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This paper was written as part of the 2005 Alaska Ocean Sciences Bowl high school competition. The conclusions in this report are solely those of the student authors.
The Effects of Sedimentation on Skilak Lake Due to Glacial Melting
Table of Contents
No place on earth is untouched by the effects of global warming. However, the Arctic and Alaska in particular are hit hardest. As the northernmost state and part of the arctic region, Alaska best exhibits the detrimental consequences of global warming. Global warming poses a threat to the state's environment as well as economy. Environmentally, the rising temperatures cause wildfires, thawing permafrost, thinning sea ice, glacial melting, and increased spruce bark beetle infestation.
Our main focus is to uncover the cause and effects of glacial melting, specifically Skilak Glacier, in Alaska. The Skilak Glacier flows into Skilak Lake, where many juvenile salmon feed. The main food source of these fry is phytoplankton, and over-sedimentation jeopardizes their energy source by blocking sunlight.
We propose four solutions to this problem; two of which must be globally implemented, and two on a local level. On a broad scale, we plan to educate the public about global warming, and convince political powers to agree to the Kyoto Protocol. Locally, we suggest the installation of still ponds and/or silt fences in Skilak Lake and the streams that feed it. These proposals must be applied correctly for them to be successful.
Kenai Peninsula
The Kenai Peninsula Borough was founded in 1964. Spanning over 16,000 square miles, the Kenai Peninsula is the size of New Jersey and Massachusetts combined (Kenai Peninsula Borough, 2004). The population on the peninsula is 47,000 (Peninsula Wide Statistics and Data).Located in south central Alaska, it is encompassed by several hundred miles of shoreline, with Prince William Sound to the east and Cook Inlet to the west.
Major industries include offshore oil engineering and refinery, tourism, and commercial fishing and processing. Being the largest fishing industry, the salmon fishery has the greatest impact on the Kenai Peninsula's economy (Brown et al, 2004). In 2002, the total number of commercial fishing licenses issued numbered about 16,641 (Summary of Permit and Harvest Statistics, 2003). The well being of the marine environment is crucial to the Kenai Peninsula's economy.
Most sport fishing on the peninsula takes place on the Russian and Kenai Rivers and in the Cook Inlet. The Kenai River flows through the peninsula for 82 miles. It runs 17 miles from Kenai Lake, through Skilak Lake, and fifty more miles to its outlet in the Cook Inlet (Kenai River Facts, 2003).
Skilak Lake lies in the middle of the Kenai River, separating the Upper Kenai River from the Lower Kenai. It is one of the largest glacial lakes in the Kenai River system, second only to Kenai Lake. It has a surface area of roughly 100 km2 and an average depth of 73 m, although its maximum depth is 160 m (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003). Many salmon species spawn here, and leave their eggs to hatch. This developmental time during the salmon life cycle is vital. The juvenile salmon, or fry, live in Skilak Lake for the first part of their lives until they are strong enough to begin swimming down river to the sea (UW Salmon Emergence/Freshwater Rearing).
Skilak Lake
There are many species of fish living in Skilak Lake. The salmonids include Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, pink salmon, and sockeye salmon. Other fish include Whitefish, Lake Trout, Rainbow Trout, Dolly Varden, Sticklebacks, and Lampreys.
There are two dominant species of copepod zooplankton residing in the lake. Cyclops columbianus, the most common, composed 53% to 88% of the average copepod biomass from 1986 to 2002. The copepod biomass has continued to decrease since its peak in 1993, and is currently about 450 mg m-2 (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
The other major plankton is Diaptomus pribilofensis. They are usually a source of food for fish only when C. columbianus does not have a sufficient population. Although the biomass of both C. columbianus and general copepods has decreased significantly over recent years, Diaptomus has maintained a relatively stable biomass (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
Combined with Kenai Lake, Skilak Lake is the most important sockeye salmon nursery in the Kenai River system. Skilak Lake contributes 90% of the sockeye fry produced by both lakes, and turns out the most salmon of any nursery in the upper Cook Inlet. The annual fish return to the Kenai River in recent years averages 600,000 with the increased return due to larger salmon runs, fishery closures due to oil spills, and changing management objectives (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
Skilak Glacier feeds into eastern Skilak Lake and is the major source of turbidity in the lake. This turbidity has recently increased with glacial melting, causing a decrease in the euphotic zone depth. These trends are consistent with rising air temperatures due to global warming because of increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gasses (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
Global Warming
The effects of global warming are becoming more evident each year. Many countries are noticing environmental changes that effect all other aspects of their lives, and there are few governments that are not beginning to consider solutions to the problem. There are many theories regarding the cause of global warming, several of which have been rejected by our country's government due to infeasibility.
There are many apparent effects of global warming on the earth, but a few are becoming increasingly evident to researchers. The top five contributors to global warming are energy use and production (57%), chlorofluorocarbons (17%), agricultural practices (14%), changes in land use (9%), and other industrial activities (3%) (Frommers Alaska). The idea of global warming involves a theory called the "greenhouse effect". In essence, the earth's atmosphere acts like a greenhouse, allowing heat radiation in but trapping it when reflected. The greenhouse effect involves the increase in greenhouse gases as well as the loss of the current existing buffer called the ozone layer. Greenhouse gases are large molecules (often carbon based) that rise into the atmosphere and become part of it. This increased molecular content in the atmosphere creates a blanket that traps heat against Earth's surface. Some heat is reflected back to space, some is absorbed, and some is trapped by the atmosphere and clouds. The ozone layer consists of O3 molecules. These are produced by extreme radiation in the upper atmosphere. It fuses an O2 molecule with lone oxygen molecules. These O3 molecules help protect us from extra radiation produced by the sun (Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Cambridge University).
Sources of Global Warming
Of all the theories concerning the major source of global warming, the most widely accepted is that of carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. The theory states that the recent increase in temperature around the world is directly related to carbon dioxide levels in the earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is listed as one of the greenhouse gases that are contributing to global warming. It is a byproduct of combustion reactions, which are the result of hydrocarbon's reaction with oxygen when stimulated by a catalyst. When the hydrocarbon burns in the exothermic reaction, it releases a large amount of energy and becomes inert. Its remaining products are CO2 and H2O.
Most hydrocarbons are produced by organic means. Organic matter is heated and altered in the Earth's crust and forms products such as crude oil and natural gas. Hydrocarbons are also produced directly by organisms. A far less common but apparent producer of hydrocarbons is when electrons are added to primordial carbon deep within the earth's crust (University of Florida, Science Dep.). Hydrocarbons are used in tremendous proportions today. They can be found burning everyday in millions of homes in the form of propane. Hydrocarbon's most common use in people's lives is car fuel. An estimated 539 million cars are on streets around the world. On average, each car produces an estimated 2000 kg of carbon dioxide every year (www.worldwatch.org). That would put the estimated total amount of CO2 produced per year in the trillions of kilograms from cars alone. That doesn't include factories, power plants, etc. Even a home computer, operating 4 hours a week produces 45 kg a year (based on power required to operate a computer and fuel required to provide power) (www.worldwatch.org).
Other sources of greenhouse gases include volcanic activity, methane from various sources, and wildfires. Although some of these sources are uncontrollable by man, they should be mentioned as potential additives to the effect of global warming. After each volcanic eruption, tons of ash containing factorable particles is thrown in to the air. One theory behind methane production is that it originates from organic material. This theory is known as the "subduction-accretion complex". Just like oil and natural gas, the dead bodies of organisms and organic material are deposited into the ocean via rivers. When it settles on the ocean floor it is incorporated into the upper layer of crust. During continental movements, the oceanic crust slides under the continental one and the organic material is buried. Once it has reached a high enough temperature (150°C), it changes into methane and other various hydrocarbons. When released, the methane bubbles to the surface and makes its way into the atmosphere (Nature Vol. 419, 2002). Another source of methane is humans. Landfills and sewers produce huge amounts of methane every year. Despite the fact that methane-produced greenhouse gases are small scale in comparison to CO2, they are much easier to control (March 2004 ed. Scientific American). Wildfires not only destroy one of our great CO2 consumers, but also release more CO2 by burning large quantities of wood. The wildfires have an exponential effect as well. The more they burn, the warmer and drier it gets, and so the rate of fires increases again (Nature Vol. 425, 2003).
Besides adding chemicals and harmful molecules to the air, we are also destroying natural sources for CO2 reduction. Wildfires aren't the only thing destroying the world's forests; deforestation is another example of the destruction of one of Earth's great CO2 consumers. One acre of forest consumes approximately 19,000 pounds of carbon dioxide per year, and there are 640 acres per square mile, so there is about 12,160,000 pounds consumed per square mile. Processing follows the clearing and removal of wood. In order to process wood, it must go through factories that produce even more carbon dioxide. Some wood is used simply as firewood, adding more CO2 to our environment (www.worldwatch.org).
Ozone depletion is ranked second as a contributor to global warming. As previously stated, the ozone layer exists as a buffer between the earth and solar radiation from the sun. There are several manmade products that can break down the ozone. Some of the worst are known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). At an atmospheric pressure of one, like that of our environment, these products are non-toxic and relatively harmless, but once they reach the upper atmosphere they can have dire consequences. Ironically, the ozone is just the opposite; it's quite poisonous at our atmospheric level. When the CFCs reach the upper atmosphere, they are broken up into their base elements, which are chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. The chlorine atoms are used to break up the O 3 molecules. This destruction is a direct problem for people because the risk of skin cancer is increased in places with more sun exposure. The increased radiation also means extra heat getting to the earth's surface and being absorbed, trapped, or reflected. Thus, the long-term effect for the human population becomes more global warming (March 2004 ed. Scientific American).
Consequences of Global Warming
Some of the most obvious signs of global warming are being seen in the arctic regions of our planet. Studies show that areas like Alaska are showing as much as a two to three degree Celsius temperature increase over the last thirty years, over twice the rate of the rest of the world. This rapid increase of arctic temperatures can produce effects such as thinning sea ice, receding glaciers, rising sea level, thawing permafrost, higher wildfire rates, doubled spruce bark beetle life cycles, forests encroaching on tundra, and spread of diseases due to warmer climates are all effects on the arctic regions of the Earth (Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Cambridge University).
One consequence of global warming for the arctic and its inhabitants is thawing permafrost. Northern villages and towns of Russia have built their homes and towns on this permafrost, but when it thaws the foundation of the building becomes soft and ultimately collapses (Nature Vol. 425, 2003). As stated before, wildfires are increasing with drier warmer climates. Both an increase of dead trees from spruce bark beetles and a warming climate contribute to this. Previously, the warm summer was only long enough to support one life cycle of the beetles, but now that warming has extended the summer season, two full life cycles occur (Nature Vol. 425, 2003). In the more northern regions where tundra dominates the landscape, there are increased sightings of trees and small shrubs. Local species such as caribou rely on the tundra for feeding grounds, migration routes, and basic habitat (Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Cambridge University).
The final, less apparent problem is the wider spread of diseases such as the West Nile Virus. The main carrier of the West Nile Virus, Culex tarsalis, has a habitat limited by weather extremes like cold. Reports of bird carcasses containing the virus in northern regions such as Canada due to warmer climates have increased (Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Cambridge University).
The consequences that Alaska now faces are the result of our own negligence, as well as the rest of the world. The numerous effects of global warming are wreaking havoc in Alaska more than anywhere else in the world (National Geography, September 2004). The increased two to three degree Celsius temperature rise in Alaska has caused all of these effects in a more exaggerated manner. We must find some solutions for these problems before future generations suffer from our mistakes.
Global Glacial Melting
Glacial melting has become a prominent risk not only in Alaska, but internationally as well. Scientists all over are witnessing the ever progressing melting and shrinking of glaciers. Some of the major problems caused by glacial melting are the rise of rising sea levels and flooding. Due to the rapid melting of glaciers, lakes are becoming swollen, which poses a huge risk of devastating floods.
Extensive research has been performed in several areas world wide, but a large amount of the focus in the Himalayan Mountains. This research was sparked by natural disasters in Russia and Nepal, most likely caused by the effects of glacial melting. The Maili Glacier in the Caucasus Mountain practically collapsed, releasing three million tons of ice and mud onto a Russian village (Los Angeles Times2002). Now, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and various organizations are working to install warning systems that alert locals about glacial flooding (National Geographic 2002). However, many scientists worry that this is not enough. When the glacial lakes burst, they release massive amounts of water within seconds that cannot be avoided (National Geographic2002).
Local Glacial Melting
Here in Alaska, we are beginning to see signs of glacial melting all over the state. Alaska's glaciers account for thirteen percent of all the glaciers worldwide. However, they contribute about one half of the water going into the oceans, which raises the overall seal level considerably (Science 2000). An estimated 23 cubic miles of water came from Buckskin Glacier and Glacier National Park alone. Columbia, Skilak, and Exit Glaciers have shown measurable signs of retreat (see figures #1 and #2). Science Magazine recorded Columbia Glacier showing large recessions over the past twenty years. Aerial photos of Skilak and markers posted at Exit Glacier show correlating data (Science Vol. 297, July 19, 2002).
Over the past several years, the retreat of Skilak Glacier has been observed and recorded. Its recession is a result of melting and calving, and has resulted in the formation of a small lake at the base of the glacier. This lake shows the recession of Skilak Glacier over the past fifty years (See figure #1). This lake then flows down into the main lake via a small channel of water. Most of the released silt and other sediment are carried down to the main lake and in turn into the Kenai River and Cook Inlet.
With the excessive melting of Skilak Glacier, more glacial silt is being deposited into the lake. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game has been collecting information on the turbidity in the surface water of Skilak Lake since the mid 1980's. Between the years of 1986 and 1992, the turbidity of the lake averaged about 4.6 NTU. NTUs are a measurement known as Nephelometric Turbidity Units. They are the measure of turbidity in the water. Within the course of five years (1992 to 1997), the turbidity rose to 11.6 NTU. However, within the next three years the turbidity dropped down to 7.4 NTU, which is still about sixty percent higher than it was from 1986 to 1992 (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
Effects on the Salmon Population
The increase of glacial runoff in Skilak Lake could conceivably increase silt loading and turbidity, which causes reduced photosynthetic capability in the euphotic zone because of the lack of light penetration. This is the basis of the salmon decreases over the years (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
The decrease in the euphotic zone depth can have substantial impact on the Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of the zooplankton in the lake. DVM is a survival mechanism employed by plankton in both marine and freshwater environments. It involves the migration of plankton to the surface at night to feed and back to deeper water during the day to avoid predators (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
The C. columbianus and Diaptomus are the major food source for sockeye salmon fry in Skilak Lake. These zooplankton feed on phytoplankton, which are showing trends (297, July 19, 2002).
Over the past several years, the retreat of Skilak Glacier has been observed and recorded. Its recession is a result of melting and calving, and has resulted in the formation of a small lake at the base of the glacier. This lake shows the recession of Skilak Glacier over the past fifty years (See figure #1). This lake then flows down into the main lake via a small channel of water. Most of the released silt and other sediment are carried down to the main lake and in turn into the Kenai River and Cook Inlet.
With the excessive melting of Skilak Glacier, more glacial silt is being deposited into the lake. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game has been collecting information on the turbidity in the surface water of Skilak Lake since the mid 1980's. Between the years of 1986 and 1992, the turbidity of the lake averaged about 4.6 NTU. NTUs are a measurement known as Nephelometric Turbidity Units. They are the measure of turbidity in the water. Within the course of five years (1992 to 1997), the turbidity rose to 11.6 NTU. However, within the next three years the turbidity dropped down to 7.4 NTU, which is still about sixty percent higher than it was from 1986 to 1992 (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
Effects on Alaska's Economy
Alaska salmon are known as one of the best quality salmon sources in the world. In fact, on September 5, 2000, Alaska's statewide commercial salmon fisheries became the only salmon fishery in the world to be certified by the Marine Stewardship Council as well managed and sustainable due to their rigorous environmental standards. Alaska's prestigious salmon stock has helped make seafood Alaska's largest export and contributed $2.5 billion to the U.S. balance of trade. Alaska accounted for 54% of the nation's commercial seafood harvest by weight in 2002, making it the largest U.S. fishery resource, with 12 of the nation's top 93 ports (two of them being in the nation's top five) (Blatchford, April 2004). Alaska's seafood industry creates one-fifth of all Alaskan jobs, and due to the charter and recreational fishery, it is a significant contributor to the state's economy. In addition, many of Alaska's coastal and interior river community residents also depend on the subsistence salmon fishery, making the salmon stock a necessity for not only the economic basis of many families, but the food that sustains them (National Marine Fisheries Service, 2001).
The Kenai River is one of the most significant contributors to Alaska's salmon fishery. Being the largest producer of sockeye salmon in the Cook Inlet drainage and characteristic of producing the largest strain of Chinook salmon, the Kenai River fish stocks provide 13% of the total sport fishing effort in Alaska, making the Kenai River the number one sport fishing system in the state of Alaska (Liepitz and Muhlberg, 1993).
Most of the Kenai River salmon stock is dependent on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (KNWR). "Much of the king salmon run depends on refuge tributaries. Essentially, all of the sockeyes and Cohoes spawn here or migrate through refuge waters," said Robin West (Peninsula Clarion, 2001).
A major part of the KNWR is Skilak Lake. Together Skilak and Kenai Lakes produce most of the sockeye salmon in the upper Cook Inlet, as they are the major nursery areas for this particular salmon. Skilak Lake alone contributes more than 90% of the total sockeye fry production (Bue, Carlson, Edmundson, Schmidt, Tarbox, Willette, 2003).
The manager of the KNWR, Robin West stated, "It really boils down to the fish. We can talk about a lot of other things that are important to the economy, but having a good sustainable fishery is where most of this ($170 million a year contributions from KNWR to Kenai Peninsula economy) is coming from."
Skilak Glacier's effects on the juvenile salmon also affect the entire ecosystem; many other fish species and other wildlife and plant species are feeling the pressure. All areas of the Kenai River and its tributaries are linked to form an ecosystem, which supports 34 fish species as well as numerous other forms of wildlife (Cramer, 1999). In this way a depleted population of sockeye fry would not only affect the direct community (Kenai Peninsula), but would also alter the state salmon stock, and in turn affects our seafood export, which contributes to the national export profit. Many other communities in Alaska, states in the U.S., and countries in the world rely on the production of our salmon, so it is very important for us to be concerned about the issue at hand; it could have dire consequences for not only our direct community, or state, but the nation and even the world.
Solutions for the current threat to the increase in silt and other sediment deposits into the Skilak Lake and subsequent waterways must be found. Two ideas we have proposed to limit the inflow of sediment into the lake via the small waterway leading down from the glacier are: sediment fences, used for drain-off filtration, and still pools often used for the same purposes. On a broader scale, we must also address solutions for the current problem of global warming. Several proposed ideas are: the joining of the Kyoto agreement by the United States and public awareness of causes of global warming (especially in our local regions of Alaska).
Silt fences are often used on smaller operations of silt removal for storm drainage off hillsides. Silt fences consist of steel bars holding a fence erect across the waters path. The fence itself is made of a material called Geo-textile. The fabric is a heavy-duty strainer in a sense. It's backed by woven wire mesh and steel wire gauge. This provides support for the material. In front of the fence (uphill side) is a "trench" or anchorage for the fabric that is filled with tampered natural soil to ensure it's not eroded away (see figures #3 and #4) (www.metrocouncil.org). Although the designers of the fence say that it is not meant for direct flow, we believe that the fence can be reinforced and modified to fit our requirements. The waterway leading down from the glacial lake to Skilak Lake is relatively shallow and spread out (Global Explorer). This shallower and slower moving water would be well suited for our purposes. The fence would have to be regularly cleaned (to prevent water build-up behind the fence). Money and supplies would be cheap in the shadow of losing one of our great incomes of the area.
Still ponds are also used in silt and sediment removal. The pond is designed to slow the water to a rate slow enough for the sediment to have time to settle. It is simply a deep hole that can be lined with a waterproof sheet (see figure #5). When the silt and sediment settle, it is removed periodically to avoid build up. Silt ponds are large and somewhat slower than the fences, but are often used on larger bodies of water. They are more expensive and effect the environment in greater ways, but don't require the continuous cleaning that the silt traps need.
A possibility for future projects would be a combination of the two. Still ponds that drain water through silt fences could be erected. This would provide a high removal of silt, but this could be too high and affect the environment in adverse ways. To compensate for the high levels of filtration, fewer could be erected and prove more cost efficient. The purpose of the silt devices is not for total removal of it but simply a reduction of flow. The river flowing into Skilak Lake splits into many smaller waterways that could be individually controlled using several small-scale devices such as the fences or settling ponds. Using these smaller projects as well could save money.
On a global perspective there are few feasible solutions that can lessen the problem of global warming, but there are several helpful methods of improving the climate changes. Not enough people care or realize the true effect that global warming can have on them and future generations. Ideas for helping in the fight against global warming at home could help influence the everyday people to do their part. A public awareness program could be installed and broadcast on T.V. such as local news stations and local radio stations.
Another proposed step towards solving global warming is signing on to the Kyoto Protocol agreement. It is out of the public's hands but the American voice can help influence the politician's ideas. The Kyoto Protocol is an alliance of nations that pledge money for research on solutions for global warming (Gunter Weller, A.D.N. September 19, 2004). This will help put money towards solutions from the American government and continue the research for it. All of our proposed products require considerable but reasonable sums of money. State and National Funding is essential to the success of these installations.
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Representative LoBiondo said, "The Coast Guard does an outstanding job for our nation. However, in the current budget environment, it is important for Congress to review the Service's authorities to find ways to improve operations while reducing costs. H.R. 2838 does that in a manner that will not impact the Service's critical missions." According to a release from the Committee, H.R.2838 includes provisions that will give the Coast Guard and its personnel greater parity with the Department of Defense (DoD). Parity among the uniformed services has been a top priority of the Committee for some time and this bill makes significant progress towards aligning the Coast Guard's authorities with those granted to DoD. The bill contains a title intended to reform and improve Coast Guard administration. It also includes several provisions to improve the safety and efficiency of the maritime transportation system, as well as to protect and grow maritime related jobs.
Also included in the legislation are provisions that set a nationwide standard for the treatment of ballast water that remedies the current patchwork of varying and inconsistent ballast water regulations across states. Currently the Coast Guard and the U.S. EPA have developed separate regulations under two different Federal laws to govern the discharge of ballast water. The Committee said, "The EPA's ballast water program under the Clean Water Act is especially burdensome, as it allows each individual state to add state requirements on top of the federal regulations. Twenty-nine states and tribes have done just that. As a result, small businesses are forced to comply with differing and often conflicting ballast water standards for each of these 29 states and tribal areas."
Representative LoBiondo said, "Under current law, both the Coast Guard and EPA regulate ballast water, while every state and tribe is allowed to add their own requirements to those regulations. As a result, ships engaged in interstate and international commerce must comply with two federal standards, as well as 29 differing state and tribal ballast water standards, many of which are contradictory and technologically unachievable. The current system is simply impossible. It threatens our international maritime trade. It is driving industry away from coastwise trade. It is undermining our attempts to revitalize the U.S. flagged fleet. It is destroying jobs and it is hurting our economy. This legislation eliminates this ridiculous regulatory regime and establishes a single, uniform national standard that is based on the most effective technology currently available. The EPA must update the standard on a regular basis or at the request of a state."
The Committee release indicated that H.R. 2838 is "a common sense solution to the problem, immediately putting in place a standard for ballast water treatment that is both achievable and effective." This approach is endorsed by the EPA, the Coast Guard, the National Academy of Sciences, the EPA's Science Advisory Board, the U.S. flagged industry, maritime labor, manufacturers, farmers, energy producers and the nation's largest and most strategic international trading partners.
Representative Bob Gibbs (R-OH), Chairman of the Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee, of the House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee, who assisted in crafting Title VII portion of the legislation issued a statement saying, "I applaud the passage of H.R.2838, a fiscally responsible reauthorization of the U.S. Coast Guard that will protect maritime industry jobs threatened by the current burdensome ballast water treatment regulations, improve the safety and efficiency of the maritime transportation system, and promote the flow of maritime commerce. Promoting maritime commerce is especially important to us here locally as the Port of Cleveland handles an average of 13.1 million tons of cargo per year and provides 11,000 Ohio jobs. We must protect our local interstate and foreign commerce industry from unnecessary, burdensome and sometimes impossible to attain requirements that inhibit the flow of maritime commerce. This legislation will immediately put in place a uniform, achievable nationwide standard for vessel ballast water treatment, resolving the current patchwork of varying and inconsistent ballast water regulations across states. This approach is endorsed by the EPA, the Coast Guard, the National Academy of Sciences, the EPA's Science Advisory Board, maritime labor, manufacturers, farmers, energy producers and our largest and most strategic international trading partners."
The bill also includes a highly controversial provision that would allow the S.S. Badger, the Ludington, MI to Manitowoc, WI carferry, operated by the Lake Michigan Carferry Company, to continue the practice of dumping coal as in Lake Michigan -- an exemption that was scheduled to expire at the end of 2012. In a series of articles, the Chicago Tribune has drawn attention to the S.S. Badger, the only coalfired ferry still operating in the United States. As the ship travels from its home port of Ludington, to Manitowoc, it dumps 509 tons of coal ash into Lake Michigan each year -- a quantity greater than the total waste dumped annually by the 125 other largest ships operating on the Great Lakes. The coal ash contains arsenic, lead, and mercury, all of which can cause cancer when consumed in drinking water, cause serious damage to fish populations, and poison fish that are part of our food supply.
Under an agreement negotiated between the owners of the S.S. Badger and the U.S. EPA, the current EPA vessel general permit gives the Badger a December 2012 deadline to retrofit the ferry with a new boiler that would prevent further coal ash dumping. In an attempt to circumvent these standards the owners of the Badger have attempted to secure both the designation of the S.S. Badger as a National Historic Landmark and legislative language that would exempt "vessels of historic significance" from EPA regulation of discharge.
U.S. Senator Dick Durbin (D-IL) has led an effort to end the coal ash practice. On November 9, following a meeting with the EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson, he wrote to Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee to oppose efforts to protect the S.S. Badger from having to comply with EPA standards. Durbin wrote in his letter to Salazar, "Lake Michigan is the primary source of drinking water for more than ten million people and a key component of the $7 billion Great Lakes fishing industry. We cannot let Historic Landmark Status be used to evade the federal regulations we rely on to protect public health and the environment. . . This is more than a car ferry with a venerable tradition. This is a vessel that generates and dumps four tons of coal ash laced with mercury and arsenic into Lake Michigan every day. Lake Michigan cannot take any more toxic dumping, no matter how historic or quaint the source may be."


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Video: "A Chat with God"
Is prayer really just a simple conversation with God?
Prayer can seem hard at first, but Jesus loves it when we talk to Him! God enjoys hearing our voices! WorshipHouseMedia made an inspirational video to show us just how prayer is merely a conversation with God throughout the day.


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Inner Balance is a therapeutic wellness space that offers massage and bodywork treatments to create a unique experience that is carefully catered to your specific needs. Our treatments mix both Eastern and Western practices to promote wellness, encourage self-care and support your search for inner balance. Our wellness retail fosters positivity and self-care to transition with ease from spa to home, work or on the go.
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Our space and treatments mindfully combine massage + bodywork to promote your inner balance, health and wellness. Our philosophy nurtures a focus on your mind, and body to keep you on the path to balance as you live, work and play.
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Our Indianapolis, IN address is 1225 E 54th Street (southeast corner of 54th and Crestview). Nestled in with local businesses, just east of the Monon trail in the broad ripple area.
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ISLAMABAD: After the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) issued a second list of Chief Executive Officers (CEO) of Rental Power Plants (RPP) and owners of power companies in as many days, their have been placed on the Exit Control List (ECL) by the Ministry of Interior.
The 14 people placed on the ECL on Tuesday include: CEO Techno-E-Power Muhammad Anwar Khan, CEO M/s Young Gen Muhammad Rafiq Butt, CEO M/s Karkey Muhammad Jamil Arain, CEO M/s Gulf Rental Ghulam Mustafa Tunio, CEO M/s Walter Power Tariq Nazir, CEO M/s Alstome Power Rental Ghulzar Muhammad, CE M/s Techno-E-Power Abid Ali, CE M/s Young Gen Habib Ullah Khan, Principal Officer M/s Pakistan Power Iqbal Z Ahmad, Chairman M/s Karkey Orhan Remzi Karadeniz, CEO M/s Gulf Rental Haseeb Ahmad Khan, CEO M/s Reshma Power Shah Faisal, Principal Officer M/s Walters Power Muhammad Nasarullah Baig, Country Manager M/s General Electric Power Naeem Shafique
Notices under NAO (National Accountability Ordinance) have been issued to four companies which have to refund the down payment along with the mark-up.
These include Techno–E Power, Walters Power Naudero-I, Karkey Rental Power and Gulf Power Project. These Companies have been directed to deposit the money within three days.
Earlier, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) requested the interior ministry to place the names of 19 accused, including three former federal ministers, after the Supreme Court passed an order in the Rental Power Plant case.


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ENTERPRISE IRELAND UPBEAT ON START-UP COMPANIES - It was a very strong year for start-up companies, according to Enterprise Ireland. Despite challenging conditions there was a very high level of interest in its programmes and the group noted a big increase in the number of spin outs - 14 this year, up 50% on last year.
John O'Dea, who is in charge of the High Potential Start Up unit at Enterprise Ireland, says his job is a very energising one as he meets with lots of ambitious, talented and energetic people. Mr O'Dea says his office deals with about 900 ''serious'' enquires every year and Enterprise Ireland's first job is to point people where they can get the right supports for their business and to get them investment ready and into the exports markets.
He says that Enterprise Ireland's ''New Frontiers'' programme has lots in incubation places in Institutes of Technology around the country and over 150 businesses secured a place in these programme last month. Among the big emerging sectors is the consumer web and games sector, which has seen a dramatic jump in the number of new projects being funded, including some international teams relocating to Dublin. He also says that there was a tremendous response from female entrepreneurs to the female specific initiatives last year, while it was also a great year for spin-outs from universities.
MORNING BRIEFS - Last year's leap year means Aer Lingus flew fewer passengers in February this year. Total flown passenger numbers were down 1.5% to 648,000 in the month. Short haul passenger numbers fell by 3.9%.
*** The Dow Jones closed up almost 1% at a record high yesterday of 14,254 - beating its previous all-time high reached in October 2007. The recent rally on Wall Street means the main US indexes have erased the losses brought on by the global financial crisis, and comes as investors are encouraged by signs of recovery in the US housing market in recent months, and data showing growth in the services sector. They are also boosted by the stimulus programmes being conducted by the US, Europe and Japan.
*** London's FTSE 100 also closed at a five-year high yesterday. This morning Asian stocks have continued the global rally, the main indexes in Japan and Australia hit their highest levels since September 2008.


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When Der Ali won Saturday's first race at Santa Anita, his $2 show payoff of $139.20 shattered a record that had stood for 68 years.Playmay paid the former record of $104.60 on Feb. 4, 1938.The show payoff on Der Ali, a 28-1 shot, was inflated when 1-5 favorite Denied finished fourth in the field of six after attracting 94.7% of the money wagered to show. The total show pool of $176,163 included $166,832 placed on the odds-on favorite.Denied came into the 1 1/8-mile starter allowance event in search of his fourth straight victory, but dropped back around the far turn after closely pursuing pacesetter Der Ali and another horse. He was virtually eased in the final furlong, but still finished fourth and walked off the track under his own power. The 8-year-old gelding previously had finished worse than third only once in 18 races while winning nine.Der Ali, meanwhile, entered the race with a single victory and one second in 21 starts. Trained by Jack Van Berg for Ar Bet Cin Stables, the 5-year-old gelding led wire-to-wire under jockey Juan Ochoa. He paid $59.40 to win and $30.80 to place.Playmay, whose show record was eradicated, still holds the Santa Anita record for win and place payoffs set in that 1938 race. He paid $673.40 to win and $148 to place.
(Chart, Equibase)


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Shimano Brand SIENNA 1000 2500 4000 FE 1+1BB Front Drag Spinning Fishing Reel XGT7 Body Spin Carp Feeder Fish Wheel
Sienna spin reels have been part and parcel of the Shimano lineup for well over a dozen years now, and the latest incarnation certainly raises the standard when it comes to entry-level performance. The compact XGT-7 body has a changed centre of gravity, which makes them comfortable for newcomers to fishing to use, while one ball bearing and one roller bearing combine with Dyna-Balance to makes winding delightfully smooth. There are three general purpose sizes: 1000, 2500 and 4000, which cover all manner of light line situations, from bait fishing to Squidgy soft plastic and hardbody lure casting. Gear ratios in the 1000 FE and the 2500 FE are 5:1, while the 4000 FE is slightly faster at 5.2:1. They punch out 4kg drag and the AR-C die-cast aluminium spools hold a generous amount of monofilament and a lot more of braid. So if you're just starting out in fishing or the kids are showing some interest that requires something more sophisticated than just a basic handline, check out the new Sienna FE range.
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Summer annual grasses
Broadleaf signalgrass is a decumbent, spreading grass that will root at its nodes. The leaf sheath and margins are lined with hairs. The ligule is a short ring of hair. The leaf blade is widest at the base and gradually tapers to the apex. Leaf margins near the base often have a crinkled, wavy appearance. Both the upper and lower leaf surfaces are smooth.
Broadleaf signalgrass seedling.
Collar region: margins lined with hairs.Right, crinkled leaf margin.
It is most commonly found in disturbed, open and sandy sites such as crop fields, ditches and roadsides.
Broadleaf signalgrass is found across the southeastern United States. In Missouri, it is limited primarily to the southeastern and southwestern portions of the state.
Smooth crabgrass also roots at the nodes but has a large, membranous ligule. Woolly cupgrass has a wide leaf blade at the base that tapers to the apex but is covered with hairs on both upper and lower surfaces.
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I've been fairly cranky lately, it's seems like I'm allergic to something out there ... maybe it's just the endless lies and junky crap on the TV, maybe it's all this talk about Anthony Weiner, maybe it's all this worry about radiation and designer viruses and useless politicians and waiting for the other shoe to drop on the economy ... my eyes have been swollen for days, I've been having a hard time breathing and I've got a metallic taste in my mouth (Is it radiation? Is it Corexit water? Is it lithium? God only knows these days!).
So, here's a refreshing ray of hope I got from one of the comments on Visible Origami. Enjoy!
Peace Prayer of St. Francis
Lord, make me an instrument of your peace;
where there is hatred, let me sow love;
when there is injury, pardon;
where there is doubt, faith;
where there is despair, hope;
where there is darkness, light;
and where there is sadness, joy.
Grant that I may not so much seek
to be consoled as to console;
to be understood, as to understand,
to be loved as to love;
for it is in giving that we receive,
it is in pardoning that we are pardoned,
and it is in dying [to ourselves] that we are born to eternal life.
Tuesday, June 21, 2011
A Hopeful Intermission
3 comments:
- Peter of Lone Tree said...
Word Verification: "trugh"
(Not rough; smooth)
- June 21, 2011 at 12:40 PM
- Noor al Haqiqa said...
Thank you for this posting.
I was mesmerized with the beauty of it all. These are things we know in our heart of hearts. Many years ago I was taught to harness my thoughts because of their power, some people are very sensitive to such things, some forget and must be reminded, some need to be taught.
At this moment I am feeling my vibratory level has lifted somewhat and my whole being feels lighter.
I must share this post with my readers and I thank the reader who sent me this link from the bottom of my heart.
Once again, thank you.
- June 21, 2011 at 5:53 PM
- Jody Paulson said...
Noor al Haqiqa -- I'm just passing along stuff that has resonates positively with me ... love your blog by the way! :)
- June 23, 2011 at 1:04 PM
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PersonalBirth Date: March 16, 1909
Death Date: July 26, 1982
Father: Arthur James Bryant
Mother: Hattie Bell Linn Bryant
Marriage 1: Georgia Lee Assiter
1 daughter: Darlene Bryant Fulton
Marriage 2: Vanell Smith
1 son: Olin Morris (Buckles) Bryant
ObituaryOlin Bryant Funeral Held in Idalou
Funeral services for Olin Bryant, 73, of Idalou were at 2 p.m. Wednesday in Idalou First United Methodist Church with the Rev. James Price, pastor, officiating, assisted by the Rev. Larry Heard of Idalou.
Burial was in Estacado Cemetery in Estacado under the direction of Carter-Adams Funeral home of Ralls.
Bryant died Monday in the Golden Age nursing Home in Lubbock after a lengthy illness.
He was born in Estacado and moved to Idalou in 1973 from Lubbock. He married Nell Smith in Cone on May 14, 1958. He was a retired farmer and rancher.
He was a Methodist.
Survivors include his wife; a daughter, Darlene Fulton of Floydada; a stepdaughter, Mrs. James Lancaster of Idalou; a son, Buckles Bryant of Idalou; a stepson, Wayland Smith of Mineral Wells; three brothers, J.N. of Hobbs, NM, and Robert and Buster both of Estacado; five grandchildren; and three great grandchildren.
Ralls Banner, August 3, 1982Record provided by Crosby County Pioneer Memorial Museum
transcribed by Linda Fox Hughes
Crosby County TXGenWeb Project
This site may be freely linked to but not duplicated in any fashion without my consent.
The information on these pages is meant for personal genealogical research only and is not for commercial use of ANY type.


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Ireland coach Joe Schmidt urges provinces to blood youth
Ulster coach Mark Anscombe and his Leinster, Munster and Connacht counterparts can expect to hear from Ireland's Joe Schmidt in the near future.
Speaking after Ireland's record-breaking 40-9 win – previously their best victory margin against Samoa was 27 points – Schmidt highlighted his desire to see young players tested in demanding situations.
"It's difficult for me now because every game is a final," Schmidt said. "You put your best team out in a final all the time, because you want to represent your country as best you can while at the same time you're trying to grow a group.
"So I'm relying on the provincial coaches to continue to give an opportunity to guys at PRO12 and particularly at Heineken (Cup) level because that's the next closest step to getting to the Test-match level. If we can get guys in that arena being really competitive, I know that the (next) step up is a little bit less and we can have a bit more confidence in some of them."
Being Ireland's first-choice fly-half and the Lions' Test match 10 in the 2013 series win against Australia, the consensus is that Sexton will take Paddy Jackson's place.
All Schmidt would say was: "We'd have to strongly consider Jonny coming back in. He does bring that experience and that quality – he wasn't the Lions' starting out-half for no reason.
"But I'd have to take my hat off to Paddy Jackson tonight. He's had to do it pretty tough at times, having been thrown in as a very young man and having to direct some very impressive men around the park. I think he said during the week about telling Paul O'Connell where he needs to be and feeling a little bit intimidated by that himself. I feel the same intimidation!" Schmidt joked.
"Ian Madigan, too; he hasn't had too many opportunities this year. He came on and you immediately saw a little bit of a spark."
Madigan's introduction when Brian O'Driscoll was withdrawn after 70 minutes saw Gordon D'Arcy move to 13 with the replacement slotting in at 12.
"Ian wasn't at 10, but his versatility allowed us to rest Drico a little bit and get him on there. I think at 10 we are building depth and I hope that continues to grow. Part of that growth is having a competitive environment. I know next week we're probably in a better place than if Jonny had played against Samoa and we'd needed to replace him through injury."
The Australians fired a warning salvo in Ireland's direction by scoring seven tries in their 50-20 rout of the Italians in Turin where they trailed 10-0 after 15 minutes
Nick Cummins (2), Ben Mowen, Tevita Kuridrani, Adam Ashley-Cooper, Joe Tomane and Israel Folau bagged the tries, four of which were converted by Quade, with Christian Leali'ifano adding two conversions and a penalty.
Luke McLean, Lorenzo Cittadini and Tommaso Allan weighed in with a try apiece for the hosts, while Alberto di Bernardo donated a conversion and a penalty.
New Zealand, who face Ireland on Sunday week, made it 12 straight wins with a 26-19 victory over France in Paris.
England warmed up for the World Cup holders' visit by beating Argentina 31-12.
Wales went down 24-15 at home to South Africa while Scotland registered a fourth successive win against Japan in a 42-17 romp.
Belfast Telegraph


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As the Houston Chronicle reported, Governor Rick Perry personally called two state workers from Georgia because Houston Mayor Bill White had cursed at them in the frantic days after Ike.
The Chron reports:
"A witness said White told the women, 'You need to be getting these (expletive) trucks out of here'...White went on to say that if nothing was delivered soon, they were 'about to be in a (expletive) riot,' the witness said."
Texas Governor Rick Perry
Someone's apologizing for this? Are the sensitivities of Georgia Forestry Service employees so delicate that they get the vapors if they hear the F-word when everyone's in disaster-recovery mode?
We hope no trees ever fall over in Georgia:
"Heavens to Betsy, Clem, it seems we have ourselves a devil of a situation here!"
"Perhaps that is so, Bubba, but it is no excuse for using such blasphemous language."
White wrote Perry that he "did use words that I have never used in the Sunday school class I teach, but which were closer to the vocabulary General Patton used when he was trying to keep his army moving."
To which we say, fuckin' A.
Not Perry, though. He called the two workers and wrote to (his fellow Republican) Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue, who we're sure has never uttered a curse word in his life, "I certainly hope that they do not see their experience as indicative of how we treat our guests."
Perry, you pussy.
— Richard Connelly
Favoritism in Galveston, Attorney Says
A Galveston attorney is headed to federal court claiming prominent residents of the island city got preferential treatment in being allowed back to their homes.
Anthony Griffin says that after city officials announced that the area was closed to everyone except essential emergency personnel, he and other residents were prohibited from returning to their homes. However, Griffin claims that a select group of business owners and privately hired contractors were allowed to enter the city, and that police personally escorted "prominent Galvestonians" onto the island. Griffin also claims in the lawsuit that a police officer told him he needed to get on a "special list" maintained by the city to get onto the island, despite not being "essential emergency personnel."
"They let thousands of contractors down to take care of the properties of influential institutions," Griffin says, "protecting their property during the day after the storm. If you were not connected or if you just were not liked, you were not coming in. And I think that's selective enforcement of the rule and I think it's unconstitutional."
Griffin says residents who did not evacuate have shown him pictures they took the day after Ike of contractors tending to the homes of County Judge James Yarborough and City Manager Steve LeBlanc.
"They were making these press conferences saying no one can come in," says Griffin. "Well, they were protecting their property and we have pictures and people are livid."
He also claims that police officers were escorting their personal friends onto the island.
Upon seeing all of this, Griffin says he went "from rage to depression to just tears for about three or four days" before deciding to file the lawsuit.
Griffin then dismissed the complaint until he can add additional plaintiffs and get his law practice back up and running.
"I don't think the citizens of Galveston will let me dismiss it totally," Griffin says. "Just yesterday we had 50 to 100 people asking to join. I agreed to dismiss it without prejudice on Monday. Right now, I don't have computers, Internet, telephones; I have nothing right now to be able to practice law. I probably couldn't find a suit to wear to federal court right now if I wanted to. But it will be pursued."
— Chris Vogel
Gatemouth Brown and Yet Another Hurricane
Back in 2005, in one of the last times he would set foot in a recording studio, Texas swing master Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown recorded the old Blind Lemon Jefferson Texas blues staple "See That My Grave Is Kept Clean."
The Gulf of Mexico had other plans.
Later that year, just ahead of the ravages of Hurricane Katrina, Brown, who was then dying of emphysema, was forced to evacuate his home in Slidell, Louisiana. He fled to his childhood home of Orange, Texas, where he ran smack into Hurricane Rita. He died of natural causes just before landfall.
As of a few weeks ago, Brown's grave in Orange's Hollywood Cemetery — appropriately located one mile south of the very first exit inside Texas on I-10 — was still unmarked.
Robert Finch, an educator in the school system of nearby Little Cypress-Mauriceville and a church music director, was campaigning toward getting a permanent marker placed on Brown's grave when along came Hurricane Ike.
A few days ago, the AP put out this report:
"The 1982 Grammy Award winner's casket was one of dozens belched up by the ground when gulf and rain waters from Hurricane Ike flooded Hollywood Cemetery...The top of Brown's vault had popped off, and his bronze casket had floated away."
Had the Gulf of Mexico, Brown's muse for seven decades, surged forth to reclaim its honored bard?
Not quite. I called Finch. Yes, he said, Brown's vault did open, and Brown's casket did pop out. It did not, however, float off in the receding waters. Instead, it came to rest against the cemetery's fence line.
"He continues to be as erratic and all-over-the-place in death as he was in life," Finch notes. "Somebody I talked to who knew him told me he would probably think this was not without humor."
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Finch has now resumed his campaign to place a permanent headstone on Brown's grave as well as to lead other efforts — a statue, perhaps a plaque — to memorialize Brown in Orange.
"A lot of music lovers travel between Louisiana and Texas," he says. "How cool would it be for them to be welcomed to Texas by memorials to Gatemouth Brown."
Indeed. Let's just hope Brown's beloved Gulf doesn't try to kidnap him again.
— John Nova Lomax


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During the regular high school soccer season, Potomac Soccer Wire has chosen to follow three districts in Northern Virginia: Concorde, Dulles, and Liberty. With many games played each season, we narrowed it down to keep track of only league games. Here, you were able to find schedules, scores, upcoming and past games, and a standings table for each district.
Last weekend the season reached its climax with state semifinals and finals in Radford and Chantilly, where state champions were crowned. Click the four links below to read about this year's big winners.
(As always, email me at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have questions or additional information.)
VHSL 2011 State Champions
Jefferson Forrest boys soccer team claims AA state title
North Stafford boys soccer team claims AAA state title
George Mason girls soccer team claims A state champion title
Broad Run girls soccer team claims AA state champion title
McLean girls soccer team claims AAA state champion title


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i will be logged in 24/7
Looking for diversity
Im SomaXD: 21 Assassin with max melee following most of BLOODSHED tree,
Siren - Healer primary
GunZerker/Comando - Tanks Offense Defense
will be going all night/morning (1:30am PST - 11+am PST - open to go on even longer... im online now... message me
Results 1 to 4 of 4
09-23-2012 #1
Borderlands 2 PARTY NOW! lvl17-21Vanik Tetsu'ya
PS4 500GB//PS3 MGS4 80GB//PS3 120GB Slim//360 250GB Slim//360 4GB Slim w/Kinect//Black Wii 4.3u softmod//PS Vita w/32gb card
09-23-2012 #2
Wow! Hardcore!
09-23-2012 #3
Me n Soma killing $#@! in Pandora. Should join us again in an hour or so.
09-23-2012 #4
Sadfully im only level 14, focused on healing as siren
Thank you itachi
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Offensive Explosion Fuels Spurs in Oklahoma City
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) Tony Parker scored 25 points, Tim Duncan added 16 points and a season-high 19 rebounds, and the San Antonio Spurs beat Oklahoma City 114-105 on Friday night to inch closer to the first-place Thunder in the Western Conference standings.
San Antonio rolled to a 27-point lead in the first half and was up by 20 late in the third quarter before Oklahoma City rallied within two down the stretch.
Duncan muscled past Serge Ibaka at the left block to answer Kevin Durant's 3-pointer that pulled the Thunder to 107-105, and Danny Green stole a careless inbound pass by James Harden for a dunk that put the game away.
Russell Westbrook finished with 36 points and Durant scored 25 for Oklahoma City.
DeJuan Blair chipped in 22 points and 11 rebounds for the Spurs, who are three games back in the West.
Before the game, Spurs coach Gregg Popovich downplayed the importance of battling for the top seed in the conference. San Antonio rested Manu Ginobili, who has struggled with a left oblique injury in recent weeks, and played without Stephen Jackson, who has yet to join the team after being acquired in a deal for Richard Jefferson at the trade deadline.
"I think I've learned over the years it's more about what kind of a rhythm you have going into playoffs, how much the team trusts and believes in itself and health," Popovich said. "Those things have a lot more to do with it than where you're seeded."
The Thunder went all in for the victory, bypassing the usual rest periods for Durant and Westbrook bridging the break between the third and fourth quarters - and it nearly paid off.
Westbrook scored 10 points during Oklahoma City's 20-2 comeback, and the All-Stars took turns setting up 3-pointers from Harden and Royal Ivey during the run. Durant's jumper from the left elbow with 9:36 remaining pulled the Thunder to 92-90.
Green hit a jumper and a 3-pointer on consecutive possessions to give San Antonio a little bit of its cushion back, and the Spurs were able to hold on from there.
Ivey and Durant each missed 3-point attempts that would have tied it at 101 with a little under 5 minutes left, and the Thunder never again had the ball with the chance to tie or go ahead.
Green sealed it when Harden tried to bounce the ball to Westbrook near midcourt on an attempted sideline inbound play with 59.9 seconds left, running out for a right-handed dunk that made it 111-105.
Green finished with 21 points for San Antonio, which held a 49-37 edge on the boards and outscored Oklahoma City 24-9 on second-chance opportunities and 54-36 in the paint.
Duncan's rebound total pushed him past Paul Silas and Dikembe Mutombo into 18th place on the NBA's all-time list.
The Spurs won the season series 2-1 and would have a tiebreaker if they were able to catch Oklahoma City at the end of the season.
Harden added 19 points and Ibaka had 12 points, 12 rebounds and six blocks for the Thunder. Oklahoma City has lost three of four at home - with the only win coming against NBA-worst Charlotte - after winning 14 in a row at Chesapeake Energy Arena.
Each team had its own offensive struggles at the start, and it was the Spurs who shook out of it first.
San Antonio committed five early turnovers, including two shot clock violations in its first four possessions, but at least could get shots to go down. Kawhi Leonard and Gary Neal had bookend 3-pointers on a 12-2 run that provided the Spurs a 30-16 lead before Harden's buzzer-beating 3-pointer to end the first quarter.
Even that couldn't shake the Thunder out of a poor shooting night that started with nine misses in their first 10 shots.
Parker hit a jumper from the left wing and drove for a three-point play during a 12-0 run that doubled San Antonio's lead midway through the second quarter, and the advantage hit its largest point at 63-36 after Blair's bucket in the lane with 3:36 left before halftime.
Previously, no opponent had led by more than 16 at the Chesapeake Energy Arena this season.
The Thunder rallied back, scoring 12 of the final 14 points of the first half to pull to 65-48, and they wiggled back to within 13 early in the second half before San Antonio pushed its lead back to 86-66.
Notes: Popovich was asked before the game how the newly acquired Jackson, who has had a few notable scrapes with the law and went into the crowd during the Pacers-Pistons brawl in 2004, would fit in with team. "Jack's pretty much been a Boy Scout most of his career and I look forward to fun conversations and humor and many good times with young Stephen," Popovich responded. Jackson previously played for San Antonio for two seasons, winning the championship in 2003. ... Durant's new charity will hold a fundraising gala March 31 in Oklahoma City. ... The Thunder sent rookie forward Ryan Reid back to their NBA Development League affiliate in Tulsa. He played a total of 17 minutes in five games since being recalled five weeks ago, averaging 1.6 points.
Copyright 2012 by STATS LLC and Associated Press. Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of STATS LLC and Associated Press is strictly prohibited.


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Browse activities
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Best Choice for First Class Hospitality.
At Havenlee Homestay we offer quality, affordable Bed & Breakfast accommodation centrally located in Westport, minutes from the Tasman Sea and 300 metres from the town centre providing you with an idyllic base from which to explore the environmental wonderland and heritage sites.
There are 2 very comfortable double guest bedrooms accommodating a maximum of 2 guests in each room. The Wisteria Room has a queen sized bed, private bathroom located right next to your bedroom and a deck with outdoor table and chairs leading from your bedroom.
The Annexe is located within the southern end of Havenlee, providing guests with a king sized bed that can be converted into 2 singles as required. An outdoor table and chairs is on the decked area and has a garden view. You have a private bathroom, TV, fridge along with tea and coffee making facilities in the Annexe, perfect if you require a little more privacy.
Our delicious breakfast is continental-plus with a cooked option available as required using locally sourced and seasonal produce where ever possible.
Local restaurants are within easy walking distance, WiFi and laundry facilities available. Bus depot pick ups and drop offs also available. We can help with any activity bookings you wish to make.
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text:
Medical Definition of Pyogenic granuloma
Pyogenic granuloma: a small, vascular benign tumor of the skin or mucous membranes. They appear as a small reddish bump that grows rapidly at first and then remains a constant size. The size rarely exceeds 1 cm in diameter. Pyogenic granulomas usually develop on the arms, hands, or face. They occur in people of all ages, but those most commonly affected are in the second and third decades of life. Their exact cause is unknown. They bleed easily because they are rich in blood vessels. Surgery is the preferred treatment because they do not resolve on their own and tend to bleed heavily. They may recur if not completely excised.
Pyogenic granuloma is also known as lobular capillary hemangioma. The name "pyogenic" suggests an infectious process, but an infection is not believed to be the cause.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/9/2016
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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Reference: MedlinePlus.com. Pyogenic granuloma.


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Stepping Into Your Greatness
Click to enlarge
The world is full of people who have achieved great things, people who decided to be proactive, to elevate the bar for themselves and soar to new heights. Decide to leave nothing on the table of life!
Live this outstanding life you deserve!
In this book Mireille Toulekima, a true champion of life, shares her tips for living bigger without limits, communicating better and smarter, loving more and deeper, going the extra miles, expanding our comfort zone and arousing the sleeping giant within us to leave a lasting legacy that outlives us.
Mireille Toulekima is an energy expert specialized on emerging markets. Known globally for being an inspirational multi-skilled woman, she is also a published author, public speaker, social entrepreneur, life coach and long distance runner. A woman who enjoys big challenges, Mireille embodies authenticity, leadership, diversity, positivity and spiritual strength. She has lived and worked in several countries and speaks several languages. She is an advocate and champion for diversity, education and women advancement and economic empowerment. She founded the organisation "Energy Angels Foundation" in 2015 with the objective to reach out and sponsor under-priviledged girls to study subsjects related to the energy sector in prestigious and high profile schools and universities across the world. A true philantrophe who made it a commitment to help others to become the best they can be in order to come out of the masses and stand in their own shining light !
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Facebook has released its list of global status trends for 2010.
Facebook analysed status updates across 236 countries, comparing the rate at which each phrase occurred in 2010 compared to 2009.
And here they are;
These trends are interesting when compared to the 2010 Twitter trends.
The biggest Twitter trend of 2010 was "Gulf Oil Spill", interestingly this did not even register on the list of Facebook trends. This confirms that the two different social networks are used by different people for different purposes. Twitter being news lead and Facebook being more entertainment focused.
However, there were some similarities between the two sets of trends – World Cup, Haiti, iPad, Justin Bieber and the movie, Inception featured in both lists.
What are your predictions for trends in 2011?


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Clinical Study on SyB L-0501 in Patients With Indolent B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Mantle Cell Lymphoma
This study has been completed.
SymBio Pharmaceuticals
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First Posted: February 11, 2008
Last Update Posted: July 22, 2010
Information provided by:
SymBio Pharmaceuticals
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study has been completed.
|Study Completion Date:
|September 2009
|Primary Completion Date:
|September 2009 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Ohmachi K, Ando K, Ogura M, Uchida T, Itoh K, Kubota N, Ishizawa K, Yamamoto J, Watanabe T, Uike N, Choi I, Terui Y, Usuki K, Nagai H, Uoshima N, Tobinai K; Japanese Bendamustine Lymphoma Study Group. Multicenter phase II study of bendamustine for relapsed or refractory indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2010 Sep;101(9):2059-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01635.x.


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Pacifica Tigershark Njhsanni King Wilhitte matched East Palo Alto Greyhounds Jeremiah Irving touchdown for touchdown as the two were responsible for five scores apiece in the Mitey Mites Pop Warner League game that ended in a 30-30 tie.
Pacifica jumped out to an 18-6 on two touchdown passes from Wilhitte to Sean Quanico. Quanico returned the favor with a pair of passing touchdowns to Wilhitte, one of them for 52 yards.
Despite excellent tackling from Bruce Uperesa, Tolufale Ieremia, Davel Rios and the rest of Pacifica's defensive unit, the Greyhounds held their composure and slowly inched up with a 24-24 tie in the fourth on the legs of Irving.
The stage was now set, two teams going blow for blow as seconds wind down and with less than six minutes left. Greyhounds took the lead on a 55-yard run by Irving.
There was one punch left in the Tigersharks and his name is Davel Rios. Rios would lead the final scoring drive with three huge runs up the middle setting up the games final score taken for another touchdown by Willhite. With no time left on the clock both teams were physically and mentally spent which left them with a tied game.
In the Tigersharks game against Daly City Titans it was all Pacifica from the first play of scrimmage. Daly City fumbled on a handoff which was then recovered and taken back for Pacifica's first score by Davel Rios who also recorded 11 tackles.
Pacifica's offense was so in tune it allowed 18 different ball carriers to rush the ball for almost 200 yards with two rushing touchdowns by Rios and another by Taino Morris.
The passing game was just as effective with a passing touchdown from Wilhitte to Quanico for the second score of the first half.
Midway in the second quarter Quanico would connect on a screen pass to Shane Barnes that resulted in a 53 yard touchdown. Defensively, the Tigersharks were just as strong with 17 players getting at least one tackle and only allowing one rushing touchdown.
The Mitey Mites have improved their record to 3-0-1 and will be hosting the South Valley Grizzlies at Terra Nova this Saturday at 1:30 p.m.
One of the Seven Maxims of Football is that the team that makes the fewest mistakes will win. On this day, the Tigersharks' Tiny Mite Division team made far fewer mistakes than the Alameda Wolverines.
A wet field contributed to a number of fumbles across both teams in the first few plays. However, the Wolverines fumbled more often, leading to a touchdown by Carlos Johnson with assistance by a strong offensive line blocking.
Fumblemania continued on both teams for the next few plays on both sides.
Although multiple sacks by Ryder Stubbles in the first half helped out, a great many possession changes were triggered by fumbles. Again, Johnson, behind the blocking of his offense, scored another touchdown.
Others players seemed to fall into strong patterns across the game. JT Nickelson managed to reliably stop a number of up the middle attempts, Stubbles had a quarterback sack, with an assist by Jusiah Vinson.
The game ended with a dramatic run by Johnson again to score as the clock wound down.


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EARLY writings depicting a mysterious creature said to live in the depths of Loch Morar in the Highlands are being studied by researchers.
The legend of Morag – a less well-known cousin of the Loch Ness monster – is detailed in a series of texts dating from 1902, compiled by Alexander Carmichael, a prolific gatherer of folklore.
The papers were discovered in 2011 and are being examined by the Carmichael Watson project at Edinburgh University.
Loading article content
Dr Donald Stewart, a senior researcher on the project, discovered the texts while leafing through a "mad mixture" of folklore collected by Mr Carmichael over 50 years.
He said: "We were so pleased when we found them. It was just totally unexpected."
The writings depict Morag in contradictory ways. On the one hand she is presented as a mermaid-like character with flowing hair, while another description paints her as a grim reaper whose sighting was viewed as a death omen.
Dr Stewart added: "I think the texts are pretty exciting. They give us a window back to how people saw this monster well over 100 years ago. They're the first reported sightings we have.
"It shows there were other monsters vying for popularity and Nessie happened to win out in the end. But there were a lot more of them out there."


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Daily Defense SPF 30
Contains LCA Complex plus broad spectrum UVB and UVA active ingredients to provide protection from both free radicals and the the sun's damaging rays to help prevent premature skin aging. An essential part of any anti-aging skincare regimem
- Contains 3% LCA Complex for advanced moisturization, multi-layer skin renewal and antioxidant protection
- Includes a chemical UV shield blend to enhance skin's youthfulness and protect it from further damage
- Ideal for all skin types
- Provides broad-spectrum UVA and UVB protection to help prevent premature skin aging
- Exfoliation
- Moisturization
- 3% LCA Complex: 2% L-Lactic Compound + 1% MFAS (Multi-Functional Antioxidant Sequence)
- Active Sunscreen Ingredients – Avobenzone 3.00%, Octinoxate 7.50%, Octisalate 5.00%, Oxybenzone 3.00%
Apply daily as a city block and generously prior to sun exposure.
Re-apply as needed or after swimming, towel drying, perspiring heavily or washing.
Active Sunscreen Ingredients: Avobenzone 3.00%, Octinoxate 7.50%, Octisalate 5.00%, Oxybenzone 3.00%
Inactive Ingredients: Water (Aqua), C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Pentylene Glycol, Silica, Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Steareth-21, PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Myristate, Bis-Hydroxyethoxypropyl Dimethicone, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Coco-Glucoside, Phenoxyethanol, Lactic Acid, Sodium Lactate, Coconut Alcohol, Xanthan Gum, Phospholipids, Disodium EDTA, Ethylhexylglycerin, Retinyl Palmitate, Tocopherol, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Beta-Carotene, Superoxide Dismutase.


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Kustaa Saksi
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Kustaa Saksi is a Finnish-born artist and designer currently residing in Amsterdam.
In his work, Kustaa focuses on graphic storytelling through pattern design, textile art and installations. Many of his patterns are motivated by an abstract interpretation of natural forms.
Kustaa Saksi has been collaborating with Marimekko since 2013.
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Snow Bunting
Posted by birdware on February 26, 2014 at 9:45 pm
Viewed 247 times
I had read that Snow Buntings were in Eastern Mass and was planning a "hunt". Imagine my surprise when on GBBC weekend this fellow showed up. Stayed for half and hour and posed for some pics.


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Dayton Daily NewsSaturday, May 11, 2013
For the first time, Jessica Buchanan will share her thoughts on being rescued after 93 days in captivity.
figured they were going to rape me and then kill me. I just kept
thinking this can't be the end, this can't be the end of my life,"
Buchanan said during an interview to be aired at 7 p.m. Sunday, on
Buchanan and a colleague were working for a Danish group
dedicated to educating local people in the war-torn African republic
about the dangers from landmines left over from civil wars. They were
abducted by a Somali man with an AK-47 and held until the rescue by Seal
Team 6 on Jan. 25, 2012. Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted, 60, were
whisked away by the special operations team in a helicopter, leaving
behind nine dead kidnappers, according to reports.
"Oh my God. How
terrible," said Gail Shope, a former neighbor of the Buchanans in
Clarksville, a small town along the Warren-Clinton county line. "I can't
imagine the terror she went through."
Buchanan, 34, got a taste
of foreign aid work on a Ridgeville Christian School mission trip to
Mexico, according to friends. The school, north of Lebanon, has since
Buchanan grew up in a two-bedroom home in Harlan Township,
south of Clarksville. She graduated in 1997 from the Ridgeville
Christian School, about 20 miles west, along Ohio 48 in Clearcreek Twp.
at the school, Buchanan played volleyball and cheered, although she
wasn't a sports enthusiast, said Paul Bilunka, Buchanan's first teacher
at the school in 4th grade. She started a singing group, Mere Images,
and wrote a song sung at the school and local churches, friends said.
went to college in Pennsylvania, before traveling to Africa where she
was working for the Danish Demining Group. Her parents and sister moved
to Virginia in 2010.
Her mother, Marilyn Buchanan, walked up and down Clarksville Road, often stopping to talk with the Shopes and their horses.
were a wonderful family," Shope said, recalling Jessica and her
siblings were busy with school and other activities and her father, John
Buchanan, was busy building furniture. Her mother also volunteered at
the school.
Bilunka remembered seeing her for the last time at her mother's memorial service, about a year before the kidnapping.
loved it. She said she was homesick for going back to Africa," said
Bilunka, now a teacher at the Dayton Christian School in Miami Twp.
brother, Stephen, stayed with a family just east of the school on Lower
Springboro Road and worked at Grandma's Garden nursery, north of the
school and the town of Ridgeville.
Marilyn Buchanan died after the move to Virginia and before her daughter's captivity, Shope said.
"She didn't have to go through that," Shope said. "I can't imagine what the family went through."
The TV appearance and a forthcoming book end a prolonged silence.
Odds: The Kidnapping of Jessica Buchanan and Her Dramatic Rescue by
SEAL Team Six," is scheduled for release on May 14.
Buchanan co-wrote the book with her husband and author Anthony Flacco.
glad she's coming out and talking about it," said Bilunka, who also
served as her high school principal. "She'll be uncomfortable with
notoriety. She's a low-profile type."


text:
click photo to enlarge
She's 32, a single mother with a 12-year-old son. She works around her son's school schedule and the only $820 a month she earns goes directly to rent, food, clothing and necessities for her son.
"I want my son to have a nice Christmas and be proud of what he gets ," she wrote on her application. "He doesn't see much or do much because he knows funds are for food and rent."
This is just one of the many applicants helped through your generosity to The St. Augustine Record's Empty Stocking Fund.
The Empty Stocking Fund is not intended to pay off indebtedness. It does not provide luxury gifts or long-term assistance for chronic illness or physical handicaps.
The fund provides vouchers to Kmart for clothes and toys and to Publix for food.
Priority is given to families with children and to the elderly.
No donations are used to administer the fund because The Record absorbs those costs.
The Record's business partner this year for The Empty Stocking Fund is Prosperity Bank.
Everyone who receives help from the fund must complete an application. No assistance is given without a review of an applicant's need by the agency taking the application and by the Empty Stocking Fund Committee.
Contributions may be made to the Empty Stocking Fund, c/o The St. Augustine Record, P.O. Box 1630, St. Augustine, FL, 32085. Or, bring them to The Record, One News Place, during business hours, Monday through Friday.
All contributions are tax deductible.
Beginning Balance: $80,277.58
In Memory or Wilferd Warner from his Family $250
In Memory of Seaweed, Booger, Webster & Bleu $25
Nathaniel Powers 11/4/1839 -- 08/12/1862
Benjamin C. Powers -- Company B -- 3rd Fla. Infantry
In Memory of Confederate War Heroes $25
Anonymous $4.16
Happy Birthday Jesus, Norbert Tuseo $25
Ann F. Clingan - In Memory of Auntie $100
In Loving Memory of Lynne Tuttle, Elizabeth Tuttle, "Cutter" Tuttle, Ellen Brown & Billy Wells $50
In Loving Memory of Jessie & Jamie Saxon & Paul Canepa $150
In Memory of My Wife, Arline M. Canfield $30
In Loving Memory of my Grandmother, Anna Miller $50
Sherrie's South Shore Realty $25
In Memory of Jim Baker from Baker Pest Control, Inc. $1,000
Samantha Wilson Care Center at Bayview Administration Team $110
CSM (R) Mac Williamson IMO Jesus Christ - My Lord & Savior $25
Daily Total: $1,869.16
Total Contributions Year to Date: $82,146.74
Read more Empty Stocking Fund online
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us


text:
Sean Penn has been charged with battery, an actress with down syndrome lays the smack down on Sarah Palin, and Lil Wayne gets eight root canals...let's hug it out, Mantenna!
Photo: Terry McGinnis/Getty Images
Sean Penn Charged
Sean Penn has officially been charged with battery and vandalism. The charges are a result of an altercation with a paparazzi photographer in Los Angeles last year. Penn was videotaped by celebrity website TMZ kicking a photographer and screaming at him to "get out." The actor will have to front court March 22nd. It is unknown whether he will plead guilty to the two misdemeanor charges. If found guilty Penn faces up to 18 months in jail. [LA Times]
One of Tiger's Porn Star Mistresses Wants a Personal Apology
Porn star Joslyn James, who reportedly had a three-year affair with Tiger Woods, held her own press conference immediately following Tiger's incredibly insincere public apology. The adult film star, who said she had two abortions while seeing Woods, called his apology "faked" and demanded he apologize to her in person. She told the media, "I would be open to a telephoned apology from Tiger but I really feel that I deserve to look at him in person, face to face, in the eyes because I did not deserve this. An apology, one that was meaningful and that meant something, and I didn't hear none of that. He's so selfish; it's not about anybody but him. It didn't feel like it was real. Tiger pursued me over time and I fell in love with him and told me he loved me." What a moron. [E! Online]
Actress with Down Syndrome Lays the Smack Down on Sarah Palin
Former governor Sarah Palin has been making a big stink, along with her benighted daughter Bristol, about the portrayal of people with down syndrome on Family Guy. But someone with a lot more knowledge of the matter, Andrea Fay Friedman – the actress who did the voice for the character with down syndrome on Family Guy – has recently spoken out about the Palin clan. "My parents raised me to have a sense of humor and to live a normal life. My mother did not carry me around under her arm like a loaf of French bread the way former Governor Palin carries her son Trig around looking for sympathy and votes." Ouch. [Perez Hilton]
The Goonies 25th Anniversary
If you were a huge fan of The Goonies when you were a kid – or if you're a huge fan of it to this day – then you're going to want to make the 25th Anniversary Event in Astoria, Oregon where the film was shot. The event takes place from June 4th through June 7th and will offer crazy stuff like meet-and-greets with the stars, a black carpet screening of The Goonies, the Truffle Shuffle 5k walk, and lots more. Few events promise to recapture the '80s as successfully as this one hopefully will. [/Film]
Lil Wayne Gets Eight Root Canals
Photo: Arnold Turner/Getty Images
After hearing that Lil Wayne would have his trip to jail postponed due to some dental work, it turns out that it was actually pretty damn serious. It's being reported that Wanye's dentistry session included a staggering eight root canals in one day. Ouch. The procedure took place on Tuesday and apparently took over eight hours to complete. Wayne also had his trademark diamond grill worked on, several tooth implants redone, and had the few real teeth he had left repaired. No wonder this dude drinks so much syrup. [MTV]
The 20 Greatest Moments in Wingman History
Who among us has not either taken one for the team or, at the very least, breathed a huge sigh of relief that they had a wingman willing to step up to the plate in an hour of need? It is with this sentiment in mind that we join our bros at Manofest in saluting the everyday heroes who make our quests for booty that much more fruitful. Here's to you, wingman. [Manofest]
Apparently Texting and Being Useless Are America's New Past Times
At the 2010 National Texting Competition in New York this week, 16-year-old Kate Moore walked away with a cool $50,000 after defeating a collection of people who now have to tell their grandchildren that, not only did they attend a text messaging tournament, but that they lost to a girl who claims the phrase "l8r" should be in the dictionary. Moore was visibly excited about the victory and hopes the money can be used to either purchase a better phone plan or get a dress for a prom that she'll never be invited to. [Yahoo!]
Check out previous installments of Mantenna:
...or see the rest of the archive!


text:
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Hello I Must Be Going features acclaimed actress Melanie Lynskey (Win Win, Up in the Air, Two and a Half Men) in her breakout role as Amy, a recent divorcee who seeks refuge in the suburban Connecticut home of her parents (Blythe Danner and John Rubinstein). Demoralised and uncertain of her future, Amy begins an affair with a 19-year old actor (Girls' Christopher Abbott) that jump starts her passion for life and helps her discover an independence and sense of purpose that she has missed for years. Coupling Danner's subtly riveting performance as a frustrated empty nester with Lynskey's endearing and nuanced depiction of both the comic and tragic avenues of an existential crossroads, Hello I Must Be Going is a modern, unconventional love story infused with sex, humour, and emotional honesty - everything Amy will need to get on in life.
Asset Details
- Genre
Comedy, Drama, Indie, Romance
- Certificate 15
strong language, sex
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1 hour 35 minutes
- Released
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Melanie Lynskey Blythe Danner Christopher Abbott Todd Louiso
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text:
The Impact of Education on Health Status: Evidence from Longitudinal Survey Data
Using the NLSY79 panel data set from 1979-2006 for a cross-section of 12,686 individuals, this paper investigates the effect of educational attainment on the health status of an individual as measured by "the inability to work for health reasons." The present study bridges the gap in the literature by using the fixed-effects model, random-effects model, between-effects, and the Arellano-Bond dynamic model to analyze the impact of education on health status. We use these alternative models to control unobserved heterogeneity. Educational attainment has a statistically significant and positive effect on the quality of an individual's health status.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|Feb 2011
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.mtsu.edu/~berc/working/Economics_Working_Papers.html
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