers' personnel. They did the same with his defensive playbook, which is even thicker, but that didn't require as much adjustment.
"For the most part, almost anybody can defend," Brown said. "That's why I think you can take that from team to team. I think offensively, you can't. I think you have to change your offense based on your personnel."
They have also spent time consulting old practice plans Brown used with the Cavaliers. Several Lakers players, including Kobe Bryant and Andrew Bynum lamented that the Lakers' practices were not sharp enough last season and could have led to the team's demise come game time.
Brown said he plans to combat that with competitive drills at practices next season with running at stake for the losers.
"It's a pride thing," Brown said. "You don't want to run while the winners are sitting there looking at you."
While Brown is unsure of when the lockout could end, he said he is in the process of interviewing candidates to add to his bench. He is looking to fill two player development positions and add one more assistant coach that already includes Kuester, Person, Snyder, Messina and basketball operations assistant Kyle Triggs.
"I like a big staff," Brown said.
Brown credited Lakers' owner Dr. Jerry Buss for allowing him to continue to pursue staff members with all of the uncertainty surrounding the lockout, but said he has not had much direct contact with Buss since taking the job.
"He hasn't been around. I have not seen him. I don't even know if I've talked to him on the phone — if I have, maybe one time since I've been here," Brown said of Dr. Buss, who took a long vacation in Europe during the offseason.
Brown said he has spent more time with Jim Buss, the owner's son and team executive who has become more involved in Lakers' decisions in recent seasons. Jim, who usually sticks to casual clothing, shocked Brown when he showed up at a charity event in August looking dapper.
"I'm looking for the photographer that was there because I actually took a picture next to Jim Buss and he did not have on a hat and jeans and a T-shirt," Brown said. "I have a few pictures of my family up in my office here and I might put that (photo of Buss) up on my wall if I can get it."
He is still waiting to coach his first game, but already feels like he belongs in the organization.
"I do (feel like a Laker)," Brown said. "I can't sit here and tell you why. Maybe it's because everybody has welcomed me. … It's been good. That's probably why I feel like a Laker already." Coach Brown should be reminded that warm feeling in LA can turn to stifling heat and suffocating humidity if the Lakers fail to get back the NBA championship game. Nothing else in LA will suffice. So enjoy the lockout, California waves and goodwill during your extended honeymoon pre-season.


text: Wow and what lovely machines they were! (just a note, i have never seen an apple machine in person unless it was the iBook i purchased this year or when i saw a 15" Ti from another student) This Apple Reseller had brought a few machines in for the students to look at. They brought in a original 12" PB, eMac, 17" 1.25Ghz iMac and a lovely G5 with a 23" Display. The only thing that i didn't like was the 14" iBook...gah, i thought it was a 15PB at first! The eMac was playing Star Wars 2 and the G5 was running minority Report with Sound Surround, i thought the eMac was bigger but it is tiny, didn't realise that at all! At one point i tought the G5 was turned off it was that quiet. It was the 1.6Ghz version. Never have i seen such a collection of wonderful machines, of course i've seen them online and thats it, photos never do them enough justice. After talking with the reseller i've also finally decided which PowerBook i want when Panther comes out... it just cannot get over the irresistable 17" screen (on the iMac) and since i live like 400 feet from college its not like i am going to suffer alot when carrying a 17" PB. Besides my old NEC was heavier and it was bearable. Seeing iPhoto being run on a 17" screen and having lots of space left is simply lush! I'm gonna love using photoshop and indesign with this thing! I cannot get over the size of the 12" and to know they have even more under the hood with the new ones that have come out! I would love one but i don't want to buy an external screen for it. But gee they are so small... So a 17" PB it is, and today i just purchased Apples student developers discount as well in order to purchase it! The guy i spoke to however did seem to know alot about apple and what he sells, not like some halfwits standing in Dixons. He told me his company have even asked Apple to buy them out and turn them into an official Apple Store. He mentioned how the UK is ripe for such a store somewhere in Manchester, but most likely the first store to open in the UK would be in London, but for the first in Europe it would be France. We discussed a few other things as well and i felt sorry that i couldn't buy a machine there and then from him but i did mention i had ADC and was waiting for Panther (btw he mentions also it might be out at the end of this month or out at the Expo in November). Anyways just thought i would share that with fellow mac heads.