text:
United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Robert Troy Howard, Defendant-appellant, 139 F.3d 909 (9th Cir. 1998)Annotate this Case
Submitted Feb. 9, 1998**.Decided Feb. 20, 1998
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Jack E. Tanner, Senior Judge, Presiding.
Before PREGERSON, CANBY, and LEAVY, Circuit Judges.
Robert Troy Howard appeals his conviction following a conditional guilty plea to conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) (1), (b) (1) (A), and 846, manufacture of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) (1) and (b) (1) (A), and 18 U.S.C. § 2, use of a minor in the manufacture of methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 861(a) (1), (d), and 841(a) (1), and possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) (1) and (b) (1) (B). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
Howard challenges the validity of a search warrant he contends was based on an affidavit containing recklessly misstated material facts. This contention lacks merit.
We review for clear error the question whether misstatements or omissions in an affidavit supporting a search warrant were recklessly or intentionally made. See United States v. Dozier, 844 F.2d 701, 705 (9th Cir. 1988). In order to invalidate a search warrant based on the supporting affidavit, Howard must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the affiant "knowingly or recklessly included false information," and (2) that "the challenged statement was essential to the finding of probable cause." Id. (citations omitted). Howard's contention fails because he did not demonstrate that the affidavit contained any materially false information, much less that the affiant made knowing or reckless misstatements. See id.


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York Fluid Controls carries AMT rotary drum pumps{{1452650786693| date:'MMM d, yyyy hh:mm a'}} REDWIRE is news you can use from leading suppliers. Powered by FRASERS.
Posted by York Fluid Controls Ltd
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AMT rotary drum pumps, available from York Fluid Controls, are designed for pumping liquids compatible with pump component materials. York Fluid Controls carries a variety of models in a range of construction materials, which can dispense most types of liquids and chemicals.
AMT rotary drum pumps
The available construction materials include cast iron, Ryton, aluminum, polypropylene and stainless steel. The cast iron models are designed for pumping gasoline, lubricating oil and other non-corrosive fluids. Ryton pumps are suitable for handling aggressive chemicals such as esters, alcohols and hydrocarbons. Cast aluminum pumps are designed for use with many lubricating oils and non-corrosive light liquids. Pumps with polypropylene construction are ideal for applications involving organic acids, alcohols and water-soluble inorganic chemicals. Stainless steel models excel at handling many acids, acetones, solvents, photographic chemicals and ketones.
All units of these pumps come with a discharge spout, bung adapter and suction tube assembly. York Fluid Controls keeps every model in stock, so it is ready for shipment within 24 hours.
In addition to rotary drum pumps, York Fluid Controls can provide a variety of piston drum and hand diaphragm pumps.
AMT manufacturing
AMT is one of the largest manufacturers of industrial and construction pumps. Its product line includes high pressure pumps, multi-stage booster pumps, submersibles, specialty pumps, and electric and engine-driven centrifugal and self-priming pumps, which are also available from York Fluid Controls.
For more information, visit the York Fluid Controls website.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Deprecated: mysql_connect(): The mysql extension is deprecated and will be removed in the future: use mysqli or PDO instead in /home/tanoslive/tanos.co.uk/site_base/functions.php on line 374 Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/tanoslive/tanos.co.uk/site_base/functions.php:374) in /home/tanoslive/tanos.co.uk/site_base/pageheader.php on line 2 炭鉱 (coal mine,coal pit) - Example sentences - JLPT N2 Skip to site navigation Skip to section navigation Skip to content トップページ:日本語 (Japanese) Search site with Google HOME CONTACT RESUME LANGUAGES▾ Japanese (JLPT) Mandarin Chinese (HSK) WRITING SITEMAP JAPANESE Monthly newsletter Unsubscribe JLPTShop.com Old Shop About JLPT JLPT N1 JLPT N2 JLPT N3 JLPT N4 JLPT N5 Skills Reading Listening Grammar Kanji Vocabulary Exam papers Tools Extras Use my data! Share this page Facebook Twitter Rate and suggest improvements: Feedback (optional): Found a bug? Have an idea? Help me improve this site. 炭鉱 (たんこう) - N2 vocabularycoal mine,coal pit Can't read the kanji? Try Rikaichan. For more sentences, you can also search by kanji, or search by grammar. Return to vocabulary listあの支部は炭鉱労働組合に属している。 That branch is affiliated to the miners' union. Return to vocabulary list Site Map | Contact Jonathan © Jonathan WallerUpdated: February 19, 2011


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|Themed décor
|Middle Eastern, Oriental
|Opening hours:
|Noon - 2AM
|Price range:
|Moderate (LE75 to LE150)
|Payment method:
|Cash, VI, MA, DI, AMEX
|Home delivery:
|Heliopolis , Nasr City
"Authentic", "original" and "memorable": these were only few of our compliments attributed to the famed restaurant Abou El Sid, located on the 6th floor of the well-known mall Citystars (phase 1), and here are the reasons why:
The Decor:
The secluded Abou El Sid takes you away from the modern Cairo (and the ever-busy and loud shopping center), placing you directly in the 50's of the previous century. Held in maroon and brown colors, smartly depicting the tendencies of that epoch; this cozy restaurant boasts huge chandeliers, Oriental carpets with intricate designs, picturesque tiles, huge tables able to take big groups of people, underlying the legendary Egyptian hospitality and antique furniture, featuring big sofas and comfy cushions, making the place an exact replica of the glorious golden era. Yet, the most amazing part of the decor lies in the use of oud and tabla, popular musical instruments and, of course, the pictures of Middle East's legendary celebrities, including Sabah, Laila Mourad, Taheyya Kariokka, Abdel Halim Hafez and the one and only - Umm Kul Thum, whose prominent hits are softly heard in the background.
The Food:
Even though their menu is not oversaturated with items, the masterfully prepared dishes are able to satisfy even the choosiest gourmand. Choose from their nice array of mezzas and appetizers, among which are the sinfully delicious Lentil Soup (perfect for those who like it hot) or the venue's home-made Vine Leaves served with yoghurt and mint. Fried Aubergines with Garlic and Vinegar are also noteworthy; whereas venue's crispy and hot bread is a culmination of Middle Eastern culinary tradition.
Don't get carried away with the appetizers and be ready to indulge yourself in their palatable main dishes, including the traditional Molokhiya with Chicken and Rice (served with a special spicy red sauce and extra garlic) or the much-beloved Fettah (Egyptian risotto with yoghurt, meat and tomato sauce). Also on offer such delicacies as Spinach and Veal Tagine served with white rice; the renowned Koshari, or the much-beloved Abou El Sid's Tournedos Fillet with Chicken Liver and Sauteed Vegetables.
The selection of desserts is smaller, yet the items are still tempting with their rich taste and skillful presentation: go for the sugary Om Aly with Nuts, or the famous Mahlabiya (Oriental custard).
A tip for the wise: don't order too much, as the portions are generous; whereas the food is a bit heavy on the stomach.
The Service:
The service can easily qualify as a five-star. The attentive waiters filled up the glasses every time there was a need in it; the menu was thoroughly explained and the food was served within maximum 15 minutes, calming down our hungry bellies.
All in all, Abou El Sid is certainly recommended and is suitable for both: couples and groups of people.
Additional Information:
A variety of
flavors is available


text:
by Jun
I have received free samples of flavia coffee pods from my friend who workes at flavia.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Coffee pods.
Singapore Cafes Guide AR
With Augmented Reality, you can "see" literally if the coffee machine can fit into your office or F&B outlet.Posted by Ebenezer Heng on Monday, July 13, 2015
Customer Insights - high margin food items that sells (F&B)


text:
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It's official. China is booming.
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text:
Related quotes
"If most of us are ashamed of shabby clothes and shoddy furniture, let us be more ashamed of shabby ideas and shoddy philosophies... It would be a sad situation if the wrapper were better than the meat wrapped inside it."
"She wore far too much rouge last night and not quite enough clothes. That is always a sign of despair in a woman."
"Only men who are not interested in women are interested in women's clothes. Men who like women never notice what they wear."
"People are really starting to feel good again, and I see it reflected in the way they're looking at clothes and looking at fashion, and the way they are buying it, and the way they're wearing it,"
"Put off thy cares with thy clothes; so shall thy rest strengthen thy labor, and so thy labor sweeten thy rest"


text:
US Dollar Still Weighing on Precious Metals Prices
Today, silver rose $0.05, reaching $19.39 per ounce, according to Reuters.
The precious metals market has been somewhat lackluster lately because the strength of the US dollar is bringing down demand for safe-haven investments. The US dollar is at a 13-month peak versus many other currencies.
"The market is still very cautious," Brian Lan, managing director of Singapore retailer GoldSilver Central, told Reuters. "The physical side is not as good as in the previous month and even last year."


text: On Saturday 29 May 2004 09:57, Antiphon wrote: > I just dled the latest konstruct for the alpha but it won't build. It had > an extra space in the misc/pkgconfig/work/pkgconfig-0.15.0/configure file > which I took out but I still can't get it to build. The log complains > about bad permissions on /bin/sh but that is a symlink to bash. The link > is valid and I have launched both it and other configure scripts just > fine. Here's my error log: > If the configure script in work/pkgconfig-0.15.0 marked as being executable? The error doesnt actually mean /bin/sh is a bad interpreter - it means the shell wont allow it to run. Have a glance. Try chmod +x work/pkgconfig-0.15.0/configure David > ==> Running configure in work/pkgconfig-0.15.0 > /bin/sh: ./configure: /bin/sh: bad interpreter: Permission denied > make[4]: *** [configure-work/pkgconfig-0.15.0/configure] Error 126 > make[4]: Leaving directory > `/home/antiphon/Media/Sources/konstruct/misc/pkgconfig' > make[3]: *** [dep-../../misc/pkgconfig] Error 2 > make[3]: Leaving directory > `/home/antiphon/Media/Sources/konstruct/libs/glib' > make[2]: *** [dep-../../libs/glib] Error 2 > make[2]: Leaving directory > `/home/antiphon/Media/Sources/konstruct/libs/arts' > make[1]: *** [dep-../../libs/arts] Error 2 > make[1]: Leaving directory > `/home/antiphon/Media/Sources/konstruct/kde/kdelibs' > make: *** [dep-../../kde/kdelibs] Error 2


text:
Rapper/singer Drake has released a new song entitled "Hold On, We're Going Home." Not an ordinary title, but when's the last time anything has been ordinary about Drake?
"Hold On, We're Going Home" was written by Drake and his longtime friend/producer, Noah "40" Shebib. It was produced by members of OVO Sound, the in-house production team of October's Very Own. Aubrey Graham told MTV News that this song isn't a "rap record."
"It's not 'Versace,' it's not 'Started From the Bottom.' In approaching this album I was like man, it would be great if we had a record that was played at weddings in 10 years…something that just [has] timeless writing, timeless melody."
A wedding song? Well, all righty, Drake. Take a listen and find out for yourself:
"Hold On, We're Going Home" has been doing pretty well, reaching number 5 on Billboard's US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart and number 18 on the Canadian Hot 100.
Drake is currently on tour. Get your tickets here.
Do you like it? Let us know!
-Shonte' Jenkins, 97.1 AMP Radio/Los Angeles


text:
Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
versión impresa ISSN 0103-5053versión On-line ISSN 1678-4790
J. Braz. Chem. Soc. v.17 n.7 São Paulo nov./dic. 2006
Microclimatic factors and phenology influences in the chemical composition of the essential oils from Pittosporum undulatum Vent. leaves
João Henrique G. Lago*; Oriana A. Fávero; Paulete Romoff
Centro de Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 01302-907 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
The essential oil from leaves of a Brazilian specimen of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and NMR analysis after chromatographic separation. The leaves of P. undulatum were collected during one year (January, March, May, July, September and November, 2004) and the obtained essential oils were analyzed. The oil is rich in hydrocarbon monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, being (+)-limonene the main constituent. It was observed a significant variation on the relative amount of (+)-limonene in these collections, which could be associated to microclimatic parameters (temperature and pluviometric index) despite of phenology of the studied species.
Keywords: Pittosporum undulatum, essential oil, chemical variability
O óleo essencial das folhas de um espécime brasileiro de Pittosporum undulatum Vent. foi analisado através de cromatografia a gás-espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), além de análise por RMN após separação cromatográfica. As folhas de P. undulatum foram coletadas durante um ano (Janeiro, Março, Maio, Julho, Setembro e Novembro de 2004) e os óleos essenciais obtidos foram submetidos à análise por CG e CG/EM. O óleo mostrou-se composto por hidrocarbonetos monoterpênicos e sesquiterpênicos, sendo o (+)-limoneno o constituinte principal. Através dos resultados obtidos por essa análise, observou-se uma variação significativa na proporção relativa de (+)-limoneno em cada uma das coletas realizadas, a qual poderia estar correlacionada a parâmetros microclimáticos (temperatura e índice pluviométrico) além de fenologia da espécie estudada.
Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae), named "pau-incenso" in Brazil because its leaves and fruits present a characteristic smell, is a tree of 12 m in its natural habitat but usually smaller in cultivation (7-10 m). Small, white, fragrant flowers occur in terminal clusters in spring and early summer and are followed by orange-tan berries 1 cm in diameter in autumn, which persist for several months. This species has been found as a wild plant in tropical forest from Africa, Asia and New Zealand and have been also planted as ornamental specie in other tropical regions of the world such as Brazilian cities, for example São Paulo.1,2
The chemical composition of fruits and leaves of P. undulatum have been extensively studied and several terpenoid derivatives were found, mainly triterpenoid sapogenins.3-5
The essential oils from several species of Pittosporum have previously been described. The oil from leaves of P. senacia collected in Madagascar was composed by 20.4% of monoterpenes, 31.7% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 37.8% of sesquiterpene alcohols being the major compounds d-cadinene (11.3%), a-muurolol (15.9%) and a-cadinol (19.0%).6 From leaves of P. balfourii, collected in Island of Rodrigues, east of Madagascar, was obtained an essential oil composed by 86.2% of monoterpenes and 4.9% of sesquiterpenes, and the major component was identified as myrcene (47.5%).7 In the essential oil from leaves of P. viridiflorum, the occurrence of monoterpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were reported being d-cadinene (10.6%) and a-cadinol (18.3%) the main constituents.8 Recently, an extensive study with essential oils from several species of Pittosporum collected on New Zealand have been described.9 The oils from P. crassifolium, P. fairchildii, P. tenuifolium and P. umhellatum was constituted mainly by sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes in low abundance. Other species such as P. anomalum, P. eugenioides and P. dallii were also studied and their essential oils are rich in sesquiterpene alcohols besides esters such as octyl and phytyl acetate.9
The essential oil from leaves of P. undulatum has been subject of one published research in which the plant material was collected in San Miguel Island (Azores). This report describes that 17 compounds were identified and the relative amount of each class of compounds have been described. Monoterpenes (1.6%), hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (61.5%), sesquiterpene alcohols (16.5%), diterpene (10.7%) and alkanes (6.5%) were found, being the main constituents the sesquiterpenes calamenene (41.4%), farnesol (10.9%), spathulenol (5.6%) and b-selinene (5.2%) and the diterpene (8b,13b)-kaur-16-ene (10.7%).10
In continuation with our studies on essential oils from aromatic Brazilian species, the present investigation reports the chemical composition of the essentials from leaves of P. undulatum from Brazil, and compares the difference in the oil content and composition of other Pittosporum species. Despite of the chemical composition of essential oil from P. undulatum had been described previously, the effect of the harvesting period in the oil composition had not been reported in the literature.
Effects of environmental factors on the variation on the chemical composition of essential oils were observed in several species such as Virola surinamensis,11 Santolina rosmarinifolia12 and Helichrysum italicum.13 Therefore, we describe here the analysis of the relative percentage of the leaves oils components of this species obtained in six different periods of one year (January, March, May, July, September and November) and a possible relationship with the microclimatic conditions and phenological state of the studied species.
General experimental procedures
NMR (Bruker DPX-300): 1H (300 MHz) and 13C (75 MHz) in CDCl3 (Sigma-Aldrich) and TMS as internal standard; LREIMS were obtained at 70 eV (INCOS 50 Finnigan-Mat-quadrupole); optical rotation was measured in EtOH in a digital polarimeter JASCO DIP-370 (Na Filter, l = 588 nm); column chromatography: silica gel 60 (Merck, 60-200 µm).
Plant material
The leaves of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Pittosporaceae) were collected in the Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie Campus, São Paulo, SP, on January, March, May, July, September and November, 15th, 2004, in four times during a day (8 a.m., 12 a.m., 4 p.m., 8 p.m.). The leaves were harvested before (January, March, May and July), during (September) and after (November) the flowering stage. The specie was identified by Prof. Dr. Lúcia Rossi from Instituto de Botânica/SP and a voucher specimen was deposited at the Herbarium of the Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo (PMSP) under code number 8767.
Essential oil distillation
The fresh leaves were hydro-distillated for 4 h in a Clevenger type apparatus. The essential oils were separated from water using CH2Cl2 as solvent, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and stored at 4 °C in the dark. For chromatographic separation of the oil components, the leaves were collected on July 15th, 2004 (500 g) and submitted to the same extraction procedure described above, to give 120 mg of crude essential oil (yield 0.02%).
Microclimatic factors
The registered values of temperature and relative humidity have been measured in situ with a digital Pocket Weather Meter Kestrel 3000 (Nielsen-Kellerman - USA). Precipitation values have been registered using a pluviometer made in our laboratory (values in millimeters) from 12th to 18th day in each collection.
Gas chromatography analysis (GC)
The crude essential oils were analyzed by GC with a Hewlett-Packard 5980 Series II system using an HP-5 column (30m × 0.32 mm internal diameter, with 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as carrier gas (1 mL min-1). The oven temperature was kept at 60 °C and programmed to 280 °C at a rate of 3°C min-1 and kept constant at 280 °C for 10 min. The injector temperature was at 220 °C and detector (FID) at 280 °C. The percentage compositions were obtained from electronic integration measurements using flame ionization detector (FID). A serie of linear n-alkanes was used as reference points in the calculation of relative Kovats indices (KI).
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry analysis (GC-MS)
GC-MS analysis was carried out in a Shimadzu GC-17A chromatograph interfaced with a MS-QP-5050A mass spectrometer. Helium was used as the carried gas. The MS operating conditions were: ionization voltage 70 eV, ion source 230 °C. The GC analysis was done with a DB-5 column (30m × 0.25 mm internal diameter, with 0.25 µm film thickness) and the operating conditions were identical with those of the GC analysis.
Retention indices for all compounds were determined according to the Kovats method relative to the linear n-alkanes series (C8 to C20). The identification of the compounds was done by comparison of Kovats indices and by matching their fragmentation patterns in mass spectra with those of standard compounds and published mass spectra data14 along with mass spectra of authentic compounds.
Chiral phase-Gas Chromatography analysis (GC)
The enantiomeric excess of limonene was determined by GC in a Shimadzu GC17A system using a Varian Wcot fused silica coated with CP Chirasil-dex CB (25 m × 0.25 mm internal diameter, with 0.25 µm film thickness) as stationary phase and helium as carried gas (1 mL min-1). The oven temperature was kept at 60 °C and programmed to 280 °C at a rate of 5 °C min-1 and kept constant at 280 °C for 5 min. The injector temperature was at 220 °C and detector (FID) at 280 °C.
Essential oil separation
Part of the crude essential oil (80 mg) was submitted to separation in a silica gel coated with AgNO3 column,15 using pentane, a mixture of pentane:CH2Cl2 (1:1), CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2:acetone 1:1 as eluents16,17 giving 25 fractions which were individually analyzed by gas chromatography. GC chromatogram of fractions 3-7 (20 mg) indicated that these were composed by one major component (99%) which was identified as (+)-limonene by 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis, specific optical rotation and comparison with literature data.18,19 The enantiomeric excess was determined by chiral GC analysis which indicated the predominance of (+)-limonene (99% e.e.).
(+)-limonene. Oil; [a]D25 = +44.0° (c 5.0, EtOH); 1H NMR (CDCl3, d, 300 MHz): 5.39 (m, 1H, H-2), 4.70 (s, 2H, H-9), 2.2-1.4 (m, H-3, H-4, H-5 and H-6), 1.73 (s, 3H, H-7), 1.64 (s, 3H, H-10). 13C NMR (CDCl3, d, 75 MHz): 149.6 (s, C-8), 133.1 (s, C-1), 120.8 (d, C-2), 108.4 (t, C-9), 41.2 (d, C-4), 30.8 (t, C-6), 30.6 (d, C-3), 28.0 (t, C-5), 23.7 (q, C-7), 20.5 (t, C-10). LREIMS (70 eV) m/z (int. rel.) 136 [M]+ (14), 121 (16), 107 (17), 93 (60), 79 (33), 68 (100), 53 (29), 39 (40).
Results and Discussion
The crude essential oils from leaves of Pittosporum undulatum were analyzed by GC (DB-5 capillary column) and GC-MS associated to determination of the Kovats indexes. The oil contained ten identified components, corresponding to monoterpenes (b-pinene, b-myrcene, limonene, d-elemene) and sesquiterpenes (a-copaene, b-elemene, b-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, bicyclogermacrene, d-cadinene), being limonene the main constituent. Literature data indicated that (+)-limonene showed insecticidal activity against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), red flour beetle, which are important pests of stored grain.19
Additionally, the crude oil was fractionated by SiO2/AgNO3 column followed by GC analysis, which indicated that fractions 3-7 were composed by a pure component (99.7%). These fractions were pooled together and submitted to chiral gas chromatography analysis, measurement of specific optical rotation, LREIMS and 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry to confirm the identity of the main component as (+)-limonene, in comparison with literature data.18,19
To verify the accumulation of this monoterpene as major component, the crude oils of P. undulatum were obtained from leaves collected on the 15th day in January, March, May, July, September and November, 2004 (four samples in each collection) and submitted to GC and GC/MS analysis. The medium values of components in the essential oils obtained from each collection, in the six months of analysis, corresponding to monoterpenes (68±10 83.9±0.6%) and sesquiterpenes (7±1 11±1%), as showed in Table 1. The yields of the essential oils appear in Table 2, along with registered precipitation, relative humidity, temperature values and phenology of the analyzed specimen.
We have detected quantitative but not qualitative variations on the yields and chemical constituents of the essential oil during the period of study. The yields of the essential oils were constant when the leaves were collected in the specimen sterile period (0.02%), and increase in the flowering and fruiting stages (0.05 - 0.06%, respectively).
During the sterile period (January, March, May and July) the relative level of (+)-limonene, was not constant (67±10 to 80.8±0.4%), which could be related to microclimatic factors such as temperature, air relative humidity and precipitation.19 As showed in Table 1, in March and July the relative proportion of (+)-limonene was lower (67±10 and 69±3%, respectively) in comparison with other collection periods. In these months the precipitation values were high (33 and 65 mm, respectively) which suggest an influence of this microclimatic factor in the accumulation of (+)-limonene in the crude essential oil.12 However, in September and November (78±6 and 76±6%, respectively), in the flowering and fructification periods, the relative amount of (+)-limonene was higher than March and July (67±10 and 69±3%, respectively) despite of the high precipitation index in November (39 mm). High values of limonene in the essential oil from leaves of Helichrysum italicum in flowering stage were observed previously.13 These data suggest that in the flowering and fructification periods the production of more volatile derivatives was intensified, in agreement to literature data.11,12
Besides, a relationship between production of more volatile compounds and air relative humidity has been observed.20 In the present study we detected a higher production of monoterpenes, mainly (+)-limonene, in a dry season (January) when the air relative humidity was 64 ± 5% (sterile period).
Therefore, although precipitation, temperature and relative humidity might be expected to affect the oil chemical composition, it also could be partially depend on the phenological state.22
It is important to mention that in the P. undulatum leaves oil previously analyzed by Mananjarasoa et al.6 was observed a predominance of hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, being calamenene the main constituent (41.4%), and a low amount of oxygenated derivatives. In the present work the main constituents were the hydrocarbon monoterpenes, being (+)-limonene the major component. The occurrence of one monoterpene (myrcene 47.5%) as the most abundant component has been described previously by Gurib-Fakim and Demarne,7 in the essential oil from the leaves of P. balfourii. Therefore, the composition of the essential oil of P. undulatum collect in Brazil is quite different from the oils extracted from others Pittosporum species, which should be associated to several environmental factors.
The authors are grateful to MACKPESQUISA for the financial support, Prof. Dr. Lucia Rossi by the identification of the plant material and Edna Kagohara and Dr. André L.M. Porto (IQ-USP) by chiral GC analysis.
Supplementary Information
Supplementary data are available free of charge at http://jbcs.sbq.org.br, as PDF file.
1. Pio-Correa, M.; Dicionário de Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas, Imprensa Nacional: Rio de Janeiro, 1984, vol. 4. [ Links ]
2. Lorenzi, H.; Árvores Exóticas no Brasil: Madeireiras, Ornamentais e Aromáticas, Instituto Plantarum: Nova Odessa, 2003. [ Links ]
3. Higuchi, R.; Komori, T.; Kawasaki, T.; Lassak, E.; Phytochemistry 1983, 22, 1235. [ Links ]
4. Higuchi, R.; Fujioka, T.; Iwamoto, M.; Komori, T.; Kawasaki, T.; Lassak, E.; Phytochemistry 1983, 22, 2565. [ Links ]
5. Knight, J. O.; White, D. E.; Tetrahedron Lett. 1961, 3, 100. [ Links ]
6. Mananjarasoa, E.; Rakotovao, M.; Ramanoelina, A. R. P.; Andriantsiferana, M. H.; Ravaonindrina, N.; J. Essent. Oil Res. 1998, 10, 459. [ Links ]
7. Gurib-Fakim, A.; Demarne, F. E.; Planta Med. 1994, 60, 584. [ Links ]
8. Ramanandraibe, V.; Rakotovao, M.; Andriamaharavo, R. N.; Bessiere, J. M.; Ravaonindrina, N.; Ramanoelina, A. R. P.; J. Essent. Oil Res. 2000, 12, 650. [ Links ]
9. Weston, R. J.; J. Essent. Oil Res. 2004, 16, 453. [ Links ]
10. Medeiros, J. R.; Campos, L. B.; Mendonça, S. C.; Davin, L. B.; Lewis, N. G.; Phytochemistry 2003, 64, 561. [ Links ]
11. Lopes, N. P.; Kato, M. J.; Andrade, E. H. A.; Maia, J. G. S.; Yoshida, M.; Phytochemistry 1997, 46, 689. [ Links ]
12. Pala-Paúl, J.; Pérez-Alonso, M. J.; Velasco-Negueruela, A.; Pala-Paúl, R.; Sanz, J.; Conejero, F.; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2001, 29, 663. [ Links ]
13. Angioni, A.; Barra, A.; Arlorio, M.; Coisson, J. D.; Russo, M. T.; Pirisi, F. M.; Satta, M.; Cabras, P.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 1030. [ Links ]
14. Adams, R.P.; Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy, Allured Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream, Illinois, USA, 2001. [ Links ]
15. Gripta, A. S.; Dev, S.; J. Chromatogr. 1963, 12, 189. [ Links ]
16. Brochini, C. B.; Nuñez, C. V.; Moreira, I. C.; Roque, N. F.; Chaves, M. H.; Martins, D.; Quim. Nova 1999, 1, 37. [ Links ]
17. Lago, J. H. G.; Reis, A. A.; Roque, N. F.; Flavour Frag. J. 2002, 17, 255. [ Links ]
18. Ferreira, M. J. P.; Emerenciano, V. P.; Linia, G. A. R.; Romoff, P.; Macari, P. A. T.; Rodrigues, G. V.; Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 1998, 33, 153. [ Links ]
19. Prates, H. T.; Santos, J. P; Waquil, J. M.; Fabris, J. D.; Oliveira, A. B.; Foster, J. E.; J. Stored Prod. Res. 1998, 34, 243. [ Links ]
20. Vallat, A.; Gu, H.; Dorn, S.; Phytochemistry 2005, 66, 1540. [ Links ]
21. Mann, J.; Davidson, R. S.; Hobss, J. B.; Banthhorpe, D. V.; Harborne, J. B.; Natural Products: Their Chemistry and Biological Significance, Longman: Harlow, England, 1994. [ Links ]
22. Oliveira, M. J.; Campos, I. F. P.; Oliveira, C. B. A.; Santos, M. R.; Souza, P. S.; Santos, S. C.; Seraphin, J. C.; Ferri, P. H.; Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2005, 33, 275. [ Links ]
Received: January 3, 2006
Published on the web: September 26, 2006
FAPESP helped in meeting the publication costs of this article.
* e-mail: email@example.com
Supplementary Information
Figure S1 - click here to enlarge
Figure S2 - click here to enlarge


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ISRN Immunology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 702858, 9 pages
C3b-Independent Complement Activation in Ischemia/Reperfusion Mesenteric Tissue Injury in Autoimmune Prone (B6.MRL/lpr) Mice
1Division of Rheumatology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20889, USA
2Department of Rheumatology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
3Department of Rheumatology, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA 32060, USA
4Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Received 11 June 2012; Accepted 11 July 2012
Academic Editors: P. A. Berg, R. Merino, and B. Stijlemans
Copyright © 2012 J. Tofferi et al.
Complement plays a critical role in the development of tissue injury in systemic lupus erythematosus. The B6.MRL/lpr mouse, an autoimmune prone mouse, exhibits accelerated and intensified tissue injury in the ischemia/reperfusion (IR) model. It has been demonstrated in nonautoimmune mice that inhibition of complement attenuates inflammatory tissue injury in IR models. The role of complement is not as clear in the B6.MRL/lpr strain. B6.MRL/lpr-C3 deficient animals are susceptible to injury, but long-term use of C3 inhibitors in B6.MRL/lpr-C3 competent animals restrained the development of nephritis. To clarify the role of complement in the B6.MRL/lpr strain, initial and midpathway inhibitors were evaluated. C1 inhibition attenuated tissue injury, thrombin deposition, and C5a generation in the B6.MRL/lpr strain. Downstream of C1 inhibition of C3 activation by administration of cobra venom factor suppressed IR injury in immune competent mice, but was not as effective in B6.MRL/lpr mice. C3 levels in both strains were decreased after cobra venom factor treatment; however, C5a generation, thrombin deposition, and tissue injury were observed in the B6.MRL/lpr strain. These studies suggest that in the B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune prone strain C1 activation leads to C3-dependent and C3-independent pathways of complement activation.
1. Introduction
The inflammatory response to pathogens is a critical protective mechanism of the immune system. In this process, the pathogen is recognized as nonself and harmful; an innate immune response is initiated; cells migrate into the infected site to clear the pathogen; interactions between the innate and adaptive response and other cues govern the extent of inflammation. Other cues govern the resolution of the immune response [1–4]. The initiation, maintenance, and resolution of immune-mediated inflammation are tightly regulated by numerous host mechanisms such as self-tolerance, signal transduction regulation, and apoptotic clearance of cellular fragments. The breakdown in regulating the cellular mechanisms listed above results in deleterious conditions for the host; often leading to the emergence of an autoimmune condition. One such systemic autoimmune disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), has a complex pathogenesis. Clinically, SLE entails recurrent unpredictable exacerbations and remissions as well as widespread and diverse tissue and vascular lesions with renal disease (lupus nephritis) as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The lupus prone mouse model B6.MRL/lpr develops an early onset autoimmune disease similar to human SLE with most mice dying from glomerulonephritis [5, 6]. There is no single specific cause or gene abnormality resulting in SLE. It is a result of a complex overlay of multigene susceptibilities and environmental factors. However at the bottom of its pathology is a defect in tolerance, T-cell function, autoantibody production, immune complex deposition, and hyperinflammatory responses and vascular lesions. One biological pathway that may be of importance in regulating many of the conditions listed above is the complement system.
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) models of tissue injury are characterized by depletion of oxygen to tissue via lack of blood flow, followed by reoxygenation with return of blood flow to affected tissues. The cellular mechanisms that result in tissue injury and destruction occurring after reperfusion are divided into two phases: the acute and subacute phase. The acute phase is characterized by oxidative tissue injury resulting in activation of intracellular damage pathways, nitric oxide overproduction, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, and initiation of antibody-mediated complement activation [7–10]. The subacute phase is characterized by leukocyte infiltration and macrophage activation and histological detectable tissue injury [11–13]. Much of this damage is caused by the complement system. In addition to facilitating direct cell lysis, activation of the complement cascade increases phagocytosis, recruits inflammatory molecules, and instructs the adaptive response to produce an appropriate humoral response. Local injury as a consequence of mesenteric IR tissue injury has been well characterized in mouse models by several groups using multiple endpoints (histopathology, neutrophil infiltration, permeability index). It has been shown in the mesenteric IR model that complement inhibitors reduce tissue injury [14–16]. Other studies have shown that and mice are resistant to complement-induced tissue injury [17, 18]. Furthermore, studies in the mesenteric IR model have demonstrated that injury is accelerated and intensified in the B6.MRl/lpr autoimmune strain [19]. However, C3 deficient B6.MRL/lpr mice are not resistant to injury [20], suggesting C3 is not essential for tissue injury. Conflicting with studies utilizing the C3 deficient/B6.MRL.lpr strain are studies using C3 inhibitors in competent B6.MRL/lpr animals. The inhibitor studies in C3 competent B6.MRL/lpr animals have demonstrated long-term use of inhibitors of C3 are effective in attenuating tissue injury and restrains the development of nephritis [21, 22]. This dichotomy of complements role is not restricted to the specific animal model, depressed levels of C3 in SLE patients are documented, as is complement involvement in tissue injury [23–27].
To clarify the role of complement in mesenteric IR tissue injury in the B6.MRL/lpr strain, initial and midpathway inhibitors were evaluated. We utilized the C1 esterase inhibitor to target the initiation of the complement cascade and then used treatment with cobra venom factor (CVF) to deplete C3, the midcascade convergence point. C1 esterase inhibition attenuated tissue injury. However, depletion and stabilization of C3b through the administration of CVF attenuated IR injury in immune competent, but was not as effective in the in B6.MRL/lpr mice. In the B6.MRL/lpr mice, despite C3 depletion by CVF, generation of C5a was detected in the injured tissue. These studies suggest that in the B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune prone strain, C1-mediated complement activation proceeds through C3-dependent and -independent pathways to result exacerbated tissue injury.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune mice and C57Bl/6 mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and maintained in the Uniformed Services University animal facility until they were 5 months of age. By 5 months of age the autoimmune phenotype is fully established in the B6.MRL/lpr animals. Animals in this study were maintained in accordance with the guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Medicine Department/IACUC of Uniform Services University of the Health Sciences animal facility.
2.2. Mesenteric Model of IR
The mesenteric IR injury model was performed as previously described [28–30]. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine administered interperitoneally. The animals were placed on a water circulating heating pad to maintain a 37°C body temperature. The animals were subjected to a midline laparotomy, a small vascular clamp (Roboz Surgical Instruments, Rockville, MD, USA) was applied for 30 minutes to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). After release of the clamp, the animals were monitored during the one hour reperfusion period. Sham animals were subject to the same surgical intervention, except the SMA was not clamped. Mice were kept anesthetized for the duration of the experiment. Additional ketamine and xylazine were injected intramuscularly before euthanasia. After euthanasia, samples of the small intestine, approximately 10 cm distal to the gastroduodenal junction, were taken. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the institute's Animal Care and Use Committee. In the C1 esterase inhibitor studies, purified human Esterase inhibitor C-1 (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat #C2412, Dosage used was 0.004 mg/100 uL or 150 ng/g body weight) was injected 5 minutes prior to reperfusion by tail vein injection. In the CVF depletion studies, animals were injected interperitoneally with 200 ng/g body weight dose of CVF (Naja naja Kaouthia Cat# 064K4000, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical company) 24 hrs prior to use in the IR procedure.
2.3. Histology
Formalin-fixed paraffin blocks of intestine and lung tissue were made from tissue harvested immediately after euthanasia and fixed in 10% buffered formalin phosphate. The blocks were sectioned transversely in 7 um sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Sections from successive tissue depths were cut for each tissue and stained.
2.3.1. Immunofluorescent Staining of Tissue Sections
The Immunofluorescence staining for either C3b, IgG, or C5a was performed on sections fixed for 2 h in cold 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS before transfer to PBS for preservation in OCT and preparation of frozen sections. Transverse sections of intestinal tissue were cut and prepared for staining. Frozen slides were dried at room temperature, then fixed in cold acetone for 10 min, after the sections were dried again, slides were washed with PBS and blocked for 30 min with 2.5% bovine serum albumin solution in PBS. Slides were then incubated with various antibodies (goat anti-mouse C3-FITC (Cappel laboratories); anti mouse IgG-TRITC (Jackson Immunoresearch); rat anti-mouse C5a-biotin with Streptavidin-PE detection (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA); antithrombin (Santa Cruz, Biotechnology) with Donkey anti-goat IgG-FITC detection (Jackson Immunoresearch)). Finally, slides were mounted with ProLong Gold antifade, counterstained with DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and observed with an Olympus Leica A80 fluorescence microscope. Recorded digital images were processed using Image J software (NIH Bethesda, MD, USA) or Adobe Photoshop CS4 software.
2.4. Intestinal Injury Scoring
Intestine was scored for injury with a point scoring system (0 to 6 points) as previously described [30]. Briefly, zero represented a normal villi; 1 point for edema; 2 points for edema, goblet cells, and missing Gugenhemims' spaces; 3 points for sporadic disruption of the epithelial cell layer; 4 points for villi with complete disruption of the outer epithelial layer with an exposed but intact lamina propria; 5 points for disrupted epithelial layer, lamina propria, and vascular network; 6 points for villi that display hemorrhage or that are denuded.
2.5. Analysis of C3 Hemolytic Activity in Serum
The detection of complement C3 in serum was performed using a modified total hemolytic, CH50, complement activity assay [31]. The blood was collected by cardiac puncture at the end of the reperfusion time and collection tissue samples. The appropriate series of dilutions of test sera were added into a series of reaction wells (96-well plate assay format) containing Gelatin Veronal buffer (Sigma-Aldrich), C3-depleted human sera (QUIDEL), and sheep red cells sensitized by rabbit anti-sheep red cell antibody (Sigma-Aldrich). After incubation at 37°C for 1 h, the plates were centrifuged to pellet unlysed cells. 100 uL of the supernatant for each well was transferred to a new well and the optical density of supernatant was measured at 415 nm.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean SEM with difference between groups considered significant when . The data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with post hoc analysis (Graph Pad/Instat Software, Inc. Philadelphia, PA, USA).
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of C1 Inhibition in the IR Model of Inflammatory Tissue Injury
Prior studies have demonstrated that complement activation and secondary inflammation are responsible for tissue injury in the IR model of inflammatory tissue injury. In nonautoimmune strains of mice it has been shown that antibody and complement activation are essential for tissue injury in the IR model [16, 17, 30]. Specifically, C1 esterase was shown to inhibit mesenteric IR injury in nonautoimmune mice [16]. To determine if abnormal complement activation contributes to the accelerated and intensified tissue injury in the mesenteric IR model, C1 esterase was used to inhibit complement activation in the initial step of the complement cascade. As in previous studies, C1 esterase reduced induced tissue injury in the normal C57B.6 mice as detailed in Figure 1(a). The graph represents a scoring system of tissue structure integrity. Each incremental increase in score number indicates increasing levels of structural impairment. In sham animals the epithelial barriers, endothelium lining of circulatory vessels, and lamina propria of the villi are normal. With injury the score increases from tissue edema (level 1) to complete destruction of the villi (level 6). C1 esterase treatment of C57B.6 animals reduced the injury to the intestinal tissue to a mild injury and edema, with intact integrity of the villous structure, as illustrated in Figure 1(b). In the autoimmune strain B6.MRL/lpr, treatment with C1 esterase also attenuated tissue injury. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of intestinal sections are used to score injury levels. In Figure 1(b) the H&E stained section illustrated the condition of the intestinal tissue from Sham, IR, and IR with inhibitor treatment.
3.2. Analysis of C3 Depletion in IR Model of Inflammatory Tissue Injury
Complement component C3 is downstream in the cascade from C1 and can be activated by the classical (C1q dependent), alternative, and Mannose Binding lectin complement initiation pathways, It is also the convergence point in the cascade leading to C5 activation and subsequent C5-9 membrane attack complex formation. In these studies we utilized pretreatment with cobra venom factor (CVF) to deplete C3 from the circulation. B6.MRL/lpr mice displayed significant intestinal IR damage despite depletion of complement with CVF, Figure 2(a). The degree of injury was comparable to the injury in these mice without complement inhibition. In contrast, depletion of C3 in nonautoimmune C57BL/6 mice effectively abrogated tissue damage in the IR model. The H&E images in Figure 2(b), illustrates the extent of injury for each treatment group. The tissue integrity of intestinal tissue for the B6.MRL/lpr-CVF-treated group was severely compromised with breakdown of the epithelial cell barrier, disruption of the vasculature, as well as dissociation of the lamina propria. On the other hand, in the C57B/6-CVF-treated group tissue injury was limited to edema and mild agitation of the epithelial barrier. To determine if complement C3 was depleted from the circulation, serum from animals in each treatment group was assayed in a C3H50 assay measuring total hemolytic activity of C3 in the serum. The graph in Figure 3(a) shows that C3 hemolytic activity is detected in the serum of B6.MRL/lpr BSA-IR animals but not in the serum of B6.MRL/lpr CVF-IR animals, indicating that C3 was absent from the circulation in the B6.MRL/lpr animals. Immunofluorescence staining of intestinal tissue sections from Sham and Control-IR indicate low C3 (green) staining and moderate IgG (red) staining in the sham animals, as shown in the left panel of Figure 3(b). Abundant C3 deposition and IgG staining is detected in the control-IR group, with extensive colocalization (yellow), as shown in the center panel. However in the right side panel, IgG is detected but minimal C3 is detected in the CVF-IR B6.MRL/lpr group.
3.3. Detection of C5a in C3-Depleted Animals
To clarify the role of complement activation in the injury detected in the CVF-IR-treated B.6/MRL/lpr animals, downstream complement activation components were assessed. The structural tissue damage seen in the C3-depleted autoimmune strain was typical of complement induced injury in this model. Based on current reports of alternative mechanisms of C5 activation, tissue sections from animals in each treatment group were stained for the activated split product C5a. As expected in B6.MRL/lpr sham animals no activated C5a split product was detected (panel 1 in Figure 4(a)) but it was detected in control-IR tissue (panel 2). Inhibition with C1 esterase attenuated the production of C5a in the B6.MRL/lpr mice as shown in Figure 4(a), panel 3. However CVF-treatment or C3 depletion in the B6.MRL/lpr mice did not decrease the production of C5a in IR animals, Figure 4(a) panel 4. A possible explanation of how C5a is generated in the CVF treated animals is that thrombin generated during tissue injury could subsequently activate C5. Figure 4(b) illustrates, by immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections, the presence of thrombin in injured tissues. In the control IR and CVF-treated IR B6.MRl/lpr animals thrombin is detected, but thrombin is not present in C1 esterase-treated IR B6.MRL/lpr animals.
4. Discussion
Early complement cascade inhibition by C1 esterase attenuation of tissue injury in the B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune strain confirms that complement activation has an essential role in tissue injury. The C1q downstream targets are platelets as well as intermediates in the thrombin cascades [32, 33]. Soluble CR1 (sCR1) has been produced by recombinant technology and is being used in phase I human trials.
However, in our study, the amount of tissue injury in the B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune strain was unchanged if C3 was depleted with CVF. Depletion of C3 by CVF in the nonautoimmune C57Bl/6 strain attenuated tissue injury. The data suggests that in the B6.MRL/lpr autoimmune prone strain there may be a greater reliance on a C3-independent pathway for complement activation during acute inflammatory responses. After injury in this model, downstream mediators of inflammation such as IL-6 and IL-1 are produced in both the C57Bl/6 and B6.MRL/lpr animals and inhibition of injury, by T-cell depletion, results in attenuation of these secondary mediators in both strains (unpublished data). In ongoing work, the generation of these secondary mediators of inflammation after injury is being investigated when complement and coagulation inhibitors are used in the B6.MRL/lpr strain.
Specifically, our findings of thrombin and C5a generation in injured tissue of the C3-depleted B6.MRL/lpr mice implicates the coagulation pathway as part of this alternate amplification loop, as depicted in a model schematic in Figure 5. Several studies have begun to suggest a link between the inflammatory and coagulation pathways [34–37]. It is reasonable to suggest a regulatory link between the complement and coagulation cascades. Both are very similar in their basic mechanisms of activation. Each utilizes a series of components which must be activated in succession. Each pathway has multiple points at which the cascade can be amplified or negatively regulated [36]. Several studies have suggested that thrombin may function as a C5 convertase in the genetic absence of C3 [34]. Others studies have identified this point in the complement cascade as one in which the complement activation influences the coagulation pathway [38–40]. It has been speculated that the physiological conditions determine which pathway dominates and regulates the other. However the specific details or mechanisms have not been elucidated. In our study C1 esterase inhibition limited tissue injury, the mechanism of action may be due to direct inhibition of downstream mediators of the complement cascade. Alternatively, and perhaps more importantly in the B6.MRL/lpr strain, inhibition of C1 activation may reduce platelet activation and thrombosis. Signaling by C1q receptors on platelets has been associated with increased cell adhesion and thrombosis which would increase thrombin generation [41].
The B6.MRL/lpr mouse is inherently hypocomplementemic. Complement deficiency plays a role in autoimmunity. In the human condition of SLE, during flares the complement system is activated, giving rise to partial deficiency or dysfunction due to consumption [33]. Thus, complement deficiency in the autoimmune prone mouse may be the reason the B6.MRL/lpr mouse utilizes the C3-independent pathway in the IR model. Further investigation should be pursued to elucidate the nature of the association between the complement and coagulation pathways in the autoimmune prone mouse. Clinical implications of this association could be quite significant, particularly in the role of anticoagulation in SLE therapy.
|Cobra venom factor
|Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
|Complement receptor one
|Soluble complement receptor one
|Superior mesenteric artery
|Hematoxylin and eosin
|G-protein-coupled receptor.
This paper was supported by Medical Research and Material Command Grant W81XWH-06-10486. The opinions contained in this paper are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official policy or reflecting the views of the Department of Defense. The costs of publication of this paper were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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No Report Available
English League Championship Standings
Championship News
Why would Coleman leave Wales for Sunderland?
Craig Burley and Steve Nicol weigh the pros and cons of Chris Coleman leaving the Wales job to manage Sunderland.
Preston winless run goes on following blank against Bolton
Preston's struggles continued as they were held to a goalless draw at home by Lancashire rivals Bolton.
Preston 0-0 Bolton: Honours even at Deepdale
Chances were few and far between as Preston North End and Bolton played out to a scoreless deadlock.
Billy Sharp bags brace as Sheffield United see off Burton to reclaim top spot
A first-half brace from Billy Sharp and Leon Clarke's header sent Sheffield United back to the top of the Championship with a 3-1 win at Burton.
Chris Coleman quits Wales, set to take charge at Sunderland - sources
Chris Coleman is set to become manager of Sunderland, sources have confirmed to ESPN FC, after leaving his job as Wales boss on Friday.
Leeds striker Caleb Ekuban set to return against Middlesbrough


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Boy George said that his former romance with Culture Club bandmate Jon Moss will not stand in the way of the group's highly anticipated reunion in 2012.
According to Digital Spy, "The singer, who secretly dated drummer Jon Moss during the band's peak, said the pair now have a 'healthier' relationship, after Moss married a woman and went on to have children."
The Karma Chameleon singer told The Sun, "Oh no. We're really good mates. Jon has got kids now — beautiful kids and we're definitely over each other."
Culture Club plans to reunite for a U.K. tour to celebrate the band's 30th anniversary next year, with a comeback album produced by Mark Ronson.


text:
Absurd: Inflation was too low - Amusing - if it would not be sad - to read that 'prominent' 'star' economists like Barry Eichengreen still regurgitate the fable of 'too low inflation'. ...
4 weeks ago
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AISB event Bulletin Item
CFP: 13th European Agent Systems Summer School (EASSS-2011), 11-15 July
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com OR firstname.lastname@example.com
to be held in Girona, Catalonia, Spain
The 13th European Agent Systems Summer School (EASSS) will be held in the historic city of Girona during 11-15 July 2011, in the week preceding IJCAI (the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence), which will be held in nearby Barcelona. As its highly successful earlier incarnations, EASSS-2011 will offer a rich programme of both introductory and advanced courses on a broad range of topics in the area of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. The courses are aimed at PhD students, advanced Master's students, and other young researchers and will be taught by leading researchers in the field. EASSS is organised under the auspices of EURAMAS, the European Association for Multiagent Systems (www.euramas.org). We are now inviting proposals from members of the research community who are willing to offer tutorials at EASSS-2011. We are interested in tutorial proposals in all areas of current research in Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. As a very rough guideline, any topic that might get covered at the AAMAS conference or in the JAAMAS journal would also be suitable for EASSS. We are looking for a mix of tutorials on fundamental and clearly establishedtopics on the one hand, and overviews of new and emerging areas of research on the other. Tutorials should cover an appropriate selection of approaches and not specifically focus on the tutors?? own contributions. We encourage both well-established senior researchers and younger colleagues to put in a proposal. Each tutorial is usually given by one or two people (exceptions are, of course, possible; for proposals by more than two tutors, please justify this choice in the proposal and explain how you intend to ensure the coherence of the tutorial). To be able to offer this summer school and to be able to do so at a reasonable price for students, we are dependent on the support of the research community. To make a modest contribution towards the expenses of tutors, if needed, EASSS can provide accommodation for up to three nights, but unfortunately EASSS cannot cover travel expenses. HOW TO SUBMIT A PROPOSAL To submit a tutorial proposal, please produce a single PDF document covering the points listed below and submit it via the EasyChair system before 31 January 2011. Submit here: http://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=easss2011 (1) Title of the proposed tutorial. (2) A short paragraph describing the tutorial (100-300 words), suitable for publication at the EASSS-2011 website. (3) Additional information on the proposed tutorial. Please include as much detail as you see fit. A detailed list of topics to be covered and a short bibliography would be welcome. (4) Name, affiliation, full contact details, and a link to the personal homepage of each tutor. (5) A short paragraph on the background of the tutor or tutors (around 100 words per tutor), suitable for publication at the EASSS-2011 website. (6) Experience of tutors: Please provide details on relevant teaching experience of the tutor(s). (7) Teaching materials: Please indicate what kind of teaching materials do you intend to provide. Note that we will have to receive any materials to be distributed to the students by EASSS no later than 1 June 2011. (8) Duration: Tutorials are typically 4 hours long. If you have strong reasons for wanting to deviate from this standard, please explain this in your proposal. (9) Equipment: Please list any special equipment (beyond data projector and blackboard) that you might need. (10) Any other information you wish to include. IMPORTANT DATES Deadline for tutorial proposals: 31 January 2011 Notification of acceptance: 15 March 2011 Teaching materials due: 1 June 2011 Summer school: 11-15 July 2011 PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF EASSS EASSS has been organised annually in different European locations since 1999, when it was held in Utrecht. Here are the websites of the most recent editions: * EASSS-2010 in Saint-Etienne: http://easss2010.emse.fr/ * EASSS-2009 in Torino: http://agents009.di.unito.it/EASSS.html * EASSS-2008 in Lisbon: http://centria.di.fct.unl.pt/events/easss08/ CONTACT For all matters concerning the technical programme of EASSS-2011 and this Call for Tutorial Proposals, please contact Ulle Endriss or Nicolas Maudet. For matters concerning the local organisation of the summer school, please contact Didac Busquets. Didac Busquets: firstname.lastname@example.com Ulle Endriss: firstname.lastname@example.com Nicolas Maduet: email@example.com


text: Sponsored Products Category Category Home Software Subcategory Miscellaneous Home Software Publisher's Description From Ken Kirkpatrick Software: Do you know what your first name means? Find out with First Name Almanac. This easy-to-use program prints pages, suitable for framing, with attributes associated with your name -- including meaning, origin, personality, and travel and leisure preferences. The software draws from a database of more than 250,000 first names and automatically generates an attractive printout that's sure to impress friends and family. Version 11 added Internet Activation. read more +


text:
Station campaigners are to hold emergency talks with Network Rail after a planning decision they predict will spell 'traffic chaos'.
North East Derbyshire District Council last week voted to approve planning permission for a storage facility on Network Rail-owned land next to Dronfield Station car park.
But Friends of Dronfield Station (FODS) say the land should be used for car parking to address a town shortage.
Peter Hayward, chair of FODS said: "Since regular train services were reintroduced in 2008 the car park has been full up by 8.30am every weekday morning, largely due to the increasing popularity of rail travel to commuters.
"We are confident that even more people would use the station if there was more car parking available."
The space, on Chesterfield Road, will now be used as a storage facility for horticultural supplies, with planning granted until 2017.
A council spokesperson, said: "Each planning application is judged on its own merits. The land is owned by Network Rail and the permission comes with conditions attached, including it is for a three year period only after which the land should be restored to its original condition and all storage containers removed."


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April 10th, 2012
I Had Unprotected Sex On March 24. And I Have Tender Breast And Get Cramps. I Would Think I Would Of Got My Period But I Havent. And I Took a HPT And They Came Back Negative So Im Curious Can I Get Symptoms This Early?
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replied April 10th, 2012
Its possible that you could, some women start to feel symptoms as soon as 8-10 dpo. Are you late for your period? You can take a test as early as 5 days before you are supposed to start. I would go ahead and do another test. If it comes back negative but you are still having some pregnancy symptoms wait another week and test again. First response makes packs of 3 early response tests, and they have a 2 dollar off coupon on their website.
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text: Guys this is a long one but I'll sum it up for those that don't want to read it. Simplicity bought Snapper some time ago. CEO of Simplicity tells Wal-Mart people no and pulls all snapper mowers from Wal-mart to keep a good product and to help independent dealers. Pretty cool if you ask me. He lost 20% of his sales right there. And Oh ya he was going to tell them he was pulling the mowers and Wal-mart wanted to go all out head to head with Homedepot.


text:
THE incoming police commissioner has vowed to turn around a rare spike in the state's crime rate fuelled by increases in car thefts and trouble in the southeastern corner.
Ian Stewart, who takes over next week from retiring Commissioner Bob Atkinson, says he will work with government to stem the 6 per cent increase over the past 12 months.
"Part of my mantra to all police officers will be to stop crime and, with the . . . extra police officers and the return of further police from behind desks to the street, I'm confident we'll be able to attack crime directly," Mr Stewart said.
The increase in the crime rate is the worst in a decade but Mr Atkinson will leave the post with crime well down over the course of his 12-year reign.
But the latest statistics raise the stakes for Mr Stewart, who will oversee the LNP's first full year of government armed with more frontline officers and a directive to get tough on crime.
The southeastern region, comprising Gold Coast, Coomera and Logan districts, had an increase almost double the statewide rate, underpinned by increases in murder, rape and drug offences of more than 20 per cent in the year.
Mr Stewart said "with the assistance of government" he was confident of winning the high-stakes battle.
He said the Government's tougher laws, for illegal firearm offences and a range of other crimes, would also help police by keeping repeat offenders behind bars.
For the first time since the 1990s, Queensland's overall crime rate climbed by 6 per cent in the year to June 30, spearheaded by jumps in car theft (up 23 per cent), break-ins (12 per cent), assaults (6 per cent) and armed robberies (13 per cent).
Mr Atkinson conceded it was disappointing to have to report the spike in crime in his last week as commissioner.
"This is a disappointing development this year, and it's one we're concerned about," he said. "I know the police department under Commissioner Stewart's leadership will do all it can to turn this trend around."
But Queensland University of Technology Senior Lecturer in Justice, Samantha Jeffries, predicted current government policies would see crime increase.
"Tougher penalties are not going to reduce the crime rate," she said.
"People tend to commit crime as a spontaneous act. The majority of assaults are spur of the moment, usually when people are drunk."
She said the spike in the past year was a reflection of the tougher times, and more police would only result in more crimes being detected.
"You're going to see a natural spike when people are under those socio-economic pressures," Dr Jeffries said.
"People aren't thinking 'what's the outcome?' as a preventative measure."
Queensland Police Union president Ian Leavers said the increase in crime was "pretty simple to analyse".
"As times are getting tougher, offenders are becoming more desperate, and the previous government only put on 237 new police in two years," he said.
"Criminals know there aren't many police."
Darkness behind the gold
Greg Stolz
THE Gold Coast's reputation as a sunny place for shady people has been confirmed, with latest figures showing an 11 per cent jump in crime.
The rise in crime in the South Eastern police region, comprising the Gold Coast, Coomera and Logan districts, was the equal highest in the state and almost twice the statewide increase.
Murders (up 30 per cent), rapes (up 20 per cent), weapons offences (up 31 per cent), drug offences (up 25 per cent) and car theft (up 22 per cent) all showed strong increases. There were 13 murders in 2011-12, compared with 10 in 2010-11. Despite a recent armed robbery spike, hold-ups were one of the few crime categories to show a reduction, with 62 fewer heists in 2011-12.
In an area infamous for cons and scams, fraud offences also surprisingly fell by 14 per cent, while prostitution offences decreased by more than 60 per cent.
The region's high crime was matched only by that of the Far Northern Region, which also recorded an 11 per cent increase. Crime rose by 6 per cent across the state.
Originally published as 'I'll beat crime spike' - new top cop


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Written on: 21/08/2013
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Interior designer Aimee Wertepny walks us through a home in the Chicago suburbs that she designed. The Hinsdale, Illinois estate is decked out to create serious drama at home. Aimee's unique style of contrasting colors and her use of clean lines create a sophisticated modern feel. The combination of natural wood floors, stone, leather, and glass provides a cozy and comfortable living space. With unique features like the wine rack wall that separates the kitchen from the dining room, this smart use of space is chic.
This episode of Open House was hosted from 146 West 57th Street, New York, NY. For more information on this property please contact Halstead Property broker Renee M. Fishman at 212-381-2392. View the listing.


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Love the app and its UI, very user friendly – Interesting concept to date and meet new people. Works great on my Samsung note 2! Thank you. 5/5 – Rashmi
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Well organized and easy to use. I can easily find and meet new people. Way to go guys! :) 4/5 –Roma
Really fun to use and awesome interface. It has made chat easier than before. Please keep bringing updates and more to it. Looks good to use on my sony xperia. 5/5 –Jason
NaviGale is a fun and interactive way to chat, date & meet new people around you. Along with that, one can make new connections and friends and also share your interests. As you go about your day it runs quietly in the background meaning, you don't have to stick to it all day long, it'll notify you when your friends or other interesting people are nearby or are trying to connect with you. You can easily chat with your friends, send unlimited free messages, and see other's location and a lot more with NaviGale.
PS - NaviGale uses Facebook and Phone Contacts to create your own contact list at NaviGale and also will help you find mutual friends and people of same interests.
✔ Get notified when friends and other interesting connections are nearby or messages you.
✔ Chat, send Free Messages / SMS to people nearby as well as any of your friends in contact book
✔ See exact location of people nearby and use a gyroscope to navigate to them. Cool!
✔ Find people with common interests and who are nearby you. Meet up!
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✔ Ping your friend and tell him/her about the meeting nearby
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1) Find out others who are hiking on the same trail
2) Meet new people and date interesting people nearby
3) Find out others who are in the same Metro or, Rail, or any flight or, airport.
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SHANGHAI — In December 2010, a sample of Shanghai's 15-year-olds shocked the industrial world with their test scores in math, reading and science.
Shanghai came in first, beating 34 countries in all three subjects, topping education stars like Finland, Singapore and Korea.
The Shanghai kids walloped the Americans. In math: Shanghai 600, U.S. 487. In science: Shanghai 575, U.S. 502. In reading: Shanghai 556, U.S. 500.
"When you're pulling for the home team, you can't help but be struck by how poorly the U.S. does considering how much we spend on education," said Lori Taylor, an assistant professor at the Texas A&M Bush School of Public Service.
China does not devote as much of its economy as the U.S., "despite their greater emphasis on schooling as a way for personal advancement — and that's interesting."
The PISA exams (Program for International Student Assessment) were given in 2009 to 15-year-olds in 34 nations belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. At China's urging, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao were also given a chance to participate.
The exams haven't been repeated. When they are, Miao Enlai may be one of the next Shanghai world beaters. A sixth-grader at the private Wenlai Middle School, Master Miao asked some visiting U.S. journalists what we would think of someone who spoke fluent Chinese, English, Russian, Vietnamese and Korean. We said we'd be impressed.
Miao grinned. "That's me," he said.
Miao seems to have an unbounded curiosity. "I want to make something crush," he said. "To take apart an iPad, open it with a knife, burn it."
He quickly added, "I don't really want to crack them, I just want to know how they work."
Emphasis on teaching
Like several of his 2,300 classmates at Wenlai Middle School, Miao is forthright, spontaneous and inquisitive.
But, as another student said, being bright can be a struggle.
"Diamond is the hardest substance, but enough pressure will cause a diamond to shatter," said "Kita" Ehyan Yi.
China's policy of limiting couples to one child means students are often subject to the high expectations of two parents — and four grandparents.
Headmaster Bai Bin conceded the point but said such pressures are less today than they were 10 years ago.
Bai said one reason for his school's success is an emphasis on teaching quality. "We meet with the teachers every day to discuss how to teach," he said.
In looking back on the Shanghai exam results, the OECD noted that the Chinese believe strongly that education is the key to success in life.
Educational reforms
Since opening its economy to the outside world in 1979, China has reformed its education system. In 1982, China adopted the Western degree model for higher education. In 1988, the country abandoned textbook standardization.
In 1998, China had 6 million college and university students. By 2009, it had 29.8 million, almost 12 million more than the United States.
The OECD test score report also found traditions supporting the idea that "effort is more important than innate ability. 'Diligence can compensate for stupidity' is a common Chinese belief, a view not shared by many other cultures."
Taylor cautioned that Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao are not representative of all Chinese students and schools. And Wenlai, as a private school, isn't representative of all the middle schools in Shanghai.
There is a growing belief among American business managers, however, that China represents a bountiful education harvest. Microsoft Corp. has a Shanghai research facility with 1,500 Chinese workers, and expects to expand to 6,000.
"It's a strategic market for talent," said Microsoft senior director Sun Shaw. "They graduate the highest number of Ph.D.s in the world."
Follow Jim Landers on Twitter at @landersjim.