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Seeking Future BearsApril 28, 1998
Prospective students should find a much smoother application and admissions process at Baylor University since the school reorganized its recruitment and admission staffs and enhanced the services they offer.
Last year, the recruitment and admissions offices merged to become the Office of Admission Services. Teri Tippit heads the recruiting arm of the office and said the merger is going well.
"The merger has been positive for both offices and the counseling staff has been very pleased with the process," Tippit said.
Under the new system, a prospective student is assigned an admission counselor who guides the student and his or her family through the entire application, recruitment and admission process. Before the merger, the recruitment office would transfer students to the admissions office once they were admitted to the university.
"It's a more continual and seamless process," Tippit said. "We are able to tell students who their counselor is and they can keep in contact with that person. It helps a family to know who they can count on."
Diana Ramey serves the office as director of admissions. Her staff primarily handles applications, transfer students and campus visits. However, she said a major benefit of the merger is that the staffs of both offices can work in either the recruitment or the admissions area.
"We have doubled our efforts and doubled our resources," Ramey said. "We trade our services all the time. Both staffs are cross¡trained and support each other during peak times."
An addition to the recruiting effort was the establishment of a telecounseling center. Fifteen Baylor students staff the center and call prospective students to answer questions about Baylor and help determine each student's interest in the university. Tippit said a current student can communicate with a prospective student in ways an admission counselor may not.
"It's another personal contact from the university," she said. "We are able to talk directly to students and find out what their interest level is," she said.
The admission services staff has also developed new strategies for recruiting students that will increase the number of students admitted while maintaining the university's academic standards. The admission services office assigns each prospective student a value that is dependent on how likely the student is to attend the university. The value reflects a number of variables including the student's location and how many times the student has contacted Baylor. This value changes as the student shows more or less interest. Tippit said the value helps the recruitment staff know which students they should most actively recruit.
"Prior to this year, we were taking a shotgun approach," Tippit said. "Now we focus our efforts more."
The office also has set specific numeric goals in its recruiting plans. Approximately 80,000 students annually make inquires to the university. The admission services staff would like to obtain applications from at least 10 percent of the people inquiring about Baylor. The staff would then like to effectively recruit 80 percent of the applicants, which would result in a freshman class of between 2,500 and 2,600 students.
The office has continued its practice of hosting student receptions and high school visits throughout the country to inform students about Baylor. Admission Services hosted 32 receptions this spring and visited more then 225 high schools throughout the year. Saturday, the office hosted Spring Premiere in which hundreds of high school juniors and their families came to visit the campus. The office will host Premiere programs this fall and in the winter of 1999.
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Pop Culture
Hollywood Now: Chris Pine, Rachel Weisz & Ari Graynor, Plus So Many Babies!By Gerri Miller
New flicks with celebs in interfaith relationships and from interfaith backgrounds, plus their baby news!Go To Pop Culture
Originally published in the New Jersey Jewish Standard under the title, "Their songs celebrate good, childhood, love." Reprinted by permission.
May 30, 2008--A few years ago, Maria Krupoves, a native of the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius, met a man named Daniel Berg on an elevator in Bloomington, Ind. Also a few years ago, Krupoves met Gerard Edery at a world music showcase at the Hilton Hotel in midtown Manhattan.
Both encounters led to partnerships. Krupoves, a professor at the Vilnius Yiddish Institute at Vilnius University, married Daniel and lives in both her native city and Bloomington. With Edery, she found a kindred musical spirit, a Moroccan-born Sephardic Jew with the same multiethnic inclinations as Krupoves, a self-proclaimed "Christian Zionist."
Krupoves and Edery released their first recording together, Two Faiths, One Voice, on Tuesday. The disc borrows from ancient Christian and Jewish material, spanning everything from secular folksongs to liturgical verses. The album is available on sefaradrecords.com, the homepage for Edery's own label, Sefarad Records.
"When I sing some of these songs that are centuries old, whether it's Jewish or Christian or Arab, the feelings are the same, the emotions are universal," said Edery, who lives on Manhattan's Upper West Side.
Regardless of ethnic or religious origin, he said, the songs all celebrate "human values. They're celebrating good, they're celebrating childhood, they're celebrating love. So I choose to focus on the commonalities between the cultures, between the faiths, to try and sidestep the ironclad divisions that keep us apart."
Edery was born in Casablanca, but moved to Paris when he was 4. At 8, he moved to Manhattan. Those first years in Morocco, however, were culturally invaluable. One grandfather, an Argentinian, spoke to Edery only in Spanish. His paternal grandparents communicated in Arabic, because "they didn't know anything else."
At the time Morocco was a French protectorate (the north-African country gained independence in 1956), so Edery was immersed in French, the day's "lingua franca," he said. Additionally, Edery heard and spoke Hebrew in synagogue.
Said Edery, "A lot of the music that I do reflects the fact that I was born in an atmosphere that celebrated a real transparency, a real interface kind of feeling, where you heard Arabic and you heard French and Hebrew and Spanish."
The linguistic diversity, he said, represented an even deeper cooperation between the faiths, where "the Jews and the Christians and the Arabs [found] a way not just to coexist but to be inspired by each other."
Edery's work with Krupoves exemplifies the same spirit. According to Krupoves, who in 2005 performed at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Two Faiths, One Voice includes songs from the "Sephardic tradition, from Turkey, and from Greece. Some of them are folk songs and some of them are religious songs, like 'Adir Hu,' which is a Pesach song."
The album also features a medieval Portugese-Christian composition, a fourth-century Armenian-Christian work, and a number of songs from Eastern Europe. Edery speaks four languages but sings in 15, which he attributes to his opera training. Krupoves speaks even more -- she estimates "six or seven"--and sings in 12 languages and dialects.
Among her favorites, Krupoves said, is Yiddish.
"I started singing folk songs and got interested in vocal studies in university [in Vilnius]," she said, "so I decided to write my doctorate dissertation on Polish folk songs in Lithuania. A great part of this culture is Jewish culture and Yiddish so I started singing in Yiddish. After I finished my dissertation about 10 years ago, I met a professor who came to Vilnius and he started teaching Yiddish.
"I very much enjoyed collecting the Sephardic and Yiddish neshama" (soul).
Like Edery, Krupoves traces her expansive cultural tastes to her family history. She said that her Catholic grandparents helped save Jews from the Nazis in Poland, and "Jewish people are my people."
Asked whether her family is supportive of Two Faiths, One Voice or of her Christian Zionism, Krupoves said, "My family is excited, very much."
On June 25, Edery (sans Krupoves) will premiere "The Spirit of Sepharad: From Casbah to Caliphate" at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City. The multimedia presentation follows the migration of Sephardic music from medieval Spain through North Africa and to the Middle East using music, dance, projections, lighting, sound, set design, narration, and acting. Sephardrecords.com has information on the show, which will tour the world through 2010.
"Some people say this is not the way a Sephardic song would have sounded in 1500 or 1400," said Edery of the show. "But we're talking about an oral tradition here, and oral traditions are not museum pieces. They're meant to be added to, to inspire. To me, it's something very living."

subset: commoncrawl


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MAS Docent Education Program
September 18th, 2013, 12:11 pm
The Municipal Art Society is proud to accept applications for the 2014 Docent Education Program held in the Greenacre Reference Library at 111 W. 57th Street. This free program offers interested volunteers the opportunity to become an official MAS docent, leading the MTA/Metro-North and MAS tour of Grand Central Terminal, one New York City's most beloved landmark buildings.
Apply today for this five-session course incorporating expert speakers, essential readings, research, and hands-on experience preparing each docent to develop and lead his or her own unique tour. Interested applicants for this exciting program must be available to attend each training session offered on Saturdays November 2nd, November 9th, November 16th, November 23rd and November 30th. No prior tour guide experience is required and we encourage New Yorkers from all walks of life to apply.
The program is comparable to a graduate level introduction to the history of New York City. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, be comfortable in front of an audience and have an unquenchable thirst for all things New York City. Certified MAS docents must lead at least 2 tours a month. There is no charge for the course, however trainees are responsible for purchasing the necessary reading material (approx. cost: $30).
Curious about the program and want to see our docents in action? Click here to buy a ticket for a tour of the terminal! Click here to learn more about MAS's history with Grand Central Terminal.
Please note that we receive many applications and may not interview all candidates.


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©2005 Diana Wynne Jones; (P)2005 Recorded Books, LLC
"Fantasy fans will enjoy listening to narrator Gerard Doyle make the characters come to life and present Jones' entertaining descriptions of the magical parallel universe in which this story takes place." (School Library Journal)
"An excellent, magical book"
"Magicians of Caprona", one of the original "Chrestomacni Quartet" before Jones went and wrote two more, is still one of my favorites. This audiobook version is an excellent substitute for reading it, as the narration is faithful and lively and quite enthralling. They also went to remarkable trouble to re-create the musical bits, which I found quite impressive. For fans of the series, this is a good one, and for newcomers it is an excellent insertion point.
"Too violent"
I don't know, but this is absolutely not suitable for children as young as 8-10. In one scene person is said to be beating the brains out of a baby. It is a doll but he's not quite sure.
Well I think the story and characters aren't specially developed in this either. It was hard to stay interested. I love the other Chrestomanci books, but this was weaker. And I think they are all for a little older children. Some of them could be suitable for an ten year old, but not this. I would imagine 12 could be a better age or older.
He performed all characters well. He was a wonderful reader.
I do love all the other Chrestomanci books. I have found them as an adult, but I'm interested in children's literature and they have been very entertaining.
"Different yet the same"
I liked the roll of the cats (especially benvenuto). I liked how the story was kind of different from the previous Chrestomanci books with the love story and the puppets.
Honestly it is a sort of telling of Romeo and Juliet but it's happy at the end.
I love all of Gerard Doyle's performances. He is consistent with his pronunciations and the the voices he choices for each character.
The book made me laugh and it was less predictable than many books
"Engaging Story. Amazing Narrarator"
By far one of the best. The story is great and the narrating was extremely well done.
"Oh what a clever fellow"
Gerard Doyle captures the essence of Punch very well.
Brilliant singing, great voice acting, soothing voice
Magically encouraged family feuds of Italia!
If there is ever a book you should have in your library...it's this one.
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text: Most Recent Winner - Congratulations to G. Myers from MO who won a brand new Pantech C630 on Tuesday May 12th, 2009 @ 1:02 PM. "I've played the One-Pawed bandit since it started. I thought I'd never hear those bells go off - I was shocked! Now I can finally replace my 4-year-old Motorola phone. Thank you PhoneDog - a cool website, a cool game - you guys Rock!!"


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If you read my previous blog you will know that we have been waiting for over nine months for a concert to come around. I bought tickets for the hubby for Christmas to see his long time idol, Billy Joel. If you want to see the previous post, you can read it here! Well…Continue reading
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Republican candidate Paul Ryan will face off against Vice President Joe Biden Thursday night at 6 p.m. PDT in the first and only vice presidential debate, held in Danville, Ky.
Ryan, 42, and Biden, 69, will meet after a week of anticipation, in a duel moderated by Martha Raddatz of ABC News.
Biden, who has extensive debating experience, having served in the Senate for years before running for president and then becoming vice president, was expected to deliver a "robust debate," the Obama campaign predicted.
"The vice president will speak directly to the American people about the progress we've made over the past four years and a concrete Obama-Biden plan to continue creating an economy that works for the middle class," Obama campaign manager Jim Messina said.
PHOTOS: Memorable presidential debate moments
Ryan, on the other hand, preparing for his first nationally broadcast debate, admitted that "it's a nervous situation because Joe Biden is one of the most experienced debaters we have in modern politics." What he lacks in experience, Ryan believes he'll make up once the arguments begin, saying that President Obama's record serves as a glaring weakness for Biden.
Neither candidate will have an easy path to victory in the debate, with Biden under intense scrutiny given his proclivity for gaffes and Obama's subpar performance in his first debate. As for Ryan, he faces high expectations from his own party, and intense skepticism from his many Democratic critics.
Watch the debate live through the feed above, courtesy of YouTube, Yahoo and ABC News, or follow Politics Now's ongoing updates of the proceedings.
Follow Politics Now on Twitter and Facebook
Twitter: @mlittledc


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Search 4,805 Westbrook jobs from job sites, newspapers, associations and company career pages.
The Westbrook, ME job market is weak compared to the rest of the US. Over the last year, job postings in Westbrook, ME have declined by 57% relative to a national decline of 32%.
Send us your suggestions
What are the opportunities for recreation, vacation, and just plain fun around Westbrook?
What do newcomers need to know to settle in and enjoy Westbrook? Car registration, pet laws, city se...
Where is the good life? For families? Singles?
What causes do people in Westbrook care about. Where are the volunteer opportunities?
Where did you come from? How did you move here? What would you do different now?
What companies are fueling growth in Westbrook? Why are they a great employer?
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Your flat iron is your go-to tool for stick-straight strands, but it's way more than a one-trick pony. Here are the secrets to becoming a flat iron ninja.
Put a Crimp in Your Style
Crimping (the non-80s way) is one of the easiest things you can do with a flat iron-and the effect is subtle and current, not dated.
To create a cool crimp, start with straight locks, grab a one-inch section of hair and position your flat iron at the root. Begin twisting your wrist back and forth, slowly, as you glide the iron all the way down to your ends. Repeat until all strands have been tended to.
Related: 20 Sexy Ideas For Long Hair
Chalk Your Hair
Love the pink tips so many celebs are sporting these days? Try it, temporarily, by "chalking" your hair with soft chalk pastels (available at any art supply store). After running the chalk over your strands to saturate your tips with color (do it outside 'cause the stuff gets everywhere), use your flat iron to seal in the "new" hue so it stays put all night.
Related: 10 Hairstyles That Take 10 Minutes
Create Cool-Girl Waves
Score sexy, undone curls by starting with the flat iron near your scalp. Wrap a one-inch section around the flat iron plates as you simultaneously turn the flat iron away from your head (similar to how you would curl a ribbon with a scissor). Continue pulling the iron down the section of hair until you reach the ends. Repeat until your entire head is curled and voilà!
Related: 11 Celeb Hairstyles You'll Want to Steal
Iron a Wrinkled Hem
Your flat iron can also be a lazy-girl stand-in for a real iron. Use it in a pinch to de-wrinkle the hem on a dress or skirt, straighten out tricky-to-reach places like a shirt collar, or to press a fabric belt or tie. Traditional irons heat between 200 to 400 degrees, so set your flat iron in the same range. (Just don't try this on delicate fabrics, like silk.)
Related: 8 Hairstyles Men Love
Score Bed-Head Texture-Stat
Texture usually comes with two-day-old hair, but now you can create this effect on freshly cleansed tresses.
First, mist dry hair with a salt spray, then loosely braid a few one-inch sections of hair around your face. Run your flat iron over the braids, then undo them to reveal that coveted roughed-up effect. Repeat these steps all over your head.
Read more at Cosmopolitan.com!
How to Make Your Butt Look Good in a Bikini
10 Surprising Weight-Loss Tricks
The Hottest Heartbreak Hairstyles
Become a fan of Cosmo on Facebook and follow us on Twitter!
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Time for change in construction
On February 1 2010 the Competition Commission issued a call to the construction industry to participate in a fast-track settlement to address bid rigging in the sector.
At the time many questioned whether the commission was over-reacting or even exaggerating what may have been a case of a few rogue elements in the sector. But the commission insisted then that the conduct was widespread. Two months into this unprecedented process, the extent of the rot in this South African business sector is coming to the fore.
The deadline for firms to file an application to participate is April 15, and so more is yet to come. But there is no doubt now that the culture of collusion in the construction sector is so endemic that no single prosecution is going to root it out. The challenge is how all the firms in the industry, working with the competition authorities and the government, fundamentally change the course for the sector.
Procrastination, denial and technical legal defences will just prolong the inevitable coming into the public domain of the embarrassing activities of some of our national construction icons. We have to go beyond our narrow firm or individual interests to change the industry for the better.
The first steps towards this have been taken, which is to get people to talk about the past and face up to it. Since the announcement of the fast-track process, it is striking that industry players are now talking freely about the arrangements. We have had people talk about "the party", the "black book" and the "policemen". These arrangements were a system through which all the major construction companies coordinated the collusion, agreeing at the highest levels who would do which contracts.
At regular meetings lists of contracts were drawn up and it was agreed who would "win" the business, as well as the margins to be added on. The firms not allocated business would deliberately bid even higher, "covering" the bid of the one meant to win.
Running totals were kept in "black books", along with compensation payments. When the allocations worked well no actual payments to compensate the losers would be made but the running totals were kept. Because they could not trust each other, one of the firms was appointed a "policeman" to determine the price for a project and to monitor the process. And, because even the policeman could not be trusted, second and third policemen were sometimes appointed to police the police.
Reinforcing steel-related work
Similar arrangements were referred to by different names, such as the "civils club" and or the "cricket club scores". There were arrangements in, or alongside, industry forums as well as in a range of construction activities and products such as reinforcing steel-related work, different concrete products and pilings.
To illustrate how much this has been part of the way the industry has worked, in some cases involving construction products we are now finding that, even after cartels have been uncovered and prosecuted, the firms have been rigging bids again. This indicates just how difficult some in the industry find it to conduct business without such arrangements.
In big projects, such as the 2010 stadiums, the way in which conducting business occurred at different stages and levels is now evident. Although initially information came out in bits and pieces, the broader picture is emerging. It resembles the picture that had been painted for us by some close to the process several years ago.
The Gauteng Freeway Improvement Programme and similar major road-building projects also figure highly. At a time when tolls to pay for the road upgrades are causing consternation, widespread coordination in the tenders for this work is coming to light.
We obviously still need a strong construction industry, one that invests in capabilities, builds infrastructure and creates jobs. Retribution will not build the additional roads we need. This needs to be based on a renewed trust between business and the government if we are to get the country working again.
And the people involved have not all moved on—nor could they have, given the extent of the practices and the number of people. Indeed, if we recognise how far-reaching it is we must acknowledge that this requires a coming to terms. Treating it as the aberrant behaviour of a few rotten apples does not help. We believe that real leadership involves facing up to this.
Seeking solutions
We mention all these activities to make the point that many people are in fact coming forward, seeking solutions. They are crossing the psychological barrier rather than waiting and hoping that nobody will ever find the skeletons. However, we are concerned that many smaller firms have not got to this point and may miss the boat in terms of the fast-track settlement opportunity.
Our process is aimed at balancing the needs to deter such conduct in the future with making it very attractive for firms to cooperate with the commission now to clear the decks. In one sense it is about a transition from old ways of working in apartheid South Africa, which has been happening only in fits and starts. In politics we have had a well-managed transition from the past but in business we are stumbling upon it as we go along.
Getting on to a different footing is more about the right principles and not just continuing with business as usual. It is about leadership going beyond just taking refuge in legal advice or merely introducing competition compliance training. Of course the latter is a very important part of the process. But, in our experience, those involved in collusion ultimately knew it was wrong.
The time is right as the country desperately needs business to step up to the plate, as required in the New Growth Path. It is at these times that the hackneyed term "captains of industry" has real meaning.
We want to emphasise that it is also important for small and medium-sized firms to recognise that they cannot just hope to come along later to plead for lenient treatment. They have to take the initiative on this issue now.
The jury is still out on whether the leadership in the construction sector as a whole will cross the psychological barrier—taking responsibility for the past and working towards a competitive industry.
Lastly, we believe the government needs to ensure better procurement processes, including enabling greater participation, so that the majors are not the only avenue into infrastructure projects, and better regulation will support effective competition rather than exclude firms. Competition is ultimately about a genuine process through which entrepreneurs have the real ability to offer their goods and services to discerning buyers.
Tembinkosi Bonakele is the deputy commissioner and Simon Roberts is the chief economist of the Competition Commission


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Sports Performance is part of the New Realities/Awakening Series of creative visualization programs instructing your inner athlete to optimize your innate abilities to perform.
The first visualization, "Body Tune-Up", takes you on a internal journey to become aware of and "tune" your primary physical systems, which contribute to your ability to perform efficiently. The visualizations sees your body as a "well-oiled machine" working at maximum capacity.
The second, "Perfect Performance", is a "dry run", helping you to see yourself performing perfectly and beyond your potential.
The two visualizations create a dynamic combination tapping both the subconscious mind's influence over the physical body and the power of positive thought. As you know, attitude as well as ability are important factors in your ability to perform at your best.
©2012 Stanley & Patricia Walsh (P)2012 Stanley & Patricia Walsh
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Web Caching and XML Prefetching for Accessing Social Sites From Mobile Environment
As the authors know Web caching and pre-fetching is a ubiquitous technique that can increase the speed of Web loading process. Because of mobile context has limited resources like speed and memory, a better technique for Web loading process is needed. In this paper, they are going to study a new a hybrid technique based on combination of ANN and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for classification Web object either to cache or not and generate rules from log data by using Rough Set technique on proxy server (Rough Neuro-PSO).
Provided by: University of Pune Topic: Software Date Added: Feb 2012 Format: PDF


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(Archived document, may contain errors)
33 August 25, 1977 STORING 'NUCLEAR WASTES INTRODUCTION The current debate over energy alternatives has presented Congress with what is perhaps one of the most emotion-charged issues it has ever had to deal with: The future of nuclear power. Until recently, most Americans took for granted the increasing role of the atom in furnishing energy to meet our needs. Promises of safe, cheap power from an environmentally clean source made the development of nuclear reactors particu larly attractive. Further, as Americans have traditionally favored technological solutions to problems, it would, there fore, only seem logical that our nation harness the atom on a widespread scale. The previously favorable climate for the development of nuclear power has changed, however. The change came about as increasing attention was given to questions con cerning our ability to cope with the disposal of High-Level Wastes created by nuclear installations The critics of nu clear power who have raised these questions are not merely concerned about the waste problem but, rather, are opposed to further development of atomic energy under any circumstances.
Whatever their overall philosophy regarding nuclear energy, it has become apparent that the most attention is given to their warnings concerning waste disposal. Both in the halls of the Congress and in the media, it is evident that solution of the waste disposal question is necessary if nuclear technology is to become an important part of our energy mix.
It is essential that this question be resolved in one way or another, as the consequences of a wrong decision would -2 be disasn believe that the disposal of nuclear waste materials presents a threat to the very'existence of mankind rect, their efforts to block development of the atom may condemn our nation to totally avoidable economic dislocations which could ultimately result in a severe and permanent decline in our stan If they are incor dard of .living One of the most difficult problems to overcome in attempt ing to reach some rational decision on the question of nuclear waste disposal is the lack of unbiased information on the sub ject highly technical question on which there is considerable dis agreement among experts. Rhetoric only serves to create con fusion and mistrust,.while adding nothing substantive to the debate. It is, therefore, useful to take a dispassionate look at the facts regarding nuclear waste disposal It is difficult for legislators to deal with such a UNDERSTANDING RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY In order to deal rationally with the question of nuclear waste disposal, one must fully understand the nature of radia tion and radioactivity. Radiation is merely energy which is traveling in wave motion. It may take the form of particles or photons. We are literally surrounded by various forms of radiation in our everyday life. When we turn on a television set, the image we watch has been transmitted to us through the use of a form of radiation. The microwave ovens used to cook food utilize microwaves, a form of radiation which is trans mitted in waves. Even the sunlight we take for granted is actually photon radiation.
Radioactivity is a natural and spontaneous process. It occurs when an unstable atom of an element emits or radiates the excess energy of its nucleus. This emission or radiation may take the form of particles or photons. The end result of this process is to lower the energy level of the original atom transforming it to a lower energy form of the element. This lowering of the energy level is referred to as decay. In some cases, the new form of the element is also radioactive.
When this is the case, the process of decay will continue in a procession-of successively lower energy levels until a stable non-radioactive form is attained. This process of attaining successively lower energy levels is sometimes referred to as the decay chain. The period of time it takes a radioactive element to reduce its energy level by one--half is'referred to as its half-life. In summary, then, radioactivity is the process by which excess energy is emitted from an atom's nucleus, -3 jwhile ra,diation is the emission of energy from one point ,j to be received at another TYPES OF RADIATION There are basically three types of radiation which are of concern in the nuclear waste disposal debate. These are Alpha, Beta, and Gamma radiation. Alpha radiation, which is the type emitted by plutonium, consists of two neutrons and two protons. Actually, Alpha particles are the nuclei of associated with nuclear energy, Alpha particles are the least penetrating In fact, Alpha particles can be stopped by the thinnest' barriers and are not capable'of penetrating.human skin under normal circumstances. As a result, they do not present the problems which are associated with Beta and Gamma radiation. i3ellum atoms. Offhe three types of radiation commonly The second form of radiation associated with nuclear energy .is Beta radiation. Unlike Alpha particles, Beta par ticles are composed of high-speed electrons and are, therefore much more penetrating They need relatively heavy shielding, such as a heavy wood barrier,.or narrow gauge steel. Still they do not present an unwarranted hazard; and as long as materials which are Beta emitters are properly shielded, they can be handled with relatively little risk.
The third form of radiation with which nuclear energy is Gamma radiation con- commonly associated is Gamma radiation sists of photons and is Similar to the x-ray in its composition.
The most penetrating of the three forms, Gamma radiation presents serious hazards and must be shielded by thick lead barriers or other materials of similar density. It is Gamma radiation which is most frequently associated.with short term health effects NORMAL EXPOSURE TO RADIATION All three of the forms of radiation associated with nuclear energy are also found in nature. In fact, during the normal course of a year, everyone is exposed to certain'levels of them.
The most useful measure of this exposure is in terms of "rems or "millirems." The millirem is 1/1000 of a rem. This unit of measurement..takes into account the biological effects of the various f:orms of radiation, including Alpha, Beta, and Gamma radiation. Generally, the dosages are expressed in millirems per year, which is abbreviated as mrem/year.
The natural or "background" radiation to which an individ ual is exposed each year varies to some degree This is partly -4 attributable to the variation in radiation between different regions of the country. For example, those living in proximity to geysers are exposed to certain amount of radon gas, which is found in steam issuing .from the earth to about four mrems/year due to atomic fallout. X-rays or other radiological techniques can quickly raise an individual's annual radiation inventory As a rule, however, the normal exposure resulting from background radiation ranges from 115 to 215 mrem/year We all are exposed DOSE EFFECTS OF RADIATION The effects of radiation are assumed to have what is termed a dose relationship degree of exposure, the more severe the effect will be. While there is no evidence to indicate that the exposure to relatively low levels of radiation will have any effect on an individual for reasons of safety, it is assumed that there is no level at which some effect will not. occur.:'This assumed proportional rela tionship between exposure levels and biological effects is called the "linear hypothesis" of radiation effects. Under this hypoth sis, for example, if 100,000 mrem of radiation exposure were to produce 10 incidences of observed radiation effects, then 10,000 mrem would produce one observed radiation effe'ct and so forth By this it is meant that the higher the Given the assumption of the linear hypothesis, it is use ful to look at the biological effect of radiation in terms of level of exposure. Basically the effects of radiation may be divided into two categories. These categories derive their name from the nature of the effect. The first category is termed "genetic effect." Genetic effects of radiation come from the damaging of genes by exposure to radiation. They are suffered by the exposed individual's offspring rather than by the individual himself. Included in genetic effects are muta tions, birth defects, and stillbirths. Considerable understanding of the genetic effects of radiation has been gained through studies of the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atom bombs the long range impact of exposure to radiation on successive generations. effect." These effects directly impact the health of the indi vidual exposed of cancer and, at very high levels, shortening of life These studies are continuing today to try to determine The second category of radiation effects is termed "somatic They include such things as' an increased risk I While data on the effects of radiation at doses below 1000 mrem are inadequate to make any real assessment of their.nature the linear hypothesis is still applied; therefore, it is assumed that there will be some sort of effect. In fact, at levels of up to 9000 mrem, no observable effect exists. It is not until -5 levels of exposure range considerably above this level that effect can even be detected in a laboratory, and there are no clinically observable effects at levels under 50,000 mrem.
Between 50,000 and 100,000 mrem, there are observable effects but they are primarily.transient in nature, or genetic. The lifespan of the exposed individual is not appreciably shortened.
Between 100,000 and 250,000 mrems, there is a relatively low rate of mortality. However, there is a high rate of acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness includes such symptons as vomiting, diarrhea loss of hair, hemorrhaging, and fever.
Individuals who do not encounter complications usually recover from the somatic symptoms within three months after exposure.
However, there can be subsequent genetic effects including sterility. At dose levels of 450,000 mrems and above, 50% of the exposed population dies within thirty days. The balance of the exposed population will survive but will likely experi ence some sort of permanent impairment. At levels of exposure above 1,000,000 mrems, the exposed population will die within thirty days.
As can be seen, it takes an extraordinarily high dose of While one cannot take this to mean that there is radiation to have seriouk effects on the health of the exposed population no inherent danger in exposure to lower levels of radiation it does mean that allegations that exposure to radiation, no matter what the dose, will be fatal are simply untrue. Further as long as adequate safeguards are employed, there is not rea son for an individual to be exposed to dosages anywhere near those known to have harmful effects. The fact that there is a potential for biological effects associated with radiation is just that a potential. Knowing that the potential hazard exists allows us to take precautions to prevent that potential from becoming a reality PLUTONIUM: MYTHS AND REALITY One of the most common arguments against the ability of society to cope with the problem of nuclear waste disposal is the allegation that we cannot effectively insure safe disposal of plutonium. It is further contended that plutonium is the most'toxic substance known to mankind and that its existence in large quantities presents virtual assurance of the destruction of civilization. While many individuals believe that these arguments are true, there appears to be little evidence to sup port them.
Perhaps the most significant single fact with regards to the relative safety of plutonium is that as of April 1976, the most recent date for which data was available for the.purposes of this study, there were no known deaths attributable to plu tonium. While this does not mean that with the growth of the absolute amount of plutonium in existence there will not be 6- some corresponding increase in the potential for plutoni im related deaths, it does mean that at least up to the present the plutonium already in existence has been safety dealt with.
It would, therefore, follow that, based on our current level of experience, it would appear that the management of plutonium wastes is within the capability of society.
There are fairly rational reasons to believe that the management of plutonium will be possible over and above the historic data supporting the contention. First, there is the nature of plutonium itself. As has been said, opponents of nuclear energy comonly refer to plutonium as "the most toxic substance known to mankind." One fallacy of this com parison is that it fails to differentiate between chemical toxicity and radio toxicity Plutonium is not nearly as toxic as many other fairly common substances For'TexaInple, lead arsenate is 11.5 times as toxic as plutonium, and potassium cyanide is 1.6 times as toxic. Further, whereas'poisons such as potassium cyanide or lead arsenate act in a matter of minutes or hours, it would take fifteen years for a lethal- doseof in gested plutonium to kill someone. It should be noted that certain biological toxins such as botulism and anthrax spores are literally tens of thousands of times as toxic as-plutonium in the chemical sense. Again, this is not to suggest that plutonium presents no hazard to health but rather to put
This, to say the least, is difficult and is something against which precautions can be taken I THE GENERATION AND NATURE OF NUCLEAR WASTES Nuclear wastes are generated as a consequence of the normal operations of a reactor. As Uranium 235 atoms are split or fis is produced heat is ultimately used to produce electricity. A by-product of this process is the creation of two fragments of the original atom which are called "fission fragments." These fission frag ments can be any of some 35 elements. Some of the fission frag ments will be stable elements, and others will be radioactive.
Frequently, the radioactive elements constituting fission frag- ments are isotopes of stable elements such as iodine or bromine sioned by bombardment with neutrons in a chain reaction, energy This energy, which is primarily in the form of Over time, as the chain reaction continues, more and more of these fission fragments are created. Eventually, they begin to interfere with the fissioning of the Uranium 2
35. After about a year, they generally build up to the pointmhere one third of the fuel must be replaced. Even though the fission fragments are preventing the fuel from sustaining a sufficient level of criticality to maintain an adequate chain reaction there still is considerable fissionable material (Uranium 235 and Plutonium) left in the fuel elements. It is possible to reclaim these from the used or spent fuel and the common prac tice is to do so Fissionable materials such as the U 235 and Pu 239 are retrieved from spent fuel through reprocessing. It has been estimated that the use of reprocessing will save approximately 2.5% of the overall cost of power production in a standard 1000 megawatt (Mwe) nuclear plant. This would amount to around $1.4 million per year. It also will serve to conserve Uranium and thereby reduce the amount which must be mined by around 10% per year.
Basically, reprocessing is accomplished through use of solvents to extract Uranium and Plutonium 239 from spent fuel rods. These rods are the most common form of reactor fuel. They consist of sealed metal tubes inch in diameter and 12 feet long.
Inside the tubes, there are pellets of Uranium Oxide which are 1 'inch long. When the tubes are removed for reprocessing, they are first chopped into small segments and the pellets are taken out. These pellets are then placed in a solution of strong acids 8 added which act to separate fissionable materials solution contains roughly 99% of the fission products (remnants of the fission fragments This by-product of reprocessing con stitutes what is commonly thought of as High-Level Wastes (HWL The remaining Initially, the wastes contained in the solution generate a tremendous amount of heat through their natural process of radioactive decay. The heat is so intense that it would boil away the solution in which the materials are suspended if it were not subjected to cooling. As a result, the wastes must be stored on an interim basis in holding tanks where they are allowed to decay to.a point where the heat generated by the wastes will not be a problem. The normal holding period is around five years.
The interim storage facilities are called boiling waste tanks. These tanks are approximately 60 feet in diameter and 29 feet high. Actually, two tanks and a concrete vault are involved, so the term "tank" is actually a misnomer. There is an inner tank which is made of 304L type stainless steel measuring 54 feet in diameter and 20 feet high. Along the bottom, and the last eight feet of the walls, the steel is one-half inch thick. This tank contains apparatus for cooling the wastes, so that the temperatures remain within tolerable limits, and also contain an agitator. The agitator continu ously scours the lower corners and the bottom of the tank to insure that the wastes remain suspended in the solution. The outer tank, as has been said, is 60 feet by 29 feet. It is also constructed of 304L type stainless steel. There is a pump connected' to the tank so that its integrity can be'checked.
Both of these tanks are encased in a concrete vault four feet thick and buried ten feet underground.
In addition to the tanks and concrete vault, the system is backed up by several ponds which can furnish for cooling the wastes in the eventuality that the cooling system should break down during an emergency. A second tank is provided.
The purpose of the second tank is to have a facility avail able should the integrity of either the main tank or the con crete vault be breached. Examples of tanks such as these may be found at. the storage facilities at Barnwell, South Carolina.
While there can be no such thing as a completely safe storage facili.ty, the boiling waste tanks come as close as may reason ably be expected. Any one of the barriers, the two tanks and vault, could prevent discharge of hazardous wastes into the surrounding environment under any but the most extreme circum stances. The second tank provides more than adequate backup should the integrity of the facility be breached. Further the relatively short time during which wastes would be stored in this form tend to mitigate against the advent of a serious leak or.breach of the integrity of the system. -9 SOLIDIFICATION: AN OVERVIEW Once High-Level Wastes have decayed to the point where they may be subjected to further processing, it is currently thought that the best procedure is to solidify them. The process of solidification takes place'in two steps. The first is calcination, i.e the.conversion.of the liquid wastes into calcine. Calcines result from the heating of liquid inorganic materials to temperatures in the range of 300-900 degrees centigrade water and oxides of nitroqen are driven off.
When subjected to these temperatures What remains is a dry oxide in the form of granules of the process is that it sharply reduces the amount of space required for storage, as wastes in this form occupy only one eighth the space required to store liquid wastes with a similar content of fission products. Further, being solid, they are not prone to leakage and are far more stable.
Calcination is not a new process. Since the initiation of development of the process in 1955, considerable experience has been acquired through government-sponsored projects. In 1963, the Atomic Energy Commission began operating a pilot project plant at the Idaho Nuclear Engineering Laboratory.
This facility uses a fluidized bed calcination process and has been successfully converting liquid wastes into calcines for fourteen years. More than 2.6 million gallons of liquid wastes have been converted into calcines since the plant was constructed. New technological advances in the calcination and also make possible the linking of calcination and the next step in waste solidification: Vitrification An immediate advantage The major advantage of taking the additional step from calcination to vitrification lies in the nature of vitrified wastes. Essentially, the process of vitrification fuses the wastes into a form of glass similar in chemical composition by Pyrex. Because the vitrified wastes are in the form of a piece of glass, the process is also referred to as qlassi fication. It has the property of effectively immobilizing each atom of High-Level Waste in .a fixed position. Also it can be pro duced in large enough sizes-to avoid the higher potential for dispersibility inherent in powder calcines. In fact, the potential dispersibility of vitrified wastes ar-'e-estimated to be as much as 1000 times less than that of wastes which have only been calcinated SINGLE STEP VITRIFICATION Until recently, vitrification processes were aimed at the conversion of wastes which already had been calcinated.
The normal procedure was for the liquid wastes to go through three separate steps. First, the liquid wastes would be I I 1 1 10 stored on an interim basis; then they would be converted to a calcine; and finally they would be vitrified (converted to glass). While there have been no serious mishaps directly attributable to the three-step process, it is obvious that reducing the number of stages would lead to a greater overall margin of safety. For this reason, development has taken place aimed at combining the second two steps of waste processing so that wastes will be calcinated and vitrified in a single pro cedure. Another advantage to the new approach to vitrification is that it is accomplished in a cannister. This eliminates a great deal of handling, and thereby reduces risk by a signifi cant margin introducedshrough a nozzle into a furnace, which is heated to 700 degrees ce'ntigrade The chamber is essentially cylin drical, allowing the wastes to fall through As they do so the volatile materials and liquid are burned off. By the time the wastes have reached the bottom of the chamber, they are in the form of a calcine. The sides of the bottom of the furnace chamber are sloped so that the falling wastes, now calcinated feed down through a diverter. At the same time, frit is being fed into the diverter through a separate channel. Frit is a mixture of various oxides of silicon, boron; and phosphorous it is the material used to make glass. The glass-making frit and calcinated wastes mix as they fall through the diverter and the mix is fed into a storage cannister. The cannister and mixture are then heated to 1100 degrees centigrade. When it solidifies, the mixture of frit and calcinated wastes has been converted into a solid mass of glass, similar to pyrex in its composition. Each of the atoms of waste -is bound as-an integral part of the glass within the cannister The process itself is fairly simple. Liquid wastes are Pilot-scale single step vitrification has been accomplished and has.demonstrated that this approach to waste solidification is well within the grasp of current levels of technology. Ex perience with the pilot facility has also demonstrated that this procedure does, in fact; work as intended and that wastes tre'ated in this fashion are far easier to handle than either calcines or liquids FEASIBILITY OF VITRIFICATION AS A LONG-TERM STORAGE TECHNIQUE While vitrification appears, on the surface, to be among the most promising avenues for long-term waste storage, there are many questions which come to mind when its use is discussed.
One of the most frequently voiced concerns comes from the fact that the wastes will be fused into columns of glass. Many in dividuals associate the term "glass" with the forms of it we encounter in our daily lives. It is, therefore, natural that concern would exist over the durability of such a material over -11 the course of centuries. The form of glass, it should be remembered, is chemically.similar to Pyrex, the form of glass used for cookware and for most laboratory equipment. As a result, it is far harder and more resistant to heat than other forms. Further, the size and shape of the blocks of waste will be such'that they will be much more resistant to fracture than one might imagine. Preliminary data from tests conducted, using one-sixth models of, the cannisters, indicated that negligible amounts of HLW'would be released even at im pacts of up to eighty miles per hour; Needless to say, once the cannisters are placed in situ, there is even less danger of fracture. Tests have been conducted on the effect of the radiation from High-Level Wastes on the g1ask-h whzzthey will be fused. To speed up the time frame, two cannisters were filled with simulated waste containing large amounts of cerium-144 As of the present, ne adverse effects have been noted. Additionally, there have been more recent experiments to deal with this question. To obtain rapid simulation of the effects which might occur over the long term, curium-244 was included in the test procedure. This particular radia tion source will produce the equivalent of 10,000 years radiation damage in just five years. It is, therefore, ex tremely useful in attempts to gain some understanding of the size of the problem which might be left to future generations.
As of the present, no adverse radiation effects have been noted. Based on the various.tests of the qualities of vitri fied wastes, they appear to present a stable and highly desirable medium for long-term storage STORING VITRIFIED WASTES Once wastes have been solidified, the question then be comes what to do with them. While there have been a number of suggestions in this regard, the most promising appears to be storage in what are called stable geologic formations. This phrase is most frequently used in reference to salt domes.
The reason salt domes are particularly attractive is that they generally areimperviousto groundwater, and the risk of contami nation of water supplies is minimized. Also, the use of salt domes would be in keeping with the concept of the "serial barriers I The concept of serial barriers refers to the use of multiple safeguards against leakage of wastes. For example under the safeguards envisioned for the storage of vitrified wastes, there would be.severa1 intrinsic safeguards against the wastes entering the environment. First, there is the distance between the waste repository and the nearest human habitation. This would be a minimum of ten miles, and in many instances it would be even further. Secondly, there would be the distance the salt domes lay under the ground this could easily be one mile. The third intrinsic safeguard -12 would lie in the nature of geologic formation itself. Since the salt domes chosen would be located toward the center of the plate on which they were located, there would be very little chance that the domes would ever be subjected to severe enough natural disturbances to allow wastes to enter the environment.
Fourth, there is the stainless steel cannister which would be constructed of half-inch 304L 'type stainless steel. This can nister would have to be corroded away by water seepage in some fashion, and it is particularly resistant to such corrosion.
It should be remembered that the type of formation used in this scenario would have no water table nearby and is essen tially impervious to water anyway. Fifth, there is the nature of the vitrified waste itself. In glassified form, these wastes are particularly difficult to wear down or dissolve.
Further they have an extremely low leaching rate. Therefore if one assumes that the salt dome has been breached by a water source somehow and that the steel cannister has been corroded away, the wastes themselves must now be worn down by the water. Finally, the wastes must somehow be carried at least one mile to the surface through the soil column above.
It should be.noted that the soil tends to act as an excellent filter and, therefore, would probably remove most of the radioactive materials before they reached the surface. Having accomplished all of the above, the wastes would still have to somehow find their way into an aquifer in order to be.carried into the surrounding environment. Needless to say, the amount of wastes which penetrated all of the various intrinsic barriers would be so small as to hold no real danger for the environ ment CONCLUSION In summary, it would appear that the process of one-step vitrification in cannister, coupled with storage in stable geological formations presents a promising method for the safe disposal of wastes from our reprocessing of nuclear fuel. It should be noted that it takes three metric tons of uranium ore processed through the nuclear fuel cycle to produce enough wastes to fill one of the standard steel storage cannisters.
Another way of looking at the waste volume is that for each metric ton of uranium used, approximately 1140 liters of liquid waste are produced which then are reduced to 70 liters of vitrified waste. It takes 210 liters of this waste to fill one of the standard steel cannisters. By the end of the year 2000, it is estimated that excluding military wastes, which actually represent the bulk of the wastes, the total commercial wastes generated will amount to 29,000,000 gallons. This volume would be easily stored in 20 standard boiling waste storage tanks. It should be noted, however, that due to Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations, that amount would never be in existence at any one point in time. The NRC requires that wastes be solidified in some form after five years. -13 The disposal of nuclear wastes is a very real problem with which society will have to deal. There is no doubt that the radiation hazards associated with High-Level Wastes exist.
It is not true, however, that the solution of the problem is beyond the levels of technology existing in our society.
The fact is that we have been dealing with the problem of nuclear waste disposal for over thirty years and have been successful on an interim basis. While there have been some problems associated with leakages from tanks containing World War I1 waste products in liquid form, it should be remembered that when those wastes were stored, the technology for dealing with them did not exist. Today it does As our nation's energy crisis worsens, we will soon be faced with many hard choices. Regardless of what steps are taken to add to our energy resources, it is likely that some adjustment in our rates and methods of energy consumption will take place. The severity of these adjustments may be minimized if we develop nuclear power to its full potential. Since the major objection to the development of nuclear power appears to be the fear that High-Level Wastes will poison the environ ment, it may be that the use of vitrification will'serve to allay those fears and allow the development to take place.
Milton R. Copulos Policy Analyst Energy


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Question: I think that my daughter is in deep credit card debt. I would like to pay off some of her credit cards. Is that possible to do on my own without alerting her? Martha, Asheboro, NC
Answer: I don't think so. My answer is going to be short because the solution is for the two of you to talk. I don't know the circumstances, but it's probably much easier for me to say than for you to do. But if you want to help her out she needs to know what's going on and the two of you should come up with a plan together. Good luck.


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Tags: Chase, Koz
Comments: 0
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Serves: 4
Preparation time: 25 mins
Cooking time: 30 mins
Ingredients needed to make Chicken Stew South Indian Style:
- 2 boneless chicken breasts, chopped into four pieces
- 10-12 cherry tomatoes
- 2 medium red onions, thinly sliced
- ¾ oz fresh ginger, peeled and julienned
- 1 green chili, slitted
- 8-10 curry leaves
- ¼ tsp ground cinnamon, plus more for seasoning the chicken
- 2 tsp ground coriander
- 1 tsp ground turmeric
- ½ tsp ground black pepper, plus more for seasoning the chicken
- 1 blade mace
- 1'' cinnamon stick
- 4 cloves
- 2 star anise
- 2-3 green cardamom pods, slightly crushed
- 4-6 black peppercorns
- Flour, for dusting
- 3 tbsp vegetable oil
- Salt to taste
- Steamed rice, to serve
- Chopped celery leaves, to garnish
Cooking instructions for Chicken Stew South Indian Style:
- Season the chicken pieces with a dash of cinnamon, freshly ground black pepper as well as salt; dust them lightly with flour and set aside until required.
- Drizzle a tbsp of vegetable oil into a large saucepan and heat it over slow flame.
- Once the oil heats up, drop in the chicken chunks and stir-fry lightly so that they doesn't catch any color and are just cooked; remove from heat and keep it aside.
- Pour rest of the oil into the same pan and add the whole spices, once the oil heats up.
- Saute the spices, while stirring them at times, until they begins to splutter and stir in the onions, ginger as well as curry leaves.
- Continue to saute the mixture for about 5 minutes or until the onions become lucid.
- Sprinkle rest of the ground cinnamon, black pepper, ground coriander and turmeric powder over the mixture and saute the mixture further for another couple of minutes, while stirring occasionally.
- Add a splash of coconut milk and bring the mixture to a gentle simmer.
- Return the cooked chicken pieces into the pan, along with the tomatoes and stir them well together to coat both the ingredients with the simmering gravy.
- Continue to simmer the mixture for about 5 minutes or until the meat is cooked properly.
- Arrange a bed of steamed rice on each serving plates and divide the chicken pieces between the,.
- Spoon the stew gravy over the chicken and top it up with chopped celery.
- Serve hot.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons


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November's Full Moon and Bill Nye
Today we celebrate a fortuitous conjunction – November's Full Moon and the birthday of Bill Nye The Science Guy! Bill made science fun for all ages. So if you're in need a refresher on the phases of the moon, tides, eclipses and lunar origins, cue up episode 11 "The Moon" and reprise one of the best theme songs ever.
And don't forget, lunar is the root of lunacy!


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ATV accidents prompt officials to offer safety tips
MARINETTTE COUNTY - In the last two days there have been two ATV accidents in Marinette County.
The first was Friday night in Middle Inlet. The DNR says a 49-year-old man hit a pile of dirt and went airborne.
Officials say his injuries were so severe he had to be flown to the hospital. He wasn't wearing a helmet.
The second accident happened in the Crivitz area.
The DNR says two teenage girls hit a mud hole on the trail, lost control, and were ejected from their A-T-V.
One of the girls suffered serious injuries. Officials say the teens were wearing helmets.
So what do you need to know to stay safe while riding?
Scott Anderson's been working at Cabela's in Ashwaubenon for a year now.
He says customers come in all the time looking for ATV safety gear.
But there's one thing Anderson always recommends.
"First and foremost the helmet. [You] always want that. A good quality helmet is very important," said Anderson.
The DNR conservation warden for Marinette County agrees.
"You take a hard hit to your head, that's going to basically be life threatening at that point. If something happens were you do fall off the ATV, or you hit something, that's basically like your seatbelt," said David Oginski, conservation warden.
Oginski says pile on the safety gear.
"The other important thing is making sure you're wearing gloves, high boots, something over the ankle, pants, long sleeve shirt. The more gear you can put on to basically keep yourself protected, the better off you are," Oginski said.
He adds, you should always let someone know where you're going, bring a GPS or cell phone so you know where you're traveling, and pay attention to the last road or intersection you cross.
Oginski says the ATV accidents he covered over the weekend both happened at night.
The 49-year-old man involved in Friday's accident was riding near a construction zone.
"We're still in the investigation stage of the accident. All we know is that he was traveling down the roadway and basically hit the dirt. That's kind of why it's important to make sure that, especially at night, ATVs don't have the best headlights. Make sure you're not overriding your headlights and you're able to see the obstacles that are ahead of you." Oginski said.
This year, the DNR says, there have been 10 fatal ATV and UTV accidents in the state.
Of those 10 fatal accidents only one rider was wearing a helmet.
Last year 22 people died from ATV and UTV accidents in Wisconsin.
The top two causes of those accidents were speed and alcohol.


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