text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 1999
|Filing date
|Jun 27, 1997
|Priority date
|Jun 27, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Martin Lee Schanze
|Original Assignee
|Unisys Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (24), Classifications (9), Legal Events (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present disclosure is related to several co-pending applications which involve the Kerberos environment. These co-pending applications include:
(i) ASYNCHRONOUS MESSAGE SYSTEM FOR MENU-ASSISTED RESOURCE CONTROL PROGRAM, U.S. Ser. No 08/884,418;
(ii) SYNCHRONOUS MESSAGE CONTROL SYSTEM IN A KERBEROS DOMAIN, U.S. Ser. No. 08/948,840;
(iii) EXPEDITED MESSAGE CONTROL FOR SYNCHRONOUS RESPONSE IN A KERBEROS DOMAIN, U.S. Ser. No. 09/026,746.
This disclosure involves the use of special communication management programs and methods for message handling in environments utilizing Kerberos servers.
In recent years, great emphasis has been provided and applied in regard to ensuring the security of communications in networks of clients and servers. Cryptographic systems have been developed for maintaining privacy of information that is transmitted across various communication channels. One type of cryptographic system often used is designated as a "symmetric crypto-system". These symmetric crypto-systems generally utilize electronic keys and can be somewhat compared to physical security systems. An example of this would be the network where a message holding box has a single locking mechanism which has a single keyhole. Then one key holder can use his key to open the box and place a message in the box and then relock the box. Subsequently then, a second holder (who has an identical copy of the key) then unlocks the box and retrieves the message. Here the term "symmetric" indicates the situation where both users have "identical keys".
In computer systems which are designated as a "symmetric crypto-system", the system requires that there be (i) an encryption function E; (ii) a decryption function D; and (iii) a shared secret key, K. In this situation, the "K" key is a unique string of data bits which apply to the encryption and decryption functions.
One particular example of the encipherment/decipherment function is the National Bureau of Standards Data Encryption Standard designated as DES. Another example is the Fast Encipherment Algorithm (FEAL). In this situation, in order to transmit a message (M) with privacy, the sender must compute a ciphertext designated "C" on the basis where C equals E (M,K). In this situation, the recipient terminal, upon receipt of the ciphertext C, then computes the message M equal to D (C,K), enabling the recipient terminal to recover the message "M".
Again here, K is the shared secret-key which functions such that a unauthorized terminal who copies the ciphertext C, but who does not know the shared secret key K, will find himself unable to recover the message M. Here, the security is based on maintaining the secrecy of the key K.
In addition to the above-mentioned "symmetric crypto-systems" there are also systems designated as "Asymmetric Crypto-Systems" often designated as Public Key Crypto-Systems which provide other ways of encrypting information. They differ from symmetric systems, for example, in the physical sense, such that the message box has one lock, but also has two non-identical keys associated with it. Here, either key can be used to unlock the box to retrieve the message which was locked in the box by the other key. This type of system could be made to operate such that keys must be used in a "particular sequence", such that the box can be locked with one key and only then unlocked with the other key. This asymmetric type crypto-system is often designated as a "RSA" system which refers to the names of authors Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA) in a paper described in pages 120-126 of Vol. 21 of CACM (Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery), published in February 1978.
In systems designated as Public Key Electronic Crypto-Systems, each operating entity or terminal has a private key "d", which is only known to that particular entity or terminal. There is also a public key, "eN" which is publicly known. Here, once a message is encrypted with a user's public key, it can only be decrypted using that particular user's "private key", d. Conversely, if the message is encrypted with the user's "private key". It can only be decrypted using that user's "public key".
A Kerberos Security System is being used as a developing standard for authenticating network users and is often used primarily in the UNIX community where it is useful because it functions in a multi-vendor network and does not transmit passwords over the network.
Kerberos operates to authenticate users, that is to say, it determines if a user is a valid user. It does not provide other security services such as audit trails. Kerberos authentication is based on "passwords" and does not involve physical location or smart cards.
To implement Kerberos in the system, each computer in a network must run Kerberos software. Kerberos works by granting a "ticket" which ticket is honored by all the network computers that are running Kerberos protocol. The tickets are encrypted, so passwords never go over the network in "clear text" and the users do not need to enter their password when accessing a different computer.
Since there is often a need to run Kerberos on every single computer in a network, this sometimes presents a problem for potential users. Considerable effort and time may be involved in porting Kerberos to each different hardware platform in the network. Kerberos users tended to be large networks which were furnished with extended expertise. Since such resources are not generally available to smaller networks, it is sometimes a problem to make it available to such smaller networks which cannot justify the cost and expense.
The primary benefit of Kerberos is that it prevents a password from being transmitted over the network.
Kerberos networks are involved with the type of systems designated as "symmetric crypto-systems" discussed above. One type of symmetric crypto system is called the "Kerberos Authentication System". This type of system was discussed and published on the Internet by J. T. Kohl and D. C. Neuman in an article entitled "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service" which was published Sep. 19, 1993 on the Internet RFC 1510. Kerberos uses symmetric key crypto-systems as a primitive and often uses the Data Encryption Standard (DES) as a inter-operability standard. Kerberos systems have been adopted as the basis for security service by the Open Software Foundations (OSF), Distributed Computing Environment (DCE). Kerberos was designed to provide authentication and key-exchange, but was not particularly designed to provide digital signatures.
Thus, networks require systems and methods for securing communications which provides a way for one user to authenticate itself to another user and additionally, these often require systems for securing communications which facilitate digital signatures being placed on a message to provide for non-repudiation.
Kerberized environments involve the transmittal of messages, for example, from a server to a client which leads to several major problems in these networks. One problem involves the inordinate period of time that a client or a server is required to wait after requesting a response to a Kerberos command. As a result of waiting for a response, this causes the controlling software program or process, to wait so that any other clients or servers in the network requesting a service would also have to wait.
Another type of problem involved in Kerberos networks is that there is no existing method of returning unsolicited messages, generated synchronously or asynchronously from a Kerberos Server to a client or other server.
The presently described system functions to overcome those situations where commands, requiring a Kerberos server response, are not generated in a timely fashion. Thus, the newly developed mechanism permits the requesting client's or server's programs to continue to handle requests while the Kerberos server generates a response to the first unanswered request.
Additionally, the presently described system now provides a mechanism which establishes a communication path to address the disposition of unsolicited messages generated from a Kerberos Server to various clients or other servers.
A network of client terminals is connected to function in a Kerberos domain with one or more client servers.
An originating client with an original service request to a Kerberos server will communicate with a special client-server which utilizes a communication management system program (COMS) working in association with a message control system program (MCS).
These cooperating programs (COMS and MCS) enable a request for Kerberos service to be conveyed to a Kerberos Security Library in the client-server which library communicates to a Kerberos Server having a key distribution center which responds to the Kerberos Security Library enabling it to create an unsolicited response message which is delivered by the COMS and MCS programs to the original client on an asynchronous basis. The originating client is not disabled from continuing to function on subsequent requests even though the original service request is still pending.
FIG. 1 is a general overview of the Kerberos domain involving various clients and servers in a network.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the elements involved in network relationship designated as client/ClearPath/Kerberos Server;
FIG. 3 is a drawing of the elements involved in an asynchronous message model involving a Kerberized environment.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating the steps involved when a client service request seeks a response from the Kerberos server;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the steps involved when the request involves a message communication system MCS;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the Menu Assisted Resource Control Program process involved for asynchronous message handling as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B;
FIG. 7 on sheets 7A and 7B is a drawing illustrating a stack sequence operational chart showing the operations involved in providing a message for delivery to a requester.
FIG. 8 is a generalized overview of various channels for asynchronous message response management;
FIG. 9 is a message array example for a response message;
FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing of the Datacomm Queue Stack arrangement showing a linked list of available queue locations handled by the ClearPath NX Server.
1. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)--This is a communication protocol which is used as one of a number of "standard" methods of communicating information across a network.
An extension of this is a UDP Port; a communication port which is used for UDP communications.
2. HLCN (Host LAN Connection)--The ClearPath NX HLCN product provides the implementation of NetBIOS and IPX protocols that permit terminal services to the ClearPath NX Server over Netware.
3. MCS (Message Control System)--Programs (with special privileges) on ClearPath NX systems that control the flow of messages between terminals, application programs, and the operating system (MCP). Reference Unisys "A Series DCALGOL Programming Reference Manual," May 1989/Form 5014574.380 (Release Mark 3.8.0)
4. COMS--(Communications Management System)--is a Unisys Message Control System that supports processing for a network on the Unisys ClearPath NX Server. Reference: Unisys A Series Communications Management System (COMS) Operations Guide. May 1989 1154523.380
5. MARC (Menu Assisted Resource Control)--The MARC window provides access to the MARC program. One of the functions of the MARC program is to handle network and session control and provide requested information and system messages for COMS. The MARC window (program) is always in operation in COMS. Reference Unisys "A Series Menu-Assisted Resource Control (MARC)" Unisys Operations Guide, February 1992/Form #8600 0404-100. (Release Mark 4.0.0)
6. GSS-API (Generic Security Service)--Application Program Interface)--This is the draft-standard interface application programs use to access available security services generically. The actual security services are provided by underlying mechanisms. Possible implementation choices for mechanisms include, but are not limited to Kerberos, Secure Sockets, DASS. The goal is that applications do not require any knowledge about the underlying mechanism in order to use it. Reference: GSS-API Version 2 on A Series Functional Design Specification 95132/3 Version C. Published Jul. 23, 1996 by Unisys Corp.
6a) DASS--A security mechanism using the X.509 capabilities.
6b) Secure Sockets--A security mechanism that has growing popularity on the Internet.
7. HLCNTS (Host LAN Connection Terminal Service) ClearPath NX terminal service product predicated on the underlying HLCN product. HLCNTS provides connection based communications between clients using Netware based IPX/NetBIOS and the ClearPath NX. Reference: Unisys Host LAN Connection Terminal Services (HLCNTS) 0.1.4/Version D, Jun. 26, 1995.
8. Asynchronous Message (Definition #1)--A message (data in display or non-display format) which is generated by a concurrent independent process yet requiring occasional synchronization and cooperation of other process(es). (Definition #2):--A message (data in display or non-display format) which was generated in an environment where asynchronism of processes exists. Reference: "An Introduction to Operating Systems" by Harvey M. Deitel (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company) First Edition 1984.
9. Synchronous Message #1--A message (data in display or non-display format) which is generated by a concurrent process dependent upon its own environment. #2--A message (data in display or non-display format) which was generated in an environment where synchronism of a single process exists. Reference: "An Introduction to Operating Systems" by Harvey M. Deitel (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company) First Edition 1984.
10. Kerberos Support Library (KSL)--This library provides functions to support the various Kerberos message exchange protocols and a number of user administration functions. It closely interacts with the GSS Library and other system software. Reference: A-EAM Kerberos Support Library--Functional Specification 93187/3 Version C. Published Mar. 6, 1997 by Unisys Corp.
11. Stack Capsulate--A "snapshot" or "outline" of a non-detailed process environment. For explanatory purposes, it is a mid-level overview of the processing environment highlighting events in a sequential order.
12. Dialog No. (Dialog Number)--MARC establishes Dialog(s) Numbers on behalf of a client requesting services. A Dialog Number is the internal/external number associated with a client which is accessing (using) MARC.
13. NX MCP Environment--Unisys Corp. sells computers under the name "ClearPath". For explanatory purposes, the architecture is designated as the ClearPath NX. The ClearPath NX is packaged with both MCP environments (this is the Unisys A Series E mode processor) and the "NT" Server side. The NX MCP Environment pertains specifically to the E mode processor side of the architecture exclusive of the NT Server side.
14. Unsolicited Message--A message (data in display or non-display format) which is generated by a concurrent process that is received by a concurrent independent (different) process.
15. Transaction ID i.e., (TRANSACTION-- ID)--The internal name given to a uniquely generated number passed from MARC to the KSL (Kerberos Security Library) identifying a clients service request. This number will then be attached by the KSL and in turn sent back to MARC such that MARC may route an asynchronous message back to the appropriate client (originator).
16. Networking Host Software--Generalized term for software residing and functioning on the ClearPath NX which provides network communication capability. Software such as the Networking Support Library, Telnet, TCP/IP, HLCN, etc. would be "known" or "thought of" as Networking Host Software.
17. IPX--A communications protocol "Internetwork Packet Exchange".
18. COMS MSG Format--A message consistent with an agreed upon format that COMS (Item #4 of Glossary) recognizes. A message containing a COMS header (information in an agreed upon location and format) and the message portion so that COMS may route the message.
19. Key Distribution Center--Portion of the software residing on the Kerberos Server which processes tasks related to Key(s). A key is a signal code which can be used to access a message which would not ordinarily be accessible.
20. K-Admin--Kerberos Administration/Software on the Kerberos Server responsible for configuration and user administration of the Kerberos Server.
21. DCWRITE--A function construct in DCALGOL used to construct messages and pass messages to an MCS. (Item #3) Reference: A Series DCALGOL Programming Reference Manual form #5014574.380 (May 1989) Page 3-13 and Section 5. Published by Unisys Corporation.
22. NetWare--An operating system developed by Novell, Inc. The NetWare operating system runs in a file server and controls system resources and information processing on the entire network or Internetwork. Reference: "Concepts" Novell NetWare 3.12, July 1993. Part Number 100-001715-001
23. Station Transfer--ClearPath NX terminal service product predicated on an underlying Station Transfer Protocol. Reference: Unisys "A Series Station Transfer Changes for A-EAM," Functional Design Specification 95145/3 Version A, Nov. 2, 1995
24. GSS-API Library--ClearPath NX support library providing services as defined in Item #6 above.
25. UserData--constitutes a miniature data management system that maintains a database called SYSTEM/USERDATAFILE. The database defines valid usercodes and contains various types of data concerning the user population on a particular ClearPath NX Server.
26. Encryption Library--The DES (Data Encryption Standard) Support Library. The DES Encryption Support Library provides the various encryption algorithms which are needed by the Kerberos protocols. According to [RFC1510] any Kerberos implementation must, at a minimum, support the following encryption algorithm: DES/CBC/MD5 (DES encryption, using cipher block chaining mode with an MD5 checksum).
27. Derivatives Interface--A Directive Command is a feature of MARC which enables a system to create new commands and make them available to MARC users. To implement a `true` directive, the function of these commands is defined by writing a library of ALGOL procedures (within the KSL in this case). The DIRECTIVE command is used in MARC to associate a command name with the procedure. Thereafter, users can use the new command in the same way as they use any other MARC command. Reference Unisys "A-EAM Kerberos Directive Commands," Functional Design, 95057/3 Version B, Aug. 17, 1995.
28. Master Control Program (MCP)--Unisys reference to "Burroughs Large Systems MCP Manual"--Release 3.5; May, 1985/Copyright 1985, Burroughs Corporation, Detroit, Mich. 48232.
29. Event--An "Event" provides a means to synchronize simultaneously executing processes. An event can be used either to indicate the completion of an activity (this would be how Kerberos is using it, i.e., on the Kerberos Server; and EVENT is changed to a "Happened" state and the KSL is made aware of this change, (in this case the response has been formed) or as an interlock between participating programs over the use of a shared resource. From Unisys "A Series ALGOL Programming Reference Manual Volume 1: Basic Implementation" Release Mark 3.7/July, 1987; Form# 1169844.
A general overview of the presently described asynchronous message response management system is shown in FIG. 8. There are a number of types of general message control systems which are indicated by the circle area designated 100M.
The Menu Assisted Resource Control Program MARC 40 is one particular program developed by Unisys Corporation which constitutes a specific message control system. However, there are other types of message control systems which are designated by the circle designated 41 and labeled MCS-Other.
A program command 90 initiated by a client 10 will then access the general message control system and will be sorted and routed by COMS 42 which is a Unisys communications management system that supports processing for a network on the Unisys ClearPath NX Server.
As is also indicated in FIG. 4, in addition to FIG. 8, COMS will route the request for Kerberos service to the appropriate channel, whether this be the Menu Assisted Resource Control Program (MARC 40) or else to a Message Control System MCS 41 which also has a management queue 62, as shown in FIG. 3.
The commands from the MARC 40 or from the other MCS 41 are fed in FIG. 8 as seen in block 102 over to the Kerberos Server and Kerberos Server Library which are indicated in FIG. 3 as elements 20 and 34. The Kerberos Server 20 and the Kerberos Server Library 34 will generate a response message shown at element 104 in FIG. 8 and depending upon the characteristics of the message control system involved, the responses can be routed over two different channels.
If the message control system (MCS 100M) used is that of MARC 40, this particular system uses a Transaction-- ID which is shown as word 1 of the message array shown in FIG. 9. In this case, the routing of the response message 104 is done by COMS 42 through the MARC 40 program as is indicated in FIGS. 6A, 6B for the sequence "C".
On the other hand, the response message 104 may be routed in a separate channel shown in FIG. 8 through the COMS 42 over to the other MCS 41 and the queue 62 (FIG. 8) as indicated in FIG. 5 at the sequence "B".
As seen in FIG. 8, the MARC 40 program will use the Transaction-- ID and pass this back as part of its response.
The channel for other Message Control Systems MCS 41 will use the COMS program 42 and use an MCS number instead of the Transaction-- ID.
As seen in FIG. 9, these systems can use a typical message array composed of four words, each word consisting of 48 bits. FIG. 8 shows the message array of word 0 which is used for control information, plus word 1 which provides a Transaction-- ID, plus a word 2 and a word 3. The MARC 40 program manages to use only the word 1 which is the Transaction-- ID. However, the MCS channel (B of FIG. 5) and of FIG. 8 is capable of using word 1 and word 2 of FIG. 9, or be expanded to use word 3. The MCS 41 is a program that has a queue 62 defined with stacks shown in FIG. 10. The MCS channel does not generally have to worry about routing of the message, since there is generally a single user for that MCS program, while on the other hand, the MARC program may have a thousand users and this requires a unique Transaction-- ID. The MCS system and channel (B of FIG. 5) is considerably more versatile in that it could use word 1 and word 2 of FIG. 9, or could use neither of these and just use an MCS number. Additionally, the MCS channel could make use of all of the words 0 through 3 or possibly even more if required in order to handle the possibility of thousands of client users.
Thus, there are variety of channels for providing asynchronous response messages back to a client requester as seen by the above examples where the MARC program uses the Transaction-- ID of word 1 of FIG. 9, while on the other hand, the Kerberos response message may be handled on the other MCS system via COMS 42 using both word 1 and word 2 or a combination of greater number of words to route a message to particular client users.
The present system and method involves the Kerberos realm or domain which denotes a number of hosts, servers and clients connected into a single administrative domain. The general concept for modules which are hosts, servers or clients are often designated herein as "principals". The term "principal" is a term used to denote a uniquely named client or server participating in a network environment. The Kerberos realm or domain is provided with a Kerberos Server which is a host-server responsible for Kerberos security. Clients are units which may reside in attachment to the network cloud or within the network cloud. The use of the term "cloud" or the term "network cloud" is a term often proposed by the Novell Corporation and used to designate interconnections in a network.
The term "ClearPath" is used to denote a Unisys Corporation system network wherein different platforms may be connected together but are also provided with compatible communication protocols and services.
A general overview of a network designated as a Kerberos realm or Kerberos domain is shown in FIG. 1. The realm or domain involves a number of principals which may be considered digital machines and wherein these principals involve clients or servers that are participating in the domain which is under the control of a particular Kerberos server.
Thus, as seen in FIG. 1, there may be a series of clients or client-terminals designated 10a, 10b, 10c . . . 10n. These units are connected to a network cloud 16 and a communications connector 18. There are a number of unique clients or servers 11, 12, and 13 which can be designated as principals. One of the principals such as principal 13, is seen having a UDP (User Datagram Port) port 15, which connects the third principal 13 to the Kerberos Server 20. The network cloud 16 is also connected to the communication connector 18 which is then connected to the Kerberos Server 20. The UDP port 15 is an acronym for the "User Datagram Protocol" port. The network cloud 16 is a generalized interconnection element which may indicate that various clients are residing in the network cloud.
A "realm" or a "domain" may denote a number of host servers or clients and principals involved in a single administrative domain designated as a Kerberos domain. The Kerberos realm can be considered as a term for modules participating in a Kerberos domain. There can also occur a number of different realms or domains which can be interconnected and which involve another level of complexity.
FIG. 1 could also have more than one Kerberos Server connected in with various network connections. The Kerberos Servers can communicate with each other and participate as part of the domain involved.
FIG. 2 indicates the Kerberos Server network with an expanded view of the principal unit 13. Here, the client terminal 10 is connected to the communications connector 18 which enables it to communicate and operate with various aspects of the principal 13 and the Kerberos server 20.
The typical principal 13 (ClearPath NX Server) is shown with a number of the basic functional elements. The bus 18c from the communications connector 18 is seen connected to the UDP port 26 of the Kerberos server 20. The bus further provides connection to the principal 13 via the IPX/NetBIOS (NetWare process) 54 and the TCP/IP unit 56. IPX/NetBIOS provides similar functions to TCP/IP 56. IPX is an Internetwork Packet Exchange Protocol developed by Novell that sends data packets to requested destinations, i.e. workstations, servers, etc. NetBIOS and IPX provide the session, transport and networking layers of a protocol stack which handles communication between dissimilar systems.
The TCP/IP 56 (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a protocol for Internetwork communication between dissimilar systems.
The Ports module 52 provides an interface to the Telnet Unit 48, to the station transfer unit 46 and to the HLCNTS Unit 50.
The Telnet 48 involves a package switching network that enables many different varieties of terminals and computers to exchange data.
The station transfer network 46 functions to provide the necessary protocol for information transfer.
The HLCNTS 50 is a unit which provides the function of connection and communication between Netware clients and ClearPath NX clients.
The client information or message thus enters the principal 13 through the ports 52 and talks through the Telenet 48 and station transfer unit 46, through the DC WRITE Unit 49 which calls on the program COMS which is the communications management system (COMS 42). This in turn then communicates or talks to MARC 40 which is the Menu-Assisted System Resource Control program. MARC and COMS are Unisys Corp. A-Series program functions which were developed for the Unisys Corporation A-Series computer systems. When a client logs on to the A-Series systems, a call is made on the MARC, that is to say, the Menu-Assisted System Resource Control program. The MARC 40 will function to call on the Kerberos security library 34 in order to initiate the proper security functions.
The library module 38 designated GSS-API connects the MARC program both to the security library 34 and to a user data bank 36.
The encryption library 32 is connected to service both the Kerberos security library 34 and the GSS-API library 38.
The GSS-API library 38 serves the function of providing interface application programs to access available security services.
Also shown in FIG. 2 is the MCP internal service provider 33 which is part of the Unisys A-Series Master Control program (MCP). This includes a queue management function module and a UDP port management module 15. The MCP Service Provider 33 connects to a series of ports and also to the Telnet 48, the HLCN 50 and the station transfer unit 46. Additionally, the MCP Service Provider 33 (FIG. 2) is also connected as seen in FIG. 3 to COMS 42 and to the MARC 40 via MCP 60 as well as the Kerberos security library 34.
There are several functions that are provided by the MCP 60, FIG. 3 but the major functional concerns are those which involve the passing of an asynchronous message in addition to handling the queue management functions and management of the UDP port 15 in the principal 13. (ClearPath NX Server).
The client 10 in FIG. 2 enters his communications via the communication connector 18 and bus 18c over into the ports 52 and then talks through the Telnet unit 48 and the station transfer group 46. These units in turn call the COMS 42 which in turn talks or communicates with MARC 40 (Menu Assisted System Resource Control program). Both COMs and MARC are Unisys A-Series computer system functions described in the attached Glossary.
Further regarding FIGS. 2 and 3, the Kerberos Server 20 is seen to have a UDP port 26, a Kerberos administrator K-ADMIN 24 unit and a Key Distribution Center 22 (KDC).
The function of the Key Distribution Center 22 (KDC) is to act as a trusted third party authority that holds the secret keys for all the principals in a realm. The KDC provides two services designated AS and TGS. AS means Authentication Service (AS): A service of KDC that verifies the authenticity of a principal. From "CyberSAFE Challenger Administrator's Guide" Version 5.2.5/April, 1995.
The function of the K-ADMIN 24 is to provide a program to perform administration of a remote Kerberos principal database. TGS is Ticket Granting Service (TGS). K-ADMIN is the part of the KDC that provides tickets when a client wants to access a server. From "CyberSAFE Challenger Administrator's Guide" Version 5.2.5/April, 1995.
The UDP port 26 functions to handle the User Datagram Protocol.
It may be noted that the UDP port 26 of the Kerberos server is provided with a communication line 18c through the TCP/IP 56 to the internal UDP port 15 (FIG. 2) of the principal 13 via bus 15b.
The two UDP ports (15 and 26) are two separate entities and reside in different machines. Each principal would have its own UDP port which then provides a special communications line to the Kerberos server, via the Kerberos server's UDP port, 26 (FIG. 2).
The principal 13 unit shown in FIG. 2 is also sometimes designated as a ClearPath NX server and describes one specific type of a principal 13.
FIG. 3 is a drawing showing the asynchronous message model in a Kerberized environment. The client terminal 10 is here connected to the network connector 18 which provides a connection on bus 18k to the Kerberos server 20 and a connection on the bus 18c to the principal 13. This particular principal 13 is a specialized unit designated as the Unisys ClearPath NX. The Unisys ClearPath HMP (Heterogeneous Multiprocessing System) acts to integrate a number of platforms such as UNIX, Windows NT and Enterprise operating system environments by combining them into one platform.
Within the principal 13, FIG. 3, there is seen the port's interfaces 52 which connect to the combination unit 50c designated as Telnet/HLCN/Station Transfer. The HLCN refers to the high-level communication network. The combination module 50c then connects to the COMS 42 programs (Communications Management System) and also the MARC programs 40 (Menu Assisted Resource Control programs). Then as seen, the MARC programs connect to the Kerberos security library 34. Further in FIG. 3, the Master Control Program MCP 60 is seen connected to the ports 52, the combination module 50c, the COMS program 42 and the MARC program 40 and also the Kerberos security library 34. Each of the modules are connected to the MCP 60 (Master Control Program).
The Master Control Program 60 is shown to have two modules of which the queue management function module 62 provides the function of managing an array of Queues shown in FIG. 10.
Additionally in the MCP 60 there is a UDP port management unit 15.
The Master Control Program 60 is seen in FIG. 3 to have the queue management function module 62 which involves a Queue data structure which is shown in FIG. 10. As an analogy the queue could be thought of as a pipe. For example, there is a person involved at each end of the pipe. For example, Person A at the left end of the pipe and Person B at the right end of the pipe. Then, at the halfway point of the pipe, there could be considered a Person C. Then for example, Person A wants to move a ball (message) from one end of the pipe to the other. Person A with the ball, then asks Person C (halfway point) to tell Person B to wake up and notice that there is a ball coming down the pipe. Person C wakes up Person B and then tells Person A to insert the ball in the Pipe for delivery. Person C then moves the ball down the pipe and tells person B that "Yes, okay the ball is now here".
In the above analogy, it can be considered that Person A is the COMS program, while Person B is any one of the various Message Control Systems (MCS), and likewise, the Person C would be analogous to the Master Control Program (MCP). This is, of course, an oversimplified version, but it illustrates the role of the COMS program to the Message Control System programs (MCS) with the Master Control Program (MCP) acting as a "overseer/controller".
Queue Management Function 62 in the MCP 60 (FIG. 3):
The MCP 60 controls the operational environment of the system by performing the functions of job selection, memory management, peripheral management, virtual memory management, dynamic sub-routine linkage, logging of errors, system utilization, and queue management. More specifically, the MCP 60 manages an array of queues. A stack called the Datacomm Queue Stack (FIG. 10) holds messages (data descriptors) and other hidden messages.
The primary function of the Datacomm Queue Stack (FIG. 10) is to hold queues which are declared in DCALGOL language, and to file input queues for programs with remote files. The Datacomm Queue Stack also serves as one possible communication link between the Master Control Program (MCP) and the "IR" (Independent Runner) "Controller. "IR" stands for "Independent Runner" Controller which is a separate process that gets initiated during system initialization. This Controller handles functions such as Job Control (queuing of jobs, starting and stopping of jobs, operator command processing, etc.). The MCP initiates a number of "IR's" during initialization. A common name or nomenclature in the industry today would be to "spawn a separate process".
The Datacomm Queue Stack is seen in FIG. 10. The first word in the stack contains a TOSCW (Top of Stack Control Word), while the second word contains a link.
This link is the start of a link list of available queue locations and is relative to "Word 1" of the stack. Locations in the stack that are not a part of this list are "data descriptors" that point to hidden messages. The "hidden messages" contain the head and the tail pointers of queue entries, plus attributes of the queue, such as the memory limit and the population.
As messages are placed in the Datacomm queue, (FIG. 10) the queue's memory limit may be reached. In this case, if the queue's limit is reached, a Tank Information Block (TIB) is built, then disk rows are obtained with the procedures called GETUSERDISK and the subsequent messages for the queue are TANKED, that is to say, written to disk. It may be indicated that the queue messages will not be found in memory and disk at the same time. They will either be queued on disk or in the memory, but not both.
"Word One" in the stack is the beginning of a linked list of available stack locations. Other locations will point to the "hidden message". The Tank Information Block (TIB) contains a variable number of Row Address Words. These Row Address Words point to the disk area.
Further in FIG. 2, the network cloud 16 and com-connector 18 are seen having communication busses 18k and 18c over to the Kerberos server 20 which has a Key Distribution Center Unit 22 and a Kerberos Administrator Unit 24. The Key Distribution Center Unit 22 functions to provide secret access signal codes (keys) to enable message access.
The UDP port management unit 15, FIG. 3, involves the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which is a TCP/IP protocol that permits an application to send a message to one of several other applications running in the destination machine. The "send message" Application is responsible for providing a reliable delivery of the message.
In regard to the preliminary steps which lead up to and through a request for service so that there can be enabled the return of an asynchronous message in response to the client request, it will be seen that there are several assumptions which must be considered as residing in place before the detailed functioning of this model can be operative. These assumptions include:
(i) The client or principal who is requesting a service must be recognized as a valid client or a valid principal within the Kerberos realm.
(ii) By use of the word "valid", the participant must already be logged on and be recognized within the Kerberos Realm. The participant will have and be given all the rights that any other "Kerberized" client or principal might expect to have within the particular Kerberos Realm of participation.
(iii) The individual data which moves between the Unisys NX server software will not be particularly described other than to indicate that the request was "passed" to the next layer of software as appropriate. The data moves between various software packages in itself. A simple assumption will be made that data "is passed" between the software.
Briefly, a client or principal must already have been logged on within a Kerberos Realm and thus be provided with the same privileges as that provided any "Kerberized" client or principal's expectation of privileges.
The references made below to a client will, of course, assume that the client or principal is participating in a Kerberos Realm. As a further assumption for this description, it will be assumed that there is a person or a client operator sitting at a personal computer (PC) with Kerberos privileges.
FIG. 4 is a generalized flow chart indicating the operations occurring upon initiation of a service request by a client. The service request (a) shown in FIG. 4 comes into COMS (b) and COMS will view this as a request from MARC or from a MCS (Message Communication System) as seen in FIG. 8. The COMS program at (b) FIG. 4, will indicate that this was a request which was either a MARC request or a MCS request which is shown at block (cl) and block (c2), which is the MCS request.
At position (b) of FIG. 4, where the COMS program routes the request to the MCS or the MARC, the term "routes" or the term "passes" in this instance implies that a request or a message is being moved via a queue (queuing structure) from one software stack to another software stack. This move, via a queue, is accomplished by transferring the request or message data from one stack's environment, to another stack's environment (FIG. 10) by passing a "data descriptor" which points to an area in memory where the data can be found. The management of this function is provided by the MCP 60. This likewise applies to position (i) of FIG. 4 which indicates that the Kerberos Server Library passes the response via queue to the MARC program.
Now referring to position (k) of FIG. 4 which indicates that the "MARC" program returns the service requested, the term "returns" implies the use of a queue for communicating both through and to the COMS program which is an ancillary process occurring each time that MARC communicates outside of its stack environment. The MCP 60 provides low-level queue management functions with COMS providing the higher-level queue management functions.
It is understood that when a client has made a service request, the client is communicating over the FIG. 3 communication bus 18c, then through the TCP/IP protocol (FIG. 2) in order to access the COMS program.
Now taking the leg (of FIG. 4) shown at (c1) which is the MARC-request for Kerberos service, here there is provided a specialized process where the MARC program requests service from the Kerberos Server Library (KSL) 34 at (d1). Once the Kerberos Server Library receives a request for service, then a decision tree ("A") at position (e) of FIG. 4, is shown as decision tree "A" which raises the question of . . . is this going to be a "asynchronous message" (yes, Y) or is this going to be a "synchronous" message (no, N).
If the answer is "no" (N), that is to say, it is not an asynchronous message but merely an ordinary synchronous message, then this can be handled normally in the next block (f1) where the Kerberos Server Library notifies MARC that the response is to be "synchronous".
Then two operations are presented for execution at (f1) (FIG. 4) at this time. The system will let MARC know that it is waiting for response at (j), or otherwise at (g) the Kerberos server (Kerberos Server Library) is going to go ahead and process this request. Alternately, is the factor that this request can be serviced locally by KSL 34. This is shown in the block at element (g) which indicates the statement that the Kerberos Server (20) or the KSL Library (34) is processing the request. This means that the service can be accomplished via the Kerberos Server 20 or locally on the Kerberos Server Library 34. In the event that it is on the Kerberos Server 20, the system will then receive a response back from the Kerberos Server and then the Kerberos Server Library will pass that response on to MARC at step (i). This is shown at blocks (h) and (i) after which the response is sent to the MARC program at the (j) block of FIG. 4.
On this particular path, it is expected that the response will occur within milliseconds. Thus, when MARC at position (k) returns the service requested, the client 10 will be informed and the program will stop at (L), in order to end the process.
The term "service" here means that a request (a Kerberos command) has been made. This request for service is the processing of the Kerberos command. An example of a service request would be:
(a) Client wants to change his/her Kerberos password;
(b) From MARC the client enters:
KRB PASSWORD <old password> <new password> <new password>
(c) Upon entering this command the client workstation would receive the message as follows:
Your KRB command is being processed. The response to this command will be placed in your system messages queue. You will be notified when your request has been serviced.
After an indeterminate period of time, the client workstation will receive a message:
You have a message in your system messages queue.
When the client examiners his/her system messages queue, the following message(s) could be displayed.
Your password has been successfully changed. or
Your password has not been changed. <Error reason>
Again referring to FIG. 4 and observing the decision tree at (e) where the block "A" on the decision tree takes the "yes" path "Y" to indicate the "asynchronous request." The "yes" (Y) branch goes to block (f2) which indicates a separate process "C" which involves the processing of asynchronous messages and the handling of these messages. This involves a separate sequence (via process "C") which is shown in FIGS. 6 (A,B) and 7 (A,B).
Referring to FIG. 4 and proceeding from step (b) on the leg where the request is routed to the MCS (rather than to MARC) as indicated at block (c2). This is a MCS (Message Control Management System program) for Kerberos service which then evolves to block designated (d2) which indicates a process "B" which is subsequently shown and discussed in FIG. 5.
It may be noted that in FIG. 4, referring to the "synchronous" message passing branch "N" (No) at decision block (e), that the Kerberos Server Library notifies the system that the MARC response was to be "synchronous" and then this is passed on to the Kerberos Server 20 at the Kerberos Server Library 34 which then receives the response. Then the Kerberos Server Library passes the response back to MARC at position (j) where MARC was waiting for the response after which at step (k) the service requested was returned by MARC to the client 10, so that at (L) the process came to a stop.
The channel on FIG. 4 which goes from block location (b) over to block location (c2) involves an MCS-request for Kerberos service. This then involves the process block "B" which is designated at location (d2) and is discussed hereinafter in regard to FIG. 5 (Process "B").
FIG. 5 will indicate a series of flowchart steps labeled B1, B2 . . . B6. At position B1, the MCS request is generated and fed at B2 to the Kerberos Server Library 34 (FIG. 3) which receives the request and calls the Kerberos Server 20. Then at location B3, the Kerberos Server 20 will process the request and return it back to the Kerberos Server Library (KSL 34).
At step B4, the Kerberos Server Library delivers the service request via directives over to the MCS where upon, at step B5, the COMS process 40 routes the message to the appropriate MCS. Thereafter at step B6, the MCS receives the requested service, at which time this process cycle is brought to an ending, after notifying client 10.
The transition of the message (data) between B5 and B6 is accomplished via a queue. The Message Control Systems (MCS) will communicate outside their environment (stack) by using queues. In this instance, when the COMS program receives a message from the Kerberos Server Library 34, it forwards the message to the appropriate Message Control System (MCS) by placing the message into a queue array. Both the MCS and the COMS programs "know" about the existence of the queue and operate to monitor it by means of what is called an "Event". The Message Control System (MCS) is waiting for an "Event" to "happen" which will then wake up the process MCS and will extract the information (data) which it now has a visibility to. The "Event" handling, the moving of data from one environment to the other is controlled by the MCP 60.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart comprising FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrating the steps involved in the handling of an "asynchronous service" request from the MARC processes 40. This block involves the "C" block which was indicated in FIG. 4, at position (f2).
Operational Processes for Block Process "C" (FIGS. 6A, 6B) Asynchronous Service Request from MARC
(1) A user-operator residing at a client work station 10 requests a service via a Kerberos command using the MARC processes. (a, b, c1, d1, e, f2, of FIG. 4).
(2) This request is processed at the client work station 10.
(3) The client work station 10 forwards this request to the appropriate Unisys ClearPath NX Server 13 (FIGS. 2,3) via the client's functional transport mechanism. For example, this might be Net BIOS over the IPX or over the HLCN, the Telnet or Station Transfer Unit, etc. of FIG. 3.
(4) Regardless of which one of these transport mechanisms is used, the request is received by the Unisys NX Server 13 and all the network processing will occur such that the service request is received at the appropriate networking host software level via elements 46, 48, 50, FIG. 2, whose software functions to communicate with PC based terminal emulators.
(5) The networking host software passes this request to the COMS 42 for distribution (at position b of FIG. 4). Networking software (46, 48, 50, 52) on the NX Server 13 takes the message and constructs additional levels of protocol such as transport, session, and networking used to route messages on a network.
(6) COMS upon receiving this request (b), validates that the MCS request is valid. In this particular case, this particular request is to be processed by MARC 40, via (cl). As such the COMS(b) will strip header information intended for its use and then add header information intended to direct a request to MARC 40(c1) and the information to help MARC with the internal processing.
(7) MARC 40 receives the service request and notes that the request is a Kerberos command (cl, FIG. 4). The processing of Kerberos commands is handled outside of the MARC environment via the directives portion of the Kerberos Support Library (KSL) 34 (FIG. 2).
(8) MARC 40 then calling the directive's interface, passes the Kerberos command to the Kerberos Support Library 34, FIG. 3 (KSL) for processing.
(9) The KSL 34 receives the request (d1, FIG. 4) to process the Kerberos command. This will be seen to correlate to step (i) of FIG. 6A).
(10) The Kerberos Server Support Library 34 scans the Kerberos command to determine if the response to the command is to be returned synchronously or asynchronously (position (e) of FIG. 4A), to the original requester which correlates to step (ii) of FIG. 6A.
The "synchronous" response will not be elaborated upon on this particular "asynchronous" cycle but the assumption will now be made that all further operations will refer to "asynchronous" responses.
(11) The Kerberos Support Library 34 determines that the response is to be asynchronous (Y=yes). At this stage, the KSL 34 must obtain additional information from the immediate requester (MARC 40) about the originator. The KSL must also inform MARC the response will be returned asynchronously. FIG. 4 indicates the block "C" at position (f2) which indicates the subsequent sequences which will be described in FIGS. 6A, 6B and 7A, 7B. The following steps 12 through 34 provide an initial generalized summary of these actions.
(12) The Kerberos Support Library 34 requests the client-originator information and builds a request to be sent to the Kerberos Server 20. In addition, it builds a message (in clear text form for display) which message can be used or discarded by the originator. The message states that the response to the Kerberos command which was entered will be returned "asynchronously" as an unsolicited message.
(13) MARC 40, having been notified that the response to its request will be returned asynchronously, notes the dialog number of the specific user who has entered the Kerberos command.
(14) MARC assigns a "TRANSACTION-- ID" (transaction number) for this request and then stores this along with the MARC dialog number.
(15) MARC, ignoring now the KSL-generated clear text message, then builds a message for the originator and sends the message.
(16) MARC releases the session (iii of FIG. 6A) which has been waiting for a response. As a result, the originator is now free to perform other tasks (v of FIG. 6A).
(17) MARC forwards the TRANSACTION-- ID over to the KSL 34 (Kerberos Support Library) which has been waiting for this information.
(18) The Kerberos Server Library (KSL 34) sends a request to the Kerberos Server 20 requesting service by performing a Write request over to the UDP port 26 (FIG. 2) (vii of FIG. 6A).
(19) The Kerberos Server 20 detects activity in the UDP port 26 and then Reads the request.
(20) The Kerberos Server 20 then performs the service. After an indeterminate amount of time, the Kerberos Server 20 with the response formatted, writes to the UDP port 15 of the ClearPath NX Server (FIG. 2) which is then detected by the KSL 34.
(21) The Kerberos Support Library (KSL 34) performs a Read on the UDP port 15 and obtains a response.
(22) The KSL 34 matches control information returned by the Kerberos Server 20 and builds a response constructing an appropriate header, together with the stored TRANSACTION-- ID.
(23) The KSL 34 calls an export procedure in the master control program (MCP internal provider 33, FIG. 2) which then delivers a message from the KSL 34 to COMS 42 via an intercom queue. This intercom queue is located in FIG. 3 within the queue management function block 62. Its function and layout is further shown in FIG. 10.
(24) The master control program MCP 60 FIG. 3, causes an event which is monitored by MARC (with COMS as an intermediary) for its intercom queue and then inserts the response.
(25) This response is passed from the MCP 60 over to COMS 42 on behalf of MARC 40, FIG. 3.
(26) COMS transforms this response into a message format that MARC 40 can now decode.
(27) MARC detects an "event" has been caused which notifies it that an "unsolicited message" has arrived.
(28) MARC 40 examines the message and notes that the message, that has arrived, is a message response to a Kerberos command.
(29) MARC prepares to deliver the message by matching the TRANSACTION-- ID over to a MARC Dialog Number. If the Dialog Number is still active and had previously initiated a Kerberos command, MARC puts the message in a displayable format for delivery. However if the Dialog Number is no longer active, the message is then discarded.
(30) MARC 40 then passes the message over to COMS 42 for actual delivery.
(31) COMS passes the messages to the networking software on the NX Server 13.
(32) The networking software on the NX Server then constructs a message using the appropriate transport protocol mechanism, such as Net BIOS, TCP/IP, and so on for transport to client 10.
(33) The incoming message is then processed on the client workstation 10.
(34) The user-operator sitting at the client workstation 10 is then notified that a message has arrived for his or her review.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show flow chart diagrams illustrating the operational steps of the processes involved in the location (f2) designated block "C" of FIG. 4. As seen in FIG. 6A, the Kerberos Server Library receives a request for service (i). Then the Kerberos Server Library notifies the Menu-Assisted Resource Control Program (MARC) that an "asynchronous" service is requested (ii). At branch 61, (FIG. 6A and 7A) the MARC process notes the details of the client and "releases" step (iii) the session. The "session" is used to denote the active connection between a user and a computer or between two computers. This provides an input back to the original requester 10 which then leaves the client free to initiate a new service request, step (v), thus to continue with further operations even though the service for the original request was not yet provided by the Kerberos Server 20.
Returning now to the FIG. 6A block designated (ii) where the KSL 34 notifies MARC 40 that an asynchronous service is requested. Now, the process cycle 62 (FIG. 7A) occurs over at location step (vii) where the Kerberos Server Library builds a service request and stores the "client information". This then proceeds to location (viii) at which the Kerberos Server 20 processes the service request. Then, at location (ix), here, the NX server 13 receives the asynchronous response after which at location (x) the Kerberos Server Library receives the message. An auxiliary operation can occur at location (x) where the path 63 indicates that the Kerberos Server Library then builds a message header at location (xii).
Then, at position (x), the Kerberos Server Library having received the message continues on to position (xi) designated as "P" which continues as shown in FIG. 6B.
At position (xi) designated "P" of FIG. 6B, it is then necessary to refer to FIG. 7B which shows the Queue Insertion Event (at xi=P). Then, as shown in FIG. 6B at position (xiii), the Kerberos Server Library inserts a formatted message in the queue. The Kerberos Support Library 34 has built the message, that was received from the Kerberos Server, and placed into a queue array, plus attaching in certain control information. The Kerberos Server Library (KSL) then "inserts" this message using an "insert construct" as provided by the DCALGOL programming language. When the "insert statement" is executed, then the MCP code will then be invoked.
Now referring to FIG. 6B, the process "P" continues at position (xi) over to the position (xiii) wherein the Kerberos Server Library inserts a formatted message in the queue (62, FIG. 3) and detailed in FIG. 10. Then, at position (xiv), the master control program (MCP) notes the queue event and passes the information onto COMS. In summary, and as a continuation from position (xi), the MCP code is invoked on top of the queue stack environment (at P of FIG. 7B) which will then process the "insert event statement". This code then takes the array (a structure containing the data or message), which is actually a data descriptor, and in combination, noting the source and the destination, then lays the groundwork to "notify" the destination. The COMS program is the interim destination. The Master Control Program "causes" an Event which the COMS environment has been monitoring. When this Event "happens", the COMS program now has visibility to the array (data descriptor), which will then be routed by another queue over to the MARC program, via 61 of FIG. 7B over to 61 of FIG. 7A. Thus it can be said that the MARC program receives the message at position (xvi), FIG. 6B.
This processing function then proceeds to position (xv) where COMS then notes the queue event and passes the message on to MARC. Then at position (xvi), the MARC process receives the unsolicited message in the control queue FIG. 10.
An "Unsolicited Message" is a message generated by any software which will be ultimately displayed by another software which is not in a "wait" state (waiting) for said message to be delivered to it. The receiving software is not aware (programatically) that a message is being delivered. Conversely, a "Solicited Message" is a message generated by any software for which another software is waiting (the process environment is suspended) and the receiving software is aware that it will be receiving this message.
The process of "receives" is an instance again of moving data from one environment to another environment using a queue. The data descriptor which points to the data in an area of memory is passed from one process to a different process. The MARC program receives the MSG (data descriptor) from COMS, and then MARC will then process this message (xxi) which will ultimately be passed back to COMS for delivery shown at position (xxii) FIG. 6B. At position (xxii), it is seen that COMS receives the message to be delivered to the original requester. Here, COMS receives the message from MARC. Then through a series of procedure calls, the message is eventually delivered to the appropriate transport for delivery at the original client-requester 10.
Then, along the communication channel 64 (FIG. 6B) to the position (xvii), here the MARC program processes the unsolicited message and also checks the present validity of the original request.
Thus, at position step (xviii), MARC verifies to see whether the original requester is still a valid requester, after which at position (xix), a check is made at the decision tree to determine whether the particular station is still valid. If the station is valid, Y=Yes, then at position (xx) a "valid return" signal is sent to location step (xvi), where MARC receives the unsolicited message in a control queue, at which time on channel 65, at position step (xxi), MARC converts the encoded station information into a COMS message format. This is sent via position (xxii) whereby COMS receives the message to be delivered to the original requester at the terminal 10.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are a set of drawings showing the stack of processes used in a sequential set of software operations. In FIG. 7A, the left-hand stack designated "100" is marked as the NX/TCP/MARC stack capsulete. The stack "200" on the right side of FIG. 7A is designated as the Kerberos Support Library stack capsulate. Sequential interconnections between stacks 100 and 200 are shown.
In FIG. 7B, the process stack designated NX MCP Environment is the sequence of processes which originate from the pointer P, location step (xi) coming from FIG. 7A.
The lower portion of FIG. 7B is the processor stack environment for the Kerberos server correlating the pointer P1 location step (xi-1) of FIG. 7A and also the pointer P2 location (xi-2) coming from FIG. 7A.
Referring to FIG. 7A, the stack capsulete 100 starts with the Kerberized client request received by the NX server 13. Then the transmission control protocol/internet protocol provides communication to the COMS software whereinafter the COMS routes the request to MARC for processing. Then MARC receives the request and calls the Kerberos Server Library to process the command. Then, a call is made to the Kerberos Server Library to process the command, after which there is a period for awaiting the return and a call-back. The call back process is the KSL informing MARC that this command will be processed asynchronously. In addition KSL requests several attributes (the MCS number and Transaction-- ID) such that KSL may return this information for routing purposes to MARC when the final response is returned.
Since MARC can receive Unsolicited Message(s) from other software's like Controller, it is intended to show that the message MARC received is a message from KSL. There is a fine distinction between box (xvi) and (xvii) in FIG. 6B; in (xvi) MARC is receiving an unsolicited message from someone. In (xvii) MARC now knows it to be a Kerberos message from KSL
The MARC program FIG. 7A notes the station information and stores the information. The MARC program notifies the requester and "releases" the station for other operations.
Now MARC maps the dialogue number to the Transaction-- ID and returns the dialogue number to the Kerberos Server Library. This brings the process to (61) shown in stack 100 which correlates to FIG. 6A designated (61) between the step (ii) and step (iii).
Note that in stack 100 (FIG. 7A), there were several intermediate steps, such that the step involving "Calls Kerberos Server Library To Process Command", will be seen to communicate to the stack 200 whereupon there is a processing of the Kerberos command and the building of a requester message after which there is a notification to MARC via a "call back" procedure, such that the response to the Kerberos command is to be returned "asynchronously". This is then fed over to the first stack 100 at the block designated "Await Return And Call-Back". Subsequently at stack 100 at the function where MARC maps the dialogue number to the Transaction-- ID and returns this data to the Kerberos Server Library, there is then a sequence over to the stack 200 (FIG. 7A) where the system stores the Transaction-- ID and associates it with a pending request to the Kerberos server, after which the system builds a header and request message which then involves a request of service via the User Datagram Port (UDP) to the KDC (Key Distribution Center) 22, FIG. 2.
The request for service via the UDP to the KDC in stack 200 is seen at location (xi-2) "P2" which is further continued on FIG. 7B where the Kerberos server receives the request via the UDP port then processes the request and builds the response, then sends out the response via the UDP port to the NX server 13 which function is continued as "P1" which relates back to FIG. 7A at location (xi-1).
Here, at FIG. 7A, step (xi-1)=P1, there is a KDC event, such that the message is processed to send back to the originator. Then proceeding upward in stack 200, the Kerberos Support Library will build the message header with a Transaction-- ID match after which there will be an insertion of the message in the queue for delivery to the requester at location (xi) "P". Now referring to FIG. 7B, the NX-- MCP environment shows the sequence at "P" (xi) which involves a queue insertion event, followed by an action to validate that the queue is active and to cause an "event" for monitoring the process.
Then, a call is made to (61) located on stack 100 (FIG. 7A) followed by the events shown on the upper part of stack 100, where the COMS-event has "happened" and notes a message for MARC. Then, the message is passed to MARC with the appropriate header, after which MARC receives the unsolicited message. At this time, there is also a validation cycle to validate that the client is still valid. After this, MARC recalls the client dialogue number and if valid, forwards the dialogue number. If the dialogue number is invalid, then MARC will discard the message. This is followed by a call to position (62) of FIG. 7A which then goes to FIG. 7B whereby the client-server 13 is seen to transport the response to the client with a message as . . . "your password has been successfully changed".
Thus, in summary, the asynchronous service request from MARC designated as "process C" is seen in FIG. 6A so that now referring to FIG. 4, the client service request is being routed to the MARC whereby MARC requests for Kerberos service and the Kerberos Server Library receives the request for service (d1, FIG. 4), and will then select the "asynchronous" message choice at (e) which will then trigger the process "C", location (f2) which is then instituted at FIG. 6A, together with FIG. 6B.
In FIG. 6A, a series of processes designated (61) operates between the moment that the Kerberos Server Library notifies MARC that an asynchronous service is requested and at the point (iii) the MARC program notes the client's details and releases the session back to the original requester at terminal 10, after which the client is free to initiate a new service request even though the asynchronous service request has not yet been consummated.
However, subsequently, an unsolicited message will be generated by the Kerberos server and the MARC program in order to notify the client via an unsolicited message that he may proceed with his original request, since he has now been authenticated by the Kerberos Server.
Thus, the user-client can initiate a first or original request for service in a Kerberized environment and does not have to wait for a validation and completion of that original request before he can proceed to do other request operations. After receipt of an unsolicited response to this original request, the originating client-user operator can then pursue the original request.
FIGS. 8 and 9 were previously described under the heading of "GENERAL OVERVIEW".
Described herein has been the particular use of the communication management program (COMS) and message control system program (MCS) in a Kerberos network wherein an originating client-terminal is enabled to initiate a service request via a client-server and Kerberos server, and to subsequently receive an unsolicited message response without degrading the continued use of the client-terminal.
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|Communications system
|Jan 21, 2000
|Apr 4, 2006
|Unisys Corporation
|Non pre-authenticated kerberos logon via asynchronous message mechanism
|Jun 29, 2001
|Oct 23, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Methods, systems and computer program products for authentication between clients and servers using differing authentication protocols
|Jan 16, 2003
|Sep 2, 2008
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Interception and modification of network authentication packets with the purpose of allowing alternative authentication modes
|Mar 3, 2000
|Dec 29, 2009
|Sony Corporation
|Network system including a terminal device capable of registering with a server
|Jun 15, 2005
|Jul 13, 2010
|Microsoft Corporation
|One time password integration with Kerberos
|Jan 28, 2013
|Nov 25, 2014
|Prism Technologies Llc
|Method for managing access to protected computer resources
|Dec 30, 2014
|Nov 24, 2015
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|Dec 30, 2014
|Nov 24, 2015
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|Nov 21, 2014
|Jun 14, 2016
|Prism Technologies, L.L.C.
|Method for managing access to protected computer resources
|Apr 28, 2016
|Aug 9, 2016
|Prism Technologies Llc
|Method for managing access to protected computer resources
|Jul 2, 2014
|Oct 4, 2016
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|May 26, 2016
|Jan 10, 2017
|Prism Technologies Llc
|Method for managing access to protected computer resources
|Apr 26, 2001
|Aug 15, 2002
|Maurice Herlihy
|Methods and systems for securing computer software
|Jun 29, 2001
|Jan 2, 2003
|Mcgarvey John R.
|Methods, systems and computer program products for authentication between clients and servers using differing authentication protocols
|Jun 20, 2003
|Dec 23, 2004
|Cahill Conor P.
|User not present
|Jun 15, 2005
|Dec 21, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|One time password integration with Kerberos
|Jun 30, 2014
|Oct 23, 2014
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|Jul 2, 2014
|Jan 8, 2015
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|Dec 30, 2014
|Apr 23, 2015
|Facebook, Inc.
|Leveraging a persistent connection to access a secured service
|U.S. Classification
|726/10, 713/155, 380/279
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 27, 1997
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text:
We are planning a last minute trip to Europe around Thanksgiving/early December.
We had to cancel a different trip we booked for November due to my husband health issues, so need to plan this one quickly now.
We always wanted to see pre-Xmas Europe, so this is an opportunity to do so.
The goal is to do some sightseeing, x-mas markets, museums, etc…
We will have around 10 days starting November, 27, and we plan to take trains.
There are a couple of routes I am thinking about:
1. Vienna (2.5 days, been here previously in summer) – Prague (2.5 days) – Drezden (2 days) – Nurmberg/Bambsberg (2 days)
2. Berlin (2 days) – Drezden (2 days) – Prague (3 days) – Vienna (3)
What are your thoughts on this? Do you have other suggestions or recommendations?
Thank you!!!
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Looking for your feedback on planning pre-Xmas trip
We are planning a last minute trip to Europe around Thanksgiving/early December.
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With either itinerary I would suggest you consult the train timetables and then revisit your plans. Does the time allotted (10 days) include travel days? For example, the train from Vienna to Prague is ~5 hours; add in the transfer and logistics time and it's more than half a day. Same with the Dresden to Nuremburg.
Personally I would drop one or even two of the cities from each itinerary. With the first itinerary I would structure the holiday around Prague and Vienna, with perhaps a day trip from each city. WIth the second itinerary I would drop Vienna.
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I did counted time we need for travel.
I have something of this sort.
Vienna - Nov, 27,28, 29 (27 is a morning arrival)
Vienna to Prague Nov 30, Dec, 1, 2
Travel to Drezden Dec 3, 4
Travel to Nurmberg Dec 5, 6, 7.
Fly home on Dec 8
I see what you are saying - too rushed. However, I was hesitant to skip Nurmberg/Bamberg, because they have this famous x-mas market. And my husband really wants to go to Vienna. Hard to decide
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I also have a question about train travel. We normally drive in Europe, so no experience with train travel and train tickets.
What is the good place to look at/book tickets?
I was using www.bahn.com and www.eurail.com.
Since, there are three country involved into this trip, so it seems like point to point tickets are cheaper than a pass.
Do we I need to book in advance?
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Don't know about tickets Vienna - Prague, but guess you can get a discount if you book in advance. No need to book in advance for Prague - Dresden and Dresden - Nürnberg. The latter is regional trains only, anyway, and you will want to buy the "Quer-duchs-Land-Ticket" for this trip. 44 Euro for one, 50 Euro for two adults. Buy it from a ticket machine at the railway station, fill in the name of one traveller before you board the train. Travel only on regional trains with this ticket, and only after 9 am. Works fine in this case, the IRE train leaves Dresden 9.01 and arrives Nürnberg 1.18 pm.
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Point to point tickets is the way to go, and it can often pay to book in advance ("Sparscheine" tickets.) For the Vienna to Prague route, check the OBB (Austrian Federal Railways) site, http://www.oebb.at/en/
Personally, I still think you're underestimating the time you'll need in each destination without feeling rushed. The Christmasmarkt force is strong; strolling, taking photos, glühwein, shopping, and debating purchases can take much more time than you think. Vienna alone offers more than a dozen markets to experience during the time you'll be here. Plus, Central Europe is cold that time of year; you'll have to factor in time to pause in warm cafes, as well.
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Ingo, Fourfortravel, thank you so much for your responses!
Yes, I saw this IRE train to Nuremberg, and will check Austrian railways as well.
I assume, second class is comfortable enough for a few hours ride.
Fourfortravel, I agree, it is rushed... But this is the same problem we have every vacation, too little time
We will have to live with less shopping...
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If you have never been to Dresden, I suggest you drop one day from Nürnberg and add it to Dresden. You can easily spend a week there, without the Christmas markets! Or, skip Prague completely.
I agree with Four - you're traveling too much and not enjoying enough! Both Dresden and Vienna have many Christmas markets and many museums and 2-3 days is very rushed.
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helen63, OBB second class is quite comfortable. Spend the extra couple of Euros for a seat reservation in a compartment; it also buys you the use of the overhead luggage rack.
For your travel planning, here is the list of Christmas markets from a Vienna tourism website. The list is incomplete, as it doesn't include some of the specialty markets that are only open on a given weekend, but it could help with planning.
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Fourfortravel, thank you! This is perfect! Where did you stay in Vienna? In the past, we stayed somewhat away from the center, and used a tram to get there. However, this time, we wanted to stay centrally located, because we have little time, and my husband just had a recent surgery.
Wanderfrau, we may follow your advice, and stay an extra day in Dresden. These days are flexible.
I really want to see Prague, since we will be so close.
I actually wanted to skip Vienna, because we have been there previously, but my husband wants to see it during X-mas season.
I hope, this will not be our last time in
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helen63, we live in Vienna! I'd love to be able to offer you our guest bedroom; however, we are hosting visiting friends and student athletes from across Europe for the next several weeks!
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Oh, you live in Vienna!!! Lucky you!
What are your favorite things to do in winter in Vienna then?
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Over the Thanksgiving week here in Vienna there are at least 8 Christmas markets to explore, including a new market at Naschmarkt. The dog and I, and friend as well conduct recon missions during the day, and report out to the family over dinner about which markets should be revisited in the evenings, when the twinkling lights make everything more festive. A large ice skating rink will be set up in front of the Rathaus Christmasmarkt, too.
Regarding Christmas markets, there are four in Vienna that are the "same;" that is, they offer identical crafts and foods in four different locations (http://weihnachtsdorf.at)
On the Saturday of Thanksgiving weekend the United Nations Women's Guild holds its massive annual bazaar (easy access from the U1). Think of it as a way to sample your way around the world, in the coziness of hundreds of others! Food, beverages, costumed performances, and shopping. This alone requires a day.
In early December the museums are quiet, so you can enjoy some of Vienna's art without bulky tour groups to step around. Plan your museum trips well; the Imperial tickets come in many varieties, and it's easy to get confused about which ticket you really want/need. Same thing with the Vienna card.
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So nice! Sounds like dog and you have a wonderful winter time...
I really want to visit Naschmarkt. We did not make it there last time. Is it in walking distance from Stephansplatz? We will be staying around there.
As for tickets prices, I am not worried about prices. With time we have, we will probably make only to Kunsthistorische. Unfortunately, we will not be there on Saturday either
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
SimCity, StarCraft 2: Heart of the Swarm headline March 2013's PC game releases
Who says PC gaming is dead? All you need to do is look at March's game releases to see the PC gaming community is alive and thriving. Yesterday we had the release of SimCity and The Sims 3: University Life, two extremely popular PC-exclusive games. Looking ahead, we'll see Heart of the Swarm, the highly anticipated expansion to Blizzard's StarCraft 2. Below are just a few notable PC releases we'll see this month.
SimCity - March 5, 2013
The open-ended city-building simulator makes its triumphant return this month. This time, it won't be just your city. For the first time ever, there will be multiplayer in a SimCity game. You and your buddies can work together to create a thriving region, building off the success of your neighbors and pooling resources to achieve a shared goal. Plots of land are smaller, limiting you to what you can specialize in, but that's all because of the emphasis of relying on your neighbors.
SimCity also introduces the GlassBox Engine. This powerful engine is the life force behind your city, controlling the thoughts and actions of every individual Sim, while reacting to your decisions as mayor. We've started our review in progress of SimCity, but be sure to check back later this week for our final thoughts now that the servers have gone live.
The Sims 3: University Life - March 5, 2013
EA's The Sims 3 gets yet another expansion this month. University Life offers your Sim the ability to leave home and embark on a journey to higher education. Here you can expect to find everything you do at a normal college -- attend class, meet new friends, find your social niche, and build new skills for future use. Oh, you'll also engage in "juice" pong.
As per usual expansion, University Life will add new venues, careers, objects, traits and skills. On a side note, University Life is just one of the many expansions planned throughout 2013 for The Sims 3.
StarCraft 2: Heart of the Swarm - March 12, 2013
The expansion to Blizzard's StarCraft 2 finally arrives this month. Heart of the Swarm is part two of the planned StarCraft 2 trilogy and include new units and multiplayer changes from Wings of Liberty. The main draw, however, is the campaign, which is set two years after the events of Wings of Liberty and will focus on the Zerg race, featuring Sarah Kerrigan.
Resident Evil 6 - March 22, 2013
Despite lukewarm reception on consoles, the PC version of Resident Evil 6 is shaping up to be pretty damn cool. In addition to enhanced graphics, the PC version will launch with an updated Mercenaries mode. This will add more enemies on screen at once, making it easier to obtain the combo multiplayer. Also, more foes should create for a greater challenge. The PC version will include access to Ada Wong's campaign from the outset, along with the option to play this campaign with a co-op partner.
Check out the specs needed to run Resident Evil 6 on your PC.
Like I said, March is a pretty big month for PC releases. These are just a few of the many titles that will be playable this month. If you're more of a console player, see what's coming to Xbox 360 and PS3. Be sure to follow @Matt_GZ for the latest gaming news or if you just want to talk video games.


text:
Wilkes Barre
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Contra dance at Blueberry Cove
Tenants Harbor — The monthly Thomaston contra dance will head down the St. George peninsula Saturday, July 26, for a community dance with Twisted Strings at Blueberry Cove Camp. All dances will be taught by caller John McIntire.
The dance will start at 8 p.m. All ages and abilities are welcome, and no partner is needed. Cost is $8, free for children.
Blueberry Cove Camp is at 22 Blueberry Cove Road, located a half-mile down Harts Neck Road from Route 131, just past the Tenants Harbor ball field. For more information, call 832-5584 or Thomaston Contradancers on Facebook.
Courier Publications' A&E Editor Dagney C. Ernest can be reached at (207) 594-4401, ext. 115; or email@example.com.


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WILMINGTON, NC (WWAY) — Folks in the Cape Fear are raising money for children's cancer research that's different than most fundraisers; and in return, they end up with a new look.
The St. Baldrick's Foundation is a national organization that raises awareness and funding for childhood cancer research, and volunteers show their support by shaving their head.
Supporters in our area are bringing the head-shaving challenge to Wilmington, and one volunteer kicked it all off by shaving his head live on Good Morning Carolina.
Justin Thuesen wanted to raise awareness and make a statement for viewers, and says he is looking forward to more supporters getting involved this weekend at the head-shaving event he and hairdresser Gerry Taylor helped organize.
The Wilmington fundraising event will be held on Saturday at 10 p.m., at The Toolbox on Burnett Blvd. Watch the full interview with Randy Aldridge, Gerry Taylor, and the brave Justin Thuesen, to learn more.


text: I have been asked to smoke 8-10 turkey's for a event. I smoke a lot of other meats but never whole turkey's. I would not like to get involved with the having to having to brine them. Questions? does anyone have a good pointer on just plan old smoking them? They will be 10-12lbs max. I have a large smoker either reverse or straight can be used. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance, Randy


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|Re: Real Joy Hill letters?
Subject: Re: Real Joy Hill letters?
by dunedain on 2010/3/10 7:01:20
I was also curious about the publishing date on the book. I would have thought that would have been after 1973, probably 1975 or there abouts. Anyone else have a better date? The signature looks good, but something doesn't seem right. I also agree on the check vs cheque, a little unusual at best.


text:
3B FA 5 years ago
Chipper Jones singled and came around to score Wednesday against the Pirates in his final regular-season at-bat.
Jones took the first pitch he saw from A.J. Burnett into right field for a single. It seemed likely that he'd be removed for a pinch-runner, but he stayed in and came around to score. The hit gave Chipper a .287/.377/.455 line in his final season. The .832 OPS is his highest mark since 2008, though he did come in over .800 each of the last three seasons as well. He ends his career having never finished below .800.


text:
Kevin Taylor (left) receives his tickets from Durham CCC Sales Director Tom Seymour
Durham Jets supporter Kevin Taylor will jet away to Dubai courtesy of club sponsors Emirates Airline.
Mr Taylor, a Durham member who lives in nearby Gateshead, got through to the final of our 'Emirates Scoreboard' competition which took place at the final NatWest T20 Blast home game of the season.
Along with three other finalists, Mr Taylor was asked to predict the first innings score on the night and his guess of 169 was the closest to the total of 195 that Northamptonshire Steelbacks posted.
"I'm delighted" the lucky winner told durhamccc.co.uk.
"I've been through Dubai as I was lucky enough to go to the cricket in Australia at Christmas with Emirates but unfortunately we didn't get out of the airport so I'm really looking forward to seeing Dubai.
"Once it got past the eighth or ninth over I was fairly confident to be honest with it being a lovely hard pitch and a nice night
"My girlfriend has a son and two grandchildren in Dubai so it'll be a good way to introduce myself to them I imagine!"