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Blair and Bush to hold Iraq handover summit
The prime minister will travel to the White House on Wednesday for a two-day visit, with attention likely to be focused on the publication of a major review of US policy in Iraq.
The report of the Iraq Study Group, co-chaired by James Baker, the former secretary of state, will suggest gradually phasing the mission of US troops in Iraq from combat to training and supporting Iraqi units.
Blair's visit is likely to be dominated by the issue. Margaret Beckett, the foreign secretary, announced last month that British troops could pass responsibility to Iraqi forces early next year.
The prime minister is also likely to face awkward questions about how much influence he has over the White House. Kendall Myers, a State Department official, said…


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Chair Accessories
We offer a large range of accessories to enable you to repair, improve or adapt your current and new furniture.
Our range includes, gas struts, arms, chair casters including our soft glide especially for hard flooring.
Our large range of chair accessories allow you to adapt or repair your chair, extending the life and increasing the suitability of your furniture to your changing needs.
Ergonomic accessories to aid in the comfort and safety of the office including foot rests, floor mats and arm rests.
Our furniture staff are able to assist you in identifying the suitability of Chair accessories to your current chair.
We also offer a repair and construction service
Back to top
Partition Accessories
Accessories to enhance and add to the workability of your partitions.
Accessories compatible to Allbiz and YS Partitions.
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Shelving for bookshelves and cupboards are available in a choice of colours both in metal and melamine ranges.
All shelving is commercial quality, Strong and Durable.
Quality solid 25mm board is used with an all over melamine and top over end construction making.
Metal shelving is powder coated and manufactures using high grade steel
Logan Range available in: Beech, Cherry and White
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subset: commoncrawl


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Westfield State continuing education courses
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Information about Westfield State continuing education courses, and registering for elective seminars and discussion sections. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. In-person class registration has largely been replaced with online sign-up, and many schools offer mobile apps that streamline the course registration process. Finally, check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Westfield State continuing education information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Westfield State.
Research demonstrates that college freshman taking a full courseload go on to complete their degrees at a much higher rate than those students who study part-time. When choosing a major, plan ahead and be sure that you are picking courses that will meet transfer requirements of other colleges and universities later on. Further, by choosing your major early, you may be able to take some required core classes in a community college, saving both time and tuition fees.
Look at all the schools in your state first, as in-state tuition may be lower for state residents. The course catalog will outline which classes are required for a particular major, and what minimum GPA you'll need to maintain your class standing. Please contact the academic advising staff at the school you are interested in applying to about their specific course registration guidelines. Beyond degree requirements such as Westfield State adult education, you may consider North Carolina State University basic studies for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Student Services Technician
Maricopa County Community College District
Knowledge of the philosophy and principles of a Learning College. Working within a learning college environment, this position serves as first contact for..
4 days ago Enrollment Assistant
Tulsa Community College
Assists students with SIS navigation, and are knowledgeable and helpful to students in the areas of admission and enrollment requirements..
7 days ago Assistant Director of Admissions
Berklee College of Music
Serves on Admissions task forces and college committees as assigned. Conducts one-on-one admissions interviews with applicants on and off-campus.
5 days ago Admissions Liaison
Minimum 1 year experience with hospital admissions procedures and regulatory guidelines for admission to a hospital - Minimum 1 year clinical experience.
1 day ago Admissions Recruiter I
Florida International University
Collaborates and assist the Admissions staff. College fairs) of assigned territories, including targeted international territories..
5 days ago


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How to book a Hotel in Imerovigli: Travelbru.com
Find the best Hotel Deals in Imerovigli from one search!
There are many challenges when searching for the best Hotel Deals in Imerovigli online, but now that you have found TravelBru.com your search for a hotel deal comparison in Imerovigli will be over. The reason that Travelbru.com is extremely useful is that is prevents you from having to go to each individual hotel booking website. Travelbru.com offers hotel rooms available in Imerovigli and automatically compares the pricing of leading hotel booking websites - this allows you to quickly find the best pricing and hotel deals available. Usually you would need to search for websites that offer hotel rooms in Imerovigli and write down or keep track of each of the various prices on offer. Travelbru.com helps you avoid this step entirely by searching through multiple local and global Imerovigli hotel accommodation booking websites simultaneously. Travelbru.com then speedily outputs the available hotel rooms in Imerovigli utilizing all hotel booking website databases. You can then easily browse through and stipulate your requirements, comparing deals by: price, ratings, stars, location, and more (see below). Once you have found the hotel deal in Imerovigli that best suits your budget and detailed requirements, you simply click on the hotel booking website that has the best hotel deal in Imerovigli and book directly with them, avoiding any commission or markup on your hotel room in Imerovigli!
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Hotel Booking Details:
Information required for Imerovigli Hotel bookings.
Enter or change your Imerovigli hotels booking details at any stage. The information required includes, the city you are staying in ie. Imerovigli, the number of rooms you require for your Imerovigli hotel reservation. You also need to provide details on the number of guests/hotel rooms and include your checkin and checkout dates for your hotel reservation in Imerovigli.
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Where to stay in Imerovigli?
Use the location tool to view a list of popular areas in which you might want to book your Imerovigli Hotel. A Google map of Imerovigli that displays our other available Imerovigli hotels can also be used to find hotels in Imerovigli. There is even a distance tool that can give you a list of Imerovigli hotels in relation to the Imerovigli CBD and other areas, nearby, that you may want to stay. This is extremely useful especially if you need to find a Hotel in Imerovigli City Center or a hotel near Imerovigli, but not in the City Centre. If available, our hotel search will even list hotels in nearby cities to Imerovigli should you need to book a hotel nearby Imerovigli at a later stage.
Hotel Price:
Find the best deals or the most luxurious hotels in Imerovigli:
We offer a range of prices for our hotels in Imerovigli. We understand that many people would like to get the best price for hotels in Imerovigli, but also that there are travelers that are after luxury hotels in Imerovigli! Therefore, you are able to sort your search for Imerovigli hotels by price. By simply clicking the budget Imerovigli hotels link, your search will be refined to the more affordable hotels in Imerovigli, and by clicking the luxury Imerovigli hotels button your search will display the more expensive hotels that are available in the city of Imerovigli. Our Imerovigli hotel search can also be updated to give you the price in various currencies that include: Australian Dollars, Canadian Dollars, Swiss Francs, Danish Kroner, British Pounds, Hong Kong Dollars, Japanese Yen, Norwegian Kroner, New Zealand Dollars, Swedish Kronas, Singapore Dollars, U.S. Dollars, and South African Rand. A slider bar with minimum and maximum prices can be used to define a budget for your Imerovigli hotel booking. You can quickly list the cheapest hotels in Imerovigli or the most exclusive hotels in Imerovigli and select your hotel accordingly.
Hotel Features:
Sort your Imerovigli Hotels by available features, Hotel brand or property type.
When booking a hotel in Imerovigli, you may have certain requirements. Our hotel search can easily help you find the hotel features and specifications that you require. If you have had a pleasant stay at a particular brand of hotel or hotel chain in the past then you can quickly search to see if that hotel brand has a hotel available in Imerovigli for you to stay in. You can also list the type of accommodation in Imerovigli that you would like to book, so instead of a hotel booking, you may also want to book a Bed and Breakfast in Imerovigli, Apartment in Imerovigli, Hostel in Imerovigli, Inn in Imerovigli or Vacation Rental in Imerovigli. You will also be able to sort the search results by stars that include: 5 star hotels in Imerovigli, 4 start hotels in Imerovigli, 3 star hotels in Imerovigli, 2 star hotels in Imerovigli, 1 star hotel in Imerovigli. Other features that you can use to choose a hotel booking in Imerovigli include: 24 Hour Reception, Airport shuttle, Business Center, Concierge, Disabled Access, Fitness Room / Gym, Golf Course, High-speed Internet, Kitchenette, Massage / Beauty Centre, Non-Smoking Rooms, Parking, Pet Friendly, Restaurant, Room Service, Swimming pool. Another feature is that you can sort the Imerovigli hotels by popularity based on guest ratings or you can arrange them by hotel name alphabetically!
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When you click on a listings �select� button, a list of hotel booking sites will appear that have available rooms in the hotel in Imerovigli that you are most interested in. The list will display the prices of the rooms and the type of hotel rooms that they have available. Have a good look at each available hotel booking websites hotel room deals. Compare the hotel deals that are available and select the hotel room deal in Imerovigli that suites you the most. Once you click on the Select button you will be transferred away from Travelbru.com to the hotel booking website where you can then book your Imerovigli hotel online direct!


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o GST to be implemented from 1st April, 2016, which will take Central Excise, Service Tax, VAT, CST, Works Contract Tax, Octroi and Local Body tax within its wings.
o Central Excise duty increased from 12% to 12.5%. Education Cess and SHE Cess fully exempted (notification No.14/2015-CE & 15/2015-CE). Effective rate will be increased from 12.36% to 12.5%. This is effective from 1st March, 2015.
o Service Tax Rate to be increased from 12% to 14%, from a date to be notified, after enactment of the Finance Bill. From that date Education Cess and SHE Cess will be exempted. Thus, effective rate of Service Tax stand increased from 12.36% to 14% from a date to be notified.
o From a date to be notified after enactment of the Finance Bill, 2015, Swachh Bharat Cess @ 2% of the Taxable value shall be levied on all or any of the taxable services, as may be notified by the Government;
o Since no Education & SH Education Cess is payable on Central Excise is payable credit remaining unutilised and accruing after 28.02.2015 cannot be used towards payment of Basic Central Excise duty. However, since Ed & SHE Cess is still payable on Service Tax, credit can be used towards payment of Service Tax, if a manufacturer is also engaged in providing of taxable services.
o From 1st April, 2015, Service Tax on Goods Transport Agency service is payable on 30% of value, instead of 25%;
o From 1st April, 2015, when services of Manpower supply and Security service are provided by an individual, HUF, or partnership firm to a Body Corporate, now full Service Tax has to be paid by the recipient of service on reverse charge basis, instead of 75% of Service Tax as in force at present;
o Time limit for taking Cenvat Credit on inputs and input service is increased from 6 months to one year from the date of the duty paying documents.
o A registered Dealer or a registered importer is allowed to send materials directly to a buyer, without first bringing the same to his premises;
o A manufacturer is also permitted to send inputs and Capital Goods directly to job-worker, without first bringing to his factory, and take credit of duty paid on inputs and Capital Goods;
o Time limit of return of Capital Goods from a job-worker is increased from six months to two years;
o Non-excisable goods are also included in Rule 6 of the Cenvat Credit Rules, for reversal of credit used for exempted goods and services;
o With simplified procedure for Central Excise and Service Tax registration, registration certificate shall be issued within two working days, and post-facto verification shall be carried out by the Central Excise officer;
o Issue of Digitally signed Central Excise and Service Tax invoices is permitted;


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Pattinson 'enamoured' with FKA Twigs
Robert Pattinson "hasn't felt this way about someone since Kristen [Stewart]", it is claimed.
Rumours began to circulate last month that the Twilight actor and singer were more than friends when they were spotted together in New York City. The alleged couple has repeatedly been seen together, with them apparently holding hands at Venice Beach in California on September 21.
"Rob is falling hard for Tahliah. He's just enamoured with her beauty, creativity and confidence. He hasn't felt this way about someone since Kristen," a purported insider told Hollywood Life.
The 28-year-old Remember Me actor was previously dating Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart. The relationship, which spanned most of the Twilight film franchise's run, came to an end in 2012 following the release of photos showing Kristen kissing Snow White and the Huntsman director Rupert Sanders.
Following the Bel Ami actor's split from the Adventureland actress he was linked to Katy Perry and Riley Keough. Now it appears he may be getting serious with FKA Twigs.
"This is his girl and Rob is beyond proud to show her off. They became instant friends at first and it blossomed into a romance. He's really taken with her and not afraid to show it," the insider added to Hollywood Life.
A source previously told the British newspaper The Sun it is the "real deal" between Rob and Tahliah, adding the couple is "smitten".
"He's been taking her on dates for the last month or so, and has even flown her out to stay with him in New York. He also loves going to her gigs," the source told The Sun.
© Cover Media


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Senior Technical Administrator
- Recruiter
- The Matthew Project
- Location
- Norwich
- Salary
- £17,691 - 19,151 per year
- Posted
- 18 Jul 2017
- Closes
- 15 Aug 2017
- Ref
- i4J-TMP-4189
- Contact
- The Matthew Project Branded
- Sectors
- Admin, Secretarial & PA
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Senior Technical Administrator
£17,691 - £19,151 pa
37 Hours per week
Are you committed to making a difference to people's lives?
Are you looking for an exciting new challenge?
We are looking for an experienced professional to coordinate the technical administration for our brand new service, On Track. You will need experience of data entry on spreadsheets or databases and use of the full Microsoft Office package. You will manage the monthly targets and outcomes using a Client Relationship Management System, coordinate participant allocation, create monthly reports and quarterly reports required by the funder. You will directly report to the Partnership and Project manager. Other elements of the role include; general administrative tasks, promoting sustainability and diversity within the project and raising the profile of the On Track service across the county. The office base for this post is Norwich.
On Track is a partnership between The Matthew Project (Lead agency), YMCA Norfolk, ACE (Action Community Enterprise), Norwich & Central Norfolk Mind, GYROS, The Prince's Trust and NANSA.
On Track will support young people with multiple and complex needs into education, training and employment. On Track has been funded as part of the Building Better Opportunities programme and is a project jointly funded by the Big Lottery Fund and the European Social fund. This project is for three years until December 2019.
The project has received up to £1,660,900 of funding from the Big Lottery Fund and the European Social Fund as part of the 2014-2020 European Structural and Investment Funds Growth Programme in England. The Department for Work and Pensions is the Managing Authority for the England European Social Fund programme. Established by the European Union, the European Social Fund helps local areas stimulate their economic development by investing in projects which will support skills development, employment and job creation, social inclusion and local community regenerations.
The Matthew Project is a value driven charity working across Norfolk and Suffolk giving help and hope through programmes with adults, young people and communities affected by drugs and alcohol. We have a vision to reach every part of the community in the most creative, effective and efficient ways. Through our varied services, young people and adults receive professional advice, information, counselling, support, care and education.
We welcome applications from people of all backgrounds, of any faith or none. You will join a charity that has a Christian ethos and you will share our focus on our mission, our values, our clients and colleagues with a strong team spirit. We offer a rewarding, challenging role with our commitment to well-being and development.
How to Apply
You can visit the Matthew Project's website and apply through their jobs page, or click the apply button below and you will be redirected to the website.
You will need to complete the online application process to be considered for this role. Further information about how to apply is available from the Matthew Project's website.
Closing Date: 12pm (noon) on Monday 7 August 2017
Interview Date: Thursday 17 August 2017


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And I came up with this color scheme and layout (using stash yarn):
The color representations aren't completely accurate (e.g. it's hard to convey "dusty" and "clear" in the colors that are those), but I think this graphic is a fair approximation of the colors I'm planning on using. And I kind of like it so far. Of course, I reserve the right to change my mind about any of the colors as I go. I've already learned that two of the colors I have yet to crochet squares for are discontinued, so right out of the gate I'm adapting my plans.
If you'd like to join a current CAL for this blanket, we're working on it together in Our Happy CAL Group on Ravelry. We just started the second week (second square) today and the CAL will go through the end of December.
Each pattern is worked 4 times, so at the end of each week we should have four squares completed, and at the end of 12 weeks (which will be the end of December), we should have 48 squares! And then a couple of weeks in January will be dedicated to joining and crocheting the border. Wish me well! And come join me, if you like!
As if that wasn't enough of a project to start this past week, I was inspired to try a square from the Stardust Melodies Blanket by gifted crochet designer, Polly Plum. And after I crocheted that square I was so impressed by the video tutorial and how perfect and nice the square turned out, I decided to consider making a small blanket of some of the squares in this collection.
The first square I tried is called Don't Fence Me In:
The first square I tried is called Don't Fence Me In:
I followed Polly's video tutorial (which is available at the link above) and I must say she is thorough and her instructions are easy to follow. I look forward to making more of her designs.
Note: Polly has published an e-book that has many more patterns (and accompanying video tutorials) for a large Stardust Melodies blanket, so check it out if you think you might be interested and want more than the 12 free patterns Polly generously provides on her website
Note: Polly has published an e-book that has many more patterns (and accompanying video tutorials) for a large Stardust Melodies blanket, so check it out if you think you might be interested and want more than the 12 free patterns Polly generously provides on her website
And finally, I decided to pull out a long-languishing project. Okay, I know some of you have projects that have languished a lot longer than this one, but I hadn't worked on this Fairly Isleish sweater since trying to block out the seriously crooked center-front edges (that was in June, I think).
What used to look like this:
Now has a straight button band on one side and a button-hole band on the other side of the center-front:
And the beginning of a toddler-sized long sleeve:
I'm going to try to get this finished! If not by the end of this week, then by the next. There might be a little person out there who'd be warmed by this cute little sweater and it will soon be turning chilly here.
And that's it here in my little corner of the crochet world. The coming week promises to be busy and if I think to take some pictures, I may have something new and interesting to show and tell about next week.
Hmmm... aren't you curious now?!? 😉
To see what other YOPPERs are up to, visit our group on Ravelry.


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Welcome to my drunken ramblings around Gloucester
I will be using this blog to talk about my views on my home city of Gloucester, its pubs and anything else that comes into my head and seems important at the time.
Recent Posts
My TagsAmerica art Barcelona beer beer festival blogging blues camping CAMRA carnival Charity Cheltenham Christmas cider Cornwall Cotswolds Cotswold Wildlife Park Cruises Deliverance Ride drinking driving Events gardening Gloucester Gloucester Beer & Cider Fesival Gloucester Blues Festival Gloucester Carnival Gloucester Cathedral Gloucester Day Gloucester Docks Gloucester Quays Gloucester Then and Now government policy Harley Davidson health history Holidays King's Quarter Life live music Motorbikes Motorcycles motorcycling Music news New Year New Year's Resolutions Nightclubs photographs photography politics Prescott Bike Festival procrastination pub closure pub food pubs rain rant Religion restaurants review Roving Crows sculpture Snow Spain Tall Ships Festival Texas Travel urban development USA Venice Wales weather winter writing
My Twittering
- Mopedathon at @RAF_Odiham today - more fun than should be possible on a 50cc moped. 2 days ago
- @TessStenson I had egg sandwiches- must be subliminal marketing . 4 days ago
- RT @SoVeryBritish: May you all avoid stages 3-5 today https://t.co/KTaU24JB9R 5 days ago
- Goodbye to the Gloucester Citizen darrelkirby.wordpress.com/2017/10/08/goo… https://t.co/TDGdtkIMIp 1 week ago
- RT @GlosLiveOnline: The new bar in Eastgate Street 'will be open in three months.' Full story to follow. twitter.com/GlosLiveOnline… 1 week ago
Blogs I Follow
- Roxy Moto
- Beer Reviews
- lemanshots - Fine Pictures and Digital Art
- Edge of Humanity Magazine
- existentiallens
- Urban Creatures
- Gasoline Gypsy
- Maybe there will be cupcakes...
- Mark Cole
- The Misty Lady
- The Sophomore Slump
- Storyshucker
- Brian Bilston's Poetry Laboetry
- Religious tourist
- Malate
- Sparkonit
- Cristian Mihai
- Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band
Tag Archives: procrastination
Time on my Hands?
Most of my time over the past couple of years has been taken up with writing a book on Gloucester pubs, cunningly titled 'The Story of Gloucester Pubs'. However, having submitted the first draft of the book at the end … Continue reading
No Pain, No Gain
At some point last week I watched the film Transporter 3. This is not a bad film if you are willing to suspend every last shred of disbelief, and if you have seen the films Transporter 1 and Transporter 2 … Continue reading
Posted in Life beyond the blogosphere Tagged AV Equipment, Films, fitness, Life, procrastination Leave a comment
A Poor Excuse for Verbosity
Yesterday, you may have noticed, was the 1st of December. This date is meaningful for 2 reasons: it means that Christmas is just around the corner, a point brought home by my first Christmas card of the year arriving on … Continue reading
Posted in Books & Writing Tagged procrastination, writing Leave a comment
This is not a Blog
Right, time to get serious: focus. I have been working on my latest book, The Story of Gloucester Pubs, for months. Years even. And there is still much to do before it is complete. It is distressing that it has … Continue reading
Posted in Books & Writing, Rants & Random Musings Tagged blogging, procrastination, writing Leave a comment
I'd like to procrastinate, but I keep putting it off
Life has been busy since I last blogged; so busy in fact that I haven't had time for blogging. It's a strange anomaly that the less busy you are the more time you have to write about it. And being … Continue reading
Posted in Rants & Random Musings Tagged blogging, computers, Life, procrastination, writing 2 Comments


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Dada Maheshvarananda presents After Capitalism
Dada Maheshvarananda presents After Capitalism
Global capitalism, based on corporate power and militarism, is destroying our economy, our society and our planet. Economic democracy that economically empowers people and communities allows us to share the resources of the planet for the welfare of everyone. Discover positive examples of economic democracy that are taking place in Latin America and in the United States.
Dada Maheshvarananda is a yogic monk, activist and writer. His most recent book is After Capitalism: Economic Democracy in Action, with a contribution by Noam Chomsky. In 2007 he founded Prout Research Insitute of Venezuela, an independent, not-for-profit foundation located in Caracas, Venezuela, where he serves as director.
This talk was given at Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse in Baltimore, on April 16, 2013.
Stephen Roblin is a Baltimore-based activist and writer. He is a member of the Indypendent Reader collective and the International Organization for a Participation Society (IOPS). He also teaches a bi-weekly writing workshop for Baltimore's new street paper, Word on the Street. Roblin's writing focuses on US foreign policy towards the Horn of Africa. He has written for ZNet, ZMagazine, Truthout, and other publications.


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Time to Enter the Anime Portal
By Sempai2017-04-19 16:15
New event and like it!
As I've watched anime,sometimes I've thought that it would be great if I could be on that anime too,but the reality was cruel,but that didn't stop me dreaming about being on one of them.
When I saw the event,I thought it was hard to choose one and still it is,but I found one,and It will be a great adventure for me.
Living in a virtual world when unbelievable things are believable is pretty amazing especially when you fight monsters,when you can find even a lover
Sword Art Online(SAO)a beautiful,cute,lovely and amazing anime which I can never forget.
The plot the characters are amazingly beautiful and unforgettable.
I would to be on the anime because the it's really beautiful the art and background too,there are some places that I would love to visit because of their beauty and because of their nature.
The people are friendly and make it easier to life there which you never want to leave.
There are places that you've never thought but maybe dreamed with amazing art and unbelievable structure.
On the anime I would like to be Kirito's sister and Asuna's best friend and live with them together.I would like to visit every level with with cutest character Yui,we would go and experience every level, see numerous things that we never had,see new creatures and fight with monsters too.I would help in many ways like: fighting with monsters,helping them for the financial things and other things too.
Having a lot of friends is the best thing ever especially when they help and believe you from the bottom of their hearts just like the ones on this anime and I want to be part of them.
Having friends that will help you on hard times even when you're on a bad road, they will always accomplish you and be with you helping you in need well these are my friends the ones which I want to be always with and want to live the rest of my life.
So this was all the adventure which I love it and would like to happen but still is beautiful even if it's a dream.
Hope you enjoyed and like it.


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People of all ages attend my classes and that's the way it's been for years - mothers with daughters, college kids on summer break, retirees with time (finally) and everyone in-between. I've noticed that some people can be quite low energy and lethargic, while others are very vibrant and filled with life. The low energy people as well as the very vibrant can be anywhere from 18 or 80 years young, which brings me to this conclusion: from a yoga instructor's point of view, age is inaccurate.
Energy, Not Age
I'll Have Some Poise With That Workout, Please….
What is poise? The dictionary says it's a "graceful and elegant bearing in a person" or "a dignified, self-confident manner of being". I'm always drawn to people with poise and I really love that it defies age, gender, body type and more. Poise is so subtle, yet it's what makes someone truly attractive. Your workout can give you poise. Right now, you may feel un-confident, ungraceful and have zero body/mind awareness, but within a few focused sessions of high quality movement and breathing, poise can be upon you.
Breathe With #NoFear
"You cannot breathe deeply and worry at the same time. Let the worry go. Breathe". – Sonia Choquette AIr is your #1 fuel, making breathing crucial to your wellness/weight loss pursuits. I used to be a horrible breather and I see people now, everyday, that breathe like I used to breathe - shallow and with fear. The problem with being a horrible breather is that your energy level and your nervous system DO NOT AND CAN NOT THRIVE with such bad "fuel" quality.
How To JUST DO IT Everyday
You know what to do and you want to do it, so why does that regular workout (sometimes) NOT happen. I've been analyzing this issue my whole adult life. How do you JUST DO IT? I'm just like you - busy! Kids. Work. Sleep! Appointments. These are some of the big workout detours that interfer with our fitness groove. There are busy people that stay fit, so clearly, all those detours don't have to be road blocks. Here are four strategies to help you get that workout in: 1.
Let's Go Higher and Higher and Higher…..
"If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration." – Nikola Tesla As a yogini, I see everything in terms of vibration and, to be frank, the higher the better. All the good qualities, like "get-up-and-go", vitality, open-heartedness, and optimism, reside up high. Undesirable traits, like depression, stagnation and obesity, thrive in low vibration. From an energy standpoint, it really is that simple, so let this concept of high/low vibration motivate you.


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Alternative Dispute Resolution is a mechanism by which different types of legal disputes are resolved through out-of-court processes like arbitration, and mediation as an alternative to civil litigation. ADR methods can be effective in reducing the time, money, and adversarial nature associated with traditional court-based proceedings.
Arlington is a small unincorporated community in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located about 40 miles west of Phoenix. It follows the street numbering system of Phoenix. Arlington is included in the 85322 ZIP code, the population of which was 470 as of the 2000 census.
Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers In Arlington Arizona


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It's been a little quiet around here. That's usually the case when summer hits, and it turns into wedding and festival season. I've still been hard at work, I'm just too busy to blog about how busy I am (which, can we all stop doing that, forever?) One of the projects I've been doing is a t-shirt design that I'm pretty excited about. I do a lot of my work on the computer, so using an actual pencil, with my hands, is so much fun. It's definitely not finished, but I always like to see other people's process, especially when it comes to hand-drawn things.
Adam had a fairly solid idea of what they were looking for when he contacted me, concept-wise, but not so much on the execution. So I spent my down-time at the LAN... I mean, umm... at... something not nerdy... working on sketches. The guy started out with a face, but I ended up liking the suggestion of a figure more than straight drawing one.
The band name will be worked out in much the same style, and the idea is for it to be one cohesive graphic when it's finished. Looking forward to seeing this one on press.


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About the author:
After 20 years of writing marketing copy to finance her travel addiction, Sarah Bowen hunkered down to craft her first book, Void if Detached, based on the sermons of her father, the Reverend Richard Murdoch. Reading through the manuscripts of 1,500 sermons she received after his death, she found herself on a fascinating spiritual recovery. Sarah dove cautiously into the Hebrew Scriptures and Christian Bible, studying initially through online courses at Yale University, Emory University, and the Reformed Theological Seminary. Soon, she found herself able to say the "G" and "J" words without cringing—something she had not been able to do comfortably since her late teens. She realized she had found modern spirituality in her father's old sermons. Sarah found herself curiously drawn to One Spirit Interfaith Seminary, where she eventually enrolled to pursue the addition of Reverend to her name as well. In 2017, she will enter the (proverbial) family business, with a focus on animal chaplaincy through an interfaith/interspiritual lens. Not surprisingly, the study of the world's great faith traditions has greatly increased her craving for more travel—but this time, to spiritually-charged locations. Read Sarah's quirky spiritual travel blog at www.thisissarahbowen.com
by Sarah Bowen
Size: 6 x 9 | 400 pages
Paperback / $20.00 | 978-0615755489


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Life is not a dress rehearsal. Stop practicing what you're going to do and just go do it. In one bold stroke you can transform today. -Marilyn Grey
The beginning is the most important part of the work. -Plato
There are some things one can only achieve by a deliberate leap in the opposite direction. -Franz Kafka
You don't need endless time and perfect conditions. Do it now. Do it today. Do it for twenty minutes and watch your heart start beating. -Barbara Sher
Do what you can, with what you have, where you are. -Theodore Roosevelt
Don't worry about being worried. You're heading out on an adventure and you can always change your mind along the way and try something else. -Tracy Kidder
We must always change, renew, rejuvenate ourselves, otherwise we harden. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
When I face the desolate impossibility of writing 500 pages, a sick sense of failure falls on me, and I know I can never do it. Then gradually, I write one page and then another. One day's work is all that I can permit myself to contemplate. -John Steinbeck
You will never win if you never begin. -Helen Rowland
Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending. -Maria Robinson
The indispensable first step to getting the things you want out of life is this: Decide what you want. -Ben Stein
Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently. -Henry Ford
Begin somewhere; you cannot build a reputation on what you intend to do. -Liz Smith
A time comes when you need to stop waiting for the man you want to become and start being the man you want to be. -Bruce Springsteen
Some stories don't have a clear beginning, middle and end. Life is about not knowing, having to change, taking the moment and making the best of it, without knowing what's going to happen next. Delicious ambiguity. -Gilda Radner
The secret of getting ahead is getting started. The secret to getting started is breaking your complex overwhelming tasks into small manageable tasks and then starting on the first one. -Mark Twain
What is not started today is never finished tomorrow. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Keep on beginning and failing. Each time you fail, start all over again, and you will grow stronger until you have accomplished a purpose – not the one you began with perhaps, but one you'll be glad to remember. -Anne Sullivan
Whatever you do or dream you can do – begin it. Boldness has genius and power and magic in it. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Take the first step in faith. You don't have to see the whole staircase, just take the first step. -Martin Luther King, Jr.
Don't wait for something big to occur. Start where you are, with what you have, and that will always lead you into something greater. -Mary Manin Morrissey
The secret to a rich life is to have more beginnings than endings. -Dave Weinbaum
Don't look further for answers: be the solution. You were born with everything you need to know. Make a promise to stop getting in the way of the blessing that you are. Take a deep breath, remember to have fun, and begin. -Jonathan H. Ellerby
The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing. -Walt Disney
I think there is something more important than believing: Action! The world is full of dreamers. There aren't enough who will move ahead and begin to take concrete steps to actualize their vision. -W. Clement StoneYou Have the Power to Manifest New Possibilities in Your Life!
If you lack the courage and confidence or you're unsure of what steps to take to navigate a new normal, read my new book, Get Unstuck Now. It's available on Amazon.com for Kindle and in paperback.
Unleash Your Power!
Jackie Capers-Brown
Founder, Grow Forward & Flourish


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Compression Tactical Bra - Cheata Tactical
Patented technology is designed to provide the stability of 2-3 sports bras,...
The M8 LED flashlight from Pelican Products creates a pure, collimated beam able to cut through environments such as fog and smoke. The M8 LED provides light for up to 10,000 hours with its Recoil LED Technology. A sure-grip vinyl sheath resists chemical damage and extreme temperatures. The flashlight is approved for use in hazardous locations and is guaranteed for life.
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"Old Time Rock and Roll" is a song written by George Jackson and recorded by Bob Seger on his 1978 album Stranger in Town. It was also released as a single in 1979. It is a sentimentalized look back at the music of the original rock 'n' roll era. The song gained a huge amount of popularity after being featured in the 1983 film Risky Business. It has since become a standard in popular music and was ranked number two on the Amusement & Music Operators Association's survey of the Top 40 Jukebox Singles of All Time in 1996.[1] It was also listed as one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 and ranked #100 in AFI's 100 Years…100 Songs poll in 2004 of the top songs in American cinema. The song was recorded at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama and Sound Suite Studios[2] in Detroit, Michigan.
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, who often backed Seger in his studio recordings, sent Seger a demo of the song during the recording of Stranger in Town.[3] He said in 2006 (and also on the "Stranger in Town" episode of the US radio show In the Studio with Redbeard a few years earlier):
All I kept from the original was: "Old time rock and roll, that kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old with that old time rock and roll". I rewrote the verses and I never took credit. That was the dumbest thing I ever did. And Tom Jones (Thomas E. Jones) and George Jackson know it, too. But I just wanted to finish the record [Stranger in Town]. I rewrote every verse you hear except for the choruses. I didn't ask for credit. My manager said: "You should ask for a third of the credit." And I said: "Nah. Nobody's gonna like it." I'm not credited on it so I couldn't control the copyright either. Meanwhile it got into a Hardee's commercial because I couldn't control it. Oh my God, it was awful!"[4]
However, George Stephenson of Malaco Records claimed:
"Old Time Rock and Roll" is truly [George] Jackson's song, and he has the tapes to prove it, despite Seger's claims that he altered it. Bob had pretty much finished his recording at Muscle Shoals and he asked them if they had any other songs he could listen to for the future.."[5]
Originally, the Silver Bullet Band was displeased with its inclusion on Stranger in Town, claiming, according to Seger, that the song was not "Silver Bullety". However, upon hearing audience reactions to it during their tour in Europe, the band grew to like the song.[6]
In 1990, Seger joined Billy Joel on one occasion and Don Henley on another to play the song during their concerts in Auburn Hills, Michigan.[7] He also performed the song at his Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
In popular culture
The song was featured in the 1983 film Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise. Cruise's character, Joel Goodson, famously lip-syncs and dances in his underwear as this song plays after his parents leave him home alone. The sequence was simulated in the teaser trailer for Garfield: The Movie, the 1984 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "The Victrola Awards" as performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks, and commercials for Guitar Hero on Tour: Decades, Guitar Hero World Tour, Guitar Hero: Metallica, and more recently Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero. Activision created a series of television advertisements directed by Brett Ratner based on the scene, each featuring a different set of celebrities lip-sync to the lyrics while using the new instrument controllers. The first ad included athletes Kobe Bryant, Tony Hawk, Alex Rodriguez, and Michael Phelps.[8] Another ad spot featured model Heidi Klum; two versions of Klum's ad exist, one a "director's cut" where she is wearing less clothing.[9] A subsequent commercial featuring model Marisa Miller was banned from airing as too racy.[10] Two separate ads featured David Cook, the winner of the seventh season of American Idol, along with fellow finalist David Archuleta.[11]
The song was featured in the TV series ALF, The Nanny, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Growing Pains, Scrubs and South Park. Most recently, the song was sung on the episode "Girls (And Boys) On Film" from American TV series Glee, in a mash-up with Kenny Loggins' song "Danger Zone" from the 1986 film Top Gun, also starring Cruise and The Goldbergs, where Barry Goldberg tries to do the Risky Business dance move that Tom Cruise did in his button up shirt without pants.


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Sonia to quell Pranab-Chidambaram feud
Congress president Sonia Gandhi met both home minister P Chidambaram and finance minister Pranab Mukherjee separately in a bid to neutralise the differences between them arising out of the damaging controversy over a finance ministrynote on 2G spectrum suggesting that Chidambaram as finance minister in UPA-I failed to check ex-telecom minister A Raja in the pricing policy of 2G.
Chidamabaram reportedly offered to resign but was asked to show restraint. Meanwhile, Pranab ahead of meeting Sonia described the home minister as a valued colleague and a pillar of strength indicating moves of reconciliation. Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh who arrives from the US today evening is expected to take stock of the situation.
However, the Supreme Court is hearing Janata Party president Subramanyam Swamy's petition and its outcome will have a bearing on the UPA-II internal feud.


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Cryopreservation (Embryo and Sperm Freezing)
Embryo Cryopreservation
Following IVF treatment, there may be surplus embryos after embryo transfer. Depending on their quality they may be frozen for transfer at a later date. The statutory storage period for frozen embryos is five years, although in certain circumstances this may be extended to ten years.
Sperm Cryopreservation
Most semen samples can be frozen for long periods. The legal limit for storage is ten years although this may be extended in certain circumstances.
Sperm cryopreservation is indicated for the following reasons:
- Prior to vasectomy
- Surplus sperm obtained following routine surgical sperm retrieval
- Patients with very low sperm numbers may freeze repeated samples
Sadly, some people have to face the prospect of cancer or other illnesses and the impact these can have on potential future fertility. Burton Fertility in partnership with Nurture Nottingham can, in certain circumstances, offer help in the following ways:
- Cryopreservation of sperm prior to chemo/radiotherapy
- Patients with spinal injury, following electro-ejaculation or surgical sperm retrieval
- A couple can undergo an IVF or ICSI cycle and the resulting embryos can be cryopreserved for use in the future Cryopreservation of mature eggs
Testicular or ovarian tissue can also be cryopreserved. However, this is an experimental procedure and may not offer success in the future.


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Sunday, March 29, 2015
BROWN GIRL DREAMING is even better than they said
When I picked up Jacqueline Woodson's BROWN GIRL DREAMING at the library I was apprehensive. I don't always love the things that the larger book world loves including many National Book Award winners. I decided to give it a go anyway and I'm so glad I did.
Woodson uses stunning free verse to take us on a journey, to help us bear witness to a life. I don't think of this book as a story in the traditional sense. It is an experience. The milestones, the family, the religion, the race, the time period. All these things so vivid in her poetry that I feel as though I know her neighborhood, her family, her friends. I could feel the heat of south and hear the rush of the NYC.
When I read a book, I generally walk away with a few big ideas or themes. For this book, that idea was identity. What makes us who we are, and how people, ideas, and places shape our development. I finished the book and I felt more attuned to the world around me and to myself.
My only complaint about this book was that I could'e kept reading. I wanted more of the story. I wanted the next chapter of Woodson's life told in aching poetry that awakes my head and heart together.
If you haven't read this book yet, DO IT NOW! Happy Reading!
L.S. Mooney
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Have you seen Magali Frechette's MY SOUL TO GIVE yet?
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The high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in the Indian women has been resistant to change for decades (International Institute for Population Sciences 2006) despite programs to improve iron (Fe) intake. Multiple factors, including the continuing inadequate intake or low bioavailability of dietary Fe (Thankachan et al., 2007) and the presence of concurrent micronutrient deficiencies (Ahmed et al., 2005) and intestinal parasitic infections (Boccio, 2003), have been implicated in the continuing high prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and IDA. Additional reasons may be poor compliance to long-term supplementation programs, along with logistic problems with the continuous supply of supplements.
Fe absorption is tightly regulated (Cook et al., 1974; Bezwoda et al., 1979; Taylor et al., 1988; Ganz 2005; Nemeth and Ganz 2006; Roe et al., 2009) by the Fe regulatory hormone hepcidin, which is feedback regulated by the plasma and liver Fe concentrations, and by the erythropoietic demand for Fe (Ganz 2005, 2011; Ganz and Nemeth 2006). Therefore, Fe absorption from the diet is dynamic, with several regulatory inputs. In India, diets are predominantly plant based with high phytic acid levels, which inhibit Fe absorption (Bothwell et al., 1989; Torre et al., 1991; FairweatherTait and Hurrell 1996). Even though acute studies show that Fe absorption increases about threefold in a Fe-depleted state (Thankachan et al., 2008), this may be temporary, as Fe absorption may be modulated downward in the long term, because of the different variables referred above. Therefore, although there have been many long-term studies of the effect of Fe fortification or supplementation, the impact on hemoglobin (Hb) levels cannot be predicted by simply considering the amount of Fe delivered into the intestine.
The dynamic nature of Fe absorption and erythropoiesis in response to Fe levels suggests that a mathematical model could give insight into Fe regulation. Because the measurement of Hb concentration is commonly used to assess the outcome following an intervention program in field settings, it is important to model the Hb response to a wide range of dietary Fe intakes. The hypothesis of this study was that as a result of the downregulation of Fe absorption at higher Hb levels, the modeled Hb concentration would take a long time to stabilize and would do so at potentially lower levels than anticipated. This is particularly important in the context of an inhibitory diet matrix. Further, the plateau value of Hb concentration with a range of dietary intakes is important from a public health viewpoint. If for example, for a range of normal dietary intakes, the modeled output plateaued near a Hb concentration of 12 g/dl, then the assessment of anemia prevalence might become overly dependent on the analytical precision of the measurement of the Hb concentration.
Because the absorption of Fe from typical Indian diet matrixes and its response to ID are not known, this study first aimed to measure Fe absorption from a habitually consumed (vegetarian) Indian meal in both IR and IDA young women. Second, the study aimed to mathematically model the time trend of the Hb response to a range of Fe intakes for an inhibitory vegetarian Indian diet matrix, to provide a predictive tool for Fe fortification programs.
Subjects and methods
Subjects and protocol
A screening program to identify IDA and IR women was conducted in garment factories and a total of 334 women were screened. From this group, 15 IDA and 15 IR women were selected based on their blood biochemistry. Hb was measured in whole blood, whereas silver-blackened fibers (SF), zinc protoporphyrin, soluble transferrin receptor and C-reactive protein were measured in plasma samples. All assays were carried out along with the quality control material that was provided by the manufacturer. The criteria for the IDA group were Hb <12.0 g/dl, SF <15 μg/l and zinc protoporphyrin >40 μmol/mol of heme or soluble transferrin receptor >8.5 mg/l. Fe absorption from a commonly consumed South Indian vegetarian rice-based meal was tested in women aged 18–35 years, coming from low socioeconomic status. Women with an elevated serum C-reactive protein >10 mg/l were excluded. All were in good health, non-pregnant/lactating and none had donated blood for 6 months before the study. Vitamin/mineral supplements, if any, were discontinued 2 weeks before the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all the women and the protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of St John's Medical College, Bangalore, India.
The subjects were divided into two groups (IDA: A, and IR: B) with N=15 in each group. Subjects reported to the laboratory in the morning in a fasted state and a baseline blood sample was obtained. The preparation of the isotopic label was similar to that earlier described (Walczyk et al., 1997) and 3 mg of 57FeSO4 was dispensed onto the surface of the test meal before consumption. This dose was based on the estimated amount of circulating Fe in the subjects, the expected range of fractional Fe absorption and the attainable precision of the isotopic analysis. Complete consumption of the meal and the isotope label was ensured. No food or fluids were allowed until 3 h post-test meal administration. A venous blood sample was drawn on day 15 to measure Fe absorption, which was based on erythrocyte incorporation of the 57Fe isotope label. A minimum of 10 subjects per study group was required to obtain 80% power to detect a significant difference of 50% in Fe absorption between the two groups. To account for any loss to follow-up we added an additional five subjects per group.
Biochemical measurements and isotopic analysis
The Fe concentration and isotopic composition of the dose were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (ICE 3500, Thermo, Bremen, Germany) and negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry (Triton, Thermo). Hb isotopic analysis was carried out by TIMS (Thermo) with a multicollector system for simultaneous ion beam detection. The precision of the system for isotopic ratios of interest was 0.01%. The amount of circulating label was calculated as the product of the shift in the Fe isotopic ratio and the amount of circulating Fe in the blood (Walczyk et al., 1997). Circulating Fe was calculated from blood volume and Hb concentration (Kastenmayer et al., 1994). Blood volume calculations were made from height- and weight-based prediction equations (Brown et al., 1962). For calculations of fractional Fe absorption, it was assumed that there was an 80% incorporation of absorbed Fe into Hb within red blood cells (RBCs).
Hb in whole blood was determined (ABX Pentra 60 c+, Montpellier, France) with three-level quality controls (Liquichek, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Plasma SF was measured by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), and plasma soluble transferrin receptor was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Roche). Assays were calibrated using the standards provided by the manufacturer (Roche for soluble transferrin receptor and SF, WHO quality control for SF). C-reactive protein was measured in serum samples by a particle-enhanced turbidometric immunoassay (Roche). Zinc protoporphyrin was measured in washed erythrocytes (Aviv Biomedical, Lakewood, NJ, USA) and three-level control material provided by the manufacturer.
Fe absorption values were logarithmically transformed for statistical analysis and are presented as geometric means (−s.d.; +s.d.). Means were compared using the Student's t-test.
Model construction and calibration
Our model for Fe metabolism only explicitly tracks two compartments of Fe (Figure 1): the Fe bound to Hb in RBC (variable y), and 'other body iron' (OBI, variable x). For simplicity, we combined Fe stored in hepatocytes, Fe from recently degraded RBCs transported in macrophages, Fe in RBC precursors in the bone marrow, both free and transferrin-bound Fe in the plasma and Fe in myoglobin and enzymes together as a single OBI compartment. The model assumes that Fe enters the OBI compartment from the diet. The amount that enters is the product of the dietary intake 'I' and the fractional Fe absorption from the diet (absp(y)), which is determined by the current Hb levels (y) (Thankachan et al., 2008). Although Fe absorption may depend on PO2, Fe stores or inflammation (Fleming and Bacon, 2005), the model only measures absorption as a function of Hb, because this dependence was explicitly measured in this study. The absorbed Fe is then used in erythropoiesis, at a rate (eryth(y) x) dependant on the Hb levels (y) and iron stores (OBI, x). It is necessary that this transfer depends on the OBI (x); otherwise a decrease in Fe levels would not result in lower Hb levels until Fe stores were completely depleted, which is unrealistic. Fe from the RBCs is recycled back to the OBI compartment through the death of RBCs (d) (Shemin and Rittenberg, 1946). A constant amount of Fe is excreted from the system each day from the Hb compartment (time-averaged menstrual losses, (e1) and a constant amount is lost from the OBI compartment (other losses from skin, hair and so on, e2), and this is termed as obligatory or basal Fe loss, which cannot be regulated. This model is a simplified, integrated version of previously published work (Mylrea and Abbrecht, 1971; Franzone et al., 1982; Lao and Kamei, 2006). The corresponding differential equations are as following:
Figure 1.
Schematic representation of compartmental model of Fe regulation. Fe in hemoglobin (y) and in the rest of the body (OBI, (x)).Full figure and legend (59K)
dx/dt=I absp(y)+dy–eryth(y)x–e2
Table 1 gives values used for the parameters and their sources, with detailed explanations of calibrations given in the Supplementary Information. Briefly, we defined 'healthy' Hb levels as 13 g/dl (the approximate mean observed in IR subjects in the absorption study), which for a 55 kg woman corresponds to 1.62 g of Fe in Hb and 0.7 g in the OBI (Hallberg, 1982). Both absp(y) and eryth(y) were found to have a negative relationship with y, increasing as Hb levels fall and vice versa. Logistic curves were used to capture the dynamic aspect of the rates, because both rates are expected to plateau at both maximum and minimum values, and to have a strong dependence on Hb levels for intermediate values (see Supplementary Figure 1). We took values obtained experimentally in this study, for Fe absorbed from an Indian rice-based diet. For other diets the values of normal, minimum and maximum absorption should be changed appropriately based on the bioavailability of the diet. The model was further calibrated against the observed recovery time of Hb after a normal donation of 10% blood volume (Franzone et al., 1982) (see Supplementary Figure 2).
Mathematical modeling of Hb response to Fe intake
Fe stores (and Hb levels) are said to be at a steady state when input and excretion are exactly balanced. Because excretion of Fe is constant, for a given input, balance is achieved when excretion is the product of Fe absorption and intake. Because absorption is regulated dynamically, Fe balance can be achieved at any intake, as long as the intake is not too low for the maximum absorption or too high for the minimum absorption. This makes Fe different from other nutrients, because a single recommended dietary allowance value, at which balance is achieved, is difficult to propose. The rate of transfer of Fe between compartments may change the time-course or distribution between compartments, but it will not change the value of the steady state Fe level, which depends only on the rates of excretion and absorption. For the healthy Hb value of 13 g/dl, a dietary Fe absorption of 3% was used (based on absorption studies, see Supplementary Information), and therefore balance is achieved with a daily intake of 55 mg/day Fe, which we will call the 'daily requirement' for this inhibitory diet in healthy women.
We used the model to assess the theoretical effect of a range of intakes of Fe in an initially healthy individual, as well as the effect of intervention of a range of Fe intakes in a chronically anemic subject. In addition, the effect of variability in the daily dietary Fe intake on Hb concentration was assessed by generating a set of daily Fe intakes over a year in an individual, using dietary recall data as a template in similar study populations (unpublished data). Simulated Fe daily intakes following a log-normal distribution (median 13 mg/day) were randomly generated using the Monte Carlo technique and used as input into the model, to assess variability in the Hb response. All simulations were done in Matlab (R2009b, The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and statistical analyses were performed with SPSS statistical software (version 13; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Subject characteristics Fe status and absorption
Subject anthropometric and Fe status measurements are summarized in Table 2. In the rice-based meal study that assessed both IDA and IR status subjects, all Fe status indicators were significantly different between the groups (P<0.001). The test meals contained ~2–3 mg of native non-heme Fe (Table 3). Fe absorption from the rice-based meals was 2.7% in IR subjects and 8.3% in IDA subjects. Fe absorption was significantly upregulated and about threefold higher in the IDA group (P<0.001).
Modeled Hb response to Fe intake and interventions with pre-existing low OBI
We first used the model to assess the effect of various daily Fe intake levels on the expected Hb level. All simulations were started with Hb levels at the healthy value of 13 g/dl, and assumed, that the starting Fe bioavailability in the food matrix was very low, at 3%. Figure 2 shows that for intakes of above 55 mg of Fe per day, Hb levels rapidly stabilize only slightly above the normal value of 13 g/dl. For Fe intakes between 30 and 55 mg/day, Hb levels will eventually stabilize between 12 and 13 g/dl. It is critical to emphasize the extreme inhibitory nature of the diet at healthy Hb levels; if the bioavailability increased to 5% at the same Hb levels, the same Hb response as above could be reached at an intake of 20 mg. For a narrow range of Fe intake between 8 and 20 mg/day, Hb levels will eventually reach an anemic level, though it may take years to stabilize. For example, with a steady intake of 10 mg of Fe per day, a previously normal woman would become stably anemic in about 5 years, with a steady state Hb between 10 and 11 g/dl.
Figure 2.
Time-course of (a) Hb levels and (b) Fe in the rest of the body (OBI), with varying daily Fe intakes. Simulated individuals start with healthy Hb levels of 13 g/dl (corresponding to a bioavailability of 3%).Full figure and legend (74K)
We also used the model to examine the expected effect of Fe interventions on low total body Fe levels (Hb and OBI levels), used to represent a chronically anemic state. Interventions were modeled by fixing intakes at specific values (Figure 3). Typically, the diet of Indian women contains about 10 mg of Fe per day (Thankachan et al., 2007); therefore in this simulation, an intake of 20 mg of Fe per day, for example, would mean an intervention that delivered an additional 10 mg of Fe per day, assuming that the bioavailability of the Fe salt in the intervention was the same as that of the Fe in the diet. If this were different, a theoretical adjustment correcting for the different bioavailability of the fortifying salt to the amount of Fe intake would be required for the correct intake. The response to this level of intake in an individual with chronic anemia resulting in 20% Hb depletion (with starting Hb of 10.5 g/dl) would be modest, at about 0.9 g/dl at 1 year, and in 6 months would only be about 75% of this response (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Time-course of (a) Hb levels and (b) Fe in the rest of the body (OBI), predicted by the model, after applying interventions to individuals with depleted Hb levels. Interventions consist of various fixed Fe intake levels (10, 20 or 50 mg/day). Individuals begin with total body Fe losses resulting in either 20 or 50% depletions in Hb from an initial value of 13 g/dl, and corresponding steady state depletions in OBI from an initial value of 0.7 g.Full figure and legend (90K)
The model tested the variation of the Hb response to a simulation of varying (coefficient of variation (CV)=60%) dietary intakes of Fe over 365 days (median Fe intake: 13 mg/day); with this intake the mean Hb response at a steady state was 11 g/dl with an s.d. of 0.2 g/dl. The reason for this small effect was a buffering effect of the OBI on the response of Hb to the variability in Fe intake. We also examined the expected effect of varying Fe intakes on a range of initial Hb levels (ranging from 10 to 16 g/dl). As expected, the initial Hb level did not significant influence on the variability of the outcome of Hb levels at a steady state. All simulations assumed that the starting Fe bioavailability in the food matrix was very low, at 3%.
The average Fe absorption from habitually consumed rice meal was 8. 3% in IDA and 2.7% in IR women. However, the Fe absorption was high in comparison to an earlier study on habitually consumed Indian diets carried out in IR men (Narasinga Rao et al., 1983), probably because of the lower Fe requirements in men. Fe absorption in this study was threefold higher in the IDA group similar to what we have shown before (Thankachan et al., 2008), despite the non-neutral nature of the test meals, which had higher levels of spices and phytic acid. Several studies have shown an inverse relation between the body Fe stores and Fe absorption: that is, more Fe is absorbed in an ID state and less Fe is absorbed in an IR state (Bezwoda et al., 1979; Taylor et al., 1988; Hunt, 2003). It is important to recognize that the model output demonstrates that for Fe, even within a single type of diet, a range of intakes exist at which an optimal Hb is achieved, due to changes in Fe absorption. The daily requirement is presently calculated from a static bioavailability figure that only seeks to replenish daily Fe loss, with no regard to the outcome (Hb level) or to the Fe stores, which dynamically change bioavailability. Therefore, in IR women, it appears that over the long term, any Fe intake between 30 and 55 mg/day (from non-heme sources, in a very inhibitory matrix) would result in a Hb level between 12 and 13 g/dl; if this Hb level were considered acceptable, then this would ideally be the range of recommended dietary allowance for Fe in women for such a diet. If a point values were required, it would be the lowest value in this range. The proposed requirement in this example is high because Fe absorption was assumed to be very low (3%); if this were increased (for example, by dietary variation) to about 5%, a non-anemic Hb concentration would be achieved with a daily Fe intake range of 20–40 mg. In the case of very inhibitory millet-based diets with a low Fe content, measures to enhance dietary Fe bioavailability or Fe fortification need to be considered. In fortification programs applied to women with mild anemia (Hb >10 g/dl), it is also evident that 6-month long studies would only show 75% of the near-plateau modest effect that would be seen after 1 year.
The use of the model to simulate the Hb response to daily variation in dietary Fe intake was also instructive. For these diets, with daily Fe intake of 13 mg varying by about 60% a plateau of Hb response was about 11±0.2 g/dl. On the one hand, if Fe intakes were supplemented with, for example, an additional daily 15 mg Fe (the intrinsic variability in Fe intake would be the same), the Hb concentration would plateau at about 12±0.2 g/dl. On the other hand, increasing the bioavailability of the diet, without fortification, to about 6–7% through modifications such as fruit inclusion or spacing of tea intake, would have a similar response. It would seem a particularly unfortunate coincidence that the plateau of the Hb response in a pre-menopausal woman, to a range of daily Fe intakes (from 20 to 30 mg) and a range of bioavailability (from 5 to 3%) in an inhibitory, cereal-based vegetarian food matrix, would hover between 11.6 and 12.4 g/dl, or around the current anemia cutoff of 12 g/dl. Measurement of the prevalence of anemia in such women would be very vulnerable to analytical accuracy and precision. However, from a physiological perspective this cutoff value of 12 g/dl is in itself imprecise and may not be universally applicable to all populations. It is also relevant to consider the appropriateness of this cutoff for women who are sedentary or very active in whom the need for oxygen delivery would be very different. This model is also based on a small number of data points and has not yet been validated in field setting. Although the model is specific for pre-menopausal women, other factors such as inter-individual variability in Fe losses, reproductive factors, chronic inflammation (effect of hepcidin), genetics and the micronutrient/vitamin status have not been considered, because while these would right-shift either the Hb–Fe absorption curve and/or the Hb-erythropoiesis curve in this model, a numeric quantification of this shift is not available. Additionally, the model focuses on Hb concentration alone and may not be sensitive enough to model the effect of interventions in individuals with Fe deficiency alone.
In summary, the bioavailability of Fe from a standard Indian rice-based diet is low in IR women, but upregulated considerably in IDA. The mathematical model based on these values suggests that there is a range of Fe intake, between 20 and 55 mg/day that will result in stable and optimal levels of Hb in women eating Indian diets with bioavailability ranging from 3 to 5%. Interventions with Fe in IDA could take 1 year to show stable effects.
Conflict of interest
AVK is a member of the Kraft Health and Wellness Advisory Board; the other authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This study was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. ALH was supported by the Harvard Nutrition and Global Health Program. We thank Shanthi Chellan, Charles Milton, Grace, Sunil, Stella, Leena Sebastian and Kiran Babu for their assistance in screening, biochemical analysis, sample preparation and TIMS measurements. We are most grateful to the management and employees of Sun & Ski Garment factory, Bangalore for their keen interest, participation and support during the study.
Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Clinical Nutrition website


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