text:
ELEPHANT Folio R PETERSON Easton Press AUDUBON SOCIETY
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The Audubon Society Baby Elephant FolioAUTHOR
PetersonRoger Tory Peterson & Virginia Marie Peterson PUBLISHER EASTON PRESS TITLE Audubon's Birds of America PUBLISHING INFO. CONDITION DUST JACKET - No dj, attached used bookplate in front, will be covered by a blank one BINDING FULL LEATHER - Large Coffee table Volume CONTENTS Due to weight t are a few spots to white page edges, nothing to stand out. Dollar to show size, over 15 lbs GILT CONDITION
Gilt on leather, the page edges were not gildedADDITIONAL NOTES
One massive book, filled with history and illustrationsEach Easton Press volume contains all high quality designs below: Premium Leathers Distinctive Cover Design Elegant gilded page edges Classic Hubbed Spine, Accented in Real 22KT Gold Marbled endsheets of rich oire fabric Long-lasting, High Quality Acid-neutral Paper Permament Satin Ribbon Page Marker Smyth-sewn Pages for Strength and Durability Handsome, Readable Typefaces Beautiful Illustrations
Easton Press sells the world's greatest books, bound in genuine leather and accented with 22kt gold. Each book is a Collector Edition that is as magnificent to see as it is to read. These extraordinary books are an elegant addition to any home or office, and make... read more


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Album Rating: 4.0"Each sound they add to contribute to the music acts as a layer that builds as their music progresses."
Album Rating: 4.0drums layer on vocals layer on guitars layer on bass
Album Rating: 2.0hey hey no need to be mean guys
Album Rating: 4.5Fuck a Perrier! Canada Dry is the true chill drink.
Album Rating: 4.5Potsy likes this good ire is wrong.
But c'mon dude it's a yummy drink and more affordable than Perrier.
Album Rating: 4.5Just happens to be good on the tummy. It's delicious! Also why it's a great mixer ha!
Album Rating: 4.5Perrier is like okay.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

subset: commoncrawl


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Gavin Kenyon
January 11 through February 15, 2014
2727 S. La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles , CA 90034
Get directions
(310) 836-2062
Gavin Kenyon, who makes gruesome but somehow slick monuments, is having his first L.A. solo show. It will include two monumental sculptures, one of an arch and the other of a column, among other, smaller anthropomorphic constructions. He makes his work by filling bags made of various materials with cement or plaster, and this particular show, like his others, sounds dense — like the works will weigh a lot and be heavy in textures.


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Dems shun the 'R' word -- Alliance between Rahm and Lindsey Graham could transform detainee policy -- David Carr: Georgetown is 'out' -- Philippe a-Twitter
BREAKING -- POLITICO's Alex Isenstadt: Arkansas Lt. Gov. Bill Halter just announced he will challenge Sen. Blanche Lincoln in this year's Democratic Senate primary. In a video on his campaign site, Halter appears in front of his childhood home and explains: "I'm running for the United State Senate because Washington is no longer working for this neighborhood or for families all across Arkansas. Washington is broken: bailing out Wall Street with no strings attached, while leaving middle-class Arkansas taxpayers with the bill; protecting insurance company profits instead of protecting patients and lowering health costs; gridlock, bickering and partisan games while unemployment is at a 25-year high. Enough's enough."
BIRTHDAYS: Aaron Lennon Rosen is 3. … Genevieve Ryan is 2-1. She celebrated at the Nassau Club in Princeton, with a "quiet dinner for a few friends" that evolved into a bash for 140 classmates. TOMORROW: Owen "O.G." Gallo will be 3.
Story Continued Below
TOP CLICKS: New York magazine cover story on Rupert Murdoch's thirst to wound The New York Times by beefing up his WSJ Cover image
--A State Department New Media mogul reports that Philippe Reines, while refusing pleas to tweet personally, has agreed to experiment as a guest tweeter on State's "Dipnote." Text "Follow Dipnote" to 40404, or visit twitter.com/Dipnote. ("SecClinton is wheels down in Montevideo, #Uruguay. 9 minutes ago via TweetDeck.")
--At 10:10 a.m., the President "will announce new steps in the Administration's effort to improve our nation's schools," during remarks at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, to anAmerica's Promise Alliance Education event hosted by Alliance Founding Chairman General Colin Powell and his wife and Alliance Chair Alma Powell. The White House says President Obama "will highlight efforts to help curb the dropout crisis and better prepare students for college and careers" and will discuss "a national effort to help turn around America's persistently low-performing schools, the Administration's support of effective drop-out prevention strategies, and the importance of promoting a culture of college readiness. Out this morning from the White House -- "Reducing the Dropout Rate and Helping All Students Graduate College and Career Ready"
--This month's 60 MINUTES/Vanity Fair Poll: "If they had to forgive someone, more Americans would excuse Tiger Woods before Charlie Sheen, John Edwards, Chris Brown, or Roman Polanski. Sixty-six percent say no woman who posed nude could have won the U.S. Senate race taken by Cosmopolitan-posing Scott Brown of Massachusetts. Americans of all political stripes disagree overwhelmingly with the recent Supreme Court decision allowing corporations to give as much money as they like to political ad campaigns." Page from the April VF; Full results
Good Monday morning. END-GAME SPIN -- Dems embrace reconciliation, but call it "simple majority" or "an up-or-down vote" -- POLITICO's Carrie Budoff Brown: "Democratic congressional leaders are already waging a battle to defend reconciliation and beat back Republican charges that the fast-track rules are an abuse of power. … 'I'll tell you one thing, if Speaker Pelosi rams this bill through the House using a reconciliation process, they will lose their majority in Congress in November,' House Minority Whip Eric Cantor (R-Va.) said on NBC's 'Meet the Press.' … In a rhetorical shift, Democrats have begun avoiding the word 'reconciliation,' in favor of 'simple majority.' … Since 1981, Republican presidents have signed 14 of the 19 reconciliation bills into law, including two tax cuts in the George W. Bush … And it was a Republican Congress that used reconciliation in 1996 to pass a sweeping overhaul of the welfare reform system, proposed by Democratic President Bill Clinton. … If Democrats succeed, reconciliation will be used more often as a default mechanism to pass legislation, making the Senate more of a majority-rules body than it has traditionally been, … said Marty Gold, an expert on Senate procedure who served … former Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-Tenn.). … In the 2001 tax cut debate, Democrats, including now-Senate Budget Committee Chairman Kent Conrad (D-N.D.), objected to reconciliation as an 'abuse of the process' that was 'trampling on the minority's rights.' But the tactic never appeared to generate as much buzz as it has with health care reform."
--More from Carrie: " Democrats acknowledge their strategy is risky in such a toxic political environment. John Lawrence, chief of staff to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, told health care activists in a conference call Friday that Congress needed to act before the Easter recess, or they could see a repeat of the tumultuous August break. Only this time, Republicans will use reconciliation to characterize the party as 'shoving it down our throats,' Lawrence said, according to notes provided by a person on the call."
--Alex "Morning Score" Burns: "Republicans plan to press Democrats in the House and Senate to state what their position would be on passing health care reform through reconciliation. 'There are dozens of Democrats in swing districts that refuse to say they will oppose the healthcare bill that the Democratic leadership plans to ram through the process,' one GOP official told Morning Score. 'The goal this week is to smoke them out of their holes and find out where they stand.'"
** A message from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce: The CFPA will extend far beyond banks, creating a new government bureaucracy that will tie up tens of thousands of ordinary businesses that had nothing to do with the financial crisis in messy red tape and regulation. To learn more, visit www.stopthecfpa.com **
POLITICO e-edition (all 28 pages of the print version)
POLITICO print edition p. 1 USA Today 1A
TOP TALKER -- " Emanuel & Graham: Bipartisan buddies," by POLITICO's Josh Gerstein: "Rahm Emanuel regularly swims at 5:30 a.m., sometimes with his children in tow, so that he can get to the office about 7. Lindsey Graham doesn't do business in the morning. 'Nothing good happens before 9:30,' he declares. Emanuel, a fast-talking Chicago native, made his name as a top aide to President Bill Clinton. Graham, raised in small-town South Carolina, helped manage the Republican effort to remove Clinton from office. … And yet, at a time when voters are clamoring for bipartisan cooperation in Washington, this unlikely pairing of White House chief of staff and Southern senator represents one of the highest-level conduits between the polarized political parties. Graham has had more in-person meetings with Emanuel than any other Republican lawmaker, roughly eight or 10 since Obama took office, aides said. The two men also talk regularly by phone. The main topic these days is Guantanamo Bay — how to close the military prison on the U.S. Navy base there. But their conversations are broader than that, embracing a wide-ranging deal pitched by Graham that would shut down the prison; provide funding to move detainees to Thomson, Ill.; keep the Sept. 11 trials out of civilian courts; and create broad new powers to hold terror suspects indefinitely. If their odd-couple conversations come to fruition, the two men could chart a course for U.S. detainee policy for years to come. And it starts with two guys who clearly see a little of themselves in each other. …. 'I just like Lindsey. I just like him, but it doesn't blind me to our differences,' Emanuel said in an interview with POLITICO. 'What I knew about him and read about him is only half the story. He's just a very honorable person to work with. He's easygoing, but clear-eyed about his objectives. Even when you disagree, he doesn't make it personal.'
"Emanuel says the cultural chasm between the two men isn't much of an obstacle, though he sometimes needles Graham about it, saying, 'Senator, a doughnut is not a bagel, even though they both look the same.' Thus far, Emanuel and the administration have publicly neither endorsed nor rejected Graham's proposed deal. But Emanuel has been unusually public in declaring Graham to be the linchpin for Obama's hopes of closing Guantanamo. 'You can't close Guantanamo without Sen. Graham,' Emanuel told The New York Times last month. Some observers think Graham can ultimately deliver the votes of a bipartisan bloc of centrist senators who have qualms about aspects of Obama's terrorism policies but also believe the Bush administration snubbed Congress and was too extreme. … Aides to Graham and Emanuel said the two men had their first substantive dealings during the 2008 presidential campaign, when they were tapped by Obama and the Republican nominee, Sen. John McCain, to hammer out the rules and formats for the debates. … Graham also represents a more centrist voice when it comes to climate change, another topic of his chats with Emanuel. … 'It seems a bit odd at first blush, but it's really not that mysterious,' said John Podesta, a former chief of staff to Clinton. Emanuel and Graham 'are both no-BS kinds of guys, one with a South Carolina accent, one with a Chicago accent.'"
HAPPENING TODAY -- EXCLUSIVE -- A White House official: "As part of a visit to an Orlando-area construction site, Vice President Biden and Transportation Secretary LaHood will announce that every state and the District of Columbia has met an aggressive March 2nd deadline to put 100 percent of their Recovery Act highway dollars to work on projects across the country. As a result, states will now head into the spring construction season with over 12,000 Recovery Act highway projects funded nationwide - of which nearly 7,800 are already underway. Hitting the 100 percent mark means activity on construction projects – and the jobs that come with them – will ramp up significantly in the coming months as the weather thaws and construction season kicks into high gear. The Vice President and Secretary LaHood will also announce that not only are highway projects on-schedule, but in many cases they continue to come in under-budget – meaning even more job creating projects can be funded with the dollars being saved."
THE BIG IDEA -- N.Y. Times' David Carr, on Washington as "a city transformed": "'The dinner party at Ben and Sally's or Mrs. Graham's circa 1975 was The Note or Mike Allen blast e-mail of its day,' said David Von Drehle, editor at large for Time and a former editor of The Post's Style section … (Ms. Quinn … was among those most deeply offended by the White House crashers, and suggested that the social secretary, Desirée Rogers, needed to be cashiered, a change that also took place last week.) … In Washington today, the office holders flee to their families who live back in their districts as often as they can, and the city belongs to the horde of young people who staff various agencies, media outlets and lobbying outfits. More than any other city I can think of, Washington is a city transformed. … Actual political might has been migrating away from the parties, never mind the people who go to parties, more rapidly than ever. And the official version of Washington has little allure outside the Beltway: one of the more important credentials for incumbents is how little time they actually spend inside the District. 'Power in Washington has been dispersed geographically, demographically and politically, and I think establishment Washington is having trouble coming to grips with that,' said Ana Marie Cox, Washington correspondent for GQ, who is working on a power list for a coming issue. 'I can't remember the last time I was in Georgetown.'"
SCOOP -- N.Y. Times p. 1, " White House Is Rethinking Nuclear Policy," by David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker: "As President Obama begins making final decisions on a broad new nuclear strategy for the United States, senior aides say he will permanently reduce America's arsenal by thousands of weapons. But the administration has rejected proposals that the United States declare it would never be the first to use nuclear weapons, aides said. Mr. Obama's new strategy — which would annul or reverse several initiatives by the Bush administration — will be contained in a nearly completed document called the Nuclear Posture Review, which all presidents undertake. Aides said Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates will present Mr. Obama with several options on Monday to address unresolved issues in that document, which have been hotly debated within the administration. … Many elements of the new strategy have already been completed, according to senior administration and military officials who have been involved in more than a half-dozen Situation Room debates about it, and outside strategists consulted by the White House. As described by those officials, the new strategy commits the United States to developing no new nuclear weapons, including the nuclear bunker-busters advocated by the Bush administration. But Mr. Obama has already announced that he will spend billions of dollars more on updating America's weapons laboratories to assure the reliability of what he intends to be a much smaller arsenal."
TRANSITIONS -- JERI THOMPSON will announce today that she's leaving her co-hosting gig on Fred Thompson's radio show, which is syndicated to more than 175 stations. A friend reports: "Over the past six months they've both, but especially Jeri, been increasingly active in conservative and Republican campaigns (NY-23, for example). And with 2010 fast approaching, Fred is encouraging her to put in place some structure so they can increasingly help conservative candidates on the state and federal levels. She will probably increase her own media presence on TV, and will help manage Fred's book release, three upcoming movies, and some other TV and other opportunities. This isn't about another presidential run, it's about them helping conservative and Republican candidates win in November and two years out from there."
2010 -- "Tommy Thompson eyes Senate bid," by POLITICO's Alex Isenstadt: "Former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson, who served four terms as Wisconsin governor, is securing financial pledges and ramping up his outreach to longtime political aides in preparation for a possible campaign against Democratic Sen. Russ Feingold. Thompson has alerted his Washington-based law firm of his moves and is contacting key clients about the prospect of challenging Feingold, the most tangible signals yet that he's seriously exploring a 2010 campaign. 'The governor has taken additional steps in the past week and will continue to do so over the next several weeks,' former state commerce secretary and Thompson campaign manager Bill McCoshen told POLITICO. 'If the meetings go well, you can expect to see an exploratory committee set up near the end of March.' Another longtime Thompson ally said the governor already has $200,000 in potential donations for a campaign that doesn't yet exist. 'If you talked to me two weeks ago, I would have put it at a 50-50 shot. Now it's at 70,' said the Thompson aide … 'He's asking serious questions like, "Who would run the campaign? Who would do the fundraising? When would we announce? How much could we raise?"' Despite Thompson's steps, political insiders in both parties in Washington and Wisconsin remain skeptical of Thompson's commitment to challenging Feingold, a three-term incumbent. … Thompson, who ran for the 2008 GOP presidential nomination, has twice openly contemplated a shot at his old job, most recently in spring 2009. … While the two announced GOP candidates — real-estate entrepreneur Terrence Wall and businessman Dave Westlake — trail Feingold by 8 to 10 percentage points [in a Rasmussen Poll], Thompson holds a slight 5-percentage-point edge, 48 percent to 43 percent, just outside the margin of error. For national Republicans, Thompson's candidacy would be a recruitment coup, a development that would broaden the 2010 electoral map by forcing Democrats to defend a seat that has yet to surface on national radar as a competitive race. And any plausible path to a Senate majority would most likely involve a GOP victory in a Democratic-leaning state such as Wisconsin, where the contest would immediately become competitive with Thompson's candidacy."
PAUL KRUGMAN, in "Financial Reform Endgame," opposes the compromise Chairman Dodd is leaning toward introducing: "[L]et's highlight the dispute over a proposed Consumer Financial Protection Agency. … Some have argued that the job of protecting consumers can and should be done either by the Fed or — as in one compromise that at this point seems unlikely — by a unit within the Treasury Department. ... The only way consumers will be protected under future antiregulation administrations — and believe me, given the power of the financial lobby, there will be such administrations — is if there's an agency whose whole reason for being is to police bank abuses. In summary, then, it's time to draw a line in the sand. No reform, coupled with a campaign to name and shame the people responsible, is better than a cosmetic reform that just covers up failure to act."
ALSO DRIVING THE CONVO, by Tim Alberta:
--WaPo A1, " Chile reels in aftermath of quake, emergency workers provide aid," by Jonathan Franklin and R. Jeffrey Smith in Santiago, Chile: "After experiencing one of the most powerful earthquakes to strike the earth in more than a century, Chileans accelerated their rescue, aid and security efforts in damaged regions Sunday but also took pride in the comparatively low death toll, a result widely attributed to the country's meticulous planning and preparation. The Chilean government dispatched troops to keep order in the hard-hit city of Concepcion, and President Michelle Bachelet opened the door to international aid a day after saying that 'we generally do not ask for help.'… The earthquake, centered 200 miles southwest of the capital, was one of at least a dozen in Chile since 1973 that were larger than magnitude 7."
--NYT A1, " Vote Seen as Pivotal Test for Both Iraq and Maliki," by Steven Lee Myers in Baghdad: "A few months ago, building on genuine if not universal popularity, Nuri Kamal al-Maliki appeared poised to win a second term as Iraq's prime minister. Now, as Iraqis prepare to vote in parliamentary elections on March 7, his path to another four years in office has become increasingly uncertain, his campaign erratic and, to some, deeply troubling. Far from consolidating power in the authoritarian manner that has plagued Iraq's history, Mr. Maliki risks losing it through the ballot box."
--WaPo A1, " Gun case presents quandary for Supreme Court justices," by Robert Barnes: "[W]hen the justices on Tuesday confront the question of whether the amendment applies to state and local governments -- not just the federal government and its enclaves, such as the District of Columbia -- the court's most prominent gun enthusiast faces something of a constitutional quandary. The most likely path to recognizing gun ownership as a fundamental right is one that has been heavily criticized by Scalia and other conservative scholars, and it seems inconsistent with his belief that the Constitution should be interpreted in terms of its framers' 'original meaning.' The alternative, one embraced by an unlikely coalition of libertarian, liberal and some conservative scholars and activists, would apply the Bill of Rights to the states in a way they say is more grounded in the Constitution.."
--WSJ A1, " Google, Microsoft Spar on Antitrust," by Thomas Catan and Jessica E. Vascellaro: "Seeking $335,000 in unpaid advertising bills, Google Inc. filed suit against a small Internet site in Ohio in October. The complaint was so routine it was just two sentences long. Google never expected the response it got. Last month, the small Internet site countered with a 24-page antitrust lawsuit against Google, accusing the search-engine giant of a litany of monopolistic abuses. But what really caught Google's attention was the Internet site's legal counsel: It was Charles 'Rick' Rule, long the chief outside counsel on competition issues for Google archrival Microsoft Corp."
BUSINESS BURST -- TheChattanoogan.com: "Today comes word from the highly-respected Consumer Reports that … they will return eight Toyota models to their vaunted 'recommended' list … On Tuesday the spring auto issue of Consumer Reports will be released and – what is this? – Toyota is again No. 3 on the list. (Honda and Subaru are tied for first.) Ford is ranked 11th while GM and Chrysler are again at the bottom of the annual rankings."
MEDIAWATCH -- Howard Kurtz gives props to Brand X in the shirttail to today's "Media Notes" column on the WashPost Style front: "Old-fashioned journalism: After weeks of feverish and inaccurate media speculation about what the New York Times might report about David Paterson, the paper knocked the New York governor out of the race last week with a story on how he had intervened in a domestic-assault case against a top aide. That article, the work of four reporters, underscores the value of careful, deliberate digging in a culture that increasingly values quick hits and seductive links. The Times also toppled Paterson's predecessor by revealing that Eliot Spitzer was patronizing prostitutes."
MEDAL MOMENT -- "An exuberant end to a bittersweet Olympics" -- AP: "An Olympics that began with the death of a luger ended Sunday with an exuberant celebration of Canada - reflecting a determined comeback by the host country's organizers and athletes A festive crowd of 60,000 jammed into BC Place Stadium for the closing ceremony, many of them Canadians abuzz over the overtime victory by their men's hockey team earlier in the day to give the host nation a Winter Olympics record of 14 gold medals. … The U.S. won the [overall] medals race for the first time since 1932."
--Total medals: U.S., 37 (the most by any country at any Winter Olympics); Germany, 30; Canada, 26
--Gold medals: Canada, 14; Germany, 20; U.S. and Norway, 9 each
--AP Sports Columnist Jim Litke: "These were the best Winter Games ever. … What were the odds that two teams of mercenary, millionaire pros from the U.S. and Canada would breathe new life into those hopelessly romantic words that helped revive the modern Olympics more than a century ago? The ones about how competing honorably was even more important than winning? [R]ising star and soon-to-be-cast-in-gold icon Sidney Crosby pounced on a loose puck and slipped it underneath lunging U.S. goalie Ryan Miller to seal the hockey gold medal with a 3-2 win in overtime. … [T]here was never a more-fitting ending to any Winter Games than this one. The crowd in Canada Hockey Place was on its feet in a full-throated roar for the final minute of regulation, then again as alternating chants of 'USA! USA!" and "Go, Canada, Go!' echoed around the building to accompany the presentation of the gold and sliver medals. That's respect."
** A message from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce: The CFPA will extend far beyond banks, creating a new government bureaucracy that will tie up tens of thousands of ordinary businesses that had nothing to do with the financial crisis in messy red tape and regulation. To learn more, visit www.stopthecfpa.com **
****** A message from the Peter G. Peterson Foundation: Washington is debating tax reform. There's talk of substantial tax cuts that will give trillions of dollars back to American taxpayers. That sounds great. But if these tax cuts aren't paid for, future generations will be stuck with the bill. Congress is right to pursue tax reform - the code is outdated, complex and unfair. Tax reform done right should be permanent, because businesses and individuals need certainty to plan and invest. It should be based on realistic, independent projections and assumptions about the effect on our economy and our fiscal outlook. And it should enjoy bipartisan support, so that it's durable over time. Lawmakers should use the valuable opportunity presented by tax reform both to improve our fiscal outlook and strengthen the economy at the same time. Congress, tax reform should grow the economy. Not the debt. Learn more at www.pgpf.org/tax-reform. ******


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Ranveer Singh and Rohan Shreshta are buddies at work
Ranveer Singh and celebrity photographer Rohan Shreshta are besties. They studied at the same school, Learners Academy at Bandra, and used to act in school plays together.
Rohan Shreshta (left) and Ranveer Singh and (below) in their younger days
While Ranveer pursued his acting dream, Rohan opted to be behind the camera. Now the childhood pals bond over work too as Rohan often handles Ranveer's photo shoots.


text:
Artist description:
No description entered.
Java Draw Created Dec 01, 2012 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2012 eunhae4eva.
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a great first kiss!
wat a romantic first kiss, very sweet. i like how u drew their profiles n hair :3 nice coloring too
So Sweet...lovely drawing ;D


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The mercury dipped to just six degrees overnight.
We will see a top of 10 degrees and partly cloudy with a few showers.
Winds northerly 20 to 30 km/h becoming light in the evening.
Local police had nothing to report from overnight.
Fire crews attended a house fire in Wendouree overnight.
Crews from Ballarat City and Wendouree brought a kitchen fire under control within minutes just afte 6.30pm.
Residents of the Hastings Street home were evacuated after the fire started in the oven.
The house was entirely smoke locked.
Local paramedics attended no trauma cases overnight.
Four helicopters were used in the rescue of tourists from a fatal bus crash on the Great Ocean Road.
The tour bus which was carrying seven passengers, left the road about 2pm and travelled 20 metres down a ravine and into a creek bed. Details.
From July 27, V/Line train lines and coach services will have new timetables. Details.
Anger as holes appear in new Llanberris running surface
Armstrong Street traders give thumbs up for road workers
Former policeman sentenced to jail for indecent assault of children


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Friends of the Coalition, Provo, UT, USA
Having working for this private,non-profit agency since 1997, I have been in a position to see many hundreds of people that have been helped with their barriers that keep them in a homeless vicious circle. Compassion and dignity are traits that underpin the advocacy for individuals that are struggling with things such as mental health issues, substance dependence, mental or physical disabilities, economic issues, lack of education or opportunities, and/or lack of life skills. Agency administrative costs are very low and the staff works very hard. There is a large base of community volunteerism that helps make it possible.
More Feedback
How does this organization compare with others in the same sector?
Very Well
How much of an impact do you think this organization has?
Will you recommend this organization to others?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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"San Francisco Rush 2049" is a video game released to the Gameboy Color console in 2000 by Midway Games. It is a part of a long standing "San Francisco Rush" series which saw success in more developed consoles such as the Nintendo 64. In the United States, the title received a rating of "E" which deemed it suitable for all ages.
The game is placed within the racing genre. The story is based in a futuristic setting and features numerous shortcuts and detours throughout any given race. Gameplay is presented from a top down perspective which is similar to other titles released for the Gameboy console. There is only one mode of play in this game and it is similar to a "Career" mode where the players must play through the various race courses in order to gain entry to more advanced stages. There is little difficulty in this title in terms of the actual race and to further simplify the game the player has access to five different coloured vehicles which each feature distinct features, such as better turning or a higher acceleration rate. There are some noticeable bugs in this game and I found the main one to be a flaw when hitting a wall, which frequently traps the player's vehicle and forces the player to either wait until the race is complete or reset the console and restart from the beginning. It was also noteworthy that the computer opponents always remained on one designated course which does not allow for any racing "feel" or element of surprise.
The graphics are acceptable and do make a good use of a wider range of colours in the environmental parts, such as road signs and background scenes. The car design could have used additional detailing work as there is an element of "blockiness" to the visual which is unappealing. The audio is standard to other handheld racing games with a notorious "buzz" sound during acceleration and movement.
Overall, Rush 2049 could provide some entertainment to a fan of a racing title but should best be avoided due to the bugs within gameplay which were not properly corrected before release. I found gameplay to be frustrating especially in periods where the car would not move due to being "stuck" in a wall.


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Artist description:
I figured we needed more protein and greens after all these sweets! Enjoy! :-) LOL
Java Draw Created Jul 18, 2010 338 x 470px Unless noted Copyright 2010 AuroraSkye.
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i like food drawing
truly very healthy~
awesome i like salmon 5/5 hearts it looks healthy and tasty =D
you're right, need more proteins! looks very good , i bet is a wonderful salad! 5h
this is good, lots of detail and color,well done.5/5
OMG!!! this looks delicious!!!!!! 5/5 and added to collection!!!!!!
That's true, this salad looks delicious! 5h
nice draw one thing i'll mention that u have tremendous speed i make 1 drwng in 3 days bt u make 3 in 1 day & all are very nice
Looks great!!
That looks really good! I'll have one of those please :) 5 ♥s


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|25 Jun 1996
|Filing date
|7 Jun 1995
|Priority date
|23 Sep 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kevin J. Brodbeck, Aram Garabedian, Jr., Brian P. Argo, Amy M. Penticoff, Clement K. Choy
|Original Assignee
|The Clorox Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (28), Classifications (22), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/141,144, filed Oct. 22, 1993 now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/125,949, filed Sep. 23, 1993, now abandoned U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,499.
The present invention relates to thickened aqueous abrasive cleansers containing hypochlorite bleach with improved phase stability.
Thickened hypochlorite bleach solutions or compositions have long been used in a variety of applications including hard surface cleaning, disinfecting and the like. These compositions are typically provided with increased viscosity for a number of reasons, principally to increase residence time of the composition on non-horizontal surfaces.
Many different examples of thickened hypochlorite bleach compositions have been available from a wide variety of sources for use in hard surface cleaning. For example, Finley et al., European Patent Application EP 373,864 and Prince et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,043, disclosed hypochlorite bleach compositions consisting of polyacrylate thickeners, amine oxide detergent, and optional fatty acid soap and/or a bleach stable synthetic anionic detergent for cleaning hard surfaces such as toilet bowls, bathroom tiles and shower walls. However, both of these references do not disclose, teach, or suggest the need to reduce or limit the free electrolyte, or ionic strength, of thickened cleaners.
Other prior art references have also described various thickened automatic dish washing liquid compositions using polyacrylates in combination with colloidal thickeners to provide proper rheology and stability in hypochlorite bleach compositions including various adjuncts. Stoddart, U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,728, and Corring, U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,948, are representative of these other prior art references. These types of cleaners contain large amounts of builders, or other materials, which would boost the ionic strength of the resulting composition. Also, as automatic dish washing compositions (or, "ADWD's"), such cleaners typically must include silicates as overglaze protectors and contain relatively low amounts of surfactants, if at all, to prevent high foaming action.
Additionally, there are examples of hypochlorite-containing abrasive cleansers in the art, but they typically require either a colloidal clay thickener, such as disclosed in Hartman, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,985,668, 4,005,027 and 4,051,056, a mixture of surfactants, such as disclosed in Jones et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,678, or a stearate soap, such as disclosed in Chapman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,919. All of these systems suffer from disadvantages, such as premature hardening in the colloidal clay-thickened systems, or poor phase stability, as in the stearate-thickened systems.
Other examples of abrasive, hypochlorite-containing, thickened liquid cleansers with good physical stability include Choy et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,599,186, 4,657,692 and 4,695,394, all of common assignment herewith.
A related application, Choy et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/125,949, filed Sep. 23, 1993, entitled "Thickened Aqueous Abrasive Cleanser With Improved Rinsability," commonly owned and assigned to The Clorox Company, discloses long-term phase and viscosity stable liquid abrasive cleansers, in which cross-linked polyacrylate, nonionic surfactant, pH adjusting agent and calcium carbonate abrasive are combined. The disclosures of that application are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
Generally, these compositions have performed satisfactorily for their intended purpose. However, there is a need for thickened aqueous abrasive cleansers containing hypochlorite bleach with improved phase and bleach stability, offering improved characteristics and benefits.
In one aspect of the invention, the invention provides a phase stable, thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser comprising:
a) an effective amount of a cross-linked polyacrylate;
b) an effective amount of at least one bleach-stable surfactant;
c) an effective amount of a low salt, high purity hypochlorite;
d) an effective amount of a pH-adjusting agent;
e) an effective amount of particulate abrasive; and
f) the remainder as water.
In another embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a method of preparing a phase stable, thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser comprising the steps of adding together:
a) water;
b) a low salt, high purity hypochlorite bleach;
c) an abrasive;
d) at least one bleach-stable surfactant; and
e) a cross-linked polyacrylate, wherein, preferably, the polyacrylate is added as the last step.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the cleanser contains about 0.1-50% calcium carbonate abrasive. The formulations having a higher calcium carbonate content tend to have a plastic, creamy, flowable rheology, while those of lower calcium carbonate content (0.1-25%) will tend to have a shear-thinning rheology.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a hypochlorite bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser, without significant syneresis.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a hypochlorite bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser which has improved phase and viscosity stability.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a hypochlorite bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser which has excellent chemical stability.
It is another object of this invention to provide a hypochlorite bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser in which improved thickening is achieved by coating the abrasive with a bleach-stable surfactant to shield the abrasive from cross-linked polyacrylate thickener.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a hypochlorite bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser to improve the thickening of a polyacrylate-thickened rheology by the use of an amine oxide surfactant.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser with a plastic rheology, which provides improved flow characteristics relative to non-polymer thickened cleansers, which frequently suffer from "bottle hangup," or a significant amount of residual product clinging to the container interior.
It is also an object of this invention to provide an improved method for preparing a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser by adding a cross-linked polyacrylate thickener in the last step.
It is additionally an object of this invention to provide an improved method for preparing a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser which has a lower abrasive content in order to enhance the cleanser's sheeting action on a vertical surface.
It is furthermore an object of this invention to provide a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser which leaves no to minimal visible residue after rinsing from a surface.
It is additionally an object of this invention to provide a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser which has entrained air to impart enhanced thickening and phase stability.
It is finally an object of this invention to provide a bleach-containing thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser with a calcium carbonate as the abrasive, at a content of about 0.1-25%, said cleanser having a shear-thinning rheology.
FIG. 1 is a graphical depiction of the viscosity stability of one of the preferred embodiments of this invention;
FIG. 2 is another graphical depiction of the viscosity stability of one of the preferred embodiments of this invention; and
FIG. 3 is yet another graphical depiction of the viscosity stability of one of the preferred embodiments of this invention.
In each of the drawings, the viscosity, as measured in centipoise, with each unit representing 1,000, is plotted on the y axis, while the time in days is plotted on the x axis. Measurements at different temperatures are represented by a box (21.1� C.), cross-hatch (37.7� C.) and a diamond (48.8� C.).
The invention provides a hard surface, hypochlorite-containing, abrasive scouring cleanser having no significant syneresis, undue viscosity or yield stress value increase, stably suspends abrasives, and has excellent rinsing characteristics. All of the foregoing advantages are present over time and after these compositions have been subjected to storage at elevated temperatures.
Furthermore, as compared to prior art cleaners which include high levels of mixed surfactants, the present invention provides a stably suspended abrasive scouring cleanser which uses relatively small amounts of surfactants, thus lowering the total cost of producing these cleansers. The absence of solvents results in a less irritating product as well.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a phase stable, thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser comprising:
a) an effective amount of a cross-linked polyacrylate;
b) an effective amount of at least one bleach-stable surfactant;
c) an effective amount of a low salt, high purity hypochlorite;
d) an effective amount of a pH-adjusting agent;
e) an effective amount of abrasive; and
f) the remainder as water.
A further embodiment of the invention provides a method of preparing a phase stable, thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser comprising the steps of adding together:
a) water;
b) a low salt, high purity hypochlorite bleach;
c) an abrasive;
d) at least one bleach-stable surfactant;
e) a cross-linked polyacrylate, preferably, as the last step.
The individual constituents of the inventive cleansers are described more particularly below. As used herein, all percentages are weight percentages of actives, unless otherwise specified. Additionally, the term "effective amount" means an amount sufficient to accomplish the intended purpose, e.g., thickening, suspending, cleaning, etc.
The cross-linked polyacrylate polymers of the present invention are generally characterized as resins in the form of acrylic acid polymers. These resins are well known for use in a number of applications and it is commonly theorized that the carboxyl groups in the polymers are responsible for desirable characteristics resulting from the polymers.
Such cross-linked polyacrylate polymers are available from a number of sources including materials available under the trade name CARBOPOL� from B. F. Goodrich Company and under the trade name POLYGEL� available from 3V Chemical Company. Cross-linked polyacrylate polymers of a type contemplated by the present invention are also believed to be available from other sources which are also contemplated for use within the present invention and as defined herein.
The cross-linked polyacrylate polymers are generally characterized as acrylic acid polymers which are non-linear and water-dispersible while being cross-linked with an additional monomer or monomers in order to exhibit a molecular weight in the range from eighty thousand to about seven million g/mole, preferably about one hundred thousand to about seven million g/mole, more preferably about one million to seven million g/mole. Additionally, an average formula weight for a polymer subunit is about 60-120 g/mole, preferably 75-95 g/mole. The most preferred CARBOPOLs average about 86 g/mole. Preferably, the polymers are cross-linked with a polyalkenyl polyether, the cross-linking agents tending to interconnect linear strands of the polymers to form the resulting cross-linked product. The pH of an aqueous polymer solution provides a rough measure of the number of carboxyl groups in the polymer, and thus is an estimate of the degree of cross-linking and/or degree of branching of the polymer. Preferably, the pH of a 2% polymer solution at 21� C. should be between 1.8 and 5.0, more preferably 2.0 and 3.0. The pH is measured before neutralization.
Generally all cross-linked polyacrylate polymers are effective for achieving, in conjunction with the surfactant, the desired viscosity and stability compositions of the type contemplated by the present invention. However, some differences particularly in terms of stability have been observed for different cross-linked polyacrylate polymers. Suitable cross-linked polyacrylate polymers for purposes of the present invention include the CARBOPOL 600 series, 900 series, 1300 series and 1600 series resins Most. preferred are the CARBOPOL 1621 and 1610 resins (formerly known as 613 and 623 resins, respectively), which include a cross-linking agent plus hydrophobe. Also suitable is CARBOPOL 672 (formerly 614). More specific examples of polymers selected from these series are included in the examples set forth in the Experimental Section below. Similarly, effective cross-linked polyacrylate polymers for purposes of the present invention also include those available under the trade name POLYGEL and specified as DA, DB, and DK, available from 3V Chemical Company, and the SOKOLAN� polymers produced by the BASF Corporation.
As is also illustrated by the examples in the following Experimental Section, certain of the cross-linked polyacrylate polymers noted above may provide particular advantages or features within a thickened composition as contemplated by the present invention. Accordingly, it is also contemplated by the present invention to particularly employ mixtures or combinations of such polymers in order to produce compositions exhibiting combined characteristics of the respective polymers.
Generally, the cross-linked polyacrylate polymers of the present invention are believed to be tightly coiled in a presolvated condition with relatively limited thickening capabilities. Upon being dispersed in water, the polymer molecules are hydrated and uncoil or relax to varying degrees. Thickening is particularly effective with the polyacrylate polymers when they are uncoiled or relaxed as noted above. Uncoiling of the polyacrylate polymers may be achieved for example by neutralizing or stabilizing the polymer with inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or low molecular weight amines and alkanolamines. Neutralization or stabilization of the polyacrylate polymers in this manner rapidly results in almost instantaneous thickening of an aqueous solution containing the polymers and surfactants. It is noted that the highest viscosity occurs when the polymer is completely neutralized; however, it has been empirically determined that elasticity is greater when the polymer is only partially neutralized. For some applications, it may be preferable to enhance elasticity rather than viscosity, for example, to aid in dispensing through restricted orifices, or to improve residence time on non-horizontal surfaces. Elasticity is also important to suspend abrasives, although even when fully neutralized the polymer retains sufficient elasticity for this purpose.
As noted above, the particular effectiveness of the cross-linked polyacrylate polymers in the present invention is believed to be due to a characteristic yield point or yield value. In this regard, it is noted that a typical liquid tends to deform as long as it is subjected to a tensile or shear stress of the type created by dispensing the liquid from a spray-type dispenser or the like. For such a liquid under shear, the rate of deformation or shear rate is generally proportional to the shear stress. This relationship was originally set forth in Newton's Law and a liquid exhibiting such proportional or straight-line characteristics are commonly termed Newtonian liquids.
With respect to thickening, it should be noted that while there are many types of inorganic and organic thickeners, not all will provide the proper type of shear-thinning rheology desired in the invention. Common clays, for instance, will likely lead to a false body rheology, which, at rest, turn very viscous. A thixotropic rheology is also not desirable in this invention since in the thixotropic state, a liquid at rest also thickens dramatically. If the thixotrope has a yield stress value, as typically found in clay-thickened liquid media, the fluid at rest may not re-achieve flowability without shaking or agitation. The surfactants included in the formulas of this invention are important in achieving the shear-thinning rheology. The formulations of this invention can develop viscosities in the range of 20-70,000 centipoise (cP), preferably 1,000-40,000 cP, and most preferably 10,000-30,000 cP. However, in an alternative embodiment containing a lower amount of abrasives, a viscosity of between about 4,000 to about 25,000, more preferably 5,000 to 15,000, is obtained.
The most preferred bleach-stable surfactants are the amine oxides, especially trialkyl amine oxides, as represented below. ##STR1## Additionally, it may be suitable to use mono-short chain C1-4 alkyl, di-long chain C10-20 alkyl amine oxides. In the structure above, R' and R" can be alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and are most preferably methyl, and R is alkyl of about 10 to 20 carbon atoms. When R' and R" are both methyl and R is alkyl averaging about 12 carbon atoms, the structure for dimethyldodecylamine oxide, a preferred amine oxide, is obtained. Other preferred amine oxides include the C14 alkyl (tetradecyl) and C16 (hexadecyl) amine oxides. It is particularly preferred to use mixtures of any of the foregoing, especially a mixture of C12 and C16 dimethyl amine oxide. In general, it has been found that the longer alkyl group results in improved viscosity development, better stability, and reduced skin sensitivity, while the shorter alkyl group appears to contribute to better cleaning performance. Representative examples of these particular type of bleach-stable nonionic surfactants include the dimethyldodecylamine oxides sold under the trademarks AMMONYX� LO and CO by Stepan Chemical. Yet other preferred amine oxides are those sold under the trademark BARLOX� by Lonza, Conco XA sold by Continental Chemical Company, AROMAX™ sold by Akzo, and SCHERCAMOX™ sold by Scher Brothers, Inc. These amine oxides preferably have main alkyl chain groups averaging about 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
Betaines and their derivatives, especially C10-20 betaines, may also be useful in the compositions of the invention. Particularly preferred are betaines such as those described in the previously mentioned Choy et al. references, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The polyacrylates of the present invention are highly branched and, as described previously, are relatively tightly coiled in a presolvated condition. When dispersed in water, the polymer molecules are hydrated and uncoil to some degree, providing some thickening. However, full viscosity development occurs only when the polymer is neutralized, creating a net negative charge on the carboxyl group. Owing to the proximity of the carboxyl groups, the negatives tend to repel each other, thus greatly increasing the volume occupied by the polymer and resulting in significant thickening. In any system where cations may be present, however, these cations may mitigate the electrostatic repulsion between adjacent anionic carboxyl groups or, in the case of divalent cations, may actually bridge the carboxyl groups, thus recoiling the polymer. Calcium is one such divalent cation which can create such a problem. The use of such cross-linked polyacrylate thickeners in the art has therefore been limited to compositions wherein high levels of calcium, for example calcium carbonate, were not present. It has now been surprisingly found that a polyacrylate can be used as a thickener even in a system containing high levels of a calcium carbonate abrasive by employing the identified surfactants. It is theorized that the surfactant affords viscosity stability to the polyacrylate by "surfactant shielding," that is, the positive pole of the surfactant is attracted to the negatively charged carboxyl groups of the polymer, thus shielding the carboxyl groups from positively charged species. It has been empirically determined that shielding-effective surfactants have a hydrophobic-lipophobic balance (HLB) of between about 11-13. Most preferred is an amine oxide. The surfactant is present in a shielding-effective amount, generally about 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably about 0.5 to 3% by weight.
A cosurfactant may be selected from anionic surfactants such as soaps (alkyl carboxylates), alkali metal alkyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, primary and secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS, also referred to as paraffin sulfonates), alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates, and mixtures thereof. These anionic surfactants will preferably have alkyl groups averaging about 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Most preferred are the soaps, especially potassium soaps. The soaps utilized are typically formed in situ, by using the appropriate carboxylic acid (e.g., a C6-18 carboxylic acid, such as, without limitation, lauric, stearic, myristic acids, and unsaturated acids, such as coco fatty acid), and neutralizing with e.g., potassium hydroxide (KOH). Other alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxides, can be utilized. Commercial sources of these fatty acids include Henkel KGaA's Emery Division. Further, alkali metal salts of alkyl aryl sulfonic acids might be useful, such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, known as LAS's. Typical LAS's have C8-16 alkyl groups, examples of which include Stepan Chemical Company's BIOSOFI�, and CALSOFI� manufactured by Pilot Chemical Company. Still further potentially suitable cosurfactants include the alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates, such as those sold by Dow Chemical Company under the name "Dowfax," e.g., Dowfax 3B2. Other potentially suitable anionic cosurfactants include alkali metal alkyl sulfates such as Conco Sulfate WR, sold by Continental Chemical Company, which has an alkyl group of about 16 carbon atoms; and secondary alkane sulfonates such as HOSTAPUR SAS, manufactured by Farbwerke Hoechst A. G., Frankfurt, Germany.
Determining an appropriate mixture of polyacrylate and surfactants is very important to the invention. While theoretically anywhere from about 0.01% to 5% polyacrylate can be used, and about 0.1 to 15% surfactants, so long as proper rheology and lack of phase separation or syneresis result, in practice it is preferred to use minimal quantities of polyacrylate and surfactants. The amount that is ordinarily used is an amount which is both abrasive-suspending and thickening-effective amount. Applicants have found that preferably about 0.1% to 3%, and most preferably about 0.1% to 1% of polyacrylate, and preferably about 0.25% to 5.0%, most preferably about 0.5% to 3.0% of total surfactant are used in the cleansers of this invention. These ranges appear to result in compositions having the desired syneresis values, ability to suspend abrasives, enhanced rinsability and, because of the reduced amount of actives in the compositions, lower overall manufacturing costs.
A stabilizing agent may be necessary to maintain viscosity and/or phase stability when certain anionic cosurfactants are present. Preferred stabilizing agents are hydrotropes, which are generally described as non-micelle-forming substances, either liquid or solids, organic or inorganic, capable of solubilizing insoluble compounds in a liquid medium. As with surfactants, it appears that hydrotropes must interact or associate with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic media. Unlike surfactants, typical hydrotropes do not appear to readily form micelles in aqueous media on their own. In the present invention, it is important that the hydrotrope act as a dispersant and not as a surfactant. In this regard, it is commonly observed that a hydrotrope is a dispersant which does not affect the critical micelle concentration ("CCMC") of the liquid system. As a dispersant, the hydrotrope acts to prevent micelle formation by any anionic surfactants present. Similarly, it should be noted that concentration or amount of the material, as well as type, may also be critical towards determining whether such material is a hydrotrope. Thus, materials which ordinarily are classified surfactants may in fact behave as hydrotropes if the amount used is limited.
The preferred hydrotropes are alkali metal salts of benzoic acid and its derivatives; alkyl sulfates and sulfonates with 6-10 carbons in the alkyl chain, C8-14 dicarboxylic acids, anionic polymers such as polyacrylic acid and their derivatives; and most preferably, unsubstituted and substituted, especially the alkali metal salts of, aryl sulfonates; and unsubstituted and substituted aryl carboxylates. As used herein, aryl includes benzene, napthalene, xylene, toluene, cumene and similar aromatic nuclei. Further, "substituted" aryl means that one or more substituents known to those skilled in the art, e.g., halo (chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro), nitro, or C1-4 alkyl or alkoxy, can be present on the aromatic ring. Other good dispersants include other derivatives of aryl sulfonates, salts of phthalic acid and its derivatives and certain phosphate esters. Most preferred are alkyl naphthalene sulfonates (such as Petro 22 available from Petro Chemicals Company) and sodium xylene sulfonate (such as Stepanate X, available from Stepan Chemical Company. Also preferred as stabilizing agents are soaps, discussed above under cosurfactants. It is noted here, though, that especially soluble alkali metal soaps of a fatty acid, such as C6-14 fatty acid soaps, may perform a stabilizing function. Especially preferred are sodium and potassium soaps of lauric and myristic acid. When present, sufficient stabilizing agent is added to stabilize, generally 0 to no more than 1% by weight, preferably about 0. 1 to 0.5 weight percent.
pH adjusting agents may be added to adjust the pH, and/or buffers may act to maintain pH. In this instance, alkaline pH is favored for purposes of both rheology and cleaning effectiveness. Additionally, if the cleanser includes a hypochlorite source, a high pH is important for maintaining hypochlorite stability. Examples of buffers include the alkali metal silicates, metasilicates, polysilicates, carbonates, hydroxides, and mixtures of the same. Control of pH may be necessary to maintain the stability of a halogen source and to avoid protonating the amine oxide. For the latter purpose, the pH should be maintained above the pKa of the amine oxide. Thus for the hexadecyl dimethyl amine oxide, the pH should be above about 6. Where the active halogen source is sodium hypochlorite, the pH is maintained above about pH 10.5, preferably above or about pH 12. Most preferred for this purpose are the alkali metal hydroxides, especially potassium hydroxide. The total amount of pH adjusting agent/buffer including that inherently present with bleach plus any added, can vary from about 0.1% to 5%, preferably from about 0.1-1.0%.
In this invention, it is important to use an alkali metal hypochlorite bleach which has a relatively low salt content.
In the invention, it has been found necessary to minimize or avoid the presence of salts, such as sodium chloride, which contribute to ionic strength within the compositions. The hypochlorite would thus preferably be selected or formed in a manner to avoid the presence of such undesirable salts. For example, hypochlorite bleaches are commonly formed by bubbling chlorine gas through liquid sodium hydroxide or corresponding metal hydroxide to result in formation of the corresponding hypochlorite. However, such reactions commonly result in formation of a salt such as sodium chloride.
The present invention thus preferably uses hypochlorites formed for example by reaction of hypochlorous acid with alkali metal hydroxide in order to produce the corresponding hypochlorite with water as the only substantial by-product. Hypochlorite bleach produced in this manner is referred to as "high purity, high strength" bleach, or also, as "low salt, high purity" bleach, and is available from a number of sources, for example Olin Corporation which produces hypochlorite bleach as a 30% solution in water. The resulting solution is then diluted to produce the hypochlorite composition of the present invention.
The hypochlorite may be formed with other alkaline metals as are well known to those skilled in the art. Although the term "hypochlorite" is employed herein, it is not intended to limit the invention only to the use of chloride compounds but is also intended to include other halides or halites, as discussed in greater detail below. Generally, the present invention preferably uses potassium hypochlorite and, somewhat less preferably, sodium hypochlorite, produced by the high strength bleach process. To be avoided or minimized is a hypochlorite of any alkali metal including a chloride salt of the corresponding alkali metal. Here again, hypohalites formed with similar alkaline metals are similarly to be minimized. Furthermore, it is especially desirable that the hypochlorite of the invention either avoids the inclusion of a chloride salt as noted above or includes such a chloride salt only within a range of up to about 5% by weight of the composition. As the hypochlorite component is increased from about 1% by weight of the composition, the chloride salt should be even further reduced since the chloride salt, particularly in the presence of the hypochlorite component, makes it difficult to achieve desirable thickening of the composition, or stability.
The hypochlorite and any salt present within the composition are also the principal source of ionic strength for the composition. The ionic strength of the composition has an effect on thickening, that is, if the percentage of salt as noted above is exceeded, it becomes difficult to achieve desirable thickening in the composition. Moreover, high ionic strength may be detrimental to the stability of the composition as it can cause collapse of the polymer structure. In summary, the ionic strength of the compositions of the present invention is maintained preferably less than about 5M, more preferably less than about 3M. It is to be noted, however, that control of ionic strength is an additional avenue by which viscosity and rheology can be controlled, if desired. In general, increasing ionic strength decreases viscosity, but also contributes to a more plastic, less shear-thinning theology, and reduces rinsability. The hypochlorite is preferably present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, more preferably about 0.2% to 5%, and most preferably about 0.5% to 3%.
Abrasives such as a perlite, silica sand may be used herein and various other insoluble, inorganic particulate abrasives are also possible, such as quartz, pumice, feldspar, tripoli and calcium phosphate. However, it is most preferred to use calcium carbonate (also known as "calcite").
Calcium carbonate used in this invention appears to have a dual role. On the one hand, it is an abrasive and thus is used in the invention to promote cleaning action by providing a scouring action when the cleansers of the invention are used on hard surfaces.
The abrasive can be present in amounts ranging from about 0.1% to 70% by weight of the compositions of this invention, preferably about 20-50% by weight. In an alternate embodiment, the abrasive--preferably, calcium carbonate--content will be from about 0.5 to about 25%, which results in a more fluid product, which has the ability to sheet and cling onto vertical surfaces. Particle size will range from average particle size of about ten to eight hundred, more preferably forty to six hundred, most preferably fifty to five hundred microns. In general, about 50% or more of the particles will have particle diameters of greater than one hundred microns (pass through U.S. 150 mesh sieves). Particle hardness of the abrasives can range from Mohs hardness of about 2-8, more preferably 3-6. Calcium carbonate, also known as calcite, is available from numerous commercial sources such as Georgia Marble Company, and has a Mobs hardness of about 3. Typically, a size of U.S. 140 mesh is selected, although others may be appropriate.
Abrasives can affect the viscosity of the formulations. It is known that there can be a "hard sphere" thickening phenomenon merely by the addition of insoluble materials into a liquid phase. In the systems of the invention, moreover, it appears that the abrasives help to thicken somewhat by compressing the polyacrylate polymer.
However, when calcium carbonate is used as the abrasive, it has an additional impact on thickening and suspension of actives in the compositions herein. There appears to be an interaction between soluble calcium--which arises from having calcium carbonate in aqueous dispersion--and the charged carboxylate groups of the cross-linked polyacrylate thickener. The presence of CaCO3 thus may mediate cross-linking of the polymer, resulting in co-thickening. This can be seen especially at room temperature, for example, as depicted in the drawings, FIGS. 1-3. Thus, it is preferable in the production of these inventive cleansers to assure that the carbonate is added prior to the addition of the surfactants, especially the amine oxide. And it is additionally preferable to add the polyacrylate as the last step in the manufacture. By following this order of addition, the reaction of free calcium ions and the polyacrylate is essentially mitigated, apparently because the calcium carbonate particles have become coagulated by the surfactants. However, while it is preferred to add the polyacrylate as the last step, in fact, an alternate order of addition can be beneficial. For example, when calcium carbonate, or other porous abrasives, are added in the last step, the formulation becomes aerated, entraining air bubbles, thus resulting in enhanced thickening and stability.
It should be briefly noted that the main ingredient in the inventive compositions is water, preferably water with minimal ionic strength. Water provides the continuous liquid phase into which the other ingredients are added to be dissolved/dispersed. This provides the unique fluid properties of the invention. The amount of water present generally exceeds 30% and, indeed, can be as high as 99%, although generally, it is present in a quantity sufficient (q.s.) to provide the appropriate fluid characteristics desired of the product.
The composition of the present invention can be formulated to include such components as fragrances, coloring agents, whiteners, solvents, chelating agents and builders, which enhance performance, stability or aesthetic appeal of the composition. From about 0.01% to about 0.5% of a fragrance such as those commercially available from International Flavors and Fragrance, Inc. may be included in any of the compositions of the first, second or third embodiments. Dyes and pigments may be included in small amounts. Ultramarine Blue (UMB) and copper phthalocyanines are examples of widely used pigments which may be incorporated in the composition of the present invention. Buffer materials, e.g. carbonates, silicates and polyacrylates also may be added, although there is the caveat that amounts of such buffers should not be present so as to elevate the ionic strength of the compositions.
Additionally, certain less water soluble or dispersible organic solvents, some of which are advantageously hypochlorite bleach stable, may be included. These bleach stable solvents include those commonly used as constituents for proprietary fragrance blends, such as terpene derivatives. The terpene derivatives herein include terpene hydrocarbons with a functional group. Effective terpenes with a functional group include, but are not limited to, alcohols, ethers, esters, aldehydes and ketones. Representative examples for each of the above classes of terpenes with functional groups include but are not limited to the following: Terpene alcohols, including, for example, verbenol, transpinocarveol, cis-2-pinanol, nopol, iso-borneol, carbeol, piperitol, thymol, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, menthol, 1,8-terpin, dihydro-terpineol, nerol, geraniol, linalool, citronellol, hydroxycitronellol, 3,7-dimethyl octanol, dihydromyrcenol, β-terpineol, tetrahydro-alloocimenol and perillalcohol; Terpene ethers and esters, including, for example, 1,8-cineole, 1,4-cineole, isobornyl methylether, rose pyran, α-terpinyl methyl ether, menthofuran, trans-anethole, methyl chavicol, allocimene diepoxide, limonene mono-epoxide, iso-bornyl acetate, nopyl acetate, α-terpinyl acetate, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, dihydro-terpinyl acetate and neryl acetate; Terpene aldehydes and ketones, including, for example, myrtenal, campholenic aldehyde, perillaldehyde, citronellal, citral, hydroxy citronellal, camphor, verbenone, carvenone, dihyro-carvone, carvone, piperitone, menthone, geranyl acetone, pseudo-ionone, α-ionone, β-ionone, iso-pseudo-methyl ionone, normal-pseudo-methyl ionone, iso-methyl ionone and normal-methyl ionone.
Terpene hydrocarbons with functional groups which appear suitable for use in the present invention are discussed in substantially greater detail by Simonsen and Ross, The Terpenes, Volumes I-V, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Ed., 1947 (incorporated herein by reference thereto). See also, co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/780,360, filed Oct. 22, 1991, of Choy, incorporated herein by reference thereto.
In one method for preparing the compositions of this invention, all of the ingredients are charged into an appropriate volume vessel and mixed. However, because large scale processing is sometimes facilitated by addition order, numerous methods of preparation were explored and tested herein.
There is another preferred addition order used to develop the desired viscosity and to enable the polyacrylate system to maintain the viscosity over time. In this preferred process water, pit adjusting agent, low ionic strength, high purity hypochlorite bleach, preferably, potassium hypochlorite, are added, along with the abrasive, typically, calcium carbonate are mixed in a suitable vessel, with stirring, and allowed to degas. Next, surfactants, such as the bleach-stable nonionic surfactant, and, if used, an anionic surfactant, are added. The polyacrylate is then added as an aqueous dispersion. Further thickening is observed. Adjuncts such as fragrances may be emulsified by the surfactant(s) and can be added either prior to, or after, polymer addition. Finally, mixing speed and duration may be adjusted as necessary to incorporate any adjuncts.
In yet another preferred process, all ingredients except for the abrasive, preferably, calcium carbonate, are combined. This will generally result in a gel, such as described in Garabedian et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/097,738, filed Jul. 27, 1993, of common assignment herewith, and incorporated herein by reference thereto). Thereafter, the abrasive is charged directly into the gel and dispersed with good mixing. The gel breaks down, forming a somewhat lumpy dispersion, at first, then gradually resulting in an opaque, creamy, thickened liquid, wherein the abrasives are well suspended. Beneficially, since good mixing was used, aeration of the product occurs, resulting in entrained air bubbles, causing somewhat higher viscosity. This somewhat higher viscosity (above 25,000 cp) may have performance benefits for cleaning applications requiring a stiffer formulation.
The Experimental section below depicts various examples of the formulations of the invention, as well as empirical observations on their advantages.
In Example I, a preferred formulation is set forth.
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________PreblendKOCl (16.8%) 7.47 1.25H.sub.2 O (50% of total) 13.00 12.66CaCO.sub.3 30.00 29.22 50.47 33.13FormulationH.sub.2 O (50% of total) 13.00 12.66KOH (45% sol.) 1.72 .18Amine Oxide.sup.1 (30%) 1.24 .37Soap Solution.sup.2 (8.75%) 5.6 .49Preblend (from above) 50.47 33.13Cross-linked polyacrylate.sup.3 28.00 .30Fragrance Oil 0.04 .04Remaining H.sub.2 O q.s. 100.00%______________________________________ .sup.1 Barlox 12, from Lonza Chemical. .sup.2 Coco fatty acid soap. .sup.3 Carbopol 1610, from B.F. Goodrich.
In this Example I, the first four ingredients were added, resulting in a thin liquid. The potassium hypochlorite/calcium carbonate preblend was then added, with good mixing. Finally, the polyacrylate and the fragrance oil were added, resulting in good, controllable thickening. (It should again be noted that the fragrance oil can, optionally, be added with the surfactants.) The resulting product had a thick and creamy consistency. Using a Brookfield RVT Rotoviscometer, loaded with a #4 spindle, at 5 rpm, after 5 minutes of mixing, at 24.9� C., the resulting viscosity was 23,960 cp.
This Example I had excellent viscosity stability. The Table 1 below demonstrates the stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over an extended period.
TABLE 1______________________________________Time Temperature Viscosity______________________________________Time 0 21.1� C. 24,800 cp 48.8� C. 24,800 cpTime = 7 days 21.1� C. 25,720 cp 48.8� C. 31,320 cp______________________________________
In the next Example II, a further preferred formulation was prepared.
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________D.I. H.sub.2 O 24.77 q.s.KOH 1.22 0.55KOCl 7.60 0.125CaCO.sub.3 35.00 35.00Amine oxide.sup.1 3.00 0.90Soap Solution.sup.2 5.60 0.49Polyacrylate Dispersion.sup.3 22.77 0.37Fragrance Oil 0.04 0.04 100.00%______________________________________ .sup.1 Barlox 1216, from Lonza Chemicals. In the Examples following, unless otherwise noted, the identification of the ingredients in these footnotes is the same. .sup.2 Lauryl soap solution, 8.75% actives, formed by neutralizing lauric acid in situ with KOH. .sup.3 Carbopol 1610, from B.F. Goodrich.
This Example II also had excellent viscosity stability. The Table 2 below demonstrates the stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over extended time periods.
TABLE 2______________________________________Time Temperature Viscosity______________________________________Time 0 21.1� C. 19,600 cpTime = 7 days 21.1� C. 21,120 cp 37.7� C. 21,240 cp 48.8� C. 20,880 cpTime = 12 days 21.1� C. 21,440 cp 37.7� C. 20,440 cp 48.8� C. 20,560 cp______________________________________
In the next Example III, a further preferred formulation was prepared. Example III
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________D.I. H.sub.2 O 23.85 q.s.KOH 1.25 0.55KOCl 7.60 0.125CaCO.sub.3 35.00 35.00Amine oxide 3.00 0.90Soap Solution 5.60 0.49Polyacrylate Dispersion 23.69 0.385Fragrance Oil 0.04 0.04 100.00%______________________________________
This Example III additionally had excellent viscosity and syneresis stability, except for at the highest temperature over extended time. The Table 3 below demonstrates the viscosity stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over extended time periods. This is also graphically depicted in FIG. 1 of the Drawings. Table 4 demonstrates syneresis stability. (Syneresis was determined by metering the liquid formulations into clear, 16 fluid oz. bottles and measuring the height of the watery layer over the opaque, creamy liquid layer.)
TABLE 3______________________________________ViscosityTime Temperature Viscosity______________________________________Time 0 21.1� C. 19,6000 cp 37.7� C. 19,6000 cp 48.8� C. 19,6000 cpTime = 5 days 21.1� C. 21,160 cp 37.7� C. 20,000 cp 48.8� C. 20,920 cpTime = 11 days 21.1� C. 22,240 cp 37.7� C. 21,360 cp 48.8� C. 17,000 cpTime = 18 days 21.1� C. 20,720 cp 37.7� C. 22,840 cp 48.8� C. 520 cp______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Syneresis TemperatureTime 21.1� C. 37.7� C. 48.8� C.______________________________________ 0 0% 0% 0% 5 days 0% 0% 0%11 days 0% 3% 3%18 days 0% 3% 30%______________________________________
In the next Example IV, a still further preferred formulation was prepared.
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________D.I. H.sub.2 O 23.85 q.s.KOH 1.25 0.55KOCl 7.60 0.125CaCO.sub.3 35.00 35.00Amine oxide 3.00 0.90Soap Solution 5.60 0.49Polyacrylate Dispersion 25.00 0.40Fragrance Oil 0.04 0.04 100.00%______________________________________
This Example IV additionally had excellent viscosity and syneresis stability, even at the highest temperature over extended time. The Table 5 below demonstrates the viscosity stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over extended time periods. This is also graphically depicted in FIG. 2 of the Drawings. Table 6 demonstrates syneresis stability.
TABLE 5______________________________________ViscosityTime Temperature Viscosity______________________________________Time 0 21.1� C. 20,000 cp 37.7� C. 20,000 cp 48.8� C. 20,000 cpTime = 4 days 21.1� C. 22,240 cp 37.7� C. 21,080 cp 48.8� C. 18,400 cpTime = 12 days 21.1� C. 24,680 cp 37.7� C. 20,520 cp 48.8� C. 15,580 cp______________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________SyneresisTemperatureTime 21.1� C. 37.7� C. 48.8� C.______________________________________ 0 0% 0% 0% 4 days 0% 0% 0%12 days 0% 0% 3%______________________________________
In the next Example V, a still further preferred formulation was prepared. As can be seen from the preceding examples II-IV, the amount of cross-linked polyacrylate is increased, resulting in increasing longterm viscosity and syneresis stability.
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________D.I. H.sub.2 O 23.85 q.s.KOH 1.25 0.55KOCl 7.60 0.125CaCO.sub.3 35.00 35.00Amine oxide 3.00 0.90Soap Solution 5.60 0.49Polyacrylate Dispersion 26.25 0.42Fragrance Oil 0.04 0.04 100.00%______________________________________
This Example V additionally had excellent viscosity and syneresis stability, even at the highest temperature over extended time. The Table 7 below demonstrates the viscosity stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over extended time periods. This is also depicted graphically in FIG. 3 of the Drawings. Table 8 demonstrates syneresis stability.
TABLE 7______________________________________ViscosityTime Temperature Viscosity______________________________________Time 0 21.1� C. 20,280 cp 37.7� C. 20,280 cp 48.8� C. 20,280 cpTime = 4 days 21.1� C. 24,520 cp 37.7� C. 23,400 cp 48.8� C. 19,000 cpTime = 12 days 21.1� C. 26,560 cp 37.7� C. 23,880 cp 48.8� C. 17,680 cp______________________________________
TABLE 8______________________________________SyneresisTemperatureTime 21.1� C. 37.7� C. 48.8� C.______________________________________ 0 0% 0% 0% 4 days 0% 0% 0%12 days 0% 0% 3%______________________________________
In the next Example VI, a further embodiment of the invention is portrayed. In certain types of bathroom cleaners, it appears preferable to have a somewhat more flowable, or shear-thinning rheology, especially since these types of cleaners are intended to be applied to vertical, or curved surfaces, such as toilet bowls. While it is not quite certain whether these more flowable rheologies are actually shear-thinning (in fact, it is possible that these types of cleaners may merely have a longer relaxation time), the cleaner of Example VI has, in contrast to the preceding examples, a lower calcium carbonate content, and a higher cross-linked polyacrylate content. The resulting cleaner has, again, excellent viscosity and syneresis stability.
______________________________________Ingredient Wt. % Actives Wt. %______________________________________D.I. H.sub.2 O 43.84 86.43KOH (45%) 1.72 0.77KOCl (16.5%) 7.50 0.124CaCO.sub.3 10.00 10.00Amine oxide.sup.1 1.24 0.37Soap Solution.sup.2 5.60 0.49Polyacrylate Dispersion.sup.3 30.00 0.60Fragrance Oil 0.1 0.1 100.00%______________________________________ .sup.1 Ammonyx LO/CO (30% active), from Stepan Chemical. .sup.2 Coco fatty acid solution (8.75% active), neutralized with KOH. .sup.3 Carbopol 1610 solution (2% active).
This Example VI also had excellent viscosity and syneresis stability, even at the highest temperature over extended time. The Table 9 below demonstrates the viscosity stability at room and elevated temperatures, and over extended time periods. Table 10 demonstrates syneresis stability.
TABLE 9______________________________________ViscosityTime Temperature Viscosity______________________________________1 week 21.1� C. 10,400 cp 37.7� C. 11,000 cp 48.8� C. 10,000 cp2 weeks 21.1� C. 10,300 cp 37.7� C. 11,800 cp 48.8� C. 10,400 cp3 weeks 21.1� C. 10,400 cp 37.7� C. 11,600 cp 48.8� C. 10,300 cp4 weeks 21.1� C. N/A 37.7� C. 11,200 cp 48.8� C. 6,200 cp______________________________________
TABLE 10______________________________________Syneresis TemperatureTime 21.1� C. 37.7� C. 48.8� C.______________________________________1 week trace slight trace N/A2 weeks 2.25% ˜1% 1.4%3 weeks 2.7% 2.0% 2.0%4 weeks 4.2% 2.0% N/A______________________________________
The above examples have been depicted solely for purposes of exemplification and are not intended to restrict the scope or embodiments of the invention. The invention is further illustrated with reference to the claims which follow hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|9 Sep 1974
|12 Oct 1976
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Scouring compositions
|12 Nov 1973
|25 Jan 1977
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Scouring compositions
|4 Sep 1975
|27 Sep 1977
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Abrasive scouring compositions
|29 Nov 1978
|23 Dec 1980
|S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
|Thixotropic abrasive liquid scouring composition
|17 Mar 1980
|18 Aug 1981
|Kao Soap Co., Ltd.
|Liquid abrasive-containing cleanser composition
|2 Jun 1980
|1 Sep 1981
|Purex Corporation
|Liquid cleanser formula
|14 May 1979
|31 Aug 1982
|Lever Brothers Company
|Deodorant abrasive cleaner for surface treatment
|24 Sep 1979
|5 Oct 1982
|Lever Brothers Company
|Thickened abrasive bleaching compositions
|8 Nov 1984
|18 Mar 1986
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Cleaning compositions
|20 Apr 1984
|8 Jul 1986
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened aqueous abrasive scouring cleanser
|26 Apr 1985
|14 Apr 1987
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened aqueous abrasive scouring cleanser
|30 May 1985
|22 Sep 1987
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened aqueous cleanser
|30 Dec 1987
|6 Jun 1989
|Lever Brothers Company
|Viscoelastic gel detergent compositions
|21 Jan 1988
|27 Jun 1989
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened liquid, improved stability abrasive cleanser
|29 Oct 1986
|15 Aug 1989
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Thixotropic clay aqueous suspensions containing polyacrylic acid polymer or copolymer stabilizers
|19 Oct 1988
|21 Aug 1990
|Vista Chemical Company
|Liquid dishwasher detergent composition
|9 May 1990
|14 Jul 1992
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Liquid automatic dishwashing compositions having enhanced stability
|20 Mar 1991
|9 Feb 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Aqueous liquid automatic dishwashing detergent composition comprising hypochlorite bleach and bleach stabilizer
|7 Jun 1991
|13 Apr 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Process for preparing a linear viscoelastic aqueous liquid automatic dishwasher deteregent composition
|5 Jul 1991
|27 Apr 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Linear viscoelastic aqueous liquid automatic dishwasher detergent composition
|8 Nov 1991
|15 Jun 1993
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Linear visoelastic aqueous liquid automatic dishwasher detergent composition
|5 Jul 1991
|20 Jul 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Linear viscoelastic aqueosous liquid automatic dishwasher detergent composition
|17 Dec 1990
|9 Nov 1993
|Lever Brothers Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc.
|Compositions comprising phosphate ester compounds containing a beneficial reagent component
|22 Oct 1991
|18 Jan 1994
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened aqueous cleaning compositions
|30 May 1991
|20 Sep 1994
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Stable thickened aqueous bleach compositions
|23 Sep 1993
|28 Nov 1995
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened aqueous abrasive cleanser with improved rinsability
|30 May 1989
|13 Dec 1989
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|High alkalinity liquid automatic dishwasher detergent compositions
|11 Dec 1989
|20 Jun 1990
|Stable thickened aqueous bleach compositions
|5 Mar 1991
|18 Sep 1991
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Linear viscoelastic aqueous liquid detergent compositions, especially for automatic dishwashers, or improved high temperature stability
|25 Sep 1991
|8 Apr 1992
|Unilever N.V.
|Liquid detergent compositions
|29 May 1992
|12 May 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Linear viscoelastic aqueous liquid automatic dishwasher detergent composition
|11 Mar 1993
|15 Sep 1993
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Linear viscoelastic aqueous liquid automatic dishwasher detergent composition
|11 Oct 1993
|20 Jul 1994
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened hypochlorite solutions with reduced bleach odor and methods of manufacture and use
|"HyPure™ K Potassium Hypochlorite", Olin Product Data, Olin Corporation, 1991, one page.
|"HyPure™ N Sodium Hypochlorite", Olin Product Data, Olin Corporation, 1991, one page.
|HyPure K Potassium Hypochlorite , Olin Product Data, Olin Corporation, 1991, one page.
|HyPure N Sodium Hypochlorite , Olin Product Data, Olin Corporation, 1991, one page.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|14 Jun 1996
|21 Oct 1997
|Colgate-Palmolive Co.
|Thickened liquid cleaning composition containing an abrasive
|16 Jan 1996
|18 Nov 1997
|The Clorox Company
|Gelled hypochlorite-based cleaner
|15 Mar 1996
|8 Sep 1998
|West Argo, Inc.
|Stable alkaline chlorine compositions
|10 Mar 1997
|13 Oct 1998
|Reckitt & Colman Inc.
|Stable bleach-containing cleansing compositions with soft abrasives
|24 Jun 1996
|27 Oct 1998
|The Clorox Company
|Phase stable, thickened aqueous abrasive bleaching cleanser
|26 Oct 1997
|22 Dec 1998
|The Clorox Company
|Thickened hypochorite solutions with reduced bleach odor and method and manufacture of use
|14 Jan 1998
|19 Oct 1999
|Prowler Environmental Technology, Inc.
|Method of removing hydrocarbons from contaminated sludge
|5 Feb 1997
|26 Oct 1999
|Ecolab, Inc.
|Thickened noncorrosive cleaner
|20 Feb 1998
|16 Nov 1999
|Reckitt & Colman South Africa Ltd.
|Pourable, thickened aqueous bleach and abrasive containing compositions
|4 Dec 1997
|7 Dec 1999
|The B.F. Goodrich Company
|Thickened bleach compositions
|8 Jan 1998
|7 Dec 1999
|Novo Nordisk A/S
|Detergent composition comprising a glycolipid and anionic surfactant for cleaning hard surfaces
|2 Sep 1999
|4 Jul 2000
|The B.F. Goodrich Company
|Thickened bleach compositions
|1 Aug 1997
|28 Nov 2000
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Bleaching compositions
|5 Sep 1996
|13 Mar 2001
|S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
|Fully diluted hard surface cleaners containing high concentrations of certain anions
|25 Aug 2005
|20 Nov 2007
|Rohm And Haas Company
|Thickener for high-pH aqueous systems
|21 Dec 2010
|31 Jan 2012
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Corrosion inhibition of hypochlorite solutions using polyacrylate and Ca
|12 Jun 2012
|30 Jul 2013
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Corrosion inhibition of hypochlorite solutions
|13 Jul 2012
|15 Oct 2013
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Corrosion inhibition of hypochlorite solutions in saturated wipes
|25 Jun 2012
|10 Dec 2013
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Electrolyzed water system
|7 Apr 2011
|17 Jan 2017
|The Dial Corporation
|Use of polyethylene glycol to control the spray pattern of sprayable liquid abrasive cleansers
|18 Nov 2002
|12 Feb 2004
|Ecolab Inc.
|Hand dishwashing detergent composition and methods for manufacturing and using
|1 Feb 2002
|27 May 2004
|Gerard Durmowicz
|Surfactant/oxidizing agent solution and methods of use
|25 Aug 2005
|2 Mar 2006
|Collin Jennifer R
|Thickener for high-pH aqueous systems
|29 Apr 2005
|2 Nov 2006
|Kaaret Thomas W
|Oxidizing compositions and methods thereof
|16 Jun 2011
|20 Dec 2012
|Cordaro James F
|Cleaning composition for bonding preparation of aerospace materials
|24 Aug 2005
|1 Mar 2006
|Rohm and Haas Company
|Thickener for high-PH aqueous systems
|3 Aug 2007
|16 Dec 2009
|Giovanni Ogna & Figli S.p.A.
|Gel for canal irrigation based on sodium hypochlorite
|18 Mar 1998
|8 Oct 1998
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Bleaching compositions
|U.S. Classification
|510/369, 510/373, 252/187.25, 510/476, 510/418, 510/380
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|23 Dec 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|29 Dec 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|26 Dec 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|31 Dec 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
Wait, first off, I have an important announcement…
I finally purchased a DSLR camera!
After much deliberation, I went with the Canon Rebel T2i. (Uh, if anyone wants to help me figure out how it works? That'd be cool.) So I'll be spending lots of hours in the future trying to figure out how it works 🙂
Anyways, there was a winter storm warning here in Richmond, and I didn't need to see snow flakes to decide it was the perfect excuse to spend the day in the kitchen.
I whipped up a huge pot of what was initially going to be a vegetable soup, but it turned into more like an italian stew. This recipe had a mind of its own. Thankfully, it turned out well.
Hearty Barley StewMakes about 6 cups
- 1 tbsp olive oil
- 1 medium onion
- 1 cup chopped carrots
- 1 tsp cumin
- 1 can diced tomatoes
- 4 cups vegetable stock
- 1/2 cup marinara sauce (or just more diced tomatoes)
- 1 cup uncooked, pearled barley
- 1 tbsp italian seasoning
- black pepper to taste
- 1 cup fresh spinach
Start by sauteing the carrots and onion in the olive oil, over medium heat until soft. Add cumin and stir. Pour in your diced tomatoes, vegetable stock, marinara sauce and barley. Turn to high, and bring to a boil. Stir in the rest of the seasonings, and continue to cook on medium heat for 15-20 minutes, or until the barley is cooked. Just before serving, stir in the spinach so it's just barely wilted.
I didn't do the exact "analysis" on this, but each serving is about 200 calories, and that's for a pretty big serving. (Over a cup.) The barley is super filling, and you're getting lots of veggie-packed goodness in each serving!
Forgive the photography… I don't know my settings on my camera yet 😉


text:
By Alastair Aitken
Read Part 1
Read Part 2
UNDER 20 MEN (82 Finishers)
Ian Bailey the winner from Aldershot, looked good at the head of a group going up the hill at the half way stage. He recalls when he started to make his move " It was over the hill and back down again. By the top field I got a gap"
What race stands out for him:-
" Maybe the European Trials that I won --This is the second major win.' He pointed out that his Aldershot coach Mick Woods was good for him..
How did it all begin :-
"I won on my Sports Days at my junior school. My PE teacher at school had done every single London marathon and then my parents suggested I join Aldershot. Running was something I really loved. I think my strength is definitely cross-country. I love these conditions. In the race when I suddenly realised I had a big gap, I pushed the pace. Mick told me to wind it up. He had told me to sit in and make a move on the second lap.I was hoping I had not gone off too fast because Jon Davies is good who was behind me "
(Michael Calllegari made a late effort and moved through for third after slipping around in the mud).
Jon Davies who won the last year in Brighton:- " I was always up there but never actually in the lead and he got away."
How about his track season in 2012
" I ran alright.I had a good track season 14:15.99 for a 5000 PB. I had PB's in everything I did (800-1:58.33/1500-3:50.39). I don't have a preference for the track or cross-country to be honest."
First 3:-1 Ian Bailey (AFD) 25:24; 2 Jonathan Davies (25:55); 3 Michael Callegari (Shaftesbury Barnet) 26:08.
Teams 1 Aldershot Farnham & DAC 36; 2 Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers 72 and 3 Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow 93,
Emilia Gorecka won well, as expected.She was following up a win in the BUCS and at Edinburgh and was winning here again and, using the race as valuable training, not pushing too hard. That makes it 4 in a row without defeat this year! "
" My brother is in Portland having got a scholarship from a Masters degree and he is really enjoying that.
' I got my A Level 'A' Star-A/B so I was able to go to my university of choice Royal Holloway University."
Which races have stood out for her in the last year " Probably the World Junior Championships in Barcelona
(Bronze medal) was my highlight of 2012."
" I used to like cross-country best but after my track season it is track as well now. I enjoyed my session on Tuesday."
Aims " The European Juniors and possibly the World's qualifying time."
Rebecca Weston, who lives in Canterbury, was second:- My aim was to tuck in behind Emelia. I raced her in Edinburgh (this year) I got a bronze so, from that experience I thought I would tuck in behind her."
" I started running when I was 13. My main focus was hockey which took over. Only this season I have started running again. A bit of a shock really but doing quite well."
Iona Lake, " I was fourth to start with then third.'
' I started running when I was about 13/14. I am in my second year at Birmingham University"
Regarding which surface she likes "It depends how well I do to what I like best. I am going to do the steeplechase in the Summer."
First 3 1. Emelia Gorecka (AFD) 21:11; 2 Rebecca Weston (Invicta East Kent) 21:35; 3 Iona Lake (City of Norwich) 22:25.
Teams Aldershot Farnham & District 18 and 'B' team 91 points (53 runners two full teams)
Remarkably Bobby Clay followed up winning the Under 15 girls Southern race last year to winning the Under 17 Girls this year beating her sister Alex Clay who won last year.
Bobby Clay
" It was good for me and Alex working together.In the mud. I f found I slipped around so, I thought, every time I get to the mud I would run faster so I don't have to be in it so long!"
' Alex and I have the same coach now.'
'You are coming on so quickly now'
" I only hope it transfers into the track as well"
Alex Clay
' Your ran well to-day'
" It was alright but. I found it quite hard in the mud."
" You have been doing the Modern pentathlon as well"
" Now I just run and swim and I still ride my horse but you have to specialise'
"It must be good for you and your sister to run so well!"
" Yes, Now it is really good as we train together. We did not used to do that. For me it is a lot more intense and we are still quite competitive in training, which is nice and there are other athletes and we train with them. "
19th in the European cross was good that must have pleased you."
" Yes, I was pleased with 19th but when I was running I felt it was really cold. I thought I was doing really good then I came to a point when my legs felt really cold and my head wanted to push on but my legs were so cold. I did not expect to come 19th. I thought beforehand to come in the first 50 would be good but when I was running it was a bit frustrating."
First 3 1 Bobby Clay (Invicta East Kent) 17:29; 2 Alex Clay (Invicta East Kent) 18:01; 3 Grace Baker (AFD) 18:51
First 3 teams:- 1Invicta East Kent 47; 2 Aldershot Farnham & DAC 51; 3 Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow 141.
ATW Met League
Phil Wicks Interview
Running Training Plans
Find your next running event
Posted Date: 21st Feb 2013
Date: 26th Nov 2017
Date: 03rd Dec 2017


text:
I've updated the walkthrough I wrote on Deploying a Cloud Service on MSDN based on some feedback. Hopefully it provides more clarity into when you should use the various endpoints (cloudservice.table.core.windows.net versus table.core.windows.net for example) and is a little more concise on some of the terminology.
It's a quick and useful read for when you first try deploying your Cloud Service to Windows Azure, it'll save you a lot of time and pain.


text:
Monday's 7th race (3:07pm ET) from Parx is a $7,500 claiming event for 4-year-olds and up which have never won three races. They will be traveling six furlongs on the main track.
#5 Ecstatic Cat (4-1) exits back-to-back local place finishes at 5.5f. Hustling apprentice rider Caballero (2-for-8 here) is 1-for-3 with this barn and figures to have this one forwardly placed throughout. Both of his career wins occurred at this distance.
Play Monday's Parx games at DerbyWars.com
#9 Platinum Sandy (5-2) also gets in light with apprentice Castillo. New trainer Guerrero excels first off the claim and the 2-time local winner figures in the thick of things from the outset. The top two finishers from his last both came back to win.
#1 Lindell A.C. (3-1) is 2-for-22 lifetime and is probably best used underneath. I cannot find his last win but he has sharp connections in his corner and projects a ground saving tactical trip.
The Plays:
$12 to win #5
$6 Exacta Box 5-9 ($12)
$3 Exacta 5-9/1 ($6)
analysis by Jarrod Horak
Copyright © 2010 -
Horse Racing Labs, LLC


text:
Your donations keep RPGWatch running!
Bethesda Softworks - Fallout Returns to Steam
by Couchpotato, 2014-06-19 05:25:24
Bethesda shares news on the Beth Blog that the Fallout Classics are back on Steam.
Fallout Classics Return to Steam
Your favorite Fallout Classics are back. Fallout, Fallout 2, and Fallout Tactics are now available for purchase on Steam individually for $9.99 or in the Fallout Classics pack for $19.99.
Some details to note:
- All three games have Steam Cloud enabled for save games.
- Fallout 1 & Fallout 2 can be launched in either default or classic versions. Default allows for high resolutions and Classic is the original, unmodified release.
- Fallout Tactics is unmodified. Multiplayer works with direct connect.
- While Fallout 1 and Fallout 2 can run on Windows 8, Fallout Tactics is not Windows 8 compatible.
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