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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|2 May 2006
|Fecha de presentación
|28 Sep 2001
|Fecha de prioridad
|28 Sep 2001
|Número de publicación
|Erik D. Lindskog, Mitchell D. Trott
|Cesionario original
|Arraycomm, Llc
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (14), Citada por (34), Clasificaciones (8), Eventos legales (7)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of digital signal communications and to receive and transmit chain calibration. More particularly, the invention relates to calibrating a wideband or spread spectrum communications system using narrowband signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Radio communications capacity can be greatly increased using directional, rather than omnidirectional radio transmission. One way to transmit directional signals and directionally receive signals is by using beam forming and nulling through an array of antennas. The precision of the beam forming and nulling through an antenna array, can be improved if the transmit and receive chains are both calibrated. Calibration can be applied to the chain from the digital interface at baseband to the field radiated from or received at each antenna element. One way of making the calibration is to have a transponder separated from the antenna array listen to the output of the antenna array on a base station downlink frequency. The transponder receives a downlink calibration signal from the base station and then re-transmits it on an uplink frequency. By selecting appropriate signals to transmit and appropriate signals to receive, the base station can apply signal processing to estimate compensations in phase and amplitude to calibrate its transmit and receive chains.
A remote transponder calibration system is shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,090 to Roy, III et al. That patent describes a narrowband FDD (frequency division duplex) system. In an FDD system, unused time and frequency slots typically occur on occasion and these can be used to send and receive a narrowband calibration signal. In a typical spread spectrum system, however, there are no unused time and frequency slots to use for calibration. A spread spectrum system, for example a CDMA (code division multiple access) system, as opposed to FDMA (frequency division multiple access) and TDMA (time division multiple access) systems, has multiple users using the same radio channel at the same time. If the transponder is designed to receive and transmit the signal using the same spread spectrum channel that is used for traffic, then the additional energy added to the channel by calibration will reduce system capacity. A typical transponder will receive all of the downlink traffic including the calibration signal, shift the frequency, amplify it and send all of the traffic back to the base station. This results in a very large amount of energy being sent by the transponder on the uplink and may effectively overpower all other traffic. As a result, calibration will affect both the downlink and uplink channel capacity.
The interference can be reduced by turning off all normal downlink signals when calibration is being performed and sending a special low interference calibration downlink signal. However, in addition to interrupting the downlink traffic, this approach will still cause interference on the uplink. The interference can also be reduced if the transponder is constructed to despread the calibration signal to isolate it from all other traffic and then send back only a spreaded, frequency shifted version of that despread calibration signal. This approach results in a more expensive transponder and renders the calibration of the transit chain more difficult.
A method and apparatus are provided that calibrate a wideband radio communications system without causing significant interference with simultaneous users of the system. In one embodiment, the invention includes an antenna array adapted to transmit and receive radio communications signals with a plurality of other terminals the communications signals each using a particular minimum bandwidth. A transmit chain transmits a calibration signal through the antenna array to a transponder, and a receive chain receives through the antenna array a transponder signal from the transponder, the transponder signal being based on the calibration signal and having a bandwidth narrower than the minimum bandwidth. A signal processor measures characteristics of the transponder signal as received through the receive chain. These can be used to determine spatial signatures and to calibrate the transmit chain and the receive chain.
Other features of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for calibrating the transmit and receive chains of a wideband adaptive antenna base station using a narrowband transponder. In order to calibrate the transmit and the receive chains, the base station transmits a different narrowband calibration signal over each of the transmit chains in the downlink frequency band. These signals are then received by the narrowband transponder and retransmitted to the base station as narrowband signals in the wideband uplink frequency band. In this application, the radios in the adaptive antenna base station support wideband channels. However, in order to avoid creating any unnecessary interference, the calibration signals and the transponder signals are narrowband. In other words, the calibration signals occupy only a narrow portion of the wideband channel. The transponder only receives in this narrow frequency band and only retransmits the signals in a correspondingly narrow portion of the uplink band.
Since the narrowband signals add only a small amount of energy to the wideband uplink and downlink channels, the calibration can be done while regular data traffic is being supported by the base station. The narrower the bandwidth of the calibration signals, the less will be the amount of energy that will be added to the system. For wideband spread spectrum systems the narrowband signals can easily be one tenth, or one hundredth as wide as the regular data traffic channels. For frequency division systems, the narrowband signals can still be one third to one fifth the width of the traffic channels. Proper selection of the signal power levels can further reduce the impact on regular traffic. Using multiple narrowband signals and transponder bands it is possible to calibrate for more general phase and gain variations as a function of frequency. In a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system, it is possible to design the CDMA system to be particularly insensitive to narrowband signals.
In one embodiment, the transponder only receives and retransmits a narrowband within the band of the wider band system to be calibrated. The system can have a set of wideband transmitters with antenna elements and a set of wideband receivers with antenna elements or a single set of elements can be common to the transmitters and the receivers. In both cases, system performance is normally improved with frequent calibration of the relative phase and amplitude. The phase and the amplitude calibration vectors can be different for the receive chain and the transmit chain. In one example, the system has a multi-channel base station that communicates with multiple subscribers up to 10 km away using CDMA with SDMA (spatial division multiple access). For this system, it has been found that calibrations every hour or two will noticeably improve performance. With such frequent calibrations, the impact of calibration on normal operations can be important. According to the present invention, the impact of calibration on normal operations can be minimized with a narrowband calibration transponder.
On each narrow frequency calibration band, different signals can be transmitted through two or more transmit chains. The signals can be differentiated, for example, by modulating different sequences onto the signals. In one embodiment, the sequences are orthogonal sequences to aid in demodulation. In another embodiment, the sequences are modulated onto the signals as spreading codes. This allows despreading codes to be used on the received signal so that the signal from each transmit chain can be distinguished. The transponder receives these signals and re-transmits them in the base station uplink band. The signals received by the base station can then be processed in order to measure any desired relative characteristics of the signals. For example, the signals can be used to find the relative phase and amplitude of the involved transmit chains and the relative phase and amplitude of all the receive chains. By transmitting different signals over the different transmit chains, the signals can be differentiated when received. This allows characteristics such as relative phase and amplitude to be estimated separately for each transmit chain.
The relative phase and amplitude of the transmit chains can be estimated by receiving the different signals at a single antenna and then estimating the channel for each of the different signals transmitted over the different transmit chains. The relative phase and amplitude of the receive chains can be estimated by transmitting a single calibration signal over a single transmit chain and receiving it over the different receive chains. The channel received over each receive chain can then be estimated and compared to find spatial signatures and for calibration. As a result, if the calibration signal is sent once over all transmit chains and then the corresponding transponder signal is received through all receive chains, the entire array can be calibrated based on a single downlink and uplink burst. Since the transmit and receive calibration vector determinations need not be coupled to each other, performing both calibrations on the same burst increases efficiency and reduces the effects on traffic. This is the approach of U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,090 to Roy III et al. mentioned above.
As an alternative, just a few or even two of the transmit or receive chains can be calibrated at one time. If all the transmit or receive chains are not involved in each calibration measurement, then repeated calibration measurements with different sets of transmit or receive chains can be performed so that all relative phases and amplitudes can be measured among all the transmit and receive antennas. Accuracy is improved if there is a common transmit or receive chain in each of the measurements. This allows the measured phases and amplitudes to be related to each other with reference to the common chain. Typically, one of the receive chains is designated as a reference receive chain and calibration signals are measured in pairs with each receive chain being paired with the reference chain. Since the reference chain participates in every measurement, all of the other chains can be referenced to each other through the reference chain. After the receive chains are calibrated, a similar process is performed with the transmit chains being measured in pairs against the reference. It is not important which particular chain is selected to be the reference and the receive and transmit references need not have any relationship to each other.
In one embodiment, the present invention is implemented in an SDMA radio data communications system. In such a spatial division system, each terminal is associated with a set of spatial parameters that relate to the radio communications channel between, for example, the base station and a user terminal. The spatial parameters comprise a spatial signature for each terminal. Using the spatial signature and arrayed antennas, the RF energy from the base station can be more precisely directed at a single user terminal, reducing interference with and lowering the noise threshold for other user terminals. Conversely, data received from several different user terminals at the same time can be resolved at lower receive energy levels. With spatial division antennas at the user terminals, the RF energy required for communications can be even less. The benefits are even greater for subscribers that are spatially separated from one another. The spatial signatures can include such things as the spatial location of the transmitters, the directions-of-arrival (DOAs), times-of-arrival (TOAs) and the distance from the base station.
Estimates of parameters such as signal power levels, DOAs, and TOAs can be determined using known training sequences placed in digital data streams for the purpose of channel equalization in conjunction with sensor (antenna) array information. This information is then used to calculate appropriate weights for spatial demultiplexers, multiplexers, and combiners. Extended Kahnan filters or other types of linear filters, well known in the art, can be used to exploit the properties of the training sequences in determining spatial parameters. Further details regarding the use of spatial division and SDMA systems are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,658, issued Oct. 27, 1998 to Ottersten et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,353, issued Jun. 24, 1997 to Roy, III et al.
Base Station Structure
The present invention relates to wireless communication systems and may be a fixed-access or mobile-access wireless network. It may use spatial division technology in combination with wideband multiple access systems, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), and other spread spectrum type systems.
The outputs of the antennas are connected to a duplexer switch 107, which in this CDMA system is a frequency switch. Alternatively, separate transmit and receive antenna arrays can be used, in which case the duplexer is not necessary. When receiving, the antenna outputs are connected via the switch 107 to RF (radio frequency) receive modules 205, and are mixed down and channelized in a down converter 207. The down converted signals are then sampled and converted to digital in an ADC (analog to digital converter) 209. This can be done using FIR (finite impulse response) filtering techniques. The invention can be adapted to suit a wide variety of RF and IF (intermediate frequency) carrier frequencies and bands.
There are, in the present example, four antenna channel outputs, one from each antenna receive module 205. The particular number of channels can be varied to suit network needs. For each of the four receive antenna channels, the four down-converted outputs from the four antennas are fed to a digital signal processor (DSP) device 217 for further processing, including calibration. According to one aspect of this invention, four Motorola DSP56300 Family DSPs can be used as channel processors, one per receive channel. The timeslot processors 217 monitor the received signal power and estimate the phase and time alignment. They also determine smart antenna weights for each antenna element. These are used in the spatial division multiple access scheme to determine a signal from a particular remote user and to demodulate the determined signal.
The output of the channel processors 217 is demodulated burst data. This data is sent to the host DSP 231 whose main function is to control all elements of the system and interface with the higher level processing. The higher level processing provides the signals required for communications in all the different control and service communication channels defined in the system's communication protocols. The host DSP 231 can be a Motorola DSP56300 Family DSP. In addition, channel processors send the determined receive weights for each user terminal to the host DSP 231.
The host DSP 231 maintains state and timing information, receives uplink burst data from the channel processors 217, and programs the channel processors 217. In addition, it decrypts, descrambles, checks error detecting code, and deconstructs bursts of the uplink signals, then formats the uplink signals to be sent for higher level processing in other parts of the base station. With respect to the other parts of the base station, it formats service data and traffic data for further higher processing in the base station, receives downlink messages and traffic data from the other parts of the base station, processes the downlink bursts and formats and sends the downlink bursts to the transmit chain, discussed below.
Transmit data from the host DSP 231 is used to produce analog transmit outputs which are sent to the RF transmitter (tx) modules 245. Specifically, the received data bits are converted via a DAC (digital to analog converter) 241 to analog transmit waveforms and up-converted into a complex modulated signal, at an IF frequency in an upconverter 243. The analog waveforms are sent to the transmit modules 245. The transmit modules 245 up-convert the signals to the transmission frequency and amplify the signals. The amplified transmission signal outputs are sent to antennas 103 via the duplexer/time switch 107.
Narrowband Transponder Structure
Referring to
As shown in
A second mixer 149 combines the signals from the bandpass filter 150 and a second LO 147 to produce two new transmit signals at frequencies spaced apart from each other and within the uplink frequency band. These two new signals are bandpass filtered 145 and amplified in a power amplifier 143. The power amplifier is adjusted by a power feedback control loop 141 to reduce interference with other channels and smoothe reception of the calibration signal at the base station. Another bandpass filter 125 eliminates the upper mixer product and any artifacts from the power amplifier, leaving only the lower mixer product which is a copy of the original input signal on the RF receive chain except for its frequency. This signal is connected to the duplexer 140 for transmission through the antenna element 122. The transponder shows, as an alternative, a separate transmit antenna element 123 and receive antenna element 124. If separate elements are used then the duplexer 140 is no longer required and the antennas can be directly coupled to the respective transmit and receive bandpass filters.
The transponder described above is designed to shift and transpond narrowband signals from the base station that are transmitted in the band for North American cellular CDMA communications, designated as IS-95 by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). In some circumstances, it might be desirable to receive a wideband calibration signal over the complete CDMA channel and return it as a narrowband signal. Since most single channel communication bandwidths are too wide for practical filters at RF frequencies, such a single channel transponder would mix the RF frequency down to a lower intermediate frequency, apply a narrowband filter at this intermediate frequency, and then mix the filtered signal back up to the desired RF frequency to be echoed back as a narrowband signal. In all other aspects, the wideband, single channel, transponder would behave and be constructed like the narrowband transponder described here.
In operation, the base station DSP 217 generates a specialized narrowband calibration transmit signal which it transmits from the antenna array through the duplexer. The transponder receives the calibration transmit signal and echoes it back with the appropriate changes so that it will be received through the receive chain through the duplexer. In a conventional cellular CDMA system, the radio system uses different frequencies for transmit and receive. Thus, the transponder echoes back a signal on the uplink frequency band that is a frequency-shifted copy of the downlink signal it receives. The base station DSP acquires the echoed calibration signal through the receive chain and uses this received calibration signal along with knowledge of the transmit calibration signal to calculate array calibration vectors which are then stored in a calibration vector storage buffer.
For a CDMA cellular system, the system may be allocated a bandwidth from, e.g., 824 MHz to 835 MHz or from 835 MHz to 849 MHz. The wideband channels within this range may be as narrow as 1.25 MHz or as wide as 5 MHz. In such a system, uplink and downlink frequency bands are typically separated from each other with a significant guard band so that they are separated by 1.25 MHz to 5 MHz. This is the amount by which the transponder must shift the calibration signal frequency to send it back to the base station. In other systems, the wideband uplink and downlink channels may be as wide as 40 MHz or more. The narrowband calibration signals on the other hand, would typically be from 0.01 MHz to 0.1 MHz wide. The spectral width of the calibration signal will be as small as reasonably convenient with readily available equipment at moderate cost. The narrower the signal, the less it will interfere with existing traffic. However, as mentioned above, the narrowband signal must also be able to be transmitted and received by the wideband transmit and receive chains. The necessary bandwidth limitations will also depend on the particular system. For a system in which the wideband signals are 1.25 MHz wide, the narrowband signals will probably be much narrower than for a system in which the wideband signals are 40 MHz wide. The particular carrier frequencies used can also be adapted to suit the needs of the particular system. Currently, appropriate systems have carrier frequencies centered at frequencies ranging from 450 MHz to 2100 MHz. This range is expected to become greater as radio technologies and spectrum allocations change.
Calculation of Calibration Vectors
There are a variety of different ways to calibrate a multiple antenna array using narrowband signals and a transponder. U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,090 issued Aug. 13, 1996 to Roy, III et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,243 issued Jul. 27, 1999 to Parish et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,898 issued to Parish et al. show approaches to calibration suitable for use in the present application. Another approach is shown in International Application No. WO99157820, published Nov. 11, 1999 of Boros et al. The disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
A single transponder or subscriber unit can be used together with its base station to calibrate the base station. However, the present invention enables the separate determination of the uplink and downlink signatures for the transponder or any subscriber unit. These spatial signatures include the effects of the electronic signal paths in the base station hardware and any differences between the uplink and downlink electronic signal paths for the transponder or subscriber unit. One use of such information is to determine separate calibrations for each subscriber unit when the RF propagation to and from the subscriber unit is different. Another use is for calibrating the base station, but rather than obtaining a single calibration vector using the base station and a single transponder, using several transponders to determine the single calibration vector. In one embodiment, the single calibration vector is the average calibration vector. In another embodiment, it is the weighted average calibration vector. The weighting given to the estimate made using a particular subscriber unit will depend on a measure of the quality of the signal received by that subscriber unit, so that estimates from subscriber units having better quality signals are weighed more in the weighted average. A method and apparatus for determining signal quality is disclosed in International Application No. WO99/40689, published Aug. 12, 1999 of Yun.
In the architecture of
Method of Operation
An example of an operational process for calibrating a group of receive chains is shown in
The transmitted narrowband calibration signal is received at the transponder 313, (see e.g.
The base station receives the transponder signal or signals at each of its receive antenna chains 319. These received transponder signals are sampled for each receive antenna chain 321 and the samples can be used to measure any number of characteristics of the received signal. Calibration can be performed using any of the algorithms known in the art based on these samples. Each set of samples from each receive chain represents a different view of the same narrowband transponder signal. To enhance reception, the DSP 217 will typically use a narrow bandpass filter to eliminate most of the data traffic signal energy and isolate the received transponder signal. The calibration will typically be based on comparing the received transponder signal as it was received by each receive chain to each signal as received by each other receive chain 323. This is commonly done by measuring phases and amplitudes and using a covariance matrix, for example. As an alternative, the signal can be sampled at only two receive chains. This will allow the two selected chains to be calibrated against each other. By repeating the process for each possible combination or for each receive chain against a receive chain selected to be the reference, the same calibration results can be obtained.
Once the comparisons are done and the differences in phase and amplitude between the different receive chains have been determined, a receive calibration vector can be generated 325. Typically this is a set of factors to be applied to each receive chain in order to compensate the differences. When the calibrations are done against a reference chain, pairing each receive chain against the reference, the reference chain's vectors can be set at one, or some other normalized set of values, so that the vectors for the other receive chains represent the variance from the reference chain. The process described above can then be repeated and the results averaged 327. Alternatively, the resulting vector can be applied and the process repeated to find a new vector that is used to adjust the first vector. By applying the adjusted calibration vector after each cycle, the calibration should become progressively more accurate until it converges on the limit of the calibration system's accuracy. The transmission, reception and computations can be repeated at different frequencies as well as for different combinations of receive chains and even for different transponders. Over time, the characteristics of the receive chain can also change and so the process can also be repeated in order to update the calibration vectors with changing conditions.
Calibration of the transmit chain is done in a similar way as shown in
The calibration signals are received at the transponder 331. Which then, as with the receive calibration, shifts the frequency of the received calibration signals 333. After that, the shifted calibration signals are transmitted back to the base station 335. It is again possible to change modulated sequences or spreading codes but the simplest transponder will take the narrowband signal that it receives in the downlink band and transmit it back as a virtually identical narrowband signal in the uplink band.
The base station receives the transponder signals this time at just one receive antenna chain 337. The received transponder signals are sampled 339 and then the unique modulated sequences are used to extract each transmit chain calibration signal 341 from the sampled waveform. As with the receive calibration, a narrow bandpass filter is typically used to isolate the transponder signal. For calibration purposes, the transmitted calibration signals from each transmit chain are compared to each other 343. In order to make it easier to distinguish the simultaneously received signals from the different transmit chains, the number of simultaneous transmit chains can be reduced. For example, one of the transmit chains can be designated as the reference and then each other transmit chain can transmit with the reference, one pair at a time, until all the transmit chains have been calibrated against the reference. This is similar to the pair-wise receive chain calibration mentioned above.
These comparisons become the basis for generating a transmit calibration vector 345. The entire process can then be repeated to refine the results or as conditions change 347. In one embodiment, the calibration vector determined in the first round is applied to each transmit chain, and then the process is repeated. The next calibration cycle will lead to greater accuracy as the gross errors have already been compensated. This is similar to performing a coarse tuning process and then a fine-tuning process.
The present invention provides many advantages over the prior art. Calibrations can be performed using only a simple, inexpensive transponder. Both transmit and receive calibration can be determined in a single transaction and the method self-corrects for reference frequency offsets in the antenna array system. Accordingly, calibration in accordance with the present invention is inherently accurate. While the invention has been described primarily as a calibration of a base station using a remote transponder, it can be applied to remote user terminals that have multiple antennas. It can also be applied to any other type of wireless network with multiple antenna system whether one with base stations and remotes, equal peers or masters and slaves.
To improve the reception of regular traffic during calibration, it may be desirable to apply a notch filter at the base station to filter out the transponder signal band. This would typically be a digital filter and can be turned off when no calibration signal is active. The subscriber units could similarly have a notch filter for the calibration signal from the base station.
In the description above, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form.
The present invention includes various steps. The steps of the present invention may be performed by hardware components, such as those shown in
The present invention may be provided as a computer program product which may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present invention. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnet or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media or machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. Moreover, the present invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).
Importantly, while the present invention has been described in the context of a wireless spread spectrum data system for mobile remote terminals, it can be applied to a wide variety of different wireless systems in which data is exchanged. Such systems include voice, video, music, broadcast and other types of data systems without external connections. The present invention can be applied to fixed user terminals as well as to low and high mobility terminals. Many of the methods are described herein in a basic form but steps can be added to or deleted from any of the methods and information can be added or subtracted from any of the described messages without departing from the basic scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many further modifications and adaptations can be made. The particular embodiments are not provided to limit the invention but to illustrate it. The scope of the present invention is not to be determined by the specific examples provided above but only by the claims below.
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|Comcast Cable Communications, Llc
|Apparatus for transmitting a signal including transmit data to a multiple-input capable node
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Pareto-improving social security reform
It is generally accepted that moving from an unfunded to a funded social security system implies a welfare loss for the transition generation—that is, the generation that has to pay twice: first, saving for its own retirement and, second, contributing to the pensions of the then retired generation. This article shows that in a setting of endogenous growth with positive externality such a transition can be Pareto improving. But it argues also that social security reform is more a pretext than a requirement for internalizing such a positive externality. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory (1998) 23, 119–125. doi:10.1023/A:1008622110502
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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|Date of creation:
|In : The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory, 23, 119-125, 1998
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Hussars Poland will have been delighted with their night's work as they defeated the visiting Mexico Guerreros in their Group A clash, consolidating in the process their place in the play-off qualification positions. Dawid Pawel Michelus, Adil Aslanov and Sergei Kuzmin were the stars on the night, delivering an all-important victory for their team at the Hala Znicz in Pruszkow.
The Hussars' Michelus got the action underway in the Bantamweight (50-54kg) contest as he faced 19-year-old Mexican southpaw Aaron Alameda Lopez. The Polish orthodox teenager put in a solid performance, using the jab and the straight one-twos to keep his opponent at distance throughout the five rounds. Sharp, focused and quick on his toes, Michelus moved well and connected with the most telling shots to claim the first three rounds. Alameda Lopez fought valiantly, moving inside to take rounds four and five; however the Pole had done enough to win, giving his team the early lead in the match.
Belarusian sensation Vazgen Safaryants, Mexico's newest recruit, then locked horns with orthodox Pole Aslanov at Lightweight (57-61kg). It began well with the Guerreros' 28-year-old southpaw showcasing his full repertoire of shots, mixing it up well, working the body and the head of his opponent to take the first. Aslanov though came back strong and his clever plan to get his rival to come inside worked as he disrupted the flow of the contest to take the second and third rounds with some clever punches. It then became a messy affair with both boxers getting warnings in the remaining two rounds but the Polish fighter was the more composed to claim the win by split decision and put the Hussars 2-0 up.
Mexico's 21-year-old Irishman Conrad Cummings put behind him the loss his suffered in week four with a sublime performance against Poland's Mateusz Jerzy Tryc in the Middleweight (68-73kg) bout of the night. The up-and-coming Irish orthodox fighter came out all-guns blazing, throwing a fast amount of punches with several hooks doing damage. Tryc was unable to cope with the speed and endeavour of his opponent, who was not giving him any time to settle into any kind of rhythm. Cummings was impressive throughout the five rounds as he recorded his maiden WSB win to reduce the deficit for his team.
Impressive Belarusian Kuzmin continued his fine form for the Hussars with his stinging body shots seeing him dominate the early exchanges against Mexico's 21-year-old Albanian Christian Demaj in the Light Heavyweight (80-85kg) contest. Kuzmin continued to be in the ascendency against the WSB debutant with his quality selection of shots helping him claim rounds two and three by applying constant pressure. Growing in confidence with every punch that landed, Kuzmin was really enjoying himself out there as he powered to a third successive victory this season, which guaranteed Poland defeated Mexico on the night.
Bringing the show to a close, the fight between Poland's fearsome pro fighter Mateusz Malujda and larger-than-life Puerto Rican Gerardo Bisbal turned into a real slug-fest at Heavyweight (91+kg). The 30-year-old orthodox Pole started well but he struggled against Bisbal's deceptive speed. The two took turns in being the aggressor, making it a very interesting contest with almost nothing to choose between them going into the final round. Bisbal's higher number of clean shots in the fifth saw him edge it and win by split decision.
Mexico now host Condors Argentina at fortress Foro Polanco on Friday 1 February whilst Poland, who leapfrogged Argentina into third place in Group A, are still waiting confirmation on their next match.


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Method 1
- Lie down flat on the stomach.
- Let loose your lower torso
- Bend the hands at the elbow
- Place the palms below the cheeks.
- Raise the shoulder and the neck
- Position yourself comfortably.
- Breathe normally and close your eyes.
Method 2
- Lie on your stomach with face down and chest resting on the floor.
- Place the hands the side
- Spread out the legs with heels in and toes pointing out.
- Fold the left hand at the elbow and bring it below the armpit to place it on the right shoulder.
- Fold the right hand at the elbow and place it on the left shoulder.
- A triangle is formed of the folded arms.
- Place the head on the triangle formed, with face facing inside.
- Remain in this position for sometime and release yourself of the asana.
If one finds it difficult to form the triangle, one can simply have the left arm hold the right elbow and right hand hold the left elbow.
Bring the elbows towards the body to raise the shoulders and the upper chest a little off the ground.
- Brings relaxation to the body and the mind.
- Beneficial in Sciatica.
- Improves digestion.
- Helps bring down blood pressure
- Relaxes the muscles.
- Aids in anxiety and tension and thereby induces good sleep.
- Helps in asthma cases.
- Aids in reducing pain in the waist.
Before practice, please consult your doctor in case you are suffering from ailments. It is recommended to practice under the guidance of experts.
Read more about: yoga poses, yoga
Story first published: Monday, August 8, 2011, 16:48 [IST]
Other articles published on Aug 8, 2011


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Wat Phra That Pha Kaew
Kang Krachan National Park; Thailand's largest conserved forest, is not only a heaven on earth for nature lovers, but also gains high popularity among campers looking to experience a dazzling sea of mist. Read more
Mrigadayavan Palace, the Elegant Diamond of Cha-am Beach Read more
The temple is located at Thang Daeng village hill's holy place, Camp Son sub district, Khao Kho district, Phetchabun. Read more
This route is a high quality macadamized road with many fine restaurants.Nam Nao National Park covers Muang, Lom Sak and Lom Kao districts in Petchaboon, as well as Klong San district in Chaiyabhum. It is regarded as one of the most fascinating national parks in Thailand. Read more
Wat Phra That Pha Kaew
Established in 2004, Wat Phra That Pha Kaew at that time was called Pha Sorn Kaew holy Buddhist site until The Sangha Supreme Court approved raising the standing to a temple on July 1, 2010. The abbot of is Phra Kru Ajarn Sangkaruk Paramita Surayudtho.
The temple is located at Thang Daeng village hill's holy place, Camp Son sub district, Khao Kho district, Phetchabun. Faith drove Ms Phawinee and Ms Urai Chotikul to purchase 25 rai land and offer it to the monastery as a Dharma retreat. This place can be used by both monks and Buddhist followers. Currently, the land has expanded to 95 rai as a sacred offering from devotees.
Phra Kru Ajarn Sangkaruk Paramita Surayudtho and Phra Kru Bai Deeka Amnard Opaso, by virtue of friendship, collaborate with followers and people with good faith from all over country to establish accommodation and a preaching hall, provided for the influx of the Lord Buddha's Foundation of Mindfulness practitioners coming constantly to this holy place. It is now a flourishing center for the contemplation, study and practice of the Dharma much to the delight of all involved.
The Buddhist centre called Pha Sorn Kaew is surrounded by high mountains. There the preaching hall is located while a cave is at mountain's summit. Many Thang Daeng villagers have seen a crystal marble floating on the horizon and disappearing in the cave. They believe that the marble, in fact, is the Holy Relic coming down to the sacred place, so Phra Sorn Kaew, the hidden cliff of marble. This Buddhist site surrounded by mountain ranges is a peaceful place to withdraw and contemplate the deeper teaching and practice of Buddhism.
This temple exists with an intention to be a place for the Foundation of Mindfulness practice, which is a core Buddhist principle. This teaching is the great path to purity of body and mind, extinguishment of sorrow the Noble Eightfold path and Nirvana achievement in accordance with Buddhist doctrine.
Solitary and surrounded by gorgeous nature, meditation is inspired by natural beauty. Bliss brings contemplation and meditation gives rise to wisdom. Because all dharma arises from causes and conditions, Wat Phra Sorn Kaew originates from this perspective.
Buddhist practice
The heart of Buddhist practice is taught here. The Foundation of Mindfulness emphasizes simplicity in order to perceive awareness, from the concrete body to emotion and mind called abstract that stays constantly human. The main practice teaching of this place stresses the Foundations of Mindfulness experience to adapt for everyday use for peaceful coexistence.


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Trips and Itineraries for Miskolc
Hotels and Homestays in Miskolc 114 Hotels
₹ 1032
Cosy studio flat in the city center
Weekend Getaways from Miskolc
201 Kms from Miskolc
If God ever gives me an opportunity to settle down anywhere else away from home , this place would be it . The drive from Salzburg to Budapest was a long one , but on reaching the city , all the soreness just vanished and we were fresh as a horse . Budapest is basically bifurcated into two parts by the river Danube flowing through the middle of the city and housing the most important centres on either side . The Hilly side is called Buda and the plain, Pest . I can't exactly vouch for its authenticity as I'm giving you the guide's version . Our tour bus led us through the important landmarks of the city and dropped us at the city centre . The Hungarian Forint being weaker than the Rupee , we went on a shopping spree and half of my credit card limit got exhausted there itself at the shopping avenues , but wait the highlight is yet to come . Come evening and we were taken for a river cruise on the Danube , and God it was so beautiful with the sun going down and the lights of the buildings beside the Danube ,shimmering . A trivia , I'd like to mention . Many of us have watched the blockbuster movie Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam , and we were told that the place is Italy , wrong . The bridge over which the famous scene happens with Aishwarya Rai running to Ajay Devgan is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge . I remember every moment of that cruise where we were sitting on the open top of the cruise with a complimentary glass of wine and enjoyed the serenity and the beauty of the place .Etched in my memories forever .
Getaways · Places to Visit · Hotels · Trips
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114 Hotels found


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Nas wants you to learn by listening to hip hop
November 2, 2013 • Comments • 184 Views
Nas didn't hesitate when he was asked to be the face of a new hip hop fellowship at Harvard University. In fact, Rolling Stone magazine reported that he responded yes in a nanosecond.
An anonymous source made a generous donation to the school, which will help fund hip hop-related studies, and he knew he wanted Nas' name on the program. So why him? The rapper, who didn't even graduate from high school, is adamant that there is much to be learned from the genre. He analyzed the lyrics and symbolism of Run D.M.C and Melle Mel tracks like they were chapters of a classic novel.
Recently, the rapper visited Harvard to formally introduced the fellowship.
"Hip-hop is important like computer science," he said, as quoted by XXL magazine. "The world is changing. If you want to understand the youth, listen to the music. This is what's happening right underneath your nose."
What have you learned from hip hop?
November 2, 2013 • Comments • 184 Views


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Historic Red Wing home burns
A treasured piece of Red Wing's historic district was
severely damaged Monday after a fast-moving fire raced through the top levels of the Joss-Willard House.
Firefighters said the blaze at 821 W. Third St. was swift and difficult to manage.
"It spread fast," said Red Wing fire Chief Mike Amendolar.
"Once the fire got going, there really wasn't anything to stop it."
No residents were in the house at the time of the fire, said the home's owner, Dr. Everett Hughes, who has a wife, Shannon, and four children.
"It's just a home, I guess," he said from the sidewalk across the street, watching his house burn.
Amendolar said two firefighters were treated for dehydration - temperatures reached 88 degrees in Red Wing - while another sustained a minor shoulder injury.
Officials said the blaze began while painters were using
small torches to remove paint from the home's eaves. The painting
crew told firefighters a bird's nest stuck in the eaves ignited in the process.
Roof collapsed
Dozens of neighbors and onlookers packed the area, surveying the fire. Flames were seen shooting from the roof of the home - which partially collapsed - as well as the rear of the structure.
Among the onlookers was Dean Adams, who said he lived in the house until 2000. He followed the column of smoke pouring from the blaze.
When he spotted the house ablaze, Adams said he was in disbelief.
"It's very sad to see because it's one of the most beautiful older historic homes in town," he said.
Adams noted the 15-foot ceilings on the home's main floor. A spiral staircase added to its historic charm, Adams added.
Scott Will, the acting fire captain on the scene, said the fire was largely contained to a network of attic spaces in the house.
The main floor of the house sustained heavy water damage, he noted.
Access limited
A narrow alleyway with low power lines kept fire trucks from accessing the rear of the home, Will said, making it "10 times as difficult" to manage.
Depending on what - if anything - is salvageable in the home, the loss could ring a solemn note for the neighborhood, said Steve Kohn, who heads up the city's Heritage Preservation Commission.
"It means a lot to the district," he said while watching the fire. "Hard as you may try, you're not going to get something to match this in the district."
He said the house is considered a "pivotal" building in the city's west residential historic district.
The Italianate-style brick home was built in 1876. Among its more notable features are the bracketed cornice interrupted by gabled eyebrow windows, and a wrap-around porch with classical detailing, Kohn said.
Amendolar said it is unknown how much in the home may be
salvagable. He praised his crew for containing the fire quickly.
Firefighters were just blocks away on an inspection when the call came in at 1:42 p.m. The scene was cleared shortly before 8 p.m.
"I like to think we have a lot of these old buildings because of our fire department and our quick response," he said, noting that the Sheldon Theatre has also sustained major fire damage in the past.


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Because Mason Jars are easy to find and inexpensive to purchase, we would like to encourage you to shop local. Shop your local hardware store or craft store to buy mason jars by the case or in singles. A case pack of a dozen will cost approximately $12 which is equal to the shipping cost alone for 1-2 jars. By purchasing your own jars you'll have more space in the 'ol pocket book as well as support your community which is the coolest!
Your mason jar purchase with us is final and non refundable.
-The MBC Team
Canning jar bands are not made to last forever- they will eventually rust so replacements are always a good thing! To ensure a long life of your bands, be sure to wash by hand and dry them well after each use.
Wide mouth bands measure 3 1/4 inches round. (fits 16, 24 and 32 ounce wide mouth jars)
Regular mouth bands measure 2 3/4 inches round. (fits 8, 12, 16, 32 ounce regular mouth jars)
1/4 inch cleaning brush. Made in the USA.
Please allow 5-7 processing days for your order to be shipped. Thank you!


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Yellowstone County, Montana(Partner: National Association of County and City Health Officials)
Community Mission
The Yellowstone County ACHIEVE will be working to adopt a Complete Streets policy in the City of Billings and encourage worksites to adopt a healthy foods policy during work-related meetings and functions.
Community Information
RiverStone Health, a multi-jurisdictional health service district, serves Yellowstone County, which is home to approximately 142,348 people (15 percent of all Montanans). Officially, RiverStone Health is considered an urban health department and faces public health issues similar to larger cities such as homelessness, sprawl, crime, and access to healthcare. However, the area outside of the city of Billings is home to nearly 1/3 of the county's population. This area is considered rural (42,000 residents). For rural Yellowstone County, different challenges are faced including sparse population and distance from care. Rural residents routinely travel between 40 and 200 miles to obtain services including medical care.
The square mileage of Yellowstone County is 2,635 square miles with a population density of 49.1 persons per square mile. In Yellowstone County, approximately 24.2 percent of the population is under 18 years old with 6.9 percent being less than five years old. Persons aged 65 years and older comprise 13.8 percent of the population. Yellowstone County citizens are 91.8 percent Caucasian, 5.1 percent Hispanic or Latino, and 4.1 percent American Indian and Alaska Native persons.
Community Contacts


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Over 1.8 million nonprofits and charities for donors, volunteers and funders
Causes: Arts & Culture, Arts & Humanities Councils & Agencies, Arts Education, Arts Services, Visual Arts
Mission: The Pacific Art League's mission is to enrich lives through art: education, exhibition and community.
Results: Over 1600 students a year take classes and workshops and our Palo Alto studios and now through our partnership with Peninsula Gallery in San Mateo.
Target demographics: adults, youth, famalies and coporations
Geographic areas served: Silicon Valley, north to Burlingame and south to San Jose
Programs: EDUCATION --Classes in various art media (drawing, watercolor, oil painting, acrylic painting, pastel, mixed media, print making) from novice to professional EXIHBITION --Galleries - Main Gallery --Art Rental Program - juried (member and non-menber) artists rent their work to local corporations. --Community Site - juried (member) artists display their work at local non-profits, government offices and restaurants MEMBERSHIP -Opportunities to interact with fellow artists both formally (via lectures, workshops, events) and informally --Opportunities to interact with the community, to participate in and organize competitions OUTREACH --art experiences for children of all ages in special circumstances related to physical, socioeconomic or emotional challenges VOLUNTEERING --A program for the artist and the non-artist to contribute to the health and growth of Pacific Art League COMMUNITY EVENTS First Friday(Every first Friday of the month)


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Apologies if this is really simple - I don't prepare accounts, but (try and) review them.
I have a company posting abbreviated accounts, but they have a number of very signficant post balance events - should they have been disclosed? And if so, what standard or rule says they should?
Please login or register to join the discussion.
FRSSE paragraph 14 (or FRS 21 for a medium or large company).
You need to disclose in the full set of accounts the nature of material post balance sheet events, and the financial effect of the events.
Someone can correct me, but I don't think abbreviated accounts require this disclosure, as they are governed by Companies Act (a specific schedule) and not FRSSE.
The requirement to disclose material non-adjusting post balance sheet events is set out in para.14.3 of the FRSSE (page 76 of the PDF file). Abbreviated accounts are not prepared in accordance with the FRSSE, so disclosure is not obligatory. However, there is nothing to prevent additional disclosure being made voluntarily.


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Novartis patent request rejected in India
MUMBAI, April 1 (UPI) -- India's Supreme Court Monday declined to grant patent protection to Glivec, a blood cancer drug made by Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis AG.
The company had been trying to obtain a patent in India for a newer version of Glivec, but the court said a substance used in the drug is already a known one and hence the company cannot seek a patent for the drug using that substance, the Press Trust of India news agency reported.
Other foreign pharmaceutical companies seeking to enter India's growing market for drugs had been keenly awaiting the ruling.
The PTI report said a monthlong supply of Glivec costs about 15 times that of the generic variety in India.
Advocate Pratibha Singh, appearing for Indian drug firms Ranbaxy and Cipla, which had opposed Novartis' plea, said the judgment is a victory for Indian companies because they can now manufacture cheaper drugs as long as there is no patent over a medicine.
"Patents will now be granted only for genuine inventions and not on repetitive inventions. The Supreme Court said there was no new invention in the Novartis' drug," Singh said.
She said foreign firms need not be concerned by the ruling because they would still get patents if they have genuine inventions, PTI reported.
Novartis, in a news release, said the patent was denied despite global recognition of Glivec as a life-saving, breakthrough drug for certain forms of cancer, with patents granted in about 40 countries including China, Russia and Taiwan.
"Novartis has never been granted an original patent for Glivec in India. We strongly believe that original innovation should be recognized in patents to encourage investment in medical innovation, especially for unmet medical needs," said Ranjit Shahani, managing director of Novartis India Ltd.
The ruling "is a setback for patients that will hinder medical progress for diseases without effective treatment options," he said.
Manufacturing in March shows robust growth
NEW YORK, April 1 (UPI) -- The pace of U.S. manufacturing growth accelerated in March, a research firm confirmed Monday.
Markit Economics said the manufacturing sector's Purchasing Managers Flash Index rose from 54.3 in February to 54.6 in March, which indicates faster growth, albeit with slimmer gains than were reported in firm's flash estimate report, which had pegged the PMI at 54.9.
The flash estimate is based on 85 percent of the usual monthly survey replies. The numbers firm up or adjust with the second and final estimate.
Markit said the index for new factory orders was unchanged from February's 55.4. The earlier estimate had put the new orders growth measure at 55.9.
The employment index was left unchanged at 54.6. The index reflecting a backlog of work was slightly higher than previously reported at 50.2.
Growth is indicated by any figure more than 50 in the report. Less than 50 indicates contraction.
"Manufacturers enjoyed another month of strong output and order book growth in March, finishing off the best quarter for two years. The sector will have provided a firm boost to the economy in the first quarter, with output possibly growing by as much as 2 percent -- roughly 8 percent on an annual basis -- compared to the final quarter of last year. ," said Markit Chief Economist Chris Williamson.
Report: Wall St. directors get big raises
NEW YORK, April 1 (UPI) -- An executive compensation consultation firm said pay for board directors at the largest U.S. banks grew sharply while thousands of bank workers were laid off.
Board member pay at the six largest banks rose to an average of $328,655 in 2011.
The pay increased through a period in which banks laid off tens of thousands of workers.
Board member compensation averaged $232,142 at among 500 publicly traded companies analyzed by consulting firm Equilar, The New York Times reported Monday.
Since 2008, pay for Citibank directors rose 64 percent, to an average of $315,000 per year, Equilar said.
Directors at Goldman Sachs receive the highest pay among board members of the six largest banks, earning an average of $488,709 in 2011, up 50 percent from 2008, Equilar said.
Bank boards reason that much of a director's pay comes in the form of stock, which means it cannot be cashed in immediately. More importantly, bank officials say, it means that a board member's incentive is to raise the value of the stock, which benefits shareholders.
"While the Goldman pay is high, the directors are paid all in equity that cannot be cashed until they leave the board. These features are beneficial for shareholders but reduce the value of the compensation for the directors," said Lucian Bebchuk, a Harvard University law professor.
Study: California sits on oil riches
LOS ANGELES, April 1 (UPI) -- A University of Southern California study found that Monterey shale oil deposits in the south central part of the state could create 500,000 oil industry jobs.
Accessible oil reserves are four times as large as the Bakken Shale oilfield in North Dakota that is partly responsible for dropping that state's unemployment rate to 3.3 percent, the Los Angeles Times reported Sunday.
Oil revenues from California's oil boom in the early 20th century fueled the growth of small towns like Taft, but the latest focus is on Monterey shale where an estimated 15.4 billion barrels of oil have become accessible with new drilling techniques, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
The university study said Monterey shale reserves have the potential to generate $4.5 billion in oil-related tax by 2015.
Southern California environmental issues abound, including desecration of farmland, possible pollution of drinking water and raising the risk of seismic activity, the Times said.
As such, it is hard to say if or when the Monterey Shale bed will be productive, given the arguments about environmental impact that are all but guaranteed, observers say.


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Home > Digital Library > Index of Newsletters > Vol. II No. 2 July - September 1994 >
Conservation of Oil Paintings
Shri K. K. Gupta
K.K. Gupta, Graduated in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics in 1965 and completed M.Sc. in Mathematics in 1967. Has been working in Conservation of Works of Art in the National Museum since 1966. Undertook training courses in Conservation at the National Museum in 1967 and later in 1974 at Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Property, Japan.
A Painting is a laminated structure with a number of layers. In general there are four layers viz. support, ground, paint and surface coating. A paint is a composition of colouring matter and medium. In an oil painting, the medium is drying oil. Due to its complex structure and due to interaction of various environmental factors, an oil painting gets deteriorated leading to alteration in its appearance and strength. The deterioration can be slowed by the control of these factors within safe limits. However, if the painting has already deteriorated, treatment of the damage becomes necessary. The action to be taken is decided after careful examination of the painting using different aids. Cleaning, reinforcement and protection are three main operations in conservation and the treatment depends upon the condition of the painting. Minimum alteration and reversibility of the treatment are the main considerations. Paintings are finally restored s close as feasible to their original form without interfering with the intention of the artist and keeping possible minimum differentiation between the original and the restoration. Surface coating is finally given to protect the painting and to give it a richer appearance, provided it does not go against the artists intention.
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Copyright IGNCA© 1999


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Valence Technology to Provide Lithium Phosphate Battery Packs to The Tanfield Group
7 February 2008
|The US version of the Smith Electric Vehicle Newton.
Valence Technology, Inc. has entered into a contract with The Tanfield Group Plc to manufacture and supply Lithium Phosphate energy storage systems to power Tanfield's all-electric commercial delivery vehicles. The Valence battery systems will be installed in vans and trucks produced by Tanfield's UK-based trading division, Smith Electric Vehicles, the world's largest manufacturer of electric vans and trucks.
Under the agreement, Tanfield will purchase up to $70 million of Valence products in the contract's first phase. Valence has already received a firm purchase order for the first calendar quarter.
The agreement will also result in Tanfield becoming the first volume customer for Valence's third generation Lithium Phosphate Epoch technology, a battery system equipped with an advanced management system that monitors and automatically adjusts cell performance so battery packs operate at their optimum performance capacity. (Earlier post.)
The Epoch systems deliver significant electronic, mechanical and thermal improvements over Valence's second-generation U-Charge product, according to the company. Some of the main advantages are fail soft capability designed to eliminate system failure caused by a single cell, improved balancing for optimized energy delivery, enhanced SOC calculation, higher system voltage capability, field serviceability, remote access capability and higher continuous discharge capability.
Epoch systems have a life cycle comprising more than 2,000 charge cycles when deep discharged in demanding electric vehicle applications.
The Epoch brand of customizable battery packs will be available in 12.8 volt and 19.2 volt modules and will allow users scalability up to 390 kWh.
We are constantly looking for new, cost-effective technologies that can improve our zero emission commercial electric vehicles and broaden our customer base. The Valence battery pack is an efficient, inherently robust and reliable system that gives us greatly increased flexibility in vehicle design.—Darren Kell, Chief Executive of The Tanfield Group Plc
Tanfield launched the first of its new generation of Smith zero-emission commercial vehicles in December 2006. Customers include Sainsbury's Online, the Royal Mail, TNT Express, Carlsberg, Balfour Beatty, Amey Construction and DHL Exel Supply Chain. Smith launched its first United States-specific vehicle at EVS-23 in California in December 2007. (Earlier post.)
Epoch data sheet
February 7, 2008 in Batteries, Electric (Battery) | Permalink | Comments (14) | TrackBack (0)
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Realist....Let's see if you can handle reality & the truth beyond penny pinching & a tallysheet.
Even confirming reports a year old, show that children are dying & diseased in increasing numbers, the closer they live, play & school to freeways filled with internal combustion engines(ICE). More recent articles link ICE fine particulate matter from diesel ICE with heart disease. Really recent reports link ICE nano particles from both diesel & gasoline even more assuredly with heart disease.
So the years we smuggly thought we had conquered dreaded lung disease from ICE pollution, now show we weren't looking very hard for aggrandizing punishments to human life from further assaults of ICE. In your case you willfully turn your back on the data of ICE suffering in favor of an accounting ledger.
My Northwest produces equivalent power kilowatt to HP at only 4% of mobile ICE. & almost none of that pollution is produced at the point of motion near humans. Thus, my Electric bike travels through town with only 1/700th the pollution of ICE! Its time to put your tallysheet down & visit some ICE infected children.
I repeat:lets get electric storage densities way up, electric charge times way down & EVs way many. Let ICE die a natural economic death, that people will live. Long live EVs.
Some facts here:
Interesting - the EEV version has 1306 Wh and weighs 15.6kg. At 80% discharge that's about 1KWhr.
A descent PHEV, with 100km E range, would need about 10 of these, weighing 160kg or so. Having a 650cc range extender instead of a 1.6litre engine would save some of that weight.
Ten of these would output about 50KW for 10 seconds. So 500KJ in 10 seconds. Assuming a 1 ton vehicle, it could reach 60 mph in 10 seconds. The system might benefit from some 500KJ Ultra capacitor.
This is now feasible for a PHEV. Rather than seeing a specialist car like the Volt, take a standard small car (Ford Focus or Fiesta, Toyota Corolla). Take out the big engine drive shafts etc and put in place a 600cc engine and 10 of these batteries. Add four 30KW Hub motors, with individual traction control.
You have the perfect second car for shopping and the school run.
http://www.pmlflightlink.co.uk/ seem to be in the lead on hub motors. Have a look at the QED. I doubt if YOU can get them yet, unless you want to buy a few thousand.
The problem with a lot of the BEVs is that they've taken junk platform from India or built their own. I'd like to see Ford and other main stream manufacturers take their standard, excellent platform / chassis (complete with NCAP 4/5 star ratings) and convert them.
To know such a Fiesta / Polo / Yaris was electric, you'd have to look closely at the wheels, listen to the absence of noise, and watch the gearless fast start at the lights.
There are sites online for people that convert cars to EV. Online magazines like Electrifying Times may be a good place to start.
Most just use brushed lower voltage motors. The high voltage brushless motors tend to cost a lot more in the small numbers that hobby people use. Maybe some day they will do a cooperative and pool their buying power, who knows?
I agree. I like the BYD plug-in series/parallel EV hybrid design. The car can be driven by the engine (ICE) or engine+motor (Parallel hybrid) or engine+alternator->motor (Series hybrid) or just motor (EV).
This seems really flexible to me. I can go around town on motor only, use the engine+motor for sprints on the freeway or user the series hybrid engine+alternator->motor for maximum highway cruising mileage. If one component fails another can take over. It can climb like a parallel hybrid and get the economy of a series hybrid.
I am converting a "brand new" lectric leopard (it has been sitting in a dealership for 28 years and never titled, so it can qualify for the credit as a new vehicle.
I am removing the LA batteries (1025#) and substituting the LiFePO4 batteries (250# for 16x3.2 volt, 200 Ah, 600 amp). I plan to have 4 x 12v deep charge batteries as back up. I want to get 110 mile range (at 50 mph) to get to work and back. I also plan to have two 45 watt solar collectors on the roof to get whatever I can get during a 9 hour work day in the parking lot.
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1280x800 sunset sunrise sun cityscapes architecture bridges detroit rivers ambassador bridge Wallpaper HD download
How do I set this wallpaper as my desktop background?
Want to set this image as your desktop wallpaper? Simply right-click on the below image and click the 'Set as Desktop Background' link from the menu that pops up.


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Have had a few requests to see what my blocks look like. Rather than redirect everyone to the weight loss challenge or the fat quilts and have them search thru the pages I decided to post pic's here.
The center and the middle blocks are 4 1/2in., the outer block is 6in. It is a simple block.
I saw another quilter show pic's of her's on here and I loved how easy and fun it was. I wish I could remember who it was. I have to make 19 more for the weight already lost.
First 10 blocks


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RepairPal is your advocate for car care advice and guidance
Q: Why is oil coming out of my muffler?
How much would it cost? on 2005 GMC Sierra 1500
The truck has 33289km. I've had it since new. Always taken really good care of. This would be the first engine trouble I've had. Please help.
Better have a mechanic confrim your findings. For oil to come out of the exhaust, it would be running like crap and smoking intensively! That stuff comming from the weep hole in the muffler is most likely condensation mixed with exhaust soot, kinda looks like oil. More obvious in cold weather. Now it may have a leak somewhere and is collecting on the muffler. 33289 km is only 20,600 mi. That what the odometer is showing? I really don't think you have any problems with the truck!
That's good to know. It actually has 332089km. It does blow black smoke and runs rough when idling but when I'm on the highway it runs and sounds good. I run my company out of the truck and has pulled a trailer it whole life. Thanks for your help.
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Father: Samuel STALNAKER b: 1764 in Hampshire,Randolph,Virginia
Mother: Susannah RADCLIFF b: 1765 in Hampshire,Randolph,Virginia
Marriage 1 Elizabeth MCWHORTER b: 15 JAN 1811 in Of Monongahela,Harrison,Virginia
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Powerful Lesbian Drama 'Pariah' Gets a Classy (Fan-Approved) Poster
Dee Rees' Pariah will kick you right in the heart. That's a good thing.
Alike (Adepero Oduye) is a Brooklyn teenager amidst a contemptuous war with her identities of sexuality and gender. Pariah offers an unwavering and difficult story that is more than worth your watch. The film debuted at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival to overwhelming praise. Writer/director Dee Rees paints an explosive and sharp picture of a young woman's struggle against her family, neighborhood and self. An exemplary study of humanity that our generation is fortunate to have at its disposal. This is what art is meant to do: breathe honesty, however painful. For those to whom this honesty rings true might find in this film much more than a captivating story.
The below poster, voted on by fans of the film, was released via Twitter by Focus Features.


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LITTLEFIELD (Special) Services for Agapito "Pete" Rodriguez, 44, of Lubbock will be at 10 a.m. Monday at Sacred Heart Catholic Church with the Rev. Patrick Maher officiating.
Burial will be in Sacred Heart Catholic Cemetery under the direction of Hammons Funeral Home.
He died Thursday, Dec. 30, 1999, at University Medical Center.
He was born Dec. 19, 1955, in Littlefield. He married Elda Guererro in 1973, in Littlefield. He moved to Lubbock in 1986. He was a farm laborer and a Catholic.
Survivors include his wife; four sons, Agapito Jr., Ramiro, Gabriel and Efren, all of Lubbock; a daughter, Rosie of Lubbock; his mother, Susie Rodriguez of Lubbock; his father, Efren Rodriguez of Lubbock; a sister, Mary Vargas of Littlefield; three brothers, Frank and Juan, both of Lubbock and Marco of Clovis, N.M.; and three grandchildren.
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"The Sapphire Rose"
By: Allison Treese
Once, in a distant plain, there lived a kind, but lonely fairy, whose sacred duty was to guard the secret of magic. She lived for thousands of years in her own celestial garden, surrounded by pink and red roses. Her hair was long and raven black, and she let it flow down to the ground as she went from rose to rose, gazing into their petals, allowing her to see various events in the land of mortals.
Then, one day, under the crimson sky of her garden, she noticed something very strange. A blue rose. It was sapphire blue, in the middle of the red. Confused, she glided to where the rose was and peered through its petals. Through them, she saw a mortal man. He had hair of gold and eyes of jade, and his gaze, though she did not see where it was sent, made her heart quiver. After thousands of years of solitude, the fairy fell in love.
For many years of mortal time, she watched him. She watched his joys and his sorrows and all that he did, which only made her love him more. Finally, she decided that she must see the man in person, if only for a glorious moment. She dreamt of walking with the man hand-in-hand, as if she was a mortal woman. She imagined the warmth of his hand, and his gaze upon her, his gentle voice uttering her name. Then, she was dragged mercilessly away from that dream world, for she knew it would never be true. Thus she wept. She wept and wept so sorrowfully, that her roses heard and said softly in the language of flowers,"What troubles you, milady?"
Wiping her tears, she confessed that she was in love with a mortal man, but could only see him through the sapphire rose, and could never be with him.
"That is simple," they said, "All you have to do is feed the blue rose the right thing, and it will be so grateful it will send you straight to this man."
The fairy begged them what food she should bring.
"Hm...That's a tough one," they said, "You should ask the three gargoyles of Lunar Castle."
Hearing this, the fairy spread her rose-red wings and flew through the stars, yet still feeling the cold metal chain that connected her to her garden. Eventually, she came to a soft, milky white world that shined through the darkness like the full moon. In it rose a large, elaborately built castle made of silver and gemstone. The topmost spire was the nest of three gargoyles. The ones that she was seeking.
She fluttered her wings with extra effort as she rose and rose and rose to the spire, letting out a gasp as she was suddenly gazing at the ground, and found herself falling upwards before landing painfully and clumsily in the gargoyles' nest.
The three stony figures peered at her through eyes of red, wondering what on earth would have the nerve to disturb them. The figure on the farthest left was like that of a buzzard, its beak twisting over at the tip and touching the bottom. Its wings were like torn bat wings, and its tail was like that of a lion. It had a large, dagger-like horn on its head and seemed to be the most blood-thirsty of the three. The gargoyle in the middle appeared to be a small dragon, chubby with three horns on its head and nails that were longer that her arm. The gargoyle on the farthest right was like an elderly woman, crouched over with her face hidden under a hood, and miniature heads gazing from her shoulders and back. Her walking stick was a beautiful thing, intricately twisted with three moons carved onto the top.
Nervous, yet determined, the fairy told her story to the three gargoyles and asked for their help. The first one merely held its blood-thirsty gaze on her, making her blood run cold. The second one chuckled, amused that a silly little fairy girl would seek them out for such a ridiculous purpose. The third, however, seemed thoughtful.
"If you truly love this man," she said, "Then, I will help you. Tell me, fairy, would you seriously give up your immortality and sacred duty just to see this person, knowing fully well that he will most likely fall in love with another woman? I want you to carefully consider this."
The fairy pondered, seriously looking at things from that perspective. She would probably end up stuck on earth, with nothing but the memory of that one moment. But, then again, she thought of those jade eyes and of that gaze and knew her answer was clear.
"Yes," she said, her voice clear and loud, her eyes burning with passion, "No matter what, I want to see him. I want to actually hear him say my name, no matter what."
"Good," the gargoyle said, handing her her staff, "Present this to the sapphire rose and chant the name of the one that you want to go to, and you'll be there. However…"
It was too late. The fairy had already descended from the spire and flew like she never had before to her garden; to the sapphire rose! The stars had never shone so brightly, her world never so marvelous and filled with joy!
Soon, she landed and sprinted over to the sapphire rose. Holding the staff in front of the blue flower, she chanted the name of the man, and felt wings fluttering through her hair and a heavenly breeze taking her to her beloved in the land of the mortals. Softly, the roses whispered,
The man with golden hair exited the boutique and shuddered as a sudden cold breeze blew through. He pulled his scarf up higher over his mouth and continued down the crowded street. Suddenly, a young woman with raven black hair collided with him, sending them both down to the ground.
"Oh, I'm sorry!" he said, "Are you alright?"
The young woman gazed at him, as if in a trance. The man realized that she wearing a thin dress and no gloves, despite the snow on the ground.
"Y-Yes!" she said, seemingly unaware of the cold.
"Aren't you cold?" he asked. The young woman looked around, surprised.
"Cold?" she said, "What is that?"
Puzzled, he said "Are you joking or something? I'm pretty dense, so I probably don't get it."
"No!" The young woman exclaimed, springing to her feet, a very serious look on her face, "You are NOT dense! How could you say such a thing?! Don't ever say that again!"
This is one weird girl, he thought, Is she right in the head?
"Anyway, let's go inside" he said, "You must be freezing."
The young woman nodded and smiled. She looked very pretty when she smiled. Once inside the nearest store, he said to her, "So, what's your name, anyway?" She flinched and looked at him as if he had just asked her to marry him.
"What?!" he said, confused.
"N-Nothing!" she said, blinking her eyes, "My name's Faen."
"Faen," he said thoughtfully "That's a good name. Strange, but good."
Faen smiled, her tears forming. After that, Faen and the young man started seeing each other regularly. (They saw each other frequently still when he learned that she had no home, living relatives, or even a last name.) Soon, the man fell in love with Faen, and the two eventually married and had children.
One day, when Faen was in a happy old age, she felt something that made her heart sick. It was the cold metal of her old chain, connecting her to the garden. She was never seen in the land of mortals again.
The roses whispered, "Hello."


text: Loving their funky website and their price, we booked an 8-day stay. My review, however, is mixed. Loved iron-grilled window overlooking courtyard containing garden and seating for adjacent restaurant; proximity to bakery on corner where we obtained the bulk of our Parisian meals; the neighborhood in general which seemed to be family-oriented but just a block from the busy Place... More


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Have you ever purchased from PartSelect.com before?
Thank you for helping make our site better.
Part Number WB13X27058 replaces: WB13K10006, WB13T10010, WB13T10044.
PartSelect Number PS11736298
Manufacturer Part Number WB13X27058
Manufactured by GE
Also known as spark electrode. This part helps your burner ignite and produce flame.
This part works with the following brands: General Electric, Kenmore.
This part works with the following products: Cooktop, Range.
This part fixes the following symptoms:
Part Number WB13X27058 replaces: WB13K10006, WB13T10010, WB13T10044.
I removed the old igniter by working a thin screwdriver under the edge of the igniter, and carefully prying it up. I then used pliers to pull off the electrical wire. Connected up the new igniter, and pushed it back into the hole. A very simple repair. I've replaced 2 igniters on this stove. My symptoms were that when I tried to light one of the bad burners I heard clicking, and could see the spark on the other (working) burners. So I knew the basic sparking function was working. Just that the igniter on the broken burner would not spark.
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
Other writers have claimed that this is a "really easy" job. They apparently had one or more of: 1. Less used appliance. 2. Never spilled anything on the cooktop 3. Much better luck. In my case, the apparently faulty igniter absolutely would not pull out. I removed it by removing the burner retaining screws and prying under the burner casting. Having done that, I cleaned the igniter and tested it again. None of the igniters worked, and I could hear arcing under the cooktop, indicating one or more of the igniter HV wires had somehow grounded. After a fruitless search for instructions on raising the cooktop, I stumbled upon an envelope glued to the back of the range that told me to remove all four burners and igniters and to release the cooktop by inserting a thin screwdriver under the front edge about 3" from each end to release the spring clips. Several of the igniters were cemented in place with caramelized sugar and required some pretty vigorous prying to dislodge. If I had this to do again on a range that had been ridden hard, I wouldproactively order a full set of gaskets (they're fragile), the HV harness (even if it doesn't leak as mine did, the igniter connectors degrade from heat exposure), a set of electrode mounting clips (none of them were much use either), and enough igniters to replace any that don't work plus at least one. I pried out the recalcitrant igniters; in retrospect I should have crushed them because of the severe risk imposed by prying of breaking either a burner casting or the cooktop -- either of which are far more expensive than another igniter.
Repair to range went real well, Lifted range from counter. Removed eight screws that secure burnerassembly. Lifted burners from it's position, andremoved igniters. Installed heat srink at burner connections so as to ensure high voltage wouldhave no leaks. Removed insulation, and installedspark module.. Reassembled unit, placed in counter cut out, put 110 volt cord into outlet.Tested all burners, everything worked great..The repair took about hour and 15 minutes.Have fun and be careful...... THE END
Pulled the old one out. Disconnected the wire. Repaired the frayed wire cover with Liquid Tape. Connected the wire. Inserted the new part into the hole. This is after installing a new spark module earlier. But that was dumb easy too. So for about $100 bucks in parts and an hour of my time I saved myself the appliance repairman money and agonizing scheduling and dealing with them for the price of gold. I also replaced all the gaskets on the burners in that time. It so easy even a financial planner could do it.
I removed the burner head #152 and the Burner Cap #330, no tools are needed to remove these items. I pulled the igniter up far enough to get to the wire, disconnected and connected the new igniter put it back in place, reassembled the two parts plugged it back in and turned it on and it worked.
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Well-known investor and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban has led a $1.35 million first round of investment in Smash Technologies, a company that is creating newer, slicker ways to use text messaging.
So far, texting has remained dead simple. You get a message, and you respond. In some ways, the ease of use is the beauty of it. It requires no downloads, special phones or (usually) extra data plans. Users love it. And as a result, texting usage has skyrocketed, to the point where there's an estimated 2 billion users of texting worldwide.
But texting could be so much more. And Smash, a new company, says its time to move forward and create new text applications that can run on top of texting and add sophistication. The company says it's providing a technology platform that lets software developers do just that. See image at left for the sort of menus that can be created, for instance.
Let's say you have a relationship with Amazon. With a text application, that company can create multiple options for how to respond to its offerings. Smash also allows things like multiple-touch interactions, reminders, "add to favorites" functionality, subscription to notifications, sharing of messages with friends/colleagues, lookups, scheduling and enabling of transactions.
Cuban says Smash has the same impact for texting that cookies had on the Web. Like a cookie, Smash tracks interaction, keeping a log of all communication.
Seed-stage group Innovation Works and inventor Dr. Ihor Lys also participated in the round, the company said.
The company, based in Pittsburgh, wants developers to build any application and deliver it by text message.
At its core is the SMaSh Application Server, which delivers the application functionality to a users' phones when they are texting. It doesn't require any downloads, extra fees or other upgrades. Several other companies have experimented with adding features to texting, such as text-in for voting (Mozes), coupon codes, or to receive an alert (4INFO). But Smash insists it can take things even further.
Whether or not that's true remains to be seen.
Here are some specific uses Smash says it can enable through better text apps:
- Transactions: Purchase tickets. Buy music.
- Reservations: Book a table at a restaurant. Reserve seats for a show.
- Lookups: Check wine ratings. Check product details. Check sports standings.
- Locate: Find homes or rental properties. Locate businesses.
- Schedules: Manage calendars. Manage to-do lists.
- Socializing: Interact with social sites.
- Finances: Manage your portfolio. Manage accounts and view billing info.
- Gather Feedback: Send multi-question surveys. Hold contests.
- Alerts and Reminders: Sign up for and customize alerts and subscriptions.
Smash offers modules that it calls widgets, each of which offers a specific functionality for mobile text apps. They include sharing, multi-user chat, posting to social networks, voting and invites.


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Important Note:
All facilities notifying MassDEP that they are small quantity (SQG) or large quantity (LQG) generators of RCRA-listed hazardous waste are billed annual compliance fees based on the classifications they hold on July 1. Your facility is responsible for paying this fee and formally notifying MassDEP before July 1 if you want to cancel or change its hazardous waste generator status. Lack of hazardous waste management activity does not affect the requirement to pay the fee associated with the generator status for which you have registered. Annual compliance fees are $3,880 for LQGs and $645 for SQGs.
- Hazardous Waste Generator Status & Storage Limits
Your hazardous waste generator status determines how much waste you may accumulate at your site at one time, and how quickly you need to ship it off-site for recycling or disposal. As a generator of hazardous wastes, it is your responsibility to know your legal obligations under state regulations.
- Summary of Small Quantity Generator (SQG) Requirements, July 2014
A summary of your obligations if you generate between 220 and 2,200 pounds (approximately 27 to 270 gallons) of hazardous waste or waste oil per month, and/or up to 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of acutely hazardous waste per month.
- The Very Small Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste (VSQG)
A summary of your obligations if you generate less than 220 pounds (approximately 27 gallons) of hazardous waste or waste oil per month.
- The Importance of Obtaining a Hazardous Waste Generator ID
You must register with MassDEP to obtain a permanent identification number for legally generating and accumulating waste, and must always use this number on manifests to ensure proper recycling, treatment, and disposal.
- List of Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Generators
Permanent generator identification numbers for all Massachusetts generators of hazardous waste and waste oil that have registered with or notified MassDEP of their hazardous waste activities. Note: If data for your facility is missing or incorrect, or if you have questions, please contact: email@example.com
- Hazardous Waste Forms
Generator registrations, recycling permits, transporter forms, and more.
- National Hazardous Waste Manifest Form
All Massachusetts hazardous waste generators and treatment/storage/disposal facilities are required to use this U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) form when shipping waste.
- Waste & Recycling Statutes
- Waste & Recycling Regulations & Standards
- Waste & Recycling Policies & Guidance
- Fact Sheets, Brochures & Other Resources