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Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) is a former Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who served from 1979 to 1990.
Born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford before qualifying as a barrister. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/B Battery
In the 1959 general election she became MP for Finchley. Edward Heath appointed Thatcher Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 she was elected Leader of the Conservative Party, the first woman to head a major UK political party, and in 1979 she became the UK's first female Prime Minister.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/N Battery
After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher was determined to reverse what she perceived as a precipitous national decline.[nb 1]Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation, particularly of the financial sector, flexible labour markets, the sale or closure of state-owned companies, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/P Battery
Thatcher's popularity waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982Falklands War brought a resurgence of support resulting in her re-election in 1983.
Thatcher survived an assassination attempt in 1984, and her hard line against trade unions and tough rhetoric in opposition to the Soviet Union earned her the nickname of the "Iron Lady". Sony VAIO VGN-TZ370N/B Battery
Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge was widely unpopular and her views on theEuropean Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990 after Michael Heseltine's challenge to her leadership of the Conservative Party.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/G Battery
Thatcher holds a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, which entitles her to sit in the House of Lords.
Early life and education
Margaret Roberts was born on 13 October 1925. Her father was Alfred Roberts, originally from Northamptonshire, and her mother was Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) from Lincolnshire.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/P Battery
She spent her childhood in Grantham, where her father owned two grocery shops. She and her older sister Muriel were raised in the flat above the larger of the two, located near the railway line. Her father was active in local politics and religion, serving as an alderman and a Methodist lay preacher, and brought up his daughter as a strict Methodist.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/R Battery
He came from a Liberal family but stood – as was then customary in local government – as an Independent. He was Mayor of Grantham in 1945–46 and lost his position as alderman in 1952 after theLabour Party won its first majority on Grantham Council in 1950.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/X Battery
Roberts attended Huntingtower Road Primary School and won a scholarship to Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School.Her school reports showed hard work and continual improvement; her extracurricular activities included the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, swimming and walking.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ38N/X Battery
She was head girl in 1942–43. In her upper sixth year she applied for a scholarship to study chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford but was initially rejected, and only offered a place after another candidate withdrew. She arrived at Oxford in 1943 and graduated in 1947 with Second Class Honours in the four-year Chemistry Bachelor of Science degree;Sony VAIO VGN-TZ398U/XC Battery
in her final year she specialised in X-ray crystallography under the supervision of Dorothy Hodgkin.
Roberts became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1946. She was influenced at university by political works such as Friedrich von Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944), which condemned economic intervention by government as a precursor to an authoritarian state. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ50B Battery
After graduating, Roberts moved to Colchester in Essex to work as a research chemist for BX Plastics. She joined the local Conservative Association and attended the party conference at Llandudno in 1948, as a representative of the University Graduate Conservative Association.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90HS Battery
One of her Oxford friends was also a friend of the Chair of the Dartford Conservative Association in Kent, who were looking for candidates. Officials of the association were so impressed by her that they asked her to apply, even though she was not on the Conservative party's approved list: she was selected in January 1951 and added to the approved list post ante.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90NS Battery
At a dinner following her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in February 1951 she met Denis Thatcher, a successful and wealthy divorced businessman, who drove her to her Essex train. In preparation for the election Roberts moved to Dartford, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90S Battery
where she supported herself by working as a research chemist for J. Lyons and Co. in Hammersmith, part of a team developing emulsifiers for ice cream.
Early political career
In the February 1950 and October 1951 general elections she campaigned for the safe Labour seat of Dartford, where she attracted media attention as the youngest and the only female candidate.Sony VAIO VPC CW2MFX/PU Battery
She lost both times to Norman Dodds, but reduced the Labour majority by 6,000, and then a further 1,000. During the campaigns, she was supported by her parents and by Denis Thatcher, whom she married in December 1951. Denis funded his wife's studies for the bar;Sony VAIO VPC S11V9E/B Battery
she qualified as a barrister in 1953 and specialised in taxation. That same year her twins, Caroland Mark, were born.
Member of Parliament (1959–1970)
Thatcher began looking for a safe Conservative seat in the mid-1950s. She was narrowly rejected as the candidate for Orpington in 1955, but was selected for Finchley in April 1958. Sony VAIO VPCB119GJ/B Battery
She won the seat after a hard campaign in the 1959 election and was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP). Her maiden speech was in support of her private member's bill (Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960), requiring local authorities to hold their council meetings in public. Sony VAIO VPCB11AGJ Battery
In 1961 she went against the Conservative Party's official position by voting for the restoration of birching.
In October 1961, Thatcher was promoted to the front bench as Parliamentary Undersecretary at the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance in Harold Macmillan's administration.Sony VAIO VPCB11AVJ Battery
After the loss of the 1964 election she became Conservative spokesman on Housing and Land, in which position she advocated her party's policy of allowing tenants to buy their council houses.She moved to the Shadow Treasury team in 1966, and as Treasury spokesman opposed Labour's mandatory price and income controls, arguing that they would produce contrary effects to those intended and distort the economy.Sony VAIO VPCB11V9E Battery
At the Conservative Party Conference of 1966 she criticised the high-tax policies of the Labour Government as being steps "not only towards Socialism, but towards Communism". She argued that lower taxes served as an incentive to hard work. Sony VAIO VPCB11X9E Battery
Thatcher was one of the few Conservative MPs to support Leo Abse's Bill to decriminalise male homosexuality and voted in favour of David Steel's Bill to legalise abortion, as well as a ban on hare coursing. She supported the retention of capital punishment[37] and voted against the relaxation of divorce laws.Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/P Battery
In 1967, she was selected by the United States Embassy in London to take part in the International Visitor Leadership Program (then called the Foreign Leader Program), a professional exchange programme that gave her the opportunity to spend about six weeks visiting various US cities, political figures, and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund.Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/R Battery
Thatcher joined the Shadow Cabinet later that year as Shadow Fuel spokesman. Shortly before the 1970 general election, she was promoted to Shadow Transport, and then to Education.
Education Secretary (1970–1974)
The Conservative party under Edward Heath won the 1970 general election, and Thatcher was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science. Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/W Battery
In her first months in office she attracted public attention as a result of the administration's attempts to cut spending. She gave priority to academic needs in schools, and imposed public expenditure cuts on the state education system, resulting in the abolition of free milk for schoolchildren aged seven to eleven.Sony VAIO VPCCW19FJ/W Battery
She held that few children would suffer if schools were charged for milk, but she agreed to provide younger children with a third of a pint daily, for nutritional purposes. Her decision provoked a storm of protest from the Labour party and the press, and led to the moniker "Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher".Sony VAIO VPCCW1AFJ Battery
Thatcher wrote in her autobiography: "I learned a valuable lesson [from the experience]. I had incurred the maximum of political odium for the minimum of political benefit."
Thatcher's term of office was marked by proposals for more local education authorities to close grammar schools and to adopt comprehensive secondary education.Sony VAIO VPCCW1AHJ Battery
Although she was committed to a tiered secondary modern–grammar school system of education, and determined to preserve grammar schools, during her tenure as Education Secretary she turned down only 326 of 3,612 proposals for schools to become comprehensives; the proportion of pupils attending comprehensives rose from 32% to 62%.Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E Battery
Leader of the Opposition (1975–1979)
The Heath government continued to experience difficulties with oil embargoes and union demands for wage increases in 1973, and was defeated in the February 1974 general election. The Conservative result in the general election of October 1974 was even worse, and Thatcher mounted a challenge for the leadership of the party.Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/B Battery
Promising a fresh start, her main support came from the Conservative 1922 Committee. She defeated Heath on the first ballot and he resigned the leadership.In the second ballot she defeated Heath's preferred successor, William Whitelaw, and became party leader on 11 February 1975;Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/L Battery
she appointed Whitelaw as her deputy. Heath remained disenchanted with Thatcher to the end of his life for what he, and many of his supporters, perceived as her disloyalty in standing against him.
Thatcher began regularly to attend lunches at the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), a think tank founded by the poultry magnate Antony Fisher, a disciple of Friedrich von Hayek; Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/P Battery
she had been visiting the IEA and reading its publications since the early 1960s. There she was influenced by the ideas of Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, and she became the face of the ideological movement opposing the welfare state Keynesian economics they believed was weakening Britain. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/R Battery
The institute's pamphlets proposed less government, lower taxes, and more freedom for business and consumers.
Thatcher began to work on her voice and screen image. The critic Clive James, writing in The Observer in 1977, compared her voice of 1973 to a cat sliding down a blackboard, but acknowledged her intelligence and mental agility.Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/W Battery
On 19 January 1976 Thatcher made a speech in Kensington Town Hall in which she made a scathing attack on the Soviet Union:
The Russians are bent on world dominance, and they are rapidly acquiring the means to become the most powerful imperial nation the world has seen. Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/B Battery
The men in the Soviet Politburo do not have to worry about the ebb and flow of public opinion. They put guns before butter, while we put just about everything before guns.
In response, the Soviet Defence Ministry newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star) gave her the nickname "Iron Lady". She took delight in the name, and it soon became associated with her image.Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/L Battery
Despite an economic recovery in the late 1970s, the Labour government faced public unease about the direction of the country and a damaging series of strikes during the winter of 1978–79, popularly dubbed the "Winter of Discontent". The Conservatives attacked the Labour government's unemployment record, using advertising with the slogan Labour Isn't Working. Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/R Battery
A general election was called after James Callaghan's government lost a motion of no confidence in early 1979. The Conservatives won a 44-seat majority in the House of Commons, and Margaret Thatcher became the UK's first female Prime Minister.Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/W Battery
Prime Minister (1979–1990)
Thatcher became Prime Minister on 4 May 1979. Arriving at 10 Downing Street, she said, in a paraphrase of the "Prayer of Saint Francis":
Where there is discord, may we bring harmony. Where there is error, may we bring truth. Sony VAIO VPCCW26EC Battery
Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. And where there is despair, may we bring hope.
Domestic affairs
Thatcher was Prime Minister at a time of great racial tension in Britain. Her standing in the polls rose by 11 percent after she said in a TV interview during campaigning for the 1979 election:Sony VAIO VPCCW26FX/B Battery
"The moment a minority threatens to become a big one, people get frightened. The British character has done so much for democracy, for law, that if there is any fear that it might be swamped, people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in".Sony VAIO VPCCW28EC Battery
The Conservatives attracted voters from the National Front, whose support almost collapsed. The Economist noted "The Tory tide swamped the smaller parties, specifically the National Front, which suffered a clear decline". In confidential official documents she objected to the number of Asian immigrants in July 1979,Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/P Battery
in the context of limiting the number of Vietnamese boat people allowed to settle in the UK. Her stance on these issues was perceived as part of a rising racist public discourse, which professor Martin Barker called "new racism".
As Prime Minister, Thatcher met weekly with Queen Elizabeth II to discuss government business, and their relationship came under close scrutiny.Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/R Battery
In July 1986 the Sunday Times reported claims attributed to the Queen's advisers of a "rift" between Buckingham Palace and Downing Street "over a wide range of domestic and international issues". The Palace issued an official denial, heading off speculation about a possible constitutional crisis.Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/W Battery
After Thatcher's retirement a senior Palace source again dismissed as "nonsense" the "stereotyped idea" that she had not got along with the Queen, or that they had fallen out over Thatcherite policies. Thatcher later wrote "... I always found the Queen's attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct. Sony VAIO VPCCW29FJ/W Battery
... stories of clashes between 'two powerful women' were just too good not to make up."
Economy and taxation
Thatcher's economic policy was influenced by monetarist thinking and economists such as Milton Friedman and Friedrich von Hayek.Sony VAIO VPCCW2AFJ Battery
Together with Chancellor of the Exchequer Geoffrey Howe, she lowered direct taxes on income and increased indirect taxes. She increased interest rates to slow the growth of the money supply and thereby lower inflation, introduced cash limits on public spending, and reduced expenditures on social services such as education and housing.Sony VAIO VPCCW2AHJ Battery
Her cuts in higher education spending resulted in her being the first Oxford-educated post-war Prime Minister not to be awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford, after a 738 to 319 vote of the governing assembly and a student petition.Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E Battery
Her new centrally-funded City Technology Colleges did not enjoy much success, and the Funding Agency for Schools was set up to control expenditure by opening and closing schools; the Social Market Foundation, a right-wing think tank, described it as having "an extraordinary range of dictatorial powers".Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/B Battery
Some Heathite Conservatives in the Cabinet, the so-called "wets", expressed doubt over Thatcher's policies. The 1981 riots in England resulted in the British media discussing the need for a policy U-turn. At the 1980 Conservative Party conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly,Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/L Battery
with a speech written by the playwright Ronald Millar that included the lines: "You turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning!"
Thatcher's job approval rating fell to 23% by December 1980, lower than recorded for any previous Prime Minister. As the recession of the early 1980s deepened she increased taxes,Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/P Battery
despite concerns expressed in a statement signed by 364 leading economists issued towards the end of March 1981.
By 1982 the UK began to experience signs of economic recovery; inflation was down to 8.6% from a high of 18%, but unemployment was over 3 million for the first time since the 1930s.Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/R Battery
By 1983 overall economic growth was stronger and inflation and mortgage rates were at their lowest levels since 1970, although manufacturing output had dropped by 30% since 1978 and unemployment remained high, peaking at 3.3 million in 1984.
However, by 1987, unemployment was falling, the economy was stable and strong, and inflation was low. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery
Opinion polls showed a comfortable Conservative lead, and local council election results had also been successful, prompting Thatcher to call a general election for 11 June that year, despite the deadline for an election still being 12 months away. The election saw Thatcher re-elected for a third successive term.Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery
Throughout the 1980s revenue from the 90% tax on North Sea oil extraction was used as a short-term funding source to balance the economy and pay the costs of reform.
Thatcher reformed local government taxes by replacing domestic rates—a tax based on the nominal rental value of a home—with the Community Charge (or poll tax) in which the same amount was charged to each adult resident.Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery
The new tax was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales the following year, and proved to be among the most unpopular policies of her premiership. Public disquiet culminated in a 70,000-strong demonstration in London on 31 March 1990;Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery
the demonstration around Trafalgar Square deteriorated into the Poll Tax Riots, leaving 113 people injured and 340 under arrest. The Community Charge was abolished by her successor, John Major.
Foreign affairs
Thatcher took office in the final decade of the Cold War and became closely aligned with the policies of United States President Ronald Reagan,Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery
based on their mutual distrust of Communism, although she strongly opposed Reagan's October 1983 invasion of Grenada. During her first year as Prime Minister she supported NATO's decision to deploy US nuclear cruise and Pershing missiles in Western Europe,Sony VAIO VPCF117HG/BI Battery
and permitted the US to station more than 160 cruise missiles at RAF Greenham Common, starting on 14 November 1983 and triggering mass protests by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. She bought the Trident nuclear missile submarine system from the US to replace Polaris, tripling the UK's nuclear forces at an eventual cost of more than £12 billion (at 1996–97 prices).Sony VAIO VPCF118FJ/W Battery
Thatcher's preference for defence ties with the US was demonstrated in the Westland affair of January 1986, when she acted with colleagues to allow the struggling helicopter manufacturer Westland to refuse a takeover offer from the Italian firm Agusta in favour of the management's preferred option, a link with Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery
The UK Defence Secretary, Michael Heseltine, who had supported the Agusta deal, resigned in protest.
On 2 April 1982 the ruling military junta in Argentina ordered the invasion of the British Falkland Islands and South Georgia, triggering the Falklands War.Sony VAIO VPCF119FC/BI Battery
The subsequent crisis was "a defining moment of her [Thatcher's] premiership". At the suggestion of Harold Macmillan and Robert Armstrong, she set up and chaired a small War Cabinet (formally called ODSA, Overseas and Defence committee, South Atlantic) to take charge of the conduct of the war, which by 5–6 April had authorised and dispatched a naval task force to retake the islands. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery
Argentina surrendered on 14 June and the operation was hailed a success, notwithstanding the deaths of 255 British servicemen and 3 Falkland Islanders. Argentinian deaths totalled 649, half of them after the nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror torpedoed and sank the cruiser ARA General Belgrano on 2 May.Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery
Thatcher was criticised for the neglect of the Falklands' defence that led to the war, and notably by Tam Dalyell in parliament for the decision to sink the Belgrano, but overall she was considered a highly talented and committed war leader. The "Falklands factor", an economic recovery beginning early in 1982,Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery
and a bitterly divided Labour opposition contributed to Thatcher's second election victory in 1983.
The Thatcher government supported the Khmer Rouge keeping their seat in the UN after they were ousted from power in Cambodia by the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery
Although denying it at the time they also sent the SAS to train the Khmer Rouge alliance to fight against the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea government.
Thatcher's antipathy towards European integration became more pronounced during her premiership, particularly after her third election victory in 1987. Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery
During a 1988 speech in Bruges she outlined her opposition to proposals from the European Community (EC), forerunner of the European Union, for a federal structure and increased centralisation of decision making. She had supported British membership of the EC, Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E Battery
despite believing that the role of the organisation should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that the EC's approach was at odds with her views on smaller government and deregulation; in 1988, she remarked, "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery
only to see them re-imposed at a European level, with a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels". Thatcher was firmly opposed to the UK's membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism, a precursor to European monetary union, believing that it would constrain the British economy,Sony VAIO VPCF11MFX/B Battery
despite the urging of her Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson and Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe,but she was persuaded by John Major to join in October 1990, at what proved to be too high a rate.
In April 1986, Thatcher permitted US F-111s to use Royal Air Force bases for the bombing of Libya in retaliation for the alleged Libyan bombing of a Berlin discothèque, Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E Battery
citing the right of self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter. Polls suggested that less than one in three British citizens approved of Thatcher's decision. She was in the US on a state visit when Iraqi leaderSaddam Hussein invaded neighbouring Kuwait in August 1990.Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B Battery
During her talks with US President George H. W. Bush, who had succeeded Reagan in 1989, she recommended intervention, and put pressure on Bush to deploy troops in the Middle East to drive the Iraqi army out of Kuwait. Bush was somewhat apprehensive about the plan, prompting Thatcher to remark to him during a telephone conversation that "This was no time to go wobbly!"Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E Battery
Thatcher's government provided military forces to the international coalition in the build-up to the Gulf War, but she had resigned by the time hostilities began on 17 January 1991.
Thatcher was one of the first Western leaders to respond warmly to reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI Battery
Following Reagan–Gorbachev summit meetings and reforms enacted by Gorbachev in the USSR, she declared in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now", but rather in a "new relationship much wider than the Cold War ever was". She went on a state visit to the Soviet Union in 1984, and met with Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.Sony VAIO VPCF11ZHJ Battery
Thatcher was initially opposed to German reunification, telling Gorbachev that it "would lead to a change to postwar borders, and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security". Sony VAIO VPCF127HGBI Battery
She expressed concern that a united Germany would align itself more closely with the Soviet Union and move away from NATO. In contrast she was an advocate of Croatian and Slovenian independence. In a 1991 interview for Croatian Radiotelevision, Thatcher commented on the Yugoslav Wars; Sony VAIO VPCF137HG/BI Battery
she was critical of Western governments for not recognising the breakaway republics of Croatia and Slovenia as independent states and supplying them with arms after the Serbian-led Yugoslav Army attacked.
Industrial relations
Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trade unions, whose leadership she accused of undermining parliamentary democracy and economic performance through strike action.Sony VAIO VPCS111FM/S Battery
Several unions launched strikes in response to legislation introduced to curb their power, but resistance eventually collapsed. Only 39% of union members voted for Labour in the 1983 general election. According to the BBC, Thatcher "managed to destroy the power of the trade unions for almost a generation".Sony VAIO VPCS115EC Battery
The miners' strike was the biggest confrontation between the unions and the Thatcher government. In March 1984 the National Coal Board (NCB) proposed to close 20 of the 174 state-owned mines and cut 20,000 jobs out of 187,000. Two-thirds of the country's miners, led by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) under Arthur Scargill, downed tools in protest.Sony VAIO VPCS115FG Battery
Thatcher refused to meet the union's demands and compared the miners' dispute to the Falklands conflict two years earlier, declaring in a speech in 1984: "We had to fight the enemy without in the Falklands. We always have to be aware of the enemy within, which is much more difficult to fight and more dangerous to liberty."Sony VAIO VPCS117GG Battery
After a year out on strike, in March 1985, the NUM leadership conceded without a deal. The cost to the economy was estimated to be at least £1.5 billion, and the strike was blamed for much of the pound's fall against the US dollar.The government closed 25 unprofitable coal mines in 1985, and by 1992 a total of 97 had been closed;Sony VAIO VPCS117GGB Battery
those that remained were privatised in 1994. The eventual closure of 150 coal mines, not all of which were losing money, resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of jobs and devastated entire communities. Miners had helped bring down the Heath government, and Thatcher was determined to succeed where he had failed. Sony VAIO VPCS118EC Battery
Her strategy of preparing fuel stocks, appointing a union-busting NCB leader in Ian MacGregor, and ensuring police were adequately trained and equipped with riot gear, contributed to her victory.
The number of stoppages across the UK peaked at 4583 in 1979, when more than 29 million working days were lost. Sony VAIO VPCS119FJ/B Battery
In 1984, the year of the miners' strike, there were 1221, resulting in the loss of more than 27 million working days. Stoppages then fell steadily throughout the rest of Thatcher's premiership; in 1990 there were 630 and fewer than 2 million working days lost, and they continued to fall thereafter.Sony VAIO VPCS119GC Battery
Trade union membership also fell, from 13.5 million in 1979 to less than 10 million by the time Thatcher left office in 1990.
The policy of privatisation has been called "a crucial ingredient of Thatcherism". After the 1983 election the sale of state utilities accelerated;Sony VAIO VPCS11AFJ Battery
more than £29 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised industries, and another £18 billion from the sale of council houses.
The process of privatisation, especially the preparation of nationalised industries for privatisation, was associated with marked improvements in performance, particularly in terms of labour productivity.Sony VAIO VPCS11AGJ Battery
A number of the privatised industries including gas, water, and electricity, were natural monopolies for which privatisation involved little increase in competition. The privatised industries that demonstrated improvement often did so while still under state ownership. Sony VAIO VPCS11AHJ Battery
British Steel, for instance, made great gains in profitability while still a nationalised industry under the government-appointed chairmanship of Ian MacGregor, who faced down trade-union opposition to close plants and reduce the workforce by half.Regulation was also significantly expanded to compensate for the loss of direct government control,Sony VAIO VPCS11AVJ Battery
with the foundation of regulatory bodies like Ofgas, Oftel and the National Rivers Authority. There was no clear pattern to the degree of competition, regulation, and performance among the privatised industries; in most cases privatisation benefitted consumers in terms of lower prices and improved efficiency, but the results overall were "mixed".Sony VAIO VPCS123FGB Battery
Thatcher always resisted rail privatisation, and was said to have told Transport Secretary Nicholas Ridley "Railway privatisation will be the Waterloo of this government. Please never mention the railways to me again." Shortly before her resignation, she accepted the arguments for privatising British Rail, which her successor John Major implemented in 1994.Sony VAIO VPCS125EC Battery
The Economist later considered the move to have been "a disaster".
The privatisation of public assets was combined with financial deregulation in an attempt to fuel economic growth. Geoffrey Howe abolished Britain's exchange controls in 1979, allowing more capital to be invested in foreign markets, and the Big Bang of 1986 removed many restrictions on the London Stock Exchange. Sony VAIO VPCS128EC Battery
The Thatcher government encouraged growth in the finance and service sectors to compensate for Britain's ailing manufacturing industry. Political economist Susan Strange called this new financial growth model "casino capitalism", reflecting her view that speculation and financial trading were becoming more important to the economy than industry.Sony VAIO VPCS129GC Battery
Northern Ireland
In 1981, Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) prisoners in Northern Ireland's Maze Prison began a hunger strike in an effort to regain the status of political prisoners that had been removed five years earlier under the preceding Labour government.Sony VAIO VPCS12C7E/B Battery
Bobby Sands began the strike, saying that he would fast until death unless prison inmates won concessions over their living conditions. Thatcher refused to countenance a return to political status for the prisoners, declaring "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political",Sony VAIO VPCS12L9E/B Battery
but nevertheless the UK government privately contacted republican leaders in a bid to bring the hunger strikes to an end. After the deaths of Sands and nine others some rights were restored to paramilitary prisoners, but not official recognition of their political status.Sony VAIO VPCS12V9E/B Battery
Violence in Northern Ireland escalated significantly during the hunger strikes; in 1982 Sinn Féin politician Danny Morrison described Thatcher as "the biggest bastard we have ever known".
Thatcher narrowly escaped injury in a PIRA assassination attempt at a Brighton hotel early in the morning on 12 October 1984.Sony VAIO VPCY115FGS Battery
Five people were killed, including the wife of Cabinet Minister John Wakeham. Thatcher was staying at the hotel to attend the Conservative Party Conference, which she insisted should open as scheduled the following day.She delivered her speech as planned, a move that was widely supported across the political spectrum and enhanced her popularity with the public.-sony-vaio-vpcy115fx-bi-battery-27516.htm">Sony VAIO VPCY115FX/BI Battery
On 6 November 1981 Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had established the Anglo-Irish Inter-Governmental Council, a forum for meetings between the two governments. On 15 November 1985, Thatcher and FitzGerald signed the Hillsborough Anglo-Irish Agreement, the first time a British government had given the Republic of Ireland an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland. Sony VAIO VPCY115FXBI Battery
In protest the Ulster Says No movement attracted 100,000 to a rally in Belfast, Ian Gow resigned as Minister of State in the HM Treasury, and all fifteen Unionist MPs resigned their parliamentary seats; only one was not returned in the subsequent by-elections on 23 January 1986.Sony VAIO VPCY118EC Battery
Thatcher was challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by virtually unknown backbench MP Sir Anthony Meyer in the 1989 leadership election. Of the 374 Conservative MPs eligible to vote 314 voted for Thatcher and 33 for Meyer.Sony VAIO VPCY118GX/BI Battery
Her supporters in the party viewed the result as a success, and rejected suggestions that there was discontent within the party.
During her premiership Thatcher had the second-lowest average approval rating, at 40 percent, of any post-war Prime Minister. Polls consistently showed that she was less popular than her party.Sony VAIO VPCY119FJ/S Battery
A self-described conviction politician, Thatcher always insisted that she did not care about her poll ratings, pointing instead to her unbeaten election record.
Opinion polls in September 1990 reported that Labour had established a 14% lead over the Conservatives,and by November the Conservatives had been trailing Labour for 18 months.Sony VAIO VPCY11AFJ Battery
These ratings, together with Thatcher's combative personality and willingness to override colleagues' opinions, contributed to discontent within the Conservative party.
On 1 November 1990 Geoffrey Howe, the last remaining member of Thatcher's original 1979 cabinet, resigned from his position as Deputy Prime Minister over her refusal to agree to a timetable for Britain to join the European single currency.Sony VAIO VPCY11AGJ Battery
In his resignation speech on 13 November, Howe commented on Thatcher's European stance: "It is rather like sending your opening batsmen to the crease only for them to find the moment that the first balls are bowled that their bats have been broken before the game by the team captain." His resignation was fatal to Thatcher's premiership.Sony VAIO VPCY11AHJ Battery
The next day, Michael Heseltine mounted a challenge for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Opinion polls had indicated that he would give the Conservatives a national lead over Labour. Although Thatcher won the first ballot, Heseltine attracted sufficient support (152 votes) to force a second ballot.Sony VAIO VPCY11AVJ Battery
Thatcher initially stated that she intended to "fight on and fight to win" the second ballot, but consultation with her Cabinet persuaded her to withdraw. After seeing the Queen, calling other world leaders, and making one final Commons speech, she left Downing Street in tears. She regarded her ousting as a betrayal.Sony VAIO VPCY11M1E/S Battery
Thatcher was replaced as Prime Minister and party leader by her Chancellor John Major, who oversaw an upturn in Conservative support in the 17 months leading up to the 1992 general election and led the Conservatives to their fourth successive victory on 9 April 1992.Sony VAIO VPCY11S1E Battery
Thatcher favoured Major over Heseltine in the leadership contest, but her support for him weakened in later years.
Later years
Thatcher returned to the backbenches as MP for Finchley for two years after leaving the premiership.Sony VAIO VPCY11V9E/S Battery
She retired from the House at the 1992 election, aged 66, saying that leaving the Commons would allow her more freedom to speak her mind.
After leaving the House of Commons, Thatcher became the first former Prime Minister to set up a foundation; it closed down in 2005 because of financial difficulties.Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/BI Battery
he wrote two volumes of memoirs, The Downing Street Years (1993) and The Path to Power (1995).
In July 1992, Thatcher was hired by the tobacco company Philip Morris as a "geopolitical consultant" for $250,000 per year and an annual contribution of $250,000 to her foundation.Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/G Battery
She also earned $50,000 for each speech she delivered.
In August 1992, Thatcher called for NATO to stop the Serbian assault on Goražde and Sarajevo to end ethnic cleansing during the Bosnian War. Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/L Battery
She compared the situation in Bosnia to "the worst excesses of the Nazis", and warned that there could be a "holocaust". She made a series of speeches in the Lords criticising the Maastricht Treaty, describing it as "a treaty too far" and stated "I could never have signed this treaty".Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/P Battery
She cited A. V. Dicey when stating that as all three main parties were in favour of revisiting the treaty, the people should have their say.
Thatcher was honorary Chancellor of the College of William and Mary in Virginia (1993–2000) and also of the University of Buckingham (1992–1999), the UK's first private university, which she had opened in 1975.Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/L Battery
After Tony Blair's election as Labour Party leader in 1994, Thatcher praised Blair in an interview as "probably the most formidable Labour leader since Hugh Gaitskell. I see a lot of socialism behind their front bench, but not in Mr Blair. I think he genuinely has moved."Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/P Battery
In 1998, Thatcher called for the release of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet when Spain had him arrested and sought to try him for human rights violations, citing the help he gave Britain during the Falklands War. In 1999, she visited him while he was under house arrest near London.Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/SI Battery
Pinochet was released in March 2000 on medical grounds by the Home Secretary Jack Straw, without facing trial.
In the 2001 general election Thatcher supported the Conservative general election campaign, but did not endorse Iain Duncan Smith as she had done for John Major and William Hague. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery
In the Conservative leadership election shortly after, she supported Smith over Kenneth Clarke.
In March 2002, Thatcher's book Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World, dedicated to Ronald Reagan, was released. In it, she claimed there would be no peace in the Middle East until Saddam Hussein was toppled,Sony VAIO VPCEA20 Battery
that Israel must trade land for peace, and that the European Union (EU) was "fundamentally unreformable", "a classic utopian project, a monument to the vanity of intellectuals, a programme whose inevitable destiny is failure". She argued that Britain should renegotiate its terms of membership or else leave the EU and join the North American Free Trade Area. Sony VAIO VPCEB10 Battery
The book was serialised in The Times on 18 March; on 23 March she announced that on the advice of her doctors she would cancel all planned speaking engagements and accept no more.
Since 2003
Sir Denis Thatcher died on 26 June 2003 and was cremated on 3 July.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM Battery
She had paid tribute to him in The Downing Street Years, writing "Being Prime Minister is a lonely job. In a sense, it ought to be: you cannot lead from the crowd. But with Denis there I was never alone. What a man. What a husband. What a friend".
On 11 June 2004, Thatcher attended the state funeral service for Ronald Reagan.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/BI Battery
] She delivered her eulogy via videotape; in view of her health, the message had been pre-recorded several months earlier.Thatcher then flew to California with the Reagan entourage, and attended the memorial service and interment ceremony for the president at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/T Battery
Thatcher celebrated her 80th birthday at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hyde Park, London, on 13 October 2005, at which the guests included the Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Alexandra and Tony Blair. Geoffrey Howe, by then Lord Howe of Aberavon, was also present, and said of his former leader: Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/WI Battery
"Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible."
In 2006, Thatcher attended the official Washington, D.C. memorial service to commemorate the fifth anniversary of the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX Battery
She was a guest of Vice President Dick Cheney, and met with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during her visit.
In February 2007, Thatcher became the first living UK Prime Minister to be honoured with a statue in the Houses of Parliament.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/BI Battery
The bronze statue stands opposite that of her political hero, Sir Winston Churchill, and was unveiled on 21 February 2007 with Thatcher in attendance; she made a rare and brief speech in the members' lobby of the House of Commons, responding: "I might have preferred iron – but bronze will do ... It won't rust."Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/T Battery
The statue shows her addressing the House of Commons, with her right arm outstretched.
Thatcher returned to 10 Downing Street in late November 2009 for the unveiling of an official portrait by the artist Richard Stone,[194] an unusual honour for a living ex-Prime Minister.Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/WI Battery
Stone had previously painted portraits of the Queen and the Queen Mother.
Thatcher suffered several small strokes in 2002 and was advised by her doctors not to engage in any more public speaking. After collapsing at a House of Lords dinner, she was admitted to St Thomas' Hospital in central London on 7 March 2008 for tests. Her daughter Carol has recounted ongoing memory loss.Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX Battery
At the Conservative Party conference in 2010, the new Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would invite Thatcher back to 10 Downing Street on her 85th birthday for a party to be attended by past and present ministers. She pulled out of the celebration because of flu.Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/BI Battery
She was invited to the Royal Wedding on 29 April 2011 but did not attend, reportedly due to ill health.
On American Independence Day 2011 (4 July) Lady Thatcher was to attend a ceremony for the unveiling of a 10-foot statue to former American President Ronald Reagan, outside the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square, London but was unable to attend due to frail health.Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/T Battery
On 31 July 2011 it was announced that the former prime minister's office in the House of Lords had been closed down.
Also in July 2011, Thatcher was named the most competent British Prime Minister of the past 30 years in an Ipsos Mori poll. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/WI Battery
Thatcher remains identified with her remarks to the reporter Douglas Keay, for Woman's Own magazine in September 1987:
I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand "I have a problem, it is the Government's job to cope with it!" or "I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it!"Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX Battery
"I am homeless, the Government must house me!" and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BI Battery
It is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal business and people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations.
To her supporters, Margaret Thatcher remains a figure who revitalised Britain's economy, impacted the trade unions, and re-established the nation as a world power.Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BIC Battery
She oversaw an increase from 7% to 25% of adults owning shares, and more than a million families bought their council houses, giving an increase from 55% to 67% in owner-occupiers. Total personal wealth rose by 80%. Victory in the Falklands conflict and her strong alliance with the United States are also remembered as some of her greatest achievements.Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/T Battery
Thatcher's premiership was also marked by high unemployment and social unrest, and many critics fault her economic policies for the unemployment level; many of the areas affected by high unemployment as a result of her monetarist economic policies have still not fully recovered and are also blighted by social problems including drug abuse and family breakdown.Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX Battery
Speaking in Scotland in April 2009, before the 30th anniversary of her election as Prime Minister, Thatcher insisted she had no regrets, and was right to introduce the poll tax and to remove subsidies from "outdated industries, whose markets were in terminal decline" which had created "the culture of dependency, which had done such damage to Britain".Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/BI Battery
Thatcher often referred after the war to the "Falklands Spirit"; Hastings and Jenkins (1983) suggested that this reflected her preference for the streamlined decision-making of her War Cabinet over the painstaking deal-making of peace-time cabinet government.Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/T Battery
Critics have regretted Thatcher's influence in the abandonment of full employment, poverty reduction and a consensual civility as bedrock policy objectives. Many recent biographers have been critical of aspects of the Thatcher years and Michael White, writing in New Statesman in February 2009, challenged the view that her reforms had brought a net benefit.Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/WI Battery
Despite being Britain's first woman Prime Minister, some critics contend Thatcher did "little to advance the political cause of women", either within her party or the government, and some British feminists regarded her as "an enemy".
The term "Thatcherism" came to refer to her policies as well as aspects of her ethical outlook and personal style,Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM Battery
including moral absolutism, nationalism, interest in the individual, and an uncompromising approach to achieving political goals. Influenced at the outset by Keith Joseph, Thatcherism remains a potent byword in British political parlance, with both Tony Blair andGordon Brown defining policies in post-Thatcherite terms, Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/BI Battery
and David Cameron saying after a dinner with Thatcher in February 2009: "You have got to do the right thing even if it is painful. Don't trim or track all over the place. Set your course and take the difficult decisions because that is what needs to be done ... I think that influence, that character she had, that conviction she had, I think that will be very important."Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/T Battery
Thatcher's tenure of 11 years and 209 days as Prime Minister was the longest since Lord Salisbury (13 years and 252 days in three spells starting in 1885), and the longest continuous period in office since Lord Liverpool (14 years and 305 days starting in 1812).Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/WI Battery
Thatcher became a Privy Councillor (PC) upon becoming Secretary of State for Education and Science in 1970. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Merit (OM) (an order within the personal gift of the Queen) within two weeks of leaving office. Denis Thatcher was made a Baronet at the same time.Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX Battery
She became a peer in the House of Lords in 1992 with a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire. She was appointed a Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter, the UK's highest order of chivalry, in 1995.
She was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1983, and was the first woman entitled to full membership rights as an honorary member of the Carlton Club on becoming leader of the Conservative Party in 1975.Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/BI Battery
In the Falkland Islands, Margaret Thatcher Day has been marked every 10 January since 1992, commemorating her visit in 1983. Thatcher Drive in Stanley is named for her, as is Thatcher Peninsula in South Georgia, where the task force troops first set foot on the Falklands.Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/T Battery
Thatcher has been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour awarded by the US; the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom; and the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. She is a patron of the Heritage Foundation,which established the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom in 2005.Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/WI Battery
Speaking of Heritage president Ed Feulner, at the first Clare Booth Luce lecture in September 1993, Thatcher said: "You didn't just advise President Reagan on what he should do; you told him how he could do it. And as a practising politician I can testify that that is the only advice worth having."Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX Battery
Other awards include Dame Grand Cross of the Croatian Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir.
A statue of her likeness sits on the Hillsdale College campus in Hillsdale, MI, both in honor of her role as a speaker there in March of 1995 and her continued support of the college and its emphasis on the Western tradition. It remains the first and only statue of the former Prime Minister within the United States.Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/B Battery
Upon Thatcher's eventual death, it is rumoured that she will be honoured with a state funeral at St Paul's Cathedral. If so, she will be the first Prime Minister to be honoured this way since Sir Winston Churchill in 1965.
commenter cet article


text:
The council's chief executive Paul Walker responded: "The council has not updated its corporate image for many years, it was time to do so."
My comment: No it wasn't you idiot, we are in the middle of a bloody recession. The only consolation is that it didn't cost more. Here's a more meaningful logo for you at no cost to the taxpayer.
Here are more ways Copeland Council waste taxpayer's money.
Copeland Councillors refuse a special allowance cut
Copeland council taxpayers bill for a £75,000 loan to Rugby Football Club
Copeland Council £2000 on a jolly and £90,000 on consultantsRead the full story from the source Whitehaven News
Read all articles about Copeland Borough Council on this blog

subset: commoncrawl


text:
12×16, oil on masonite
This piece was done with a new green (Gamblin Emerald Green). I wanted to see how it interacted with other colors. There are a few tweaks to do, but overall I like the result.
To view more of my work, click on my name just below this image.


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For now, TV and those amazing Belffles belgian waffles are calling me...
You are OFFICIALLY AMAZING!!!!!
... Blown away, you're AMAZING!!ReplyDelete
awesome diy's! love this, definitely gonna try the cosmic one :)xxx
The toilet bleach one is AMAZING!
Burn the Blonde
AMAZING idea.
I just noticed a hole in my leggings as well.. literally incredible x
Love this! Amazing xReplyDelete
WOAHA This tip is amazing!! Such a good idea!!!! xxReplyDelete
Ahh I did something similar once with old jeans, love the bleach idea! xxx
This is awesome!!! Love the bleachy one, I was literally about to throw out a pair which have loads of holes in but now I'm going to make some bows! Thanks for the tip xReplyDelete
why can't my brain work as well as yours, your bloody amazing!
this is such a good tuesday tips.. I so want to do it! as i own (and shamefully wearing) holey tights! ok to be fair there pyjamas ones i am wearing so i guess it doesn't matter they have holes in them hahah.
I love the bleach one too
I now have something to do with my alarming amount of holey leggings! Thank you! oxoReplyDelete
Great post & fabulous idea. I have leggings that I was going to bin, not now! This is now my rainy day project. Thanks for sharing xReplyDelete
This is such a great idea and I am now kicking myself saying "why didn't I think of that?!". I love the effect of the bleach and I have a nice holey pair of leggings I could try this idea on!
Emma xxx
You have such cool ideas!!!ReplyDelete
Haha love this! Very clever :)ReplyDelete
Amazing idea !!!
Thank you :)
What an awesome idea!!! Love love LOVE the bleached one.. next on my 'DIY to do list'
This is amazing, have no idea how you hold all these ideas in your head!
Would love to see the plaited one x
This tip was well worth the wait! Always inspiring. XxReplyDelete
Oh my God you genius! I will definitely be doing this. Lurrvve the bleached one especially. I might put a bit of left over pink dye on it as well and make it match my hair muhahaha.
Amazing! What a great idea xReplyDelete
Gem, you brilliantly clever girl! What a great waste-saver :D xxReplyDelete
This is such a good idea Gem, you are a genius! xReplyDelete
what a fab idea, the bleach gives a fab effect too!ReplyDelete
Amazing! I can't wait to try this! xoReplyDelete
so clever! one of my first posts on my new blog is a really simple diy turban headwrap that you might like to check out?! let me know what you think if you do and excuse the shoddiness of it all, as i said it's new!
I love this idea! Inspired.
Thats amazing! Great tip xxReplyDelete
This is just amazing! I know, it's so simple but I can't believe I didn't think of this earlier - pure genius! My leggings are too raggedy to really be classed as leggings anymore, so I'm going to give this a go. Will let you know how it turns out! Love the bleached look.
x Michelle | thefeatherden.net
ahh wow, so creative, it looks so cute!
Krissy xoxo
Great idea! Re your leggings issue, have you tried dance ones? If you don't mind the shiney, lycra effect (which is quite flattering) they wear exceedingly well - I have a pair which I've owned since school and originally had for gymnastics that are still in good nic xReplyDelete
Such a super cute concept!
♥, Jamie
Such a brilliant idea, you come up with amazing tips! xx
Sirens and Bells
Seriously chuffed with this, I ripped a pair of my older leggings the other day too, perfect timing :) xx
This must be one of your most inventive Tuesday Tips, surely! Amazing!
I've found, after going from Topshop, to Dotty Ps, to H&M and Primark, that Monsoon leggings are the best! Now I do work there, but I wear mine A LOT for work and for shopping and even cleaning, and they're yet to wear holes in! I normally get them in my ankles/heels or on my thighs but these really have fared well!
Such a cool tip! Totally gonna give this a go xReplyDelete
nice one!
what is it about leggings that they seem to be just as disposable as tights?
Your looking at another sister who kills her leggings, sigh
Such an amazing idea! Definitely going to give this a go with some old leggings, I won't be so annoyed at having to chuck them after a few years if I can create something new. xReplyDelete
i thought it was only me who got holes in my leggings!!.. that is a fab idea..your so clever!!!
Amazing DIY, it looks fab! Love the idea of bleaching them a bit too xReplyDelete
I don't know how you come up with such strokes of pure genius!
i was a little dubious over tying leggings into a makeshift bow.. but once again - so effective.
eating my words again. :)
Yay for DIY! x
They look awesome :D the bleach one especially! Brilliant idea, I couldn't have come up with it! xReplyDelete
FABBB... I love the bleached one. Such a good idea x xReplyDelete
This is such a great tip, I'm always throwing leggings out! I love the bleached one :) xxReplyDelete
oooh nice i'll have to try that very soon !
thanks for sharing
this is brilliant! love the little bow tie so cute xoReplyDelete
Omg was just having a winge about legging on my blog the other day and now I have a way of recycling them..taa Gem..love your blog!
enter my Give-away. Hand painted nails. Loving the blog. XX
Love your tuesday tips! The bow you've dyed looks great!ReplyDelete
haha this is just inspired. how do you think of these things!? amazing xReplyDelete
wow, amazing tips! i never would have thought of all those different uses; and the bleached one looks amazing!
xo Elly @ strawberrylacemoustache.blogspot.com
Greta idea, love the bleached one :)ReplyDelete
Oh whaaaaaat! This is one of my favourite Tuesday Tips so far! Partly because I too suffer from holey leggings, and partly because I love bows. Well bloody done xReplyDelete
This is totally mad I love it! Kudos!ReplyDelete
these are so awesome, you're so creative! :)ReplyDelete
This is super awesome! Finally, some way of disposing of crappy leggings. Damn you h&m! XReplyDelete
Is there a way of making me look cute and quirky whilst wearing it though - like you - rather than demented, as will inevitably be the case if I try it?ReplyDelete


text:
Rasch analysis can be applied to assessments in a wide range of disciplines, including health studies, education, psychology, marketing, economics and social sciences.
Many assessments in these disciplines involve a well defined group of people responding to a set of items for assessment. Generally, the responses to the items are scored 0, 1 (for two ordered categories); or 0, 1, 2 (for three ordered categories); or 0, 1, 2, 3 (for four ordered categories) and so on, to indicate increasing levels of a response on some variable such as health status or academic achievement. These responses are then added across items to give each person a total score. This total score summarise the responses to all the items, and a person with a higher total score than another one is deemed to show more of the variable assessed. Summing the scores of the items to give a single score for a person implies that the items are intended to measure a single variable, often referred to as a unidimensional variable.
The Rasch model is the only item response theory (IRT) model in which the total score across items characterizes a person totally. It is also the simplest of such models having the minimum of parameters for the person (just one), and just one parameter corresponding to each category of an item. This item parameter is generically referred to as a threshold. There is just one in the case of a dichotomous item, two in the case of three ordered categories, and so on.
1. What is Rasch Analysis
2. Why undertake a Rasch analysis?
3. The research paradigm and the Rasch model
4. Is there more than one Rasch model?
5. Different Rasch Model Specifications
6. Thresholds and Steps
7. Disordered Thresholds as an Anomaly
8. Who should use a Rasch analysis?
9. An ideal approach to a Rasch analysis?
10. Recommended Rasch Software
11. The RUMM approach to Rasch Analysis
to Rasch Measurement and Traditional Test Theory
Internet based course on Rasch Analysis beginning from first principles it introduces the Guttman stucture as a lead into both traditional test theory and Rasch measurement. The Course reviews elementary traditional test theory in a way that it relates to the Rasch models and the necessary elementary statistics as well as the dichotomous model and the model for ordered response categories. Model fit including differential item functioning is also covered. A feature of the course is a discussion group which permits you to interact with other students in the class. Students are also provided with a full version of the interactive Windows program RUMM for analysing data during the semester.
Laboratory for Health Sciences
A workshop to introduce Rasch analysis. It will suit those working in the measurement of outcomes in the health sciences, of attitudinal data in the social sciences, or in educational testing. It will take the form of hands-on tuition in using the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Models (RUMM2030) software package. At the end of the two-and-a-half days workshop students should understand and be able to analyse data, using RUMM2030, for:
13. What cloud analysis engines and API's are available?
Time and Space is a Trademark of Timewatch.


text:
During this interactive, self-paced training, you will be introduced to key concepts, strategies, and core prevention skills essential to the practice of injury and violence prevention. This self-study training is designated for: (1) Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES) and/or Master Certified Health Education Specialists (MCHES) to receive up to 4.5 total Category I continuing education contact hours, and (2) for professionals with a Certificate of Public Health (CPH) to receive 4.5 CPH Recertification Credits.
The training includes three modules with related application exercises and a webinar:
Registering for the Safe States web-based self-study is a two part process.
Step 1: Register through the registration link above.
Step 2: You will receive an event confirmation email message. That email will provide the 1) link to access the training, 2) instructions on how to report your CHES or CPH continuing education credit hours to Safe States, and 3) how to obtain your certificate of completion.
10/18/2017Presidential Blog
10/13/2017Americans Living In Rural Areas Are More Likely To Die By Suicide
8/1/2017 » 12/19/2017Improving your Injury and Violence Prevention Practice with the Core Competencies
11/4/20172017 NVDRS Surveillance Academy
The Safe States Alliance2200 Century Parkway, Suite 700Atlanta, Georgia 30345(770) email@example.com
The Safe States Alliance is a national non-profit 501(c)(3) organization and professional association whose mission is to strengthen the practice of injury and violence prevention.
Our vision is to be the recognized leader and driving force in understanding and preventing injuries and violence.


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text: office-workflow AAP.org > Professional Resources > Practice Transformation > Managing the Practice > Office Workflow Managing the PracticePatient Access ManagementSetting Office HoursMaking the Best Use of Office HoursPhysician SchedulingExtended Office HoursOpen Access SchedulingTelephone Care and After Hours CareMarketing the PracticeSocial MediaOffice WebsitesOn Hold MessagingOrganizing and Growing the PracticeOrganizational ChartsManagement vs. LeadershipPractice Aggregation and Growth ModelsFull Asset MergerStaffingThe Importance of TeamworkBenefits of a Strong Practice ManagerTeam Members and Sample Job DescriptionsDetermining Pay StructureStaff TrainingsStaff SchedulingPerformance EvaluationEmployee HandbookOffice WorkflowImplementing Team Meetings and HuddlesIdeas and Examples for Improving WorkflowImplementing Team Meetings and Huddles Ideas and Examples for Improving Workflow Patient Health Information ManagementThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)Electronic Medical RecordsRetention of Pediatric Medical RecordsQuality ImprovementGroup Purchasing Organizations - GPOsClosing the PracticeThings to Consider Before Closing the PracticeNotifying Patients and Families of Practice ClosureMedical Record RetentionMedical Malpractice Insurance and Tail CoverageAddressing Patient IssuesObtaining Patient FeedbackHandling Patient ConcernsDischarging Patients from the PracticeCommunication Strategies for Discontinuing Contracted Insurances Office Workflow The work of primary care is carried out through administrative and clinical workflows that are often complex and have evolved over time, sometimes without the opportunity to reflect on the effectiveness or efficiency of the workflow itself. Implementing Team Meetings and Huddles Implementing regular team meetings and huddles can boost practice productivity, efficiency and overall team morale. Ideas and Examples for Improving Workflow Suggested workflow concepts that can be implemented in a pediatric practice setting. Mapping and Redesigning Workflow – AHRQ ResourceThe Lean Doctor's Office: Using Value Stream Mapping to Improve Your Workflow – The Profitable Practice Article (January 2014) Advertising Disclaimer


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From now on, ignore the conventional wisdom about how the Russia scandal is not "resonating" with President Trump's still-loyal base. The question at this point is what strikes a chord with special counsel Robert Mueller — and what kind of legal jeopardy Trump's closest associates, including his eldest son and son-in-law, might eventually face.
Trump spent Monday morning live-tweeting fawning segments from his favorite cable news show, "Fox & Friends." Within the cozy confines of that alternate universe, the story "everyone is still talking about" was said to be video of the president, before boarding his helicopter at Andrews Air Force Base , scrambling to retrieve a Marine's wind-blown hat.
In Mueller's office suite, though, I'm confident there was much more talk about Donald Trump Jr.'s stunning admission over the weekend: In June of last year, he summoned Trump then-campaign Chairman Paul Manafort and Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner to a meeting at Trump Tower with a Russian lawyer — described as having close connections with the Kremlin — in hopes of receiving derogatory information about Hillary Clinton.
The meeting with Natalia Veselnitskaya was first reported Saturday by The New York Times. Initially, Trump Jr. told the newspaper that the "short" meeting was to discuss "a program about the adoption of Russian children." On Sunday, however, he acknowledged that he agreed to the meeting because he was told that Veselnitskaya "might have information helpful to the campaign." The lawyer's dirt about Clinton was "vague,…
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Epson, the world largest Electronic & Technology company from Japan launches the world's first Android based Wearable Display Glasses. Epson developed this glasses based on Android Version 2.2. The Epson Moveria BT-100 Wearable display glasses uses micro-projection technology, which makes them capable of delivering images from a built in qHD (960×540) screen and an Android based track pad controller to enable users to view streaming video, experience side-by-side 3D content. The image projected to each eye gives the viewing experience of a 80 inch screen display.
The glass includes a built-in Wi-fi controller & 1 GB of storage space, it also offers the users to extend the storage space with the help of a 4 GB microSDHC memory card and nearly six hours of rechargeable battery life. Epson developed Moveria BT-100 glasses with Android 2.2 but the company announced that an upgrade to a latest version will be available soon. The Most innovative device can be ordered online for $699.
Epson Moveria BT-100 Overview Video


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Japan – 2014 Honda Fit (Jazz) website goes on air, new images added
Anjan Ravi, I'm a true-blooded petrolhead. Hope you enjoy our news stories, launch coverages, motorshow coverages and test drive reports.
The 2014 Honda Jazz (2014 Honda Fit) went official in the middle of July. After we showed you a set of leaked brochure scans, Honda started publishing the fuel efficiency claims of the hatchback and sent us a dozen images.
You can read our exhaustive coverage on the 2014 Honda Jazz/Fit over here
Now we notice that a website (microsite actually) for the new Jazz has gone on air in Japan. Don't bother using the sitemap to click on the engine specifications and performance figures though, as they link out to the old Jazz's stats.
One of the images has the caption we wanted to read – "New Fit Coming Soon". It is official that Honda would be launching the new Fit in the Japanese market sometime in September. The Fit will be available with engine options ranging from a 1.3-liter iVTEC, 1.5-liter iVTEC and a 1.5-liter Hybrid which delivers a claimed 36.4km/l.
Apart from these variants, a Jazz RS version (a sportier version of the 1.5 iVTEC) would also be seen apart from two Mugen tuned variants.
We believe that India would get the new Jazz in early 2014. Apart from an i-VTEC petrol engine, the Indian Jazz should also get an Earth Dreams diesel engine. While the Jazz has several rivals in India, Honda's Terumasa Kotada, Senior Ride and Handling Engineer, says that the VW Polo has been used as a direct benchmark.
Check out the 2014 Fit's new website over here.


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'Glee' star Matthew Morrison has revealed his New Year's resolution for 2014 will be to be a good fiancé to Renee Puente.
Matthew Morrison's New Year's resolution is to be a good fiancé.
The 33-year-old actor - who proposed to girlfriend Renee Puente earlier this year - admits he usually resolves to be healthier and work out more with the beginning of another year, but his plans for 2014 are all focused on his relationship.
He said: ''My New Year's resolutions are normally always getting rid of the bad stuff I ate over the holidays and getting to the gym, but this year's will be geared towards my relationship and just trying to be the best partner that I can be.''
Matthew has just released a festive album, 'A Classic Christmas', and loved getting the chance to work with a big orchestra.
He said: ''We orchestrated some Christmas songs with a 60-piece orchestra - it was great to hear the beautiful violins and saxophones together.''
Matthew previously revealed that he hopes his musically talented friends will perform at his wedding, although it won't take place until 2015 because of his hectic schedule.
He said: ''We're planning it together but it won't be until early 2015 because my schedule is so busy.
''It's going to be a small wedding but we definitely have a lot of musical friends so I'd love to have a whole bunch of my friends get up and sing.''
He also slapped a jet-lagged Taylor Hawkins.
The acclaimed performer had just cancelled touring due to a battle with cancer.
The odd moment of honest drama or genuinely witty humour catches us completely off guard,...
What to Expect When You're Expecting is a comic adaptation of the New York Times'...
Music and Lyrics Trailer Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up '80s pop star who's...


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Site offers davits, hydraulic fluid power and offshore engineering systems for marine, industrial, and offshore industries.
We supply, install, test & distribute LT panels at very competitive prices. Our products in this category include main LT Panel, PDB, SDB, LDB and end termination. In additional, we provide these services according to the specific requirement of our customers.
Industrial flooring systems (verdiepingsvloeren) to create multi-tier racking applications. A wide range of floors and stairs to combine with new or existing shelving systems.
Ratchet Straps, Stainless Steel Ratchet Straps, Lifting Slings, Cam Buckle Straps and End Fittings for Cargo Straps. We can manufacture bespoke ratchet straps and lifting slings to customer requirements.
Cantilever racking systems (Rayonnage cantilever) for the storage of long goods. A complete range with column heights of up to 9 meter and arm lengths from 600 to 2500mm. Stow.
Established in 1992, Empire Safety & Supply has been providing our clients with quality solutions to their Safety, Hazmat, Industrial, and Controlled Environment needs.
Mezzanine floors which can be expanded, moved and modified for future requirements. Mezzanine flooring systems for multi-tier and other racking systems.
Located in Mahwah, New Jersey, eMachineShop is believed to be the world's first online factory enabling any company, organization or individual to design, price, and instantly order custom mechanical parts. From initial design to placing an order, the entire process takes as little as 15 minutes.
Rental service for industrial dryers (Bouwdroger verhuur). Specialized solutions for construction.
Braith Heritage Supplies sell period internal & external fittings for listed buildings & period homes.
Since 1963, Paramount Roll and Forming has been in the business of bending steel and other metal. They provide structural steel rolling, forming and bending for aerospace, architectural, industrial, transportation and commercial uses. They bend steel tubes and pipes, channels and beams, tracks and railings.
Zinc Plating – DeKalb Metal Finishing's Alkaline Zinc (Zn) plating deposits are clear, bright, fine grained, stress-free, and burn free, even at extremely high current densities. Process deposits from alkaline zinc can provide up to 480 hours of corrosion protection to red rust.
Visit Bigdug For All Your Shelves, Shelving Deals, Racking And Storage Racks Need, All At Unbeatable Prices.
Technical Foam Services are leading rubber and foam manufacturers & suppliers, specialising in cut to size foam.
Buy cardboard boxes online from the UK's leading manufacturer and supplier of boxes perfect for moving home, storage and endless other uses.
CE Lifts are the UK's leading manufacturer of custom lift products, offering a range of hydraulic lifts for a number of different uses such as good lifts, passenger lifts and vehicle lifts. Our lifts are built to order from the highest quality materials and at exceptional value.
Prodaja traktora za pojoprivredu. Veliki izbor rezervnih delova za traktore i opreme za navodnjavanje.
Roller banners promote information in a professional and appealing manner this can have a massive effect on company image and sales.
Morplan are leading specialists and providers of mannequins, shop fittings, paper bags, plastic bags and carrier bags.
Engine hoist is provided by airtechnical industries. Airtechnical industries is one of the leading manufacturers of engine hoist. We have earned a name in the market by offering best products to our clients and customers.
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Playstation 2 Games
Madagascar Cheats for Playstation 2Home / Playstation 2 /
This page contains Cheats for Madagascar organized by sections for Playstation 2. This game has "Action Platformer" as genre, made by Toys For Bob, released on May 23, 2005. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Toys For Bob
- Publisher: Activision
- Genre: Action Platformer
- Release: May 23, 2005
- ESRB: Everyone 10+
From: PlainGuard
From: Nazi boy
From: arton123456789
From: Sherdilmomin
From: thecutiedisease
From: QdaqpMkz
From: martin
From: Uchiha Jord
From: grasshopper
From: alex645888
Game Walkthroughs
Added: 12-05-2013
Submit Cheats
If you know cheat codes, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
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I don't know if you've noticed but there is something floating about in this period of time. It seems we all have a dose of it too! I have been talking with some of you personally and I've come to understand that we are all going through sort of the same thing!
- What job should i take up?
- Where should I be going right now?
- I want to move but where to?
- I want to be here, but i'm stuck here…
Sound familiar? I think it's just that time really! As much as it's good to speak to others about it, we need to lean on something stronger and more powerful than our own understanding, strength and will. Proverbs 3:5
Trust in the LORD with all your heart; do not depend on your own understanding.
Whatever it is you're facing, i'm sure God is not sleeping on it! He delights to hear from us, and whilst we all could be praying for ourselves quietly (sometimes disguised as a complaint to God) there is HUGE POWER in prayer and joint prayer!
SO let's do it. Starting today we shall begin to pray together. If I have your number I will contact you and arrange a time where we can pray together, or DM me on Instagram @destinyjoelivia | email me :email@example.com or text me and let's make contact! Make use of a prayer partner or if you don't have one, I will be yours! 🙂
Let's watch God move!
dest x