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Pets for Sale in 33583(1 - 15 of 10,724)
$400 German ShepherdGerman Shepherd · Haines City, FL1 year old female german shepherd. Up to date on shots, housebroken, crate trained, microchipped, not fixed. Very sweet, loves water, gre...Michele B. · 1 day ago
$700 Yorkie-Poo Baby GirlsYorkshire Terrier · Webster, FLWe have beautiful and small Yorkie-Poo girls. One is mostly black, but has a wee bit of tan on her legs and a little white. The other two...Cat-N-Al's Pups, Inc. · 2 days ago
$65 Pure Ayam Cemani chicks GFF/Banko line and cemani hatching eggsBrooksville, FL10 Ayam Cemani hatching eggs $65 shipped. They will be some eggs from Banko hen to banko/GFF rooster. There was no cull in any of these,...
$3 Button quail chicks 5 for $15 and hatching eggs, rare colorsBrooksville, FL15 for $15 or $22 shipped Brooksville, FL (34601) Have 5 button quail chicks available $15 all occasionally have chicks also $3 each Th...
$55 Svart Hona Hatching eggs 10+Brooksville, FLthe Svart Hona Svart Honas, also known as Swedish Black Hens, were imported to Sweden in the 1800's from Mozambique, but Svart Honas orig...
$400 Maltese Mix puppiesMaltese · Shady Hills, FLLittle Maltese mix puppies are ready for their forever homes. They have been to the vet for their first puppy shots and have a Florida He...Kristin B. · 1 week ago
$1,200 Bull TerrierBull Terrier · Bradenton, FLWe have a new litter arriving mid Nov! Feel free to contacting us for more details. 786-387-XXXX ThanksFacebook User · 30 minutes ago
$1,500 Standard Poodle PuppiesStandard Poodle · Webster, FLWe are now accepting reservation deposits on our upcoming litter of gorgeous AKC Standard Poodle puppies. Parents are red and apricot s...Cat-N-Al's Pups, Inc. · 1 week ago
$650 3 Yorkie MalesYorkshire Terrier · Oldsmar, FLI have 3 healthy, energetic yorkie boys born 8/29/2017. They will be available for there forever homes as of 11/01/2017.They are current ...Jessica B. · 2 days ago
$400 Boston Terrier Mix PuppiesBoston Terrier · Shady Hills, FLThese adorable Boston terrier mix puppies are ready for their forever homes . They have been dewormed have had their first puppy shot and...Kristin B. · 2 weeks ago
$195 Breeding pair of Ayam CemanisBrooksville, FLHave a breeding pair of Ayam Cemani available!! Have laying pair of Ayam Cemani available. Rooster is my Breeder indo/Gff makes very nic...Simone R. · 2 weeks ago
$139 Lady Gouldian FinchesFinch · Tampa, FLExciting News! Just arrived a "New Line" of Lady Gouldian finches. These are the best of the best. Brand new white, silver and blue back ...Fly Babies · 2 weeks ago
$1,200 Persian kittensPersian · Saint Petersburg, FLCheck my site: www.Preciousmomentscatt.net Two Chinchilla Silver Persian kittens left.Preciousm Moments Cattery · 3 weeks ago
$698 Apricot, Red, Chocolate, Black or White Toy Poodle PuppiesToy Poodle · Tampa, FLPUPPIES FOR SALE, GROOMING, BOARDING, STUD SERVICE! WE JUST WON 3 CONSECUTIVE YEARS BEST OF TAMPA AWARD! CASH/CREDIT/LAYAWAY! THEY ARE JU...Trish's All Breed Pet Grooming · 3 weeks ago
$1,500 Goldendoodle PuppiesGoldendoodle · Tampa, FLEleven rare and beautiful black Standard Backcross (F1B) goldendoodle puppies were born on September 11, 2017 and will be ready for their...Stellar A. ·1 listing · 4 weeks ago
Find More Listings on Oodle Classifieds Find used cars, used motorcycles, used RVs, used boats, apartments for rent, homes for sale, job listings, and local businesses on Oodle Classifieds. Athens Pets | Austin Pets | Washington Pets | Greenville Pets | Jacksonville Pets | Los Angeles Pets | Madison Pets | Oklahoma City Pets | Omaha Pets | Anaheim Pets | Riverside Pets | San Antonio Pets | Seattle Pets | Trenton Pets | Tucson Pets.
Important Safety Tips
- Meet the seller and pet in person
- Don't wire money or take advance payments.
- Only pay for shipping if you know the seller.
To learn more, visit the Safety Center. Report suspicious listings by clicking on .


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The Benefits of Home Builders Everybody wants a home of their own because it's one of the things that makes them happy and fulfilled. Having the best home you could possibly have would be a dream come true for most people out there. There are certain steps which have to be followed in order to achieve this. You main objective is to hire the best professionals to build a home and make sure it has everything you've ever wanted in one. You need to be smart about things and hire home builders who already have enough experience working this particular job. Having a house in the perfect location would mean you wouldn't need to spend so much time moving around looking for places to rent. This venture may seem easy but it's actually not that way at all as you will have to follow some guidelines to make sure everything goes according to plan. Everything that one could possibly need or want in a home would be common knowledge to the most reputable home building companies around. Make sure to engage in some research when trying to find ideal home builders for your project. Gather information from the most reliable sources because this will help you know more about the highest quality services these professionals can offer. Asking for referrals from reliable individuals will help you find the best companies around. There are reliable sources out there who can offer you all the tips needed for excellent results. You need to find the ideal professionals who can help you build a wonderful home and they can all be found online. In order to get in touch with these professionals, you have to take note of their contact numbers and emails. The feedbacks and reviews you can find in the site will help you hire the best company there is. You just have to be smart about things because this is, after all, your home we are talking about. The most convenient way to contact home builders would be to visit the website of their company. You have tons of options concerning this matter which you have to analyse really well. You want a home that your family loves, something you've dreamt about for a long time. The best thing about these builders is that they know how to apply these things in all the ways that matter. You won't have to worry about any setbacks when you have the help of the best general contractor as well. These are basically all the reasons why such professionals need to be hired.Questions About Houses You Must Know the Answers To
3 Services Tips from Someone With Experience
Comments Off on 3 Services Tips from Someone With Experience

subset: commoncrawl


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For All We Know (ver. 1) Piano Sheet
For All We Know (ver. 1) by Fred Karlin - Piano Sheets and Free Sheet Music
About the Song
"For All We Know" is a popular song originally written for the 1970 film Lovers and Other Strangers by Fred Karlin, Robb Wilson (Robb Royer) and Arthur James (Jimmy Griffin). It was originally performed by Larry Meredith. It gained popularity when it was heard by Richard Carpenter of The Carpenters during an evening of relaxation at the movies while on tour. Upon hearing the song, Carpenter decided it would be ideal for the duo to record, and it became a hit for them in 1971, reaching #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The song also spent three weeks at #1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart. The song then went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, though the Carpenters were not allowed to perform the song at the ceremony as they had not appeared in a film. At their request, the song was performed by British singer Petula Clark. In tribute to Karen Carpenter, Clark.
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About the Artist
Fred Karlin (June 16, 1936 - March 26, 2004) was an Oscar-winning American composer of more than one hundred scores for feature films and television movies. He also was an accomplished trumpeter adept at playing jazz, blues, classical, rock, and medieval music. Born Frederick James Karlin in Chicago, Illinois, he studied jazz composition with William Russo and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College, where he wrote his String Quartet No. 2 as his honors thesis. Following graduation, he moved to New York City, composing and arranging for various bands, including those of Benny Goodman, Harry James, and Chubby Jackson. During this period he also composed and arranged for documentaries, the Radio City Music Hall orchestra, and television commercials. Karlin began his film career with Up the Down Staircase in 1967. Following in quick succession were Yours, Mine and Ours, The Sterile Cuckoo, and Lovers and Other Strangers. For the latter he wrote the music for the song "For All We Know", which won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song and was a major hit for The Carpenters. The Sandpipers charted with another of his compositions,.
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Getting access to free sheet music for Christmas
Christmas is one time when everyone wants to learn how to play the piano. There are so many Christmas carols, hymns and other compositions played. In such a situation, you will find it useful to get free sheet music especially with the Christmas compositions in them. New age and classical One of the best advantages about free sheet music is that you can get both classic as well as New Age Christmas musical notes. That means you will be able to play the old time classical compositions, carols etc. and the new artists compositions. The New Age Christmas musical notes are very poignant and lovely and playing these piano notes is sure to stir hearts. One of the drawbacks about New Age Christmas music sheets is that they are very difficult to access. Most New Age albums do not sell too well and hence the demand for these is lesser. In this context, getting access
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Homemade Christmas Gifts: 14 Gift Ideas & DIY Home Dcor
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Latest Comments
"Such a cute idea. I love making and giving these wonderful towels. This pattern is very well written. Very heavy duty towel that will hold up to many washings. The video isn't in English, but extremely easy to follow."
"This is a super easy and inexpensive craft to make for fall or Halloween and safe enough that even a child can make them. Great for a classroom decoration or even your house. Just uses some foam pumpkins,paint and glitter or just use paint. This would also be a great weekend project for a group of kids or slumber party. Easy tutorial. Thanks."
"I'd like to know the name of the pattern / stitch, I'm part of a forum for knit and crochet doers and I've no doubt they will ask what is it. Also if you could tell what multiple of sts it is it would be helpful. This blanket is simply gorgeous."
"I am definitely going to make this wreath. I haven't decided what colors I want to use, so I am going to the dollar store first to see what they have. Then I will gather up my craft store coupons and buy the wreath form and any other ornament colors I am missing. Right now I am thinking silver and hot pink and turquoise if those colors are available."
Shiplap Christmas Ornament Display Idea
You can make a pallet Christmas tree, or you can make THIS.
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If you're looking for pallet crafts for Christmas, this Shiplap Christmas Ornament Display Idea is perfect for you. Shiplap is trending in the world of DIY, but you can do more with it than cover a wall. In fact, this mini shiplap craft is a darling way to add a new tabletop or wall decoration to your Christmas house. A simple painting technique and some of your favorite ornaments are the only accessories you need for this beautiful project. This project would look particularly darling displayed next to a tabletop tree without ornaments on it, a nice juxtaposition.
Estimated Cost$11-$20
Time to CompleteWeekend project
MaterialsPaint, Wood
Primary TechniquePainting
Project TypeMake a Project
Materials List
- Wood deep rustic shadow box from Walnut Hollow
- White and red chalk paint
- Nails and hammer
- Scissors
- Foam brushes
- Painter's tape
Tape off star shape and paint inside red and let it dry.
Remove tape and then add new tape to inside edges of the star.
Paint remaining area around the star white.
Allow it to dry.
Add nails at various points to hang ornaments on it.
Add your ornaments for a cute holiday display.
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Oct 19, 2017
If you are like me and some others that like things that are different than why not make this shiplap ornament display to bring in your Holiday. It is done by using a small wood pallet,paint and some tape and ornaments too. Great tutorial with a super video. Be creative and make it your own by adding garland around the star instead of ornaments and add some small pretty red bows. Create your own and let's see some pictures.
mulberrygalprinces s
Aug 23, 2017
This is a very different and unusual idea. I like making things that are not seen all over the place. This is certainly one of them. Plus it's easy, and not that expensive. It's much cheaper than a store bought decoration. Thank you for offering something like this so I can have a one of a kind Christmas decoration.
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Category: Sales
Conferences & Quality Lead Generation
July 19, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
I attend a lot of conferences. And while it's been a while since I've done the traditional market your services in the exhibit hall 'booth-duty' I certainly pay attention to how vendor organizations approach the conference circuit from a sales and marketing perspective. While attending a premiere industry conference recently I overheard two vendors complaining …Read More
June 1, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
Testimonials matter. In sales where value propositions are next to identical and compelling differentiation is narrow or non-existent, proof of concept counts and often closes. Buyers typically aren't too optimistic about being the first one into the deep end of the pool. Knowing you've been there and done that provides assurance. The ability to demonstrate …Read More
May 15, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
First dates can be tough, especially if you haven't dated in a while. The fear of change and rejection are powerful forces capable of keeping people trapped in situations that are less then desirable. When it's personal the stakes are high. Take the job interview. Tough sledding for most people, especially if it's been a …Read More
May 5, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
I was fortunate to have the opportunity to speak at the 2010 Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International Resort Business Summit this week in W. Palm Beach, Florida. It was an Association event filled with an extraordinary amount of community and camaraderie, evidence of a leadership commitment in an industry that is defined by customer …Read More
April 23, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
HR industry consultant and thought leader Mark Stelzner at Inflexion Advisors recently authored a fabulous blog post on '5 Ways to Torpedo Your Next HR Sale'. As someone who has sold into HR and managed a team of sellers doing likewise I have seen it all. And made and learned from some of those very …Read More
March 3, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
Late last week I received a red alert phone call from the SVP of Business Development of a large tech. company on the East Coast. She had a real problem. And need to arrive at an immediate solution. A complex and significant enterprise deal she had been working on for months was in the final …Read More
February 16, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
Would sales be easier if every call you made was to a prospective buyer who was aware of both you and your organization prior to talking? Would it be easier to sell to qualified prospects reaching out to you with a direct inquiry? What if you could turn virtually every cold call into a "warm …Read More
February 11, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
Great relationships are resilient. They ebb and flow. Time passes. But the most meaningful one's can quickly come back to center. I am lucky to have some real authentic relationships like that. I count my friendship with Brian among them and that is why it was so great to catch up last night over dinner …Read More
February 4, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
Remember the movie, Meet the Parents? Where Gaylord Faucker was hopelessly left outside his soon to be father in law's magic circle of trust despite his every effort and very best of intentions. Once he was outside the circle it took quite the herculean effort to get back inside. TRUST is a major issue in …Read More
Opportunity is More Important than Pain
January 6, 2010 — by Ryan Estis
In professional sales the sellers are often taught to "find the pain". Uncover where they are really hurting. Expose that. Spend time there. Dig into the pain. Talk about the pain. Ouch. I've been through that sales training. Ouch again. The problem with the pain is that its usually painfully obvious. To the buyer. To …Read More
About The Author
Ryan Estis is a Keynote Speaker & Management Consultant blogging about business performance.
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Your name: ______________ Psalm 45:11 The king is enthralled by your beauty; honor him, for he is your lord.
1. Who are you?
2. In what situation do you find yourself?
3. What makes you an unlikely candidate to be used by God?
4. What do other people probably think about you & why?
5. Can God use you?
6. You will never know the impact you life has on the people around you for the good or the bad. We are only a sentence on a page in His book. 1 Corinthians 1:2631 26. Brothers, think of what you were when you were called. Not many of you were wise by human standards; not many were influential; not many were of noble birth. 27. But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong. 28. He chose the lowly things of this world and the despised things—and the things that are not—to nullify the things that are, 29. so that no one may boast before him. 30. It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption. 31. Therefore, as it is written: "Let him who boasts boast in the Lord."


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karresults.nic.in KSEEB PUC result 2016 will be announced in April 2016,Karnataka Board 12th Test Results class Arts,Science,Business can assess Karnataka PUC Results 2016. Download KSEEB 2nd official website and Puc Result 2016 name shrewd here.
KSEEB PUC Result 2016, Karnataka Board 12th Assessment Results 2016 Date: -Eligible challengers who seeking for KSEEB PUC result 2016 those are on right page. Here this page we provided students that are curious Karnataka 2nd PUC result 2016. Enrolled nominees nd PUC examination will soon be able to downloaded Karnataka Board 12th Exam Results 2016.
Official news that section of Pre university instruction will declare Karnataka 12 or KSEEB PUC assessment result 2016 th course result 2016 in the May 2016. Direct official connection is http://www.karresults.nic.in to check Karnataka 2nd PUC assessment result 2016. KSEEB course 12th result 2016 will exhibit shortly on authenticate portal together with the caliber list and marks.
So KSEEB board students will able to get their on-line Karnataka PUC result 2016 by using hall ticket information KSEEB PUC 12th test result 2016 is additionally update this page. The details of Karnataka Board Entry procedure are mentioned on the official site of Karnataka Board.
The board decides a repair syllabus pattern of each class which is set on the foundation of education structure. Further details of Karnataka Board 12th assessment and Karnataka Board 12th Results 2016 are mentioned in below.


text: have listened to a radio announcement, in the sense that, although the words affected him, he had allowed no background vision of the speaker to influence his thoughts or response. He dismissed the earlier image of a fair and gamesome, still-young wife and saw the real present-day widow, her drudgery-painted hands and dust-powdered face, wistfully expressive of sunken hopes and desires. Tenderness rose like a new emotion. Stooping over her, he roughly brushed her cheek with. his lips and, refusing to gratify his mind with explanations, walked hurriedly away. A Democratic Vista STRANGE sanctuary this, perched on the rising comstack Like a desert saint on a broken pillar Staring, eyes unstirring, until hill field sea are one. The procession of thought blurred Into the regular rising and falling of a sinewy arm And the dry rustle of sheaves. Tom Williams, Guto, Dick Williams, Wil bach, Dafydd dew and me, We are the people; our conversation is smooth and superficial Like a veneer of grained wood, curves leading nowhere Which was where they started. We are the people, for whom politicians shout and soldiers fight We sow and reap, eat and sleep, copulate in secret, think In circumferences of one dimension. We are the sacred people, the secular mystery, the Host, Whitman's elastic deity, Marx's material, Rousseau's noble savage, Mayakovsky's beloved- Tom, Guto, Dic, Wil, Dafie, and Me — Reasonably efficient between dawn and sunset, God chewing tobacco, God drinking tea, digesting rice, We are the people. God is not mocked. EMYR HUMPHREYS.


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Clickjacking involves subverting a web page so that when a visitor clicks on a link they are redirected to a site the hackers wants them to see. It is a variant of cross-site scripting attacks but appears to be more serious.
The details of the attack were due to be published at the OWASP NYC AppSec 2008 Conference but the talk was withheld at Adobe's request until a workaround could be developed. The reportis available online.
"Let's be clear though, the responsibility of solving clickjacking does not rest solely at the feet of Adobe as there is a ton of moving parts to consider," said Jeremiah Grossman, co-founder of Whitehat Security and one of the researchers who uncovered the technique.
"Everyone including browser vendors, Adobe (plus other plug-in vendors), website owners (framebusting code) and web users (NoScript) all need their own solutions to assist incase the other don't do enough or anything at all."
He warns that almost all browsers are vulnerable because of the way they process graphics and only text-based browsers like Lynx are secure.
Grossman has demonstrated for example how a hacked Flash advert can be used to take over control of a computer's webcam and microphone, turning it into a surveillance device.
"With Clickjacking attackers can do quite a lot. Some things that could be pretty spooky. Things also performed, with a fair amount of ingenuity, quite easily," he said.
US-CERT has also issued a warning on the practice and browser manufacturers are scrambling to come up with a method of defeating the attacks.
Adobe warns of 'clickjacking' attacks
By Iain Thomson on Oct 9, 2008 3:21PM


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© 2017 Telefónica UK Limited.
In relation to consumer credit, Telefónica UK Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority
Ready to see what you could do with real-time visibility of fleet health and passenger safety from departure to arrival?
Find out how O2 Connected Transportation solutions help fleet, leasing and passenger services organisations like yours tackle tough fleet management challenges, solve risk and compliance concerns, and boost productivity – fast.
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Hyatt Regency McCormick Place
The property exceeded 2013 fiscal year numbers in six months, and secured 20,769 additional group room nights and $3.1 million group revenue.
Hyatt Regency McCormick Place $110 Million Expansion and Renovation Public Relations Campaign
This campaign was developed and executed in an effort to create awareness of the highly anticipated expansion of Hyatt Regency McCormick Place, putting them on the map as Chicago's fourth largest hotel and Hyatt's fourth largest property in the world. The primary initiatives for the public relations campaign, which ran from January 2013 until June 2013, were to target the local travel press in Chicago as well as the National and International travel and trade press to increase group, transient and social business for the hotel.
The multi-faceted hotel PR campaign needed to address all of the numerous moving pieces of the renovation, including:
A new, 460 guestroom tower; 800 room renovation in existing tower; hotel lobby renovation; 25,000 square foot conference center renovation; restaurant renovations and social space renovation.
Our outreach included phone calls, emails and meetings with over 3,000 editors worldwide, scheduling individual FAM trips for A-list writers.
Strategic ongoing outreach was also made to local organizations that impacted awareness of the project.
A grand unveiling event showcasing the final expansion and renovation was held June 4, 2013. Over 200 local government representatives, press and hospitality industry leaders were in attendance, including Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel.
The event was featured on all major Chicago news stations including WLS (ABC), WGN, WMAQ (NBC) and WFLD (FOX). Social press following the event included the Chicago Sun-Times' SPLASH section and Today's Chicago Woman magazine as well as Illinois Meetings and Events and HotelOnline.com.
The overall campaign was a huge success, garnering over 10,000,000 media impressions worldwide with more than 300 press hits in 70+ trade publications. As a result, the property exceeded 2013 fiscal year numbers in six months, secured 20,769 additional group room nights, and $3.1 million group revenue.
For 17 years, Heron has been at the forefront of the industry, proud to have represented and produced results for some of the world's most recognized brands, well-known celebrities, and national theaters, restaurants, and companies.
View our client list >
Below are a few case studies that highlight our integrated campaigns and the results we deliver.


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Friday, Sept. 30, 2016, 6:00 - 7:00 p.m.
Dayna Wills with The Tule Cats,
at Lodi Blues and Brews Festival,
Hutchins Street Square
125 N. Hutchins Street, Lodi, CA 95240
30+ Craft Breweries and some fine music.
September 30 in Lodi: Bring a friend. See you there!
The Tule Cats: Joe, John, Dayna, Grant and Adam.
The Tule Cats with Dayna Wills at Whirlow's Tossed and Grilled in Stockton, September 26, 2015.
John, Dayna, Joe, Grant and Adam at Whirlow's in Stockton, September 26, 2015.
Grant and Adam at Whirlow's, September 26, 2015.


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Frankfurt School
The Frankfurt School (Frankfurter Schule) is a school of social theory and critical philosophy associated with the Institute for Social Research, at Goethe University Frankfurt. Founded in the Weimar Republic (1918–33), during the European interwar period (1918–39), the Frankfurt School comprised intellectuals, academics, and political dissidents who were ill-fitted to the contemporary socio-economic systems (capitalist, fascist, communist) of that time. The Frankfurt theoreticians proposed that social theory was inadequate for explaining the turbulent factionalism and reactionary politics of capitalist societies in the 20th century. Critical of capitalism and Marxism–Leninism as philosophically inflexible systems, the School's critical theory research indicated alternative paths to realising the social development of a nation.[1]
Although loosely affiliated as intellectuals, the Frankfurt School theoreticians spoke from the perspective of a common paradigm (open-ended, self-critical approach) based upon Marxist and Hegelian premises of idealist philosophy.[2] To fill the omissions of 19th-century classical Marxism, which could not address 20th-century social problems, they sought answers in the philosophies of antipositivist sociology, psychoanalysis, existentialism, etc.[3] The School's sociologic works derived from syntheses of the thematically pertinent works of Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Georg Lukács.[4][5]
Like Karl Marx, the Frankfurt School concerned themselves with the conditions (political, economic, societal) that allow for social change, by way of rational social institutions.[6] The emphasis upon the critical component of social theory derived from surpassing the ideological limitations of positivism, materialism, and determinism, by returning to the critical philosophy of Kant, and his successors in German idealism — principally the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, which emphasised dialectic and contradiction as intellectual properties inherent to human reality.
Since the 1960s, the critical-theory work of the Frankfurt School has been guided by the work of Jürgen Habermas in the fields of communicative rationality, linguistic intersubjectivity, and "the philosophical discourse of modernity".[7] Nonetheless, the critical theorists Raymond Geuss and Nikolas Kompridis have opposed Habermas's propositions, claiming he has undermined the original social-change purposes of critical theory, problems such as: What should reason mean?, the analysis and expansion of the conditions necessary to realise social emancipation; and critiques of contemporary capitalism.[8]
Institute for Social Research
The term Frankfurt School informally describes the works of scholarship and the intellectuals who were the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung), an adjunct organization at Goethe University Frankfurt, founded in 1923, by Carl Grünberg, a Marxist professor of law at the University of Vienna.[9] As such, the Frankfurt School was the first Marxist research center at a German university, and originated through the largesse of the wealthy student Felix Weil (1898–1975).[3]
At university, Weil's doctoral thesis dealt with the practical problems of implementing socialism. In 1922, he organized the First Marxist Workweek (Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche) in effort to synthesize different trends of Marxism into a coherent, practical philosophy; the symposium included Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch, Karl August Wittfogel, and Friedrich Pollock. The success of the First Marxist Workweek prompted Weil to pursue the formal establishment of a permanent institute for social research, and negotiated with the Ministry of Education for a university professor to be director of the Institute for Social Research, thereby formally ensuring that the Frankfurt School would be a university institution.[10]
Korsch and Lukács participated in the Arbeitswoche, which included study of Marxism and Philosophy (1923), by Karl Korsch, but their communist-party membership precluded active participation in the Frankfurt School; yet Korsch participated in the School's publishing venture. Moreover, the political correctness by which the Communists compelled Lukács to repudiate his book History and Class Consciousness (1923) indicated that political, ideological, and intellectual independence from the communist party was a necessary work condition for realising the production of knowledge.[10]
The philosophical tradition of the Frankfurt School — the multi-disciplinary integration of the social sciences — is associated with the philosopher Max Horkheimer, who became director in 1930, and recruited intellectuals such as Theodor W. Adorno (philosopher, sociologist, musicologist), Erich Fromm (psychoanalyst), and Herbert Marcuse (philosopher).[3]
Germany before WWII
In the Weimar Republic (1918–33), the continual, political turmoils of the interwar years (1918–39) much affected the development of the Frankfurt School philosophy of critical theory. The scholars were especially influenced by the Communist's failed German Revolution of 1918–19 (which Marx predicted) and by the rise of Nazism (1933–45), a German form of fascism. To explain such reactionary politics, Frankfurt scholars applied critical selections of Marxist philosophy to interpret, illuminate, and explain the origins and causes of reactionary socio-economics in 20th-century Europe (a type of political economy unknown to Marx in the 19th century). The School's further intellectual development derived from the publication, in the 1930s, of the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (1932) and The German Ideology (1932), in which Karl Marx showed logical continuity with Hegelianism, as the basis of Marxist philosophy.
As the anti-intellectual threat of Nazism increased to political violence, the founders decided to move the Institute for Social Research out of Nazi Germany (1933–45).[11] Soon after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the Institute first moved from Frankfurt to Geneva, and then to New York City, in 1935, where the Frankfurt School joined Columbia University. In the event, the School's journal, the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung ("Magazine of Social Research") was renamed "Studies in Philosophy and Social Science". Thence began the period of the School's important work in Marxist critical theory; the scholarship and the investigational method gained acceptance among the academy, in the U.S and in Britain. By the 1950s, the paths of scholarship led Horkheimer, Adorno, and Pollock to return to West Germany, whilst Marcuse, Löwenthal, and Kirchheimer remained in the U.S. In 1953, the Frankfurt School was formally re-established in Frankfurt, West Germany.[12]
Theorists and influences
The intellectuals, academics, and political dissidents who were the Frankfurt School, Max Horkheimer and Teodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Löwenthal, and Friedrich Pollock, were ill-fitted to the capitalist, Fascist, and Communist political systems in power before the Second World War (1939–45) began in Europe, yet they shared a paradigm for critical investigation — an open-ended, self-critical approach to the subject under study.[6]
Beginning in the post–War period, their critical-theory scholarship produced new knowledge in the social sciences, and provoked ideological divisions among of the inner-circle of the School. Jürgen Habermas was the first scholar to diverge from Horkheimer's research program, presented in Traditional and Critical Theory (1937), from that divergence emerged the second generation of Frankfurt School theoreticians.[13]
- Early scholars of the Frankfurt School were
- Max Horkheimer
- Theodor W. Adorno
- Herbert Marcuse
- Friedrich Pollock
- Erich Fromm
- Otto Kirchheimer
- Leo Löwenthal
- Franz Leopold Neumann
- Henryk Grossman[14]
- Intellectuals associated with the School include
- Siegfried Kracauer
- Alfred Sohn-Rethel
- Walter Benjamin
- Jürgen Habermas
- Claus Offe
- Axel Honneth
- Oskar Negt
- Alfred Schmidt
- Albrecht Wellmer
The critical theories of the Frankfurt School developed under the intellectual influences of:
|Historical context
|Transition from small-scale capitalism to state monopoly capitalism and imperialism; socialist labor reform movement; emergence of the welfare state; the Russian Revolution (1917); the rise of Communism; the neotechnic period; emergence of mass-communications media and mass culture, Modern art; and the rise of Nazism.
|Max Weber
|Comparative historical analysis of Western rationalism; analyses of bureaucratic domination; articulation of hermeneutics in the social sciences.
|Critique of psychological repression in the reality principle of civilization and daily-life neurosis; discovery of the unconscious mind and the Oedipus complex; analyses of the psychological bases of authoritarianism.
|Critique of positivism as philosophy and scientific method, as ideology and conformity; resumption of dialectics; critique of logical positivism and pragmatism.
|Aesthetic modernism
|Critique of reification; of the culture industry.
|Marxist philosophy
|Critique of Marx's theory of alienation; historical materialism; the rate of exploitation of labor in each mode of production; systems analysis of the capitalist extraction of surplus labor; and crisis theory.
|Popular culture studies
|Critique of mass popular culture as the status quo; critique of Western culture as domination; dialectical differentiation of emancipatory and repressive aspects of élite culture; Kierkegaard's critique of the present age, Nietzsche's transvaluation, and Schiller's aesthetic education.
Critical theory
The works of the Frankfurt School are understood in the context of the intellectual and practical objectives of critical theory. In Traditional and Critical Theory (1937), Max Horkheimer defined critical theory as social critique meant to effect sociologic change and realize intellectual emancipation, by way of enlightenment that is not dogmatic in its assumptions.[15][16] The purpose of critical theory is to analyze the true significance of the ruling understandings (the dominant ideology) generated in bourgeois society, by showing that the dominant ideology misrepresents how human relations occur in the real world, and how such misrepresentations function to justify and legitimate the domination of people by capitalism. In the praxis of cultural hegemony, the dominant ideology is a ruling-class narrative story, which explains that what is occurring in society is the norm. Nonetheless, the story told through the ruling understandings conceals as much as it reveals about society, hence, the task of the Frankfurt School was sociological analysis and interpretation of the areas of social-relation that Marx did not discuss in the 19th century — especially in the superstructure of a capitalist society.[17]
Horkheimer opposed critical theory to traditional theory, in which the word theory is applied in the positivistic sense of scientism, of a purely observational mode that finds and establishes scientific law (generalizations) about the real world. That the social sciences differ from the natural sciences inasmuch as scientific generalizations are not readily derived from experience, because the researcher's understanding of a social experience always is shaped by the ideas in the mind of the researcher. What the researcher does not understand is that he or she is in an historical context, wherein ideologies shape human thought, thus, the results for the theory being tested would conform to the ideas of the researcher, rather than conform to the facts of the experience proper; in "Traditional and Critical Theory", Horkheimer said:
|The facts, which our senses present to us, are socially performed in two ways: through the historical character of the object perceived, and through the historical character of the perceiving organ. Both are not simply natural; they are shaped by human activity, and yet the individual perceives himself as receptive and passive in the act of perception.[18]
For Horkheimer, the methods of investigation applicable to the social sciences cannot imitate the scientific method applicable to the natural sciences. In that vein, the theoretical approaches of positivism and pragmatism, of neo-Kantianism and phenomenology failed to surpass the ideological constraints that restricted their application to social science, because of the inherent logico–mathematic prejudice that separates theory from actual life, i.e. such methods of investigation seek a logic that is always true, and independent of and without consideration for continuing human activity in the field under study. That the appropriate response to such a dilemma was the development of a critical theory of Marxism.[19]
Because the problem was epistemological, Horkheimer said that "we should reconsider not merely the scientist, but the knowing individual, in general."[20] Unlike Orthodox Marxism, which applies a template to critique and to action, critical theory is self-critical, with no claim to the universality of absolute truth. As such, critical theory does not grant primacy to matter (materialism) or to consciousness (idealism), because each epistemology distorts the reality under study, to the benefit of a small group. In practice, critical theory is outside the philosophical strictures of traditional theory; however, as a way of thinking and of recovering humanity's self-knowledge, critical theory draws investigational resources and methods from Marxism.[16]
Critique of ideology
Critical investigation must be directed at the totality of a society in its historical specificity (how society became configured at a given time) in order to understand its social reality, by applying a method of investigation derived from the inter-disciplinary integration of the social sciences, such as geography, economics, and sociology, history and political science, anthropology and psychology. Although critical theory must always be self-critical, Horkheimer said that a theory is critical only if it explains the subject. Hence, by combining practical and normative ways of thinking, critical theory can "explain what is wrong with current social reality, identify actors to change it, and provide clear norms for criticism, and practical goals for the future."[21] Whereas the purpose of traditional theory is the description, explanation, and justification of reality, the purpose of critical theory is to describe, explain, and change reality, because the goal of critical theory is "the emancipation of human beings from the circumstances that enslave them."[22]
Dialectic of Enlightenment and Minima Moralia
The second phase of Frankfurt School critical-theory derives from two Marxist critiques of Western civilization: (i) the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer; and (ii) Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (1951), by Adorno. The Dialectic of Enlightenment, applies the epic poem Odyssey as the investigational paradigm to demonstrate that the human domination of Nature characterizes the instrumental rationality of the West; in their analyses, Horkheimer and Adorno anticipated late-twentieth-century environmentalism. In Minima Moralia, Adorno identified Western rationalism as technological effort to subordinate and dominate[disambiguation needed] Nature to humanity:
|. . . since the overwhelming objectivity of historical movement, in its present phase, consists, so far, only in the dissolution of the subject, without yet giving rise to a new [subject], individual experience necessarily bases itself on the old subject, now historically condemned, which is still for-itself, but no longer in-itself. The subject still feels sure of its autonomy, but the nullity demonstrated to subjects by the concentration camp is already overtaking the form of subjectivity, itself.[23]
Consequently, when objective reality is the basis for ideology, critical analyses of the dialectical contradictions preserve the facts of the matter, because the "truth or untruth [of a theory] is not inherent in the method, itself, but in its intention in the historical process", because "the only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves, from the standpoint of redemption." Adorno's contemporary existential perspective progresses from the philosophic optimism of 19th-century orthodox Marxism: "besides the demand thus placed on thought, the question of the reality or unreality of redemption, itself, hardly matters."[24]
From Horkheimer and Adorno's ambivalence about the source of social domination[disambiguation needed] arose the philosophic pessimism of the second-phase Frankfurt School about the possibility of human freedom and emancipation.[25] Uncertainty about the domination-source arose from the historical circumstances (the Zeitgeist) of Germany's interwar years (1918–39), during which Nazism, state capitalism, and mass culture arose as forms of social domination, which 19th-century Marxist sociology could not explain.[26] Such sources of social domination became noticeable when the state eliminated the socially-destabilizing tension between the relations of production and the material productive forces of society (the primary contradiction in capitalism) with a planned economy and public ownership of the means of production .[27]
Nikolas Kompridis criticized the second-phase Frankfurt School as being at an impasse, which:
|According to the now-canonical view of its history, Frankfurt School critical theory began in the 1930s, as a fairly confident interdisciplinary and materialist research program, the general aim of which was to connect normative social criticism to the emancipatory potential latent in concrete historical processes. Only a decade or so later, however, having revisited the premises of their philosophy of history, Horkheimer and Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment steered the whole enterprise, provocatively and self-consciously, into a sceptical cul-de-sac. As a result they got stuck in the irresolvable dilemmas of the 'philosophy of the subject', and the original program was shrunk to a negativistic practice of critique that eschewed the very normative ideals on which it implicitly depended.[28]
In the event, the Frankfurt School arrived at the cul-de-sac of scepticism with much "help from the once-unspeakable and unprecedented barbarity of European fascism", but escaped through the progressive work of Jürgen Habermas on the intersubjective bases of communicative rationality.[28]
Philosophy of music
In The Philosophy of Modern Music (1949), Teodor Adorno criticizes modern music as integral to the ideology of advanced capitalism, which represents the music as a false consciousness that contributes to social domination.[page needed] That radical art and music can preserve aesthetic truth by capturing the reality of human suffering: "What radical music perceives is the un-transfigured suffering of Man. . . . The seismographic registration of traumatic shock becomes, at the same time, the technical, structural law of music. It forbids continuity and development. Musical language is polarized according to its extremes; towards gestures of shock, resembling bodily convulsions on the one hand, and on the other [hand] towards a crystalline stand-still of a human being whom anxiety causes to freeze in her tracks . . . Modern music sees absolute oblivion as its goal. It is the surviving message of despair from the shipwrecked."[29]
In particular, Adorno dislike jazz and popular music, viewing those genres as part of the culture industry that sustains capitalism by rendering it aesthetically pleasing and agreeable. Moreover, in The Uses of Pessimism and the Danger of False Hope (2010), the philosopher Roger Scruton dismissed Adorno as a Marxist intellectual who produced "reams of turgid nonsense devoted to showing that the American people are just as alienated as Marxism requires them to be, and that their cheerful life-affirming music is a 'fetishized' commodity, expressive of their deep spiritual enslavement to the capitalist machine."[30]
Left-wing critics of the Frankfurt School said the critical theory is a form of bourgeois idealism unrelated to political praxis, and isolated from the reality of a revolutionary movement. In the Theory of the Novel, Georg Lukács summarised the criticism: "A considerable part of the leading German intelligentsia, including Adorno, have taken up residence in the Grand Hotel Abyss, which I described in connection with my critique of Schopenhauer as 'a beautiful hotel, equipped with every comfort, on the edge of an abyss, of nothingness, of absurdity. And the daily contemplation of the abyss between excellent meals or artistic entertainments, can only heighten the enjoyment of the subtle comforts offered'."[31]
Likewise, in The Myth of the Framework, the philosopher Karl Popper said that the Frankfurt School did not fulfil the Marxist promise of a better future: "Marx's own condemnation of our society makes sense. For Marx's theory contains the promise of a better future. But the theory becomes vacuous and irresponsible if this promise is withdrawn, as it is by Adorno and Horkheimer."[32]
Between the past and the future
Nikolas Kompridis's criticism of Habermas's approach to critical theory called for a break with the proceduralist ethics of communicative rationality: "For all its theoretical ingenuity and practical implications, Habermas's reformulation of critical theory is beset by persistent problems of its own. . . . In my view, the depth of these problems indicates just how wrong was Habermas's expectation that the paradigm change, to linguistic intersubjectivity, would render [as] objectless the dilemmas of the philosophy of the subject.[33] Habermas accused Hegel of creating a conception of reason so "overwhelming" that it solved too well the problem of modernity's [need for] self-reassurance.[34] It seems, however, that Habermas has repeated, rather than avoided, Hegel's mistake, creating a theoretical paradigm so comprehensive, that, in one stroke, it also solves too well the dilemmas of the philosophy of the subject and the problem of modernity's self-reassurance.[35]
That the change of paradigm to linguistic intersubjectivity caused a great change in the self-understanding of the critical-theory method of investigation. That the priority given to questions of justice and normative order in society remodeled critical theory in the image of liberal theories of justice, which are challenged by contemporary variants of liberal theories of justice that preserve continuity with the past formulation of critical theory, yet inadvertently initiated its premature dissolution.[36]
To prevent that premature dissolution, Kompridis said that critical theory must become a "possibility-disclosing" enterprise, by incorporating Heidegger's insights into world disclosure, and by drawing from the sources of normativity, which were blocked from critical theory, by the change of investigational paradigm. Calling for what the philosopher Charles Taylor named as a "new department" of reason, with a possibility-disclosing role of reflective disclosure,[37] that critical theory must return to German romanticism to imagine socio-political alternatives to the existing social and political conditions, "if it is to have a future worthy of its past."[38]
Psychoanalytic categorization
Christopher Phelps, historian Christopher Lasch criticized the Frankfurt School's initial tendencies towards "automatically" rejecting opposing political criticisms on psychiatric grounds: "The Authoritarian Personality [1950] had a tremendous influence on Hofstadter and other liberal intellectuals, because it showed them how to conduct political criticism in psychiatric categories, to make those categories bear the weight of political criticism. This procedure excused them from the difficult work of judgment and argumentation. Instead of arguing with opponents, they simply dismissed them on psychiatric grounds.[39]
Economy and mass media
During the 1980s, anti-authoritarian socialists in the United Kingdom and New Zealand criticised the rigid and determinist view of popular culture deployed within the Frankfurt School theories of capitalist culture, which seemed to preclude any prefigurative role for social critique within such work. They argued that EC Comics often did contain such cultural critiques.[40][41] Recent criticism of the Frankfurt School by the libertarian Cato Institute focused on the claim that culture has grown more sophisticated and diverse as a consequence of free markets and the availability of niche cultural text for niche audiences.[42][43]
Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
'Cultural Marxism' in modern political parlance refers to a conspiracy theory which sees the Frankfurt School as part of an ongoing movement to take over and destroy Western society.[44][45][46][47]
The term 'cultural Marxism' had an academic usage within cultural studies where in the 1970s it referred to a form of anti-capitalist cultural critique which specifically targeted those aspects of culture that are seen as profit driven and mass-produced under capitalism.[48][49][50][51][52] As an area of The Frankfurt School's discourse 'Cultural Marxism' was a label for their critique of the industrialization and mass-production of culture by The Culture Industry which they claim has an overall negative effect on society, an effect which can reify an audience away from perceiving a more authentic sense of human values.[53][49] British theorists such as Richard Hoggart of The Birmingham School developed a working class sense of 'British Cultural Marxism' which objected to the "massification" and "drift" away from local cultures, a process of commercialization Hoggart saw as being enabled by tabloid newspapers, advertising, and the American film industry.[54]
The term remained academic until the late 1990s when it was misappropriated by paleoconservatives as part of an ongoing Culture War in which it is claimed that the very same theorists who were analysing and objecting to the "massification" and mass control via commercialization of culture were in fact working in a conspiracy to control and stage their own attack on Western society, using 1960s counter culture, multiculturalism, progressive politics and political correctness as their methods.[46][55][56] Adherents of the theory often seem to mean that the existence of things like modern feminism, anti-white racism, and sexualization are dependent on the Frankfurt School, even though these processes and movements predate the 1920s. This conspiracy theory version of the term is associated with American religious paleoconservatives such as William S. Lind, Pat Buchanan, and Paul Weyrich, but also holds currency among alt-right/white nationalist groups and the neo-reactionary movement.[56][47][57]
Weyrich first aired his misappropriation of the term 'Cultural Marxism' in a 1998 speech to the Civitas Institute's Conservative Leadership Conference, later repeating this usage in his widely syndicated Culture War Letter.[56][58][59] At Weyrich's request William S. Lind wrote a short history of his conception of Cultural Marxism for The Free Congress Foundation; in it Lind identifies the presence of homosexuals on television as proof of Cultural Marxist control over the mass media and claims that Herbert Marcuse considered a coalition of "blacks, students, feminist women and homosexuals" as a vanguard of cultural revolution.[46][55][60] Lind has since published his own depiction of a fictional Cultural Marxist apocalypse.[61][62] Lind and Weyrich's writings on this subject advocate fighting what they perceive as Cultural Marxism with "a vibrant cultural conservatism" composed of "retroculture" fashions from the past, a return to rail systems as public transport and an agrarian culture of self-reliance modeled after the Amish.[46][62][63][64][65][66][67][excessive citations]
In 1999 Lind led the creation of an hour-long program entitled "Political Correctness: The Frankfurt School".[44] Some of Lind's content went on to be reproduced by James Jaeger in his YouTube film "CULTURAL MARXISM: The Corruption of America".[68]
The intellectual historian Martin Jay commented on this phenomenon saying that Lind's original documentary:
"... spawned a number of condensed textual versions, which were reproduced on a number of radical right-wing sites. These in turn led to a welter of new videos now available on YouTube, which feature an odd cast of pseudo-experts regurgitating exactly the same line. The message is numbingly simplistic: all the ills of modern American culture, from feminism, affirmative action, sexual liberation and gay rights to the decay of traditional education and even environmentalism are ultimately attributable to the insidious influence of the members of the Institute for Social Research who came to America in the 1930's."[44]
Heidi Beirich likewise claims the conspiracy theory is used to demonize various conservative "bêtes noires" including "feminists, homosexuals, secular humanists, multiculturalist, sex educators, environmentalist, immigrants, and black nationalists."[69]
According to Chip Berlet, who specializes in the study of extreme right-wing movements, Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory found fertile ground within the Tea Party movement of 2009, with contributions published in the American Thinker and WorldNetDaily highlighted by some Tea Party websites.[70][71][72]
The Southern Poverty Law Center has reported that William S. Lind in 2002 gave a speech to a Holocaust denial conference on the topic of Cultural Marxism. In this speech Lind noted that all the members of The Frankfurt School were "to a man, Jewish", but it is reported that Lind claims not to question whether the Holocaust occurred and claims he was present in an official capacity for the Free Congress Foundation "to work with a wide variety of groups on an issue-by-issue basis".[73][74]
Although the theory became more widespread in the late 1990s and through the 2000s, the modern iteration of the theory originated in Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in Fidelio Magazine by the Schiller Institute.[44][75][76] The Schiller Institute, a branch of the LaRouche movement, further promoted the idea in 1994.[77] The Minnicino article charges that the Frankfurt School promoted Modernism in the arts as a form of Cultural pessimism, and shaped the Counterculture of the 1960s (such as the British pop band The Beatles) after the Wandervogel of the Ascona commune.[75]
More recently, the Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik included the term in his document "2083: A European Declaration of Independence", which along with The Free Congress Foundation's "Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology" was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses approximately 90 minutes before the 2011 bomb blast in Oslo for which Breivik was responsible.[78][79][80] Segments of William S. Lind's writings on Cultural Marxism have been found within Breivik's manifesto.[81]
In July 2017, Rich Higgins was removed by US National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster from the United States National Security Council following the discovery of a seven-page memorandum he had authored, describing a conspiracy theory concerning a plot to destroy the presidency of Donald Trump by cultural Marxists, "inter-operating with" Islamists, globalists, bankers, the media and members of the Republican and Democratic parties.[82][83][84]
Philosopher and political science lecturer Jérôme Jamin has stated, "Next to the global dimension of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, there is its innovative and original dimension, which lets its authors avoid racist discourses and pretend to be defenders of democracy".[45] Professor and Oxford Fellow Matthew Feldman has traced the terminology back to the pre-war German concept of Cultural Bolshevism locating it as part of the degeneration theory that aided in Hitler's rise to power.[85] William S. Lind confirms this as his period of interest, claiming that "It [Cultural Marxism] is an effort that goes back not to the 1960s and the hippies and the peace movement, but back to World War I."[74]
See also
- ^ Held, David (1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. University of California Press, p. 14.
- ^ Finlayson, James Gordon (2005). Habermas a Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-284095-9. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^ a b c "Frankfurt School". (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217277/Frankfurt-School (Retrieved 19 December 2009)
- ^ Held, David (1980), p. 16
- ^ Jameson, Fredric (2002). "The Theoretical Hesitation: Benjamin's Sociological Predecessor". In Nealon, Jeffrey; Irr, Caren. Rethinking the Frankfurt School: Alternative Legacies of Cultural Critique. Albany: SUNY Press. pp. 11–30.
- ^ a b Held, David (1980), p. 15.
- ^ Habermas, Jürgen. (1987). The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. MIT Press.
- ^ Kompridis, Nikolas. (2006). Critique and Disclosure: Critical Theory between Past and Future, MIT Press
- ^ Corradetti, Claudio (2011). "The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (published: 21 October 2011).
- ^ a b "The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory", Marxist Internet Archive (Retrieved 12 September 2009)
- ^ Dubiel, Helmut. "The Origins of Critical Theory: An interview with Leo Löwenthal", Telos 49.
- ^ Held, David (1980), p. 38.
- ^ Finlayson, James Gordon (2005), Habermas: A Very Short Introduction, p. 4
- ^ Kuhn, Rick Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007
- ^ Geuss, Raymond. The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt school. Cambridge University Press, 1981. p. 58.
- ^ a b Carr, Adrian (2000). "Critical theory and the Management of Change in Organizations", Journal of Organizational Change Management, pp. 13, 3, 208–220.
- ^ Martin Jay. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950. London: Heinemann, 1973, p. 21.
- ^ Horkheimer, Max (1976). "Traditional and critical theory". In: Connerton, P (Eds), Critical Sociology: Selected Readings, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 213
- ^ Rasmussen, D. "Critical Theory and Philosophy", The Handbook of Critical Theory, Blackwell, Oxford, 1996. p .18.
- ^ Horkheimer, Max (1976), p. 221.
- ^ Bohman, J. "Critical Theory and Democracy", The Handbook of Critical Theory, Blackwell, Oxford, 1996. p. 190.
- ^ Horkheimer, Max (1976), pp. 219, 224.
- ^ Adorno, Theodor W. Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life (1951), pp. 15–16.
- ^ Adorno, Theodor W. (2006), p. 247.
- ^ Adorno, T. W., Horkheimer, M. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Trans. Edmund Jephcott. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1944. p. 242.
- ^ "Critical Theory was initially developed, in Horkheimer's circle, to think through political disappointments at the absence of revolution in the West, the development of Stalinism in Soviet Russia, and the victory of fascism in Germany. [Critical theory] was supposed to explain mistaken Marxist prognoses, but without breaking Marxist intentions" — Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures (1987) p. 116.
See also: Dubiel, Helmut. Theory and Politics: Studies in the Development of Critical Theory (1985) p. 00.
- ^ "Gone are the objective laws of the market, which ruled in the actions of the entrepreneurs, and tended toward catastrophe. Instead, the conscious decision of the managing directors executes as results (which are more obligatory than the blindest price-mechanisms) the old law of value, and hence the destiny of capitalism." — Horkheimer, Max and Adorno, T. W. Dialectic of Enlightenment, (1944) p. 38.
- ^ a b Kompridis, Nikolas. (2006), p. 256
- ^ Adorno, Theodor W. The Philosophy of Modern Music (1949), pp. 41–42.
- ^ Scruton, Roger. The Uses of Pessimism: and the Danger of False Hope, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 89.
- ^ Lukács, Georg. (1971). The Theory of the Novel. MIT Press, p. 22.
- ^ Karl R. Popper: Addendum 1974: The Frankfurt School. in: The Myth of the Framework. London New York 1994, p. 80
- ^ Habermas, Jürgen, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, MIT Press, 1987. p. 301.
- ^ Habermas, Jürgen (1987), p. 42
- ^ Kompridis, Nikolas. (2006), pp. 23–24
- ^ Kompridis, Nikolas. (2006), p. 25
- ^ Taylor, Charles. Philosophical Arguments pp. 12, 15.
- ^ Kompridis, Nikolas. (2006), p. xi
- ^ Blake, Casey and Phelps, Christopher. "History as Social Criticism: Conversations with Christopher Lasch" – Journal of American History 80, no.4, March 1994, pp.1310–32
- ^ Martin Barker: A Haunt of Fears: The Strange History of the British Horror Comics Campaign: London: Pluto Press: 1984
- ^ Roy Shuker, Roger Openshaw and Janet Soler: Youth, Media and Moral Panic: From Hooligans to Video Nasties: Palmerston North: Massey University Department of Education: 1990
- ^ Cowen, Tyler (1998) "Is Our Culture in Decline?" Cato Policy Report, http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v20n5/culture.pdf
- ^ Radoff, Jon (2010) "The Attack on Imagination," "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
- ^ a b c d Jay, Martin (2010), "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe". Salmagundi (Fall 2010-Winter 2011, 168–169): 30–40. Quote:"On August 18, 2010, Fidel Castro contributed an article to the Cuban Communist Party paper Granma in which he endorsed the bizarre allegations of an obscure Lithuanian-born conspiracy theorist named Daniel Estulin in a 2005 book entitled The Secrets of the Bilderberg Club ... what makes his embrace of Estulin's book especially risible is the subordinate argument—and this is the part that most concerns me here—that the inspiration for the subversion of domestic unrest came from Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Lowenthal and their colleagues at the Institute for Social search in the 1950's. Here we have clearly broken through the looking glass and entered a parallel universe in which normal rules of evidence and plausibility have been suspended. It is a mark of the silliness of these claims that they [were] even subjected to ridicule by Rush Limbaugh on his August 20, 2010 radio show ... Limbaugh, to be sure, ignored the other most blatant absurdity in Estulin's scheme, which was attributing to the Frankfurt School a position precisely opposite to what its members had always taken. That is, when they discussed the "culture industry" it was with the explicit criticism, ironically echoed here by Castro, that it functioned to reconcile people to their misery and dull the pain of their suffering ... But the opening salvo had, in fact, been fired a decade earlier in a lengthy essay by one Michael Minnicino called "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'," published in 1992 in the obscure journal Fidelio.[4] Its provenance is particularly telling: it was an organ of the Lyndon Larouche movement cum cult, one of the less savory curiosities of nightmare fringe politics ...What began as a bizarre Lyndon Larouche coinage has become the common currency of a larger and larger public of addled enragés ...
- ^ a b Jamin, Jérôme (2014). "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right". In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P. The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84–103. ISBN 978-1-137-39619-8. doi:10.1057/9781137396211.0009. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d Berkowitz, Bill (2003), "Reframing the Enemy: 'Cultural Marxism', a Conspiracy Theory with an Anti-Semitic Twist, Is Being Pushed by Much of the American Right." Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center, Summer. https://web.archive.org/web/20040207095318/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=53&printable=1
- ^ a b Richardson, John E. "'Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse". In Copsey, Nigel; Richardson, John E. Cultures of Post-War British Fascism.
- ^ Adorno, Theodor. "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ a b Barker, Chris; Jane, Emma. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. SAGE. ISBN 9781473968349.
- ^ Habermas, Jürgen (1985). Theory of Communicative Action. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807015070. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Kellner, Douglas. "Cultural Studies and Social Theory: A Critical Intervention" (PDF). UCLA. ucla.edu. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ Ritzer, ed. George (2005). Encyclopedia of social theory ([2nd print.] ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA [u.a.]: Sage. p. 171. ISBN 978-0761926115.
- ^ Horkheimer, Max; W. Adorno, Theodor (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment philosophical fragments ([Nachdr.] ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0804736336.
- ^ Hoggart, Richard (1957). The Uses of Literacy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 260–268.
- ^ a b Lind, William S. "What is Cultural Marxism?". Maryland Thursday Meeting. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Weyrich, Paul. "Letter to Conservatives by Paul M. Weyrich". Conservative Think Tank: "The National Center for Public Policy Research". Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Wodak, ed. by Ruth; KhosraviNik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (2012). Right wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse (1st. publ. 2013. ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 96, 97. ISBN 978-1-7809-3245-3. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Moonves, Leslie. "Death Of The Moral Majority?". CBS news. The Associated Press. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ Koyzis, David T. (2003). Political visions and illusions: A survey and Christian critique of contemporary ideologies. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8308-2726-9. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Lind, William S. "Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology". Discover The Networks. David Horowitz. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Lind, William S. "Washington's Legitimacy Crisis". The American Conservative. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ^ a b Lind, William S. Victoria: A Novel of 4th Generation Warefare. Castalia House. ISBN 978-952-7065-45-7. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Lind, William S.; Weyrich, Paul M. (12 February 2007). "The Next Conservatism". The American Conservative. American Ideas Institute. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Lind, William S.; Weyrich, Paul M. (2009). The Next Conservatism (1 ed.). South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine's Press. ISBN 978-1-58731-561-9. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ O'Meara, Michael. "The Next Conservatism? a review". Counter Currents Publishing. Counter-Currents Publishing, Ltd. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Terry, Tommy (2012). The Quelled Conscience of Conservative Evangelicals in the Age of Inverted Totalitarianism. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-105-67534-8. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Lind, William S. "The Discarded Image". Various. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Jaeger, James. "CULTURAL MARXISM: The Corruption of America". Youtube. Google. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ Perry, Barbara (ed.); Beirich, Heidi (2009). Hate crimes [vol.5]. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-275-99569-0. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Berlet, Chip (July 2012). "Collectivists, Communists, Labor Bosses, and Treason: The Tea Parties as Right-Wing Populist Counter-Subversion Panic". Critical Sociology. 38 (4): 565–587. doi:10.1177/0896920511434750.
- ^ Lind, William S. "Who Stole Our Culture?". World Net Daily. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ Kimball, Linda. "Cultural Marxism". American Thinker. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- ^ Berkowitz, Bill. "Ally of Christian Right Heavyweight Paul Weyrich Addresses Holocaust Denial Conference". Southern Poverty Law Center. SPLC 2003. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ a b Lind, William S. "The Origins of Political Correctness". Accuracy in Academia. Accuracy in Academia/Daniel J. Flynn. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ^ a b "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", Schiller Institute
- ^ Jay (2010) notes that Daniel Estulin's book cites this essay and that the Free Congress Foundation's program was inspired by it.
- ^ Michael Minnicino (1994), Freud and the Frankfurt School (Schiller Institute 1994), part of "Solving the Paradox of Current World History", a conference report published in Executive Intelligence Review
- ^ "'Breivik manifesto' details chilling attack preparation". BBC News. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ Trilling, Daniel (18 April 2012). "Who are Breivik's fellow travellers?". New Statesman. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- ^ Buruma, Ian. "Breivik's Call to Arms". Qantara. German Federal Agency for Civic Education & Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ Shanafelt, Robert; Pino, Nathan W. (2014). Rethinking Serial Murder, Spree Killing, and Atrocities: Beyond the Usual Distinctions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56467-6.
- ^ "How Trump's paranoid White House sees 'deep state' enemies on all sides". The Guardian. 13 August 2017.
- ^ "Here's the Memo That Blew Up the NSC". Foreign Policy. 10 August 2017.
- ^ "An NSC Staffer Is Forced Out Over a Controversial Memo". The Atlantic. 2 August 2017.
- ^ Matthew, Feldman; Griffin, Roger (editor) (2003). Fascism: Fascism and culture (1. publ. ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 343. ISBN 0-415-29018-X. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Further reading
- Arato, Andrew and Eike Gebhardt, Eds. The Essential Frankfurt School Reader. New York: Continuum, 1982.
- Bernstein, Jay (ed.). The Frankfurt School: Critical Assessments I–VI. New York: Routledge, 1994.
- Benhabib, Seyla. Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
- Bottomore, Tom. The Frankfurt School and its Critics. New York: Routledge, 2002.
- Bronner, Stephen Eric and Douglas MacKay Kellner (eds.). Critical Theory and Society: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 1989.
- Brosio, Richard A. The Frankfurt School: An Analysis of the Contradictions and Crises of Liberal Capitalist Societies. 1980.
- Crone, Michael (ed.): Vertreter der Frankfurter Schule in den Hörfunkprogrammen 1950–1992. Hessischer Rundfunk, Frankfurt am Main 1992. (Bibliography.)
- Friedman, George. The Political Philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.
- Held, David. Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
- Gerhardt, Christina. "Frankfurt School. The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 1500 to the Present. 8 vols. Ed. Immanuel Ness. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2009. 12–13.
- Immanen, Mikko (2017). A Promise of Concreteness: Martin Heidegger's Unacknowledged Role in the Formation of Frankfurt School in the Weimar Republic (Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-951-51-3205-5. Lay summary.
- Jay, Martin. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923–1950. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1996.
- Jeffries, Stuart (2016). Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School. London – Brooklyn, NY: Verso. ISBN 978-1-78478-568-0.
- Kompridis, Nikolas. Critique and Disclosure: Critical Theory between Past and Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
- Postone, Moishe. Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Schwartz, Frederic J. Blind Spots: Critical Theory and the History of Art in Twentieth-Century Germany. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
- Shapiro, Jeremy J. "The Critical Theory of Frankfurt". Times Literary Supplement 3 (October 4, 1974) 787.
- Scheuerman, William E. Frankfurt School Perspectives on Globalization, Democracy, and the Law. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2008.
- Wiggershaus, Rolf. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories and Political Significance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
- Wheatland, Thomas. The Frankfurt School in Exile. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
External links
- Official website of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt
- "Critical Theory" on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Gerhardt, Christina. "Frankfurt School (Jewish émigrés)." The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Ness, Immanuel (ed). Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Blackwell Reference Online.
- "The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- The Frankfurt School on the Marxists Internet Archive
- BBC Radio 4 Audio documentary "In our time: the Frankfurt School"


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Jean Swanson
Jean Swanson (swancam at vcn.bc.ca) is co-ordinator of the Carnegie Community Action Project in Vancouver. She has been an anti-poverty activist for 30 years and wrote the book, Poor Bashing: The politics of exclusion.
Stories by Jean Swanson
Too Little, Too Late for Vancouver's Housing U-Turn
Nine years after broken promise to end homelessness, it's time for a radical new approach.
East Van to MLA Sultan: Raising Welfare Rates 'Opposite of Dead End'
Mount Pleasant voices fire back, call for BC poverty reduction plan.
Downtown Eastside Seeks Foreign Aid
Vancouver group asks UN to help homeless Canadians.
Time to Up Welfare Payments
Let's tell government to stop playing Scrooge.


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James Saburo Shigeta, (born June 17, 1929, Honolulu, Hawaii—died July 28, 2014, Beverly Hills, Calif.), American actor and singer who broke Hollywood barriers by becoming one of the first Asian American actors to have leading roles on television and in films. Shigeta studied at New York University, but in 1948 he won a singing competition on TV's The Original Amateur Hour, and he briefly performed in nightclubs under the name Guy Brion. After he served in the Marines during the Korean War, Shigeta pursued a singing career in Japan, learning Japanese and earning the nickname "the Frank Sinatra of Japan." He made his screen debut in Hollywood's The Crimson Kimono (1959), and the following year he shared the Golden Globe for most promising male newcomer. Shigeta subsequently starred as a Japanese diplomat with a Causcasian wife in the World War II drama Bridge to the Sun (1961) and as a Chinese man trying to avoid an arranged marriage in the musical Flower Drum Song (1961). He later took on smaller roles on TV and in movies, notably as a Japanese business executive in the film Die Hard (1988). He also provided voices for such animated movies as Mulan (1998) and Avatar: The Last Airbender (2005).
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Here is some good stuff ! Buddhist wisdom for a world gripped by fear…..https://goo.gl/3ZS5ED
Tag Archives: buddhism
Buddhist and Christian dialogue…..
A list of books compiled by Carl McColman with links to buy them on Amazon…..http://goo.gl/Q0iM9J
Jesus and Buddha….
Their teachings often agree and in some ways their experiences match. They are not the same person but in my mind they are quite complimentary…..http://goo.gl/LXm9wS
A to Z Guide to Buddhism http://goo.gl/w …
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Why study Buddhism
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In Dante's Inferno, Satan, denizen of the deepest hell, is found frozen in a block of ice, utterly unable to move. As anyone who has ever tried to quit smoking or eating junk food only to pick up that cigarette or that bag of crunchy or gooey things in a burst of wild rebellion can tell you, rebelling doesn't necessarily bring freedom. Addictions—and this can include addictive emotions and obsessive thinking—is hell, a narrowing our possibilities. Freedom means working with life, caring for the body and the rest of creation, the middle path.
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Could Christianity's future lie in Buddhism's past? This is a possibility that's been haunting me lately, but in a good way, I think.
I like to think of Buddhism as my "secondary religion" I really liked this article here on how the Buddha can help us do better as Christ followers….http://goo.gl/U6Mnt6
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You are probably familiar with the 10 Commandments of from the Bible. But here from Buddhism are 10 things you should not do | 10 Unwholesome Actions
I think it would be interesting to start …
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The Empty Bell
Welcome! The Empty Bell is a sanctuary for the study and practice of Christian meditation and prayer. Our purpose is to learn about the history and practice of the Christian contemplative way as rooted in the Gospels, and to explore its common ground with other ancient Wisdom teachings. We give special attention to the Christian-Buddhist dialogue, to artistic expression of spiritual insight, and to the relationship between spirituality and stewardship of our bio-diverse natural world…
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I just finished Buddha in Blue Jeans: An Extremely Short Zen Guide to Sitting Quietly and Being Buddha by Sheridan, Tai on Kindle for Android! http://www.amazon.com/kindleforandroid/
Buddhist Meal Chants
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Between Hurricane Sandy and the U.S. elections on Tuesday, the past few days have felt pretty intense. And as usual in times like these, you can see the best and the worst in people.
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Jesus, Jazz, and Buddhism….
JJB is a global community of scholars and friends who are interested in food, music, art, religion, philosophy, education, science, and sustainable community. Jesus represents kindness; jazz represents creativity; Buddhism represents interconnectedness…. http://goo.gl/gwccO
Reading update…..
Fnished The Sutras of Abu Ghraib by Aidan Delgado and gave it 5 stars amzn.to/H9r8SO #Kindle
— Dennis Reasinger (@dionysius) April 1, 2012
Awesome book! Profoundly moving memoir of a Buddhist soldier coming to terms with the war and his deep aversion to war. Also captures perfectly the bleakness of life in a war zone…
Internet of things…..
Closer to One: Buddhism and The Internet of Things | Bonnier AB.
In a very near future there will be an invisible web linking together human beings, physical objects and their virtual representations in an information network.


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