text:
IISER Kolkata
IISER Kolkata
Soni J.,IISER Kolkata |
Purwar H.,IISER Kolkata |
Lakhotia H.,IISER Kolkata |
Chandel S.,Cochin University of Science and Technology |
And 3 more authors.
Optics Express | Year: 2013
A novel spectroscopic Mueller matrix system has been developed and explored for both fluorescence and elastic scattering polarimetric measurements from biological tissues. The 4 × 4 Mueller matrix measurement strategy is based on sixteen spectrally resolved (γ = 400 - 800 nm) measurements performed by sequentially generating and analyzing four elliptical polarization states. Eigenvalue calibration of the system ensured high accuracy of Mueller matrix measurement over a broad wavelength range, either for forward or backscattering geometry. The system was explored for quantitative fluorescence and elastic scattering spectroscopic polarimetric studies on normal and precancerous tissue sections from human uterine cervix. The fluorescence spectroscopic Mueller matrices yielded an interesting diattenuation parameter, exhibiting differences between normal and precancerous tissues. © 2013 Optical Society of America.
Chattopadhyay D.,IISER Kolkata |
Zuschin M.,University of Vienna |
Tomasovych A.,Slovak Academy of Sciences
Paleobiology | Year: 2014
Edge-drilling is an unusual predation pattern in which a predatory gastropod drills a hole on the commissure between the valves of a bivalve. Although it is faster than wall drilling, it involves the potential risk of amputating the drilling organ. We therefore hypothesize that this risky strategy is advantageous only in environments where predators face high competition or predation pressure while feeding. The high frequency of edge-drilling (EDF, relative to the total number of drilled valves) in a diverse Recent bivalve assemblage from the Red Sea enables us to test this hypothesis, predicting (1) a low EDF in infaunal groups, (2) a high EDF in bivalves with elongated shape, (3) high incidence of edge-drilling in groups showing a high wall-drilling frequency, and (4) high EDF in shallow habitats. We evaluate these predictions based on >15,000 bivalve specimens. Among ecological attributes, we found substrate affinity and predation intensity of a species to be good predictors of edge-drilling incidence. Infaunal taxa with high length/width ratio have a low EDF, in accordance with our predictions. Predation intensity is also a significant predictor of edge-drilling; groups with high predation intensity show higher incidence of edge-drilling, confirming our prediction. Although water depth fails to show any significant effect on EDF, this analysis generally supports the high-risk hypothesis of edge-drilling incidence because shallow depths have considerable microhabitat variability. Classically the drill hole site selection has often been linked to predatory behavior. Our study indicates that prey attributes are also crucial in dictating the behavioral traits of a driller such as site selection. This calls for considering such details of the prey to fully understand predation in modern and fossil habitats. Moreover, this perspective is important for tackling the longstanding riddle of the limited temporal and spatial distribution of edge-drilling. © 2014 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved.
Wallenburg M.A.,Ontario Cancer Institute |
Wood M.F.G.,Ontario Cancer Institute |
Ghosh N.,IISER Kolkata |
Vitkin I.A.,Ontario Cancer Institute |
Vitkin I.A.,University of Toronto
Optics Letters | Year: 2010
Recently, we have used polarimetry as a method for assessing the linear retardance of infarcted myocardium. While linear retardance reflects tissue anisotropy, experimental geometry has a confounding effect due to dependence of the linear retardance on the orientation of the sample with respect to the probing beam. Here, polarimetry imaging of an 8 mm diameter birefringent polystyrene sphere of known anisotropy axis was used to test a dual-projection method by which the anisotropy axis and its true magnitude can be reconstructed, thus eliminating the confounding effect of anisotropy axis orientation. Feasibility is demonstrated in ex-vivo tissue imaging. © 2010 Optical Society of America.
Soni J.,IISER Kolkata |
Mansha S.,Nanyang Technological University |
Dutta Gupta S.,University of Hyderabad |
Banerjee A.,IISER Kolkata |
Ghosh N.,IISER Kolkata
Optics Letters | Year: 2014
The longitudinal and transverse beam shifts, namely, the Goos-Hänchen (GH) and the Spin-Hall (SH) shifts are usually observed at planar interfaces. It has recently been shown that the transverse SH shift may also arise due to scattering of plane waves. Here, we show that analogous in-plane (longitudinal) shifts also exist in the scattering of plane waves from micro/nano systems. We study both the GH and the SH shifts in plasmonic metal nanoparticles/ nanostructures and dielectric micro-particles employing a unified framework that utilizes the transverse components of the Poynting vector of the scattered wave. The results demonstrate that the interference of neighboring resonance modes in plasmonic nanostructures (e.g., electric dipolar and quadrupolar modes in metal spheres) leads to great enhancement of the GH shift in scattering from such systems. We also unravel interesting correlations between these shifts with the polarimetry parameters, diattenuation and retardance. © 2014 Optical Society of America.
Routh J.,IISER Kolkata |
Hjelmquist P.,University of Stockholm
Applied Geochemistry | Year: 2011
Sediments from a core retrieved during installation of a shallow drinking water well in Ambikanagar (West Bengal, India) were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters. The geochemical analyses included: (1) a 4-step sequential extraction scheme to determine the distribution of As between different fractions, (2) As speciation (As 3+ vs. As 5+), and (3) C, N and S isotopes. The sediments have a low percentage of organic C and N (0.10-0.56% and 0.01-0.05%, respectively). Arsenic concentration is between 2 and 7mgkg -1, and it is mainly associated with the residual fraction, less susceptible to chemical weathering. The proportion of As 3+ in these sediments is high and ranges from 24% to 74%. Arsenic in the second fraction (reducible) correlates well with Mn, and in the residual fraction As correlates well with several transition elements. The stable isotope results indicate microbial oxidation of organic matter involving SO 4 reduction. Oxidation of primary sulfide minerals and release of As from reduction of Fe-(oxy)hydroxides do not seem important mechanisms in As mobilization. Instead, the dominance of As 3+ and presence of As 5+ reducing microorganisms in this shallow aquifer imply As remobilization involving microbial processes that needs further investigations. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Mondal A.,IISER Kolkata |
Roy B.,IISER Kolkata |
Banerjee A.,IISER Kolkata
Optics Express | Year: 2015
We induce spontaneous motion that is both directed and complex in micron-sized asymmetric Brownian particles in a spherically aberrated optical trap to generate microswimmers. The aberrated optical trap is prepared in a slightly modified optical tweezers configuration where we use a refractive index mismatched cover slip leading to the formation of an annular intensity distribution near the trap focal plane. Asymmetric scattering from a micro-particle trapped in this annular trap gives rise to a net tangential force on the particle causing it to revolve spontaneously in the intensity ring. The rate of revolution can be controlled from sub-Hz to a few Hz by changing the intensity of the trapping light. Theoretical simulations performed using finite-difference time-domain method verify the experimental observations. We also experimentally demonstrate simultaneous spin and revolution of a micro-swimmer which shows that complex motion can be achieved by designing a suitable shape of a micro-swimmer in the optical potential. © 2015 OSA.
Nanda A.K.,IISER Kolkata |
Hazra N.K.,IISER Kolkata
Operations Research Letters | Year: 2013
Optimum lifetime of a series system with active spares always depends on the allocation of spares at component /system level. We prove that under some sufficient conditions, component redundancy offers greater reliability than the system redundancy in likelihood ratio ordering for n-component matching spares. We also show that this principle holds under some sufficient conditions in likelihood ratio ordering for 2-component non-matching spares of iid components and iid spares. Further, we give some sufficient conditions under which reversed hazard rate order does not exist between two 2-component systems of matching spares. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Haldar A.,IISER Kolkata |
Pal S.B.,IISER Kolkata |
Roy B.,IISER Kolkata |
Gupta S.D.,University of Hyderabad |
Banerjee A.,IISER Kolkata
Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics | Year: 2012
Microparticle self assembly under the influence of optical forces produced by higher-order optical beams or by projection of a hologram into the trapping volume is well known. In this paper, we report the spontaneous formation of a ring of identical microspheres (each with diameter 1.1 μm) in conventional single-beam optical tweezers with a usual TEM 00 Gaussian beam coupled into a sample chamber having a standing wave geometry with a cover slip and glass slide. The effects of different experimental parameters on the ring formation are studied extensively. The experimental observations are backed by theoretical simulations based on a plane wave decomposition of the forward- and backward-propagating Gaussian beams. The ring patterns are shown to be caused due to geometrical aberrations produced by focusing the Gaussian beam using a high-numerical-aperture microscope objective into stratified media. It is found that the thickness of the stratified media and the standing wave geometry itself play a critical role in the formation of stable ring structures. These structures could be used in the study of optical binding, as well as of biological interactions between cells in an optical trap. © 2012 American Physical Society.
Hazra N.K.,IISER Kolkata |
Nanda A.K.,IISER Kolkata
Operations Research Letters | Year: 2014
We study the system (series/parallel) where the components are randomly chosen from two different batches. We assume that one batch is more reliable than the other in some stochastic sense. In the case of series systems we show that, under certain conditions, lifetime of one system dominates that of the other in different stochastic orders viz. hazard rate, down shifted hazard rate and likelihood ratio orders. Further, we show that the same principle holds for the reversed hazard rate and the likelihood ratio orders in the case of parallel systems. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Roy B.,IISER Kolkata |
Bera S.K.,IISER Kolkata |
Banerjee A.,IISER Kolkata
Optics Letters | Year: 2014
We describe a simple yet powerful technique of simultaneously measuring both translational and rotational motion of mesoscopic particles in optical tweezers by measuring the backscattered intensity on a quadrant photodiode (QPD). While the measurement of translational motion by taking the difference of the backscattered intensity incident on adjacent quadrants of a QPD is well known, we demonstrate that rotational motion can be measured very precisely by taking the difference between the diagonal quadrants. The latter measurement eliminates the translational component entirely and leads to a detection sensitivity of around 50 mdeg at S/N of 2 for angular motion of a driven microrod. The technique is also able to resolve the translational and rotational Brownian motion components of the microrod in an unperturbed trap and can be very useful in measuring translation-rotation coupling of microobjects induced by hydrodynamic interactions. © 2014 Optical Society of America.


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Always Buy From Assured Vendors Only or else u will get refurbuished products like i got my last laptop before this .but got refund after long struggle.
Comming To this Lappy .
Just One Word
Hello there!
Asus naild it.
1 Display is amazing, wide angle display.
2 Backlight of keyboard is great with adjustable brightness.
3 battery backup 2:30 hour while running
A good buy for a gaming enthusiast.
Powerful machine. Handle all tasks smoothly. Brilliant display. Beautiful design. It stands out when compared to others.
It has a SSD slot in case
The product is really a very good product especially for those who are entry level gamers.Though the product comes with a decent specs, the build quality is not as great as the specs are(WhoRead More
GL552VX is suppose to be the entry to high end gaming. However I am doubtful looking at the 2gb GPU noted in the specs. In all other sites, discussion all over internet, GL552VX and all its variantsRead More
Amazing machine ...but came with win 10 home which could have been better with win 10 pro ... Would have given 5 star if instead of 950M it had 960M and instead of 2GB it had 4 GB graphics memory...Read More
Very good and fast service by filipkart and asus rog 552VX came with 4 gb of nvidia 950 m graphic card in specification show 2 gb graphic card by mistac, so don't confuse 2gb or 4gb graphic card, iRead More
Go to a store and buy items. This was used/refurb product. Don't get cheated by prices dispalyed online..Read More
1.display is pretty good blacks are full black not like shitty ips displays out there ,anti glare screen works awesome
2.backlit Keyboard is good works perfectly fine
3.battery back
Its a killer machine for gamers in economical price by Asus.Read More
Nice productRead More
Awesome product, great gaming laptop, the battery time is a bit less but , it's no problemRead More
Good product. But disappointed with the battery. The battery stopped working within 4 months.Read More
Its a very good Gaming Laptop.
Everything is awesome! Nvidia GTX 950M 4GB GDDR5 run games pretty easily. Fifa 17 works on UTRA setting on HD resolution and gives 60 Fps without any drop. GTA V
1 rating less because nothing is perfect though.
But this ROG GL55VX really give a kick for beginners & intermediate gamers.
I have been using this for 2 months now mostly for running traktor pro 2 and mixing music. The performance is seamless and the red backlit key board is really amazing. FIFA 16/17 amazing experience.Read More
There is no justice to this price. I got a higher version of this laptop with metallic panel, 16GB RAM, GTX 960M 4 GB for 83,000 from paytm. Amazon might wanna review this price. Initially had someRead More
Using from last 4 months. Speed and performance is incredibly stunning .Faster than my amd 8 core bulldozer proccessor .Read More
Some background: I currently have a MacBook pro i7, 16GB, 512GB SSD with retina display as my work laptop. So all feedback would be somewhat influenced by a top-end Mac experience. Needless to say,Read More
I brought from dealer at 78500 + Free 13000 MAH LCD screen Power Bank + headphone worth Rs 400 + 3 assured gift (luckily). So, overall it worth me around 74000 INR.
Guys, please keep in mind

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Businesses told not to wait for 3G services
Analysts have advised businesses to focus on GPRS mobile communications, rather than wait for faster 3G technology, following...
This Article Covers
Network hardware
IT Project: Internet of Things
Have an in-depth look at the opportunities and challenges presented by the internet of things
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Li Ka-shing, chairman of 3's parent firm Hutchison Whampoa said delays in the delivery of handsets meant the company would not break even until 2006 - one year later than forecast.
IDC analyst Paolo Pescatore said that 3G, which offers bandwidth speeds of up to 2mbps, would eventually be fully deployed, but users needed to look to GPRS, which offers up to 40kbps, for mobile data needs for the foreseeable future.
"3G services such as video and audio exist but issues with handsets' sophistication and numbers mean providers cannot offer the service to the extent they said they could. 3G will not be scrapped - it will come but it will come later than we were led to believe. With GPRS we have a technology that has good enough transfer rates for business users."
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The Elation is made from 100% medical grade, light purple silicone for the insertable portion, and the battery compartment/handle part is made from silvery plastic. The silicone is quite plushy and flexible, while being matte and smooth to the touch. There is no smell to it at all, and the only textures to the material are the "scooped out" sides, that add to its shape but cannot really be felt during use.
The silicone does grab on skin a little, so using some water-based lubricant will probably be necessary. Do NOT use silicone or oil based lubricant with silicone toys, as it could degrade the material and end up ruining the toy.
The plastic handle and battery compartment are somewhat shiny, and silver in color. These parts are also very rigid, as is typical of plastic, but they're not the insertable end, so it's not a concern. There isn't an odor to the plastic, and cleaning lubricant or bodily fluids off the plastic is simple.
The Elation is a traditional style vibrator measuring just over six inches in overall length, with about four and a half inches of that being insertable. The diameter is on the small side at around one and a half inches, making this great for beginners.
The shaft of the Elation has a "scooped out" looking indentation on each side that gives it its somewhat pointed shape down at the tip. There is also a very slight curve to the somewhat pointed tip, but it's not enough to make it great for G-spotting. The flexibility of the shaft and the forgiving material also make it hard to G-spot with this vibrator, but those attributes are great for beginners.
The battery compartment, or handle end of the vibrator, is about an inch and a half long on the front where the power/pattern buttons are located, and it shortens while wrapping around the back half of the shaft of the toy. There is a tab that sticks out of the bottom of the toy that is used to grab and turn the cap of the battery compartment for battery insertion. On this cap is pictured a crossed out garbage can, meaning don't throw the vibrator away: dispose of it properly. On the other side of the tab is CE.
The only seam in the toy is the one around the battery compartment where the silicone meets it, but the manufacturer has done a great job at sealing it, so fluids don't get trapped there.
There are two buttons on the Elation: the top one turns the toy on/off, and the bottom button cycles through the functions of the toy. These buttons aren't set into the material, but they are easy-to-press touch buttons. They are so easily pressed that battery removal before traveling or packing away this vibrator is mandatory, since there is no locking feature to avoid the toy turning itself on at the most inopportune times.
After inserting the two AAA batteries, push the power button and the toy turns on without vibrations but the buttons light up red. Next press the function button. The Elation boasts seven different functions, and here they are described:
1. Low, steady vibrations
2. Medium, steady vibrations
3. High, steady vibrations
4. Medium, pulsing escalation
5. High, fast pulsing
6. High, faster pulsing
7. 3 high pulses, 1 long pulse
While in use, the Elation isn't very loud, but it is more on the buzzy side vibration-wise. Its highest setting will probably leave a lot to be desired, but it will work fine for folks who don't need a lot of power, or for beginners to toys. The sound of this vibrator would not be heard through a closed door, and barely through blankets if there is other background noise like music/TV, so dorm use is definitely a possibility.
Cleaning the Elation is simple: just wash with warm water and antibacterial soap or toy cleaner, and dry off with a lint free cloth before storing. This can also be sterilized by using a 10% bleach solution on it, but be sure to rinse it off thoroughly to avoid getting harsh chemicals in delicate body areas.
Always store this vibrator without the batteries to avoid it turning on by itself, or to avoid the batteries exploding inside the toy and ruining the functionality. Also, keep this vibrator in the box it came in, or find a nice storage bag for it to keep other toys from touching it. Silicone is quite grabby and will attract all kinds of hairs and lint, but other toys may also melt or transfer colors onto the silicone if they touch while in storage.
Vibe Therapy sends the Elation in a nice looking white and pink box that has a front flap for viewing the toy inside. The front of the box also features an attractive rainbow colored wisp of smokiness, along with a small photo of the toy itself down near the bottom. The back of the box lists the toy's key features in six different languages, and gives you the website for Vibe Therapy.
On the inside of the front flap, there is a viewing window where the toy is shown in the box, but there is also some information about the toy repeated there. When the flap is closed, it is held that way with a magnetic piece inside the tab so it doesn't just come open.
When you open the box, there is a pink plastic molded tray that the toy is sitting in, and there are two L-shaped spacers around the clear plastic that covers the toy. All these plastic pieces are very flimsy and hard to put back into the box.
Inside the box, underneath the toy itself, are some instruction manuals. One is the Battery and Care Instructions, and the other is Customer Information. These manuals will tell you all about using and caring for your Elation, and what kinds of lubricants and batteries to use with it.
The box would make terrible long term storage, but it will work in the short term. You may want to purchase or make a storage bag for the Elation, so that it won't pick up hairs or lint, or be touching other toys while it's stored away in your toy box or drawer. Wrapping before gifting this to someone would probably be necessary, because the box isn't very discreet at all.
This vibrator was a nice change from the usual plastic traditional style vibes, but I really just couldn't enjoy it much. The power was lacking and too buzzy for me and, to be honest, it wasn't exactly waterproof like they claim. I had only taken this in the shower, and water got into the battery compartment. It was still working during and after the shower, but I can only imagine how much would get in there if it was completely submerged during a bath.
Overall this toy would be great for beginners, because it's not intimidating in any way, it's flexible and plushy, and it's easy to use. More importantly, this vibrator is an affordable option for those college ladies looking for something on the quieter side to enjoy.


text:
The Immaculate Collection was the first album ever to use an audio technology called QSound. Yeah, I thought so.
It also remains the best-selling album by a female artist in British music history and spent the second highest number of consecutive weeks at number one for a female solo artist in the U.K., being at number one for a 9 week stint (until the release of Adele's 21 in 2011). The album has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist and one of the best selling albums of all time.


text:
Let No Child Be Left Behind: Determining the Cost of Improving Student Performance
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and recent legislation in a number of states have raised the standards for accountability in schools, with the objective of closing achievement gaps and increasing student performance overall. These new education policies, however, rarely address the way in which schools are financed. They ignore the fact that characteristics of schools and students require that some schools spend more than others to achieve any given student performance standard. To determine the characteristics that lead to variations in the costs of achieving a specified improvement in student performance, the authors estimate an educational cost function using data from elementary and secondary school districts in Texas. Results indicate that cost differences across districts can be quite large. The cost function results are summarized into a cost index that can then be used in a simple formula to guarantee that every district has sufficient fiscal resources to achieve state-imposed performance goals.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): 31 (2003)
Issue (Month): 3 (May)
Pages: 263-290
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text:
Marty Walsh dominates Tito Jackson in poll
Walsh holds a 35-point lead in the mayoral race, according to the Suffolk University/Globe survey.
Walsh holds a 35-point lead in the mayoral race, according to the Suffolk University/Globe survey.
There can't be any excuses about Cora, the Red Sox's new manager, being a rookie getting his feet wet.
A Lowell neighborhood remained in shock Sunday, one day after a 7-year-old boy was killed by two pit bulls.
The change in strategy is significant for the US senator, who cites "the urgency of the moment" in the era of President Trump.
"He's chasing me around the desk, trying to get his hands on me," she recalled. "And I kept saying, 'You don't want to do this. . . . Please don't do this.' "
The accident was causing traffic headaches on I-93 South and other roads in the area.
At least 35 people were found shot, their bodies dumped in a shaft.
Jack Manning will be the first recipient of the scholarship, given in honor of BC graduate Patrick Downes and his wife, Jessica.
The Boston financial giant has hired a consultant to examine its stock-picking division after the recent firing of two senior employees.
On Sunday, some of the officers attended the "A Taste of the Caribbean" fund-raiser for the devastated island.
Experts say each time the ban makes headlines, it turns off more travelers from a potential visit here.
Sponsored by Vermont Tourism and Cabot Cheese
All the best spots for apple picking, farm tours, perfect picnics, bike rides, and more.
This content was produced by Boston Globe Media in collaboration with the advertiser. The news and editorial departments of The Boston Globe had no role in its production or display.
The New England defense ruled the night, and Tom Brady was efficient in the victory.
It looked like the Super Bowl loss still weighed heavy on the Falcons' minds and their season.
Better communication has led to better defensive play the last three weeks, especially against Atlanta.
As heavy fog rolled in, viewing for those high up in the stadium was very limited.
Chad Finn
The Falcons were supposed to have a shot in this game, but instead the Patriots dominated.
Mayor Martin Walsh of Boston deserves election to a second term on Nov. 7.
Whitney Scharer's debut novel, "The Age of Light," was bought for more than $1 million after a bidding war involving a dozen publishers.
Letterman was celebrated Sunday for his record run on late-night TV and innovative comedy routines.
A new generation of 3-D printers are designed to make products as tough as steel — for less money
On Thursday at 7 p.m., the League of Women Voters of Weston will co-host a forum on the issue.
According to The New York Daily News, a server at Todd English Food Hall in Manhattan has filed a court complaint.
Many of the women, who were interviewed by the Los Angeles Times, said Toback performed a sex act during the incidents.
Season Ticket Podcast
Broadcaster Al Michaels is on the call for this week's Sunday Night Football game between the Patriots and Falcons.
The Sunday Magazine newsletter will feature an engaging blend of narrative journalism, opinion, lifestyle, travel, recipes, and advice. Sign up now.
Get the latest news — from weather to Trump to local happenings — delivered via Facebook messenger.
The Bedford VA hospital admitted its care for Bill Nutter was not "up to our standards," but the reality was uglier. Now, the FBI is investigating.
Opinion | Eileen McNamara
President Kennedy forged a revolution for people with intellectual disabilities.
Do you know about wrongdoing that needs to be exposed? Call the Globe Spotlight team: 617-929-7483 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
newsroom commentary
An open letter to the owner of Amazon, proposing a true partnership that rewrites the relationship between a city and the big companies that call it home.
Without Dr. Pablo Juan Ross the groundbreaking creation of a part-human, part-animal chimera might not have been possible.
Puzzled? Keep trying and see if you can triumph.
The Celtics guard was caught on video shouting an expletive at a fan in Philadelphia on Friday.
The Framingham boy who led the department in the St. Patrick's Day Parade died of brain cancer on Friday.
The town Nathaniel Hawthorne once described as a "bare, bleak spot fit, for nothing but sheep'' is still largely off the grid (broadband is available only in town buildings).
The president has offered mixed signals, alternately praising and condemning the proposal.
Search This Week's Specials
An analyst, an editor, and the chairman of the World Car Awards weigh in.
The move highlights concern that the agency will silence government scientists from speaking out on climate change.
Nearly all big tech companies have an AI project, and they are willing to pay experts millions to help get it done.
"Night of Too Many Stars" is moving from Comedy Central to HBO.
The Big Picture
More than half a million Rohingya refugees have flooded into Bangladesh to flee an offensive by Myanmar's military that the United Nations has called "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing."


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Just wondering what is you opinion on these shows Teen mom and Pregnant and 16? Do you like them? Do you think they make it seem like it okay to get pregnant at a young age? Or do you just not care
Asked by Anonymous at 1:41 PM on Nov. 9, 2010 in Parenting Debate
Answer by wheresthewayout at 10:44 PM on Nov. 11, 2010
Answer by canthaveboys1 at 11:42 AM on Nov. 10, 2010
Answer by justme581 at 1:43 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
Answer by Musicmom80 at 1:49 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
Answer by chica679 at 1:55 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
Answer by MomMom23 at 2:04 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
Answer by aitson at 2:33 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
I don't like them because they are annoying. It is annoying to see the girls whine so much. Get over it!! You had sex, you got pregnant, you are no longer a kid. Grow up and learn how to deal with life. I saw one episode where a girl was whining because her boyfriend was talking about getting a job at night, a job that payed well. She was whining because that meant that she would have to stay up with the baby and go to school in the day. Dude, you are not the only one who has had to deal with staying awake 24 hours at a time.
Answer by krissyvelazquez at 2:46 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
I think there is a good reason to have them on. They are in a reality format, which entertains the audience intended while teaching a valid lesson. Being pregnant as a teen is not glamorous, cute or easy. You have to put it in terms that teens can appreciate and will feel compelled to tune in to. Teen pregnancy is not going to go away overnight and reality shows are hot right now. Instead of sticking our heads in the sand and floating around on the island of denial, why don't we accept that this venue attracts viewers and may be changing lives.
Answer by love2snorkel70 at 5:34 PM on Nov. 9, 2010
Answer by _Tam_ at 10:45 AM on Nov. 10, 2010
Next question in Parenting Debate
Would you still send your kids to the babysitter with the flu ?
Next question overall
any ideals on how to get him back in the bedroom instead of using internet porn


text:
Category Archives: Quirks and Quandaries
How to take a Mud Bath
Every Weimaraner loves a mud bath more than their regular bath right? Stackhouse is related to Atticus and most certainly shares his love of the mud bath. Even in the dead of winter, if he can find a mud puddle he belly flops in it for the sheer delight.
Etched on the Heart
~of the Weimlover
Where do we begin? For the Weimlover there are inexplicable moments etched in our psyche. There is no ready made explanation to those who don't get it. We nod to those who think they understand but never have experienced the Weimar. They say, "it is just like my Labrador." We nod and smile and our thoughts spin. We think something like if they only knew.
What we share extends around the clock. For many, this includes snuggling in the bed and waking to something like 'Dunkin' looking at you expectantly. Sometimes the look is more of a seriously it cannot be time to get up look. Or possibly there is the look that says are we going to do something fun–like eating people breakfast together.
Yesterday, we delighted in Tripp's story. He and Rachel share a special connection. If you were to know the backdrop on both sides, it would bring tears to your eyes. Call us silly, but we believe the Good Lord brings the most incredible people across our path. Sometimes we are allowed to share something extraordinary. It might be that we are afforded the opportunity to help a dream unfold, to bring a little healing, or to take part in a minor miracle. What a privilege it is indeed.
OwyheeStar Meet Ups
You never know whether Tripp and Dunkin might meet up in one of their many adventures. Tripp gets around Oregon. Dunkin (as far as we know) hangs closer to the Bend area. I am sure he makes it to the Oregon Coast and the other major venues. Maybe their paths will cross, or they will connect with another OwyheeStar Weim. We are positive that there is a special look for that experience too! Oh, how these guys delight our heart in ways words cannot capture.
Beginnings are special. The young 'Dunkin' enjoyed plenty of snuggles early in life. You might want to check out this very early Dunkin Blog Post–Click Here!
It's On The List
Yes, I own the Cyclamen that my friend Ellen gave me in June of 2012 when I had major surgery–one of two during the last few years. I love this plant, but I thought since I keep mentioning it I also should say it is toxic to dogs.
Cyclamen (Sowbread) | Scientific Names: Cyclamen spp | Family: Primulaceae
Before we moved into the Farmhouse, I kept the cyclamen in a big bay window not easily accessed by the Weimaraner. Sure if they jumped up on the counter and walked behind my kitchen sink they could have gotten to it. Here I have no such place, so it resides on our kitchen table. If I thought it was going to be a problem, I would need to make a hanger for it and get it up away from their reach. The Cyclamen is one of many plants toxic to the Weimaraner. We often forget the danger.
Click Here to check out the ASPCA's Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List
Find out if your houseplants are toxic and if so, take the necessary precautions. Also remember that a lot of common flowers, shrubs, and garden plants are also toxic. I love the above link because it also lists the Non-toxic plants. For example, the African Violet is an excellent choice.
African Violet (Cape Marigold) | Scientific Names: Saintpaulia spp. | Family: Gesneriaceae
Possibly the best way to select a new houseplant is to choose from the Non-toxic plant list. No one wants to see their beloved Weimaraner sick from eating a toxic plant.
At One Week
Griffey is doing absolutely fantastic and fitting into our family perfectly.
Commands: He is very good with the "sit", "fetch", and the "here" commands. We were pleasantly surprised with how easy these were to him. A couple 10-15 minutes sessions the first week did the trick. We are still working on "drop it" and "stay" but I am sure he will get it as we are more consistent with him. He loves his bird toys and tennis ball.Eating: He eats like a champ. We make him sit before we allow him to his bowl and he is now used to that and eating in one sitting (generally 2-5 minutes).Potty training: He is a dream when it comes to potty training. Because I work from home I am able to keep him consistent and he has only had 3 accidents in the house (all of them being my fault). We never punish him for this as it's not his fault at all. When we do take him out he immediately eliminates. I generally kennel him a few hours a day while working and we always use the backyard afterwards.His brother Nordy (the cat): They still are warming up to each other but Nordy has made huge progress. Nordy will lay in the middle of the living room while we love on Griffey. He sits up on top of the couch and watches Griffey. Nordy is patient with Griffey when he paws at and nips at Nordy. I am optimistic they will be great friends very soon.Crate training: The first few nights were rough, but that is to be expected. The last couple nights have been great where he sleeps from 9:30ish – 5:00 or 6:00 when we normally get up. We have slowly moved his crate back to the far corner of our room (where he will remain).Leash: He is getting more comfortable on the leash. We leave his lead on a couple times a day to get him use to the tension and we walk him around the house and yard when he eliminates so he is used to that as well.Quirks: A couple of the funnier things that he does are…
- He loves to put bark in his mouth (our backyard has bark in it), which we obviously disallow and don't want him swallowing.
- When he sleeps hard he rolls over on his back with all four paws extended out and sometimes snores which we think is adorable.
- He likes to play hide and seek under the bed (which we tried to keep him from but the cat goes under there and I think he wants to play).Griffey truly has stolen our hearts and we cannot wait to give more time and love to him to make him the best dog we can. Thank you very much for breeding amazing family members and all the hard work that goes into delivering amazing dogs to your clients.
Alex & Morgan
P.S. I will be going down to Roseburg next week for work and plan on bringing a couple of my sheds home so he can start smelling and touching them in hopes we can get him out (after shots) to find more for us.
Breeder Comment
Spooky Spoiled
~Nonetheless, Much-Loved
Thought you might enjoy to see how my girl Alli is doing! She is a love bug, but boy is she afraid of everything! As a pup I exposed her to everything and she is still afraid of every loud sound, the lawn mower, and gun shots (which we have a lot of) just to name a couple. She is terrified of getting her nails clipped even though that is also something I worked on with her as a pup. She is just a dog with her very own ways. She loves me to no end and her whole butt wages when I am near. She shares my pillow with me and we cuddle when she is scared. She loves my kids and gives them lots of kisses.She has been a huge part of our family and I am so blessed you've allowed us to have this sweet girl!
Breeder Comment
There are many ways to end up with issues–especially loud noise sensitivity. We humans and I am not saying Ashley did or didn't do this, tend to do the very thing that ingrains the fear rather than alleviates it. It is the most natural response in most cases. Well, nuff said. (Yes, I know it is more correctly enough said). Maybe it will be a topic of discussion one day soon. We have spoken about it before.
Thank you, Ashley, for loving this sweet girl and sharing with us.
Not Expected
Longhair's Tail Fluff
~ Weim Tales
Virgil got a sticky fly trap thingy stuck on the last 1/5th of his beautiful, gorgeous, lovely tail!!!! What the Whaaaat. He was wagging the thing so much that it swung around where it had no business being and bam! Fly strip on the tail. First I have to say it's not easy trying to get a weim to stay put.
First I have to say it's not easy trying to get a Weim to stay put when something like that happens, however, I did and was able to remove said fly strip. Washed tail to no avail. Had to trim some. The question is will it fill back in? I feel like I should know this but I do not.
Breeder Comment
Yes, Kaliece, the tail will grow back entirely. It might take months but the Weimaraner sheds hair (even the smooth coat), and new hair comes in from the follicle. During the first couple of years, the feathering fills in and for those that love the look–the tail becomes a beautiful flag.
We knew a person who used to shave their Longhair Weimaraners during the summer. Their coat came back full and lush, but they were cooler during the heat of the summer. We often clip the tail a bit (on the underside) before they whelp. This trimming process saves a lot of mess because there is a considerable amount of blood and ewe during the whelp. You don't want this flipped all over the walls etc. It always grows back. So, for all you who are concerned about losing a little fluff–now you know. It will grow back. Some folks also groom the toe hair during the muddy season. They just have a groomer remove it. The toe tassels always come back. If you ever are worried, just clip a spot that is not noticeable and document it with a photo. Look at it over time.
As difficult as it might be to accomplish, rubbing peanut butter in something sticky like gum will dissolve it. This tip that might save needing to cut chunks of hair.
~ Swimming is Exhausting
We love him so much. Such a sweet boy. He is now LOVING to go swimming and he loves running with me. He is training up very well for that, he runs by my side nicely. He is fearless and very protective of me so I've really had to work on him relaxing on that aspect. I love knowing he's watching out for me and he's learning to watch my cues for leave it and quiet and learning to trust me and where I put him as much as I'm learning to trust his judgment as well. I don know if you know but he is my first male dog ever. So, Thank you for sending me such a nice boy. Just he needs to hush when asked and that is progressing very well. Thanks again for another great OwhyheeStar companion.
Breeder Comment
This breed is different from other breeds in many ways. Many people who decide to get their first Weimaraner end up with a male. They might have wanted a female, but possibly there were none available. It is then they discover the truth–the boys are very sweet. Oh, they can be headstrong. The females can be tough to manage too! Regardless, they have a quality that catches a lot of folks off guard. It is not something you can put into words; however, in many cases, the way they bond to you wins you over. After being forced to get a first-time male dog, many end up having the male Weimaraner preference.
We have talked a lot about the difference between the male and female. Of course, there are exceptions. Regardless, in many cases, the female Weimaraner tends to be less engaged in their owner's agenda and to value less the desire to please. (They can be such a prima donna). While all Weims can be manipulative, the female takes it to a new level. This trait can manifest in many different ways, and much of what happens depends upon their human and the relationship. Yes, it depends on the type of leadership role and your ability to evoke the desire to please you. How this expresses itself can vary. Each time it is a bit unique, and at the same time, it always sports a lot of the similar expression.
Just for Reference
Some Weimaraner tails are fuller than others. Here is a photo of Max (at five) showing his beautiful plumage.
Stella Blue
Busy Enjoying Central Oregon
We sure love our girl! She's been enjoying a lot of central Oregon things. She's been on hikes, in rivers, dog parks, and breweries. She's great on bike rides and trail adventures. We are keeping her mileage around 3.5 miles since she's so little, but she can go and go and go. Here are some photos of her relaxing and adventuring! 👍🏼
We've been trying to get her to stop jumping on everyone she meets, but it hasn't happened yet. It's a good thing she's cute….🤔😜 We'd love a tip for helping with this if you have one handy. Thank you for our four-legged family member. ❤I must mention as I type this I can hear her snoring. Stella might be a dainty girl, but she can snore like a bear! It's quite hilarious.Enjoy the day!Jill, Timothy and Stella
Don't Eat the Tulips
Not A Salad!
We all know all too well our beloved Weims can eat almost anything. These photos tell a story. Can we all see the wheels turning? Why would I want my chew stick when there are the beautiful tulips waiting to be picked?
Not every lovely plant is safe for the Weimaraner. Tulips are #6 on the list and follow the daffodil–click here for Web MD's List. Their list is short if you search you find the number of dangerous plants to your dog is lengthy.
Swimming Pups
The First Swim
I posted this video on Facebook yesterday. I never gave it much thought, but it deserves an explanation. There are six puppies; four are Longhairs. Of the six, five have the natural European-style tail–full length. This tail length is typical around the world for the Longhairs–and it is the Breed Standard. You may have noticed that the one Blue Ghost puppy has a full-length tail too. It was by request.
The traditional undocked puppy requires advance notice. We have a very specific protocol for this situation. I will forego the details here, other than to say we require a larger deposit for the obvious reasons. The number of inquiries regarding the undocked tail continues to increase each year.
Introducing Something New
The pups had never seen more than their water dish. Cliff set them in the water as gentle as possible. They all swam. The Weimaraner has webbed toes, and it should be noted that they are often excellent swimmers. When introducing them to water, it is important to be sure they don't get spooked. Cliff uses lots of patience when he is working an older pup or an adult into the water. Obviously, you cannot carry them out into the water and then set them gently as Cliff did with the pups.
It is important not to spook them. The best technique is to engrain the love of the retrieve from and early age. This obsession with the retrieve works in your favor to get them into the water. A pond with sloping sides is ideal. First, get them retrieving along the water's edge. Gradually you will ease them out where they must go beyond the bottom. This process could take a couple of days or weeks. With patience, any Weimaraner can learn to swim.
Here is Stackhouse
~ another Longhair
Keep In Mind
All Weimaraners have the potential to take to the water. It takes a bit of knack and patience. Our puppy imprinting does guarantee success–nor does it hurt the process. The retrieving and water-work sometimes get cast to the side during the flurry of early adjustment. There are so many things pulling at the process it is easy to forget a few. Socialization (a lot of touches in a safe way), exposure to noise, ingraining the love of the retrieve (not playing keep away) as well as engaging the pup with water are equally important. Balancing everything you are trying to accomplish–the basics we keep talking about and a lot more while doing it in the right manner is not a small task. It is important to spook them and create a fear of people, places, or situations. Some pups are more sensitive to stimuli, and others let it roll off their back. Approach the process with caution staying optimistic and upbeat. Small steps to success will get you results. Preconceived ideas should be shelved. See what you can become together.
Who Is Smarter?
This is Winchester and Opus.
Honestly, our neighbor's dog has trained the Boyz to come out and play—and to run the fence. The dogs had trained ME to let them out when he barked. Who is smarter?!It is Thursday folks, and we can see the weekend from here. ~ Melinda (and her charges)


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Vintage Rose Wedding Estate
Pilot Mountain
Services: Venues
Vintage Rose Wedding Estate located in Pilot Mountain, NC, is one of North Carolina's premier full-service private wedding venues. The Estate is comprised of 2 fully renovated Victorian homes along with a ballroom situated on the corner property of West Main and Key Street. Our gardens feature over 150 species of heirloom and vintage rose selections. The expansive lawn and majestic old oaks complete this picturesque setting that is perfect for bridal portraits or engagement photos. We can customize a wedding package that is tailored for your special day, whether an intimate ceremony with family and friends or a grand celebration. Our personal service and attention to detail ensures your wedding ceremony and reception reflect your specific wishes and individual style.


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Why does Disney allow guests to cut in line and do nothing about it? Do they just not want to cause a big scene? The last time we were at DL my daughters and I were in line for the Tea Cups when out of nowhere 2 teenage girls and their Dad literally jumped over the fence and grabbed an empty Tea Cup forcing other guests to go back in line. The CM saw everything and ignored it. We were also in line for The Jungle Cruise (next day) when the exact same thing happened only this time it was 3 teenage boys. They were allowed on a boat and the skipper without missing a beat said "and at this time I would like to say thank you to the not-so-kind gentlemen who opted not to wait in line". Believe it or not it happened a third time! We were in line for Star Tours when an entire family of about 5 got in line behind us. All the sudden they pushed their way up the line about 15 people. As far as we could tell they were not joining friends/family. Everyone they cut in front of was pretty upset. My Dad (6'4" and 300lbs) decided enough was enough. He proceeded to walk up the line and get right in front of them (he never said a word to them). Everyone else they cut in front joined him and they were forced back behind us where they should have been! What is Disney's policy regarding line jumpers?
No announcement yet.
Line Jumpers
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new posts
Beach Expert
- Sep 2006
- 10935
Re: Line Jumpers
I don't know what you can do on some rides. The Matterhorn is one of them. The line goes around the perimeter of the mountain so you would think that you are getting in line just be hopping over the chain, when in actuality the line starts several feet away -- away from the view of the person hopping over the chain. So in reality you are cutting in front of all the people who enetered the line at the proper point because you are already in front of those who are going to the very end of the line and getting in there instead.
Hope that makes sense!
Re: Line Jumpers
The policy is to remove these people from the premises, but I have a feeling the hosts and hostesses just don't care anymore.
Premium Youngling and
- Aug 2006
- 3795
Child Star Has Been
- Feb 2007
- 4031
Re: Line Jumpers
I wouldn't let stupid people ruin my vacation.~Heather~
You'll find a slight squeeze on the hooter an excellent safety precaution, Miss Scrumptious. :blush:
I am everyone's friend.
Re: Line Jumpers
Ive actually seen cast members tell people to go to the end of the line. The only exceptions being familes with small kids who had to leave the line to go to the bathroom and come back and re-join their parties."I, not events, have the power to make me happy or unhappy today. I can choose which it shall be. Yesterday is dead, tomorrow hasn't arrived yet. I have just one day, today, and I'm going to be happy in it. "Groucho Marx
Re: Line Jumpers
I usually create a big stink about it, complaining loudly to no one in particular about the policies, making sure that they don't have a good time, predicting their afterlife residence, and such.
Also, I never let anyone pass me.
More logically, I'm guessing that CMs get more guests falsely accusing others of line-jumping. I mean, that would be the easiest way to get someone kicked out of a park if they were only mildly annoying you.
You can complain, and you might get a fastpass out of it.
Re: Line Jumpers
Originally posted by lesmisfan View PostI work at the sunwheel and ill tell you it happens alot of times but most of the times we do catch it, we tell people to go to the end of the line or tell then they can't ride. and we do it as nice as possible.
Banned User
- May 2005
- 3365
Re: Line Jumpers
I consider people who don't wait with their parties and crawl through the line to join them line jumpers.
That Guy
- Apr 2005
- 4572
Re: Line Jumpers
Don't let yourself get worked up about it. You are not going to change some A-hole, or the way they act, you can only control how you react to it. This happens to be at Starbucks every day. The way I see it, if someone needs their drink THAT bad, then by all means have at it. It does suck that some people have no manners, but I have found that life has a way of taking care of those people.
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Reality Check Night at the First Arena during Jackals Game
Kick Butts Day – We've Seen Enough!
Monday, March 21, 2016
Elmira - The Southern Tier Tobacco Awareness Coalition (STTAC) youth program, Reality Check, and the Elmira Jackals partnered for this year's Kick Butts Day celebration. Kick Butts Day is a national holiday focused on activism that empowers youth to stand out, speak up and seize control against Big Tobacco.
"There is strong, consistent evidence that advertising and promotion influence the factors that lead directly to tobacco use by adolescents, including the initiation of cigarette smoking as well as its continuation" according to the Surgeon General's report on Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults. Tobacco companies bombard retailers with tobacco marketing materials and promotions. Those stores are frequented by youth, and can heavily and prominently display tobacco products near cash registers and candy where youth will see them.
During the game on Saturday, local youth collected support for tobacco-free initiatives and educated the public on how we can help our community become healthier by restricting the amount of tobacco retail advertising. Reality Check youth also declared "We've Seen Enough" tobacco marketing and created visual displays of tobacco retailer density maps.
The U.S. Tobacco Industry spent an estimated $9.6 billion dollars on advertising and promotion of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco in 2012. Although the Tobacco Control Act allows states and communities to restrict or regulate the time, place and manner of tobacco product marketing, data from the New York Youth Tobacco Survey finds that youth are being exposed to tobacco product marketing at an alarming rate. The survey data indicate that 85% of high school students were aware of tobacco related ads in convenience stores, supermarkets, gas stations or pharmacies in 2014. Awareness of pro-tobacco marketing via the internet was reported by 79% of high school students in 2014; in 2000 only 58% reported awareness of pro-tobacco marketing via the internet, a statistically significant increase between 2000 and 2014.
Although NYS youth smoking rates are at their lowest recorded rates, 12,900 youth under 18 become new daily smokers each year and 107,000 NYS high school students currently smoke. Today, there are now more forms of dangerous products to choose from, and many teens are choosing flavored cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookahs, pipes, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes/vapor pens). Reality Check youth from across the state agree that their generation deserves to grow up free from tobacco industry marketing and promotion, but they need help to make that a reality in our communities.
If you would like to learn more about how you can help reduce the negative impact the tobacco marketing has on our community, or learn about other tobacco-related issues, contact the Southern Tier Tobacco Awareness Coalition (STTAC) at (607)737-2858 or visit www.sttac.org.


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144 Pinehurst Road,Brick NJ, 08723
Sold Price
2 beds , 1 Full baths
Status: Sold
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Healy, REALTORS
(732) 557-0971
Last Updated: 10/16/2017 11:59 PM
Description for 144 Pinehurst Road Brick, NJ 08723
Some words will not translate correctly. By using this feature, you accept this risk and agree to release Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices and its franchisees from any claims or damages resulting from incorrect translation.
Some words will not translate correctly. By using this feature, you accept this risk and agree to release Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices and its franchisees from any claims or damages resulting from incorrect translation.
Listing Information
Gas Water Heater, Public Water Service
Public Sewer
Clock Thermostat
School Information
Room Information
Kitchen, Laundry Room, Living Room
Floor - W/W Carpet
Interior Features
Gas Range/Cooktop, Refrigerator, Stove
Carpet Wall to Wall, Ceramic Tile
Ceiling Fan(s)
Gas Heat, Forced Air
Basement, Full, Unfinished Basement
Storm Door, Screened
High Ceiling, Furnished, Window Blinds, Woodburning Fireplace
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Garage Spaces, Detached Garage, Asphalt
40 x 100
Residential,Single Family
Beach, Outdoor Lights, Outside Shower, Storm Window
Community Features
Community Pool, Park Play Area
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 144 Pinehurst Road
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$289,000
Days on market113
Properties for sale465
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$255,000
Sales to list price9,676.0%
Properties sold403
Median sq ft price$167
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 144 Pinehurst Road
Brick Real Estate
Brick is located in New Jersey. Brick, New Jersey 08723 has population of75,012.
The median household income in Brick, New Jersey 08723 is $69,063. The median household income for the surrounding county is $61,839 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Brick 08723 is 44 years.
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Research into the running and planning of hospital services has been neglected. This is surprising given the importance of hospitals for the public, politicians, and the healthcare system (box (boxB1).B1).
The articles in this series have shown that despite this importance there is a paucity of research and policy about how hospitals work, how they should be staffed, what size they should be, and how change can be managed. This article examines the main gaps in our knowledge about the future of the hospital sector identified in this series and examines the implications of this for policy and research (box (boxB2).B2).
Analysis of trust business cases for rebuilding and other developments and strategies proposed by health authorities shows wide variations in the assumptions made about almost every aspect of future hospital provision. Despite the apparently increasing difficulty of meeting growing demand for hospital care many hospital plans envisage substantial reductions in the number of beds, and hospitals with large private finance initiative schemes expect reductions of 20-30%.3 But whether these can be justified in terms of either future demand or levels of performance is unclear.
The demand for hospital care is poorly understood and underresearched. Admission rates grew by 40% between 1988-9 and 1997-8, and only part of this is explained by changes in population or morbidity. The remaining growth is usually attributed to new technology and poorly explained exogenous factors such as changes in the attitudes of patients or general practitioners, or in the way elderly people are treated.
Planners differ widely in their assumptions about future growth in demand. Some plans assume increases in demand in excess of those suggested by population growth, others ignore these exogenous factors, and in a few cases assumptions have been made that demand may be reduced. Planners are clearly making assumptions about changes in morbidity or success in managing demand, but these are rarely stated explicitly or supported by evidence.
The assumptions made about future length of stay show similarly wide variations where benchmarking and discussions with local clinicians are often used to develop forecasts. Since linear forecasting produces absurd results (such as negative length of stay beyond 20294) and the downward trend in the number of beds has flattened, these forecasts increasingly rely on assumptions about the use of hospital at home, nursing homes, and other forms of "intermediate" care. There is reasonable evidence for the clinical effectiveness of these interventions, but more evidence is required about the total number of patients who may be eligible, whether the costs of these services are less than those of hospital, and the extent to which these services can be used as the basis for ambitious assumptions about the future use of beds.
In addition to quite different forecasts of day case activity many plans seem to make the assumption that growth in day cases will represent a direct substitution for inpatient work. However, the evidence of the past 15 years is that much of the growth in day case and outpatient procedures is the result of new techniques and technology.5
As for planning levels of bed occupancy, there is a failure to appreciate that planning for a mean occupancy of 90% guarantees that hospitals will have insufficient numbers of beds on a substantial number of occasions because of the inevitable variations in daily admissions. Furthermore, it is often not appreciated that reductions in length of stay often require lower occupancy rates to retain sufficient flexibility to deal with random fluctuations in demand.
Difficulties in forecasting hospital requirements are matched by difficulties in managing hospitals and balancing the conflicting pressures of emergencies and the requirement to reduce waiting lists. Virtually no research has been done on the best way of handling these conflicting pressures on a day to day basis, or on the cost or clinical implications of achieving greater separation in organisational and physical terms, either within a given hospital or through the creation of separate, stand alone institutions.
The concern about simultaneous and apparently contradictory reductions in the number of beds and increases in the number of admissions has led to the establishment of a review of bed numbers by the secretary of state. International experience, however, shows that setting standard assumptions has major hazards, the most dangerous of which is to institutionalise the current state of health care. Just as dangerous is the view that simple calculations can predict need and convert it into future provision. On the contrary, uncertainty about future requirements cannot be eliminated. Therefore, cost effective means of building in physical and operational flexibility must be found, and this has also been neglected.
Changes in the way that hospitals provide care have implications for clinical training and for the working environment of clinical staff as well as for future staffing requirements. Because responsibility for these different areas is divided among the professions, training organisations, the Department of Health, and the NHS Executive, they have been persistently neglected.
The development of the internal market and creation of trusts has produced incentives for hospitals to plan on the basis of maximising the role and status of the individual trust. We have, however, observed over the past two years an increasing trend for groups of hospitals to work more collaboratively, and a softening, or even abandonment, of the competitive ethos, in line with the government's white paper The New NHS.6
The result of this is that the type and range of options that are considered to be available change when the objective is how to plan for an area where a number of hospitals form a potential network of complementary provision, rather than how to compete. Joint plans are increasingly likely to be followed by mergers, the ultimate surrender of individual aspirations to the collective will. The recent acute strategy for Scotland is an early example of what seems to be a growing trend towards planning on a system-wide basis.
This development reflects the view that some services must be organised on a scale larger than any one hospital, for some services for populations as large as one million. However, as the Calman Hine report recognised for cancer care, the amount of evidence bearing on such large scale issues is limited.7 Furthermore, neither the Calman Hine report nor the Scottish strategy report8 adequately deals with the relation between services organised in this way, as they do not allow for the impact of their proposals on the way other services are provided—even though the same staff and facilities may be involved.
Both the demands placed on hospitals and their efficiency as providers depend on the nature and effectiveness of community based services such as rehabilitation facilities and out of hours cooperatives formed by general practitioners. They also depend on the way in which potential users, particularly of emergency services, decide whether and how to access care. Although the phrase "whole systems approach" has now found its way into official documents, virtually no research has been commissioned at the "whole system" level.
One of the most powerful factors making for change in hospitals has been increasing medical specialisation. As the recent review by the York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination9 and Posnett's article in this series10 have shown, high quality evidence on the benefits of this process of centralisation and specialisation is limited. Nevertheless, the recent recommendations for hospitals by the BMA and the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons envisage a continuation of this process.11 Furthermore, the colleges are issuing guidance that will put managers in a position in which they will have to close or reduce the role of some hospitals.
This is in direct opposition to the high value placed on access by the public, and unless models can be developed to overcome this it is possible that the accountability of the colleges will be questioned, and they may come into direct conflict with politicians. The problem is particularly acute in more rural areas, where even the revised minimum populations suggested in the most recent document by the BMA and the royal colleges may be hard to achieve. A compromise will need to be developed between the requirements of education and training and the development of local services, and some hospitals may not be able to continue to function as educational establishments responsible for training junior doctors.
Changes in the way that hospitals provide care have implications for clinical training and the working environment of clinical staff as well as for future staffing requirements, and vice versa. Because responsibility for these different areas is divided among the professions, training organisations, the Department of Health, and the NHS Executive, the links between them have been persistently neglected.
The results of this are apparent in the current crisis in the recruitment of nursing staff. Although many other factors play a part, one element is the lack of research on the number and type of nurses that hospitals require and the contribution of nursing to patient outcomes.
The previous sections have focused on the areas where we believe that more research is required. Two general points need to be made.
Firstly, research relevant to hospitals has tended to concentrate on single interventions and less frequently on some models of service delivery such as hospital at home. It tends not to address issues about the planning of whole systems, and it is rare for the results of hospital reconfiguration to be evaluated. Although there is a requirement for large capital schemes to be evaluated after completion, this does not seem to happen routinely, and where such evaluations are carried out the results are often not in the public domain. Politicians and policymakers may find the critical evaluation of previous decisions uncomfortable, but unless it is carried out mistakes will be repeated and there will be no collective learning within the NHS about how to plan such schemes.
In the past, funding to support this type of research has been limited. The new research into service delivery and organisation to be commissioned by the NHS Executive offers the potential for many of these areas to be investigated.
Even though this initiative is welcome, it will not be enough. An additional problem is that the time lag in implementation means that evaluation may become history rather than research and, given the pace of change, the past may not be a reliable guide to the future. No substantial sources of funding have been available to support this type of research. Moreover, many of the questions for which planners, managers, and policymakers need answers are not easily answered with traditional methods of research into the health service.
Secondly, new research techniques are required to support planning for the hospitals of the future, including the development of scenario planning and modelling, and simulation techniques to identify uncertainties and the sensitivity of plans to forecasting errors. There should be more evaluation of completed plans and much better systems to exchange knowledge about innovations. Some nationally led experiments are also needed—in the development of service models—for example, for rural areas where the trends referred to above are undermining existing patterns of provision.
Little research has been done that highlights the central issues of hospital planning: how many hospitals we need, what services each should offer, how they should relate to each other, and how, once these issues are resolved, they should be organised, staffed, and managed.
Plans for the future of hospitals need to recognise our lack of knowledge, and, if there is to be central guidance, this should be that whatever is planned should be robust in as many possible futures as are conceivable. Research should be directed at understanding how flexibility can be incorporated into hospital design at low cost. In this respect there is perhaps some reason to be concerned about the impact of the private finance initiative. These schemes will have fewer beds but may not incorporate design ideas that allow flexibility since, in many cases, the costs associated with the planning will fall on the NHS.
This failure of research reflects a larger failure to take the planning of hospitals seriously, which has been particularly marked since regional health authorities were abolished. Although geographical variations rule out a "one size fits all" approach, we have identified a range of issues that require a central response. The professions have begun with the publication of a consultation document on acute hospital services to respond to this challenge.12 We can only hope that the Department of Health will do so too.
Competing interests: None declared.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
WPK, AKL, RFK, JDM, and RHAP conceived and designed the experiments. WPK and AKL performed the experiments and analyzed data. JDM contributed reagents. WPK, RFK, JDM, and RHAP and wrote the paper.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Several vertebrate microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in cellular processes such as muscle differentiation, synapse function, and insulin secretion. In addition, analysis of Dicer null mutants has shown that miRNAs play a role in tissue morphogenesis. Nonetheless, only a few loss-of-function phenotypes for individual miRNAs have been described to date. Here, we introduce a quick and versatile method to interfere with miRNA function during zebrafish embryonic development. Morpholino oligonucleotides targeting the mature miRNA or the miRNA precursor specifically and temporally knock down miRNAs. Morpholinos can block processing of the primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) or the pre-miRNA, and they can inhibit the activity of the mature miRNA. We used this strategy to knock down 13 miRNAs conserved between zebrafish and mammals. For most miRNAs, this does not result in visible defects, but knockdown of miR-375 causes defects in the morphology of the pancreatic islet. Although the islet is still intact at 24 hours postfertilization, in later stages the islet cells become scattered. This phenotype can be recapitulated by independent control morpholinos targeting other sequences in the miR-375 precursor, excluding off-target effects as cause of the phenotype. The aberrant formation of the endocrine pancreas, caused by miR-375 knockdown, is one of the first loss-of-function phenotypes for an individual miRNA in vertebrate development. The miRNA knockdown strategy presented here will be widely used to unravel miRNA function in zebrafish.
The striking tissue-specific expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs) suggest that they play a role in tissue development. These small RNA molecules (∼22 bases in length) are processed from long primary transcripts (pri-miRNA) and regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. There are hundreds of different miRNAs, many of which are strongly conserved. Vertebrate embryonic development is most easily studied in zebrafish, but genetically disrupting miRNA genes to see which miRNA does what is technically challenging. In this study, we interfere with miRNA function during the first few days of zebrafish embryonic development by introducing specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (morpholinos have been used previously to interfere with the synthesis of the much larger mRNAs). We show that morpholinos targeting the miRNA precursor can block processing of the pri-miRNA or directly inhibit the activity of the mature miRNA. We also used morpholinos to study the developmental effects of miRNA knockdown. Although we did not observe gross phenotypic defects for many miRNAs, we found that zebrafish miR-375 is essential for formation of the insulin-secreting pancreatic islet. Loss of miR-375 results in dispersed islet cells by 36 hours postfertilization, representing one of the first vertebrate miRNA loss-of-function phenotypes.
The authors show that morpholinos can be used to knock down zebrafish miRNAs, revealing that miR-375 is important for vertebrate pancreas development.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a profound impact on the development of multicellular organisms. Animals lacking the Dicer enzyme, which is responsible for the processing of the precursor miRNA into the mature form, cannot live [
Temporal inhibition of miRNAs by antisense molecules provides another strategy to study miRNA function. 2′-
Here, we show that morpholinos targeting the miRNA precursor can knock down miRNAs in the zebrafish embryo. Several independent morpholinos can knock down the same miRNA, and these serve as positive controls to filter out off-target effects. Morpholinos can block miRNA maturation at the step of Drosha or Dicer cleavage, and they can inhibit the activity of the mature miRNA. We show that inhibition of miR-375, which is expressed in the pancreatic islet and pituitary gland of the embryo [
Since it is difficult to obtain a genetic mutant for a miRNA in zebrafish, we looked for alternative strategies to deplete the embryo of specific miRNAs. Antisense molecules such as 2′-
(A) Northern blot for miR-206 in wild-type and MO miR-206–injected embryos at 24, 48, and 72 hpf. 5S RNA serves as a loading control.
(B) In situ analysis of miR-206 and miR-124 expression in different stage embryos after injection of MO miR-206.
(C) Effect of a morpholino targeting miR-30c on a silencing assay with miR-30c and a responsive GFP sensor construct.
(D) In vivo and in vitro effects of a morpholino on the stability and RNA extraction of a synthetic miR-206 duplex. miR-205 serves as a loading control.
The zebrafish embryo can be used to monitor the effect of miRNAs on green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporters fused to miRNA target sites [
There are three possible explanations for the observed reduction in the detection signal for a miRNA that is targeted by a morpholino. First, the hybridization of a morpholino could disturb isolation of the miRNA. Second, the morpholino could destabilize the miRNA. Third, the morpholino could inhibit the maturation of the miRNA.
To examine the effect of a morpholino on the isolation of a mature miRNA, we incubated a mature miR-206 duplex and a control duplex (miR-205) with a morpholino against miR-206 in vitro. After isolation, samples were analyzed by Northern blotting for the presence of miR-206 and miR-205. We could still detect miR-206, indicating that there is no effect of the morpholino on the RNA isolation procedure (
Next, we wanted to know whether a morpholino could affect the stability of a mature miRNA in vivo. Therefore, we injected a mature miR-206 and a control duplex (miR-205) together with a morpholino against miR-206 in the embryo. After incubation for 8 h, RNA was isolated and subjected to Northern blot analysis to probe for injected miR-206 and injected miR-205. In contrast to the data obtained for endogenous miR-206, there was no decrease observed in the amount of injected miR-206 in the morpholino-injected embryos (
Since these data show that there is no effect of a morpholino on miRNA isolation or stability, we conclude that morpholinos deplete the embryo of miRNAs by inhibiting miRNA maturation. If this is the case, then we expect morpholinos targeting other regions of the miRNA precursor to act as well as the morpholinos designed against the mature miRNA, and this is indeed what we find (see next section).
Injection of antisense oligos in embryos might result in off-target effects. Thus, phenotypic data retrieved from antisense knockdown experiments should be treated with caution. In
To filter out off-target effects, we sought a control strategy that would allow us to compare effects of morpholinos with independent sequences targeted to the same miRNA. Because our data on morpholinos targeting the mature miRNA suggested that miRNA biogenesis might be affected, we designed morpholinos targeting the Drosha and Dicer cleavage sites of the precursor miRNA (
(A) Design of morpholinos targeting the precursor miRNA.
(B) Northern blot analysis of miR-205 in 30-h-old embryos injected with different morpholinos against pri-miR-205. 5S RNA serves as a loading control.
(C) Time series of miR-205 expression after injection of mature, no lap loop, and drosha star morpholinos against pri-miR-205.
(D) Northern blot analysis of miR-205 derived from embryos injected with a GFP-pri-miR-205 transcript and four different morpholinos targeting pri-miR-205. Co-injected miR-206 serves as an injection and loading control. Embryos were collected 8 h after injection.
(E) GFP expression in 24-h embryos injected with morpholinos and a GFP-pri-miR-205 construct as used in (C). Pri-miR-205 is positioned just upstream of the polyA signal in the 3′ UTR of the GFP mRNA. Red fluorescent protein (RFP) serves as an injection control.
(F) RT-PCR analysis of injected GFP-pri-miR-205 mRNA with (+) and without (−) co-injected morpholinos. Luciferase serves a an injection control. Embryos were collected 8 h after injection.
(G) Northern analysis of the effect of morpholinos on an injected miR-205 precursor. Embryos were collected 8 h after injection.
WT, wild type.
Many miRNAs are highly expressed during later stages of embryonic development [
Next, we tested a similar series of morpholinos against the miR-30c precursor and analyzed miR-30c expression by Northern blotting (
To investigate the effect of morpholinos on exogenously introduced pri-miR-205, we injected mRNA derived from a GFP construct with pri-miR-205 in the 3′ UTR. Again, we could not detect mature miR-205 derived from this construct after targeting by morpholinos (
Next, we tested whether processing of the pre-miRNA might also be inhibited by morpholinos. Therefore, we injected a miR-205 precursor in the one-cell–stage embryo. Northern analysis showed that the precursor was processed into mature miRNA in the embryo (
A similar analysis was performed for miR-375, which is expressed in the pancreatic islet and pituitary gland [
Overlap loop and loop morpholinos were designed for both miR-375–1 and miR-375–2, and a morpholino against the miRNA star sequence could be used to target both copies of miR-375 simultaneously (
(A) Sequence alignment of the two miR-375 genes from zebrafish and design of morpholinos targeting the dre-miR-375–1 and dre-miR-375–2 precursors.
(B) Northern blot analysis of the effect of morpholinos on the expression of miR-375 derived from injected pri-miRNA mRNAs for miR-375–1 and miR-375–2. MO-375–1 overlap loop and loop morpholinos target exclusively the pri-miR-375–1 construct, and MO-375–2 overlap loop and loop morpholinos target exclusively the pri-miR-375–2 construct. Co-injected miR-206 serves as a loading and injection control. Embryos were collected 8 h after injection.
(C) Northern blot analysis of the effect of morpholinos on endogenous miR-375 expression at 24 hpf and 48 hpf. MiR-206 serves as loading control.
(D) In situ hybridization for pri-miR-375–1 and pri-miR-375–2 on wild-type (WT) and morpholino-injected embryos. Arrowheads indicate the pituitary gland and the pancreatic islet.
(E) Analysis of GFP expression in 24-h embryos injected with a miR-375 GFP sensor construct, a synthetic miR-375 duplex and MO miR-375. Red fluorescent protein (RFP) serves as an injection control.
NIC, noninjected control.
Next, all morpholinos were injected separately and in combination, and embryos were subjected to Northern blotting to determine endogenous miR-375 expression at 24 and 48 hpf (
To further determine the contribution of each transcript to mature miR-375 accumulation, we performed in situ hybridization for pri-miR-375–1 and pri-miR-375–2 (
In conclusion, our data demonstrate that morpholinos targeting the miRNA precursor can interfere with primary miRNA processing at either the Drosha or Dicer cleavage step and that morpholinos targeting the mature miRNA can inhibit their activity in a functional assay. Taken together, our data show that different morpholinos targeting the same miRNA may serve as positive controls for miRNA knockdown phenotypes in the embryo.
To identify functions for individual miRNAs in zebrafish embryonic development, we knocked down a series of 11 conserved vertebrate miRNAs (
(A) Phenotypes and in situ analysis of 3- and 4-d-old embryos after injection of morpholinos against 11 different mature miRNAs.
(B) Daspei staining of 72-h-old embryos injected with MO miR-182 and MO miR-183, and wild-type control (upper panel). Alcian Blue staining of 72-h-old embryos injected with MO miR-140 and noninjected control (lower panel).
In conclusion, knockdown of many miRNAs does not appear to significantly affect zebrafish embryonic development, at least not to the extent that can be visualized by the methods used in these examples.
MiR-375 is known to be expressed in the pancreatic islet and the pituitary gland, and was first isolated from pancreatic beta cells [
We injected a morpholino against mature miR-375 into the one-cell–stage embryo. This morpholino effectively knocked down miR-375 in the first 4 d of development (
(A) In situ analysis of miR-375 knockdown in MO miR-375–injected embryos and noninjected controls at 24, 48, 72, and 120 hpf. Arrowheads indicate the pituitary gland and the pancreatic islet.
(B) In situ analysis of the pancreatic islet (insulin staining) and the pituitary gland (pit1 staining) in miR-375 morphants and noninjected controls. Arrowheads indicate the pituitary gland and the pancreatic islet.
(C) In situ analysis of pancreatic islet development in wild-type and morphant embryos using insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon as markers.
(D) Time series of insulin expression in wild-type and morphant embryos injected with MO miR-375.
(E) Insulin expression in 72-hpf embryos injected with MO miR-375 and a complementary morpholino.
During the first 5 dpf, there was no clear developmental defect except for a general delay in development. At around 7 dpf, approximately 80% of the injected embryos died. Next, we analyzed the development of both the pituitary gland and the pancreatic islet, by in situ hybridization with pit1 and insulin markers. This analysis revealed no change in the formation of the pituitary gland (
The pancreatic islet consists of four cell types, α, β, δ, and PP, expressing glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively. Insulin is the first hormone expressed, and somatostatin co-localizes partially with insulin, whereas glucagon-expressing cells are distinct [
In zebrafish, insulin is first expressed at the 12-somite stage in a few scattered cells located at the midline, dorsal to the yolk [
Next, we analyzed the effect of all miR-375 control morpholinos described in the previous section, by staining for insulin (
(A) In situ analysis of miR-375 and insulin expression in 72-hpf embryos injected with morpholinos against the miR-375 precursor and negative control morpholinos for let-7 and miR-124.
(B) Expression of islet1, foxa2, and ptf1a in wild-type and miR-375 knockdown embryos. Arrows indicate the pancreatic islet.
WT, wild type
To further prove the specificity of the pancreatic islet phenotype, we injected two control morpholinos against let-7 and miR-124 and analyzed these for miR-375 and insulin expression. None of these control morpholinos showed loss of miR-375 expression or abnormal development of the islet cells (
Next, we analyzed miR-375 knockdown embryos with markers staining the endocrine or exocrine pancreas (
Functional data on miRNAs in vertebrate development have been obtained mainly from overexpression studies and analysis of conditional Dicer knockouts. For example, the role of miR-430 in zebrafish brain morphogenesis has become clear from experiments that rescued Dicer null mutants by injection of an miRNA duplex that mimicked a miR-430 family member [
MiRNA expression can be conveniently studied in zebrafish embryos. However, dissecting miRNA function by disrupting miRNA genes is difficult in zebrafish, because the miRNA is too small to efficiently search for mutations by a target-selected mutagenesis approach [
It has been shown previously that morpholinos can target miRNAs in the zebrafish embryo [
The results in this paper show that morpholinos targeting the miRNA precursor form a reliable and efficient tool to deplete the embryo of miRNAs during the first 4 d of development, when most organ systems are formed and miRNAs are expressed. We have shown that miRNA expression can be inhibited by targeting the mature miRNA, the precursor miRNA or the primary miRNA. Our data show that such morpholinos can inhibit miRNA processing at the Drosha cleavage step or the Dicer cleavage step, probably by steric blocking, although the exact mechanism is unclear. In addition, morpholinos targeting the mature miRNA can inhibit their activity, probably by preventing binding to a target mRNA.
We used morpholinos targeting the mature miRNA for a set of 13 conserved vertebrate miRNAs to identify their developmental functions. By microscopic analysis, we could not observe clear defects associated with loss of 11 of these miRNAs during the first 4 d of embryonic development, although in situ hybridization revealed specific loss of most knocked-down miRNAs. Because all the targeted miRNAs are expressed in very specific tissues and we did not investigate most morphants in much detail by marker analysis, we may have missed subtle defects. In addition, many miRNAs reside in families of related sequence (e.g., let-7 and miR-182), and these should possibly be targeted simultaneously by different morpholinos to obtain a biological effect. Furthermore, in those instances in which miRNAs of unrelated sequence target a similar set of mRNAs when expressed in the same tissue [
In zebrafish, there are two copies of miR-375, and in human and mouse only one copy has been identified [
In a forward genetic screen, several mutants were identified with improper development of the endocrine pancreas [
Morpholinos were obtained from Gene Tools LLC (
RNA oligos (
All morpholino sequences used in this study are listed in
The miR-30c and miR-375 reporter constructs were made by cloning two annealed oligos containing two perfectly complementary miRNA target sites into pCS2 (Clontech,
In situ hybridization was performed as described previously [
For Northern blotting, total RNA was isolated from ten embryos per sample using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen,
For RT-PCR, RNA was isolated with Trizol, treated with DNAse (Promega,
For Alcian Blue staining, embryos were fixed for 1 h at room temperature in 4% PFA in PBS, rinsed for 5 min in 50% MeOH, and stored overnight in 70% MeOH at 4 °C. Next, embryos were incubated for 5 min in 50% MeOH and for 5 min in 100% EtOH. Embryos were stained at room temperature with Alcian Blue (Sigma) for 90 min with continuous shaking. Subsequently, embryos were rinsed in 80%, 50%, and 25% EtOH for 2 min each and two times in water containing 0.2% Triton and neutralized in 100% Borax solution. Finally, embryos were incubated for 60 min in digest solution (60% Borax solution, 1 mg/ml colleganase-free and elastase-free trypsin, 0.2% trypsin) and stored in 70% glycerol.
Staining of the hair cells was done by incubating live embryos for 5 min in a 200 μM solution of Daspei (Sigma) in + chorion. After rinsing twice in + chorion, embryos were anesthetized using MS222 and mounted in methylcellulose.
(A) Design of morpholinos targeting the miR-30c precursor.
(B) Northern analysis of miR-30c expression in 24-h-old embryos injected with different morpholinos targeting the miR-30c precursor.
(C) Alignment of the precursor of miR-30 family miRNAs.
We thank B. Ason for reading the manuscript critically and F. Argenton and M. Hammerschmidt for providing cDNA clones for endocrine pancreas and pituitary markers.
days postfertilization
green fluorescent protein
hours postfertilization
locked nucleic acid
morpholino oligonucleotide
reverse transcriptase PCR