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|Jun 6, 1995
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|Mar 25, 1993
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|Mar 25, 1993
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|Anthony S. Kewitsch, Mordechai Segev, Amnon Yariv
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|California Institute Of Technology
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The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to United States Army contract No. DAAL03-89-K-0153.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to holographic optical processing apparatus and methods, and particularly to those apparatus and methods relating to multiplexing and fixing and erasing volume holograms in photorefractive media and optical second harmonic generation in photorefractive media by optically induced periodic poling.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An optical hologram is a record of the interference pattern produced when two wavefronts of light overlap. These wavefronts must be mutually coherent so that the interference pattern is stationary in space during the recording process. Mutual coherence merely means that there is a fixed phase relationship between the spatially overlapping parts of the two wavefronts.
In the normal practice of recording a hologram, the two wavefronts are derived from a single sufficiently coherent light source by means of a beam splitting device. One of these two beams is the reference beam, and the other beam carries the information, and is otherwise known as the signal beam. The reference beam, once superimposed with the signal wavefront, acts as a phase reference standard. The two wavefronts interfere, and the interference shows up as a pattern of light and dark. The recorded interference patterns each constitute an ensemble of diffraction gratings that are capable of constructively diffracting properly directed illuminating light to reconstruct an image of the recorded subject. This interference pattern can be recorded by placing a piece of photosensitive material in the original space where the two wavefronts overlap and interfere. This process is known as recording a hologram, which therefore means storing a phase or amplitude pattern which includes the information.
During the reconstruction (or data retrieval) process, only the reference beam is present, and it passes through the developed hologram as it did during the recording period. The beam is now phase and/or amplitude modulated by the holographic pattern previously recorded there. The hologram impresses on the wavefront the same interference pattern which existed during recording of the hologram. When this pattern has been impressed, the reference wavefront produces a set of waves with the proper phase delays, which add constructively in phase to form a replica of the signal beam used during recording. The signal beam is therefore said to have been reconstructed.
As a technique, optical holography shows great promise for a number of possible applications, most notably as a memory function; information could be stored by being recorded in a hologram, and retrieved by reading out the hologram.
For such possible applications, it is usually desirable to multiplex many holograms in the same medium. This would mean recording several superimposed holograms within the medium (which is also known as multiplexing them). In such applications, each such hologram is known in the art as a picture or a page. There are two difficulties in this endeavor. The first one is the limited capacity of holographic materials, and the second is with individually addressing each hologram without interference from the other coexisting holograms when reading it out (also known as demultiplexing).
A dramatic advantage in both directions is offered by shifting from thin photographic materials to thick holographic materials, which allow volume holograms to be recorded in them. Bulk photorefractive crystals store volume holograms as modulations of the underlying refractive index of the material.
Thick photosensitive materials are capable of storing far more data than thin materials. (P. J. Van Heerden, Applied Optics vol. 2, no. 4, April 1963, pp. 393-400.) Another advantage of volume holograms over those in photographic media is that there is no developing of the medium required. Sometimes thermal or electrical fixing is a recommended process, but not necessary. Furthermore, thick materials are reusable, being erasable electrically (F. Micheron, C. Mayeux, and J. C. Trotier, Applied Optics vol. 13, no. 4, April 1974, pp. 784-787), optically (G. T. Kavounas and W. H. Steier, Topical Meeting On Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices, Technical Digest Series Volume 17, August 12-14, 1987, Los Angeles, Calif.) or thermally (J. J. Amodei, D. L. Staebler, Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 540-545, 1971), without necessarily changing the apparatus.
A crystal is ferroelectric if a spontaneous polarization can be induced in it by applying an electric field, and additionally if this spontaneous polarization can be reversed by applying the same electric field in the opposite direction. A subgroup of non-centrosymmetric crystals exhibit photorefractivity, an effect that is commonly used to store volume phase holograms. Two coherent, monochromatic laser beams interfering in a photorefractive crystal will induce an electronic space charge field with the same periodicity as the optical interference pattern, through the photorefractive effect. This electronic space charge field may be of the order of 1 kV/cm. Bulk photorefractive crystals have been used for applications such as data storage, defect enhancement, optical correlation and convolution, optical interconnects, associative memories, etc. (Hesselink et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,220) These applications have used mostly commercially available bulk crystals such as the piezoelectrics LiNbO3 (Lithium niobate), SBN (Strontium Barium niobate), KLTN (Potassium Lithium Tantalum Niobate) and the paraelectric BSO (Bismuth Silicon oxide) (J. B. Thaxter and M. Kestigian, Applied Optics vol. 13, no. 4, April 1974, pp. 913-924). Volume holograms have also been written in materials containing living cells, algae, and organic crystals such as nonlinear polymers, e.g. NPDA (Bisphenol-A-diglycidylether 4-Nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine).
SBN is a medium of particular interest. It has a composition Srx Ba1-x Nb2 O6, with x typically having values in the range of 0.25 and 0.75. As x tends to 0.75, the electrooptic coefficient increases in magnitude, accordingly increasing the available electrooptic effect and hologram diffraction efficiency.
It is also well known that the hologram capacity or minimum diffraction efficiency increases when an electric field is applied to the photorefractive medium. Specifically, Thaxter in U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,145 has shown that the read out diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive hologram stored in a single SBN crystal depends strongly on a uniform electric field applied along the z axis.
Multiplexing Holograms
The problem of recording and then individually addressing each recorded hologram is presently tackled in a number of ways.
a) Holograms overlapping within the material
This method corresponds to the storage of an ensemble of holographic pages, each page distributed over and sharing the volume of the material.
1) Pure angle multiplexing and demultiplexing
A common method to individually address a single page out of an ensemble is by angularly multiplexing the holograms in the medium, which means that each hologram is recorded at a different angle of incidence of the writing beams. (J. E. Ford, J. Ma, Y. Fainman, and S. H. Lee, Y. Taketomi, d. Bize and R. R. Neurgaonkar, J. Opt. Soc. Am. Vol. 9, no. 7, July 1992, pp. 1183-1192) Each hologram can be individually addressed by having the reference beam impinge at the angle of incidence that the hologram was written at. The disadvantage of this method is that it requires either a moving mirror or acoustooptic or electrooptic beam deflectors to change the angles of incidence. In general it suffers from relatively large crosstalk relative to wavelength multiplexing.
2) Pure wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing
Another way of multiplexing volume holograms in a single medium is by recording the holograms at different wavelengths. (G. A. Rakuljic, V. Leyva and A. Yariv, Optics Letters vol. 17, no. 20, Oct. 15, 1992, pp. 1471-1473) The advantage of this method is that a single, multi-chromatic source, such as a dye laser, may be used to record and then read out different holograms without changing the angles of incidence. A disadvantage is that the diffraction efficiency of each hologram varies with the wavelength. Another disadvantage is that tunable laser sources with light power exceeding 100 mW are complex, costly devices.
3) Hybrid multiplexing and demultiplexing
Additionally, there are hybrid approaches. Holograms that have been recorded by wavelength multiplexing can be read out by angle demultiplexing, and conversely, holograms that have been recorded by angle multiplexing can be read out by wavelength demultiplexing. A general problem with hybrid approaches is that they result in spatial distortion of the reconstructed signal beam.
Naturally, with hybrid multiplexing, the reconstructed signal beam will contain the phase information of the recording signal beam, but will not be necessarily of the same wavelength.
b) Holograms not overlapping within the material
Another approach is by space division multiplexing of the holograms. The holographic recording medium is considered divided into many pixels and one hologram is recorded in each pixel. Complex apparatus is required to steer the reading beam to the requisite pixel, which usually involves either a moving mirror or acoustooptic or electrooptic beam deflectors.
Fixing Holograms
When volume holograms have first been written in a photorefractive material, they are called "dynamic" electronic holograms, dynamic in the sense that they inevitaby decay when being read out by a reference beam. In other words, the diffraction efficiency of the hologram is reduced with readout time. The time constant of such decay is relatively close (i.e. within an order of magnitude) to the time constant of writing the hologram, if the readout reference beam is of the same wavelength, intensity and angle as the writing beams. This problem may be avoided by reconstruction with a readout beam substantially weaker than the writing beam. One technique for extending the readout life of dynamic holograms is to read and write with different polarizations, called enhanced non destructive readout.
Another way of dealing with this decay problem is by a process of "fixing" the holograms. The term has its origin from the equivalent art of fixing photographic materials.
A convenient way of defining a "fixed" hologram would be a hologram that has a decay time constant that is substantially larger than its recording time. The ratio is typically many orders of magnitude, but it can be as low as one order of magnitude. The decay time constant in this instance would be that of the decaying hologram, as it is being read out with a light beam of the same wavelength, intensity and angle as was used in recording it. This would not necessarily be a practical way to read out a hologram (because writing intensities are generally much larger than readout intensities), but is a good way of defining the term "fixed hologram".
Permanent fixing of volume holograms in photorefractive media was first demonstrated in LiNbO3 using a thermal fixing process (Amodei, J. J. and Staebler, D. L.: `Holographic Pattern Fixing in Electro-optic Crystals`, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1971, 18, pp. 540-542). A hologram would be fixed when the time constant of its decay (caused by readout) is much larger (many orders of magnitude) than the time constant involved in writing it. The physical mechanism responsible for the fixed grating is believed to be either ionic compensation of the space charge grating during a thermal development cycle (Matull, R. and Rupp, R. A.: `Microphotometric investigation of fixed holograms`, J Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1988, 21, pp. 1556-1565), or space charge induced local ferroelectric domain reversal (Kovalevich, V. I., Shuvalov, L. A., and Volk, T. R.; `Spontaneous Polarization Reversal and Photorefractive Effect in Single-Domain Iron-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals`, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 1978, 45, pp. 249-252).
Permanent fixing was soon thereafter reported in SBN:75, using an electrical fixing pulse to bias the hologram about the coercive field (Micheron F. and Bismuth, G.: `Field and time threshold for the electrical fixation of holograms recorded in Sr0.75 Ba0.25 Nb2 O6 crystals`, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1973, 23, pp. 71-72), or photoinduced ferroelectric domain nucleation upon cooling from the paraelectric phase (Micheron F. and Trotier, G. C.: `Photoinduced Phase Transitions in (Sr,Ba)Nb2 O6 Crystals and Applications`, Ferroelectrics, 1974, 8, pp. 441-442). The electrical fixing technique was also applied to BaTiO3 (Micheron F. and Bismuth, G.: `Electrical Control of Fixation and Erasure of Holographic Patterns in Ferroelectric Materials`, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1972, 20, pp. 79-81).
In addition, fixing has been reported in BTO (McCahon, S. W., Rytz, D., Valley, G. C., Klein, M. B., and Wechsler, B. A.: `Hologram fixing in Bi12 TiO20 using heating and an ac electric field`, Appl. Opt., 1967, 28, pp. 1967-1969), BSO (Herriau, J. P. and Huignard, J. P.: `Hologram fixing process at room temperature in photorefractive Bi12 SiO20 crystals`, Appl Phys Lett , 1986, 49, pp. 1140-1142), and KTN (Leyva, V. Agranat, A. and Yariv, A.: `Fixing of a photorefractive grating in KTa1-x Nbx O3 by cooling through the ferroelectric phase transition`, Opt Lett., 1991, 16, pp. 554-556).
A common characteristic of all these fixing techniques is a single process step of development in which all the previously recorded space charge holograms are simultaneously fixed. This would involve, for example, heating a LiNbO3 memory to 130� C., or applying an electrical pulse. After the development process step, the holographic memory is unable to be selectively updated. To update a single page of holographic data, the entire memory (i.e. all pages) must be erased and then rewritten. This would involve, for example, heating a LiNbO3 memory to 200� C., or γ-irradiating it. For applications such as a random access memory, the ability to selectively update existing fixed holograms is highly desirable.
Selective Erasure of Portions of a Hologram
It would be very desirable to update only portions of a permanently recorded hologram. The prior art has not achieved this yet.
Second Harmonic Generation and Parametric Amplification
Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and Parametric Amplification are well known in the art, and described in many text books. They usually depend on the crystal being naturally anisotropic, or specially grown to have some periodicity of ferroelectric domain built in. Alternately, angle phase matching is required for SHG to occur.
A compact blue or green coherent light source is essential for high-density optical data storage, laser printing, and display applications. Laser-diode-based second-harmonic generation (SHG) devices are potentially useful for compact blue or green coherent light sources. The conversion efficiency of quasi-phase matched (QPM) SHG is highest when periodic reversal of the sign of the nonlinear coefficient d of the material occurs in the phase matching period. [J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, Phys. Rev. 127, 1981 (1962). S. Somekh and A. Yariv, Opt. Commun. 6, 301 (1979).] LiNbO3 can realize efficient SHG devices on account of its large nonlinear optical coefficient d33. A variety of methods of domain inversion of LiNbO3 have been reported [E. Lim, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, Electron. Lett. 25, 174 (1989). J. Webjorn, F. Laurell, and G. Arvidson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 1, 316 (1989).], but these methods cannot be used to fabricate a sufficiently fine and deep periodically inverted domain structure.
A fine and deep domain in LiNbO3 has been fabricated by applying an external field. [M. Yamada, N. Nada, and K. Watanabe, Integ. Photon. Res. Tech. Dig. 10, TuC 2 (1992)] A periodically inverted domain structure in a LiNbO3 substrate by applying an external electric field, which yields an efficient first-order QPM-SHG device has also been fabricated. [M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, and K. Watanabe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 435 (1993)]. The problem is that the modulation depth of the grating will decrease with distance from the surface on which the special electrod has been applied. Further, the alternating period seems limited by the electrode spacing. For manufacturing purposes it seems limited to a few microns.
It has been reported in the literature that the domain inversion of LiNbO3 is difficult at room temperature. [H. D. Megaw, Acta Cryst. 7, 187 (1954).] LiNbO3 is usually broken without domain inversion when an external field is applied at room temperature. The external field for domain inversion of LiNbO3 is close to that of the electron avalanche, so the LiNbO3 substrate is broken without its spontaneous polarization being inverted with the application of an external field.
Quasi-phase-matched (QPM) [J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, Phys. Rev. 127, 1981 (1962).], efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) using periodic reversals in the sign of the nonlinear coefficient to compensate for dispersion has recently been demonstrated in bulk [D. H. Jundt, G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, in Digest of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991), p. 614, postdeadline paper CPDP22.] as well as in waveguide devices. [K. Yamamoto, K. Mizuuchi, and T. Taniuchi, Digest of Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991), p. 616, postdeadline paper CPDP23. C. J. van der Poel, J. D. Bierlein, J. B. Brown, and S. Colak, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2074 (1990).] QPM allows interactions between waves polarized such that the nonlinearity is maximized and allows interactions in materials for which birefrigent phase matching is not possible, e.g., SHG of blue light in LiNbO3. First-order QPM requires sign reversals of the effective nonlinear coefficient with a period equal to two coherence lengths. Alternating ferroelectric domains have been a achieved in LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and KTiOPO4 (KTP) by modulating the dopant concentration during growth [Nai-Ben Ming, Jing-Fen Hong, and Duan Feng, J. Mater. Sci. 17, 1663, (1982)], indiffusing dopants [C. J. van der Poel, J. D. Bierlein, J. B. Brown, and S. Colak, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2074 (1990); E. J. Lim, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, Electron. Lett. 25 174 (1989).], applying electric fields [A. Feisst and P. Koidl, Appl. Phys. Lett. 47, 1125 (1985); S. Matsumoto, E. J. Lim, M. M. Fejer, and H. M. Hertz, Digest of Integrated Photonics Research Topical Meeting (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1991), p. 79, paper ThC4] or by techniques using electron beams [H. Ito, C. Takyu, and H. Inaba, Electron. Lett. 27, 1221 (1991)] or SiO2 masks [J. Webjorn, F. Laurell, and G. Arvidsson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 1, 316 (1989); M. Fujimura, T. Suhara, and H. Nishihara, Electron. Lett. 27, 1207 (1991)].
In LiNbO3 QPM allows nonlinear interactions between waves polarized along the z axis, for which the largest nonlinear coefficient deff =2d33 /π=20.9 pm/V can be used. [Landolt-Bornstein, in Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie, edited by K. -H. Hellwege and A. M. Hellwege (Springer, Berlin, 1975); R. C. Eckhardt, H. Masuda, Y. X. Fan, and R. L. Byer, IEEE J. Quantm Electron. 26, 922 (1990).] In practice, the creation of the required, finely spaced domains with sufficiently accurate periodicity is a challenging task. [M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, D. H. Jundt, and R. L. Byer (unpublished). ] Feng, et al. produced Czochralski-grown LiNbO3 crystals doped with 0.5-1 wt. % Yttrium with domain lengths of 3.4 μm to frequency double the 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser line. [D. Feng, N. B. Ming, J. F. Hong, Y. S. Yang, J. S. Zhu, Z. Yang, and Y. N. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 37, 607 (1980); Y. H. Xue, N. B. Ming, J. S. Zhu, and D. Feng, Chin. Phys. 4, 554 (1984).] The observed conversion efficiency increased quadratically with the crystal length as expected for perfect domain periodicity up to lengths of about 680 μm, corresponding to 200 domains. For longer crystals the increase was linear, revealing domain-boundary position errors on the order of the coherence length. These positions errors are probably caused by variations in growth speed due to thermal fluctuations during the Czochralski growth.
The laser-heated pedestal growth method [M. M. Fejer, J. L. Nightingale, G. A. Magel, and R. L. Byer, Rev. Sci Instrum. 55, 1791 (1984)] is another method for achieving periodic poling for QPM at room temperature for frequency doubling [D. H. Jundt, G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, Appl. Phy. Lett. 59, 2657 (1991)].
Materials with high nonlinearity, good optical quality, and the ability to phase match for direct frequency doubling of GaAlAs diode lasers are in demand for the development of compact sources of short-wavelength light to be used in optical storage and other applications. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) has insufficient biregringence to use conventional phase-matching techniques at these wavelengths. The capability of growing periodic ferroelectric domain structures of high spatial frequency in LiNbO3 was demonstrated [G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, Appl. Phy. Lett. 56, 108 (1990)].
Some technique to maintain the relative phase between the interacting waves must be employed to obtain efficient conversion in optical second harmonic generation and other nonlinear optical processes. Quasi-phase matching (QPM) was devised independently by Bloembergen, et al. [J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, "Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric," Phys. Rev., vol 127, pp. 1918-1939, 1962.] and Franken and Ward [P. A. Franken and J. F. Ward, "Optical harmonics and nonlinear phenomena," Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 35, pp. 23-39, 1963.] for this purpose. This invention, which actually predates the development of birefrigent phase-matching, corrects the relative phase at regular intervals by means of a structural periodicity built into the nonlinear medium. A particularly effective type of periodic structure is one in which the sign or magnitude of the nonlinear coefficient is modulated throughout the material.
Several experimental demonstrations of quasi-phase-matched optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) have been made. It was recognized early that multidomain ferroelectric crystals could show an enhancement of SHG. [R. C. Miller, "Optical harmonic generation in single crystal BaTiO3," Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. Al313-Al319, 1964.]. Rotationally twinned crystals of ZnSe, ZnS, and other materials were considered for the enhancement of SHG by several researchers in the early 1970s. [J. Muzart, F. Bellon, C. A. Arguello, and R. C. C. Leite, "Generation de second harmonique non colineaire et colineaire dans ZnS accord de phase (`phase matching`) par la structure lamellaire du cristal," Opt. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 329-332, 1972; C. F. Dewey, Jr., and L. O. Hocker, "Enhanced nonlinear optical effects in rotationally twinned crystal," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 442-444, 1975; L. O. Hocker and C. F. Dewey, Jr., "Enhancement of second-harmonic generation in zinc selenide by crystal defects," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 267-270, 1976] Levine, et al. [B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea, and R. A. Logan, "Phase-matched second harmonic generation in a liquid-filled waveguide," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 375-377, 1975] applied a periodic electric field to liquid nitro-benzene to modulate its nonlinear susceptibility for phase matching. Alternating stacks of thin plates of CdTe [M. S. Piltch, C. D. Cantrell, and R. C. Sze, "Infrared second-harmonic generation of nonbirefringent cadmium telluride," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 47, pp. 3514-3517, 1976 (5 plates, m=5)], GaAs [A. Szilagyi, A. Hordvik, and H. Schlossberg, "A quasi-phase-matching technique for efficient optical mixing and frequency doubling," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 47, pp. 2025-2032, 1976 (2-5 plates, m=3)], [D. E. Thompson, J. D. McMullen, and D. B. Anderson, "Second-harmonic generation in GaAs `stack of plates` using high-power CO2 laser radiation," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 113-115, 1976 (1-12 plates, m=1)], quartz [M. Okada, K. Takizawa, and S. Ieiri, "Second harmonic generation by periodic laminar structure of nonlinear optical crystal," Opt. Commun., vol. 18, pp. 331-334, 1976 (up to 24 quartz laminae, and 6 LiNbO3 laminae, all with large m)], and LiNbO3 [M. Okada, K. Takizawa, and S. Ieiri, "Second harmonic generation by periodic laminar structure of nonlinear optical crystal," Opt. Commun., vol. 18, pp. 331-334, 1976 (up to 24 quartz laminae, and 6 LiNbO3 laminae, all with large m).] were constructed by several researchers for QPM SHG experiments. In recent years, LiNbO3 [Y. H. Xue, N. B. Ming, Z. S. Zhu, and D. Feng, "The second harmonic generation in LiNbO3 crystals with period laminar ferroelectric domains," Chinese Phys., vol. 4, pp. 554-564, 1984.; A. Feisst and P. Koidl, "Current induced periodic ferroelectric domain structures in LiNbO3 applied for efficient nonlinear optical frequency mixing," Appl Phys. Lett., vol. 47, pp. 1125-1127, 1985] and LiTaO3 crystals [ W. S. Wang, Q. Zhou, Z. H. Geng, and D. Feng, "Study of LiTaO3 crystals grown with a modulated structure: I. Second harmonic generation in LiTaO3 crystals with periodic laminar ferroelectric domains," J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 79, pp. 706-709, 1986] and single-crystal fibers [G. A. Magel, M. M. Fejer, and R. L. Byer, "Quasi-phase-matched harmonic generation of blue light in periodically poled LiNbO3," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 56, pp. 108-110, 1990] having periodically alternating ferroelectric domain structures have been grown for application to QPM SHG. It has also been suggested that QPM may account for the surprisingly high SHG efficiencies sometimes observed in glass fibers [F. C. Farries, P. St. J. Russel, M. E. Fermann, and D. N. Payne, "Second-harmonic generation in an optical fiber by self written χ.sup.(2) grating," Electron. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 322-324, 1987; R. H. Stolen and H. W. K. Tom, "Self-organized phase-matched harmonic generation in optical fibers," Opt. Lett., vol 12, pp. 585-587, 1987], and, in fact, periodic electric fields have been intentionally applied to enhance SHG in silica fibers [R. Kashyap, "Phase-matched period electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation in optical fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 6, pp. 313-328 1989].
It is an object of the present invention to provide a way of multiplexing volume holograms in electrooptic materials without the need of varying the angles of incidence, thereby eliminating the need for moving parts.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a way of multiplexing volume holograms in electrooptic materials without the need of varying the wavelength used, thus eliminating the need for polychromatic light sources.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a way of fixing volume holograms in electrooptic materials in a way that a single fixed hologram can be erased, written over, and fixed without affecting the other holograms.
The present invention includes methods and apparatuses for recording and reading volume holograms in electrooptic materials. These methods work by varying the material parameters, such as refractive index or crystal parameters, while keeping constant the wavelength and the angles of incidence.
Holograms can be multiplexed in a medium by varying its underlying or unperturbed refractive index. Each hologram is recorded as small perturbations of the underlying refractive index. By having the different values of this unperturbed index be far enough apart from each other, the written holograms will not be allowed to interfere with each other. Thus, several volume holograms can be multiplexed in an electrooptic material, all at the same wavelength and angles of incidence.
Three methods are disclosed for varying the material parameters or the underlying refractive index, namely (1) by applying electric field to the material, (2) by applying mechanical stress to the material, and (3) by changing the temperature of the material. Each such method will affect the material by the electrooptic, elastooptic, and piezoelectric effects, or their combination.
a) Electric field multiplexing of holograms
Holograms can be multiplexed by applying an electric field to the medium. The applied field will have a different value for each hologram.
According to this form of the present invention, a reference beam intersects a picture beam in an electrooptic material to which a voltage has been applied. A first hologram is recorded in the material this way. At a later time, the same apparatus is used, except the signal beam contains a different picture, and the applied voltage is different. Another hologram is thus also recorded in the medium. The process can be repeated several times, with each page being written at a different voltage.
A hologram can be individually selected for reading out by applying only the reference beam and the voltage on the crystal that was used to write the hologram.
b) Mechanical stress multiplexing of holograms
Holograms can be multiplexed by applying a mechanical stress to the medium. According to this form of the present invention, many holograms can be successively recorded in the material to which a mechanical stress has been applied. The mechanical stress will have a different value for each hologram.
A hologram can be individually selected for reading out by applying only the reference beam and the stress on the crystal as was used to write the hologram.
c) Temperature multiplexing of holograms
Holograms can be multiplexed by recording at different temperatures of the medium. The temperature will have a different value for each hologram. Again, a hologram can be individually selected for reading out by applying only the reference beam, while the crystal temperature would be the same as was used to write the hologram.
d) Hybrid multiplexing--demultiplexing.
Additionally, holograms written using material parameter multiplexing can be read out using angle multiplexing or wavelength multiplexing. The converse is also true.
Therefore, holograms written by multiplexing any one of the five parameters (angle, wavelength, electric field, mechanical stress and temperature) can be demultiplexed in any one of these five parameters, albeit the quality of reconstruction will be strongly dependent on the specific geometry.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, holograms are selectively and updatably fixed while they are being recorded for the first time. Each hologram that has been written according to this embodiment of the present invention is fixed, while other holograms within the same material may still not be fixed. Holograms are fixed by being written at a very large incident beam intensity, such as 4 W/cm2. The value of the incident beam intensity for hologram recording is typically that of the single originating light source, before it has been split to form the signal and reference beams and before information has been impressed upon the signal beam.
At a first sight, such a technique is counter intuitive and against what the art teaches; the art in this field is usually directed at writing holograms with as high as possible diffraction efficiency. It is common knowledge that such higher incident beam intensity will result in heating the crystal, and in recording holograms with initially a lower diffraction efficiency. Worse yet, heating of the crystal will result in a Bragg mismatch of the hologram being recorded. The phenomenon works better when the experiment is performed near the Curie temperature of the material.
The holograms resulting from this technique are (1) fixed, in that their decay time constant is substantially longer than their recording time constant, when read with a reference beam at the same wavelength, intensity, angle, and polarization as the recording reference beam. Substantially in this context typically means many orders of magnitude, but could be as little as a factor of 2. Additionally, such fixed holograms can be erased completely by overwriting. This means that such fixed holograms are (2) updatable. Further, such overwriting is (3) selective; it can be performed while not significally degrading other fixed or dynamic holograms in the material. Finally, the diffraction efficiency will increase over time and far surpass that of an equivalent dynamic hologram.
Selective Erasing of Portions of Holograms
Selectively updatably fixed holograms can also be partially erased. An original selectively updatably fixed hologram can be written in the crystal. Another hologram, containing information to be erased from the first hologram is recorded in the crystal, multiplexed with the first hologram by different applied electric field, different angles of incidence, or different wavelengths. Then an electric field of a few kV/cm is applied to the crystal for some time. Either page, when being individually read out, is missing those portions that it had in common with the other page.
Second Harmonic Generation by Optically Induced Periodic Poling
Second Harmonic Generation is accomplished by writing a selectively, updatably fixed hologram in a ferroelectric crystal. With enough time passing, the photorefractivity will be substantially eliminated and a polarization grating will be formed. For ferroelectric crystals below Curie temperature, a sufficiently large electric field may align the polarization of unit cells in the crystals. For a material such as SBN, that has a Curie temperature of 56� C. and a coercive field of 1.2 to 1.7 kV/cm, the electronic space charge field is large enough to locally induce domain reversal in the crystal. Therefore, during the writing of a volume hologram in such a crystal, the electronic grating drives the formation of a local ferroelectric domain that is a binary (0� or 180� domain) replica of the original grating for SBN, or can have intermediate values for other materials such as BaTiPO3.
Volume holograms in ferroelectric and especially photorefractive materials can be written, that accomplish the same function. By having the proper spacing, the polarization grating will allow quasi phase matching, which will enable second harmonic generation and parametric amplification.
This technique is superior to the existing technology for many reasons. First, the hologram period can be designed. Many designs can be tried and erased in the same crystal. Second, the resolution of the hologram period can be as small as a tenth of a micron. Third, an anisotropic material with high birefringence is no longer necessary. Fourth, the grating extends over the entire volume of the medium. Fifth, the grating can be designed to produce SHG at normal incidence, which will facilitate a manufacturing implementation.
FIG. 1 shows the main components of the apparatus for electric field multiplexing and demultiplexing claimed in this invention.
FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b show diagrammatic illustrations of the apparatus for electric field multiplexing in a configuration for writing holograms.
FIG. 3a and FIG. 3b show diagrammatic illustrations of the apparatus for electric field demultiplexing in a configuration for reading holograms.
FIG. 4 shows the apparatus for electric field multiplexing with counter propagating reference and signal beams.
FIG. 5 shows a diagram of the diffraction efficiency of a selectively, updatably fixed hologram during an extended writing process at high incident beam intensity.
FIG. 5a shows a diagram of the first few hours of FIG. 5.
FIG. 5b shows a diagram of the first 200 seconds of FIG. 5. The time responses of the low and high intensity writing processes are shown.
FIG. 6 shows a diagrammatic comparison of the time response of the dynamic (written at low intensity) and selectively, updatably fixed (written at high intensity) readout process, for the holograms of FIG. 5a.
FIG. 7 shows a diagram of the diffraction efficiency of a selectively, updatably fixed hologram under intense readout illumination.
FIG. 8a-8f demonstrate the selective overwriting of a single one ("c") of three selectively, updatably fixed multiplexed volume holograms in a crystal ("a" "b" and "c") Hologram "c" has been overwritten by "f", leaving "a" and "b" slightly degraded as "d" and "e" respectively.
FIG. 9a-9c demonstrate the selective erasure of a portion of a single volume hologram ("a"), which has been written at 0 V. After a pulse of -2000 V has been applied to the crystal, the page written at +1000 V ("b") has been subtracted from "a", leaving "c" that can be read at 0 V.
FIG. 10 shows a proposed hybrid embodiment of stress multiplexing.
A desirable goal is to have several volume holograms exist concurrently within the material, with the ability to address them individually for reading out. The usual methods to multiplex volume holograms are angular and wavelength multiplexing. These techniques exploit the dependence of the Bragg condition on the angle and wavelength of the writing beams:
Kg =k1 -k2 (1)
with Kg =2 π/Λg, where Kg is the magnitude of the grating vector and Λg is the grating period and k1 =k2 =2πn/λ where k1, k2 are the magnitudes of the reference and signal wave vectors, respectively, n is the index of refraction, and λ is the vacuum wave length.
The index of refraction is an additional degree of freedom in the Bragg condition that can be controlled by an external electric field (S. Wu, A. Mayers, S. Rajan and F. Yu, Appl. Opt. 29, 1059-1061, (1990)) .
The equivalence of electric field multiplexing with wavelength multiplexing
A simple relation is first derived that illustrates the formal equivalence between wavelength and electric field multiplexing. This treatment is restricted to the case of counter-propagating signal and reference beams, both normally incident on the crystal.
By differentiating the Bragg condition Λg =λ/2n, at constant temperature T and mechanical stress σ, a relation is obtained for the change Δλ required to maintain Bragg matching under a field induced change Δn[E] and ΔΛg [E]: ##EQU1##
Since the index of refraction in the crystal depends on the electric field and wavelength, ##EQU2##
Substituting Equation 3 into Equation 2, and solving for the change Δλ, a general relationship for the change in wavelength equivalent to a field induced change of the index of refraction and grating period can be obtained: ##EQU3##
Materials having a non zero electrooptic coefficient are called electrooptic. These materials also have nonzero elastoptic and piezoelectric coefficients. In a noncentrosymmetric crystal, the field induces an index change that is due to a combination of the electrooptic, elastooptic and piezoelectric effects (J. F. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals Their Representations by Tensors and Matrices, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1964), and may rotate the principal axes by an angle dependent on the field. A simple, yet common case in which the optical and dc fields are parallel to the field induced principal axes, and these axes do not rotate. Therefore, the index change along a principal axis is given by: ##EQU4##
where rlk, plm, dkm are the electrooptic, elastooptic and piezoelectric tensors, respectively, and l=(ij), m=(np) in contracted notation. The field also induces strain in the crystal given by the second term on the right in Eq. (2): ##EQU5##
Therefore, this multiplexing technique is based on varying the material parameters such as the index of refraction and the lattice parameters.
The equivalence of stress multiplexing and temperature multiplexing with wavelength multiplexing
These parameters are also dependent on the temperature T and mechanical stress σ. A relation analogous to equation (4) is obtained upon replacing E by T or σ for the cases of "temperature" or "stress" multiplexing. For the case of constant E and σ: ##EQU6## while for the case of constant E and T: ##EQU7##
To simplify the analysis of electric field multiplexing described by Equation (4), the index dispersion dn/dλ relative to n/λ can be neglected. For SBN:75 λ/n dn/dλ≈0.2, and the approximation corresponds to an error of about 20% (E. L. Venturini, E. G. Spencer, P. V. Lenzo and A. A. Ballman, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 343-344 (1968). The second term on the right of Equation (4), the strain term, is in general of the order of Δn/n. It is convenient to define a scale factor ξE according to: ##EQU8## where ξE is assumed to be a slowly varying function of the field E and typically 0≦|ξE |≦10 (E. Nakamura, ed., Landolt-Bornstein, Ferroelectric Oxides, New Series III/28a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990, FIG. 1272), depending on the sign and magnitudes of the linear electrooptic and piezoelectric coefficients. Analogous scale factors for the temperature dependence can be defined: ##EQU9## where α=ΔΛ/ΔT is the thermal expansion coefficient, and also for the stress dependence: ##EQU10## where the first term on the left is a piezo-optical contribution and the second term is the strain ⊖ij =sijkl σkl from Hooke's law.
Hologram selectivity
The index selectivity or index half power bandwidth (the minimum index increment that would separate nearest neighboring holograms), defined as |Δn|FWHM, for constant T and σ, is related to the spectral half power bandwidth of a Bragg peak (H. Kogelnik, Bell Sys. Tech. J., 48, 2909-2947 (1969)) by Equations (4) and (9), ##EQU11## where L is the thickness of the crystal. The above expression relates to the Bragg selectivity for field multiplexing to the familiar result of wavelength multiplexing. The stress and the temperature are assumed stabilized within: ##EQU12##
Equation (14) neglects the index of dispersion. For temperature, the detuning δT required to decrease the diffraction efficiency by 50% from the peak value is, under constant mechanical stress and external field, and including the effects of thermal expansion α and index dispersion n(λ): ##EQU13## Hologram capacity
Assuming the above conditions of stability, since the grating period for two plane waves in this configuration is Λg =λ/2n, the minimum index change Δnmin =2|Δn|FWHM between adjacent holograms written at the same wavelength is approximately ##EQU14## while the available refractive index change is given by: ##EQU15##
Therefore, the number of holograms Nholograms that can be multiplexed electrically would be given by: ##EQU16## FIXING
The selective, updatable fixing process is accomplished by writing the holograms with an incident intensity greater than 1 W/cm2 for a duration of at least 2 minutes. This selective, updatable fixing is not necessarily of the same type as has been reported so far. First, it does not require an additional process step such as an external electric pulse to be applied after a dynamic hologram has been written. The hologram becomes fixed while it is being written. Second, unlike fixed holograms that have been reported so far, a selectively, updatably fixed hologram can be erased completely by overwriting. Third, unlike the multiplexed fixed holograms that have been reported so far, any one of the herein disclosed selectively, updatably fixed holograms can be selectively erased, while leaving the others substantially intact.
Holograms become selectively, updatably fixed if they have been written preferrably under the conditions of (a) temperature (T) lower than, but approaching the Curie temperature (Tc), (b) high beam intensity, (c) long exposure.
Macroscopically and initially, selective updatable fixing appears to be an intensity threshold phenomenon, whereas it probably is an energy threshold phenomenon. If the intensity is large enough, the necessary time exposure can be short enough. The product of (b) and (c) above suggests that the quantity of interest is the deposited energy. The deposited energy would have to be larger than some threshold. The threshold would be a function of the material, Tc -T, and possibly intensity and/or time of exposure. It is therefore speculated that holograms written with beams of low intensity and for a long enough time would also eventually become selectively, updatably fixed.
It is believed that these holograms are formed by light induced local ferroelectric domain formation, unlike the space charge migration that is responsible for dynamic holograms. Because ferroelectric domain formation involves the displacement of ions of relatively large mass and low mobility, these holograms exhibit substantially more persistence to readout, which is macroscopically perceived as fixing. Ionic domain formation occurs more readily near (but still below) the Curie temperature, because the thermal activation energy for domain reversal is lower. Prior such holograms, even if accidentally written, would not have been appreciated for the fact that they are fixed, completely overwritable, and selectively updatable.
Fixing of dynamic holograms requires the compensation of electron space charge by the ferroelectric domain pattern. In contrast, the development stage in this selective updatable fixing technique occurs simultaneously with the writing or exposure stage.
An increased incident beam intensity, temperature (while T<Tc) or write time all tend to enhance the diffraction efficiency of the fixed hologram. As seen in FIG. 5a, the diffraction efficiency first grew monotonically from 0.1% to 2.5% during a writing process of 2 hours. But, for an exposure of 40 hours, the diffraction efficiency has decreased again, which is evidence of the domain reversal. As a consequence of the domain reversal, the r33 linear electrooptic coefficient has decreased from 1400 pm/V to 130 pm/V after writing the hologram (FIG. 5).
FIG. 5b compares the time dynamics during the writing of a dynamic and a selectively updatable fixed grating. For a total intensity of the signal and reference beams of 100 mW/cm2, only a dynamic grating is present, displaying a characteristically fast rise time. With an increased intensity of 4W/cm2, the hologram diffraction efficiency monotonically increases (but very slowly) to a larger value. This figure best illustrates why this version of the invention is contra to what the prior art teaches. The dynamic grating diffraction efficiency builds up more rapidly, because it is composed of faster moving space charge electrons, as opposed to a process involving lower mobility ions, such as ferroelectric domain formation.
Holograms written this way are automatically fixed during the recording stage. In FIG. 6 it can be seen that an equivalent dynamic hologram disappears completely after only 7 seconds of readout. However, the diffraction efficiency of the fixed hologram decays for 40 seconds, and then discontinuously settles into a steady state. This behavior is contrary to earlier fixing techniques, in which the diffraction efficiency initially grows during readout.
FIG. 7 illustrates the long term decay of a fixed hologram written for one hour at room temperature with a total intensity of 4 W/cm2. The hologram was continuously reconstructed with an intense beam of 1 W/cm2. The diffraction efficiency diminishes by a factor of three during the initial four days of readout, and then reaches a steady state value. Extrapolating this curve, it was estimated that the hologram will survive several hundred days during continuous readout, before falling below the noise threshold. Naturally, the fixed hologram lifetime was found to vary inversely with the intensity of the readout beam.
An advantage of this fixing technique is the ability to address an individual page and selectively write over only one hologram. FIG. 8 demonstrates the selective overwriting of a single one ("c") of three selectively updatably fixed multiplexed volume holograms in the crystal ("a" "b" and "c") Hologram "c" has been overwritten by "f", leaving "a" and "b" with a slightly degraded image and about half the efficiency as "d" and "e" respectively
The light induced domain pattern is a selectively, updatably fixed hologram. Each such hologram is distributed within the entire volume of the crystal, sharing the same pool of dipoles. Each hologram is a local depolarization of the poled crystal. Those regions in the crystal with a significant depolarization may be completely depoled by applying a negative bias electric field, leaving those regions with only slight depolarization unchanged. The portions of the hologram where significant depolarization has occurred (i.e. where two holograms have been written) will then be depoled and erased. Therefore, individual holographic pages or pixels may be selectively updated.
In FIG. 9, selectively updatably fixed hologram a) has been written at 0 V, and selectively updatably fixed hologram b) has been written at 1000 V. Then a pulse of -2000 V was applied, which in fact erased the portion each page had in common with the other.
The light induced periodic poling allows ferroelectric domain patterns with periods of the order of 0.1 μm to be formed. Periodically poled crystals may be used to achieve quasi-phase-matching in optical second harmonic generation and parametric amplification. For instance, the phase matching condition that must be satisfied to convert a significant fraction of the light to the second harmonic is a momentum conservation relation
k.sup.(2ω) =2k.sup.(ω) (19)
where k.sup.(ω) and k.sup.(2ω) are the wavevectors of the fundamental and the second harmonic, respectively. In terms of the index of refraction,
n(2ω)=n(ω) (20)
The technique of quasi-phase-matching introduces a structural periodicity in the crystal to match the phase velocities of the fundamental and second harmonic. First order quasi-phase-matching is achieved when the periodicity of the spontaneous polarization is equal to the coherence length lc, defined as the distance over which the relative phase of the two waves changes by 2π: ##EQU17## where n(ω) is the refractive index of the generating wave in the material, and n(2ω) is the refractive index of the generated second harmonic wave in the material. The coherence length lc is a measure of the maximum crystal length that is useful in producing the second harmonic power. It can be seen from equations 20 and 21 that perfect phase matching corresponds to a coherence length of infinity.
It is desirable to use the lowest order (m=1) of phase matching, because the conversion efficiency is proportional to 1/m2. First order phase matching is optimal, and therefore, the period of poling should be equal to 1c.
Optically induced poling by recording a volume hologram does not require that the beams be at high intensity. The technique has the advantage that the period may be adjusted simply by varying the angle between the interfering beams, during the writing process. In addition, several periodicities may be recorded in the volume to allow phase matching at several wavelengths. While this process is outlined for quasi-phase-matching of the second harmonic, this technique is applicable to all other parametric processes, i.e. generation of sum and difference frequencies.
An advantage of this technique is that the same material can be adapted for different wavelengths. However, this technique does not work optimally with electric field multiplexing for mass storage applications, because the electric field causes the material to lose its poling.
An optically induced superlattice has thus been created. Because the period of poling is determined by an optical interference pattern, very small periods (less than 1 μm) are easily attained, facilitating QPM at shorter wavelengths.
Given the many parameters of the hologram multiplexing version of this invention, there is no single best embodiment. What the preferred embodiment is seems to always be determined by the context and the desired objective. For example, for hologram multiplexing and demultiplexing, the largest number of holograms will probably be produced by stress multiplexing in SBN, while the structure will be the hardest to set up. The least number of components will probably be required in temperature multiplexing, because there will be no need for electrodes or piezoelectric transducers, while there will always be a need for temperature control. However, switching rates based on temperature multiplexing are slow, due to the slow, defusive nature of heat flow.
For hologram multiplexing, electric field multiplexing is apparently a compromise of choice. The apparatus is relatively easy to set up. The value of the field may be calculated accurately, and it is simple to rapidly switch from one value of the field to another. For electric field multiplexing, there are further materials considerations and geometry considerations.
a) Materials considerations
To maximize the number of holograms Nholograms that can be multiplexed electrically, the material must satisfy two primary requirements. The material must have at least one large electrooptic coefficient that induces a significant index change for an electric field (I) along Kg for beam coupling and (II) along e1, e2 (the polarization vectors of the reference and signal) for electrically biasing the index of refraction.
In addition there are three conditions of secondary importance: it is desirable that the field does not rotate (III) the polarization or (IV) the principal axes, and (V) the material should have a large piezoelectric tensor component dkm of the proper sign so that ξE is maximized. Failure to satisfy conditions (III) and (IV) will reduce the beam coupling because the polarization of the two beams will no longer remain parallel and in the desired condition (II), as they propagate through the crystal. The best material for electric field multiplexing is SBN, primarily due to its large electrooptic coefficient. For hybrid multiplexing--demultiplexing applications, the choice of material may determine whether the reconstructed page will be partially spatially distorted.
For selective updatable fixing of holograms, ferroelectric materials that exhibit a strong photorefractive effect should be considered. They enter the paraelectric phase when they are at a temperature T higher than their Curie temperature, Tc. The procedure of poling a crystal ensures that the electrical dipoles within the crystal are in single domain, i.e. all aligned. At a temperature close to Tc the ion mobility is increased. Above Tc the electric dipoles become randomly oriented.
Having a ferroelectric phase means there is spontaneous polarization, which means there is photorefractive effect. Some suitable ferroelectric materials are LiNbO3, BaTiO3, and SBN. Some paraelectric materials (i.e. materials with Tc below room temperature) are potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) and KLTN.
In LiNbO3, Tc =1200� C. the poling does not degrade at room temperature, since the polarized state becomes more stable as the temperature is decreased below Tc. For SBN, Tc =56� C.; it is possible to operate near Tc, by being at the usual room temperature of 25� C. to 30� C. or a little higher. (If temperature control is lost and Tc is exceeded, the poling would be lost and would need to be restored.) Therefore, SBN:75 is a preferred medium for this fixing process.
Geometry Considerations
The optimum geometry for electric field multiplexing is one with counter-propagating signal and reference beams normally incident on the crystal. This configuration has two primary advantages. First, the counter-propagating configuration exhibits inherently low crosstalk and high wavelength selectivity (G. A. Rakuljic, V. Leyva, A. Yariv, Opt. Lett. 17, 1471-1473 (1992)). Second, it eliminates the detrimental Snell's law dependence of the beam angles within the crystal on the refractive index of the crystal. A given change of index does not induce as large a change in the grating vector for oblique incidence. In fact, for the transmission geometry with equal angles of incidence, the index dependence of the Bragg condition disappears:
2Λg ncrystal sinθcrystal =2Λg sinθair =λ. (19)
It should be noted, however, that the Bragg condition retains its field dependence Λg [E] even in this case. In the optimal counter-propagating normally incident geometry discussed above, electric field multiplexing is closely related to wavelength multiplexing (except that the photorefractive beam coupling and phase are now field dependent (M. Cronin-Golomb, B. Fischer, J. O. White, and A. Yariv, IEEE J. Quant. Elect., QE-20, 12-30 (1984)) and the field induces a strain).
The optimum geometry depends on the material used. It is desirable to use the strongest electrooptic coefficient. For experimental conditions, this may also depend on the cut of the crystal. In SBN:75, the r33 coefficient is preferable to the r42 coefficient. This dictates that the electric field be applied along the c axis, and the polarization vectors of the reference and signal beams lie in the same plane as the vector of the electric field.
In the optimal reflection grating geometry, Nholograms can be estimated from Equation (18). For typical parameters (λo =0.5 μm, L=1 cm), and for extraordinarily polarized signal and reference beams, and estimating ξE ≈ξT ≈1.25, Eq. (16) yields Δnmin =4�10-5. This implies from Eq. (14) that for a material such as SBN:75 with dn/dT=2.5�10-4 the temperature must be stable to within δT<<0.16� K. at 300� K. Since r33 is the only significant electrooptic coefficient in SBN:75, the optimal geometry is a compromise to simultaneously satisfy both conditions (I) and (II), as in FIG. 1. This configuration also satisfies conditions (III) and (IV) . The total index tuning range in the optimized configuration is approximately Δnmax =0.0025, half of Δnmax =0.005 (J. B. Thaxter and M. Kestigian, Appl. Opt., 13, 913-924 (1974)) for a material such as SBN:75. Then the number of holograms that may be electrically multiplexed around λ0 in SBN:75 is calculated from Equation (18) to be approximately 60.
For fixing, higher diffraction efficiencies will be attained if the facets of an SBN: 75 crystal have been cut perpendicularly to the principal axes.
Typical apparatus 25 Referring to FIG. 1, volume holograms can be recorded in an electrooptic material 1, having an index of refraction n. The material is ideally enclosed in a temperature controlled vacuum (structure not shown) for thermal isolation. A voltage Vdd 2 is applied along the c axis (<001>direction) of the material during the photorefractive recording process. The optimum orientation is determined by the specific material, as discussed above. The voltage establishes an electric field within the material, which in turn biases the underlying value of the refractive index of the material. A reference beam 3 impinges on the material 1 at an angle θ1 and a signal beam 4 impinges on the material at an angle θ2. The reference beam and the signal beam are coherent, as they are obtained from the same light source (not shown on drawings). The interference pattern of the reference beam and the signal beam occurs within the volume of the material.
As shown in the example of FIG. 2a, a first hologram is recorded in the material when the voltage has the value Vdd1 and the signal beam carries the letter "A" as the picture (or page) to be recorded.
At a later time, the same apparatus is used, except the signal beam contains different information (the letter "B"), and the applied voltage is different (Vdd2), as shown in FIG. 2b. Another hologram is thus also recorded in the medium. The process can be repeated several times, with each hologram being recorded at a different voltage.
For reading out the holograms, only the reference beam and the voltage are applied. As seen in FIG. 3a, by applying the same reference beam and the voltage Vdd1, the first signal beam (letter "A") will be reconstructed. (Note that Vdd1 was the same voltage as was used to record the letter "A".) Similarly, as seen in FIG. 3b, by switching the value of the voltage from Vdd1 to Vdd2, the letter "B" is produced instead.
A preferred embodiment for multiplexing volume holograms is with counterpropagating reference and picture beams, as is shown in FIG. 4.
In conclusion, the addressing of individual holograms is demonstrated by varying the applied electric field. This method can be used either independently or in conjunction with the other addressing methods (such as varying the angle θ1 of the reconstruction beam) to fine tune the Bragg condition.
Other embodiments of this version of this invention would be similar. Mechanical stress can be applied by piezoelectric elements or by other mechanical means positioned against the photorefractive material, for stress multiplexing. A radiating or conducting heat source can change the temperature of the crystal, for temperature multiplexing.
For fixing, a convenient way to measure the diffraction efficiency η is Is /Ir, where Is is the intensity of the diffracted beam, and Ir is the intensity of the remnant readout reference beam. This formulation is convenient because it takes into account reflection and absorption loses. [Angles of incidence that generated drawings 5, 5a, 6, 7 and 8 where 16�; the absorption coefficient of SBN:75 is 1.9 cm-1.] The formulation is also a good approximation, considering that η is less than 3%, so Is <<Ir.
Excellent fixed holograms are obtained at a wavelength of 488 nm in the transmission grating configuration, at or about room temperature. A problem with this technique is that an SBN:75 crystal can heat up by 1� C. to 5� C. during a 30 minute writing process. Therefore, each hologram would correspond in fact to many closely spaced (in k-space) holograms, effectively broadening the Bragg peak. The effect may be diminished by actively stabilizing the crystal temperature. In general, it is not possible to compensate for anisotropic, thermally induced Bragg mismatch by simply adjusting the incident angle of the reference beam. The writing temperature must be identical to the readout temperature to maintain strict Bragg matching of all spatial frequencies in a holographic image. In fact, fixing techniques where writing is performed at a different temperature than readout may suffer from a degradation in image quality and diffraction efficiency. The selective updatable fixing technique reported here has the advantage that both the fixing and the readout process occur near room temperature to begin with, and will work very well with thermal stabilization.
The material should be ferroelectric and preferrably photorefractive, and have a Curie temperature slightly above the operating temperature. It should have electrodes on two opposite faces of the crystal for applying a few kVs of potential across the crystal.
For erasing part of the page, the preferred apparatus is one where the material is ferroelectric and preferrably photorefractive, with electrodes on two opposite faces of the crystal for applying a few kVs of potential across the crystal.
For second harmonic generation (also known as frequency doubling) and parametric amplification, the apparatus is well known in the art. The apparatus for periodic poling of the crystal is a typical one of writing holograms. The reference and signal beams are preferably both plane waves, that is, they contain no information. Preferrably, but not necessarily, the holograms are written at high intensity, and possibly with active thermal stabilization, to deal with the heating problem. The holograms would be recorded for a long time, until the photorefractive effect is depleted, and the grating is a variation on polarization with a large modulation depth.
The material should be ferroelectric and preferrably photorefractive, and have a Curie temperature slightly above the operating temperature.
Hologram multiplexing by electric field or otherwise can be used as memory elements in computers. They may be advantageous where the amount of the information stored is large, and electronic access times are prolonged due to the amount of the information being large. The invented technique would provide parallel access, which would keep the access times relatively lower.
The multiplexing version of the present invention can also be used in combination with other holographic arrangements, such as space division multiplexing. One such storage medium could be an element of a larger scheme to store many holograms.
Hologram multiplexing can also be used for reconfigurable optical interconnects. In one embodiment, a source would emit light towards a holographic optical element. By tuning the material appropriately, the optical element would focus the light on different photodetectors. This method could be used for inter chip communication.
The techniques disclosed herein can also be used to continuously tune the wavelength about multiple discrete laser lines within the crystal itself, effectively eliminating the need for a continuously tunable laser for holographic data storage applications, and to make tunable holographic lenses (by writing many holograms close together in k-space so that at least one hologram is Bragg matched at all times). Further, tunable, extremely narrow band spectral filters can also be made.
Given the temperature dependence, a thermometer can be envisioned. Many holograms can be temperature multiplexed. Each page would be a picture of the number representing the temperature that was used to write the hologram. A reference beam would reconstruct a signal beam that would always show digitally the crystal temperature. A stress meter at constant temperature can also also be designed.
Additionally, a hybrid embodiment of stress multiplexing is a material comprising alternating thin layers of photorefractive and either piezoelectric or highly pliable sheets, thus forming a stacked structure as shown in FIG. 10. This relaxes the material requirements, since the photorefractive sheets are used only to store the hologram, while the interstitial material is sufficiently elastic that the application of an electric field or a mechanical stress will deform it. By deforming these interstitial layers, the phase relationship between grating clusters in each photorefractive layer will be changed. Holograms would be written over the entire volume of the material simultaneously in each layer, each at a particular value of the interstitial spacing. The holograms can be multiplexed and demultiplexed by changing this interstitial spacing.
As for holograms being used as memory elements, it appears that selectively, non permanently fixed information pages can comprise the equivalent of a Random Access Memory.
Second harmonic generation is of particular practical interest because efficient doubling of infrared semiconductor diode lasers will increase the storage capacity of compact disk memories by a factor of four. Additionally, optically induced superlattices can be made.
Continuous wavelength parametric amplification could be attained with a material that has a grating of continuously tunable period. A material that has been periodically poled, whether optically or not, can have the period A of its grating tuned continuously by applying an electric field, or some stress, or by changing its temperature.
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|Optics Letters, vol. 17, No. 20, Oct. 15, 1992, pp. 1471 1473, Optical Data Storage By Using Orthogonal Wavelength Multiplexed Volume Holograms by George A. Rakuljic et al.
|Optics Letters, vol. 17, No. 20, Oct. 15, 1992, pp. 1471-1473, "Optical Data Storage By Using Orthogonal Wavelength-Multiplexed Volume Holograms" by George A. Rakuljic et al.
|Soviet Physics Crystallography, vol. 14, No. 6, May Jun., 1970, pp. 894 896, Effect Of Illumination On Polarization Reversal In The Ferroelectric Semiconductor SbSI Using The Barkhausen Effect by A. A. Bogomolov et al.
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|Technical Digest Series, vol. 17, Aug. 12-14, 1987, pp. 155-158, "Fast Hologram Erasure In photorefractive Materials" by Gregory Kavounas et al.
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|U.S. Classification
|369/103, 365/216, 359/10, 365/125, 369/288, 359/2
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 1, 1993
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text:
Red Sexy Long Sleeves Prom Gowns 2017 Mermaid Long SleeveItem Code: BO5612
Market price::
US$ 409Factory price: US$ 150
- WEDDING VENUES : Garden / Outdoor
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Always fun to beat Kentucky.
Kentucky, Michigan, The Steelers, Duke, and the Yankees: Any loss is a great step for the betterment of mankind.
I don't think a requirement of employment should be that you can never offend people. It's high time folks deal with being offended. It's another example of how we're becoming a bunch of wimps. - Person offended by NFL players not standing for national anthem.
Ohio State, The Niners, Avalanche, and the Yankees would be my check list for a good year.Kentucky, Michigan, The Steelers, Duke, and the Yankees:
This year's Florida team is one of the most talented I have ever seen over the last 20-25 years of following them. They normally struggle come tourney time, but I think this year's version of the Gators might actually be so young that they are completely unaffected by the pressures of March.
"Booing on opening day is like telling grandma her house smells like old lady."--WOY
I was watching that game last night. How many gator logos do they need on the court. Did they just say to each other, "let's put a bunch of colorful crap all over our gym floor....Oh...missed a spot, you've got room for another gator there..."
I nominate Florida for the worst paint job on a court. Any other nominations?
Worst Ice.. Bruins by far, giant dark logo on ice.. eats the puck up.I nominate Florida for the worst paint job on a court. Any other nominations?
Football... Boise State.. Blue?
ArkansasOriginally Posted by max venable
Nothing like a giant pig on TV.
Go Gators!
Does John Goodman have a new show on this season?Originally Posted by KronoRed
Will trade this space for a #1 starter.
Here's one: Okla St. How big does Eddie Sutton's name need to be. Ridiculous.
Yea, Roseanne is going to make a return, but then we're talking fat pigsOriginally Posted by creek14
Can't win with 'em
Can't win without 'em
Even worse now...Originally Posted by WVRed
I wonder if OK State will erase his name off the court after this?Originally Posted by WVRed
Reds Fan Since 1971
Looks like the Gamecocks have the Gator number. Wow - two wins in basketball and the win in football.
Some people play baseball. Baseball plays Jay Bruce.
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


text:
Just in time for Valentine's Day, GTA V has released a new Adversary Mode for GTA Online entitled "Till Death Do Us Part" that allows couples to team up against opponents to show the world who the most pimped out, gunned-down gangster couple really is. The Adversary Mode will support up to 4 couples a time for a total of eight players in one game, but couples will have to work together in order to win because if one team member is killed, the other player's character will blow his or her brains out in an action-packed blaze of glory over the loss of their loved one. Team members will also receive regenerate their health faster when standing near their partner and five different romantic map locations will provide maximum gameplay.
First Person Upgrades
Another update for GTA V is the all-new animations and graphics that have been released for virtually every 3D model in the entire game. The pedestrians, animals, vehicles, street signs, trees, fire hydrants, and everything in between have been redesigned to be far more realistic and detailed. When riding around in a vehicle, for example, first-person perspective allows the player to see the entire dashboard of the car (or helicopter) that they're in, including a functional speedometer and working brake light. Players can even take a selfie of their character by using the camera feature on their in-game cell phone.
Future of GTA (VR, Graphics, etc)
As the series progresses in a world fueled by virtual reality and Terminator-esque graphics cards, it is likely that we'll be seeing a lot of new features from GTA VI and beyond. In fact, a group of modders has already created an unofficial patch for Grand Theft Auto V that makes the game compatible with the Oculus Rift and the Virtuix Omni, two of the leading virtual reality systems currently on the market. While the Oculus Rift provides head tracking and visual effects that make it seem as if the player is actually in the GTA universe, the Virtuix Omni is a 360 degree treadmill that simulates walking. The system even includes a rifle that tracks the player's position and firing. Combined, these features create a truly immersive version of reality that makes regular GTA gaming pale in comparison. Therefore, it's safe to say that it's only a matter of time before Rockstar Games provides built-in support for future GTA editions.


text:
Spirometry is a test that measures the amount of air a person's lungs can move in and out and at what rate.
To be tested:
This test can be done in a doctor's office or the hospital and is not painful.
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