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The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an alarming rate across much of the developed world (Wild et al., 2004). In Saudi Arabia, in particular, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased dramatically (El-Hazmi and Warsy, 1989; El-Hazmi et al., 1998). Within the last 20 years the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Saudi adults has increased by sixfold (Fatani et al., 1987; Al-Nozha et al., 2004). Several factors are considered important. These include age, gender, obesity, socioeconomic status, genetic susceptibility and lifestyle. In Saudi Arabia, one of the main reasons for the increase in diabetes mellitus may be because of a major change in habitual eating patterns, including modifications in the quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrates (CHO) and their resultant impact on obesity (Musaiger, 1987). Indeed, daily intakes of finely milled cereal and grain products have increased over recent years (Alissa et al., 2005) and there has been a concomitant reduction in the consumption of some healthy traditional starchy foods such as Hareese (whole grain wheat cooked with meat) and Kabsa, which is a main dish prepared largely from rice (either white rice or the reddish brown rice variety known as Hassawi rice (HR) (Al-Mssallem, 1999)).
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important cereal food crops in the world (Wang and Li, 2005). In Saudi Arabia, rice is a staple carbohydrate (CHO) source (Al-Mssallem, 1999) with imported (for example, long-grain white rice such as Uncle Ben's rice (UBR)) and locally grown (HR) varieties available. This latter type of rice is grown in the Al-Hassa oasis in Eastern Saudi Arabia (Al-Bahrany, 2002) and consumed traditionally (by 5% of the Saudis). HR by tradition is consumed in a main dish (Kabsa) with cooked vegetables and meat (for example, lamb). Traditionally, HR has been considered, with good reason, to have a better nutritional quality and to be healthier for women in the postpartum period compared with white rice (Al-Mssallem, 1999). HR is lower in its total CHO content (CATM, 1985) and higher in total protein (Al-Mssallem and Al-Mssallem, 1997; Al-Mssallem, 1999) compared with white long-grain rice. Furthermore, levels of ash, proximate fat and fibre are higher in HR (CATM, 1985; Al-Bahrany, 2002).
Both the macro- and micronutrient content of foods can have a major impact upon health (Leena et al., 2004). This is particularly applicable to the CHO present, which can affect both plasma glucose and insulin levels. Indeed, a strong positive association exists between the glycaemic index (GI, a measure of the impact a food makes on postprandial glucose levels) of foods and the risk of Type 2 diabetes (Salmeron et al., 1997; Schulze et al., 2004), which supports the idea of the importance of the quality of dietary CHO in delaying the onset or preventing Type 2 diabetes (Schulze et al., 2004). There is also a positive link between high GI and low cereal fibre content and increased risk of diabetes, and it has been suggested that minimally refined grains should be consumed to reduce the incidence of Type 2 diabetes (Salmeron et al., 1997). As such, high GI foods may alter the risk of Type 2 diabetes owing to the production of higher postprandial blood glucose concentrations and a greater insulin demand compared with low GI foods (Frost and Dornhorst, 2000; Kalergis et al., 2005).
CHO digestion and the subsequent release of glucose (available for absorption) can be assessed in vitro. Indeed in 1992, Englyst et al. (1992) developed an in vitro technique of dietary CHO digestion and created two terms related to glucose release from CHOs. These terms were slowly available glucose (SAG) and rapidly available glucose (RAG). RAG is defined as the amount of glucose made available for absorption from a food consumed during the first 20 min (G20) of the in vitro incubation. It is in effect with the glucose released from readily digestible starch and glucose released from the food in the form of the glucose monomer or glucose released from sucrose. SAG is defined as the amount of glucose released for absorption from food consumed between 20(G20) and 120 min time point (G120) of the incubation. It is in effect with the glucose released from slowly digestible starch and any further glucose released from the food in the form of the glucose monomer or glucose released from sucrose. Together these terms can help provide information on how a food may perform in vivo.
There is evidence that RAG can predict glycaemic response in vivo (Englyst et al., 1999) but at present there is little information on RAG and SAG values of rice varieties. This is in contrast to a large amount of information on the GI of rice varieties which have been shown to vary from 37 (Bangladeshi rice; Foster-Powell et al., 2002) to 109 (Jasmine rice; Brand-Miller et al., 2007). Some data is also available on the insulinaemic indices (II) of rice but it is noteworthy that these are far less numerous than those for GI. Furthermore, although there is some consensus between GI and II values for some rice varieties (for example, 88 (GI) and 89 (II) for waxy rice; Brand-Miller et al., 1992) this is not the case for all (for example, 64 (GI) and 40 (II) for Doongara white rice; Brand-Miller et al., 1992).
We consider that a greater understanding of the effects of traditional Saudi Arabian foods on blood glucose and insulin levels may help lead to more effective lifestyle prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes. In this respect, our hypothesis is that a traditional Saudi Arabian food, namely HR, will produce a lower GI and II compared with a commonly consumed Western variety of rice (UBR), and that RAG and SAG values will be helpful in predicting the GI. The objectives of the study are (1) to investigate and compare the RAG, SAG and chemical composition of HR and UBR and (2) to measure and compare the GI and II of the two rice varieties. To do this, RAG and SAG were measured using the in vitro CHO hydrolysis method (Englyst et al., 2000). Standard protocols (AOAC, 1995) were used to measure food chemical composition. GI and II were measured using FAO/WHO (1998) standard procedures.
Materials and methods
In vitro study
Preparation of samples
Two types of rice were selected for the study, HR (Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia) and long grain white parboiled UBR (Masterfoods, Brucargo-Zaventem, Belgium). UBR was chosen because it is one of the most commonly available rice varieties around the world and it is also consumed in Saudi Arabia. HR and UBR were cooked in their traditional ways in distilled water for 45 and 17 min, respectively. The ratio of rice to water used was 1:2. The water was heated to boiling point in a saucepan, the specified amount of rice was added and the lid applied. When the contents reached boiling point the heat was reduced to a simmer. All the water was absorbed during the cooking process.
For the in vitro analysis, each sample was ground to the same consistency using a mincer and mortar and pestle, and then obtained samples were used for RAG and SAG measurements. The chemical composition for HR and UBR (fat, protein, ash, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and amylose) were determined using standard methods (AOAC, 1995).
Measurement of RAG, SAG and TS
The in vitro procedure used to determine RAG, SAG and total starch (TS) was an enzymatic hydrolysis of the food CHO using the method of Englyst et al. (2000). For this measurement, portions of the rice (3 g) were weighed into 50 ml centrifuge tubes (Corning, New York, NY, USA) to the nearest ±1 mg and incubated with a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes (amyloglucosidase from Englyst Carbohydrate Services Ltd (Southampton, UK), amylase (heat stable) and pancreatin from Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd, Poole, UK) under controlled conditions of temperature (37 °C) and pH (5.2). Viscosity was standardised using guar gum in the incubation mixture as indicated in the Englyst method (Englyst et al., 2000). Subsamples were collected from the incubation mixture at specific time points (20 and 120 min) and measured for glucose content and these values were then used to calculate the RAG and SAG values, respectively.
The calculations were as follows:
Further treatment and incubations were performed to disperse any remaining starch present in the samples to determine the total glucose released, which was then used to calculate the TS. The glucose present in each of the different samples was determined colorimetrically using Glucose Oxidase/Peroxidase Reagent (Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd).
Two reference samples, namely potato starch (Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd) and cornflakes (Kellogg's, Manchester, UK) were included in every batch analysed and the inter-assay coefficient of variations were calculated to be <10% for reference 1 (potato starch) and 5% for reference 2 (cornflakes).
In vivo study
A randomised crossover design carried out in accordance with the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization guidelines (FAO/WHO, 1998) was used for GI testing. The study design received ethical approval from the University of Surrey Ethics Committee (EC/2004/37/SBMS) and 13 healthy volunteers were recruited from the postgraduate student and staff population at the University of Surrey by the distribution of both e-mails and posters. All volunteers gave informed written consent. The 13 individuals recruited were 6 men and 7 women, mean age 30.0 years (s.e.m. 1.74 years; range 25–42 years). Weight, height, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure were measured at baseline.
Test foods
HR and UBR were cooked in a kitchen at the Clinical Investigation Unit (University of Surrey) as described above. A cooked portion of 120 g of HR or 83 g of UBR (both contained 25 g of available CHO) was served to subjects with 250 ml of water. Each rice variety was tested twice. On three other separate occasions, 250 ml of water containing 25 g glucose (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) was given. The day on which the subjects received either a rice variety or a standard glucose was randomised. Subjects were asked to eat the rice and consume the drink within a 10 min time period.
Study protocol
On the day before GI and II testing, participants were asked to restrict their consumption of alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. They were also requested to limit their involvement in intense physical activity and to consume the same kind of meal before each test day to reduce variability in the response to the foods.
Subjects arrived at the Clinical Investigation Unit at the University of Surrey at 0830 h on each study day after an overnight fast (10–12 h). They were asked to sit quietly for 10 mins and then requested to take the first capillary blood sample (fasting sample). Subjects were then requested to eat the rice with water or the glucose standard drink within a 10 min time period. Blood samples were taken by finger pricks using preset lancets (Accu-chek Softclix Pro., Brighton, UK) at fasting, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consuming the HR, UBR or standard glucose solution. Individual time sheets were used to record sampling times, and subjects were requested to remain within the clinical investigation unit for the duration of sampling and to keep their physical activity to a minimum. Blood samples were collected into 300 μl plastic microvette tubes (Sarstedt Ltd, Leicester, UK) coated with fluoride oxalate and were immediately centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The resultant plasma was transferred into separate 300 μl plastic plain microvette tubes (Sarstedt Ltd). The tubes were then frozen and kept at −20 °C until analysis (within 4 weeks).
At the end of the test duration subjects were provided with a light breakfast and were allowed to leave the clinical investigation unit and to continue with their day.
Glucose measurement
An automatic analyser (YSI 2300 STAT plus, Yellow Springs, Analytical Technologies, YSI Ltd, Fleet, UK) was used to determine plasma glucose concentrations. A total of 24 samples were analysed in each run along with three quality control samples. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation of the quality control samples was less than 1 and 5%, respectively.
The incremental area under the glucose curve (iAUC) for the reference glucose drink, HR and UBR was calculated according to the recommended method by WHO (FAO/WHO, 1998). The GI values of HR and UBR for each subject were calculated as follows:
The GI value of HR and UBR was calculated as the average value obtained for 10 subjects.
Insulin analysis
An enzyme linked immunosorbant assay was used for measuring plasma insulin concentrations (MLT, Cardiff, UK). Samples were thawed at room temperature and then centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 min to remove insoluble debris. The quality control samples, standards (Invitron Ltd, Monmouth, UK) and samples were incubated with the labelled antibody solution (Invitron Ltd) at 37 °C for 2 h and unbound labelled antibodies were removed using the wash buffer (Invitron Ltd) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The insulin was then measured using the microtitre plate luminometer (Luminescent plate reader Centro LB 960, Barthold Technologies, Bad Wildbad, Germany). All readings obtained from the luminometer were multiplied by six to convert the units (mU/l) into pmol/l. Two quality control samples (one low and one high) were used and their intra-assay coefficient of variations were 4 and 5%, respectively, and the inter-assay coefficient of variations were 10 and 12%, respectively.
Statistical analyses
Results were checked for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and expressed as means±one s.e.m. For the human study, a two-factor(treatment and time) repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse differences in the means of the glucose and insulin levels within the two types of rice and standard glucose. In addition, a single-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse differences in the iAUC for glucose and insulin (SPSS 16.0 for Windows; Copyright 2009 SPSS, Somers, NY, USA). If a significant interaction was obtained following analysis of variance, a Bonferroni stepwise post hoc test was performed to determine the location of the variance. Differences in RAG, SAG and macronutrient levels between HR and UBR were evaluated by paired t-test. All data were examined using a two-tailed approach with a level of P<0.05 being considered as significant.
Compositional analysis
Compositional data for HR and UBR is presented in Table 1. However, the proximate content of CHO in HR was significantly lower than that found in UBR (P<0.001); fat (P<0.001), protein (P<0.001), amylose (P=0.003), ash and NSP (P<0.001) were significantly higher.
Table 1 - Nutritional composition, glycaemic index, insulinaemic index and glycaemic load values for the Hassawi rice and Uncle Ben's rice per serving size (150 g).Full table
In vitro measurement of RAG, SAG and TS
The RAG, SAG and TS values are presented in Figure 1. RAG values were significantly lower for HR compared with UBR (16.70±0.58 vs 21.10±0.28 g, respectively; P<0.001, t=8.44, n=6). SAG values were significantly lower for HR compared with UBR (5.80±0.28 vs 9.65±0.91 g, respectively; P=0.011, t=3.95, n=6). The TS value for HR (21.52±0.55 g) was significantly lower (P<0.01) than the corresponding value for UBR (31.07±0.50 g).
Figure 1.
Rapidly available glucose (RAG), slowly available glucose (SAG) and total starch (TS) values for Hassawi rice and Uncle Ben's rice. Results presented as g/100 g as consumed (Mean±s.e.m). RAG, SAG and TS measured using the enzymatic hydrolysis method of Englyst et al. (2000). Statistical evaluation by paired t-test; ***P<0.001, **0.001<P<0.01, *0.01<P<0.05.Full figure and legend (47K)
In vivo determination of GI and II
The subjects' characteristics are displayed in Table 2. They had an average age of 30 years and were modestly overweight according to the average body mass index score, but had normal blood pressure and fasting blood glucose levels.
The iAUC for glucose was calculated for the reference (glucose drink), HR and UBR (Figure 2). The iAUC for the reference was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the iAUC for HR and UBR. However, no difference was observed for this iAUC for glucose between the rice varieties. Furthermore, no difference was observed between the GI of HR and UBR, which were calculated to be 59±5 and 54±7, respectively.
Figure 2.
Plasma glucose responses over 2 h following consumption of reference glucose, Hassawi rice and Uncle Ben's rice. Results presented as mean±s.e.m. ▪, glucose drink; ♦, Uncle Ben's rice; •, Hassawi rice. GI was measured using FAO/WHO (1998) standard procedures. A two-factor (treatment and time) repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse differences in the means of the glucose levels within the two types of rice and standard glucose consumed. No significant differences were observed.Full figure and legend (51K)
The iAUC for insulin response was also calculated for the reference and two rice varieties (Figure 3). The II for HR (56±10) was significantly lower than that observed for UBR (78±17; P=0.007) and reference glucose (P=0.005).
Figure 3.
Plasma insulin responses over 2 h following consumption of reference glucose, Hassawi Rice and Uncle Ben's rice. Results expressed as mean±s.e.m. ▪, glucose drink; ♦, Uncle Ben's rice; •, Hassawi rice. II was measured using FAO/WHO (1998) standard procedures. A two-factor (treatment and time) repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse differences in the means of the insulin levels within the two types of rice and standard glucose consumed. No significant differences were observed.Full figure and legend (47K)
In this study, we evaluated the nutritional composition of HR and studied some metabolically relevant parameters related to its CHO content in vitro and in vivo, which may be important in terms of diabetes prevention and treatment. The total CHO content of HR was approximately 20% lower than that found in the previous literature, whereas the NSP content was approximately the double literature values (Al-Bahrany, 2002). Nevertheless, protein, fat and ash contents were essentially the same as previously reported (Al-Mssallem and Al-Mssallem, 1997; Al-Bahrany, 2002). It is well known that macronutrient composition is affected by a number of factors, including soil type and climate, and we consider that these differences in HR chemical composition are within the expected limits of variation.
HR had the lowest RAG, SAG and TS values of the two rice varieties measured. The difference compared with UBR was significant (P<0.01) for all these three measurements. As far as the authors are aware, there is no information available on the RAG and SAG of different rice varieties, although there are data on rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch of rice varieties reported by Patindol et al. (2010). This group used a similar but modified version of the Englyst et al. (1992) in vitro hydrolysis method and analysed 16 different rice cultivars for rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch. Their results were presented in terms of cooked rice dry weight, but it is possible to convert our data, using moisture content information, and in doing so we find that their results are in accordance with our own results, in particular, for UBR. In addition, RAG and SAG data are available for a reasonably large number of different CHO-rich foods (Englyst et al., 1996) and this reveals that our data are in good agreement in terms of food RAG values, which range from 16 to 26 g/100 g and food SAG values which range from 4 to 10 g/100 g.
HR in this study had a medium GI (59±5) and UBR had a low GI (54±7). The GI categorisation was proposed by Wolever et al. (1991) and within this classification, medium GI foods are those with an index of between 55 and 70 (using glucose as a standard reference), whereas low GI foods have a value of less than 55. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in GI between the two rice varieties and the value observed in this study for UBR is in good agreement with the results of Foster-Powell et al. (2002) who recorded a value of 50. We hypothesised, however, that UBR would have a higher GI than the traditionally used Saudi HR. Indeed, a higher RAG was demonstrated for UBR vs HR, and as RAG has been shown to be positively correlated to GI, we anticipated a higher GI for UBR. Nevertheless, it is evident that the CHO content of the two rice varieties differs significantly and HR has a much lower CHO value. Thus, if we normalise the RAG values in terms of CHO content, we observe that there is no difference in the RAG percentage. This may thus in part help explain the similarity in GI values.
The slightly lower GI for UBR vs HR could be because UBR is parboiled, as this can affect the digestibility of the rice starch. Interestingly, however, the influence of parboiling on lowering rice GI is conflicting. Indeed, a GI reduction was observed by Wolever et al. (1986), but this was not supported by the work of Larsen et al. (1996) who showed no effect of parboiling. A later study by Larsen et al. (2000), however, showed that a significant GI reduction could be produced by putting severe pressure on parboiling rice but no significant effect was observed using the traditional parboiling process. Nevertheless, the aim of this study was not to compare parboiled rice with non-parboiled rice. Instead, the UBR was used as a valid comparison, as it is one of the most commonly available rice varieties in the world and is available in the United Kingdom and the Saudi Arabia.
The higher than expected GI for HR may be because of the fact that it was cooked for a longer (45 vs 17 min) time. Longer cooking times may result in a greater gelatinisation of the starch and help increase the glycaemic response. Indeed, this effect of increased cooking time on GI elevation has been put forward by Ranawana et al. (2009) and can be supported by data from Panlasigui et al. (1991). It is well known that amylose and amylopectin content can also affect the GI. Indeed, high amylose rice varieties (~28%, w/w) produce a lower GI and a lower II (Miller et al., 1992). In this study the amylose content in the cooked products was in the normal range for both HR (17.5%) and UBR (12.7%) and this did not seem to affect the GI to any observable extent. Indeed, if higher amylose contributed to lowering the GI, we would expect that HR would have the lower GI. Nevertheless, parboiling may have reduced the amylose density of UBR and thus lower the GI obtained for this rice.
Other macronutrients, namely levels of fat and protein, were different between the two rice varieties and these components have been shown to influence GI. Protein can reduce GI but the amount of protein required needs to be very high (50 g/meal; Wolever et al., 1987). Protein can also enhance the plasma insulin response via the insulinogenic amino acids, but the difference in protein content between the two rice varieties, though significant, is considered too small to be able to mediate this effect. Fat can also affect GI by delaying gastric emptying. However, once again the difference in the amount of fat between the two rice varieties is considered too small to have any real impact on GI (Wolever et al., 1991).
Although there was no significant difference between the GI of HR and UBR, the glycaemic load of HR was significantly lower (P<0.001) than UBR in terms of a similar serving size (Table 1). This reduced level could be explained by the lower total CHO content of HR in conjunction with the amount of available CHO, which was lower than that present in UBR. Energy density was also lower for HR compared with that found in UBR (4.5 and 5.8 kJ/g, respectively (P<0.001)). All these characteristics of HR may be important, suggesting that HR will have a lower glycaemic and insulinaemic impact than an equivalent cooked weight of UBR.
It could be argued that the different portion sizes may have influenced the outcome of the study. Indeed, the portion sizes were 120 and 83 g for HR and UBR, respectively. However, when taking the drinking water into account, the difference in mass between the two meals was only approximately 10%. As such we consider that this difference to be comparatively small. It is also noteworthy that a fundamental feature of the GI testing procedure is to ensure that the available CHO content is the same for the foods tested (either 25 or 50 g). As such, the GI testing was carried out in accordance with this procedure.
It has been observed that a lower risk of developing diabetes is associated with a higher consumption of low glycaemic load diets (Salmeron et al., 1997). Similarly, the II of HR was significantly lower than UBR (P=0.007) and this finding could be because of the higher content of NSP in HR (P<0.001, Table 1) compared with UBR. It is evident that NSP-rich foods may have a role in the reduced insulinaemic response (Jenkins et al., 2000; Stevenson et al., 2008) and their beneficial effect in reducing the risk of developing diabetes has been extensively studied in large cohort epidemiological studies. Indeed, many studies have shown a significant association between dietary NSP and reduced risk of diabetes (Salmeron et al., 1997; Meyer et al., 2000; Stevens et al., 2002; Schulze et al., 2004). Nevertheless, although HR contains more than twice the level of NSP than UBR, the NSP content is less than 1 g/150 g and thus probably contributes little to this difference in insulin secretion.
We are aware that there are some limitations to this study. Clearly, this was an assessment of only two varieties of rice and as such it is quite a small study. However, the results provide useful information on a variety of rice, which has not been reported previously. It is unfortunate that there are no RAG and SAG data on rice with which we can compare our findings. Nevertheless, this study helps build the collection of data on RAG and SAG to help evaluate their usefulness in terms of metabolic impact.
It is important to consider both GI and II in the dietary management of diabetes, as some foods with a low GI have a high II. Several studies have included measures of II because of the clear role of insulin in glucose homoeostasis. Furthermore, an association between a large insulin demand and a high GI food has been proposed in the aetiology of diabetes (Salmeron et al., 1997; Wolever, 2000; Englyst et al., 2003). Incorporating the use of both GI and II values should be considered in planning the optimal dietary CHOs for people with diabetes. Furthermore, as HR has a smaller II it may be useful to include this rice variety. However, further research, particularly long term studies, may be required to ascertain the clear benefits of HR.
In conclusion, our hypothesis was that a traditional Saudi Arabian food, namely HR, would produce a lower GI and II compared with a commonly consumed Western variety of rice (UBR), and that RAG and SAG values would be helpful in predicting the GI. We observed a lower II for HR and so we can partially accept our hypothesis. Nevertheless, there was no difference in GI between HR and UBR, despite clear differences in RAG and SAG. Nevertheless, the lower glycaemic load and insulinaemic response possessed by HR suggest that this type of rice may have benefits on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic levels and may have a role in the management and prevention of Type 2 diabetes.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- Stevens J, Ahn K, Juhaeri J, Houston D, Steffan L, Couper D (2002). Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American and White Adults: the ERIC study. Diabet Care 25, 1715–1721. | Article |
- Stevenson E, Williams C, Nute M, Humphrey L, Witard O (2008). Influence of the glycaemic index of an evening meal on substrate oxidation following breakfast and during exercise the next day in healthy women. Eur J Clin Nutr 62, 608–616. | Article | PubMed | ISI |
- Wang Y, Li J (2005). The plant architecture of rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Mol Biol 59, 75–84. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabet Care 27, 1047–1053. | Article | ISI |
- Wolever TM (2000). Dietary carbohydrates and insulin action in humans. Br J Nutr 83 (Suppl. 1), S97–S102. | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Josse RG (1991). The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 54, 846–854. | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
- Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Josse RG, Wong GS, Lee R (1987). The glycemic index: similarity of values derived in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 6, 295–305. | PubMed | ISI |
- Wolever TM, Jenkins DJA, Kalmusky J, Jenkins A, Giordano C, Giudici S et al. (1986). Comparison of regular and parboiled rices: explanation of discrepancies between reported responses to rice. Nutr Res 6, 349–357. | Article | ISI |
This work was supported by a grant from the King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. It formed part of the work towards a PhD for M Al-Mssallem. HR was a gift from Dr IS Al-Mssallem, University of King Faisal, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. We also thank Dr Klaus Englyst for his advice in setting up the RAG and SAG method; and Professor Linda Morgan for her comments on the paper. Professor Gary Frost is supported by an NIHR senior investigator award and the Biological Research Centre at Imperial College Health Care Academy.


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Cyber security
'Every company in every conceivable industry with significant size and valuable intellectual property and trade secrets has been compromised, or will be shortly'.
Operation Shady RAT by McAfee: (August 2011)
It is true that we have seen theft of intellectual property on a massive scale
Director of GCHQ
…The threat is a real and credible one… and it's not going to go away- Director of GCHQ
Cyber-crime is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity world-wide, due to the relatively low costs involved for the perpetrators with massive potential returns, driven by the global nature of the internet.
As the Director of GCHQ recently noted: Cyberspace lowers the bar for entry to the espionage game, both for states and for criminal actors.
Whilst Governments and international agencies wrestle with the jurisdictional challenges of identification and prosecution of cyber- crime, and look to create greater trans- national cooperation; commercial and governmental agencies remain vulnerable to attacks, particularly in the current economic climate.
Recent research indicates that the economic downturn is creating a significant number of technical experts and business 'insiders' who are exploitable by ODCs (Online Digital Criminals). Cyber- crime and espionage are low cost/ high reward activities.
"…the threat of computer network intrusions is the most significant threat we face as a society, other than weapons of mass destruction".
Shawn Henry-
former executive assistant director- FBI
All of this leads to the inescapable conclusion that any organisation's Cyber Security is not simply dependent on spending more and more money on technological solutions- 'A 'Maginot Line' approach to (cyber) defence will not be sufficient of itself!'– Bill Lynn, US Deputy Secretary of Defence
A far more holistic approach is needed to identify and defend against the problem. In the first instance it is essential to understand the problem. There needs to be an acceptance that this problem is not going to go away, that this is a business risk, not at IT issue.
Add to this the changes now in process from IPv4 to IPv6 (There is no 'do nothing' option) and the reality that this will open up new attack vectors, now is the time to be putting cyber security strategies in place-
The ECA team are acknowledged experts in helping organisations identify and defend themselves against cyber and other forms of intrusion and theft of Intellectual Property in the most efficient, proportional and cost effective manner.
The business strategy of Detect and Deter cyber- risks is far superior to conventional Fail/ Fix.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Natalie discusses the Harvard Healthy Eating Food Guide Pyramid. It is very different from the USDA Food Pyramid.
With "My Queue" you can quickly save videos to watch later.
To add an item to your queue just click the sign next to the video.
Once you've added a video visit "My Queue" to start watching!


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Beverley Craven became a household name in the early 90's with the release of her self-named debut album, which sold more than two million copies worldwide. Her 1991 single, 'Promise Me', went on to become a huge hit across Europe, followed by a string of chart successes, including 'Memories', Holding On', 'Woman To Woman' and 'Love Scenes'.
Her 2017 UK tour will feature songs from her most recent album 'Change of Heart' alongside the earlier classics. An emotional, humorous and highly entertaining evening is in store, with witty narrative and unforgettable melodies.
|£12 to £22.50


text:
- Plastic fabric
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Info & care
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We deliver to over 100 countries around the world.
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text:
CHICAGO -- The fintech revolution may be in full bloom, but industry analysts at the Morningstar Investment Conference say its impact may not be as immediate as anticipated.
"Fintech's effect on consumer finance is overblown," says Colin Plunkett, an equity analyst at Morningstar. "Disrupting the existing models is extremely hard to do."
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Practitioner CPD prompts to action
Immediate CPD prompts
These templates*, associated with all articles, prompt drafting of personal learning, reflection and planning.
Save your record straight into your personal development folder on your device or cloud storage system.
*Adobe fillable PDFs. Adobe reader needed for iPad
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Case report submissions
Do you have an interesting case that you would like to share with other readers?
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Submissions for consideration for publication should be sent to: [email protected]
2011-2012 Editorials
Helping sick doctors get back to work
12 Dec 2012
A qualitative study has found that many sick doctors complain of uncaring, unsupportive and judgemental colleagues. A supportive partnership, in which doctors feel valued by their colleagues and in which personal vulnerabilities are acknowledged and mitigated, will both protect us from developing health problems and facilitate a return to health and work should they occur.
Pertussis vaccination in pregnant women will protect neonates
31 Oct 2012
A temporary programme to vaccinate pregnant women against pertussis has been developed following an increase in cases in young infants in England and Wales.
Statins underused for primary prevention in older patients
19 Sep 2012
'A treatment-risk paradox where patients become less likely to receive appropriate treatment with advancing age has been observed in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is particularly apparent for cholesterol-lowering treatment with one study showing the likelihood of statin treatment was 6% lower with each year increase in age. However, it is not clear if such a paradox exists in primary prevention and a recent UK study published in the BMJ addresses this issue...'
Do 5-ARIs have a role in preventing BPH?
21 Aug 2012
Treating asymptomatic older men with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may reduce their risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the case for prophylactic use of these drugs is still unproven. Dr Jonathan Rees, GPwSI Urology, Bristol, considers the implications of new data from the long-running Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
GPs' vital role in end of life care
20 Jun 2012
The aims of palliative care are to provide the best quality of life for patients and their families, and to facilitate a good death. The NICE quality standard on end of life care, published in November 2011, consists of 16 quality statements which inform patients of the standard of care which they should expect and define aspirational standards for clinical governance. If patients are to die well, they need to be prepared for death, to achieve a sense of control, to be free of pain, to be respected as an individual, and to spend meaningful time with close family and friends in familiar surroundings.
Reducing deaths from smoking
23 May 2012
There are around 10 million smokers in the UK, half of whom will die prematurely, losing many years of life, unless they quit. Smoking is increasingly concentrated in the most disadvantaged sectors of society, and is now the biggest avoidable cause of social inequality in life expectancy in the UK. Preventing smoking depends on reducing the affordability of cigarettes, using the media to educate and promote health, making non-smoking the norm in public and workplaces, preventing advertising and promotion, preventing supply to children, and providing effective support to individuals who want to quit.
MI often presents without chest pain in women
21 Mar 2012
The textbook presentation of myocardial infarction (MI) is not difficult to recognize but in the undifferentiated world of primary care presentations it can be far from clear. This difficulty is compounded by the sex and ethnicity of the patient and the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes. Women are often older than men at hospitalisation for MI and present less frequently with chest pain. It is generally accepted that patients without chest pain tend to present later and are treated less aggressively than those presenting with more typical symptoms. Furthermore, those presenting without pain have almost twice the short-term mortality rate.
National review aims to reduce asthma deaths
25 Feb 2012
Around 1,200 people die from asthma every year in the UK. A National Review of Asthma Deaths, led by the Royal College of Physicians, in collaboration with a consortium of professional bodies and patient organisations, will consider all asthma deaths in the UK during the 12 months from 1 February 2012. This editorial includes a link for UK clinicians who want to participate.
Life expectancy, at age 20, for patients treated for HIV increased by more than 15 years from 1996 to 2008, a large cohort study from the UK has shown. Mortality rates from HIV have decreased dramatically over the past few decades through the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The risk of death in patients treated successfully with ART is now similar to that of people with unhealthy lifestyles such as heavy smokers or drinkers, those who are obese or have chronic conditions such as diabetes. HIV infection has itself become a chronic disease with a good prognosis, provided treatment is commenced early and the patient maintains adherence to therapy. [With external links to current evidence]
Early ART improves life expectancy in HIV patients
24 Jan 2012
Life expectancy, at age 20, for patients treated for HIV increased by more than 15 years from 1996 to 2008, a large cohort study from the UK has shown. Mortality rates from HIV have decreased dramatically over the past few decades through the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The risk of death in patients treated successfully with ART is now similar to that of people with unhealthy lifestyles such as heavy smokers or drinkers, those who are obese or have chronic conditions such as diabetes. HIV infection has itself become a chronic disease with a good prognosis, provided treatment is commenced early and the patient maintains adherence to therapy. [With external links to current evidence]
Time to tackle obesity
16 Dec 2011
It is estimated that almost a quarter of the population of England are obese. Primary care physicians are familiar with the subsequent problems that can arise such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis to list but a few. At present the Quality and Outcomes Framework places little emphasis on obesity management and there are few options available in traditional models of primary care. There is certainly evidence to support the notion of centrally funded commercial weight loss programmes. Another option is for primary care teams to develop in-house obesity management programmes. Dr Peter Savill looks at recent evidence on the effectiveness of such options for treatment.
Strokes have declined but atrial fibrillation is still undertreated
22 Nov 2011
Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Primary care has a central role to play in prevention with the identification and management of hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation (AF) and diabetes. A recent study has found that both the incidence of stroke and stroke deaths declined significantly over the past decade in the UK. This was accompanied by a notable increase in GP prescribing for primary and secondary prevention which is likely to have been a major contributing factor, the study authors conclude. However, the study also found underuse of anticoagulants in patients with AF at high risk of stroke, particularly in women.
Time to tackle MMR uptake
22 Jun 2011
Smoking: a preventable cause of rheumatoid arthritis
22 Feb 2011
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects 1% of the population. Genetic and environmental factors have long been known to contribute to the development of RA. Exposure to cigarette smoke was first linked with RA more than twenty years ago. Smoking is now recognised as the most established environmental risk factor for the development of RA.


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Undeniably one of the best bands to have performed at this year's Slam Dunk festival, KNUCKLE PUCK are returning to the UK later this year, and it gets even better!
Not only are the band going to be releasing their stellar new record, Shapeshifter on the 13th October, but the supports for this tour are monumental! No Mercy, Tiny Moving Parts and Movements will be joining the band on the road!
Dates are as followed:
7th December Rescue Rooms Nottingham
8th December Key Club Leeds
9th December SWG3 Glasgow
10th December Riverside Newcastle
12th December Club Academy Manchester
13th December Fleece Bristol
14th December 1865 Southampton
15th December Electric Ballroom London


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"So there I was wrapped in my Africanness. For the first time, loving myself and loving now that there was something I could do with my life. There was now something I could do with all this aggression, and all this fear. Because up until this point, I wasn't shit"
– Afeni Shakur, 'Evolution of a Revolutionary'


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Hi Stan,
Just wondering if there is a secret "Project X" replacement coming up for the Caiman 2 SEG?
Location: Melbourne
Posts: 130
I'm Alex.
Hi Stan,
Just wondering if there is a secret "Project X" replacement coming up for the Caiman 2 SEG?
There are sometimes reasons for keeping new product secret.
I read once of a small firm that talked up its planned future product - sales of current items stalled waiting on the new one, and the new one couldn't then be produced as there was no money to do it with!
Spotify Premium streaming, Wadia 151 PowerDAC, Speakers: MBL 116F.
Spotify Premium streaming, Cambridge Audio 851D DAC/pre, Pass Labs X150 power amp, MBL 116F.
Location: Melbourne
Posts: 130
I'm Alex.
Fair enough. Having owned 3 Stan Dacs....current is C2 with all mods and enjoyed the sonic gains with each new model, I am naturally curious to see if there is new one to be announced in the foreseeable future.
If your happy with your current modded C2, I'd be sitting back enjoying your music.
Knowing Stan, no doubt he'll be tinkering away in Beresford Skunkworks on the next one.
I have hifi 'n stuff.
If you are an established customer then drop Stan a line privately, rather than asking him to share his "secrets" in public.
I'm sure Stan will announce new product when and how he wants.
Spotify Premium streaming, Wadia 151 PowerDAC, Speakers: MBL 116F.
Spotify Premium streaming, Cambridge Audio 851D DAC/pre, Pass Labs X150 power amp, MBL 116F.
Location: Royston Vasey
Posts: 187
I'm AndrewR.
As a C2 owner who tends to wait a couple of upgrades before buying, I am regularly checking this forum for any hint of needing to start save up.
The C2 is an astonishing DAC, irrespective of its price. The SEG is supposed to be even better (not heard one). I'll be ready to throw my money at Stanley when the next one is release.
In the meantime I'm about to solder a lead to connect my new linear PSU to the Rpi's GPIO pins - bypassing its onboard noisy regulator and fuse. Hoping for a satisfactory upgrade there.
Andrew Randle
Location: Melbourne
Posts: 130
I'm Alex.
Location: Bristol
Posts: 75
I'm Tony.
Never heard the previous incarnations.
However, I have a SEG that sounds lovely and I have never found myself wondering if I should get something else.
That has to be the highest recommendation as I'm often wondering about changing other kit downstream!
VPI Scout 1.1, Ortofon Quintet Bronze, Trigon Vanguard I, SB Touch, Beresford Caiman SEG, Modified Yaqin MC-100B and Rega RS3
Location: Oxford
Posts: 116
I'm Andy.
I'm still happily using my SEG with the Longdog LPSU. As I'm using it as a preamp/headphone amp now as well as a DAC there are a couple of things I'd like to see in the next version:
1. An analogue input so I can hook up some vintage gear, turntables, cassette decks etc. The volume control in the SEG is very good (and analogue I believe), so that would save me installing another box.
2. The ability to run off a 19v PSU. I bought the 12v rather than 15v Longdog PSU and can move that to something else if I upgrade the DAC later, but 15v is a bit odd to invest in. A 19v PSU is more flexible and would likely drive my HD800 even better.
3. Direct access input selection, so I don't have to keep flicking through inputs to get to the one I want.
Sound quality is fine as it is, so its just flexibility and greater headphone power I'm looking for now.
Sorry for the delay in replying guys. I have been extremely tied up with my son's entry into uni.
I am not working on a new DAC right now. The SEG is proving to be quite successful, which has allowed me to recover the R&D costs, and reduce the price as a consequence. That's even though the £ has taken a battering in the last 15 months or so.
What I am doing is trying to complete some of the other projects that many have asked me to try to provide a solution to over the years. The first one is hidden away on my site at http://www.homehifi.co.uk/S/tc-7210.htm
I'll cover the reason for that product at a later date.
The other thing I am working on is to allow phones with a USB port to play back (reliably) through the SEG.
Website: http://www.homehifi.co.uk
Website: http://www.beresford.me
Website: http://www.homehifi.asia


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SAIC (www.saic.com)
Full Time Employee
United States
Senior Proposal Writer (Job Number:426958)
SAIC is hiring a Senior Proposal Writer in Chantilly, VA.
As a member of our Corporate Services team, your responsibilities will include:
- Review solicitations to ensure full understanding of relevant submission requirements
- Develop compliant and compelling resumes, including interviewing personnel to get the required information and following the formal SAIC resume process
- Develop compliant and compelling past performance citations, including interviewing program managers to get the required information and following the formal SAIC past performance writing process
- Develop compliant and compelling transition and management sections, including interviewing Subject Matter Experts to gain technical information and turn that information into proposal text answering the section L, M and SOW requirements
- Know how to work with templates
- Format and incorporate proposal input from multiple authors or reviewers
- Works closely with proposal manager
- Bachelor's Degree (or equivalent) plus 6 years of experience
Required Skills:
- Must have previous experience as a Proposal Writer; experience in the Intelligence Community a plus
- Must have experience writing resume, past performance, transition and/or management proposal sections
- Microsoft Office proficiency
- Strong analytical and communication skills
- Ready for Career Development and Growth!
Clearance Requirements:
- Must currently hold a Top Secret/SCI clearance with the ability to pass a CI Polygraph
SAIC Overview:SAIC is a premier technology integrator providing full life cycle services and solutions in the technical, engineering, intelligence, and enterprise information technology markets. SAIC provides systems engineering and integration offerings for large, complex projects. Headquartered in McLean, Virginia, SAIC has approximately 15,000 employees and annual revenues of about $4.3 billion.
EOE AA M/F/Vet/Disability
Job Posting: Apr 20, 2017, 9:12:29 PM
Primary Location: United States-VA-CHANTILLY
Clearance Level Must Currently Possess: Top Secret
Clearance Level Must Be Able to Obtain: Top Secret/SCI with Polygraph
Potential for Teleworking: No
Travel: None
Shift: Day Job
Schedule: Full-time


text:
Successfully completed in early 2014, Bothell Heights is a residential complex with 59 single family home sites located in the City of Bothell.
For this project, Team Nelson maneuvered a variety of challenges including the site being situated on a hillside with a 15% road grade. Due to the steep incline and winter weather conditions throughout the project's duration, the site required nearly constant and extensive erosion control and continual pumping of storm water from the bottom of the job to a discharge point near the upper end of the project.
In addition, Team Nelson managed the project's excavation needs, moving 86,000 BCY of onsite cut to fill, and the removal of 67,500 TCY of site excess material. The team terraced over 27,000 square feet of rockery, laid 3,300 lineal feet of sanity sewer, 3,800 lineal feet of mainline storm drainage, and 2,500 lineal feet of water main.


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What Letter Am I? (B)
In this letter B worksheet, students identify the letter B drawn in a bow and arrow figure. Students determine one letter, B.
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Special Friends: Extra Support Lessons (Theme 9)
Special Friends is the theme of a unit consisting of extra support lessons created to reinforce concepts with the help from grand discussions, chants, and practice worksheets. Unit topics include letter sounds, base words, endings,...
1st English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Short Vowel "A"
Support your phonics instruction with this beginner reading book that focuses on the short vowel /a/. The book is divided into four chapters based on the word families at, ad, an, and am. Letters and words used are c, a, t, s, m, n, d,...
Pre-K - 2nd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Youth Emergency Preparedness
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As has already been said, Italy boasts a large percentage of small and medium-sized family-owned organisations but even many of the larger companies are still controlled in large part by single families (Fiat, Benetton etc.)
Indeed, the traditional lack of available venture capital in Italy has meant that many organisations have relied solely on family money and retained profits for investment inputs. Given this ongoing family financial involvement, it is hardly surprising that the family would want to keep a large measure of control.
In keeping with this family suffused ethos, management structures have developed to be strongly hierarchical with most decisions, if not actually made at the top, certainly being pushed upwards by middle management for ratification. Much time can be wasted trying to get an agreement with peer level Italians only to discover at a later stage that the decision will be made elsewhere by people who have never been explicitly mentioned.
Therefore, possibly more than in any of the European countries, time is very profitably spent in the early stages of a relationship with an Italian company finding out what the real, rather than the paper decision-making process might be.
Written and Produced by Keith Warburton
Despite Italy's much publicised economic difficulties, following the global banking crisis, it remains a vibrant and attractive economy which not only has an active export base but which is also open to new products and new ideas from abroad. Doing business in Italy has proved highly successful for scores of global companies – and will continue to do so as the country continues to grow at a steady rate.
Italy has a well-educated and discerning consumer base as well as a vibrant manufacturing sector with thousands of SME's producing a wide range of high-quality goods across a number of sectors. Both the Italian consumer base and SME companies need new products and services and are actively looking to work with international partners who can add value to their lives. If you are not doing business in Italy at the moment, you should start to scan the market for opportunities as soon as possible.
Italy represents an attractive opportunity but that does not mean everything will be plain sailing when you get there. Like all countries, Italy has a distinct and unique business culture. Don't expect business in Italy to function like things do 'back home'.
Italian business is very relationship oriented and who you know is incredibly important. How are you going to make those all-important first connections and, when you meet them, how will you make a good impression? Are you speaking to the right person within a prospect organisation? How effectively will you be able to communicate your ideas and what are the 'hot-buttons' in Italy? These issues could mean the difference between success and failure.
This country profile provides an overview of some of the key aspects of Italian business culture in a concise, easy to follow-format. The document includes information on:
© Keith Warburton 2017, All rights reserved
Global Business Culture, West Down, Chalk Hill, Soberton, Hampshire SO32 3PH Tel: +44(0) 1962 820 100


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On June 7th there will be a public open house meeting at Frontier Middle School to provide information about the current stage of planning for two significant projects in Eagle Mountain. One of those projects is the building of Cory B. Wride Memorial Park. The second is future plans for landscape improvements to Ranches Parkway and Pony Express Pkwy. There will be lots of information at this meeting so I encourage you to attend. The event will be from 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM.
I'd also like to share with you what other projects are in the works. Wride Memorial Park will be an important park in Eagle Mountain due to its central location, its designation as a regional park, and the fact that the Pony Express Trail runs right through the center of the park. Of course it is not the only park in our city, nor is it the only park that has seen or will see investments made. Likewise, the landscape medians in The Ranches are in obvious need of improvements to correct long-standing irrigation issues and runoff problems. While these projects are the first of the larger projects to see investments through utility sale proceeds, there are many other projects planned. Additionally, there are many other projects which are included in the normal City budget.
Park improvements have been made to the following areas with utility sale proceeds at a cost of $278,000:
Pioneer Park, SilverLake Amphitheater, Walden Park Detention, Overland Trails Park, Bobby Wren Fitness Park, Eagle Point Trail, Half Mile Rd. Trail, Skate Park Panels, 150 Trees Placed, Hidden Canyon Park, and Rodeo Ground Fence.
The following park improvements have been identified for future completion (not including Wride Memorial Park), and are estimated to cost $3,135,000: Various Trail Connectivity/Completion projects, the Match Program – HOA/Neighborhood Park (Existing only), Nolen Splash Pad Upgrades for water efficiency, Pavilion at Nolen Park near Splash Pad (we are working on this project presently), $25k in Bike Park improvements from utility sale proceeds and an additional $25K from a grant we were awarded, Hidden Canyon Detention Pond improvements to finish the project, SilverLake Amphitheater Slides Park, Park Bathrooms (Smith Ranch, Walden Park, Pioneer Park, Pony Express Park), Paseo Improvements (the large vacant areas that run between neighborhoods in City Center), and a Cemetery wall.
Outside of park boundaries the following open space improvements have been identified at an estimated cost $2,050,000: Pony Express Road Medians – Landscaping in The Ranches, Pony Express Road Medians – Landscaping in City Center, City Center Streetscape Landscaping, Benches, Shade Structures, & Garbage Cans along Trails.
In all, there are $5,463,000 in proposed park and open space improvements planned throughout the City with utility sale proceeds.
Including Wride Memorial Park at a cost somewhere in the ballpark of $3,500,000, the total for park and open space improvements totals $8,963,000.
This does not account for the trail completion projects contemplated in the FY 2016-2017 budget.
Utility sale proceeds are currently contemplated to invest $1,400,000 on economic development, preparedness, and transportation, leaving approximately $2,283,000 un-allocated.
NOTE: Several key transportation infrastructure improvements were moved from the utility sale proceeds project list to the budget including completion of Golden Eagle Rd. and the Bobby Wren extension, along with a signal at Porter's Crossing and Pony Express Pkwy.
It is important to understand that there are far more projects than can be done in one or even two years. It will take several years to complete these projects most likely, though I fully expect that you will all notice the improvements being made very soon if you haven't already.
Obviously, these investments will benefit the community and our quality of life, but the method by which these improvements will be made is the more significant story. There are few if any cities out there that are able to invest this much money over so many different targeted improvement projects simultaneously. What is more amazing is the fact that all of these projects will be paid for in cash. Even more than that, the cash investment being made will not be negatively impacting our rainy day fund. We will remain at or near the maximum level of funds on hand allowed under State law.
While Cory B. Wride Memorial Park and the landscaped medians in The Ranches are perhaps more visible projects, I just wanted everyone to have a feel for where our money is being spent and why, and to ease any concerns of placing all of our eggs in one basket.
We are in a good place and getting better every day!


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Capital Area District Library welcomes dogs to help children read
At the Capital Area District Library in Okemos, children of all ages have the opportunity to read to a therapy or service dog.
Spartan Newsroom (http://news.jrn.msu.edu/author/carte332/)
At the Capital Area District Library in Okemos, children of all ages have the opportunity to read to a therapy or service dog.
A new biking and walking trail is on its way to Meridian Township. Meridian Township has received money from Ingham County for the construction of Phase 1 of the project. There is a total of three phases that will connect Michigan State University and Lake Lansing Road. Phase 1 is the installation of a trail from Hagadorn Road and Shaw Lane on MSU campus and continues on to Park Lake Road on Grand River. "The trail will run through the Red Cedar River on campus, creating a bridge on the north bank of the river and continue on to Park Lane," said Younes Ishraidi, said chief engineer for Meridian Township.
Area Costco fans soon won't have to travel far to fill their carts with warehouse club deals. Costco is planning to open a store in East Lansing by the end of the year. This past December the city of East Lansing and Meridian came to an agreement with the development of Costco in a TIF deal for $1 million, which would be developed on the old Four Winds golf course that was closed in 2002. A TIF deal is a tax increment financing deal, which allows townships to use tax revenues from other businesses and entities in town to develop an economic development that benefits that town. The land being used to develop Costco was previously owned by Meridian Township but was annexed to the city of East Lansing in 2001.
Katie Ann Lambert, a native of Michigan, had been traveling across the country for eight years, from Colorado to Hawaii and after working for someone else, she decided she wanted her own. So Mitten Raised Bakery that once was an idea finally became reality. "My brother actually came up with the name. After going back and forth about it, I came back to where I was from so the name stuck," said Lambert. Lambert bought the store last year and planned to open this past December but with a few hiccups hopes to open her store in mid March.


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The City of Darlington will begin additional improvements to Williamson Park next week, Aug. 20. The project will replace the three-foot-wide walkway at the back of the park with a five-foot-wide boardwalk to match the others along the trails.
"This will complete the park's main loop with a wide walkway to accommodate families and more people in general," said City of Darlington Planning Director Lisa Chalian-Rock.
Henley's Construction of Cheraw will install the 410-foot long walkway, and work is expected to be complete by the end of September weather permitting. The locally owned company has completed similar projects in Folly Beach, Myrtle Beach, Hilton Head, Garden City, Murrells Inlet, and Charleston as well as previous work in Williamson Park.
The elevated boardwalk will cross Swift Creek between 10 and 12 feet from the smaller bridge that masks the appearance of a sewer pipe.
"The new structure will be bringing this area of the park up to par with all the other bridges and boardwalks," Park committee chair Brad Odom said.
The size of the current bridge makes it difficult for folks passing in opposite directions to get by each other. An Eagle Scout project improved that structure four years ago replacing rails and trying to strengthen it, but the bridge has returned to a fairly poor condition.
Following construction, the old bridge will remain as is for the time being but may eventually be closed to foot traffic with a barricade and sign in the coming years.
"Additionally, we are improving the area by adding an observation deck near the center of the park adjacent to the main stream. This will allow visitors a place to relax near the water, listen to the babbling brook, soak in the majesty of the cypress trees, and genuinely appreciate the wilderness to be found within our city limits," Odom said.
That area will be 16 feet by 8 feet with benches lining the perimeter for visitors to stop, enjoy, and rest.
While the plans have the path drawn as straight lines, the boardwalk will curve slightly around two large cypress trees in the general vicinity of the planned route, and there are no plans to remove any trees.
"Every tree in the park has great value," said Bill Ervin of Ervin Engineering.
During the four to six weeks of construction, residents will notice several changes. The terrace steps made of railroad ties will be removed during construction for equipment to pass more easily, but these will be reinstalled once the boardwalk is complete. The city also will block a short section of Williamson Park Drive near James Street and North McCall Street, as lumber and equipment will be stationed on the road until used.
The construction will not impede the Darlington 5000, the annual 5K run/walk to benefit the park. That event is scheduled for Sept. 14, beginning at the Public Square.
The project will cost $98,500, of which $75,000 will come from the city's 2-percent hospitality tax fund and the remainder will be paid by the Williamson Park Committee.


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April 9, 2016
Queens Park Rangers 2-1 Charlton Athletic
Nasser el Khayati scored his first goal for QPR to send Charlton to defeat Charlton's hopes of avoiding relegation from the Championship were dented severely by Nasser el Khayati's stoppage-time winner for QPR. El Khayati's curler sealed a defeat that left the Addicks 10 points adrift of safety with five games left. Jordan Cousins looked


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Should you have just about any certain questions about investing in, installing or obtaining the information, you are able to uncover a lot of information and facts on the Aid page.
If your answer to your query isn't truth be told there, send all of us a be aware through this form and we're going to absolutely make an attempt to enable. Thanks!
Your personal reviews are essential to us. You should learn we might not necessarily normally have the ability to respond to ones own ask for mainly because of the volume of comments we receive. So be sure to wait and see and realizing.


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Don't Go In The Woods is a Video Nasty. It is not a pretty looking movie with splendid gore that rivets and twists your gulliver. Don't Go In The Woods is a near roadmap of every forest/wilderness based slasher film of the 1980's (except for maybe the biggies like Friday the 13th and The Burning ironically). Vinegar Syndrome has released this classic on Blu-ray, and there's one thing about it that might drive some of you crazy, it's beat up pretty bad… in the best way possible. Perhaps the most important thing to note about that aspect of the release Read the Sexy
From:: Don't Go In The Woods (Blu-ray/DVD Vinegar Syndrome) – Warning: This is a Great Friggin Blu-ray


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Heritage Tradition Integrity Faith Love Hope Charity Wisdom Strength Beauty Pride Fellowship Trust Virtue Innovation
Panther City Lodge Was Chartered By The Grand Lodge Of Texas December 9, 1921. The Lodge originally met in a Downtown location and at one time hosted another of the newer lodges, W.W. Peavy Lodge #1162 which became Cooke-Peavy Lodge in the 1950's.
Panther City Lodge has been the home of numerous Masons who are well known locally and statewide. It is the home of
Past Grand Master of Masons in Texas, J.D. Tomme
; the
Charter Master, H. Malvern Marks
was a significant worker not only in Craft Masonry but also the DeMolay. Recently, Panther City is the home lodge of the
most appointed Grand Officer in Texas History,
the late
Michie M. Brous
. Michie served 13 times as the Grand Organist for the Grand Lodge of Texas and15 years as Grand Organist for the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch of Texas and 15 years as Grand Organist for th Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, Michie passed from this life in January 2014.
Past Master Jerral Knox is a Past Grand Commander of The Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Texas
The list of members of Panther City who have been selected to serve the Grand Lodge as either District Deputy Grand Masters, Committee Members or in other roles is almost too long to list. Panther City Members routinely are called upon to serve one of the many Grand Bodies of Texas Masonry. Past Masters of Panther City have served as Officers of the Masters, Warderns and Secretraies Association, the Masonic Service Bureau and other organizations including Grand Lodge Commmittees. Past Masters
John A. Hughes,
Bruce W. Hammond
are current Grand Lodge Committee Members, John Chairs Fraternal Relations and Bruce is Chair of Texas Masonic History. Past Masters
Eugene D. Kolvig
Bruce W. Hammond
2014 District Deputy Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Texas
. Past Master
John A Hughes
is Attendant General of the Red Cross of Constatine. Secretary
David Kisselburg
is the Junior Past Master of Cooke-Peavy Lodge #1162. Past Master
Jimmy Conner
is the current
President of the Masonic Service Bureau and RW Conner is the current DDGM of Masonic District 64-D.
In the recent years Panther City has seen a large influx of members who have become very active in the
Moslah Shrine Temple
. These include the
Past Potentate and Current Recorder, Illustrious Sir Richard P. Evans
Past Master of Panther City;
Moe Rahmeh, Moslah Divan Officer
, Past President of the Moslah Oriental Band, the Bedhouins, and
Panther City Master in 2010-2011
Worshipful Master Brett Weissner
, Past President of the Mystic Wheels (the largest motorized unit in Texas); and former Chair of the Moslah Membership Committee. Former Panther City Junior Deacon,
Jeff Barcafar
is a member of the Moslah Shrine Divan. The Members of Panther City work hard collecting money on
street corners and store fronts, IHOP Pancake Days and the Shrine Circus.
In York Rite Masonry, there are several Panther City members who are officers of local Chapters and Councils, Commanderies and York Rite Associations and Colleges. Our
Past Secretary, John A. Hughes is a Junior Past Deputy Grand Governor for the York RIte Soveriegn College of America.
Past Master,
Bruce Hammond
is President of the
York Rite Development Fund
, a member of the credentials committee for the Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters.
Secretary David Kisselburg is the current District Deputy Grand High Priest of Capitular District 26 of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Texas
. and , PM
Bruce Hammond
is the
Grand Master of the 2nd Veil
in the Grand Chapter and
DDGM of Cryptic District 26 in the Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters.
Featured Member
1100 Henderson Street
Fort Worth, Texas 76101


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Howard College MIS program
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find info concerning Howard College MIS program, and registering for discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Given a business management degree, you may find your niche in operations, human resources, sales, or advertising. Concentrating on Howard College MIS program, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the business administration department for course registration deadlines, and project management program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Howard College.
There are a variety of approaches to project management. Critical chain management (CCPM) puts more emphasis on the resources required to execute tasks, while event chain methodology focuses on managing events that will affect scheduling. Regardless of the method you choose, the Small Business Administration advises listing out specific project objectives, create a working timeline of both materials and personnel, and monitor all required costs as the project proceeds. Project control means keeping on-track, on-time, and under budget.
A project manager, therefore, is responsible for determining project requirements, and managing all elements of the task. Project management software is available that will help to organize both yourself and your team. Depending on the sophistication of the software, it may include estimating and cost control, decision-making trees, and a workflow analysis. Over the course of any project, the requirements may change mid-stream, without prior notice. Changes can be the result of necessary design modifications, altered site conditions, material availability or lack thereof. Finally, a formal, compliance-based audit may be conducted by upper management after completion. Beyond major requirements within the business administration department, you may consider Ranger College study guide as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
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Clamping Pressure
NOTE 11: How does that expression go..."the best laid plans..." Some time ago I ran some tests in which I applied ever increasing clamping force on a couple of shafts and recorded the change in frequency. As I recall a steel shaft varied about 5 or 6 cpm's as the force increased from very little almost wrecking the shaft. I repeated the experiment with a graphite shaft and got about a two cpm change. This is not surprising. Graphite has considerably more compressive strength than steel. The problem with these tests is that I knew how much torque I was applying to the bolt compressing the V blocks but I didn't know how much actual force was being applied to shaft. I have no way of relating torque to force. It's all tied up in the friction of the bolt threads.
My plan was to build a setup that would measure force directly and give me a relationship between torque and force then when I applied say 5 ft lbs. of torque I would know exactly what force was being applied. I thought it would be easy to measure the force...it wasn't. I bolted a clamping unit to a bench, removed the torque screw and passed a steel bar through the U bracket on the top of the clamping unit. The bar was a four foot piece of 2"x5/8" cold rolled steel. One end, let's call it the left end was supported on a block about six inches tall. The right end on a similar block resting on a bathroom scale. (This test would probably not pass the ISO 9000 quality assurance requirements but at least is was a digital scale.) A bolt was then screwed into the top of the U bracket. As it came to bear on the steel rod the bathroom scale would register a force. The bolt applied force about 1 foot from the left end of the bar. Since the bar was four feet long the actual force being applied would be four times what would be registered on the scale. Since the scale went to 300 lbs. I would be able to relate torque, applied with a torque wrench, to forces up to 1200 lbs. Much to my chagrin the steel bar bent and bottomed out under the U bracket long before I got to very high forces. I'm now looking for a much stiffer bar. Using this approach I did find that my torque screws apply about 350 lbs. of force to the shaft.
I ran into a friend the other day who is in the scale business. He has some interesting looking strain gauge load cells that just might fit directly under the U bracket. I'll have to put the bite on him. Stay tuned.
In a previous tech note I mentioned how little variation I had seen in the performance of various frequency analyzer electronics. I always thought the weak link was in the shaft clamping. I recently decided to change the glue I used to attach the lower fixed V block in my Club Scout. The new glue was a bit more pliable and I thought additional damping might reduce the frequency. I took an old clamp and several of the newly glued ones and measured a filament wound shaft with them. They all measured 307 except one. It came in at 305. The same torque screw and upper V block was used throughout. After scratching my head a bit I found one of the mounting bolts on the offending clamping unit was not fully tightened. I cinched it tighter and got 307!


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Pasta salads seem to come and go, but they're always here, and the best ones are robust, the pasta providing a springboard for any number of wonders. This recipe has enough and to spare, since the rich and textured binding will embrace many types of additions. Simple elbow macaroni makes a great salad because it's fluffier than other hollow pasta, and you can't beat it for economy and availability. The other ingredients are just as familiar, and the combination is exceptional as well as spectacular. The recipe is also easily doubled, tripled or whatnot. For an evening meal make it in the morning, and for lunch the night before, but mind you this dish doesn't keep well at all, not more than a day or so, less if it's handled a lot.
16 oz. large elbow macaroni, cooked
2 cups ham diced sautéed until lightly caramelized
1 cup each finely diced raw bell pepper, white onion (half green is great, too) and celery
1 cup finely-grated carrot
1/2 cup sliced-diced black bottled olives
6 egg yolks mashed
1 cup mayonnaise,
1 cup small raw broccoli florets
2 tbs. yellow and 1 tbs. spicy brown mustard
2 tbs. dill/sweet relish (there's a difference of opinion concerning this ingredient, so take your pick; likewise with a tablespoon of granulated garlic, which we add when we're making it for home, but we've found most people don't like it, so "It doesn't travel well." A few dashes of hot sauce has a similar predicament.)