text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 31, 2002
|Filing date
|Aug 4, 2000
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Leslie Ronald Avery, Christian Cornelius Russ
|Original Assignee
|Sarnoff Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (58), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/147,945, filed Aug. 6, 1999, and is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to electrostatic discharge protection apparatus and, more particularly, the invention relates to nMOS devices for providing high performance electrostatic discharge protection to integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits are susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge (ESD). When an ESD pulse or signal is applied to a conductive connection (e.g., a terminal, pin or pad) to an integrated circuit, the ESD pulse or signal may permanently or temporarily damage or otherwise impair the operation of the integrated circuit. To protect against such damage, the terminal, pin or pad of the integrated circuit is coupled to ground through an ESD protection device that shunts the ESD pulse or signal to ground such that the integrated circuit is not harmed by the discharge.
Grounded-gate nMOS transistors have been used for ESD protection for many years. FIG. 1 depicts a gate-coupled nMOS transistor that derives a gate bias voltage from an ESD pulse using a resistor-capacitor (RC) element. The fast transient of an ESD pulse causes a displacement current to flow in the capacitor C and accumulates a bias voltage across the resistor R. The common node of the RC element is connected to the gate of the nMOS structure. In a conventional gate-coupled nMOS transistor under ESD conditions, the device is driven into bipolar operation by avalanche breakdown of the drain p-well junction, followed by a phenomenon known as bipolar snap back that returns the device to steady-state once the ESD pulse has been safely shunted to ground. The gate-coupled nMOS transistor features a relatively low breakdown voltage because of the MOS-current initiated by the temporary gate bias. The gatecoupled nMOS device has proven to be superior to a grounded-gate nMOS transistor especially for multifinger transistor layouts within the integrated circuit where uniform triggering of all fingers is essential for a high ESD performance. However, a potential problem of the gate-coupled nMOS transistor is that the gate bias is not very well defined. Specifically, the gate bias depends on the amplitude and on the rise time (dV/dt) of the applied ESD pulse as the signal is applied across the RC circuit. Depending on the transient gate voltage, the intended uniform triggering of the nMOS device may or may not be established.
Another way of adjusting the trigger voltage of ESD protection elements and of insuring more uniform current flow is to either establish a gate bias and/or a substrate (p-well) bias using a Zener breakdown device in series with a resistor. FIG. 2 depicts a schematic of an ESD protection device that has an nMOS transistor Q with a Zener diode Z coupled from the gate terminal to a pad of the integrated circuit and a resistor R coupled from the gate terminal to ground. The trigger voltage for the ESD protection device is defined by the Zener diode Z breakdown voltage which can be made lower than the drain/p-well junction breakdown trigger mechanism of FIG. 1. The resistor R serves to shunt leakage current through the Zener diode Z to ground, preventing multiplication by the current gain of the parasitic NPN transistor Q′.
Alternatively, a capacitor C (shown in phantom) can be employed in lieu of the Zener diode Z. The capacitor C provides a trigger current in response to the high dV/dt of the ESD pulse. However, the amount of gate bias is limited in both cases by the forward voltage drop of the base-emitter junction of the parasitic NPN transistor Q′.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a ESD protection device that does not rely on the ESD amplitude and rise time to bias the ESD device elements.
The disadvantage associated with the prior art are overcome by apparatus for providing electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection having an nMOS transistor with bias simultaneously applied to a gate and a p-well of the nMOS transistor. A bias circuit is fabricated using a plurality of the Zener diodes. The double bias allows for a relatively high gate voltage to be applied to the nMOS transistor enabling the nMOS transistor to be biased to optimum conditions for bipolar snapback.
The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a prior art gate-coupled nMOS transistor device used for ESD protection;
FIG. 2 depicts a schematic diagram of a prior art Zener triggered nMOS structure for ESD protection;
FIG. 3 depicts a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 depicts a cross section of a gate and substrate biased nMOS transistor structure in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 5 depicts a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures.
FIG. 3 depicts a schematic diagram of a simultaneous gate and substrate biased (GSB) nMOS transistor structure 300 that forms a first embodiment of the present invention. The structure 300 is coupled between a pad 302 of an integrated circuit and ground 304. The structure 300 couples an electrostatic discharge (ESD) from the pad 302 to ground 304 to protect the integrated circuit from being damaged or otherwise impaired. The physical construction of the structure 300 comprises an nMOS transistor Q1 (with its parasitic NPN bipolar transistor shown as Q′1) and a plurality of Zener diodes Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4. The nMOS transistor Q1 comprises a source terminal 306, a gate terminal 308, and a drain terminal 310. The parasitic NPN transistor Q′, has a collector 312 coupled to the drain terminal 310, an emitter 314 coupled to the source terminal 306 and a base 316, which is formed by a p-well or channel region of the nMOS transistor Q1.
The Zener diodes are arranged to simultaneously provide a controlled bias voltage to the base of the parasitic transistor Q′ and the gate of the transistor Q1. The first Zener diode Z1 is coupled between the gate 308,of transistor Q1 and the pad 302, while the second Zener diode Z2 is coupled from the gate 308 of transistor Q1 to ground 304. More specifically, the anode terminal of the Zener diode Z2 is coupled to ground 304 and the cathode terminal is coupled to the gate 308, while the anode terminal of Zener diode Z1 is coupled to the gate 308 and the cathode terminal is coupled to the pad 302. The combination of Zener diodes Z1 and Z2 provide a defined gate bias voltage for the nMOS transistor Q1. The resistor RZ1 shown in the circuit is the internal (parasitic) resistance of Zener diode Z1.
In FIG. 3, a resistor Ron is shown coupled between the transistor Q1 drain 310 and pad 302 to depict the internal resistance of the transistor Q1 when the transistor is active.
A p-well- or base-biasing circuit is formed from Zener diode Z3 and Zener diode Z4. Zener diode Z3 has its anode terminal coupled to the base 316 of the NPN transistor portion Q′1 of transistor Q1. The cathode terminal of Zener diode Z3 is coupled to the pad 302. Resistor RZ3 is depicted to show the internal resistance of Zener diode Z3. The Zener diode Z4 has an anode terminal coupled to ground 304 and the cathode terminal coupled to the base 316 of the NPN transistor portion of transistor portion Q′1 of transistor Q1.
Zener diodes Z1 and Z3 provide low voltage triggering for the ESD protection device 300. Zener diodes Z2 and Z4 provide the bias voltage for both gate and p-well of the nMOS transistor Q, and its inherent parasitic NPN bipolar transistor Q′1. This double bias is an improvement to the prior art ESD protection devices inasmuch as it allows for a higher gate voltage to be applied to the nMOS transistor Q1 enabling the nMOS transistor to be biased to optimum conditions for bipolar snapback. Such snapback is particularly important for multifinger integrated circuit devices wherein the individual fingers tend to trigger independently. If the resulting bipolar snapback is large, the other fingers of the integrated circuit may be prevented from reaching a voltage necessary to induce bipolar snapback before the conducting finger is damaged reducing the ability of the structure to handle ESD.
To ensure uniform triggering, the voltage at the gate 308 of the nMOS transistor Q1 is established at approximately half the pad to ground voltage before the bipolar NPN base 316 is triggered. Therefore, optimally the breakdown voltage of Zener diode Z1 is less than the breakdown voltage of Zener diode Z3. Also, the voltage at the gate 308 of the nMOS transistor Q1 should be limited to ensure proper triggering. Such a voltage limitation can be achieved by the use of the N+/P+ (abrupt junction) Zener diode Z2. This structure acts essentially as a voltage dependent resistor. At voltages of less than one volt, the leakage current is small through Zener diode Z2 and the effective resistance is high, which enables the voltage of the gate 308 of the nMOS transistor Q1 to rise quickly to above the threshold level. As the current through Z1 increases, the voltage across Zener diode Z2 increases and the effective resistance decreases. When the voltage across Zener diode Z2 reaches approximately four volts, the voltage at the gate of the nMOS transistor Q1 is clamped to an optimal voltage to ensure uniform triggering.
An alternative to using Zener diode Z1 is to use capacitor C (shown in phantom). Using a capacitor in lieu of a Zener diode is preferred when the desired trigger voltage is low, i.e., when it would be impossible to fabricate a low voltage Zener diode for this application.
Further increase in the current through Z1 after the breakdown voltage is exceeded, essentially results in a voltage drop across its parasitic resistance RZ1. The current shunt path across the emitter-base junction of the bipolar NPN portion of transistor Q′1 may be a resistor R (shown in phantom) or an N+/P+ Zener diode Z4. The advantage of using a Zener diode Z4 compared to a resistor R is that the typical resistor values are only as high as several kilo-ohms. The initial resistance of Zener diode Z4 is much higher, thus the base emitter potential accumulates rapidly to uniformly turn on the NPN portion Q′1 of transistor Q1 . The leakage current through Zener diode Z4 at low voltage is much higher than that of the leakage current through Zener diode Z3. This leakage current difference prevents the bipolar NPN transistor from being turned on before the nMOS current is established and prevents the bipolar NPN transistor Q′1 from being turned on during normal circuit operation
FIG. 4 depicts a vertical cross section of the physical structure of the nMOS structure 300 of the present invention. The structure 300 is produced using a conventional CMOS process on a p-type substrate (P-SUB) 400. The retrograde high voltage n-well (HVNW) 402 incorporates a heavily-doped buried-region that is introduced into the substrate first. Formation of the HVNW is followed by formation of the high voltage p-wells (HVPW) 404, 406 and 408 and/or low voltage p-wells (LVPW) 410, 416, 418 and 420 and formation of the low voltage n-wells (LVNW) 412 and 414. A gate oxide is grown on the surface of the substrate, a polysilicon layer is then deposited and defined to form the gate 450 of the NMOS transistor Q1. Lastly, N+ and P+ regions 422, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, and 442 are diffused into the substrate 400.
The low voltage triggering Zener diodes Z2 and Z4 are formed by twosided abrupt N+/P+ junctions 434/436 and 440/442. The abrupt N+/P+ junction features very well defined break down voltages of about four volts which is optimum for the gate bias level. In case of the p-well/base bias, the Zener diode behaves essentially as a high ohmic resistor to quickly establish a base-emitter voltage. In case of the nMOS gate bias, the Zener diode Z2 forms first a high ohmic resistor to quickly establish a gate voltage above threshold, and then limits the voltage to a value independent of the ESD pulse or signal applied to the pad 302
FIG. 4 shows a high voltage n-well 402 into which the high voltage p-well 406 is implanted electrically isolating the p-well in which Q1 is formed from the p-substrate 400. This allows for more precise control of the triggering of transistor Q1′ than would be possible if the HVPW 406 was directly diffused into the p-substrate 400. If the HVPW 406 were directly diffused into the p-substrate, the base-to-ground shunt resistor R, shown in phantom in FIG. 3, would be real and not well defined, leading to variations in the ESD voltage necessary to trigger transistor Q1′. The high voltage n-well 402 may be connected to a separate positive bias voltage, such as the supply voltage for the integrated circuit, or to ground, as shown in FIG. 4. The latter has the advantage that, in addition to the lateral NPN transistor Q1′ formed by the diffusions into regions 426, 406, 430, an additional vertical NPN transistor is formed.
The retrograde HVNW 402 acts as an emitter, the N+ region 426 connected to the pad 302 acts as a collector, and the HVPW 402 acts as a base to form the additional parasitic bipolar transistor Q1′ of FIG. 3. It should be understood that this double (vertical and lateral) NPN action is not essential to the invention but is available in some CMOS processes. Other, simpler, processes may only allow vertical NPN formation of the parasitic bipolar transistor Q′1. Zener diodes Z1 and Z3 may be constructed using conventional P(N)LDD and P(N)+ diffusions (not shown) into the substrate 400.
Under reverse polarity ESD stress (Pad Stressed negatively versus ground), the Zener diodes act as series connected, forward conducting diodes. Zener diode Z3 causes the HVPW 406 to be forward biased, which activates a lateral NPNP SCR, thus providing superior clamping to that provided by the series connected Zener diodes alone. The lateral NPNP SCR is formed by the N+ region 426, the HVPW 406, the HVNW 402 and the P-type substrate 400. It is understood that the reverse polarity protection may also be provided by a separate diode which is not shown as part of the structure shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 depicts a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of an ESD device 500 having a circuit 502 for accomplishing a simultaneously biased nMOS gate and NPN base region. This alternative approach is a very efficient way to apply the optimum bias for an nMOS transistor Q1 and an NPN transistor Q1′. Another advantage is that the trigger voltage of the entire circuit can be adjusted with one Zener diode Z5.
In this alternative embodiment, three Zener diodes Z5, Z6, and Z7 are used to simultaneously bias the nMOS gate and the bipolar base to establish optimal triggering of the structure 500. Zener diode Z7 has an anode terminal coupled to ground 304 and a cathode terminal coupled to the base 316 of the parasitic NPN transistor Q1′. The Zener diode Z6 has an anode terminal coupled to the base 316 and a cathode terminal coupled to the gate terminal 308. The Zener diode Z5 has an anode terminal coupled to the nMOS gate terminal 308 and the cathode terminal coupled to the pad 302. The internal resistance of Zener diode Z5 is represented by resistor RZ5.
The simultaneous bias of the gate and base is obtained by linking the two bias voltages through a common low voltage triggering Zener diode Z6. A low voltage triggering Zener diode Z7 is used as a high-ohmic voltage-dependent resistor providing the bias for the base region of the NPN transistor as in the first embodiment of the invention. The other Zener diode Z6 that is connected in series with Zener diode Z7 provides the gate bias for the nMOS transistor Q1. The nMOS gate bias equals the NPN transistor's base-emitter voltage Vbe plus the reverse voltage across Zener diode Z6. The nMOS gate voltage is established very quickly as the Zener diodes Z6, Z7 and Z8 have a high internal resistance. As the current through Zener diodes Z5 and Z6 increases, the base voltage of the NPN transistor rises and provides the base current that activates the NPN transistor Q′1. The nMOS gate bias is still in the optimum region as it is limited at a maximum value of Vbe (about 0.7 volts) plus the breakdown voltage of Zener diode Z6 (about 4 volts). Thus, the gate bias is only shifted by Vbe as compared to the first embodiment of the invention. Since the voltage at the nMOS transistor gate will rise faster than the voltage at the base of the NPN transistor, the ESD device 500 always ensures that the nMOS transistor turns on before the NPN transistor.
Activating the structure 500 by only one Zener diode Z5 overcomes the need to manufacture trigger devices (for example Zeners Z1 and Z4 of FIG. 3) which must differ in their trigger voltage. The latter could be a problem in some manufacturing processes. Alternatively, in lieu of trigger device Zener diode Z5, a capacitor C may be used for applications where the trigger voltage has to be very low. The capacitor C establishes a higher gate potential than base potential to turn on the nMOS transistor before the NPN transistor.
As in the first embodiment of the invention, the low voltage triggering Zener diodes Z6 and Z7 are formed by two sided abrupt N+/P+ junctions.
Although various embodiments which incorporate the teachings of the present invention have been shown and described in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate these teachings.
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|Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
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|Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
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|Myron Miske
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|Intersil Americas Inc.
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|U.S. Classification
|361/111, 327/534, 361/56, 327/313
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 30, 2000
Owner name: SARNOFF CORPORATION, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AVERY, LESLIE RONALD;RUSS, CHRISTIAN CORNELLUS;REEL/FRAME:011381/0521
Effective date: 20001121
|Apr 29, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Jul 19, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 31, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 27, 2007
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20061231


text:
Brexit and The Special Register…
So, in the past few months the question I've been asked time and time again (but not been able to answer) is "What about my Staff who are EU Nationals? Can they Stay?"
Previously my stock response has always been "We don't know yet but am sure there will be a system put in place to retain people". As I uttered these words all the while hoping to goodness there would be (surely there would be?!)
And so now we know, or kind of know… Mrs May has announced there will be the introduction of a 'Special Register' (not sure if I like the name but hey-ho). It will apparently be arranged on a reciprocal arrangement with other European countries (ie the European counterparts have got to agree to it too) whereby EU Nationals can apply online to stay in the UK – they will then have the same rights as any other non-eu national who has lived here for the past 5-years.
There are, of course, a few things worthy of note;
1. You've got to be here legally in the first place (but since, as part of the EU, we have 'free movement of workers' not sure what that means exactly – maybe that you are not wanted as a fugitive back in your own country!)
2. They talk to HMRC documents and pay slips being referred to which seems to suggest a period of having earned and paying taxes.
3. She says spouses can only come if you earn a minimum of £18,600 (as at time of writing – suspect that figure will change from time to time if not annually). Note also this appeared to be contradicted by what Mrs May actually said in her speech so that's a bit confusing.
4. If you haven't been here for 5-years you can 'build-up' to applying for the 'settled status' so clearly there shall be levels of entry / residing in the UK.
Some uncertainties are; Voting rights, Healthcare, Professional qualifications and what's considered acceptable here in the UK. The rights of the self employed.
So thats it – in essence there will be something – a sort of online application where you can apply for 'settled status' – it seems to me you have to have been here earning and paying taxes for a period of time. The need to apply hasn't kicked in yet and wont until the 'cut-off' date has been set.
Any EU Nationals who want to sign up for updates on the situation direct from the Government can register HERE
LJ Milne 27 June 2017

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
No fewer than 300 Nigerians last week benefitted from the free heart screening by the Chike Okoli Foundation in Lagos as part of activities to mark the Annual 5th Annual Foundation's Week to mark the World Heart Day.
During the week-long exercise, various heart screening including Blood Pressure checks, Random Blood Sugar, Body Mass Index BMI measurement, Cholesterol tests, Counselling services and distribution of Cardiovascular Disease CVD enlightenment materials were carried out free of charge.
Addressing the large crowd at one of the sessions in partnership with Chisco Transport in Lagos, a Consultant ant, Cardiologists with Eko Hospital, Dr. Okechukwu Usim who spoke on the ABC's of healthy living, stressed the need for people to take responsibility for their health.
Usim who outlined the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases as diabetes, hypertension, excess sugar, smoking, excess alcohol intakes, excess cholesterol, sedimentary lifestyles among others, called for basic life support training among Nigerians.
According to him, such skill training would save more lives from the clutches of cardiovascular diseases, particularly, sudden death.
He listed some of the signs of heart diseases to include; chest pain at night, back pain, speech problems face shift, and leg weakness. He advised individuals who experience such signs to act fast in order to avoid further damage to their health.
Usim further recommended 30 minutes exercises three times daily, "Lamenting that Nigerians no longer pay attention to exercise he dismissed the fact that people work all through the day does not mean that they have exercise enough. He encouraged Nigerians to pay more attention to exercise.
Speaking, the Programme Coordinator of Chike Okoli Foundation, COY, Ms. Beauty Alfred who explained that the organisation was committed to promoting healthy living and entrepreneurial culture among Nigerians noted that the objective of the awareness campaign is to promote the 'HOME' as the ideal setting to adopt healthy lifestyles in order to prevent heart disease and stroke. This was in line with the World Heart Federation's chosen theme for this year's event, "One World, One Home, One Heart."
Stating that the exercise would be conducted in three locations in Lagos, Ms. Alfred said the organisation is partnering with Chisco Transport office, Neuchem F & P Ltd., Ilupeju, Lagos and Ekulo Group of companies and Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Alfred further disclosed that since inception, COF has reached over 1,100,000 people through its cardiovascular outreach programs. "We have reached many more people through our information and enlightenment campaign materials distributed in pharmacies, health centres, schools, markets, and other high traffic areas nation wide.


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by Laibson, David
- 873-885 Are currency crises predictable?
by Goldfajn, Ilan & Valdes, Rodrigo O.
- 887-895 The trade balance and fiscal policy in the OECD
by Lane, Philip R. & Perotti, Roberto
- 897-908 Sharp reductions in current account deficits An empirical analysis
by Maria Milesi-Ferretti, Gian & Razin, Assaf
- 909-918 Bargaining while searching for outside options: A potential role for unions
by Aghion, Philippe & Compte, Oliver & Jehiel, Philippe
- 919-930 The determination of R&D: Empirical evidence on the role of unions
by Menezes-Filho, Naercio & Ulph, David & Van Reenen, John
- 931-939 Labour markets, bargaining and innovation
by Ulph, Alistair & Ulph, David
February 1998, Volume 42, Issue 2
- 207-223 Nominal wage contracts and the persistent effects of monetary policy
by Gottfries, Nils & Westermark, Andreas
- 225-244 Market structure and the timing of technology adoption with network externalities
by Choi, Jay Pil & Thum, Marcel
- 245-275 Job flow dynamics and firing restrictions
by Garibaldi, Pietro
- 277-310 Competing markets
by Gehrig, Thomas
- 311-327 Productivity shocks in a sectoral real business cycle model for West Germany
by Lucke, Bernd
- 329-347 The distribution of wealth in the liberal social contract
by Ythier, Jean Mercier
- 349-364 The semiflexible almost ideal demand system
by Moschini, Giancarlo
- 365-374 The price-wage mechanism: An endogenous switching model
by Osiewalski, Jacek & Welfe, Aleksander
- 375-411 Reform of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy: How to reach GATT-compatibility?
by Weyerbrock, Silvia
January 1998, Volume 42, Issue 1
- 1-34 Gift exchange and reciprocity in competitive experimental markets
by Fehr, Ernst & Kirchsteiger, Georg & Riedl, Arno
- 35-59 Describability and agency problems
by Anderlini, Luca & Felli, Leonardo
- 61-69 Is there always too little research in endogenous growth with expanding product variety?
by Benassy, Jean-Pascal
- 71-95 Information policy in road transport with elastic demand: Some welfare economic considerations
by Emmerink, Richard H. M. & Verhoef, Erik T. & Nijkamp, Peter & Rietveld, Piet
- 97-122 Relative performance of public and private ownership under yardstick competition: electricity retail distribution
by Kumbhakar, Subal C. & Hjalmarsson, Lennart
- 123-153 'Actual' versus 'virtual' employment in Europe Is Spain different?
by Marimon, Ramon & Zilibotti, Fabrizio
- 155-183 The impact of employment tax cuts on unemployment and wages; The role of unemployment benefits and tax structure
by Pissarides, Christopher A.
- 185-199 Nominal rigidity and monetary uncertainty
by Rankin, Neil
- 201-206 Who's publishing who? The national composition of contributors to some core US and European journals
by Elliott, Caroline & Greenaway, David & Sapsford, David
December 1997, Volume 41, Issue 9
- 1-1 The 1997 Yrjo Jahnsson award in economics
by Sandmo, Agnar
- 1635-1654 Privatization and efficiency in a differentiated industry
by Anderson, Simon P. & de Palma, Andre & Thisse, Jacques-Francois
- 1655-1674 Optimal auction design and R&D
by Bag, Parimal Kanti
- 1675-1685 Yield-curve movements and fiscal retrenchments
by Balduzzi, Pierluigi & Corsetti, Giancarlo & Foresi, Silverio
- 1687-1707 The determinants of realignment expectations under the EMS: Some empirical regularities
by Chen, Zhaohui & Giovannini, Alberto
- 1709-1733 Structural uncertainty and subsidy removal for economies in transition
by Bertocchi, Graziella & Spagat, Michael
- 1735-1762 Walras--Keynes equilibria coordination and macroeconomics
by Dreze, Jacques H.
- 1763-1779 The distribution of earnings in Finland 1971-1990
by Eriksson, Tor & Jantti, Markus
- 1781-1816 Common trends and hysteresis in Scandinavian unemployment
by Jacobson, Tor & Vredin, Anders & Warne, Anders
- 1817-1834 Budget-constrained search
by Manning, Richard & Manning, Julian R. A.
- 1835-1852 Convergence across the Swedish counties, 1911-1993
by Persson, Joakim
August 1997, Volume 41, Issue 8
- 1427-1459 Environmental risks and bank liability
by Boyer, Marcel & Laffont, Jean-Jacques
- 1461-1478 The instability of fixed exchange rate systems when raising the nominal interest rate is costly
by Bensaid, Bernard & Jeanne, Olivier
- 1479-1488 International R&D spillovers, human capital and productivity in OECD economies: An empirical investigation
by Engelbrecht, Hans-Jurgen
- 1489-1509 Does unmeasured ability explain the higher wages of new technology workers?
by Entorf, Horst & Kramarz, Francis
- 1511-1535 A new indicator to assess the credibility of the EMS
by Gomez-Puig, Marta & Montalvo, JoseG.
- 1537-1557 Growth effects of European integration
by Henrekson, Magnus & Torstensson, Johan & Torstensson, Rasha
- 1559-1567 Note on duopolistic vertical restraints
by Irmen, Andreas
- 1569-1587 Conflict generating product price changes: The imputed output approach
by Lloyd, P. J. & Schweinberger, A. G.
- 1589-1613 An equilibrium search-matching model of discrimination
by Rosen, Asa
- 1615-1634 Risk allocation and inter-dealer trading
by Vogler, Karl-Hubert
July 1997, Volume 41, Issue 7
- 1251-1279 Saving and income smoothing: Evidence from panel data
by Alessie, Rob & Lusardi, Annamaria
- 1281-1307 The causes of Spanish unemployment: A structural VAR approach
by Dolado, Juan J. & Jimeno, Juan F.
- 1309-1320 Pricing initial public offerings: Further evidence from Germany
by Ljungqvist, Alexander P.
- 1321-1342 Rationing versus collateralization in competitive and monopolistic credit markets with asymmetric information
by Schmidt-Mohr, Udo
- 1343-1353 On the effects of firing costs when investment is endogenous: An extension of a model by Bertola
by Risager, Ole & Sorensen, Jan Rose
- 1355-1374 The term-structure of investment and the banks' insurance function
by von Thadden, Ernst-Ludwig
- 1375-1401 The predictive power of the term structure of interest rates in Europe and the United States: Implications for the European Central Bank
by Estrella, Arturo & Mishkin, Frederic S.
- 1403-1419 Monetary integration and currency substitution in the EMS: The case for a European monetary aggregate
by Spencer, Peter
- 1421-1426 Export and hedging decisions under revenue and exchange rate risk: A note
by Adam-Muller, Axel F. A.
June 1997, Volume 41, Issue 6
- 1-1 Editorial note
by Frankel, Jeffrey & Wyplosz, Charles
- 1025-1053 What does the Bundesbank target?
by Bernanke, Ben S. & Mihov, Ilian
- 1055-1078 International evidence on investment and fundamentals
by Eberly, Janice C.
- 1079-1109 Are countries with official international restrictions 'liquidity constrained'?
by Lewis, Karen K.
- 1111-1146 Inflation forecast targeting: Implementing and monitoring inflation targets
by Svensson, Lars E. O.
- 1147-1171 Institutions and labor reallocation
by Bertola, Giuseppe & Rogerson, Richard
- 1173-1200 Skill-biassed change, unemployment and wage inequality
by Gregg, Paul & Manning, Alan
- 1201-1249 Sticky price and limited participation models of money: A comparison
by Christiano, Lawrence J. & Eichenbaum, Martin & Evans, Charles L.
April 1997, Volume 41, Issue 3-5
- 357-383 Privatisation and liberalisation of network utilities
by Newbery, David M.
- 385-410 Government in transition
by Shleifer, Andrei
- 411-442 The 'paradoxes' of the successful state
by Rodrik, Dani
- 443-450 The constitutional reform of the European Union
by Vaubel, Roland
- 451-459 Flexible integration and European monetary union
by Thygesen, Niels
- 461-473 A new bankruptcy procedure that uses multiple auctions
by Hart, Oliver & La Porta Drago, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Moore, John
- 475-485 Ex-ante efficiency of bankruptcy procedures
by Cornelli, Francesca & Felli, Leonardo
- 487-497 Optimal bankruptcy law and firm-specific investments
by Berkovitch, Elazar & Israel, Ronen & Zender, Jaime F.
- 499-506 Is labour rigidity harming Europe's competitiveness? The effect of job protection on the pattern of trade and welfare
by Saint-Paul, Gilles
- 507-516 Can supply create its own demand? Implications for rising skill differentials
by Machin, Stephen & Manning, Alan
- 517-524 Unemployment insurance benefits and human capital accumulation
by Dellas, Harris
- 525-533 Technology, unemployment and efficiency
by Acemoglu, Daron
- 535-547 Challenges facing natural rate theory
by Bianchi, Marco & Zoega, Gylfi
- 549-557 Growth, wealth and the natural rate: Is Europe's jobs crisis a growth crisis?
by Hoon, Hian Teck & Phelps, Edmund S.
- 559-569 Is the natural rate a reference point?
by Karanassou, Marika & Snower, Dennis J.
- 571-579 An empirical puzzle: Falling migration and growing unemployment differentials among Italian regions
by Faini, Riccardo & Galli, Giampaolo & Gennari, Pietro & Rossi, Fulvio
- 581-589 Regional unemployment and labour mobility in the UK
by McCormick, Barry
- 591-598 Sticky labor in Spanish regions
by Bentolila, Samuel
- 599-608 Is redistribution through indirect taxes equitable?
by Decoster, Andre & Schokkaert, Erik & Van Camp, Guy
- 609-617 On the distributive and incentive effects of the Spanish income tax: A comparison of 1980 and 1994
by Mercader-Prats, Magda
- 619-626 Behavioural tax microsimulation with finite hours choices
by Duncan, Alan & Weeks, Melvyn
- 627-633 The impact of comparable policies in European countries: Microsimulation approaches
by Callan, Tim & Sutherland, Holly
- 635-646 Corporatism, labor unions and the safety net
by Burda, Michael C.
- 647-657 The decline of labour market institutions and the rise in wage inequality in Britain
by Machin, Stephen
- 659-669 A new theory of corporatism and wage setting
by Teulings, Coen N.
- 671-680 The Eastern enlargement of the European Union: Major challenges for macro-economic policies and institutions of Central and East European countries
by Daviddi, Renzo & Ilzkovitz, Fabienne
- 681-690 Ongoing reform of U.S. telecommunications policy
by Katz, Michael L.
- 691-699 The evolution of telecommunications regulation in the UK
by Cave, Martin
- 701-711 Competition between telecommunications operators
by Laffont, Jean-Jacques & Rey, Patrick & Tirole, Jean
- 713-721 The effects of minimum bargained wages on earnings: Evidence from Spain
by Dolado, Juan J. & Felgueroso, Florentino & Jimeno, Juan F.
- 723-732 Is there a negative effect of minimum wages on youth employment in France?
by Bazen, Stephen & Skourias, Nicolas
- 733-742 Minimum wages and economic outcomes in Europe
by Machin, Stephen & Manning, Alan
- 743-751 EMU: Countries or regions? Lessons from the EMS experience
by Fatas, Antonio
- 753-760 Is EMU more justifiable ex post than ex ante?
by Frankel, Jeffrey A. & Rose, Andrew K.
- 771-782 Competition and growth with step-by-step innovation: An example
by Aghion, Philippe & Harris, Christopher & Vickers, John
- 783-796 What makes firms perform well?
by Nickell, Stephen & Nicolitsas, Daphne & Dryden, Neil
- 797-805 Corporate governance, competition policy and industrial policy
by Aghion, Ph. & Dewatripont, M. & Rey, P.
- 807-817 Soft budget constraints and credit crunches in financial transition
by Berglof, Erik & Roland, Gerard
- 819-825 Fiscal imbalances, capital inflows, and the real exchange rate: The case of Turkey
by Agenor, Pierre-Richard & McDermott, C. John & Ucer, Murat
- 827-835 Currency substitution and exchange rate instability: The Turkish case
by Akcay, O. Cevdet & Alper, C. Emre & Karasulu, Meral
- 837-845 Likelihood versus timing of speculative attacks: A case study of Mexico
by Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla & Otker, Inci
- 847-860 Speculative attacks and macroeconomic fundamentals: evidence from some European currencies
by Otker, Inci & Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla
- 861-870 Economic implications for Turkey of a Customs Union with the European Union
by Harrison, Glenn W. & Rutherford, Thomas F. & Tarr, David G.
- 871-880 On Turkey's trade policy: Is a customs union with Europe enough?
by Mercenier, Jean & Yeldan, Erinc
- 881-892 Competitiveness of Turkish SMSEs in the Customs Union
by Erzan, Refik & Filiztekin, Alpay
- 893-903 Value of human capital in transition to market: Evidence from Slovenia
by Orazem, Peter F. & Vodopivec, Milan
- 905-914 Heterogeneous workers, economic transformation and the stagnancy of transitional unemployment
by Boeri, Tito
- 915-923 New jobs, worklessness and households in Poland
by Lehmann, Hartmut & Wadsworth, Jonathan
- 925-934 Unemployment dynamics and the restructuring of the Slovak unemployment benefit system
by Lubyova, Martina & van Ours, Jan
- 935-942 Estimating cost functions in regulated industries characterized by asymmetric information
by Dalen, Dag Morten & Gomez-Lobo, Andres
- 943-950 Empirical contract theory: The case of insurance data
by Chiappori, Pierre-Andre & Salanie, Bernard
- 951-959 Game theory econometric models: application to procurements in the space industry
by Florens, Jean-Pierre & Hugo, Marie-Anne & Richard, Jean-Francois
- 961-970 Multiple-output agency incentives in data production: experimental evidence
by Philipson, Tomas & Lawless, Thomas
- 971-973 Annual report 1996
by Barten, Anton P.
February 1997, Volume 41, Issue 2
- 187-205 Technological change, relative wages, and unemployment
by Agenor, Pierre-Richard & Aizenman, Joshua
- 207-225 Asymmetric information as a commitment in oligopoly
by Barros, Fatima
- 227-243 Optimal contract length in a reputational model of monetary policy
by Ellis, Christopher J. & Holden, Steinar
- 245-257 Price adjustment costs and the effect of endogenous technique on price stickiness
by Fluet, Claude & Phaneuf, Louis
- 259-277 Real exchange rate misalignment and redistribution
by Huizinga, Harry
- 279-293 Stabilization
by Roell, Ailsa & Sussman, Oren
- 295-317 Shopping at the labour market: A real tale of fiction
by van Beek, Krijn W. H. & Koopmans, Carl C. & van Praag, Bernard M. S.
- 319-356 International real business cycles among heterogeneous countries
by Zimmermann, Christian
January 1997, Volume 41, Issue 1
- 1-35 Game theory and empirical economics: The case of auction data 1
by Laffont, Jean-Jacques
- 37-59 Intertemporal consumption, durables and liquidity constraints: A cohort analysis
by Alessie, Rob & Devereux, Michael P. & Weber, Guglielmo
- 61-73 Estimating a cointegrating demand system
by Attfield, C. L. F.
- 75-95 On nonparametric demand analysis
by Chavas, Jean-Paul & Cox, Thomas L.
- 97-114 In-kind transfers, self-selection and optimal tax policy
by Cremer, Helmuth & Gahvari, Firouz
- 115-137 Real returns on government debt: A general equilibrium quantitative exploration
by Diaz-Gimenez, Javier & Prescott, Edward C.
- 139-146 Stock markets and development: A re-assessment
by Harris, Richard D. F.
- 147-162 Wages and employment in a repeated game with revenue fluctuations
by Schultz, Christian
- 163-186 Rational fix-price dynamics
by Lensberg, Terje
December 1996, Volume 40, Issue 9
- 1683-1704 Macroeconomic performance and convergence in OECD countries
by Andres, Javier & Domenech, Rafael & Molinas, Cesar
- 1705-1716 Local public expenditure in Sweden a model where the median voter is not necessarily decisive
by Aronsson, Thomas & Wikstrom, Magnus
- 1717-1736 Non-discriminating renegotiation in a competitive insurance market
by Asheim, Geir B. & Nilssen, Tore
- 1737-1743 On the political economy of immigration
by Benhabib, Jess
- 1745-1760 Product quality and the theory of comparative advantage
by Copeland, Brian R. & Kotwal, Ashok
- 1761-1771 Poverty measurement with contaminated data: A robust approach
by Cowell, Frank A. & Victoria-Feser, Maria-Pia
- 1773-1797 Regulating an externality-generating public utility: A multi-dimensional screening approach
by van Egteren, Henry
- 1799-1815 Decreasing absolute prudence: Characterization and applications to second-best risk sharing
by Gollier, Christian
- 1817-1828 Corporate taxation, incumbency advantage and entry
by Appelbaum, Elie & Katz, Eliakim
- 1831-1832 Erratum Regional risksharing European Economic Review 39 (1995) 1545-1567
by van Wincoop, Eric
November 1996, Volume 40, Issue 8
- 1521-1540 Increasing the capital income tax may lead to faster growth
by Uhlig, Harald & Yanagawa, Noriyuki
- 1541-1560 Factor shares in OLG models of growth
by Bertola, Giuseppe
- 1561-1589 Jointly determined saving and fertility behaviour: Theory, and estimates for Germany, Italy, UK and USA
by Cigno, Alessandro & Rosati, Furio C.
- 1591-1603 Insider trading restrictions and the stock market: Evidence from the Amsterdam Stock Exchange
by Kabir, Rezaul & Vermaelen, Theo
- 1605-1627 Trade policy subtleties with multinational firms
by Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Markusen, James R. & Rutherford, Thomas F.
- 1629-1646 Interest rates and fiscal discipline in monetary unions
by Restoy, Fernando
- 1647-1664 Taxes, uncertainty, and long-term growth
by Smith, William T.
- 1665-1682 Labor and credit contracts with asymmetric information and bankruptcy
by Tsoulouhas, Theofanis
August 1996, Volume 40, Issue 7
- 1379-1411 Informational efficiency and welfare in the stock market
by Orosel, Gerhard O.
- 1413-1440 Fiscal policy when monetary policy is tied to the mast
by Agell, Jonas & Calmfors, Lars & Jonsson, Gunnar
- 1441-1451 Rationing of sales and price setting
by Andersen, Torben M.
- 1453-1461 Location in the Hotelling duopoly model with demand uncertainty
by Balvers, Ronald & Szerb, Lazlo
- 1463-1482 Minimum wage unemployment and growth
by Cahuc, Pierre & Michel, Philippe
- 1483-1499 Managerial husbandry and the dynamics of ongoing hierarchies
by Demougin, Dominique & Siow, Aloysius
- 1501-1519 Are the unemployed unemployable?
by Saint-Paul, Gilles
June 1996, Volume 40, Issue 6
- 1203-1228 Income distribution, political instability, and investment
by Alesina, Alberto & Perotti, Roberto
- 1229-1235 Domestic savings, intra-national and intra-European Union capital flows, 1971-1991
by Armstrong, Harvey W. & Balasubramanyam, V. N. & Salisu, Mohammed A.
- 1237-1258 International evidence on the sources of macroeconomic fluctuations
by Bergman, Michael
- 1259-1279 On the persistence of rationing following liberalization: A theory for economies in transition
by Berkowitz, Daniel
- 1281-1303 Deregulation and productivity decline: The case of Spanish bavings banks
by Grifell-Tatje, E. & Lovell, C. A. K.
- 1305-1323 Firm start-up size: A conditional quantile approach
by Mata, Jose & Machado, Jose A. F.
- 1325-1352 Regional cohesion: Evidence and theories of regional growth and convergence
by Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X.
- 1353-1375 Empirics for economic growth and convergence
by Quah, Danny T.
April 1996, Volume 40, Issue 3-5
- 495-510 On the detection of collusion and predation
by Phlips, Louis
- 511-530 Technology and market structure
by Sutton, John
- 531-539 On the heterogeneity of firms
by Roller, Lars-Hendrik & Sinclair-Desgagne, Bernard
- 541-550 The starfish effect: Can market entry by one firm encourage further entry by others?
by Seabright, Paul
- 551-557 What makes firms vulnerable to recessionary pressures?
by Geroski, P. A. & Gregg, P.
- 559-567 Toward a theory of legal reform
by Hay, Jonathan R. & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W.
- 569-579 Incomplete contracts and privatization
by Schmidt, Klaus M.
- 581-588 Exit and voice after mass privatization: The case of Russia
by Frydman, Roman & Pistor, Katharina & Rapaczynski, Andrzej
- 589-601 Social learning and rational expectations
by Vives, Xavier
- 603-615 Rational herding in financial economics
by Devenow, Andrea & Welch, Ivo
- 617-628 What have we learned from social learning?
by Gale, Douglas
- 629-643 Central banks and seigniorage: A study of three economies in transition
by Hochreiter, Eduard & Rovelli, Riccardo & Winckler, Georg
- 645-653 Finance and growth in economies in transition
by Coricelli, Fabrizio
- 655-662 Why East European banks don't want equity
by Dittus, Peter
- 663-671 The economics of orthodox money-based stabilisations (OMBS): The recent experience of Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine
by Bofinger, Peter
- 673-685 The multiprincipal nature of government
by Martimort, David
- 687-695 Hierarchical organization and incentives
by Caillaud, B. & Jullien, B. & Picard, P.
- 697-705 Economic theories of the break-up and integration of nations
by Bolton, Patrick & Roland, Gerard & Spolaore, Enrico
- 707-717 Are legislators ideologues or the agents of constituents?
by Poole, Keith T. & Rosenthal, Howard
- 719-728 Inequality, redistribution and growth: A challenge to the conventional political economy approach
by Paul, Gilles Saint & Verdier, Thierry
- 729-746 Distributive implications of an aging society
by von Weizsacker, Robert K.
- 747-757 Distributive implications of European integration
by Cremer, Helmuth & Pestieau, Pierre
- 759-766 On insider privatization
by Blanchard, O. & Aghion, P.
- 767-774 Second-best economic policy for a divided government
by Boycko, Maxim & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W.
- 775-782 Alternate approaches to the political economy of endogenous trade liberalization
by Baldwin, Robert Edward & Baldwin, Richard Edward
- 783-794 The political economy of trade liberalization in the transition
by Hillman, Arye L. & Ursprung, Heinrich W.
- 795-803 Rent dissipation, free riding, and trade policy
by Grossman, Gene M. & Helpman, Elhanan
- 805-817 Active labor market policies, job matching and the Czech miracle
by Boeri, Tito & Burda, Michael C.
- 819-828 Labour market policy and the unemployed in Hungary
by Micklewright, John & Nagy, Gyula
- 829-837 Incidence and duration of unemployment in Romania
by Earle, John S. & Pauna, Catalin


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Time until The Sims 2: Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff release!
Game is already released
The Sims 2: Kitchen & Bath Interior Design StuffLearn more
DescriptionReleasing: April 15, 2008
Redesign your kitchen as you upgrade it with sleek appliances on granite counter tops or romantic natural wood cabinets next to wrought iron stoves. Outfit your Sims in the perfect clothes and accessories to enjoy their lavish new rooms, from sumptuous spa robes to designer cooking aprons. Be your Sims' personal interior designer! Give them the kitchens and bathrooms of their dreams with a variety of new furniture, décor, and outfits! With Kitchen & Bath Design Stuff your Sim life will have even more options available with the incredibly popular franchise.


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51 Pages Posted: 1 May 2009 Last revised: 26 Jul 2014
Date Written: February 18, 2010
The SEC phase-in of XBRL financial statement filings began June 2009, and by 2011, all public registrants will be required to file XBRL disclosures. While the SEC expects the interactivity of XBRL-tagged data to add value to financial reports, this benefit will materialize only if the XBRL statements are accurate and reliable. If inaccuracies or other significant problems occur in initial XBRL filings, registrants stand to lose credibility and users will lose confidence in the data, potentially forcing the abandonment of the XBRL reporting initiative. This study evaluates the accuracy of early voluntary filings and develops an expectation about the accuracy of mandated filings. While improvements in the XBRL standard and related technology will mitigate certain errors, other errors, related to inexperience, will persist. This study identifies those errors and makes recommendations about how to reduce experience-related errors.
Keywords: XBRL, Interactive Data, SEC
JEL Classification: G28
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Bartley, Jon W. and Chen, Y. Al and Taylor, Eileen Zalkin, A Comparison of XBRL Filings to Corporate 10-Ks - Evidence from the Voluntary Filing Program (February 18, 2010). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1397658 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1397658
Initial Evidence on the Market Impact of the XBRL Mandate
By Elizabeth Blankespoor, Brian Miller, ...
By Jim Richards, Barry Smith, ...
Does XBRL Adoption Reduce the Cost of Equity Capital?
By Oliver Li, Chenkai Ni, ...
Literature Review of Internet Financial Reporting and XBRL
Longitudinal Analysis of Voluntary Adoption of XBRL on Financial Reporting
By Jap Efendi, Murphy Smith, ...
Assurance on XBRL for Financial Reporting
By David Plumlee and Marlene Plumlee
Does XBRL Adoption Constrain Managerial Opportunism in Financial Reporting? Evidence from Mandated U.S. Filers
By Jeong-bon Kim, Joung Kim, ...
Using XBRL to Transform Existing Financial Statements into the Proposed Presentation Format
By Zane Swanson and Olga Miranova
Does Information Processing Cost Affect Firm-Specific Information Acquisition? - Evidence from XBRL Adoption
Extensible Business Reporting Language: The Future of E-Commerce-driven Accounting
By Rashmi Malhotra and Francis Garritt


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at the tannery arts center
at the tannery arts center
A community of artists for artists
The Tannery Arts Center is dedicated to providing an affordable, accessible and sustainable home for Santa Cruz County artists.
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at the tannery arts center
A community of artists for artists
The historic buildings at the Tannery Arts Center offer a range of opportunities for Santa Cruz's creative community. With 28 working studios, the Tannery accommodates an extraordinary range of artists, arts collectives, and nonprofits.Tenancy in the working studios is work-only and is not income restricted.
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colligan theatre
The Performing Arts Center completes the vision for a comprehensive arts campus by showcasing the rich diversity of artistic and cultural talent found throughout Santa Cruz County.
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featured tannery artists
at the tannery arts center
see all live/work artists see all working studio artists
click below on artist's work to see their personal website
at the tannery arts center
Santa Cruz Film Festival!
Wednesday, October 11th through Sunday, October 15th
Join us for this year's Santa Cruz Film Festival with screenings and events at the Tannery, including the Colligan Theater, Radius Gallery and Tannery World Dance and Cultural Center. More details here.


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2013 Storm Front Red Blend
2013 Storm Front Red Blend
Aged with 37% new French oak, Storm Front's aromas are a Convergence of blackberries, black currant and graphite. It has bold smoky flavors of blackberry, lavender, exotic black tea and caramel with classic Red Mountain dustiness. Storm Front has a juicy, smooth and refined finish with medium tannins. Pairs well with grilled beef, prime rib, roasted chicken and dinners by candlelight…since the power went out.
Wine Data
Vintage: 2013
Appellation: Red Mountain
Varietals: Merlot (50%), Petit Verdot (28%), Malbec (20%), Cabernet Franc (2%)
Vineyards: E&E Shaw (Merlot), Scooteney Flats (Petit Verdot), Heart of the Hill (Malbec), Kiona (Cabernet Franc)
Alcohol: 14.1%
Final pH: 3.71
Final TA: 0.54 g/ml
Yeast: D-80, D-254 and D-21
Bottled: February 18, 2016
Released: April 2016
Cases Produced: 185
Awards and Reviews
Past Awards and Reviews
Double Gold Medal: 2016 Seattle Wine Awards
Silver Medal: 2016 Tri Cities Wine Festival
Great Northwest Wine: "Outstanding!"
18.5/20 points: Review of Washington Wines
90 Points: Wine Spectator
Gold Medal: 2014 Seattle Wine Awards
Gold Medal: 2015 Finger Lakes International Wine Competition
Silver Medal: 2015 Capital Food and Wine Festival
Bronze Medal: 2015 Savor NW Wine Awards
Bronze Medal: 2015 Great Northwest Wine Awards
Bronze Medal: 2013 Tri-Cities Wine Festival


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Please I cant seem to locate a #55 slow jet for L
I never found the stock one. The microfiche doesn't list one. I ended up taking my stock #50 slow jet to a dealer I knew did a lot of carb work and matched up mine with a #52, and #55 kehin slow jets.
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|» Products
|» Herbals Products
|» Lemon Grass
Lemon Grass
Product Code : ANNA IMP 08
Brand Name : ANNAMALAI IMPEX
Product Description
We have carved a niche in the market as a prime organization engaged in offering Lemon Grass. This grass is commonly cultivated at our farm as culinary and medicinal herbs. This grass is known for its properties like antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, astringent and bactericidal. We choose fresh grass and process it in hygienic manner at our sound processing unit. Lemon Grass is ideal for treating cough, cold and influenza. We offer this grass at reasonable prices.
- Free from adulteration
- High medicinal value
- Longer shelf life
49/A Ulaganthan Servai Street, K.Pudur, Madurai - 625007, Tamil Nadu, India
Mr. Sivarajkumar Ganesan (Director)
Accepts only Export inquiries Send Inquiry


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Denim vest outfits
Jelajahi topik terkait
Dear Stitch Fix Stylist - I would love a denim vest and black (or cute print maxi) in my next fix. Would be great for weekends and work.
Denim vest outfit with plaid top and turquoise necklace! What's not to love?!? It's the beginning of Summer and I'm now dreaming of Fall! ~ Ali
black distressed jeans + denim vest
denim vest
Cute spring outfits / Black Hat / Denim Vest / Black Maxi Dress / Green Suede Booties


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Photos with Fish
Photo Gallery: Special Olympics Texas Winter Games kick off
It's been a busy day for Scott Fisher. Not only has he been tracking the weather he spent the afternoon with athletes from across Texas to kick off the 23rd Annual Special Olympics Texas Winter Games. The opening ceremony was held at Shoreline Church and included entertainment by a magician as well as the lighting of the SOTX cauldron.


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Wedding DJ in Saskatchewan: check prices, availability, request quotes and get the best deals on wedding DJs in your area. Choose from disc jockeys and entertainers who will play weddings songs from a wide range of music genres to suit every taste and make sure your guests have a great time at your wedding reception.
Amped Productions & Entertainment has over 15 years of experience in providing top class wedding and event Djind services in and around Lloydminster, Saskatchewan. Amped Productions & Entertainment... (wedding music Saskatchewan)
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675 West 252nd Street (mailing)
Bronx, NY 10471-2899
Glyndor Gallery at Wave Hill presents Hive Culture: Captivated by the Honeybee, an exhibition that explores a multi-dimensional preoccupation with the pivotal role that bees play in pollination, environmental health and our changing relationship to nature. Painting, prints, sculpture, photography and video are featured, by artists Jennifer Angus, Anonda Bell, Deborah Davidovits, Anda Dubinskis, Cara Enteles, Rose-Lynn Fisher, Sally Gall, Hope Ginsburg, Talia Greene, Judi Harvest, Rob Keller, Andrea Lilienthal, Holly Lynton, Lenore Malen, Julia Oldham, Michelle Rozic, Jeanne Silverthorne and Draga Šušanj.
Wave Hill laid the groundwork for Hive Culture with two exhibitions in 2002. Insecta Magnifica celebrated the diversity of species in the class Insecta through works created by artists fascinated by the scientific perspectives, cultural perceptions and assumptions about these complex creatures. The Grafter's Shack, created by J. Morgan Puett, explored the universe of beekeeping and the practice of bee grafting.
Over the past year, Wave Hill's curatorial team culled through a large body of work on the subject of bees and beekeeping, recognizing that Colony Collapse Disorder has provoked heightened concern for many artists. The result is a dynamic mix of works by 18 artists, revealing a fascination with the bee itself, the art of beekeeping and the precarious relationship between people and bees. Thus, Deborah Davidovits' animated shadow play follows the seasons from the vantage point of the bee colony, while beekeeper Rob Keller's custom-designed wallpaper and photographs, taken over several years, show the progression of Bee Dollhouse, his formerly active hive. Andrea Lilienthal draws on a childhood memory of her family mistakenly disturbing a feral beehive to create Swarm, an installation using pussy willow buds. Judi Harvest's extensive research and immersion in the study of bees informs her creation of sculptural hives and amber, blown-glass bees, while Cara Enteles' large organic garden influences the paintings from her Pollinator Series, exploring Colony Collapse Disorder. Julia Oldham's Rotations began with research into insect behavior and communication, culminating in a series of performances where she becomes the insect, imitating the waggle dance. Rose-Lynn Fisher's series of photographs reveals the intricate structure and design underlying the body of the bee itself.
Wave Hill, which has a long-established beekeeping program, understands the importance of pollination to the garden landscape. Beginning in 2003, Wave Hill has introduced visitors to the basics of beekeeping through the seasons. Hive Culture is an opportunity for Wave Hill to present artwork in conjunction with a series of public programs linking art and nature. Also complementing the exhibition this fall are two special weekends at Wave Hill, Honey Weekend on October 1 and 2, and Hive Culture Weekend on November 5 and 6. All programs are free with admission to the grounds unless otherwise noted.
Wave Hill is a 28-acre public garden and cultural center in the Bronx overlooking the Hudson River and Palisades. Its mission is to celebrate the artistry and legacy of its gardens and landscapes, to preserve its magnificent views, and to explore human connections to the natural world through programs in horticulture, education and the arts.
Schedule of Hive Culture-related Public Programs
Honey Weekend Saturday, Sunday, October 1, 2
10am–1pm Family Art Project: Be a Bee/Sea una abeja
Noon−4pm Honey Tasting
2pm−4pm Honey Extraction Demonstration
2pm−4pm Hives and Honey Information Session
Exhibition Reception Sunday, October 2
1−4pm Artists and curators speak about the work on view. Informal talks begin at 2pm.
Hive Culture Weekend Saturday, Sunday, November 5, 6
10am−1pm Family Art Project: Bee's Wax and Wool/Cera y Madera de abejas, with exhibiting
artist Holly Lynton.
1:30pm, *Saturday only* Assistant Curator Gabriel de Guzman and artist Cara Enteles talk about how she explores the plight of pollinating bees through painting and discuss how the show
addresses the critical role bees play through different artworks.
2pm, *Saturday only* Cooking Demo: Cooking with Honey
1:30pm, *Sunday only* Artist Lenore Malen and beekeeper Chris Harp of HoneybeeLives discuss
beekeeping and sustainability, ideas that the artist explores in her video I am the animal.
Family Art Project Saturday, Sunday, November 12, 13
10am−1pm Honey Bee Shadow Puppets/Abeja marionetas de Sombras, with exhibiting artist
Deborah Davidovits
Artist Talks Sunday, November 13
1:30pm Join artists and curators for informal talks about the inspiration for the works on view
and the artists' relationship to bees and beekeeping.


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To keep this simple, coming in from the east, you need to change lanes in the first roundabout (on the bottom of this image) to get onto the bridge and, my god, some people will do anything NOT to let you in!
On the morning in question, a young girl in a hatchback coming in from the west refused to let me in, leaving me stranded midway around the 'bout'. Next to pull in, was a tradie, who also barred my way before the next car finally let me in.
Approaching the second roundabout, right ahead of me, the tradie rear ended the young girl's hatch back. As there's no where to stop on a bridge, she hesitated for a bit, then popped her hazard lights on, proceed directly through the next roundabout and pulled over. The tradie hung and left and drove off. No chance she'll ever see him again.
That's the karma bit.
So it got me thinking what would you do in that situation - being rear ended in traffic with nowhere to go? I figured if you have a reversing camera, you throw your car into R and take a photo of their licence plate with your phone.
There's the hack!
|Photo of reversing camera screen


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Serpentine Belt - Category
Serpentine BeltJan 17th, 2017
Your serpentine belt is powered by the engine as it turns. Your alternator, air conditioning compressor and power... (Read more)
Serpentine BeltNov 17th, 2015
Question:My Ron's Automotive said I need a new serpentine belt but I don't see any cracks in it. Does it really need... (Read more)
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All of us in Norman have those days when we have a bunch of errands to run around the Washington and Norman area.... (Read more)
Ron's Automotive Serpentine Belt ServiceJan 10th, 2013
Your serpentine belt drives your alternator and air conditioning compressor. The power steering and power brake pumps... (Read more)
Serpentine Belt Replacement At Ron's AutomotiveDec 13th, 2012
Today's Ron's Automotive article focuses on your serpentine belt. Your serpentine belt is driven by the engine as it... (Read more)


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McMaster University football game on TV
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Info concerning McMaster University football game on TV, and registering for elective lectures and seminars. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches want to hear from serious recruits throughout their high school career. Don't be shy to send videos of your best games to college coaching staff or scouts. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and McMaster University Football information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for McMaster University.
You don't have to quarterback the university football team to a state championship to earn an athletic scholarship. Most major sports that field a team in intercollegiate competition have sports scholarships available. From women's gymnastics to men's track and field, coaches are seeking players to build a team around. Further, that leadership role often is accompanied by a full-scholarship.
The best time to begin searching for scholarships is before your senior year, in order to meet deadlines. Schools confirm that it is important to file financial aid forms such as the CSS Profile early in the school year. There are many sports scholarships that focus on less tangible qualities, such as the ability to lead a team, motivate others, and learn new skills rapidly. Take stock of your athletic abilities as you mature through high school. Bloomsburg University tennis team may encourage student-athletes to apply via early decision. Students who are considering applying via early decision should be aware of the rules and obligations that this commitment entails. Beyond consideration for McMaster University football game on TV, you may think about Marquette University dropping classes for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Call Center Customer Service Representative
Larry H. Miller Volkswagen Tucson
Personal hands on training, our trainer is here five days a week just to assist you. We take pride in our training and the advancement of our employees.
2 days ago Physical Therapist
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
May supervise and direct certified athletic trainers (PT only), physical therapist / occupational therapist assistants, technicians and volunteers and students.
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Involved in fitness, health or sports in a leadership role. Has a nationally recognized personal training or group fitness certificate.
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I am a purposeful, determined, doing everything to reach the goal in all areas of my life. In sex I can do not cum for a long time, while giving max of pleasure to my partner. Girl's or man's orgasm is much more important for me than my own.
You 've reached the maximum length of this message (140 characters).
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We continue to expand of STEM project opportunities including access and participation in Robotics clubs and classes. This year we have even included third grade students to participate in the FLLjr competition.
Lakeshore Virtual School is very proud to announce that Kiele Felker is our first graduate. Kiele has been a great contributor to our school by attending Lakeshore's numerous social events and community service opportunities.


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Latest News
Mysterious Mysteries: Introducing ??????? & ARK Digest 49Saturday, 16 September 2017 03:33 Written by Ark News Bot
???? What an intriguing discovery survivors, can you guess what creature it is? ARK Digest 49! Here is our question and answer session with Lead Designer, Lead Programmer, Co-Creative Director of ARK: Survival Evolved, and Co-Founder of Studio Wildcard: Jeremy…
ARK: Aberration Expansion Pack!Friday, 01 September 2017 17:37 Written by Ark News Bot
Hello Survivors! Studio Wildcard is proud to announce ARK's second expansion pack, "Aberration"! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9T_uPssVB4 http://store.steampowered.com/app/708770/ARK_Aberration__Expansion_Pack/ Launching in October 2017 on Steam, in "ARK: Aberration" Survivors will find themselves waking up on a derelict, malfunctioning ARK with an elaborate underground biome…
Mysterious MysteriesThursday, 31 August 2017 08:34 Written by Ark News Bot
Hmmm... What could this be, Survivors? How peculiar. http://playark.com/a/
Day One! Launch and More!Tuesday, 29 August 2017 13:05 Written by Ark News Bot
Today, ARK: Survival Evolved has made its transition from an Early Access title to a full Digital and Retail release. As a studio, we are incredibly excited about reaching this milestone.
ARK at Gamescom! First-look at Upcoming Content!Thursday, 24 August 2017 12:31 Written by Ark News Bot
For those of you who missed us this morning on the Twitch at Gamescom livestream, we just premiered the official launch trailer for ARK: Survival Evolved! Watch it below! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fIAPcVdZO8
Introducing the Phoenix & ARK Digest 48!Saturday, 19 August 2017 00:51 Written by Ark News Bot
Introducing the Phoenix! A new Dino Dossier has been revealed, this one is everyone's flaming fire flyer, the Phoenix! Common name: Phoenix Species: Unknown Time: Unknown Diet: Flame Eater
Ragnarok Update!Wednesday, 16 August 2017 17:37 Written by Ark News Bot
We're excited to say Ragnarok has received its first expansion and here's what the the development team behind the map had to say: Ragnarok is expanding into the South West region of the map where it'll be opening up the…


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Register Online - 2017
Shoppng Cart Instructions
Add items to your registration one at a time.
Adult - $105
Under 30 - $60
Registering more than one person? Let us know the name and gender of others in your group. See "Additional Information" below.
Meal plan - $ 60
Friday dinner option - $8
We must receive your meal plan request by noon, Wednesday, 4 May 2016
Regular meal plan? Vegetarian Plan? Dietary restrictions? Let us know. See "Additional Information" below.
Dance snack donation - $5
Please bring a contribution for the dance snack table.
If you do not wish to bring a contribution, you must include $5 toward purchase of dance snacks.
Last year the snacks were delicious, nutritious, and plentiful .... let's make this year better!
No extra fee for onsite lodging this year!
To help us plan, we need to know your lodging plans:
Contact us
FOOTMAD Information Line: 304-729-4382
Leave a message. We will return your call.
Or email us at Whitewater.Whirl AT gmail DOT com
Update: 2017-04-20


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Carlton Town have tonight announced that Academy manager Wayne Scott has been promoted to first team manager with immediate affect following the resignation of Les Mcjannet.
Scott as also been Mcjannets assistant for a good part of this season and the club believe he will have learnt much from the clubs struggles this season.
Scott has done an excellent job with the Academy this season and this website understands that key Commitee members put forward a strong case for Scott at last weeks board meeting.
Scott was formally offered the position last Friday following an interview with the clubs executive Commitee on Thursday where he was given a tough grilling from new vice chairman Paul King.
Scott met chairman Mick Garton , secretary Paul Shelton and committee man Mark Steggles at Stoke Lane this evening and formally accepted the position .
This website also understands that the development of younger players is key to Scotts appointment although the Commitee have done their very best to at least give the new manager a fighting chance next season with a budget he believes he can work too.
Garton made the annoucement in the clubhouse sports bar in front of a number of members of the coaching staff and academy players who had just completed training, there was warm applause following the annoucement and Scott will make a full statement to this website tomorrow.
It is no secret that chairman Mick Garton is disappointed to see Les Mcjannet go but accepts change was inevitable and will be fully behind Wayne Scott ,whose enthusiasm for taking on the post has impressed the Millers Chairman after meetings on Friday and finally Today at Stoke Lane.


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Jerry Brown Reelected Governor of California
The Democrat accepts victory in the California gubernatorial race.
O'Donnell: 'This Is Just the Beginning'
Christine O'Donnell issues set of demands to Democratic winner Chris Coons.
Joe Manchin's West Virginia Win
Joe Manchin's victory keeps Senate seat held by the late Robert Byrd.
Democrats Hold On to Senate
"Nightline" projects that the Democrats will retain control of the Senate.
Republicans Take Over the House
The House of Representatives will have the Republicans in the majority.
How the West Was Won
All eyes on California races to determine who controls the House and Senate.
Breaking Down the Election Results
Pundits discuss 2010 midterm elections and how the president will go forward.
The President's Seat Goes to a Republican
President Obama's Illinois Senate seat is lost by the Democrats.
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Now Playing: O'Donnell: 'This Is Just the Beginning'
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Defamation is the communication of a FALSE statement that harms a person's reputation, decreases respect for that person in the community, or induces people to have negative feelings against that person. Slander is a subcategory of defamation, which happens when someone attacks your good character by communicating UNTRUE statements. Defamation of character occurs when someone makes a FALSE statement about you that causes you some type of harm. The statement must be published (meaning some third party must have heard it), FALSE, and it must result in harm, usually to the reputation. If you can prove that someone made a FALSE statement about you knowingly or recklessly, and published it to other parties, you have established a claim of defamation.
Libel is a false and unprivileged publication by writing, printing, picture, effigy or other fixed representation to the eye, which exposes any person to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes him to be shunned or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure him in his occupation. (California Civil Code §45)
For example:
Defamation, which consists of both libel and slander, is defined by case law and statute in California. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 44, 45a, and 46.
Qualifying grounds for suing someone for libel are that they lied about you publicly in a defamatory way. The key word here is LIED.
Meet Roger Marisse.
How does Todd Matthew Phillips feel about his false defamatory statements?
Meet TMP. http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Member/Detail/165833
Truth is an absolute defense against allegations of libel/slander/defamation. A caveat to consider, however, is that when someone does sue for libel, the burden falls upon the defendant (Todd Matthew Phillips) to prove his published statements are accurate.
How does one "secretly record" in a Clark County, Nevada courtroom on June 8, 2016 while simultaneously shopping at a pet store in Lodi, California?
California's statute of limitations for defamation is one (1) year. See California Code of Civil Procedure 340(c).
At trial, both the plaintiff and defendant will present their cases through evidence, including witness and expert testimony. Defamation cases are typically questions of fact, so a jury will decide whether or not the plaintiff was defamed and, if so, the amount of injury damages they're entitled to receive.
Are you looking forward to hearing Mr. Phillips rationalize his defamatory statements before a judge?


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50 Beautiful Beach-Inspired Bedrooms
These coastal lairs will have you dreaming of the sun, sand, and seas.
Beachy Striped Bedroom
Oversize drum shades help to balance the linear walls, headboard, and nightstands in this Laguna Beach bedroom. The bright striped wallpaper look can be achieved with paint by choosing vibrant colors in at least 4-inch-wide stripes.
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As this is New York Tartan week, it's a great opportunity to show you the Scottish culture. Today am going to show you my top 10 favourite Scottish food and drink.
I went to the shops especially for this blog, so you get a better picture of the things. I imagine the person at the checkout probably thought I'd lost my mind, buying all Scottish food.
My top 10 Scotttish food and drink
Irn Bru
Chocolate chip shortbread
Marshalls cheesey macaroni
Vegetarian haggis
Scott's porage oats
Tunnock's snowballs
Cheese oatcakes
Halls wee willie winkie's
Tunnock's caramel log


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Whenever the term "kitchen" is mentioned, many "fire" may not be far at home. It's a big part of cooking, after all, and until earth invents cooking without fire or heat, it's unfortunately a connection.
Potentially hazardous chemicals. Training must be done probably keep in mind that movers will not accept most gases, oils, or solvents. Other moving non allowables include children's chemistry sets, fertilizer, commercial fire extinguishers, nail polish, matches, pool chemicals, and SCUBA weapons. Give these items off to trusted people or discover the best way to lose such synthetics. It is not safe for one to take such items using a road along with you.
These days, most Vent A Hood are available today in stainless steel. Most of these hoods can be stylish which means you don't have to be worrying whether it's going look good on your kitchen or never. Price range for the expensive types is around $1,000 but there are always other models that are significantly much more affordable than who seem to.
Factor 3 -Theft. Each of the major concerns of insurance providers is the threat of break-ins and theft. Anyone can take steps to lessen threat of theft, you may get lower insurance bank rates. As much as 10% is discounted for installing a burglar alarm system. Insurance companies know how the presence of systems lower the possibility of your home being broken into. Hybrid cars also manage to enjoy discounts anyone install dead bolt locks or enroll in a neighborhood watch association.
Prep neighborhood. making a smooth transition right out of the grill area and towards the prep area we find ourselves with only a few pieces of hardware left to place. Ideally we want to get our stove/oven in there next to the fryer therefore can make use of the same ventilation hood/fire suppression systems. But in order to get done this individuals who can lead to meet that separation distance however. One good idea to be able to use a refrigerator to this necessitate.
Go to thrift store and group on remover bottles. Instead of buying within the expensive brands of baby detergent pick a less expensive regular organically grown or natural make or model. You can still buying a large/family size container most likely be the better product upon your babies' clothes. Use the detergent on to your clothes as well as won't have got to buy two different varieties of detergent.
Storage of this FM200 gas is available cylinders that come in sizes. They can be about 8L to 180L, depends upon your requirement. You also have the replacement for keep them separated across a room or store them together and form something.


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Claiming compensation with our personal injury lawyer in Teddington for walking and hiking accidents
Teddington is a suburban town located on River Thames' north bank in south west London. The population of the town is about 10,000 people there people can see some of the most interesting landmarks in Britain.
Walking and hiking is a great way to appreciate the beauty of our country and stay healthy at the same time. However, sometimes walking and hiking can have the opposite effect when you get involved in an accident, whether caused by you or someone else.
Walkers and hikers are prone to suffering injuries as a result of an accident. Many people believe that the only accidents that walkers and hikers get involved in are the occasional slips, trips and falls, but there are many others. In case you were injured in such an accident, you can call Accident Advice Helpline to be provided with our personal injury lawyer in Teddington and find out how to seek compensation if you are eligible.
Why our personal injury lawyer in Teddington?
When you call Accident Advice Helpline you can be put in touch with a personal injury lawyer in Teddington from our nationwide in-house team and you will immediately receive free advice regarding your potential claim for compensation. This consultation will help you to figure out whether you are comfortable with pursuing a claim or not.
How walking and hiking accidents happen
There are many ways a walker or a hiker can get hurt. Just some of the examples include the well-known slips, trips and falls, but in the rarer cases people also can get attacked by livestock and other animals near farms, get hit by a tractor or fall victim to food poisoning after lunch at the country pub.
These are just some examples of situations in which someone else is at fault. Many innocent victims suffer from sprains, fractures, wrist, elbow and knee injuries, back injuries as well as brain and head traumas. Safety should be your number one concern when walking or hiking, but there are things that are sometimes out of your control.
What's next?
After you have sustained injuries from an accident that wasn't caused by you and after you are treated for those injuries, you should get in touch with Accident Advice Helpline and talk to our personal injury lawyer in Teddington. They will help you to win your case and offer you our no win no fee agreement.
You can also take popular 30-second test on Accident Advice Helpline's website now if you want to get an estimate on the sum that you can expect. You can call Accident Advice Helpline whenever you need to either on 0800 689 0500 free from a land line number or by dialling 0333 500 0993 from your mobile. One of our advisers will call you back if you text 'CLAIM365' to 88010.
Date Published: 12th October 2014
Author: David Brown


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A science or an artwork
Do you consider inside design as a science or an artwork? Effectively, it is perhaps a quiet tough query; however actually a mix of each. Inside design might be outlined as an utilized artwork the place creativity abilities and technical information present options. These options are utilized to attain a extra handy habitat.
Inside design supplies solutions which can be each practical and enticing and improve the standard of life. Inside design displays and interacts with the cultural background and conventional heritage of the occupants.
The design course of itself runs by means of a scientific and interactive methodology to create an modern and practical design answer whereby the wants and sources of the occupants are happy.
To attain a nicely designed surroundings many parts contribute collectively thus innovating the general theme e.g. colour, gentle, texture…and so forth. inside design supplies options for residential, business, instructional, healthcare, workplace and hospitality tasks consequently affecting our every day way of life or in different phrases; our conduct.
Nonetheless inside design leans on our cultural heritage, but it nonetheless can immediately or not directly form our conduct and positively it influences our reactions. As an illustration a room painted in crimson feels heat than one other painted in blue! Nonetheless it is the identical surroundings however the colour which is a vital design component has altered our conduct and mind-set. The identical colour itself can set off totally different feelings relying on its reference to both symbolic or psychological capabilities contemplating the linkages that modify with time, place and cultural background. Whereas white colour is worn at weddings and should signify purity, sterility, virginity and peace for some nations, it was the colour worn at funerals for others throughout sure durations in historical past.
One other noteworthy proof of how inside design can have an effect on our conduct is gentle! It needs to be custom-made based on the perform carried out by the occupants. That main component can guarantee and spotlight a sure state of mind! For instance in a piece surroundings an insufficient gentle quantity would trigger annoyance and discomfort. Quite the opposite you'll take pleasure in a pleasant dinner or a romantic film on a dimmed gentle.
I do imagine that the relation between mass and house creates the best affect on human conduct. Minimalism the place the work is stripped right down to its most basic options and the topic is diminished to its essential parts was an strategy for higher residing environments. A cluttered habitat is certainly irritating whereas fantastic organized minimal however but perform environments promote serenity and luxury. A very good design coordinating mass and house can elevate the sense of creativity and innovation.
Once more cultural variations rework occupant's imaginative and prescient to surrounding house. As an illustration a minimal designed inside appears much less and for some nations much less displays poverty.
The affect of inside design on human conduct is clear whereas working as an example on instructional tasks like nurseries the place youngsters expertise a section of thoughts shaping. Shade, gentle and texture combine collectively to encourage creativity. Security is one other dimension that may very well be enhanced.
From my perspective a world commonplace design code for inside environments just isn't relevant since occupants reply another way in accordance with a number of elements comparable to cultural background, social heritage or local weather circumstances. Inside design might successfully develop the standard of life in accordance with previously talked about elements; specializing in the fundamentals of making a great habitat for residing.