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"Dangerous Waters," a 10-episode reality show debuting March 4 on high-def cable network HDNet, sets a successful precedent for the type of film projects that can be produced locally, according to the Folsom Film Commission.
In "Dangerous Waters" five men embark on a 4,500-mile adventure riding 11-foot Sea-Doo personal watercrafts from Seattle to Alaska and across the Bering Strait to Russia. During the 65-day trip they film their encounters with grizzlies and other wildlife, and document their challenges with fuel and mechanical problems, extreme weather and rough seas.
The Folsom connection
Red Barn Films, a full-service motion picture and television production company based in Folsom, edited 1,500 hours of raw footage of the "Dangerous Waters" adventure, producing 10, one-hour episodes in record time to meet network deadlines. Owners Kevin Beck and Jaime Tafoya served as co-executive producers of the series.
Folsom resident and series creator Steven Moll filmed his group's epic journey at sea, then happily discovered Red Barn Films had the capabilities and experience to produce the series just minutes from his home — not in LA, as Moll expected. "I was delighted to stay local, and keep my travel time down," said Moll.
That also was great news to Folsom Film Commissioner Mary Ann McAlea, who established the film commission in 2011 and serves as the liaison between film producers and the local community. "Folsom is being discovered as a film venue for its great local talent, beautiful scenery, and a vibrant infrastructure to host film crews," McAlea said.
"We've had several movie productions, television programs and commercials filmed in Folsom. 'Dangerous Waters' is an exciting example of how Folsom has become a hub for film production services," she added.
The Red Barn Films team completed the "Dangerous Waters" project in five months — nearly twice as fast as standard industry production schedules. How did they manage this feat? "We had multiple writers, editors, graphic artists and producers working round-the-clock in four editing bays," said producer/co-owner Jaime Tafoya. Business partner and creative director Kevin Beck, with 20 years of post-production experience, supervised the project.
They shared technical services, equipment and facilities with Torrey Loomis, owner of Silverado Studios of Folsom.
"We love being a part of an international national project that uses Folsom-based talent and infuses funds into the local economy," said Tafoya. "The Folsom Film Commission has been a huge asset, creating a healthy environment for growth of the local film industry."
"The region's creative talent pool is the best of the best," added Beck.
World premier March 7
Three Stages at Folsom Lake College will host the world premier of the series on March 7, beginning at 7 p.m. The evening features an episode of "Dangerous Waters" and discussion by the producers.
About Red Barn Films
Red Barn Films offers state-of-the-art production and post-production services in Folsom, with a satellite office in Studio City. It specializes in television, motion pictures and on-air advertising. Its team of directors, producers, photographers, writer, graphic artists and editors works on a wide variety of TV, motion picture and new media projects. Network affiliations include FOX, FOX Sports, TLC, FX, Spike TV, My Lifetime and National Geographic.
A 15-year resident of the area and a lifelong "film nut," Tafoya got into film as a youngster. "If you saw the movie 'Super 8,' that was me," said the El Dorado Hills resident. Tafoya continued to hone his craft first as a hobby, then as a college student. He took film production courses at Film Arts Foundation in San Francisco, then went on to produce several independent feature films and internet-based multi-media projects. Tafoya's resume includes local work with the Emmy winning TV series "Deadliest Catch" and credit as assistant director on the feature film, "Bloodline."
Born in LA and raised in El Dorado County, Beck returned to L.A. at the age of 16 and worked for April Films as a production assistant and assistant editor, based at internationally known Post Group in Hollywood. Beck moved up to online editing and directing, eventually winning a 1998 Promax Award as a writer/producer for the "X-Files" series premiere campaign. He returned to Northern California five years ago "for a better quality of life," working for Sacramento network affiliates. Beck met Tafoya while they both worked on the TV program "Experience El Dorado," which aired on ABC News 10. With a focus on producing television pilots, they formed Red Barn Films in 2009.


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Match Thread: Bangladeshis vs NT Chief Minister's XI, 5th OD Practice Match at Gardens Oval, Darwin.
View Single Post
August 26, 2008, 02:23 PM
bujhee kom
Cricket Sage
Join Date: June 27, 2007
Location: Dhaka Mental Hospital
Favorite Player: Mo Chowdhury MoC
Posts: 23,605
Originally Posted by
Let us keep it as a practice match only.
If we loose, nothing to loose as it is a practice match.
If we win, it is just a little good feeling.
If we loose in 3 ODIs,...man!!! it is against Australia.
In this way we can watch BD crickets year after year with fresh hope.
exactly so! you said it nizam bhai! totally agree with you!
go bd! win or lose, still go bd! today, tomorrow go bd!
bd! bd! bd!
i am ready!
God bless Dianne Feinstein, Kamala Harris & Mitch Landrieu
bujhee kom
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subset: commoncrawl


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(06-14-2011 10:24 AM)andrewinnc Wrote: [ -> ]Great pickups. Do find it ironic that the final card for your set is a strikeout?
(06-22-2011 02:06 PM)beatles guy Wrote: [ -> ]A few more from a recent trade. Some for my Cardinal collection, a couple for my '53 Bowman Color set. The Slaughter and the Schoendienst were throw ins if you can believe that


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In preparation for the impending release of Sony and SuperBot Entertainment's crossover brawler PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale (of which we are very, very excited), we thought we'd take a look back at the playable fighters we know are coming to the game and bring you up to speed with detailed character profiles that dig a little deeper into what makes each hero (and villain) tick.
Today, we're profiling PaRappa the Rapper. This skateboarding dog brings musical talent and kung-fu expertise to the arena, and his 2D art style makes him arguably the game's most visually-distinguished character.
Seen in: PaRappa the Rapper, PaRappa the Rapper 2, Um Jammer Lammy
Bio: PaRappa the Rapper is the titular hero of the rhythm-based action game of the same name. PaRappa's quest is more or less to get some respect from his love interest - easy enough to identify with, right? The game itself tasks you with completing a number of raps via timed button presses, but the real hooks here are the charming lyrics and PaRappa's bright personality. Heck, there was even an anime series release that was based on his games!
Of course, the timed sequences of PaRappa the Rapper are by no means simple. Your quest to win the love of Sunny Funny will test your button-mashing and precision to the extreme, but completing the ludicrously catchy songs is all the more rewarding for it. PaRappa will always be endearing to us for his failures and his triumphs, which make him one of PlayStation All-Stars' most relatable characters. The fighting moves and kung fu taught to him by the iconic Master Onion aid him in battle, alongside his trusty skateboard. A bit of trivia - "parappa" means "paper-thin" in Japanese.
Shining Moment: PaRappa's best moment has to be the training he undergoes as a student of Master Onion. Simply put, the song rocks. Once you've listened to it, it will stick with you forever. It's just that good.
Level 1: PaRappa unleashes a small short-ranged kung-fu attack.
Level 2: PaRappa skates around the arena in a manic fashion knocking out anyone who comes into contact with him.
Level 3: PaRappa begins rapping and instantly KO's anyone in hearing distance.


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Schools rated in 20 categories
The newspaper recently published a letter that questioned why some high school ratings were different from others in the area and then offered a judgmental opinion of how teachers should be treated in those schools. I believe it would be good for the writer to know that the accountability system used to rate the school works in puzzling ways.
For example, a school could have a dozen students listed as "students in poverty" that fail the test. Because there are not 50 of those students, they are not graded as a group for accountability purposes and the school is not penalized. If a school has 50 or more students in one homogeneous group, then the school can be penalized for their failures.
Several schools in our area do not have the groups of 50. However, many large city schools do have 50 students in each group and are more prone to receive a penalty rating.
Schools are rated in approximately 20 categories. If one group scores low in one category on one test, this results in an "unacceptable" rating. In reality, the school has national merit scholarship students and may even have "exemplary" ratings in all other areas.
Every profession has those who make mistakes at times, but the teaching profession is one that is constantly working to do an almost impossible job. I hope you will look carefully at what they do on a daily basis and not be misled by the report of one test.
CLINTON GILL/Lubbock
President, Lubbock Educators Association
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Matti Hell Is For Heroes
Matti Hell Is For Heroes is a TV show on Australian national television from SBS ONE with an average rating of 3.0 stars by TVCatchUpAustralia.com's visitors. We have 1 episodes of Matti Hell Is For Heroes in our archive. The first episode of Matti Hell Is For Heroes was broadcast in October, 2017. Did you miss an episode of Matti Hell Is For Heroes but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Matti Hell Is For Heroes to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. Completely free: handy!
October 26, 2017
3.0 8 xBased on the true story of the world's best ski jumper Matti Nykänen, following his rise to championship glory and his public crash landings including broken marriages and petty crime
SBS World NewsCatch up on SBS World News and watch online. Find the latest episodes of SBS World News, broadcast by SBS ONE.
The World GameThe World Game is an Australian television show about football that covers reviews and previews of both national and international football and related issues. The show also covers major international football and football-related events such as the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and...
Adam Looking For EveAdam Looking For Eve is a Dutch dating and reality show written for television and created by serial reality TV producer Reinout Oerlemans (Who Wants to Marry my Son?, Extreme Makeover: Weight Loss Edition). Every season of the show is shot at an exotic location, the first season for shot on the Pe...
Small Business SecretsCatch up on Small Business Secrets and watch online. Find the latest episodes of Small Business Secrets, broadcast by SBS ONE.


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Elizabeth Arden Intervene Pause & Effect Moisture Lotion SPF 15
12 reviews
50% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$
Where to Buy
- When you make a purchase through these links, we may receive a commission from the eBay Partner Network or other affiliates.
Start your review
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Medium
Eyes: Black
I specifically told the SA at the EA counter that I didn't want anything with harsh anti-ageing ingredients in it as my skin is too young for that and sensitive. She assured me I wouldn't have that problem with thsi product, well, she was wrong!!
As soon as I put this on my skin started to go slightly red, then it starts tingling in a burning kind of way, then I got light bumps all over my skin, especially cheeks, forehead and nose.
The next day my skin was really red and the bumps were still there. It's been a week now and the redness has calmed down but I think it will still take a day or two for the bumps to go down.
The product is heavily perfumed as well, the smell is quite nice but should be in a perfume not a moisturiser.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Blue
I tried the cream for drier skin, which mine can be especially going into winter. However, I wasn't impressed when my skin became quite red and I had some whiteheads, made my blackheads more obvious too. My skin just looked irritated! It sucks because the night cream is actually really good. Not sure why the day cream makes my skin go crazy.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
This stuff is really nice. Great creamy texture without being greasy. Makes my skin really soft and smooth- great to put on right after washing face. Also makes pores a bit less visible.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
horrible. guess i fell for the anti aging scheme, once again. i bought the cream revision and it didn't do anything for my skin. i'm 18, so i wasn't looking for anything anti aging, just heavy duty moisture as my skin is quite dry, but very acne prone! the SA recommended this to me, praising this product and i was instantly sold...sadly the only person who seemed to like this product that day was her. as soon as i put this product on, my face tingled and stung(because of the anti- aging ingredients in it) not only this, but the cream just seemed to sit ontop of my skin (didn't use more than a pea sized amount) aswell as not providing enough moisture. ended up giving up on this product and gave it to my mum. don't fall for the anti aging cream hype. if you really want to combat 'aging' buy a quality high spf sunscreen, a rich moisturizer and if you're really desperate, get botox/surgery.
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I do not like this product at all The fragrance is too much and it did nothing great for my skin at all.
Age: 30-35
Skin: Other, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
i have combination to sensitive skin and this product has burn my skin :(
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
It's interesting to read that others have said this is a matifying product. I actually have found it to be too greasy on my skin. The texture is ok but a bit too thick. I prefer lighter moisturisers. It hasn't had any anti-aging effects on my face, it just makes it greasy, and red & blotchy in some places too. It is also quite expensive.
On the plus side, the packaging is very good with a pump dispenser. I think this product would suit people with slightly dry skins.
Age: 44-55
Skin: Very Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Blue
It absorbed quickly and did not feel oily at all. Scent was nice. I think it is more for oily skin than dry because of the feel.
I have a trial sample and this is my first day. Will keep you posted.
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
The texture of this moisturizer on my skin is smooth and this lotion is good for combination-oily skin because it mattifies. The spf 15 is a plus. But the only thing i hesitated about was the price, retail $55. I actually thought Intervene Pause and Effect Moistuire Lotion SPF 15 was just another version of The Visible Difference Advanced Anti Oxidant Lotion SPF 15, which they discountinued but was much cheaper and has a lemony scent. Maybe it costs so much because it has biodormin, but whatever the case i would definitely buy this product again.
Age: 25-29
Skin: Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I absolutely love this product. I have dry skin but am prone to monthly breakouts but I find that the texture is perfect for my skin- deeply moisturising yet not greasy or oily. A little goes a really long way and I find it really gives my skin a healthy glow and I haven't had any breakouts since using it (a year ago). I ran out and switched to a different facial moisturiser and my skin is paying the price- Spotty and dry. It also is great under make up. I couldn't live without it!
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text:
SOCHI, Russia (Reuters) - Teenager Yuzuru Hanyu gatecrashed Yevgeny Plushenko's Russian homecoming with a dazzling short programme that gave Japan the lead as the team event made its Olympic debut at the Sochi Games on Thursday.
Plushenko justified his controversial inclusion in the Russian team with a rousing performance to Tango de Roxanne which he opened with a high-flying quadruple toeloop-triple toeloop combination.
But at 19, Hanyu eclipsed his 31-year-old childhood idol with a flawless programme in which his jumps were higher, spins were quicker and footwork was immaculate.
His score of 97.98 was 6.59 points higher than second-placed Plushenko while Canada's Patrick Chan failed to live up to his favourite's tag after a botched triple Axel left him trailing in third.
"I was very scared to go up against Plushenko...(because) he was my hero in childhood," Hanyu said through a translator.
"That is why I was happy to skate here with him. He is one of the best skaters.
"I just wanted to put all my heart into the performance."
Chan's heart, however, seemed to be elsewhere as he failed to conquer a jump that has long been his nemesis.
Despite the mishap, the three-times world champion did not seem too disheartened as he admitted his real focus was on the men's singles event and he will get a chance to make amends next week.
"There is a lot of buzz and energy so it is sometimes difficult to control the jumps and landings," Chan told reporters .
"It (today) is like a trial run. There are many times in my career, that I went out on the ice and said 'awe, I'd like to do it again'. That is the great opportunity of this year's Olympics," added the 23-year-old, who will be substituted by team mate Kevin Reynolds in Sunday's free skate.
For Plushenko, the real challenge will be whether his ageing, aching, patched up body can last the distance during three more performances in Sochi.
Unlike rival nations, the hosts do not have the luxury of substituting Plushenko as they have only one male entrant at these Games.
"All comebacks are hard... but after 12 surgeries on my body, I can skate in my fourth Olympic Games so it is already good," said the 2006 Turin Games champion who is skating in his first global competition since picking up a silver in Vancouver four years ago.
The U.S., who are also considered medal contenders for the multi-discipline competition, are lagging behind in seventh after Jeremy Abbott had a day to forget by messing up every one of his jumps.
He fell and slammed into the boards following his opening quad, doubled a planned triple Lutz and popped his triple Axel.
It was little wonder Abbott skated off the ice holding his head in disappointment.
"I am very torn about this one honestly because I love being part of team USA. I am torn apart ... that I fell on my butt."
The team event features 10 nations and each country has one representative competing in men's singles, women's singles, pairs and ice dancing. They each perform a short programme after which the top five nations progress to perform a free skate.
Additional reporting by Alissa de Carbonnel, editing by Ed Osmond and Toby Davis


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Arsenal have missed out on the signing of Gonzalo Higuain, while Inter Milan have insisted Gunners target Mauro Icardi is not for sale.
Gunners boss Arsene Wenger is desperate to sign a new striker this summer and was heavily linked with a move for Higuain, who looked certain to be leaving Napoli.
However Wenger was unwilling to meet the asking price and Italian giants Juventus have now nipped in and signed the striker in a deal worth £75.3million.
Meanwhile, Inter sporting director Piero Ausilio is adamant the club have no plans to allow striker Icardi to leave the club this summer.
Recent reports from Italy have suggested Napoli could splash the cash on the forward to replace Higuain, while Arsenal have also been mentioned.
However Ausilio has no interest in allowing one of their prized assets to leave the Nerazzurri and has ruled out a move for the 23-year-old skipper.
He said: "For sure there have been meetings with Napoli, but we're not selling [Icardi] to Napoli, and it's not a question of money.
"There is no agreement. Inter will be keeping Icardi, as well as other players. Our ambition is to reinforce the squad and the club by keeping our top players.
"Icardi doesn't have a release clause in his contract and Inter doesn't want to sell him. It's as simple as that."


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Meet Hank's Chef
Tim Richardson, Executive Chef of Hank's Seafood Restaurant
Like many chefs, South Carolina native Tim Richardson gravitated to the kitchen as a teenager. Richardson spent several years learning the restaurant business at locally owned steak houses in Columbia, S.C., before discovering his niche at Twigs, a charming restaurant located in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Under the tutelage of Twigs Chef Ryan Brevda, Richardson honed his appreciation for preparing high quality ingredients and crafting a fine dining experience. To further refine his culinary skills, Richardson relocated in 2001 to Charleston, S.C., where he enrolled in Johnson & Wales University and began mentoring at Hank's Seafood Restaurant under founding Chef Frank McMahon. Today, Richardson's culinary talent, passion for fresh seafood, and dedication to all aspects of running a restaurant serve him well as Executive Chef of Hank's Seafood Restaurant, a role he earned after many successful years as the restaurant's Chef de Cuisine.
You can find a table online, or please call (843) 723-3474 and we will do our best to accommodate your needs.


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Route Grade Votings
Total votes cast 1
Adjacent Routes
The V-shaped groove right of the prow is wedged and wriggled. Awkward to protect without 'big guns'.
If you can jam this you must have enourmous fists, it's an offwidth
If you can fit in this you must be pretty huge. Quite a struggle as there are a lack of holds but back and footing all the way works.
First move is the horribly hard on, jamming full-bodied into the crack. Luckily above, holds appear on either side...


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Trends in smoking and lung cancer mortality in Japan, by birth cohort, 1949–2010
Ikuko Funatogawa a, Takashi Funatogawa b & Eiji Yano a
a. Department of Public Health, Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
b. Clinical Research Planning Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Company, Tokyo, Japan.
Correspondence to: Ikuko Funatogawa (e-mail: email@example.com).
(Submitted: 28 May 2012 – Revised version received: 29 December 2012 – Accepted: 11 January 2013 – Published online: 13 February 2013.)
Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2013;91:332-340. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.12.108092
Although smoking is known to cause cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and other health problems,1 almost one billion men and 250 million women in the world smoke.2 Strong evidence of a link between smoking and lung cancer has existed since 19503 and lung cancer mortality is now sometimes used as a measure of a population's past exposure to smoking.4–6 Several developed countries, including the United States of America, have experienced high rates of lung cancer mortality in males, with more than 100 deaths per 100 000 men aged 50–54 years of age.7 In Japan, however, this rate of lung cancer mortality is only seen in males in age groups 60–64 or older, even though the prevalence of smoking among Japanese men is high.8,9 Among Japanese women, age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates have increased in the absence of any increase in the prevalence of smoking.10
In general, the probability that you will die of lung cancer at any particular age7,11,12 and the probability that you will smoke are affected by when you were born (i.e. the birth cohort to which you belong).13–20 Most of those who die from lung cancer are middle-aged or elderly and die many years after they began smoking. The long time lag and differences between birth cohorts make the full impact of smoking on public health difficult to evaluate. Recent observations from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have indicated that age at initiation of smoking may have a marked impact on subsequent lung cancer mortality: the highest levels of lung-cancer-related mortality in middle and old age were observed in the birth cohorts in which more than 63% of males had begun smoking before the age of 20 years.21 Although the early initiation of smoking has been associated with increased health risks in at least two other cohort studies,22,23 the population data needed to explore this link in detail are often unavailable or, if available, have yet to be appropriately analysed.
An annual, cross-sectional nationwide survey on smoking has been conducted in Japan since 1949 by the Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation (known as Japan Tobacco Incorporated from 1985).24,25-28 However, many of the data collected during these surveys – including all of the data collected between 1949 and 1957, the age-specific data collected between 1949 and 1964, and the data on age at initiation of smoking that were collected in the 1958 survey – have never been published or analysed in the medical literature. In this study, age-specific prevalences of smoking and the percentages of people who began smoking early in life (e.g. before the age of 20 years) were evaluated, by birth cohort, using the data previously collected in nationwide surveys in Japan. The results were then related to the corresponding age-specific mortalities from lung cancer.
Lung cancer mortality
Annual data on lung cancer mortality were extracted from vital statistics collected in Japan between 1950 and 2010.7,29 The data were age-standardized using the World Health Organization's world standard population.30 For the present study, 5-year age groups in the range from 40–44 years to 80–84 years were investigated. In describing birth cohorts (in this and all other analyses), the median age for each age group was considered to be the age of all individuals in that age group. For example, all participants aged 80–84 years in 1950 were considered to be members of the 1868 birth cohort. The age-specific data on mortality cover the 1868–1968 birth cohorts.
Smoking prevalence
Each of the nationwide surveys on smoking prevalence that have been conducted annually in Japan since 1949 has followed a stratified, two-stage, random-sampling method and has included approximately 5000–32 000 members of the Japanese population aged ≥ 20 years.24,27–30 Younger individuals have not been surveyed because Japan banned smoking by individuals younger than 20 years in 1900. The details of the survey method varied with year but included face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. The data collected allowed the annual evaluation of the prevalence of smoking from 1949 to 2010, broken down by sex and by 10-year age groups from 20–29 years to 50–59 years.9,24,31 The data on smoking prevalence covered the 1897–1985 birth cohorts. Each surveyed individual was simply categorized as a smoker (even if he or she only smoked occasionally) or a non-smoker.
Age at initiation of smoking
Each individual investigated in the 1958 nationwide survey on smoking prevalence (2484 men and 2588 women) was asked at what age he or she had begun smoking. For the present study, other data on age at the initiation of smoking were collected from the questionnaires that were distributed during the National Nutrition Surveys that were run in Japan in 2003 and 2004.32–34 Each of these surveys covered approximately 5000 households, in 300 study areas, that were selected by a stratified, two-stage, random-sampling method. In these nutrition surveys, which together included 6320 males and 7108 females, age at initiation of smoking was reported by sex and 10-year age groups ranging from 20–29 years to 60–69 years. The data on age at initiation covered the 1893–1979 birth cohorts. The age of smoking initiation was unknown for 33 (0.6%) of the participants in the 1958 survey and 35 (0.3%) of the participants in the 2003–2004 survey. These 68 individuals were therefore excluded from the final analyses. The proportions of individuals who had initiated smoking by particular ages were calculated (as "cumulative smoking initiation").
Statistical analysis
For the prevalences of smoking, 3-year moving averages were calculated by age group. Changes with calendar year in both age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates and smoking prevalence were investigated. Changes with age in lung cancer mortality, smoking prevalence and initiation of smoking by certain ages were investigated for the 1925 birth cohort. The 1925 cohort (which, nationally, comprised 3.17 million men and 3.44 million women aged 40–45 years in 1967) was selected for detailed investigation because the corresponding data on both lung cancer mortality at an age of 80–85 years and prevalence of smoking at an age of 20–29 years were available and the relevant – but not exactly corresponding – data on age at initiation of smoking had also been recorded (i.e. the data on those aged 30–39 years at the time of the 1958 survey). Finally, changes with birth year, in lung cancer mortality, smoking prevalence and initiation of smoking by certain ages, were also determined. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer mortality and cumulative smoking initiation.
Similar data previously obtained in the United States were used for reference: the prevalences of cigarette smoking among the 1920–1924 birth cohorts of white men and women, as estimated using retrospective questionnaires,13 and lung cancer mortality rates in the 1920–1924 birth cohorts7 and in white men who had never smoked.35
Changes with calendar year
For both men and women, age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates increased between 1950 and 1996 and then slightly decreased between 1996 and 2010 (Fig. 1). The prevalence of smoking among men aged ≥ 20 years ranged from 74% to 85% over the three decades from 1949 but then gradually decreased, falling to 37% by 2010. The corresponding prevalences for women ranged between 10% and 20% over the six decades from 1949 and showed no clear trend, up or down, over this period.
Fig. 1. Age-standardized lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence, Japan, 1950–2010
The 1925 birth cohort
Among the males of the 1925 cohort, smoking initiation before the age of 20 years was uncommon (reported by 16% of the males; 95% CI: 13–20). Most (60%; 95% CI: 56–64) of the males in this cohort had started smoking when aged 20–25 years, and, once they had started, most of the men had smoked for at least three decades (Fig. 2). The lung cancer mortality rate first reached 100 deaths per 100 000 in males who had reached 60–64 years of age (when 104 deaths per 100 000 were recorded; 95% CI: 100–108), or about 40 years after most of the men had started smoking.
Fig. 2. Age-specific lung cancer mortality, smoking prevalence and cumulative smoking initiation (CSIa) in the 1925 birth cohort, Japan
Although few of the females of the 1925 cohort had begun smoking by the age of 30 years – only 0.1% (95% CI: 0.0–0.8) before reaching 20 years of age and only 7% (95% CI: 5–9) by the age of 29 years of age – about 16% of them began to smoke later in life. Among these females, the lung cancer mortality rate only exceeded 100 deaths per 100 000 at an age of 80–84 years of age (when 133 deaths per 100 000 were recorded; 95% CI: 128–137). In contrast, in the United States, the lung cancer mortality rate among white non-smokers was less than 100 deaths per 100 000, even at 80–84 years of age.35 Compared with their female counterparts, males in the 1925 birth cohort were 12 times more likely to have begun smoking by the time they were 29 years of age, 5 times more likely to be smokers when aged 40–49 or 50–59 years, and 1.2 times and 4 to 5 times more likely to have died from lung cancer when aged 40–44 or when older than 59 years, respectively. When compared against the reference data on men in the United States, Japanese men were less likely to have begun smoking by the age of 20 years, more likely to be smokers and less likely to die from lung cancer in middle-age or when fairly (not very) elderly. When compared against the reference data on women in the United States, Japanese women were less likely to have begun smoking by the age of 20 years, less likely to be smokers and less likely to die from lung cancer in middle age or when elderly. The rise in lung-cancer mortality with increasing age had slowed over the last few decades in the United States but not in Japan.
Changes with birth year among men
In men in each birth cohort, the prevalence of smoking was high but the initiation of smoking before the age of 20 years was relatively uncommon (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5). The prevalence of smoking exceeded 60% in at least one age group within every investigated cohort born before the early 1970s but was lower in more recent birth cohorts. In every birth cohort, fewer than 32% (all 95% CIs between 11% and 35%) of the males began smoking before the age of 20 years and fewer than 3% (all 95% CIs between 0% and 4%) began smoking when they were 14–15 years of age. Although lung cancer mortality among males generally increased over the study period, it was always relatively low given the prevalence of smoking.
Fig. 3. Lung cancer mortality among males, by birth year, Japan
Fig. 4. Smoking prevalence among males, by birth year, Japan
Fig. 5. Age at smoking initiation among males, by birth year, Japan
The men in the more recent birth cohorts showed relatively low smoking prevalences. However, they were more likely to have begun smoking at a young age (i.e. before the age of 20 years). Within most birth cohorts, particularly the more recent ones investigated, a decrease in the prevalence of smoking was seen with increasing age, probably owing to the cessation of smoking by some middle-aged men. Smoking initiation before the age of 20 years was reported by no more than 22% (all 95% CIs between 11% and 25%) of the males in the earlier birth cohorts investigated (i.e. those born by the late 1930s) but was reported by about 30% (all 95% CIs between 25% and 35%) of the men born after the mid-1940s. The effects of the recent increases in the percentage of Japanese who initiate smoking early in life remain unclear, since much of the lung cancer mortality that will occur in the more recent birth cohorts studied, especially among the elderly, has not yet occurred.
Men born in the late 1930s have shown lower lung cancer mortality rates than men born several years earlier or later. The men born in the late 1930s did have slightly lower smoking prevalences than the men born several years before or after them, were generally older when they began smoking than the males in more recent cohorts, and were more likely to have ceased smoking than the men who were born before them. As indicated in Table 1, complex changes in early initiation, age-specific smoking prevalences and lung cancer mortality rates were noted for selected years and age groups.
Table 1. Changes, with calendar year, in smoking initiation, smoking prevalence and lung-cancer mortality in Japan, 1950–2010a
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Changes with birth year among women
Smoking and the early initiation of smoking were relatively uncommon in females in each birth cohort investigated (Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8). The prevalence of smoking was less than 24% among the females in each cohort, and fewer than 12% (all 95% CIs between 0% and 13%) of the females in each cohort reported having started smoking before they were 20 years old. The lung cancer mortality rate among females increased with birth year and exceeded 100 deaths per 100 000 when the cohorts born in the 1910s reached 75–79 years of age.
Fig. 6. Lung cancer mortality among females, by birth year, Japan
Fig. 7. Smoking prevalence among females, by birth year, Japan
Fig. 8. Age at smoking initiation among females, by birth year, Japan
Some differences were seen between birth cohorts. Lung cancer mortality rates among women older than 65 years were relatively high in cohorts born in the late 1910s and early 1920s. These cohorts experienced relatively high prevalences of smoking compared with the cohorts born over the next four decades. Smoking prevalence was especially low (< 15%) among the women born in the late 1930s. Although no more than 2% (all 95% CIs between 0% and 5%) of the females born before the late 1940s started smoking before the age of 20 years, this proportion gradually increased to 11% (all 95% CIs between 9% and 14%) in the most recent birth cohorts investigated. As with male mortality, many of the lung cancer deaths likely to be seen in females in the most recent birth cohorts have yet to occur.
Japan is unusual in that national data on smoking prevalence have been collected annually, in a fairly consistent manner, for more than six decades. Such long-term data are essential in attempts to quantify the full health burden linked to smoking, since some of the adverse effects of smoking may take many years to become apparent. Lung cancer, for example, is mostly diagnosed in the middle-aged and elderly, often in individuals who have been smoking for decades.
Data on age-specific smoking prevalence have been collected since about 1950 in several countries,5,36 but most of the resultant data sets, with very few exceptions,17,20 lack the consistency and specificity needed to define birth cohorts. Although data on smoking in childhood and adolescence are especially sparse, this gap in our knowledge can be filled to some extent by the use of retrospective questionnaires that ask adult respondents to state their age when they first smoked.13–16,18–20 However, such questionnaires, which were used in the present study to estimate cumulative smoking initiation, can only be administered to survivors and their accuracy may be limited by recall bias. In Japan, retrospective questionnaires were used in several studies conducted between 1983 and 1994; the data collected in them were recently used to estimate the age-specific smoking prevalence rates among individuals born between 1900 and 1952.19
The observation that Japanese males tend to begin smoking later in life than males in the United States might explain why Japanese males have lower lung cancer mortality despite having similar or higher prevalences of smoking in adulthood. Japanese males from the 1900–1945 birth cohorts, for example, showed lower lung cancer mortality rates (> 100 deaths per 100 000 were only seen among men aged 60–64 years or older in Japan but were recorded in men 55–59 years of age or younger in the United States),7 similar or higher prevalences of smoking (> 78% in Japan but < 80% among white males in the United States)13 and rarer initiation of smoking before the age of 20 years (< 30% in Japan but > 50% among white males in the United States).13 Smoking among children and adolescents younger than 15 years is extremely rare in Japan (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5) but has been relatively common (> 10%) within the white male population of the United States for several decades13 and is even more common (> 20%) in some other countries.36 Individuals who begin to smoke before the age of 15 years appear to be at greatly increased risk of developing smoking-related illness.22,23
Since duration of smoking is functionally related to age at initiation, the separate effects of these two variables on health are unclear and difficult to distinguish. Furthermore, inter-individual variation in age at smoking initiation tends to be small within a birth cohort. This makes statistical power low and comparisons within a birth cohort difficult. If, however, age at smoking initiation differs substantially between birth cohorts, comparisons based on aggregated data that have been collected in a consistent manner can be informative.37 More comprehensive comparisons of the initiation of smoking by certain ages, smoking prevalence and lung cancer mortality among birth cohorts, both within and between countries, are needed.
When analysed by birth year, the females of the present study showed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of smoking that was gradually replaced by an increasing trend (Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8). The peaks in lung cancer mortality seen among the females born in about 1920 are associated with a relatively high prevalence of smoking in this birth cohort (compared with the values recorded for more recent cohorts) and provide support for a causal link. The increases seen over time in age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates may reflect changes, with birth year, in the prevalence of smoking – or in the initiation of smoking by certain ages – that existed many years ago and may therefore conflict with recent trends in the overall prevalence of smoking (Fig. 1). A four-stage model of cigarette consumption and subsequent mortality among men and women has been proposed and widely used.5,12,38 The model includes a three- to four-decade lag between a rise in the prevalence of smoking and a rise in smoking-attributable mortality.
Among the males of the present study, lung cancer mortality was relatively low in the cohorts born in the late 1930s, possibly as the combined result of a relatively low smoking prevalence, relatively late smoking initiation, and smoking cessation. This may explain the slight decrease recently seen in age-standardized lung cancer mortality (Fig. 1). Males in the cohorts born after the 1930s are less likely to smoke in adulthood than the males born in the 1920s but are more likely to have begun smoking before they reached 20 years of age. The full effects of these differences on mortality are currently unclear because the surviving males who were born after the 1930s have yet to become "elderly". A repeated annual survey would be useful for monitoring long-term gradual changes in the prevalence of smoking by birth cohort.39,40 Although prospective cohort studies allow individual-level inferences rather than the population-level inferences discussed here, it is often difficult to follow representative samples for long periods.
Legislation, cigarette shortages and social norms may explain some of the present findings. The Japanese government banned smoking by minors in 1900 and cigarettes were rationed in Japan around the time of the Second World War. After 1949, women were targeted in advertising produced by the Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation. In 1985, the Japanese market was opened to foreign manufacturers of cigarettes and the sales competition increased. These events may have accelerated the adoption of smoking by adolescents and young women in Japan.
The transitions seen in Japan may have some features in common with those occurring in countries nearby. In China, the prevalence of smoking among women has remained below 5% – and much lower than the corresponding value for men – for several decades.38 Smoking was a very rare habit among young Chinese women but relatively common among elderly women.41 The mean age at smoking initiation, which, for the 1927–1946 birth cohorts, was recorded as being above 20 years for males and above 25 years for females, has been falling in China.41 In a study conducted in the Republic of Korea in the 1980s, the prevalence of smoking among females was also generally low but relatively high among the elderly.42 In the same country, female lung cancer mortality rates appeared to be highest in the cohort born in the 1920s.7
In summary, lung cancer mortality has increased in Japanese men and women. However, the lung cancer mortality rates in Japanese men remain surprisingly low given the high prevalence of smoking, perhaps because Japanese males rarely begin to smoke early in life. Unfortunately, age at initiation of smoking has been decreasing in both sexes in Japan for the last four decades. Since lung cancer is generally observed in the middle-aged or elderly, the full impact of this worrying trend on lung cancer mortality has yet to be observed.
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science via a Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (80407931) awarded to IF.
Competing interests:
None declared.
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text:
First records of egg masses of Nototodarus gouldi McCoy, 1888 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), with comments on egg-mass susceptibility to damage by fisheries trawlNew Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2004, Vol. 31: 161–166
0301–4223/04/3102–0161 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2004
Z03030; Online publication date 12 May 2004 Received 24 July 2003; accepted 3 November 2003
Earth and Oceanic Sciences Research Institute
Auckland University of Technology
Private Bag 92 006
Auckland 1020, New Zealand
email: email@example.com
Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution
Massey University
Private Bag 102 904 North Shore
Auckland, New Zealand
The egg mass and embryos of the ommastrephid squid Nototodarus gouldi McCoy, 1888 are reported for the first time, their identity confirmed by mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence determination. The egg mass is a free-floating gelatinous sphere of at least 1.5 m diameter and contains an estimated several thousand randomly distributed eggs; similar egg masses recorded from north-eastern New Zealand waters of 1.0–2.0 m diameter are reported. Observed fluctuations in populations for this and other squid species may be a partial result of trawl damage to the egg masses.
INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, nine reports of large gelatinous spheres sighted off north-eastern New Zealand have been brought to our attention. Between November 2001 and March 2003, eight of these spheres ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 m diameter were reported by divers off the Poor Knights Islands (Fig. 1); a further sighting was reported from Deep Water Cove, Bay of Islands, in November of 1997 (Table 1).
In photographs, these structures bore striking resemblance to egg masses from laboratory-spawned ommastrephid squid genera Todarodes and Illex (O'Dor & Balch 1985, Bower & Sakurai 1996). Accordingly, the gelatinous spheres were tentatively identified as the egg masses of an unknown species of squid.
This paper reports the most recently observed sphere, a 1.5 m diameter mass encountered in the entrance to Rikoriko cave, Poor Knights Islands on 26 March 2003, for which excellent photographs, film, and tissue samples are available. The egg mass sample contained embryonic squid, but the embryos were too undeveloped to attribute to any recognised taxon based on morphology (mantle and funnel-lock-ing cartilages, tentacles and arm suckers were still undeveloped). The egg mass disintegrated 2 days later, resulting in the loss of all embryos. As a precautionary measure, in the event the embryos could not be hatched, five had earlier been preserved in 90% ethanol.
Egg masses have been described or their type is known for the following squid in New Zealand waters: two Sepioteuthis and three Sepioloidea species, both of which deposit and attach eggs in gelatinous clusters to the seabed; seven locally distributed enoploteuthid squid (Enoploteuthidae) and one Brachioteuthis (Brachioteuthidae) species, all of which release eggs individually into the plankton (Young & Harman 1985; Young et al. 1985); and a commercially important squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Thysanoteuthidae), for which the egg mass is described as a cylindrical structure of 0.6–0.7 m length and 0.15–0.2 m diameter (Sanzo 1929). The egg masses of the other 76 (approximate) species of squid represented in museum collections from New Zealand waters were unknown.
In the present study we have used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to identify the first-known egg mass of the commercially important ommastrephid squid genus Nototodarus, and describe the first structure of its type from New Zealand waters. Furthermore, in light of the tenuous nature of the egg mass, its size and bathymetric distribution, we take the opportunity to express concern regarding the inadvertent damage to or destruction of these spheres by trawlers passing through spawning aggregations of squid.
Fig. 1: Location map (Poor Knights Islands, Bay of Islands, north-eastern New Zealand), depicting sites where egg masses have been observed.
METHODSIn 1981, the ocean surrounding the Poor Knights Islands, off the East Coast of Northland, was established as New Zealand's second marine reserve. This reserve extends for 800 m offshore around these islands; the taking or disturbing of any marine life within the reserve is prohibited. In anticipation of summer egg-mass sightings in this region, a special permit issued under the Marine Reserves Act by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, after consultation with the Ngati Wai Trust Board, was granted. This allowed divers to collect a sample of ~50 eggs from an egg mass from within the reserve, to enable species identification (through both morphological and DNA analyses). On 26 March 2003 an egg mass of 1.5 m diameter was sighted, and a sample of ~50 eggs was removed from it. Within 10 h of collection the egg and gel matrix was transported ashore in a container of water, returned to Auckland (AUT) and placed within a fine-meshed bag suspended within a 200-litre hexagonal tank, in which the seawater was maintained at a constant temperature of 20°C. The status of the gel and O'Shea et al.—First records of Nototodarus gouldi egg masses embryonic tissues was monitored daily. Five embryos were removed from the gel matrix and preserved in 90% ethanol solution for DNA analysis.
As GenBank mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences were not available for N. gouldi, voucher tissues were sourced for comparative purposes. Only male N. gouldi, identified on grounds of hectocotylus detail (sensu Smith et al. 1987), were used for genetic comparison, as female N. gouldi and N. sloanii cannot be reliably differentiated (they are sympatric in the area from which fresh Nototodarus tissues were sourced, the Wairarapa Coast, south-eastern North Island, New Zealand; Smith et al. 1987).
DNA was subsequently purified from four of the embryos and one adult male N. gouldi using standard procedures of phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation (Sambrook et al. 1989). Mock extractions were performed at the same time to control for cross-contamination of samples. DNA yields from each sample were quantified using a Hoefer DyNA Quant 200 fluorometer. The mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene was amplified with the primers L16SAr (5¢-CGCCTGTTTATCAAAAACAT-3¢) and H-16SBr (5¢-CCGGTCTGAACTCTGAT CAT-3¢) (Piertney et al. 2003). For polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications we used 25 ml volumes using 200 ng of DNA and 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.4 mm of each primer, 200 mm of each dNTP and one unit of Taq DNA Polymerase (Roche). Thermal cycling was carried out on a Hybaid Omn-E at 94°C 10 s, 60°C 10 s, and 7°C 45 s for 30 cycles. The resulting PCR products were purified using the High Pure PCR Product Purification kit (Roche), sequenced using the PRISM® BigDye™ Terminator version 3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems), and analysed on a 3730 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems). DNA sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number AY380810.
The four sequences from the egg mass were aligned to known sequences retrieved from GenBank using Clustal w (Thompson et al. 1994) and the number of pairwise differences between all sequences were estimated using PAUP*4.0b10 (Swofford 2002).
RESULTSDNA was successfully extracted and consistently amplified from four embryos. The eggs measured approximately 2 mm in diameter and yielded 5.8–6.3 mg of total genomic DNA. The replicate egg samples all produced identical sequences. The resulting DNA sequences from the four embryos and the known N. gouldi sample were aligned to 60 squid sequences that were retrieved from the database GenBank. Using the genetic distance analysis the egg samples were unambiguously assigned to the species N. gouldi. The number of pairwise sequence differences between the egg samples and the five most closely related species were N. gouldi=0, N. hawaiiensis=16, Todarodes filippovae=18, Illex argentinus=19, Sepioteuthis australis=25, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis=31.
DISCUSSIONTwo species of Nototodarus live in New Zealand waters: N. gouldi and N. sloanii. Although tissues of N. sloanii could not be procured in time for inclusion in this analysis, because it is the southernmost of the two species found in New Zealand waters it is not possible that N. sloanii released the large egg spheres herein reported from northeastern New Zealand. It is excluded from comparison on biogeographic grounds.
Mattlin et al. (1985) suggest that Nototodarus spawns in the upper 100 m of the water column (Uozumi et al. 1995), a theory herein supported, in part, by the identification of N. gouldi egg masses in the upper 10–30 m.
McGrath & Jackson (2002) estimated mature female N. gouldi oviduct-egg counts in the range 2176–82 395 and concluded that this squid releases eggs in series of small clutches, rather than in one terminal spawning event. Although the density of eggs in the egg mass here reported could not be accurately determined, we estimated that it contained at least several thousand eggs. This low estimate lends support to McGrath & Jackson's suggestion that N. gouldi does in fact spawn more than once. However, for N. gouldi to spawn several times it must also mate several times. Balch et al. (1985) reported relative fertilisation rates for eggs spawned by a captive Illex illecebrosus (Ommastrephidae), as 15% for the first of two masses, to < 1% for the second. The reduced success for the second mass was attributed to sperm depletion, because most spermatophores were discharged to fertilise the first mass. Although Bower & Sakurai (1996) report laboratory-spawned egg masses of Todarodes pacificus with fertilisation rates of 90–95%, these females died immediately after spawning, with 93 000–110,000 eggs remaining in their oviducts.
Given the known range of intraspecific variation in egg mass diameter described for ommastrephid squid (Illex illecebrosus 0.4–1.0 m (Balch et al. 1985), Todarodes pacificus 0.4–0.8 m (Bower & Sakurai 1996)), it is possible that the nine spheres reported from north-eastern New Zealand waters all belonged to N. gouldi. If so the species must spawn off north-eastern New Zealand from late November to early April. Since the egg masses of the 75 other species of squid (excluding N. gouldi and the aforementioned taxa) are unknown, it is not clear whether or not these egg masses are truly conspecific.
Uozumi & Förch (1995) determined that most larval N. gouldi in central and southern New Zealand waters were hatched during the months of April and June. Artificially fertilised Illex argentinus eggs hatched in 5–16 days (Sakai et al. 1998), and those of I. illecebrosus hatched 6–16 days post-spawning (Durward et al. 1980; O'Dor et al. 1982). Temperature determined the rate of embryonic development in both species. Eggs of the confamilial Todarodes pacificus hatched in 4–6 days (Bower & Sakurai 1996), and 7 days (Watanabe et al. 1996). If embryos of N. gouldi develop at comparable rates, then the egg-mass life span is short and paralarval squid should start appearing in the water column in December, extending through until mid April. These estimated hatching dates are considerably earlier than those proposed for this species from central and southern New Zealand waters (Uozumi & Förch 1995), indicating that N. gouldi has a separate sum-mer-spawning population in waters off and north of the Poor Knights Islands.
CONSERVATIONDevelopment of eggs isolated from the egg mass gel in Illex illecebrosus has been described as abnormal, compared with those developing within intact egg masses (Balch et al. 1985). Collision with a trawl, or retention of the egg mass in the net itself, may destroy the structural integrity of the mass and viability of developing embryos and/or expose thousands of fragmented embryos to predation by fish and planktonic organisms. After the outer surface of the N. gouldi egg mass reported here was cut for sample collection, video footage revealed near-instantaneous predation on the inner gel and egg matrix by reef fish. Moreover, crustaceans, protozoans, and bacteria rapidly infested the egg mass once its outer layer was damaged (Bower & Sakurai 1996).
Since Nototodarus species are locally caught by both jig and trawl (Uozumi & Förch 1995), it is likely that any trawl fishery targeting spawning aggregations will inadvertently damage or destroy any egg masses present, killing the developing embryos. This impact on the earliest stages of the life cycle could be a contributing factor to fluctuating squid populations, both in New Zealand waters and on an international scale. Serious consideration should be given to introducing regulations that would limit fishing activity amid spawning squid aggregations solely to jigging techniques.
We thank Keith Hawkins (Department of Conservation), Wade Doak, Glenn Edney, Tony and Jenny Enderby, Phil Endle, Peter Mesley, Ross Armstrong, and many other divers who contributed their time and resources to look for egg masses and respond to queries on Wade Doak's website, www.wadedoak.com. We are particularly grateful to Glenn Edney and Pete Mesley for the retention of a sample of one of these egg masses, without which this contribution would not have been possible. We are also grateful to Martin Cryer from the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand, for procuring fresh voucher specimens of Nototodarus gouldi; and Bruce Marshall, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Carolyn King, University of Waikato, and one anonymous reviewer for their valued critique of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Auckland University of Technology, Massey University, and the Discovery Channel (USA).
Balch, N.; O'Dor, R. K.; Helm, P. 1985: Laboratory rearing of rhynchoteuthions of the ommastrephid squid Illex illecebrosus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie et Milieu 35(3/4): 243–246.
Bower, J. R.; Sakurai, Y. 1996: Laboratory observations on Todarodes pacificus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) egg masses. American Malacological Bulletin 13(1–2): 65–71.
Durward, R. D.; Vessey, E.; O'Dor, R. K.; Amaratunga, T. 1980: Reproduction in the squid, Illex illecebrosus: first observations in captivity and implications for the life cycle. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Selected Papers 6: 7–13.
Mattlin, R. H.; Scheibling, R. E.; Förch, E. C. 1985: Distribution, abundance and size structure of arrow squid (Nototodarus sp.) off New Zealand. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Council Studies 9: 39–45.
McGrath, B. L.; Jackson, G. D. 2002: Egg production in the arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), fast and furious or slow and steady? Marine Biology 141: 699–706.
O'Dor, R. K.; Balch, N. 1985: Properties of Illex illecebrosus egg masses potentially influencing larval oceanographic distribution. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Council Studies 9: 69–76.
O'Dor, R. K.; Balch, N.; Foy, E. A.; Hirtle, R. W. M.; Johnston, D. A.; Amaratunga, T. 1982: Embryonic development of the squid, Illex illecebrosus, and effect of temperature on developmental rates. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 3(1): 41–45.
Piertney, S. B.; Hudelot, C.; Hochberg, F. G.; Collins, M. A. 2003: Phylogenetic relationships among cirrateoctopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27: 348– 353.
Sakai, M.; Brunetti, N. E.; Elena, B.; Sakurai, Y. 1998: Embryonic development and hatchlings of Illex argentinus derived from artificial fertilization. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 255–265.
Sambrook, J.; Fritsch, E. F.; Maniatus, T. 1989: Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Sanzo, L. 1929: Nidamento pelagico, uova e larve di Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel. Memorie Reale Comitato Talassografico Italiano 161: 1–10. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2004, Vol. 31
Smith, P. J.; Mattlin, R. H.; Roeleveld, M. A.; Okutani, T. 1987: Arrow squids of the genus Nototodarus in New Zealand waters: systematics, biology, and fisheries. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 21: 315–326.
Swofford, D. L. 2002: PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) version 4.0b10. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates.
Thompson, J. D.; Higgins, D. G.; Gibson, T. J. 1994: CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673–4680.
Uozumi, Y.; Förch, E. C. 1995: Distribution of juvenile arrow squids Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii(Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in New Zealand waters. Fisheries Science 61(4): 566–573.
Uozumi, Y.; Koshida, S.; Kotoda, S. 1995: Maturation of arrow squids Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii with age in New Zealand waters. Fisheries Science 61(4): 559–565.
Watanabe, K.; Sakurai, Y.; Segawa, S.; Okutani, T. 1996: Development of the ommastrephid squid Todarodes pacificus, from fertilized egg through to rhynchoteuthion paralarva. American Malacological Bulletin 13(1–2): 73–88.
Young, R. E.; Harman, R. F. 1985: Early life history stages of enoploteuthin squids (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea: Enoploteuthidae) from Hawaiian waters. Vie et Milieu 35(3/4): 181–201.
Young, R. E.; Harman, R. F.; Mangold, K. M. 1985: The eggs and larvae of Brachioteuthissp. (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) from Hawaiian waters. Vie et Milieu 35(3/4): 203–209.
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- Jul 17, 2016
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Spectroscopic Tissue Diagnosis
The interaction of light with tissue has been used to recognize diseases. The modern advancements of small light sources, detectors, and fiber optic probes offer opportunities to quantitatively determine these interactions, which yield information for diagnosis at the biochemical, structural, or physiological levels within tissues. Nevertheless, because of the strong scattering properties of tissues, the reemitted optical signal is often influenced by changes in biochemistry, as detected by these spectroscopic approaches, and by physiological and pathophysiological changes in tissue scattering. Major challenge of biomedical optics is to separate the signals influenced by biochemistry, which themselves provide specificity for identifying diseased states, from those influenced by tissue scattering, which are typically unspecific to a pathology. In LBRC, we study optical interactions pursued for biomedical applications and then provide an eloquent framework for light interaction based upon tissue absorption and scattering properties.


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Companies from Volkswagen to Mitsubishi are determined not to miss out on the electric vehicle (EV) rush, and now Sweden's Volvo is ramping up its electric mobility efforts. This week the Swedish automobile manufacturer (recently sold by Ford to a Chinese consortium) announced a strategic partnership with Siemens to work on the development of electrical drive technology, charging technology, and battery management–all with the goal to integrate those systems into Volvo's line of C30 electronic cars.
The companies' joint plan starts with testing the Volvo cars running on Siemens' electric motors by the end of the year. At the end of 2012, Volvo will send Siemens a fleet of 200 cars to Siemens, which will optimize the charging systems before the models are released.
Both companies win from this partnership. For Volvo, which has already tested cars and trucks using alternative fuels, its work with Siemens enhances the car manufacturer's EV and plug-in models. Volvo has started a pilot production of its C30 electric car this year, and plans to release the V60, a plug-in, in 2012. Meanwhile Siemens adds to its portfolio of EV battery technology, from charging stations to rechargeable vehicle batteries.
Such partnerships to push the envelope in improving electric vehicle technology are on the upswing. GM and LG announced a working agreement last week, and just a few days before that, Toyota and Ford agreed to collaborate on hybrid systems for pick-up trucks and SUVs.
Siemens describes its electric motors for Volvo as having a modular design and very compact. In carspeak, the batteries now have a peak power output of 108 kilowatts and a maximum torque of 220 Newton meters. Siemens position as a global software and automation technology should help the company reduce the costs of vehicle and battery production, which will only help gain EVs acceptance by consumers.
The companies R&D will not stop with EVs and battery technology. Siemens claims it will continue to work on hydrogen fuel cell technology, with a goal to process excess energy from alternative power generation into "green" hydrogen. That energy has the potential for use in industrial purposes, automotive fuel cells, and battery powered cars.
However this partnership unfolds, the recent news from Volvo, Siemens, and other companies should have EV enthusiasts excited. Watch for even more announcements in the coming months–all of which were unimaginable just a few years ago.
Leon Kaye is a consultant, writer, and editor of GreenGoPost.com and also contributes to The Guardian Sustainable Business; you can follow him on Twitter. He lives in Silicon Valley.


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By Marjorie Woodfin
Pilot staff writer
Dennis and Susan Brown, with help from Ken Roberts, are working feverishly to meet their estimated opening date for Brookings newest gallery, Pieces of Time. The Browns, who opened their Pieces of Time Gallery in Gold Beach in 2006, have been so successful that they decided to expand into Brookings.
Their target date for the opening is the first week in December. andquot;We want to be open for the December Second Saturday Art Walk,andquot; Susan said. andquot;We'll be adding equipment as it comes in,andquot; she added.
The Browns, who came to Gold Beach from Tonopah, Nev., have had 20 years experience in art gallery and related businesses, including art displays in all media, photography, outdoor art, custom matting and framing, digital transfer, media cards, CDs, and any kind of reprints. andquot;And, we're doing a lot of work on slide show presentations, as well as portraits,andquot; Dennis said.
Roberts, who has worked a lot with photography and has management experience in the San Francisco Bay area, will be managing the Brookings gallery. He said he is looking forward to working with the wide variety of arts in the gallery. andquot;I was looking for something a little more creative,andquot; he said about responding to an ad for this new career.
Susan said, andquot;We're taking over the downstairs, too, and will be doing a lot of online auction trading assistance down there. It's been very successful in Gold Beach, but we're running out of room.andquot;
Indicating their dedication to having the gallery ready by early December, the trio continued to prepare the wall panels for installation as they talked.
The new gallery is located at 509 Chetco Ave., next door to the Curry Coastal Pilot. The telephone number is (541) 469-7900. For information, visit http://www.goldbeachcreations.com.


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anyone here do this in your gigs?? have you got "the knack"?!
in my duo my partner is really skilled at this. we ask people up they name a tune. he figures out a key with them and then they start singing and he nails it nearly every time... and i dont mean Bad Moon Rising or tunes like that... this can be jazz standards, or some of those old 60's hits where the chords go everywhere. for example remember that one "youre just too good to be true, cant take my eyes off of you".. really tough asks when your working on the fly..
trouble is, hes not a great teacher! i know i'll never nail it like he has it, but i ask him for a few tips or tricks and he just says "i dont know what i do i just do it"... but im sure theres got to be some pointers that can help. i would consider myself as having a pretty good musical ear, can drop in on harmonies etc. but where i think i fall down with this is knowing the guitar inside out.. i.e. hearing a note in my head and immediately just "going there" on the guitar.
anyone know of any good online youtube lessons or excercises to help improve on it?
its a fantastic skill,, dont you think?!


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KSAM 101.7 / Jake Donellan
by Larry Crippen on May 23, 2012
Texas Forest Service staff forester Jake Donellan tells us that because we're coming up on the Memorial Day holiday weekend a lot of people will be outdoors to celebrate . . . .
Posted in Local News, News
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Candy buffets, candy bars, or candy stations. Whatever you decide to call it, it is here to stay for awhile. Here are some tips and important information to keep in mind when designing your candy buffet.
1. Find out from your wedding venue if you're allowed to bring in your own candy. Some venues have very strict rules about bringing in outside food including candy. If not, ask them for an alternative solution.
2. Decide on a color scheme.
3. Purchase about 10 – 15 jars, containers, and even trays in varying sizes, heights, and shapes. Purchasing extra is a great back up plan in case one breaks before your wedding.
4. Purchase blocks/props/risers to use to raise certain containers or jars so that they are not all at one level. It really makes the presentation look professionally done. Your venue may be able to assist you with this.
5. Purchase at least 10 – 15 pounds of candy in varying textures, flavors, shapes, and sizes for each container. Remember that you're purchasing extra candy for the aesthetics of the buffet.
6. Create (or purchase on a site like Etsy) tags/labels for each candy. Not only does it add a nice special touch but it will help with any nut allergies or prevent your guests from biting into one candy and expecting another.
7. Purchase or create bags/containers for your guests to fill up with candy. Personalize the bags or purchase personalized stickers to seal the bags.
8. Don't forget the scoops and tongs!
9. Decorate! Use floral arrangements, family photos, framed poems, etc. Anything to dress up the table, show your guests who you are, and make a statement is important to incorporate into the design.
10. Where will your candy display go? If you're using a standard banquet 6′ table, think about a pretty specialty linen. Or have an ultra cool ice table designed or unique table built by an event design company!
11. Decide on who will set up, breakdown, and clean. This is where a wedding consultant would be useful because you shouldn't be covered in candy on your wedding day!
Don't like candy? Take this information and create a popcorn buffet, brownie and cookie display, marshmallow buffet, cupcake bar, fudge bar, churro station, potato/tortilla chip station, etc.
Photo by Sheer Elegance Photography
If you enjoyed this post, we'd love to read your comment! Also, please consider subscribing to the feed or receiving our articles in your email!
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Acetaminophen / hydrocodone Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Acetaminophen / hydrocodone is also known as: Anexsia, Co-Gesic, Dolacet, Dolagesic, Duocet, Duradyne DHC, Hycet, Hydrocet, Hydrogesic, Lorcet, Lorcet 10/650, Lorcet Plus, Lortab, Maxidone, Norco, Stagesic, Theracodophen Low 90, Verdrocet, Vicodin, Vicodin ES, Vicodin HP, Xodol, Zamicet, Zolvit, Zydone
Acetaminophen / hydrocodone Pregnancy Warnings
FDA pregnancy category: C Acetaminophen-hydrocodone should only be given during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.
Babies born to mothers who have been taking opioids regularly prior to delivery will be physically dependent. Withdrawal signs include irritability and excessive crying, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, increased respiratory rate, increased stools, sneezing, yawning, vomiting, and fever. FDA pregnancy category C: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Acetaminophen / hydrocodone Breastfeeding Warnings
A decision should be made to discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Excreted into human milk: Yes (acetaminophen and hydrocodone) Excreted into animal milk: Yes (acetaminophen and hydrocodone) There have been reports of rash, drowsiness, limpness, and lethargy in breastfed infants of mothers taking acetaminophen-hydrocodone.
References for pregnancy information
- Rudolph AM "Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn." Arch Intern Med 141 (1981): 358-63
- Rementeria JL, Nunag NN "Narcotic withdrawal in pregnancy: stillbirth incidence with a case report." Am J Obstet Gynecol 116 (1973): 1152-6
- Levy G, Garrettson LK, Soda DM "Evidence of placental transfer of acetaminophen." Pediatrics 55 (1975): 895
- Zelson C, Lee SJ, Casalino M "Neonatal narcotic addiction: comparative effects of maternal intake of heroin and methadone." N Engl J Med 289 (1973): 1216-20
References for breastfeeding information
- Matheson I, Lunde PK, Notarianni L "Infant rash caused by paracetamol in breast milk." Pediatrics 76 (1985): 651-2
- Anderson PO "Drug use during breast-feeding." Clin Pharm 10 (1991): 594-623
- Roberts RJ, Blumer JL, Gorman RL, et al "American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk." Pediatrics 84 (1989): 924-36
- Findlay JW, DeAngelis RL, Kearney MF, et al "Analgesic drugs in breast milk and plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 29 (1981): 625-33
See Also...
Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Wolters Kluwer Health and Drugs.com is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. In addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. This material does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. This drug information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill , knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. The absence of a warning for a given drug or combination thereof in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for any given patient. Multum Information Services, Inc. does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. Copyright 2000-2008 Multum Information Services, Inc. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.


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Natori Cool Full Fit Soft Cup Bra 139056
This product was discontinued November, 2014 and is no longer available. Please consider one of the Customer-Recommended Replacements above, or try a new search.
Experience cool comfort with full coverage in this wire-free, contour cup bra. Features FlyCool fabric and a special yarn made for instant cooling sensation.
Try these keyword searches with similar features:


text: What does "top" show? --- reg dwf com wrote: > I have a machine here that has 4GB of memory. > > I put Fedora2 Test1 on it, and found that 'free' only shows > 2.8GB of memory. > > I also found that while the 2.4.x kernel told you how much > memory it was seeing as it booted, that the 2.6.x kernel > doesn't, so I don't have a cross check on 'free'. > > I rebuilt the 2.6.x kernel, turning the 16GB flag to 4GB, > but got essentially the same result (2.8GB) from 'free'. > > So, whats up? > Is Fedora REALLY only seeing (and using) 2.8GB? > Is this some sort of weird round off error because of 32 bits? > Is there some OTHER program out there that also reports the amount > of CPU memory, and that might calm my fears that Fedora isnt/cant > see all of my memory? > > What to do? > > > -- > Reg.Clemens > reg dwf com > > > > -- > fedora-test-list mailing list > fedora-test-list redhat com > To unsubscribe: > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-test-list


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The 2014 amfAR gala kicked off New York Fashion Week, and Lily Aldridge gets our vote for best dressed! The supermodel stunned in a white, off-the-shoulder gown that we can't look away from. The night was full of models, including Karolina Kurkova, Chanel Iman, and Jessica Hart — watch to see all their gorgeous gowns!
On Allison: Sachin + Babi jacket, Otte top, Zara skirt


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Power supply for electric car charging. Electric cars charging station. Power supply plugged into an electric car being charged.
Eric Lai answers readers' auto questions every week for Wheels.
Q: I live in Collingwood but briefly sublet a condo in Toronto to take a course. My car would be left parked in the building for the duration.
Unfortunately, I parked in the wrong place. There's a #76 spot on each underground level. I mistakenly reasoned that mine would be #476 since it's on level 4.
The owner called police despite the concierge offering him indoor parking until they figured out who was parked in his spot and I was ticketed three times before being towed.
Five days later, a towing company mailed my Collingwood address telling me to pick up the car.
Another eight days later, I opened that letter and another from Toronto Police saying the same thing. If a friend hadn't forwarded my mail, I wouldn't have known about this for months.
Impound fees were $393, plus three tickets on my car totaling $90, for which I will head to trial.
Should I take the tow company to small claims court? I feel they should have phoned me knowing that I live in Collingwood but my car was in Toronto. And, why did it take five days to notify me by mail?
A: Toronto litigation lawyer Greg Chang (www.bcbarristeres.com) replies:
If the reader provides her explanation in court for the tickets, the Justice might possibly reduce her overall fine.
As for the tow company, disputing the $393 charge may be difficult. Here, the reader is asking why they didn't call her, and why they waited five days before sending a letter.
Would the tow truck company have the reader's telephone number? Her address was likely obtained via MTO search, which, as far as I know, doesn't include phone numbers.
The tow company isn't necessarily obligated to search the phone book or Internet for the reader's telephone number – which might be viewed as a violation of privacy – and their pro forma ("done as a formality") warning letter seems reasonable.
The five-day delay between towing her vehicle and sending a letter to her Collingwood address doesn't seem unreasonable. The vehicle plate search may have taken a day or two. Administratively, sending out the letter would take another business day. (The car was taken on a Wednesday and the warning letter sent the following Monday.)
Based on the facts she provided, the reader may wish to avoid the time and expense of a small claims action against the tow company, given that it's not a clear case of negligence or breach on their part.
Eric Lai adds:
Sorry, but this reader seems to be the author of her own misfortune by not checking with the concierge if unsure about the proper parking location. The actions of all others involved appear lawful and reasonable.


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2012-07-31 13:25:52 by Erica Smith - Patient Family, as posted on the inside.akronchildrens.org blog.
Bernie and Maddie have been visiting with my 2-year-old daughter, Gia, since she was diagnosed with a type of cancer called Embryonic Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma in November 2011.
We first met them that month while staying over for Gia's first inpatient chemotherapy. Gia loved taking Maddie for a walk around the halls of floor 5.
Maddie is one of Gia's favorite dogs. My mom, Gia's "Mimi", laminates the photo cards of the dogs and Gia carries them around. These dogs are some of Gia's very special friends.
Maddie has a special place with us since she was the first dog visit we had. Gia will have chemotherapy through the end of November and we will be looking for our doggie friends!
Have you been touched by our Doggie Brigade? We'd love to hear your story, or you can comment on this post.
Post or read comments about this story on inside.akronchildrens.org >>
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By John Sweeney
Republican 7th Congressional candidate Tom Rice says government is preventing American businesses from thriving and told business people in the Pee Dee he'd work to change that.
The current chairman of the Horry County Council and GOP nominee for the newly created congressional district toured the Pee Dee on Monday, including a stop at Nucor Bar Mill Group where he went on a tour of the companies Darlington facilities and discussed what concerns face management there.
Rice learned about the steel making process up close and stopped to speak with employees amid the sparks, flame and ash of the plant.
Vice President and general manager K. Rex Query concurred with Rice's economic message, telling the candidate that over burdening regulations from at federal level have prevented Nucor from achieving the economic growth they would like.
"It's not about creating an environment conducive with creating success," Query said of current government policy. "We've got to create an environment that is conducive for jobs to be created."
While Query and others said the company has lagged in production, Nucor has made progress over the past several years. Management said the Darlington location has not laid off a single employee since the 2008 financial crisis and announced in February the expanding of its bar steel manufacturing operations.
But executives said they are experiencing a growing problem with trade regulations, specifically in regards to their Chinese competitors.
Members of the Darlington management team said China continues to manipulate it currency, making Chinese products appear cheaper than American made, giving the Asian power an unfair advantage in the global market place.
Query, and others, told Rice such practices were violations of international free trade agreements but that the federal government seems unwilling to act, resulting in economic hardship for companies like Nucor.
"We're ceding our (economic) place in the world," Query said.
That's a comment Rice said he's hearing from businessmen and women across the newly formed Congressional district.
"It's gotten insane, to the point where we force people to move their jobs overseas. We force them and then we're surprised when they do. We run the cost up so high in terms of regulations and taxes that they have to go overseas and then we complain that they've outsourced. It's insane," Rice said.
Monday's visit to Nucor wasn't just about promoting the local GOP campaign, but also that of presidential nominee Mitt Romney. Rice told one group of Nucor workers at the end of the tour to "think Rice and Romney" come November, saying President Barack Obama and many members of Congress have failed to lead on the important issues of the day.
"I think we suffer from a huge lack of leadership," Rice said. "When you see people arguing over whether or not we should have a nationwide tax cut for three months versus one year, you know things have gotten kind of out of hand."
Query joked with Rice after the congressional hopeful spoke with a small group in the company's break room, saying while he was saying all the right things the company would hold Rice to his word if he makes it to Washington, D.C.
"You're a part of the team now," Query said. "We won't lay you off if you help the team."
Rice also made stops in Florence on Monday at the Florence Rotary Club and for a meet and greet in Lamar.


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Can a marriage recover after an infidelity?
What counts as infidelity?
Any break of trust between two people when a third person enters the relationship is an infidelity. Classically this occurs as a sexual liaison, but it is increasingly being interpreted either as a psychological or emotional dependence on a third party which appears to threaten a partnership.
Does it matter if it's a one-off or a longer affair?
A sense of betrayal is a sense of betrayal whether it's triggered by a one-night stand or a serious affair. But we generally find a longer affair harder to forgive. What is important to understand is the psychological mechanisms that will accompany any breakdown of trust between two loving people; where ancient and primitive "ego defences" will be activated on both sides. (Our…


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[help]can amaroK play ape
it seems amaroK can't play ape? is there any way to work it out?
I am assuming you have gstreamer installed.
Gstreamer offers a plugin to use ape then just use the gstreamer engine with amarok
and in theory it should play it.
link to plugins/modules : http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/modules/
i will have a try ,thx anyway
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 03:05 AM.


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José Manuel BARROSO, President of the EC, attends the United Nations General Assembly in New York:
- participation to the High-LevelSIDS (Small Island Developing States) breakfast event, on 25 September 2013, in the margins of the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
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