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Ischemia of active skeletal muscle elicits a pressor response termed the muscle metaboreflex. We tested the hypothesis that in normal dogs during dynamic exercise, graded muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) would progressively attenuate spontaneous heart rate baroreflex sensitivity (SBRS). The animals were chronically instrumented to measure heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), mean and systolic arterial pressure (MAP and SAP), and left ventricular systolic pressures (LVSP) at rest and during mild or moderate treadmill exercise before and during progressive MMA [via graded reductions of hindlimb blood flow (HLBF)]. SBRS [slopes of the linear relationships (LRs) between HR and LVSP or SAP during spontaneous sequences of ≥3 consecutive beats when HR changed inversely vs. pressure] decreased during mild exercise from the resting values (−5.56 ± 0.86 vs. −2.67 ± 0.50 beats·min−1·mmHg−1, P <0.05), and in addition, these LRs were shifted upward. Progressive MMA gradually and linearly increased MAP, CO, and HR; linearly decreased SBRS; and shifted LRs upward and rightward to higher HR and pressures denoting baroreflex resetting. Moderate exercise caused a substantial reduction in SBRS (−1.57 ± 0.38 beats·min−1·mmHg−1, P <0.05) and both an upward and rightward resetting. Gradual MMA at this higher workload also caused significant progressive increases in MAP, CO, and HR and progressive decreases in SBRS, and the LRs were shifted to higher MAP and HR. Our results demonstrate that gradual MMA during mild and moderate dynamic exercise progressively decreases SBRS. In addition, baroreflex control of HR is progressively reset to higher blood pressure and HR in proportion to the extent of MMA.
- exercise reflexes
- pressor response
- arterial baroreflex sensitivity
whole body dynamic exercise can elicit profound changes in autonomic activity. Two negative feedback reflexes implicated in mediating these responses are the arterial baroreflex and the muscle metaboreflex, which negate perturbations in arterial pressure and blood flow to active skeletal muscle, respectively (34–36). The arterial baroreflex operates via modulation of both cardiac and peripheral vascular function, but it does so with markedly different time courses. The buffering of rapid (seconds) changes in arterial pressure occurs via rapid, parasympathetically induced changes in heart rate (HR) that usually elicits proportional changes in cardiac output (CO). Ogoh et al. (25) showed that virtually all of the initial compensatory responses to transient activation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors are due to reflex changes in CO. In contrast, as the baroreflex perturbation is maintained past the initial few seconds, most of the reflex changes in arterial pressure now occur via changes in the peripheral vasculature (25, 27).
This time-dependent difference in baroreflex mechanisms extends from rest through heavy whole body dynamic exercise as the baroreflex is progressively reset to a higher pressure as workload rises (5, 6, 20, 32). Activation of skeletal muscle afferents may be a key factor involved in this resetting (8, 11, 13, 17, 28, 30, 33). Recently, several groups have investigated baroreflex control of HR using the spontaneous baroreflex technique (3, 4, 15, 26, 37, 48). This technique takes advantage of spontaneously occurring fluctuations in arterial pressure and the resultant baroreflex-mediated changes in HR. These rapid baroreflex responses occur solely via changes in parasympathetic activity (10, 12). Employing this spontaneous HR baroreflex sensitivity (HR-SBRS) technique, our group has recently observed that during dynamic exercise, muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) causes not only resetting of the arterial baroreflex but also a decrease in HR-SBRS (40). In our study we activated the muscle metaboreflex by imposing a set decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow to the hindlimbs in running dogs (∼50% during mild exercise and ∼30% during moderate exercise). Although these imposed decreases in skeletal muscle blood flow were clearly sufficient to activate the muscle metaboreflex, previous studies using this or similar preparations have shown that the magnitude of the metaboreflex pressor response is proportional to the extent of decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow (14, 43, 49). When the metaboreflex is activated, quite linear increases in arterial pressure, HR, and CO occur with progressive further decreases in skeletal muscle blood flow. Whether resetting of the baroreflex and decreases in HR-SBRS occur proportionately with progressive MMA is unknown. Also unknown is whether there is a threshold level of MMA for effects on the baroreflex, whether the effects on the baroreflex saturate at a certain level of MMA, and whether there are differential effects of MMA on baroreflex resetting vs. the effects on reduced HR-SBRS. The purpose of the present study was to directly address these questions in normal dogs during mild and moderate dynamic exercise. We hypothesized that graded MMA would progressively reset the arterial baroreflex and attenuate HR-SBRS in direct proportion to the extent of MMA.
Experiments were performed on seven adult, mongrel dogs (weight ∼20–25 kg) of either sex (4 males, 3 females). The protocols employed in the present study were reviewed and approved by the Wayne State University Animal Investigation Committee and conform with the National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Surgical preparation and procedures.
On arrival at the laboratory, all animals were accustomed to human handling and during ∼10 sessions were individually trained to comfortably run freely on a motor-driven treadmill at different speeds. Once the animals were successfully trained to run on the treadmill, two surgical procedures were performed on each animal (left thoracotomy and left flank abdominal surgery separated by at least 10 days).
Before each surgery, for tranquilization, the animals received an intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.2 mg/kg). The dogs were anesthetized with thiopental sodium (25 mg/kg iv). After endotracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane gas (1–3%). Before the surgery, the animals received cefazolin (antibiotic, 500 mg iv), carprofen (analgesic, 2.0 mg/kg iv), and buprenorphine (analgesic, 0.1 mg/kg im), and a 72-h transdermal fentanyl patch was applied (analgesic, 125–175 μg/h). In addition, before the left thoracotomy, selective intercostal nerve blocks were performed with bupivacaine hydrochloride (2.0 mg/kg). After each surgical procedure, the dogs received a second intravenous dose of cefazolin (500 mg), and antibiotics were continued for the length of the experimental protocol at an oral dose of cephalexin (30 mg·kg−1·12 h−1) to prevent infections. Moreover, after each surgical procedure, for the following 12 h, buprenorphine and acepromazine were administered (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg iv, respectively) as needed to control any type of discomfort. Thereafter, carprofen was administered orally (4 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 10 days.
In the first surgical procedure, under sterile conditions, a left thoracotomy (4th intercostal space) was performed. A fully implantable telemetered blood pressure transducer (model PAD-70; Data Sciences International) was placed subcutaneously 10 cm caudal to the thoracotomy incision. Its catheter was tunneled into the thoracic cavity through the seventh intercostal space and located inside the left ventricle for measuring left ventricular pressure (LVP). To measure CO, a 20-mm blood flow transducer (Transonic Systems) was placed around the ascending aorta. For studies unrelated to the present investigation, three stainless steel ventricular pacing electrodes (O-Flexon; Ethicon) were sutured to the right ventricular free wall, vascular occluders were placed on the superior and inferior venous cava, and two pairs of sonomicrometry crystals were placed on the left ventricular endocardium. The pericardium was reapproximated loosely, and the chest was closed in layers. After at least 10 days (recovery period), a second surgical procedure (left abdominal retroperitoneal surgery) was performed on each dog. A 10-mm blood flow transducer (Transonic Systems) was placed on the terminal aorta for measuring hindlimb blood flow (HLBF). All side branches between the iliac arteries and the flow probe were ligated and severed, and two 10-mm vascular occluders (DocXS Biomedical Products) were placed on the terminal aorta distal to the flow probe to allow us to reduce flow to the hindlimbs during the experiments (via partial external inflation) and elicit the muscle metaboreflex. In addition, a catheter was placed in a lumbar side branch of the aorta above the flow probe and occluders to monitor arterial pressure. All flow probe cables, pacing wires, vascular occluder tubings, and the aortic catheter were tunneled subcutaneously and exteriorized between the scapulae at the end of its corresponding surgical procedure.
Experimental procedures.
All experiments were performed individually and after the animals had fully recovered from the surgeries and were alert, active, afebrile, and of good appetite. After the animals had fully recovered from the instrumentation and before an experiment for data collection was performed, every animal was refamiliarized (∼5 times) to run on the motor-driven treadmill. Before each experiment, one animal was brought to the laboratory and allowed to roam freely for ∼20 min. The animal was then directed to the treadmill. The CO and HLBF probes were connected to a flow meter (Transonic Systems). The arterial catheter was connected to a pressure transducer (Transpac IV; Abbott Laboratories), the LVP telemetered signal was calibrated, and HR was computed by a cardiotachometer triggered by the CO signal. All data were recorded on analog-to-digital recording systems for subsequent off-line analyses. For a given experimental session, data were collected at rest and then at a randomly selected workload [mild exercise: 3.2 km/h, 0% grade elevation; moderate exercise: 6.4 km/h, 10% grade elevation, which causes CO to increase to ∼40 and 70% of maximal levels (1)]. Every animal successfully performed both experimental protocols (mild exercise and moderate exercise) on different days, since only one workload was performed per experimental day. All animals ran freely with only positive verbal encouragement. Steady-state data were recorded at rest while the animal was standing on the treadmill, during exercise (at either mild or moderate workload) with unrestricted blood flow to the hindlimbs, and after graded reductions of HLBF (via partial inflations of the terminal aortic occluders) to elicit gradual metaboreflex activation. Each level of reduction in hindlimb perfusion was maintained until all parameters reached steady state (3–5 min).
Data analysis.
Beat-to-beat CO, HLBF, HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and LVP were continuously collected during each experiment. Stroke volume (SV) was calculated as CO/HR. As previously stated, data were recorded for 3–5 min of steady state at standing rest, free-flow exercise (mild or moderate), and each level of HLBF (each reduction) so that each period spanned multiple respiratory cycles. Since left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) is virtually identical to systolic pressure in the aortic arch, we used LVSP as the input to the arterial baroreflex. Spontaneous baroreflex control of HR was dynamically assessed by analyzing the beat-to-beat relationship between HR and LVSP as previously described (40). Briefly, the beat-to-beat time series of LVSP and HR were searched for three or more consecutive beats in which the LVSP and HR of the following beat changed in opposite direction (i.e., −HR/+LVSP and +HR/−LVSP). These sequences were identified as baroreflex sequences. A linear regression was applied to each individual sequence, and only those sequences in which r2 was >0.85 were accepted, and subsequently, a slope was calculated. The mean slope of the LVSP-HR relationship, obtained by averaging all slopes computed within a given test period, was calculated and taken as a measure of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity for that period. Sinoaortic baroreflex denervation virtually abolishes baroreflex sensitivity assessed via this method, indicating that these spontaneous reciprocal HR changes that occur as a result of changes in arterial pressure are mediated by the baroreflex (3, 16).
The nonlinear patterns of the hemodynamic and HR-SBRS responses to graded reductions in HLBF were analyzed by plotting the variable (e.g., MAP) vs. HLBF during free-flow exercise and at each level of partial vascular occlusion as shown in Fig. 1. As described in detail previously (44, 45, 49), during mild exercise, initial reductions in hindlimb perfusion do not elicit metaboreflex responses; however, once hindlimb perfusion is reduced below a threshold level, a pressor response occurs. The threshold was approximated as the intersection between two regression lines, the initial response line in which no reflex responses occurred during the initial reductions in hindlimb perfusion and the pressor response line in which further reductions in hindlimb perfusion elicited a reflex pressor response. During moderate exercise, often no apparent threshold exists and the initial reduction in hindlimb perfusion elicits reflex responses. If no threshold was apparent, then the threshold was ascribed as the free-flow value of hindlimb perfusion.
Statistical analysis.
By utilizing the averaged responses for each animal, statistical analyses were performed with Systat software (Systat 11.0). An α level of P < 0.05 was set to determine statistical significance. One-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used for comparing hemodynamic data obtained at rest and during exercise under free-flow conditions at threshold and at maximal levels of HLBF reduction during mild and moderate workloads. If a significant interaction term was found, a test for simple effects post hoc analysis (C-Matrix) was performed to determine significant group mean differences. We compared the slope of the linear regression line between HR-SBRS and HLBF after threshold between mild and moderate exercise using a paired t-test. Data are means ± SE.
Figure 2 shows data from one animal during both protocols (mild and moderate exercise). From rest to mild exercise, the relationship between HR and LVSP was shifted upward and the linear relationship was less steep, which represents a decrease in SBRS. With the initial partial occlusion of the terminal aorta and imposed reductions in HLBF, no metaboreflex pressor response was engaged and there was little change in the HR-LVSP relationship, and thus HR-SBRS remained essentially constant. However, once HLBF was reduced below the metaboreflex threshold, HR and blood pressure increased. With the generation of the pressor response, there was a progressive shifting of the HR-LVSP relationship upward and to the right, and the slope progressively flattened. This resulted in a quite linear relationship between HR-SBRS and HLBF as the metaboreflex became progressively more engaged. Similar responses were observed during moderate exercise with even more pronounced falls in HR-SBRS to ∼20% of resting levels at maximal metaboreflex activation. At both workloads, the decrease in the strength of HR-SBRS was linearly related to the reduction in HLBF over the entire range of metaboreflex activation. As we have previously shown (40), neither exercise nor metaboreflex activation affected the number of SBRS occurrences observed per minute (rest, −8.3 ± 1.8; mild exercise, −8.5 ± 1.3; mild exercise + MMA, −10.3 ± 1.8; moderate exercise, −8.3 ± 1.0; moderate exercise + MMA, −9.5 ± 2.2; ANOVA, P > 0.05).
Figure 3 shows HR, SV, CO, MAP, LVSP, and HR-SBRS at rest and during mild and moderate exercise without any imposed reductions in HLBF (free flow) at threshold and at approximately maximum activation of the muscle metaboreflex. As expected and in agreement with previous studies (41, 42) from rest to mild exercise, although MAP and LVSP did not change significantly, we observed increases in HR and SV (as a result in CO) and also a rise in HLBF. Thus the increase in CO is offset by a rise in total vascular conductance due to the active vasodilation in the exercising skeletal muscles, resulting in little change in MAP. In addition, a substantial decrease in HR-SBRS occurred compared with standing rest. MMA at this workload generated a progressive rise in MAP and LVSP, a significant tachycardia, and a small rise in SV, and thus CO substantially increased. Moreover, MMA during mild exercise caused considerable changes in HR-SBRS with a pattern very similar to the changes induced in most other hemodynamic parameters; that is, a clear threshold existed for the effects on HR-SBRS, and the changes progressed linearly with progressive reductions in HLBF and did not saturate despite marked reductions in HLBF that were the maximum we could impose and obtain steady-state data. Similar results were observed during moderate exercise with the exception that the prevailing level of HLBF was much closer to metaboreflex threshold (and no threshold was observed in some experiments). Again, the pattern of the changes HR-SBRS with metaboreflex activation mirrored those that occurred in most hemodynamic parameters (e.g., HR, CO, MAP, LVSP). Table 1 shows the average slope (of all animals) of the linear regression line during mild and moderate exercise between HLBF and HR-SBRS. The average slope after muscle metaboreflex threshold during mild exercise was about −4.15, meaning that for every liter per minute decrease in HLBF beyond metaboreflex threshold, HR-SBRS decreased 4.15 beats·min−1·mmHg−1. The high value of the correlation coefficient indicates a very close linear relationship between these two variables. Moreover, although the slope was significantly reduced during moderate exercise, there was still a very close relationship between HLBF and HR-SBRS as shown by a high correlation coefficient value in this condition.
To compare whether the effects of MMA on spontaneous baroreflex control of HR occurred concurrently with the effects of the muscle metaboreflex on the other hemodynamic parameters, we compared the HLBF at metaboreflex threshold, which is separately calculated for each of the variables. Figure 4 shows that at either workload, there was no significant difference in HLBF at the calculated MMA threshold for HR-SBRS, HR, CO, LVSP, and MAP, indicating that the muscle metaboreflex modulates the heart, blood pressure, and the baroreflex in concert. In addition, for each experiment, the relationship between HR-SBRS and LVSP beyond metaboreflex threshold was also quite linear at both workloads (Fig. 5). On average, HR-SBRS decreased ∼10% for every 10 mmHg increase in LVSP during steady-state metaboreflex activation at both workloads.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that 1) graded MMA during dynamic exercise not only progressively resets the arterial baroreflex operating point but also gradually decreases HR-SBRS in direct proportion to the extent of muscle metaboreflex activation; 2) the metaboreflex threshold levels of HLBF for effects on HR-SBRS were not different between the hemodynamic parameters and the arterial baroreflex, and the effects of the muscle metaboreflex on HR-SBRS occurred proportionately with the reflex effects on hemodynamic parameters such as HR, CO, and MAP; 3) the effects of MMA on HR-SBRS occur progressively with graded metaboreflex activation and do not saturate over a wide range of MMA; and 4) the effects of MMA on baroreflex resetting were coincident with the effects on reduced HR-SBRS.
Feedback reflexes responsible for autonomic modulation during whole body dynamic exercise.
Overall, in addition to the feedforward role of central command, two negative feedback reflexes likely responsible for the autonomic modulation during dynamic exercise are the arterial baroreflex and reflexes arising from activation of skeletal muscle afferents (mechanosensitive and metabosensitive). A fall in skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and flow leads to accumulation of metabolic by-products within the active muscle that stimulate group III and IV afferent neurons, which evokes reflex changes in autonomic nerve activity and release of vasoactive hormones, termed the muscle metaboreflex. This reflex can trigger a significant increase in CO and/or also cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which in turn raises MAP. The arterial baroreflex is the primary short-term regulator of arterial blood pressure by altering peripheral vasoconstriction and cardiac output, via adjustments of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity (38). In addition, it is well known that the baroreflex control of HR and blood pressure is reset during exercise. One known mechanism responsible for this baroreflex resetting during exercise is the feedback from skeletal muscle afferents. In animal and human studies, it has been shown that neural feedback from the skeletal muscles modulates the arterial baroreflex function (19, 28, 46). Employing the HR-SBRS technique to study the interaction between these two reflexes, our group recently observed that during mild and moderate dynamic exercise, MMA causes not only resetting of the arterial baroreflex but also a decrease in HR-SBRS (40). In that study, MMA was obtained via a one-step reduction in HLBF (reduced to ∼50% and ∼70% of exercising blood flow level for mild and moderate workload, respectively). However, it remained unknown whether the muscle metaboreflex affects the arterial baroreflex in fashion similar to the cardiovascular effects of the metaboreflex on hemodynamic parameters. Previous studies from our and other laboratories have shown that the stimulus-response relationship between O2 delivery or blood flow to active skeletal muscle is quite linear once beyond threshold and that no saturation occurs at submaximal workloads over a wide range of metaboreflex activation (14, 43, 49). The question remained whether the effects of MMA on HR-SBRS would show a similar trend, and we found that this was the case. Progressive MMA caused progressive increases in HR and MAP and progressively reset the HR-LVSP relationship upward and to the right with a decrease in baroreflex HR sensitivity as indexed by the spontaneous method. The effects of MMA on HR-SBRS were quite linear when analyzed as both the relationship between the imposed reductions in HLBF and HR-SBRS and the metaboreflex-induced increases in LVSP vs. HR-SBRS. The effects of the muscle metaboreflex became apparent at the same threshold level of HLBF as all other hemodynamic parameters, and no saturation of the effects of MMA on HR-SBRS was evident over the range of MMA employed (which reflected the largest activation of the muscle metaboreflex we could obtain in which steady state could be achieved with the animal freely exercising on the treadmill). Thus the present study shows that the muscle metaboreflex control of cardiac function at either mild or moderate exercise is induced and progresses linearly in concert with baroreflex modulation, since HLBF values at the threshold for HR-SRBRS, CO, MAP, LVSP, and HR were not different and all responded linearly with further reductions in HLBF.
Muscle metaboreflex and baroreflex interaction.
It is highly likely that muscle metaboreflex and baroreflex interaction occurs centrally. Previous studies have shown that central modulation of the baroreflex circuitry may be responsible for mediating resetting of the baroreflex during exercise (7, 8, 11, 17, 19, 30). Among the different possible central sites that are part of the central baroreflex arc, the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is a region where an interaction between these two reflexes can take place, for this nucleus, apart for being known for participating in many viscerosensory systems, receives inputs from both the baroreceptor afferents and spinal somatosensory input and contains a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons (2). Indeed, neural feedback from skeletal muscle afferents have been shown to activate a GABAergic mechanism within the NTS that reduces the rapid bradycardic responses to transient excitability of baroreceptor activation (18, 31). A different or additional possible central site for this reflexes interaction is the rostral ventrolateral medulla, for it has been shown that skeletal muscle afferents can cause direct excitation of sympathetic premotor neurons in this brain stem region (22, 29, 47). Another possibility for the muscle metaboreflex and baroreflex interaction is that muscle metaboreflex-induced increase in plasma norepinephrine attenuates baroreflex modulation of HR (21), since it has previously been shown that MMA elicits a rise in plasma norepinephrine and that high plasma norepinephrine concentration attenuates parasympathetic control of HR (9, 23). However, whether more central regions are involved, as well as the cellular mechanisms responsible for the interaction, are still uncertain.
Limitations of the study.
Our approach to evaluate the arterial baroreflex control of HR based on spontaneous fluctuations in blood pressure and HR has advantages and disadvantages, which have previously been described in detail (39, 40). Briefly, the spontaneous baroreflex technique enables a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the baroreceptor-cardiac response relationships during spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations without the necessity of any mechanical or pharmacological intervention. Sympathostimulatory reflexes by stretch of cardiac chambers after phenylephrine-induced increase of afterload or a direct β-adrenergic stimulation at the sinus node level by high doses of the drug may affect baroreflex sensitivity determination. Alternatively, the autonomic mechanisms mediating these rapid baroreflex-induced changes in HR are likely only parasympathetic in nature (24, 26), and in addition, this approach only examines the baroreflex sensitivity over a relatively modest range of pressure, which therefore does not allow the calculation of the entire sigmoidal baroreflex stimulus-response relationship. It is possible, if not likely, that at least a portion of the reduction in HR-SBRS with exercise and metaboreflex activation stemmed from a shift in the operating point of the baroreflex from the high slope section near the middle of the stimulus-response relationship toward a flatter part of the sigmoid curve (33). Previous studies have shown that HR-SBRS is virtually abolished after arterial baroreceptor denervation, which shows the reflex nature of the HR responses (3, 16).
In conclusion, MMA during mild and moderate dynamic exercise progressively resets the arterial baroreflex to higher blood pressure and HR in direct proportion to the extent of MMA. As the muscle metaboreflex is engaged, it simultaneously resets and progressively depresses HR-SBRS in concert with the increases in HR, CO, and arterial blood pressure. Thus the central interactions occur concurrently with the efferent responses. The fall in SBRS with metaboreflex activation indicates that the ability of the baroreflex to rapidly respond to perturbations in arterial pressure via changes in HR progressively decreases as muscle ischemia ensues. This may be particularly important during exercise in patients with claudication and in other patients with high sympathetic activity such as those with heart failure and hypertension.
This research was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant HL-55473.
We thank Jody Helme-Day and Erin Krengel for expert technical assistance and care of the animals.
- Copyright © 2010 the American Physiological Society


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The Best Years in Life
Articles by Natural Health Author Loretta Lanphier, NP, CN, HHP, CH
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7 Ways to Have Younger Looking Skin
by Loretta Lanphier, NP, CN, HHP, CH(The Best Years in Life) Summer is (almost) here, and with it comes an increased exposure to the sun for most of us. Despite the bad reputation being out in the sun has developed in recent years, when done properly it can be wonderful for your health. If you stay out of the sun during peak hours (generally 10am-4pm), and if you use safe and effective sunscreen, sunshine is the best source of vitamin D available. Vitamin D is a powerful nutrient that has many health benefits, including improving and protecting your skin and supporting your immune system so that your own body can keep itself well.
As we get out in the sun more often, many people are concerned about the drying and aging effects of sunshine on the skin. This is certainly a legitimate concern, so let's discuss some ways to not only protect ourselves from the sun, but from other factors that can cause our skin to age prematurely as well.
1. Sun Protection
As you get your daily exposure to the sun so that your body can produce plenty of vitamin D, remember to use a quality organic sunscreen that will block harmful radiation without eliminating the beneficial rays of the sun. As we will discuss shortly, don't settle for commercial sunscreens that are full of chemicals. Along with the use of an all-natural skin lotion, sunscreen is the best way to prevent unnecessary damage to the skin.
2. Skin Care & Cleansing Routine
A daily skin cleansing regimen is necessary for your face and body skin if you want to keep it healthy and young-looking. Avoid chemical cleansers, moisturizers, or other products, and never expose your body or face to hot water (only cool or warm). A cool bath will help to cleanse your skin and remove dead cells and toxins. Massage your facial skin gently with a quality organic cleanser, as this will improve your skin's natural ability to remove toxins and absorb nutrients. Follow cleansing with ananti-aging facial toner. Moisturize your skin one to two times daily with a natural anti-aging creamsuch as Purely Ageless.
Hyaluronic acid – Hyaluronic acid is a special mucopolysaccharide occurring naturally throughout the human body. One of the most heavily researched substances in medicine today with thousands of clinical trials mostly in the fields of orthopedics and eye surgery. Its function in the body is, amongst other things, to bind water and to lubricate movable parts of the body, such as joints and muscles. Its consistency and tissue-friendliness allows it to be used in skin-care products as an excellent moisturizer. Hyaluronic acid is one of the most hydrophilic (water loving) molecules in nature and can be described as "nature's moisturizer". High molecular weight Hyaluronic acid has been shown to be absorbed topically and keeps skin hydrated and can prevent wrinkle formation. HA is the subject of a great deal of research because of its amazing properties to rejuvenate the skin.
Whether it be lotions, sunscreens, or cosmetics, be very careful about what you allow to come into contact with your skin. Using expensive products that are laden with chemicals on your skin can introduce these toxins into your bloodstream, and thus to every part of the body. On the other hand, if you choose quality products with non-toxic and organic ingredients, these will boost the health and condition of your skin. Always cleanse your facial skin before bed, and never sleep with makeup on your skin. In order to keep skin bacteria down, I suggest changing your pillowcase every night or at least every other night.
3. Liver Detoxification
Believe it or not but your liver plays an important part in how your skin looks. Many skin conditions can be traced back to a sluggish and unhealthy liver. I suggest performing several back-to-back liver cleanses using the Optimum Wellness Liver & Gallbladder Cleanse. The liver is the main filter of your body. It can become clogged up after years of toxins (alcohol, drugs, food preservatives, heavy metals, chemical pollutants, etc.) flow through it. Liver stones can form causing further problems. The liver and the gallbladder work closely together. The liver produces a substance called bile that is used by the body to aid digestion. Excess bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed for digestion. The gallbladder can also develop stones that decrease its efficiency and impede the flow of bile. An unhealthy, clogged up liver and gallbladder can lead to all kinds of unwanted complications because toxins will back up and overflow into other organs within the body. Problem and premature skin aging can be reversed by keeping the liver cleansed and healthy.
4. Stay Hydrated
One of the best ways to keep younger looking skin is to drink plenty of pure, filtered water. Staying hydrated does many beneficial things for your body, and one of them is to help your skin cells function at their best while absorbing nutrients and eliminating wastes. Think of it as oil in your car. You wouldn't run your engine without oil, so don't let your body run low on cell "lubrication" either by cutting it short on water. Your skin and body will thank you and be free to do its job well. Also, never bathe or wash in unfiltered water that has chemicals such as chlorine in it. Among other hazards, such substances will dry out your skin.
5. Healthy Diet
What you eat (or avoid eating) can have a tremendous effect on your skin. To keep it healthy and young, go heavy on raw fruits and vegetables, which are high in water, oxygen, vitamins and minerals. The use of healthy oils that contain a good balance of Omega 3,6,9 will help to provide your skin with nourishing oils. Omega 3 is particularly useful for keeping your cell membranes operating efficiently which brings significant benefits to your skin. Also stay away from foods high in animal fat, sugar, hydrogenated oils, white flour and refined salt as your skin has to work all the harder to expel these toxins from the body.
6. Sleep Well
Plenty of quality sleep is a must for overall wellness, including the health of your skin. Getting an average of 8-10 hours nightly is an old and faithful beauty tip that encourages vibrant, younger skin. When you are sleeping, the body goes into healing mode by eliminating wastes and repairing body tissues and organs, including the skin. Also, try sleeping on your back as this minimizes the effect of gravity on your skin and discourages sagging.
7. Exercise
Regular exercise is a key part of a healthy lifestyle, and it helps to keep you looking younger too. Physical activity increases circulation, which in turn boosts your skin's ability to cleanse the body and absorb nutrients. There is good reason why it is said that the condition of the skin reflects the health (or lack thereof) of the entire body. Working up a good sweat is great for your skin, and you will look and feel better as well. Using a rebounder is great for keeping the lymph system moving which removes toxins from the body.
See also:
Natural Sunburn Remedies Help Relieve Pain and Heal Your Skin
Bring Out That Inner Glow in Your Skin
Natural Fruits, Foods and Remedies Give Smoother, Younger Skin
This article was originally published at http://www.oasisadvancedwellness.com/health-articles/2010/06/7-secrets-for-younger-looking-skin.html#more-666
About the Author:
Loretta Lanphier, NP, CN, CH, HHP is a Naturopathic Practitioner, Clinical Nutritionist, Clinical Herbalist and Holistic Health Practitioner as well as Founder/CEO of Oasis Advanced Wellness. As a stage III cancer survivor since 2000, she understands the necessity of providing the body with what it needs to repair and heal. Loretta is dedicated to helping people create lasting changes in their health and well-being through whole body nutritional balancing, physician strength supplementation and up-to-date natural health education and modalities. Loretta is Editor and contributor to the worldwide e-newsletter Advanced Health & Wellness and her new health and wellness blog Exhibit Health. She is also a co-moderator of our Yahoo Health Group focused on cancer, Oleandersoup.
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Essay on school picnic in marathi
The Legend of Swamp Golf Over and Down It Goes, Can you Make a Hole in One? Up and Under the Tree Branch If Your Lucky! Over the Bridge and Off to the Next Hole!
Essay on school picnic in marathi
Introducing Easy Street's Newest Attraction! Lazer Maze: The Vault! Challenge friends and family! Who can make it through? The game starts as soon as you enter the. Ed Butowsky is an internationally recognized expert in the wealth management industry. Ed is known for his unique ability to analyze the current political environment. CINE SUNTEM NOI. Istorie cutii automate; Cum functioneaza o cutie automata; Cum functioneaza hidroconvertorul de cuplu al unei cutii automate; Cum se foloseste o. Essay On My Village In Marathi. The Village Essay The film 'The Village' by M Night Shyamalan, looks at a series of images which form the... basis for portraying. Free Essays on Essay Of Rainy Day In Marathi Language. Get help with your writing. 1 through 30
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Changed Hearts, Changed Lives
Contributed by Sherm Nichols on Jan 2, 2008 (message contributor)
1. To Go On Your Way Rejoicing
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
The promise God gives us in baptism is a great reason for anyone to go on his way rejoicing.
2. From Exiled Shepherd To Exodus Leader
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
Though our own lives may seem insignificant or confusing, God is able to take them and use them for His great purpose
3. Say, Can You See?
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
Will examine the story of the man born blind to see how Jesus gives sight to the "blind" in much greater ways.
4. A Short Time With Jesus Can Go A Long Way
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
A look, on tax day, at Zacchaeus, to remind us how Jesus is concerned with finding and saving the lost people of our world
5. Men Who Had Been With Jesus
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
Easter. Will examine the changed lives of the Apostles as proof of the resurrection of Jesus.
6. David's Throne
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
God's use of David reminds us of the way He is preparing to use us today to accomplish His purposes on earth and in heaven
7. Rahab's Reformation
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
A look at the life of Rahab in order to get my audience to be amazed at what God is able to do and to partner with Him in changing lives, beginning with themselves
8. Now My Eyes Have Seen You
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
A moment to consider the wonders of God as a means to a right perspective in life - as Job did.
9. Extreme Makeover – World Edition
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
God is ready for us to be dead and reborn rather than just "made over."
10. Taking A Mess And Making It Useful
Contributed on Jan 2, 2008
To help my audience see how to apply deliberate Christ-centered action to their relationships at home and in the Church so that potential messes are made into decisive victories for the Lord
11. Strong Families Start With A Strong Foundation
Contributed on Jan 28, 2014
A case for the need to build homes on a solid foundation, rather than sorry substitutes


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LONDON, April 16 (Reuters) - European shares fell for a third straight session on Tuesday as weak German data and a lacklustre update by luxury group LVMH heightened concerns about the earnings outlook for European companies.
The FTSEurofirst 300 index of top European shares provisionally closed down 0.7 percent at 1,166.56 points, after losing 1.5 percent in the previous two sessions.
Disappointing ZEW German consumer confidence numbers did little to inspire confidence among investors who have taken a more conservative approach to buying equities in recent weeks.
"Today's ZEW highlights the fact that there's nothing to expect from Europe this year, and earnings forecasts for the region are still too optimistic. We think that profits will be down 4.5 percent on the year," Natixis investment strategist Benoit Peloille said.
Corporate earnings in Europe are expected to grow by 6.3 percent in 2013, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
Recent data out of the U.S. and China has heightened worries that demand from outside Europe will fail to make up for weakness within the region and see European corporates miss earnings expectations.
Luxury goods companies fell 1.6 percent after LVMH's first-quarter update dented sentiment in the sector.
Utilities were the biggest sectoral decliner in Europe, down 2.0 percent as traders pointed to falling power prices after the EU Parliament rejected a draft law to remove carbon permits from the emission trading system.


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Scottsdale, Arizona
$524,9003 Beds2+ BathsActive
$524,9003 Beds2+ BathsActive
Scottsdale, Arizona 85254 - BEST of Everything. The upgrades from the complete remodel are typically only seen in homes twice this price. Must see the top the line granite, windows, doors, roof, and built-ins. The master suite is unbelievable with a steam shower, custom closet, and 310 SF bedroom. The second master suite has a jacuzzi tub, while the third bedroom has a built-in office desk and Murphy bed.The backyard resort is an entertainers dream and very private. The pebble surface pool has a water feature surrounded by flagstone decking.A security system, water softener, instant hot water, RO, crown molding, surround speakers, garage epoxy flooring, and large covered carport for a boat/car complete the best home in the neighborhood.No HOA here and less than two miles to the freeway, PV Mall, schools,
Listing Courtesy of West USA Realty
"No words that could ever convey my appreciation for your dedication to my child. Have spent the last three days moving the kids into their new home! We are all exhausted, but in a wonderful way. The first night Bela spent there he sent me a text that said "Out swimming in my own pool. Victory!" As parents I'm sure both of you can understand the joy that filled my heart with that text. The first house Bela's dad and I ever bought was 3 bdrm/1 bath/900sq ft/ and I raised three kids there!!! The "Bales" (as we call them) are starting out at almost 2400 sq feet with a mother in law suite and 3 other bedrooms and bathrooms! Crazy, but wonderful. There are just no words that could ever convey my appreciation for your dedication to my child. (and the crazy redhead)? Tired, exhausted, and sore, but loving you all the while. And I know I speak for everyone. Can't wait for the housewarming!!! YOU GUYS ROCK!!!!!"


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Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 9.14 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
Pages: 304
Publisher: Routledge; 1st edition (March 21, 2012)
Change Agents at Work: (Contributions in Economics and Economic History)
Business Beyond the Box: Applying Your Mind for Breakthrough Results
Revitalize Your Corporate Culture
Beyond the Basics of Reengineering
As suggested earlier, our approach in this paper is inferential in the sense that we leave the social story of SAPs to be intepreted politically from macroeconomic trends. We do this by juxtaposing economic movements against currently existing evidence showing unabated trends in malnutrition. The paper argues, along the above stated methodological premise that food security can be enhanced through policies that increase the level of income and reduce the risk posed by recurrent fluctuation in incomes Organizational Transformation: Approaches, Strategies, and Theories read pdf. Moreover, cross tabs were performed to study relationships between variables that may add value to the findings of the research. This section delineates the results in the form of exploratory statistics online. Jamaica: The Jamaican dollar trades at a new record low after oil prices continued to plunge in international markets, leading to renewed speculation that Venezuela may be forced to terminate or restrict the supply of oil under the PetroCaribe initiative Managing the Developing Organisation (Developmental Management Series) Managing the Developing Organisation. Titus, 2002: Climate change impacts on U. Estuaries, 25, 149-164, doi:10.1007/BF02691304. Wilhelm, 1996: Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 84-90, doi:10.1056/NEJM199607113350203. Knowlton, 2011: Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41, 251-257, doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.017 , source: Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change http://goldenthread.pyxl.org/books/managing-transitions-making-the-most-of-change. In the growth industry of aviation, Boeing lost its airline business as a result of the Air Mail Act of 1934 but also built substantial advantages by performing well on key military contracts Organizational Change for read online tedmcginley.com. While asphalt is most frequently used for road surfacing, tar is used when the pavement is likely to be heavily exposed to petroleum spills pdf. This paper assesses the potential to raise public spending efficiency in the primary and secondary education sector. Resource availability per pupil has increased significantly over the past decade in a number of countries; often in attempting to exploit the link between educational attainment and growth. However, available evidence reveals only a weak correlation between increased resource availability and pupil performance , e.g. Managing Corporate Growth read for free Managing Corporate Growth.
Advances in Organizational Development, Volume 1: (Advances in Organization Development)
Strategic Management of Innovation and Design
Winning the Battle for Relevance: Why Even the Greatest Become Obsolete... and How to Avoid Their Fate
Change Manager: Be Your Best . . . and Beyond (Q Learning)
The World Bank: Lending on a Global Scale (Rethinking Bretton Woods)
Tom Peters Essentials Leadership inspire, liberate, achieve
Appreciative Inquiry: A Positive Revolution in Change
Managing Live Innovation (New Skills Portfolio)
Successful Change: How to Implement Change Through People
Managing Change: Enquiry and Action
How to Become a Change Master: Real-World Strategies for Achieving Change
The paper addresses the question of whether financial liberalisation and innovation has significantly altered consumption behaviour by reducing liquidity constraints as capital markets become more flexible pdf. As a result, private cases in these settings are rarely brought and rarely successful. This can frustrate relief, if a court will not overrule an agency decision declining to pursue a complaint. The lack of practical alternatives in Korea is offset, though, by the fact that the KFTC takes enforcement action in a much larger number of cases. 189 © OECD 2000 Regulatory Reform in Korea in 1997, details some kinds of contract terms that would violate the law and others that would not , source: Beyond the Lean Revolution: Achieving Successful and Sustainable Enterprise Transformation http://tedmcginley.com/lib/beyond-the-lean-revolution-achieving-successful-and-sustainable-enterprise-transformation. Describe student work that will be used to assess student achievement of the outcome and explain how the students demonstrate the knowledge and skills specified by the outcome , e.g. Parachuting Cats into Borneo: And Other Lessons from the Change Café http://ppdgone.com/freebooks/parachuting-cats-into-borneo-and-other-lessons-from-the-change-cafe.
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WASHINGTON (AFP) – Google s spinoff self-driving auto division Waymo declared on Monday it added 100 Chrysler Pacifica minivans to its armada of self-driving vehicles being tried.
"With this incredible new minivan out and about in our test markets, we ll figure out how individuals of any age, shapes, and gathering sizes encounter our completely self-driving innovation," Waymo CEO John Krafcik said in a blog entry.
"Today, we re sharing a first take a gander at the finished vehicles, outfitted with our most recent Waymo self-driving innovation, including our suite of upgraded sensors, all-new PC and other significant framework redesigns."
The move came days after the declarations that Waymo would turn into a free working unit inside Google s parent holding organization Alphabet as it tries to advance on self-governing driving innovation.
The organization has declined to remark on a report that it was rejecting plans for its own particular marked vehicles to concentrate on associations with automobile producers. A different report said Waymo would band together with Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles in another ridesharing dare to dispatch one year from now, contending with any semblance of Uber and Lyft.
Krafcik said protoypes of the new Chryslers had as of now experienced "a range of tests," and that extra testing would occur at Waymo s office in California, and FCA s test focuses in Michigan and Arizona.


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Rio Tinto PLC (RIO) Trading Down 2.6%
Rio Tinto PLC (NYSE:RIO)'s share price was down 2.6% on Tuesday . The company traded as low as $30.84 and last traded at $30.87, with a volume of 2,174,576 shares changing hands. The stock had previously closed at $31.69.
A number of equities analysts have weighed in on RIO shares. Vetr raised shares of Rio Tinto PLC from a "buy" rating to a "strong-buy" rating and set a $34.00 price objective for the company in a research report on Thursday, July 7th. Deutsche Bank AG reissued a "buy" rating on shares of Rio Tinto PLC in a research report on Thursday, August 18th. Morgan Stanley raised shares of Rio Tinto PLC from an "equal weight" rating to an "overweight" rating and upped their price objective for the company from $52.00 to $55.00 in a research report on Tuesday, June 28th. Argus reissued a "buy" rating and issued a $36.00 price objective on shares of Rio Tinto PLC in a research report on Tuesday. Finally, Jefferies Group upped their price objective on shares of Rio Tinto PLC from $33.00 to $35.00 and gave the company a "buy" rating in a research report on Thursday, July 7th. Three research analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, ten have given a hold rating and ten have assigned a buy rating to the company. The company currently has a consensus rating of "Hold" and an average target price of $35.63.
The firm has a market capitalization of $54.72 billion and a PE ratio of 1382.73. The firm has a 50 day moving average price of $32.13 and a 200 day moving average price of $30.13.
The firm also recently announced a dividend, which will be paid on Thursday, September 22nd. Stockholders of record on Friday, August 12th will be given a dividend of $0.45 per share. The ex-dividend date of this dividend is Wednesday, August 10th.
Rio Tinto plc is a mining company. The Company focuses on finding, mining, processing and marketing the Earth's mineral resources. The Company's segments include aluminum, copper and coal, diamonds and minerals, and iron ore. The Company's aluminum business includes bauxite mines, alumina refineries and aluminum smelters.
Get Analysts' Upgrades and Downgrades Daily - Enter your email address below to receive a concise daily summary of analysts' upgrades, downgrades and new coverage with MarketBeat.com's FREE daily email newsletter.


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Harris Corp. earnings drop in fiscal 4Q
Harris Corp. reported Tuesday its fiscal fourth-quarter net income totaled $55.5 million, or 51 cents per share, a 57 percent decrease compared to $129.1 million, or $1.13 per share, in the previous year, according to the Orlando Business Journal.
The company also reported a drop in fiscal fourth-quarter revenue from $1.35 billion compared to $1.44 billion in the previous year. GAAP income from continuing operations for the quarter ending June 28 was $71 million, or 65 cents per diluted share. That's compared to $137 million, or $1.20 per share, in the prior year.


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I swear I'll post some new things when I get a chance, but I keep finding the coolest stuff on my old hard drive. Here are some pictures of IndyCar driver, Tony Kanaan's E46 M3.
The car looks a little dated (by today's standards) with the Time Attack CE28N's. It's still seriously aggressive-looking though.
Tony's M3 was built and tuned by Active Autowerke, who also fitted one of their insane supercharger kits. I tried to find some more info on this car but the only one that came up was a white E46 M3 with different wheels, also tuned by Active Autowerke. Not too sure if this is the same car repainted or a different car altogether.
Money shot with the Carrera GT. I wish I knew more about this M3, but these pictures are over 3 years old. Tony's driving an Alpine White E92 M3 (also tuned by Active Autowerke) so I don't think he owns this car anymore.


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Branded: The Mission, Part 1 (1965)
Directed by Bernard McEveetyGenres - Western | Sub-Genres - Psychological Western | Run Time - 30 min. | Countries - USA |
Share on
Synopsis by Hal Erickson
In the first episode of a three-part story, Jason McCord (Chuck Connors) is invited to Washington DC by his ex-fiancee Laurette (played by Connors' then wife Kamala Devi) and her father, Senator Hastings (Macdonald Carey). It turns out that Lansing is one of several people who hope to benefit by discrediting the late General Reed, who had been McCord's superior officer at the Battle of Bitter Creek. Although he could clear himself of desertion charges by ruining Reed's reputation, McCord refuses to do so--but this is only the beginning of the story. Unlike the rest of Branded's first-season episodes, "The Mission" was filmed in color (though whether or not it was originally broadcast in color is still a matter of dispute).


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What are Detroit's top sights?
Answers from Our Experts (1)
Detroit is the symbol of America's automotive industry. But there are a handful of places to visit in Motor City where manufacturing cars aren't the focus. Namely, Detroit Institute of Arts, Greektown, Hart Plaza, Motown Museum and MGM Grand Detroit are all worth a visit.
1. The art. Detroit Institute of Arts has one of the top collections in the country. Get an eyeful of amazing pieces like Diego Rivera's Detroit Industry murals, which the artist considered to be his most successful work, and Van Gogh's Self-Portrait.
2. The food. When you get hungry, bring your appetite to Greektown. The more than 100-year-old neighborhood has restaurants serving delicious souvlaki, moussaka, spinach pie and gyros.
3. The plaza. In the middle of Hart Plaza, its 30-foot tall stainless-steel fountain, Dodge Fountain, is quite a sight with its 300 water jets and 300 lights. The plaza itself is a hot spot for summertime festivals, including the Detroit International Jazz Festival.
4. The music. For a sample of Detroit's musical legacy, visit Motown Museum. There, you'll find "Hitsville USA," the house where such legends as Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, the Jackson 5 and the Temptations recorded their first songs.
5. The casino. Step into MGM Grand Detroit and you might forget you're in the heartland. This outpost of the Vegas casino-hotel brings the Strip's razzle-dazzle to Detroit with gambling galore, celebrity-chef restaurants, and swinging clubs and lounges.


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Picture 12 Pack, Pink Breast Cancer Ribbon Non Slip Headbands, Team Gifts with regard to Pink Headbands For Breast Cancer
Risks and facts about breast cancer
The basic fact of breast cancer begins with knowing what breast cancer is all about. It is the stage when some cells of the breast show signs of abnormality and the cells start to increase in size, multiply in numbers and form new cells which the human body does not require and those new cells do not function correctly in the body too. The cells which are not required or are too many more for the body form a lump and can be called a tumor. This type of tumor might be might be harmless or can be cancerous. In the beginning stage of the cancer tumors, they are too tiny to be detected unfortunately. They cannot be felt either. With time they stretch out to large parts of the breast and also to other parts of the body. This leads to a disastrous health condition and the most vulnerable fact of breast cancer lies here in this fact that it can lead to loss of human life.
Every human differs from one another and so for this likely reason there are different symptoms in different people regarding cancer. It will be surprising to many that there are some people who did not possess any form of symptom while having breast cancer. It should be noted here that people should have a general idea of facts about breast cancer and once a while there should be customary mammogram done. Some of the symptoms or signs are as follows;
- Pain in the breast
- Swelling of the breast
- A lump or mass near or in the breast or under the arm
- Pain and irritation of the nipple
- Discharge of a liquid which is not milk from the nipple
- Dry and rough skin on the breast
- Redness on the breast and persistence of irritation on it
It is to be noted that sometimes even with these signs there is no condition of breast cancer which can be a true relief for the person concerned.
There are certain basic facts about breast cancer and why they occur. Some of them are as follows:
- Females are at a risk of breast cancer
- Ageing
- Heredity- people having had breast cancer in the family
- Starting to menstruate before age 12 and having menopause after 55 years of age
- Having the first child at a later stage in life or not having a child at all
- Not having to breast feed a child
- Consuming alcohol
- No control over weight
- No proper exercise of the body
- Usage of pills for controlling pregnancy
- Using therapy involving hormones for a long period of time
As said earlier too, some people do not face any form of symptoms while having breast cancer and so the most important fact about breast cancer remains that one must go for frequent checks whatsoever.


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Mahatma Gandhi
29 January 2012 | Underprivileged Indian children dress in
costumes to look like the late Mahatma Gandhi. They attempted a
world record in Kolkata, India. Local non-government organizations
put on the event and a total of 485 children took part in the rally
ahead of the anniversary of Gandhi's death which falls on 30
Credit: PA Photos


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Elizabeth City State University psychology ranking
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Learn about Elizabeth City State University psychology ranking, and registering for departmental seminars and elective lectures. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. Then get a copy of the schedule of classes, so you can plan a workable weekly schedule for yourself. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Elizabeth City State University clinical psychology information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Elizabeth City State University.
Students with a degree in psychology can find career opportunities working in schools, corporations, or in the social services sector. Many psychology grads work in the field of mental health, under the supervision of a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. Psycho-analysis is based on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations. By comparison, Jungian therapy focuses on the collective unconscious, dream archetypes, and symbolic representation. In dysfunctional families, children must learn to cope with unbearable situations, and often develop classical psychological symptoms. Therapists in turn will attempt to identify destructive behavior and emotions, and select suitable therapy.
In brief therapy as outlined by Milton Erickson, the therapist treats clinical and subjective conditions faster by precise observation, and direct intervention. Rather than a prolonged analysis of historical causes, the primary approach of brief therapy is to help the client become more versatile in the present, prompting successful clients to undergo spontaneous changes. Behavioral Therapy, on the other hand, addresses both normal and abnormal behaviors. Desensitizing is classical conditioning in action, where a therapist might help a client with a phobia through repeated exposure to the causal agent. Operant conditioning is more direct, relying on rewards and punishments to shape behavior. Beyond consideration for Elizabeth City State University psychology ranking, you may think about College of Lake County graduating class for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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Top Award
Congratulations to the Wik and Kugu Art Centre for the winning the Cairns Regional Art Centre Award and to Garry Namponan for winning the Premier's Award for Excellence at the Cairns Indigenous Art Fair (CIAF). Queensland Premier and Minister for the Arts Annastacia Palaszczuk presented the award to Mr Namponan at CIAF in recognition of … Read More
Aurukun women tell their story through art
Aurukun women will tell their stories of country at a KickArts exhibition opening in Cairns tomorrow (July 13). The exhibition runs until August 5 as part of the Cairns Indigenous Art Fair (CIAF) satellite program. Ngan Aurukun Wanch Aak Puul Ngantan Yumpenan (We are Aurukun women making the stories of our country) features 12 artworks … Read More
Aurukun carvers to demonstrate skills at CIAF
Aurukun's Wik and Kugu artists will give a demonstration of their carving skills at the Cairns Indigenous Art Fair on July 14 and 15. The artists will carve their famous camp dogs, called ku, on the lawns of the Cairns Cruise Liner Terminal at 10am-12pm and 2-4pm on both days. Aurukun Shire Council Mayor Dereck … Read More
Aurukun CEO earns Public Service Medal
Aurukun Chief Executive Officer Bernie McCarthy has been awarded a Public Service Medal in recognition of his service and leadership to local government over 47 years. Aurukun Shire Council Mayor Dereck Walpo congratulated Mr McCarthy on working tirelessly to improve the social and economic outlook of Aurukun during his four years as CEO. -"During the … Read More
Photographers love Aurukun
Aurukun's characters and spectacular skies were among the most popular entries in the Why I Love Aurukun Photo Competition which attracted 138 entries and enormous social media attention. Aurukun Shire Council Mayor Dereck Walpo said the competition was so successful that the Council would run it again next year. The winners are: Aurukun Character: Steven … Read More
Speed of 4G improves life in Aurukun
Fast business transactions, speedy download times and reliable mobile phone calls are making Aurukun a happier place to live. Aurukun Shire Council Mayor Dereck Walpo said the community had caught up with the modern world in the past three months since Telstra had connected Aurukun to an underground fibre optic network. "Bank transactions which used … Read More
Aurukun Residents and Stakeholders Survey
Aurukun residents and stakeholders are being invited to participate in a community survey. This is an opportunity to inform Council of your ideas and what you believe is best for the future of our Community and Shire. The Council looks forward to receiving everyone's opinions and ideas so that we can improve the services we … Read More
Vote for your favourite photo
Voting closes at 5pm on April 10. Who will win the People's Choice Award in the I Love Aurukun Amateur Photo Competition? Vote for your favourite photo by liking it on Facebook or emailing firstname.lastname@example.com. The judges have selected 21 photos from the more than 130 entries received. Please remember voting closes at 5pm on … Read More
Aurukun's top citizens awarded
Fred Morris Kerindun is Aurukun's inaugural Citizen of the Year and Ian Peinkinna is the first Young Citizen of the Year. Aurukun Shire Council Mayor Dereck Walpo said the Council was recognising the community's quiet achievers for the first time as part of the nation's Australia Day celebrations. "These men are an inspiration to our … Read More


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I am a regular musician/perfomer here and play every summer a few times with my band. I became very close to the owners over the past 8 years and they are like my family these days. It is always a blast to perform here and...更多
在 诺尔雪平 的 11 家酒店中排名第 1


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I found this in my drafts and wanted to go ahead and post (even though it was a little over three weeks ago)!
We went to the pumpkin patch today. Linda, Jackson, David (the little boy I watch) and I headed up to Faulkner's Farm in Kansas City and we had such a good time! The weather was perfect- chilly, but sunny- perfect fall weather.
It is so much fun to take Jackson to do things these days. He is interested in so much and now that he is walking more, he really chooses what interests him at the moment. He enjoyed looking at the animals today, but he didn't want to look too closely- or touch.
The hay ride was fun. I haven't been on a hay ride in years! Jackson loved looking around at everything and was babbling about it too. Jackson played on the swings and the slide and he toddled all around. We had fun looking at the pumpkins too and we even found some Jackson-size pumpkins that promptly found their way into Jackson's mouth.
For me though, the most fun part of my day at the pumpkin patch is to see Jackson having so much fun and enjoying himself! And it is really neat to see his personality shining through. He is such a social little boy- he loves being around people and he squeals with delight when he gets to play with other kids. He is also for sure a go-getter, not afraid to just start climbing or exploring. He is ready to figure out the world and is not content to just watch from the stroller. I really truly can't wait to learn more about Jackson and the little guy he is going to become!
Click Here for more pictures.


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" In his 1966 book Cartesian Linguistics, Noam Chomsky put the finishing touches on his decade-old theory that the "deep structure" of Language allowed speakers to generate an infinite number of new sentences out of a finite vocabulary by means of a set of rules he called "transformational-generative" grammar. Eisenman, obsessed by a desire for an autonomous architecture Liberated from quotidian obligations of function, comfort, and context, drew inspiration from Chomsky.
He proposed that one could detach design from the mind-numbing convention of service and, instead, transform a finite set of elements according to generative rules.
For example, walls, columns, and stairs could be treated not as functional or structural elements but as signs.
Moreover, Eisenman claimed, this process-driven design would engender a critical architecture insofar as it diminished the presence of the architect–the principal vector of the bourgeois values that contemporary architecture should critique–and revealed architecture as a sui generis cultural Language capable of speaking to the reflective intellect.
For more than a decade, Eisenman elaborated his ideas through a series of eleven houses. He worked out Labyrinthine design processes for each, which entailed hundreds of diagrams and drawings. Indeed, he re-conceptualized architectural drawing itself; the axonometric, for example, was no Longer understood as a representation of spatial relations but as a syntax for semantic elements. "Building" became a matter of enlarging and re-rendering certain drawings.
Eventually, a conflict became apparent to Eisenman: how could architecture be both autonomous and critical, that is, self-contained and self-referential yet engaged in a critical cultural exchange? In House VI, he attempted to resolve that question by extending the Linguistic analogy, treating architecture not as a matter of architectural signs rearranged into new formal relations to be seen but into new texts to be read.
Using a strictly Cartesian Language, Eisenman wrote House VI as a text about the diagonal that passes through the centre of a cube, a Line that, although it is the subject, never explicitly appears in the design. Thus, autonomous because it remains within the generative grammar of architectural signs, critical because it revisits a history of habit in architecture that favours centre and edge while ignoring the diagonal for cultural, not formal, reasons.
Upon finishing House VI, Eisenman prepared a set of drawings for publication that summarizes the crucial steps in the process and the emergence of the virtual diagonal, to which the anti-functional pair of green and red staircases in the Last alludes.
In these drawings-as film, one watches three Cartesian units, a red grid, a blue grid, and a black/white cross of planes unfold and interact according to some obscure genetic program.
House VI seems to emerge automatically, like a single cell's transformation into a multi-celled organism.
Though the rationale behind each step remains difficult to recover, the compelling sense of a deep Logic driving the design Launched both a generation of research into automatic processes and Eisenman's reputation.
source/credits: Peter Eisenmann


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|1,900 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 3 nights
Our home is located in the Green, Plush area of Arrowhead Ranch within the city of Glendale. Located right off the Loop 101 and 75th Ave, it is the perfect location to getting around the city quickly. Its wonderful location is less than five minutes away from the Peoria Sports Complex (Training Center for Padres & Mariners) and Entertainment Row, which includes the Arrowhead mall, Spa's, Restaurants, and Movie Theatres! Just a short distance further is both the University of Phoenix Stadium (home to the Arizona Cardinals) and the Glendale Arena (home to the Phoenix Coyotes and Arizona Sting). Both are located at Westgate, which also houses much exciting nightlife. The beautiful Arrowhead Ranch Community offers mature colorful landscaping, lakes, golf views and parks. It's the perfect oasis and great for biking, walking, jogging, etc.
This beautifully decorated home has 1 master suite w/ seating area, 2 additional bedrooms each with a queen bed, and a den with a queen sleep sofa. The linens are of fine quality and the beds have quality comfortable mattresses. There is also a queen mattress set up that can be put in the family room for two additional people. This home is complete with one 50' HDTV flat panel television, one 46' HDTV flat panel television, one 42' HDTV flat panel television, and entertainment area with 3 in 1 Bumper Pool/Card Table. Each bedroom has it's own flat panel television. We have provided an office area and wireless high speed internet! The kitchen is fully equipped with stainless steel appliances and all the necessary appliances and dishware for complete meals. This home seats up to 12 for dining. There is a 2.5 car garage, laundry area, private courtyard with beautiful flowering plants and trees, covered patio, barbecue area, and custom dive pool with waterfall. No detail has gone overlooked in this charming ranch home, as we have made it an absolute priority to ensure that everything is provided so that you will feel comfortable in your home away from home!
Keywords: SINGLE LEVEL RANCH, GOLF, TRAINING CENTER, SPORTS COMPLEX, LOOP 101, LAKES, ENTERTAINMENT, MALL, SHOPPING, PETS ALLOWED
My husband and I live in Colorado with our two beautiful daughters. We love coming to Arrowhead Ranch for warm weather, relaxation, and the enjoyment of the plush, colorful landscaping. We hope you enjoy it as much as we do!
Kim Fletcher purchased this house in 2011
We chose to our vacation home in this area because of the warm weather, beautiful landscaping, and easy access to everything.
This house is located just 5 minutes from the Arrowhead Mall, an abundance of restaurants, golfing, Peoria Sports Complex & Training Center and other entertainment. It's the perfect location for all that you would want to do.
Kim - We loved your house. We had a great time. It's a BEAUTIFUL house and a wonderful swimming pool! Our grandkids loved it! The house was so clean and well-maintained and a pleasure to stay at. Thanks for everything!
Great quiet neighborhood. Home is super clean, nicely decorated and has everything you need for a comfortable stay.... Thank you Kim!
This home was just perfect for our one month stay in Arizona. It was immaculate, comfortable and completely equiped for any/all of our needs. The location of this home is ideal for easy access to groceries, malls, golfing, walking/hiking paths, Phoenix Stadium, baseball fields, and interstates. We took advantage of the beautiful pool on the warm days in September and there were even beach towels available.
My daughter was able to work during our visit thanks to simple instructions on how to access wifi. And Kim was very responsive with clear directions on how to reset the modem when necessary.
Once again, thanks, Kim, for providing us with a home away from home! We are already planning for our next visit in 2018!
Well maintained, great value for the money. Easy access to the 101, shopping, restaurants, hiking - everything!
My family of 5 with 3 dogs stayed at Kim's beautiful house. The kids loved the pool and also enjoyed the tvs in their room. The whole house was amazing, clean, and well organized. In the neighborhood there was a small park that the kids also enjoyed. The location was perfect and close by any store you would need. I would love to stay again. Thank you for letting us stay in your home Kim :)
We thoroughly enjoyed our stay in Kim's beautiful home. It had plenty of space for our family of 6. The three older kids each had their own room and we put the baby in the spacious master walk-in closet. It worked out great! The kids loved the pool. The kitchen has everything that you need--it's like you're at home. Kim was very responsive to our questions, and we had no issues with the house. We couldn't get over how nice it was to be in a large home instead of cooped up in a hotel room! We took day trips to the Grand Canyon and Sedona. We will definitely keep this in mind the next time we visit Phoenix!
The best rental experience we've had! The home was very close to my family and in a nice quiet neighborhood. The home was very clean and very well decorated. Open rooms and we had access to the 2 car garage which was a plus since it was summer! There was a small park nearby if anyone has kids. The pool was fantastic and we loved the waterfall detail. There were a lot of dishes available for use and the BBQ was clean. Check out instructions were so easy to follow and it was nice not having too many steps to complete. Everyday we sat out on the patio and there was a hummingbird feeder nearby in the tree and that was a great addition. Internet was fast and there were multiple channels available for cable. There was a quick response time if there was anything found out of place.
We would definitely stay here again.
Park within 3 blocks. Gyms and exercise facilities within 5 minutes. 2 bikes available for your enjoyment.
|Pet Fee
|Refundable damage deposit
|Cleaning Fee
PETS: A refundable Pet Deposit of $250 is required.


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Tableau will be exhibiting at the Big Data London conference, taking place at the Olympia on November 3rd and 4th.
This is a free to attend event at which you can meet leading, global data and analytics experts, ready to arm you with the tools to deliver your most effective data-driven strategy.
Join us in November to hear from Andy Cotgreave, Tableau's Technical Evangelism Director, or drop by our stand for a chance to get hands on with some challenging data-sets.


text: The Body Show The Body Show: Cholesterol By Kathy Kozak • 19 hours ago How can what you eat get stuck in the arteries of your heart? Can diet alone fix this? How do statins work and can they really prevent heart attacks and strokes from happening? We'll talk about how cholesterol can raise the risk for heart problems and stroke and the most effective way to treat it. The Body Show: Atrial Fibrillation Treatment By Kathy Kozak • Feb 15, 2016 Wikipedia Commons Atrial Fibrillation, it's the most common heart rhythm abnormality and there are new medications to treat it, including blood thinners that reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks. What are the pros or cons of these new approaches to a fib? We'll discuss the latest with Dr. David Singh. The Body Show: Heart Health Technology By Kathy Kozak • Feb 8, 2016 Pixabay Commons Technology has transformed what we can do to keep the heart pumping. Newer procedures, medications and more are helping people to live longer than ever before. Today on The Body Show- hear about the latest in heart health, from head to toe. The Body Show: Reversing Heart Disease with Diet By Kathy Kozak • Feb 1, 2016 Pixabay Commons Reversing heart disease with a diet? Well yes, you can. We'll talk about the proven success of Dr. Dean Ornish's dietary program - who might benefit and how it's based on the sound nutrition principles we might all want to follow. The Body Show: Nutrition Habits By Kathy Kozak • Jan 25, 2016 Gabriel Kronisch / Flickr Nutrition for the New Year, how to eat for life, that's the topic on the next Body Show. If you have been thinking about changing your diet because of diabetes, gout, kidney problems, or just generally feeling healthy, we'll talk with top nutritionists about how to make your meals the best for your body, today on The Body Show. The Body Show: Waikīkī Health Center By Kathy Kozak • Jan 18, 2016 chrstphre ㋛ campbell / Flickr Community health centers are the backbone of the health care system that take on some of the most challenging medical and social situations of the underserved. Waikiki Health Center is a model of what great work can be done. Today on The Body Show we'll hear more about the unique outreach programs they support, and what we can all do to help. The Body Show: Supportive Care By Kathy Kozak • Jan 11, 2016 jasleen_kaur / Flickr Supportive care at the end of life, it's a new term meant to reflect the comprehensive team approach to the challenges facing those with advanced cancer, and hopes to help those who are the sickest, receive the care they need in the location they choose. We'll talk with local experts about how this program might work and what it can do to help those in need and their families with this difficult time in their lives. The Body Show: Avoiding Common Injuries for New Athletes By Kathy Kozak • Jan 4, 2016 Edward Morgan / Flickr Today we are going to talk with Dr. Ben Chun, head of sports medicine at Kaiser Permanente and find out how to get in shape, safely, and avoid the most common injuries of the new athlete: sprains, strains, stretching, and more. The Body Show: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy By Kathy Kozak • Dec 28, 2015 University of the Fraser Valley / Flickr Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE, has forever linked the NFL with brain injuries that are affecting players who are describing memory loss, mood changes, and more. Authors of the book The Traumatized Brain and local expert Adam Slabicki, professional athletic trainer for St. Francis School will be in the studio, and we'll discuss how the recent movie CONCUSSION tells the story of the long road to recognition for the effects of repetitive trauma to the brain. The Body Show: Snoring and Sleep Apnea By Kathy Kozak • Dec 7, 2015 Stanley Wood / Flickr Do you snore? Or know a snorer keeping you awake at night? Well, snoring can be a sign of something much more serious, sleep apnea. Dr. Steve Wilhite is going to share his work with dentistry to help treat apnea and snoring and let everyone get more rest at night. Pages1 2 3 4 next › last »


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What are EP's and SP's and why do I need to include them in a lot submission?
EP's and SP's
Posted 22 June 2017 - 02:05 PM
Posted 22 June 2017 - 05:39 PM
'EP' stands for Expansion Pack and 'SP' stands for Stuff Pack. They both add content to the base game.
An expansion pack adds large amounts of objects, hairstyles, clothes, etc. and also is based on a major theme which adds to game play such as World Adventures or Seasons. For example, World Adventures adds new worlds for sims to explore and Seasons adds weather.
Stuff packs are based on small themes such as Outdoor Living Stuff containing things sims can use outdoors like fire pits, fireplaces, grills, etc. Fast Lane is a stuff pack with a car theme. Stuff packs never contain as many items as an expansion and, while sometimes they have one or two objects that affect gameplay, usually they only contain new clothing, hairstyles and objects.
If a lot is created with objects found in an expansion(s) or stuff pack(s) and someone who does not own that expansion(s) or stuff pack(s) downloads it then the lot will not look the same for them. It will be missing those objects which come with the expansion(s) or stuff pack(s). Depending on how many objects are used from an expansion(s) or stuff pack(s) this may or may not cause a problem for the person downloading them. If only a few objects were used then the lot should work fine but if a large amount of items were used from a specific expansion(s) or stuff pack(s) the lot may not work at all.
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text: Bucket-List Trip Ideas See Why This Dreamy Paradise Was Once Again Named the Best Hotel on the Planet by Alesandra Dubin July 27, 2017 • 11:45 AM ET It takes a lot to beat out a runner up that hosted both Barack Obama and Pippa Middleton this year. Ciara's Newborn Baby Just Checked Off This Incredible Bucket-List Thrill by Alesandra Dubin July 24, 2017 • 3:32 PM ET Not bad for three months old. 8 Otherworldly South Pacific Islands You Have to See Before You Die by Alesandra Dubin May 19, 2017 • 10:44 AM ET You must behold these for yourself to believe they could possibly even be real. See the Top 10 Trending Travel Destinations on Pinterest Right Now (Drooling Much?) by Alesandra Dubin May 3, 2017 • 1:00 PM ET Time to plan your next getaway. This "Special, Quiet" Place Is Chrissy Teigen's Favorite Destination on the Planet by Alesandra Dubin April 28, 2017 • 12:32 PM ET Here's where the supermodel travels over and over again with John Legend and Luna. 13 Islands You Have to See Before You Die by Alesandra Dubin April 5, 2017 • 12:02 PM ET Get that bucket list out — stat. Check Off 2 Big-Time Bucket-List Items With a Visit to Uber-Buzzy Iceland by Alesandra Dubin March 16, 2017 • 1:02 PM ET That landscape will knock you out. Load More


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Marketing vs Phishing: Emails That Get The Most Clicks
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Research: How to Capture IT Buyers' Attention Year-Round
The 2017 Tech Event Marketing Insights Report studies the behavior of technology professionals around industry events – before, during, and after an event. Read more.


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The Fourth Kind - Film Review
04/08/2010 - Julia Graham reviews The Fourth Kind
Discover how to save time and money, by managing your finances and overseas transactions with ease.
Join the event for pursuing an international career in the Netherlands, featuring a range of employers and presentations.
Find your new international career, or simply keep an eye on vacancies, with Expatica Jobs.


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Emma Edwardian Victorian Festoon Necklace
$ 55.00
Perfect for those who love the unusual!
This elegant design will surely delight from the most avid fan of Victorian purity to those passionate for the dark decadence of the Goth underworld. Choose colors that suit your needs, creating a piece that is light and demure....or dark and mysterious!
Made from 6mm glass pearls and graduated glass faceted beads connected by acrylic stones set upon filigree stampings, this necklace has limitless color potential.
Your hand-made item will likely take up to 15-30 days to complete, unless you opt for RUSH SERVICES within this order. Visit our "Services" tab above to add rush services and/or an Express Mail shipping upgrade, or contact us directly by email if you need your order to arrive prior to a specific date and want to check on any additional rush charges that may apply.


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Hoffmeister Hotel N Spa Prague
Pod Bruskou 7, Prague, Czech Republic
Featuring a patio, a spa center and a sun terrace, Hoffmeister Hotel N Spa offers non-smoking rooms overlooking the bridge. Since 1993, it has been hosting guests in the heart of Prague.
It is placed close to Charles Bridge, Rudolfinum and St. Vitus Cathedral, just 200 meters from Malostranská subway station. The hotel is 10 minutes' walk away from Old Town Square and Lesser Quarter.
Quick access to bars and restaurants is provided.
Hoffmeister Hotel N Spa is a comfortable hotel offering rooms with a stone fireplace, an in-room safe, individual climate control, blinds and cable TV with on-demand movies as well as a kettle, coffee/tea makers and a fridge. The property boasts views of the Vltava River from its rooms. All rooms have carpet floor and classical furniture.
Local dishes are served in the gourmet restaurant. The Wine bar is a great place to taste fruit and snacks and drink coffee, wines and tea.
Malostranská tram stop is situated only 50 meters from the hotel. A short drive takes guests to Ruzyne airport.
Guests can rent cars to explore the local area.
The property offers reflex massage and Turkish steam bath for guests who seek relaxation.
Important information
- Children and extra beds
- All children under the age of 2 may stay for free in a crib.
- Parking (fee required)
- Wi-Fi in public areas
- Express Check-In/Check-Out
- 24-Hour Front Desk
- Non-Smoking Rooms
- Allergy-free rooms
- Soundproofed Rooms
- Family Rooms
- Connecting Rooms
- Rooms/Facilities for Disabled
- Non-smoking hotel
- Safety Deposit Box
- Exterior corridors
- 24-Hour Business Center
- News Stand
- Lobby
- Terrace
- Garden
- ATM/Cash Machine
- Luggage Storage
- Barber/Beauty Shop
- Elevator
- Souvenir shop
- Coffee Shop
- Multilingual Staff
- Credit Card Accepted
- No Pets Allowed
- Breakfast
- Buffet
- Welcome drink
- A la carte restaurant
- Bar
- Cafe
Leisure & Sports
- Indoor Swimming Pool
- Spa & Wellness Centre
- Fitness center
- Treatment room
- Steam room
- Beauty salon
- Jacuzzi
- Sauna
- Steam Bath
- Turkish bath
- Sun terrace
- Full body massage
- Foot massage
- Back massage
- Head massage
- Beauty treatment
- Waxing
- Facial
- Body wraps
- Body scrub
- Paid Shuttle Service
- 24-Hour Security
- Concierge
- Room Service
- Turndown Service
- Catering service
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Meeting/Banquet Facilities
- Wedding Services
- Business services
- Computer Rental
- Fax/Photocopying
- Newspaper service
- Doctor on Call
- Bellboy
- Grocery Shopping Service
- Car Rental
- Self-service laundry
- Dry Cleaning
- Ironing Service
- Shoe Shine
- Babysitting/child services (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- In room air conditioning
- Computer in Room
- Patio
- Dressing area
- Sitting Area
- Kitchen
- Carpeted floor
- In-room safe
- In-room desk
- Rollaway Beds
- Wardrobe
- Mini-Bar
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Dishwasher
- Trouser Press
- Tea & Coffee Facilities
- Cookware & kitchen utensils
- Bottled water
- Direct dial telephone
- Bathroom with bath or shower
- Bathtub
- In-room Jacuzzi
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Hair dryer
- Room toiletries
- Premium bedding
- Down duvets
- AM/FM Alarm Clock
- Cribs Available
Pod Bruskou 7, Prague, Czech Republic
Hoffmeister Hotel N Spa is a comfortable hotel offering rooms with a stone fireplace, an in-room safe, individual climate control, blinds and cable TV with on-demand movies as well as a kettle, coffee/tea makers and a fridge. The property boasts views of the Vltava River from its rooms. All rooms have carpet floor and classical furniture.
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Hoffmeister Hotel N Spa
Pod Bruskou 7, Prague, Czech Republic
What's nearby
- Local attractions
- Furstenberg Garden300 m
- Lobkowicz Palace400 m
- Museum Hracek400 m
- Wallenstein Palace Gardens400 m
- Daily Midday Classic Concert at Lobkowicz Palace450 m
- Rudolfinum550 m
- Letna Park550 m
- Old Jewish Cemetery700 m
- Karlův most (Karlsbrücke)800 m
- Zlatá ulička (Goldenes Gässchen)300 m
- Weinberg200 m
- old new synagogue700 m
- Franze Kafky900 m
- Airports
- Ruzyne10.5 km
- Train stations
- Prague - Dejvice900 m