text:
The Instigator
4 Points
The Contender
Pro (for)
0 Points
Is the Kalam Cosmological Argument Valid?
Post Voting Period
The voting period for this debate has ended.
after 1 vote the winner is...
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|7 Point
|3 years ago
|Post Voting Period
|1,552 times
|Debate No:
Debate Rounds (5)
Comments (2)
Votes (1)
So, a while back, FruityTree and myself had a disagreement centered around the kalam cosmological argument, and so we shall attempt to resolve that disagreement in an exchange that I hope will be thought-provoking, informative and interesting. As the one making the claim, the burden of proof is on my opponent to show that the premises of her argument are correct and that the conclusion follows from them. With that, I will turn over the floor and leave it to my opponent to present her argument. Let's have a good debate.
Thank you Boss for instigating this debate. hoping our disagreement will be solved through this debate, or at least that we'll understand one another reasoning.
I have the burden to prove the validity of the Kalam Cosmological Argument, by showing its two premises are true , and its conclusion logically follows.
The KCA:
The universe being All matter and energy, including the earth, the galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space, regarded as a whole.
1-Everything that has a beginning of its existence has a cause of its existence
The first premise of our argument is plain comon snese, if something didn't exist prior a certain point in time, then started to exist from that point, then there necessarily needs to be a cause that triggered its beginning.
There is not one example that we know about in modern sceinece where something starts to exist "spontaneously" and uncaused, we can go further and say , if things were able to start to exist "on their own" with no cause, there would be no science. for one of the most basic principles in science is the causalty , or assuming causes in any beginning or any change.
Rebuting this premise is very simple, yet impossible!
2-The universe has a beginning of its existence
As the universe is the energy and matter forming the galaxies of our world, science so far assumes it has a beginning, and the theory of the bigbang happens to be the most favoured beginning to the universebased on empirical observations.
Let us still check the "possibility" of the universe being infinitely old, and having a periodic process of re-starting.
the problem with this theory is as the universe is infinite, it doesn't depend on time, but as it dies off, it does depend on time, and when it doesn't exist it still would need a cause to exist again. It isn't possible for matter and energy to come back to life after it dies off without external help.
and if the universe existed independently of time, what change and events could even occur to it ?! it would be static and never would change , it ouldn't decay nor expand, nor explose . for nothing can change it.
This theory just has an infinite number of flaws..
3-The universe has a cause of its existence
The conclusion of the argument, that couldn't follow more logically, now that we know the universe does have a beginning, it only got to have a cause. The argument doesn't reffer to what the cause ought to be, but it universally is assumed as being A sentient infinite creator known as the uncaused cause.
For only a sentient being could be inifintely old, This sentient being is even what allows change to happen (ie : time to pass) for time is only the concept of the possibility of change to happen.
--Now to the next round where I expect the first rebuttals of my opponent.
Alrighty, well I want to thank my opponent for accepting this debate, let's get down to it.
(P1) Everything that has a beginning of it's existence has a cause of it's existence
Common Sense vs. Objective Observation
My opponent begins by making an appeal to common sense, however common sense does not have a great track record when it comes to making true claims about the natural world. If one were to step outside and look around, common sense would lead them to the conclusion that the earth is flat, and that our sun was orbiting it, after all, on the length scales we are used to working with, the earth, barring the odd hill or mountain, looks flat in all directions, and when we look up to the sky, the sun certainly looks like it is spinning around the earth. Objective observation however, tells us that the earth is in fact not flat, but is in fact an oblate spheroid, which orbits around the sun, not the other way around.
The assertion that everything that begins to exist has a cause, is just that, an assertion, it isn't derived from any known law of physics or nature, and in fact is contradicted by natural phenomena. In quantum mechanics, particles can pop into existence before immediately annihilating each other, and indeed as it happens, assuming the truth of the big bang theory which you granted in your opening remarks, the universe in it's initial stages would have been so small that it would have been governed by quantum laws.
The Fallacy of Composition
But lets for a moment assume there is a hitherto unknown law of physics that confirms the truth of your first premise, everything that has a beginning has a cause. The problem here is that the laws of physics as we know them only explain phenomena in our universe. It would be nonsensical for one to take a scientific principle that describes the universe around us, and then attempt to apply that same principle to a state in which our world did not yet exist. This is known as the fallacy of composition. It arises when one attempts to make an inference about the whole system from the properties of a part of that system.
As an example, if we take an example of a whole system (a planet in this case) and then attempt to draw a conclusion about the properties of that system via an inference from the properties of a smaller part of said system (atoms) we would be lead inevitably to the conclusion that a planet and an atom behave in the same way and are governed by the same laws, which is obviously incorrect. The same can be said about the cosmological argument. Planets and galaxies are just a small part of the universe, and it is just as fallacious to assert that the whole universe plays by the same rules as a planet as it is to say that a planet plays by the same rules as an atom.
On Causality
There is also something of an ambiguity in the phrase "beginning of it's existence". Does a chair "begin" to exist? When a carpenter makes a chair, he makes it out of preexistent material, wood, and when the chair is finished, if one looks at the atomic composition of the chair, nothing has been created, no atoms exist that did not exist before the chair was finished, the only thing that has changed is how the atoms are arranged. The same can be said to be true of everything from a table, a house, a car, a planet, a galaxy etc. The only thing that has changed is the arrangement of a set of atoms. In what sense can we say that they "began to exist".
The only type of creation that has ever been observed and therefore the only kind that we can make any kind of empirical statement about is "creation ex materia", creation from previously existing material. If the universe was created ex materia, then the question must be asked where that material came from, and if it that material was it's self created ex materia ad infinitum, then the argument creates an infinite regress. The alternative to creation ex materia is creation ex nihilo, creation from nothing. This is quite possibly an even bigger problem for the argument, because a causal relationship can only exist between two things that already exist, in fact any relationship can only exist between things that already exist. This forces the proponent the KCA into a devastating trilemma.
1. The cause of the universe (which we'll call God even though the argument doesn't explicitly mention him) affected previously existing material (creation ex materia) to produce the effect of creating the universe. This option however only puts the dilemma back a step, because the question must then be asked "where did the previously existing material come from.
2. God affected nothing (creation ex nihilo) to produce the effect of creating the universe. This is logically incoherent, one can not affect nothing and if nothing is affected, then there is no effect
3.God did not create the universe.
3. Is the only position that is logically coherent and to escape it would require redefining causality into utter meaninglessness.
Unfortunately due to time constraints, I can't give a adequate response to P2, but I need only refute one of the premises to refute the whole argument. I shall give P2 more attention in my later rebuttals, but for now I turn the floor over to my opponent and look forward to hearing her first rebuttal.
Iwould like to thank Boss for his first rebutals. As he focused on the first premise I will address his points regarding that..
1- Common sense :
My opponent commists a great mistake by expecting Common sense to follow from natural laws or from physics, It's the opposite that is true , the laws of physics are derived from our use of our human common sense and let me use the same example he took, which is flat fixed earth ..
Common sense doesn't tell us much about something we're in except that we should either go outside the box in order to get an idea on how earth looks like, or use any hints we can get inside the box to determine the shape and state of it. then it would be up to our judgement and how correct and precise it is.
Common sense doesn't give us direct answers but it tells us what to do in order to acquire proper natural, or physical or psychological knowledge.
And the Knowledge we gained so far in all fields is based on our use of the first premise of the argument of our debate, if anything pops up in front of us, we won't believe it's an accident, we would always assume there is something behind it, a cause to it.and we will try to explain it, and even if we ignored the cause, we would still know there is a cause, for the entire universe works on this basis.
2- The example of quantum mechanics:
I'm not pretty sure if you gave this example to strengthen the first premise, as to say the cause of the universe can be actully caused by a quantum fluctuation, or if you are claiming the actual fluctuation is uncaused ? I wish you could be more precise so I can reply to this point.
3- Composition:
As the first premise isn't a law of phisiscs but an actual common sense, the premce as a rule can transcend to the outer-universe, for it isn't related to the universe or space, but rather to time.
Basically if something has a finite past, it's clear it started at time t=0, then we always expect that something else caused it to start, and triggered its beginning.
4-Casualty ambiguity:
A thing begins to exist if it didn't exist prior a cetain time t, so a chair begins to exist, even if it's composed of alredy existing components. and a universe begins to exist even if it is the result of any form of phenomena caused to the empty space that existed before.
But the cause isn't the physical explanation , as for the chair, you can't expalin it by saying it's caused by the assemblage of processed wood from pre-existing trees, the direct cause id the human being who made it.
For the possible ways you'd interprete the God as the cause, 2.God affected nothing, and nothing is actually empty space, which is what our universe is actually expending into.
And he could also have affected Himself, so there is a way you didn't think about. but he definitely was needed to start the first event (at least) that led to the existence of our universe.
Back to Con..
Thank you FruityTree for your response, I apologise that mine are coming so very late.
You made a few responses to my first set of rebuttals
On Common Sense
"My opponent commists a great mistake by expecting Common sense to follow from natural laws or from physics, It's the opposite that is true , the laws of physics are derived from our use of our human common sense and let me use the same example he took, which is flat fixed earth .."
I must disagree, I made no such claim that our common sense must follow from the laws of physics, my point was in fact that one should not inform the other. Common sense isn't always a good way to deduce things about the natural world, and again, I go back to the example of the earth being flat and the sun orbiting it. We look up and we see the sun and it appears to be going around us, that is what our senses are telling us, but objective observation tells us just the opposite, that in fact we are orbiting around the sun.
"And the Knowledge we gained so far in all fields is based on our use of the first premise of the argument of our debate, if anything pops up in front of us, we won't believe it's an accident, we would always assume there is something behind it, a cause to it.and we will try to explain it, and even if we ignored the cause, we would still know there is a cause, for the entire universe works on this basis."
"I'm not pretty sure if you gave this example to strengthen the first premise, as to say the cause of the universe can be actully caused by a quantum fluctuation, or if you are claiming the actual fluctuation is uncaused ? I wish you could be more precise so I can reply to this point."
With regards to quantum mechanics, I used that example to show that uncaused things can and indeed do happen and happen all the time at the subatomic realm. A quantum fluctuation is not the cause, the fluctuation is the effect, and it has no apparent cause other than the energy of space it's self. Now, I myself don't subscribe to the idea that a vacuum fluctuation could have given rise to the universe as a whole, after all, one needs space to begin with for it to work. Why then do I bring it up? I will answer that a little later on in my rebuttals.
The Fallacy of Composition
"As the first premise isn't a law of phisiscs but an actual common sense"
Bingo. The first premise is not a law of physics. There is no known law of physics that demands that everything that begins to exist has a cause, the only thing the first premise is based off is intuition. The actual big bang event is something that our intuitions can give us absolutely no understanding of whatsoever because the idea of the whole universe being compacted down to the size of a proton is utterly alien to our everyday experiences, our intuition has no business trying to make any kind of claim about such an event.
"the premce as a rule can transcend to the outer-universe, for it isn't related to the universe or space, but rather to time."
This sentence is just riddled with assertions. Why does the fallacy of composition only apply to the universe or space? How do you know an "outer universe" even exists, or what it even is? Why does time transcend our universe but space doesn't? You haven't given argumentation for any of these points, you've just asserted them, and that which can be asserted without argument can be dismissed without argument, but I will make one anyway. There is no reason to think that time extends beyond our universe unless space does as well, because the two are interconnected. Relativity tells us that if you move at a speed approaching the speed of light through space, you also travel more quickly in time. And how exactly is the first premise not related to the universe? It's the first premise in an argument that attempts to show that the universe must have a cause, if it's not related, then why are we talking about it?
"No Boundary" proposal
"Basically if something has a finite past, it's clear it started at time t=0, then we always expect that something else caused it to start, and triggered its beginning."
Not necessarily. A universe can have a finite past, without having a beginning. In order for something to "begin", then there must be an earlier time when it did not exist, and a later time when it did exist. If we grant that space and therefore time came into existence at the big bang, it logically follows that there was no such thing as a "before" the big bang, because there was no such thing as a time before the big bang. It is therefore incorrect to say that the universe "began" to exist, as we would understand the term, because there was no time at which the universe did not exist. You yourself say just below this quote in your rebuttal, "A thing begins to exist if it didn't exist prior a certain time t" In this sense, the universe did not begin to exist, but it is not eternal either, it has a finite past, but it doesn't have a beginning. This is known as the "No Boundary" proposal.
On Causality
"But the cause isn't the physical explanation , as for the chair, you can't expalin it by saying it's caused by the assemblage of processed wood from pre-existing trees, the direct cause id the human being who made it."
The assembling of wood from trees is the process by which causality happens, the wood from the trees is what is being affected, with the effect of the end result being a chair. But again notice that this is creation ex materia, the chair has been fashioned out of pre-existing materials, and even though in everyday conversation we may use the word "creation" when describing a carpenter making a chair, there is no creating happening, nothing is being created, all that is happening is that the carpenter is taking a collection of atoms and molecules, and reshaping them into a different configuration of those atoms and molecules. Nothing has actually been created, just rearranged.
"For the possible ways you'd interprete the God as the cause, 2.God affected nothing, and nothing is actually empty space, which is what our universe is actually expending into."
Nothing is not empty space. Nothing is no thing, simple as that. Empty space is something. If something is something, then it logically can not be nothing. This is insurmountable, the two words are mutually exclusive. Empty space is something. It can be bent and warped by the presence of mass. But return with me if you will to my first rebuttal of this round
"Now, I myself don't subscribe to the idea that a vacuum fluctuation could have given rise to the universe as a whole, after all, one needs space to begin with for it to work. Why then do I bring it up?"
This is why I brought it up. I reject the notion that the universe could have sprang into existence from nothing as the result of a vacuum fluctuation because you need space in order for that to happen, space that I don't think was there... but my opponent does. Unfortunately, if she asserts that in the beginning there was in fact empty space, then 1. The universe didn't begin to exist (which we've already established anyway) in so far as space is a property of our universe and it existed at the beginning, therefore the universe in some sense already existed before big bang, and 2. our universe now has a mechanism by which the big bang can happen because we have empty space, and that's all we need because then we have vacuum fluctuations which, given enough time, will produce any arrangement of matter you could care to think of, including a universe.
I want to emphasize that this is not a point of view that I am arguing, I don't think this can totally explain the universe as we see it because we need empty space in the first place, but if my opponent insists on contorting the definition of "nothing" into "empty space" then she has to deal with the consequences of that redefinition.
Well, there are a few points that I just didn't have the time to respond to with just over 10 minutes left until the deadline, I must turn the floor over to my opponent for her rebuttals, and I will address them and her new responses in my next round.
Thanks again Boss, I will try to respond to your rebuttals as well..
By common sense I certainly don't mean the conclusion , as two different people may use common sense and have different conclusions, but it's still on the basis of common sense that we got science and physics amongs other things that help us understand our world, but science and physics are limited so far by this universe, when reason and common sense can go beyond. so the first premise really.
You were expecting the first premise to be a physiscs law and it is not! it doesn't speak about what anything could be, and if it did , it's not talking about physical process, but about the direct cause, the instigator. physics and science aren't the right tools to know the direct cause, reason and common sense are..
Quantum Mechanics
What is the evidence that this fluctuation has no cause ?! and when did it begin to exist ? Isn't this a thing that happens that you don't understand and jsut accept there is no cause for it?! what else do you know that doesn't have a cause ?
The Fallacy of Composition
Since the universe past is finite, the before universe exists, which is a time when the universe didn't exist yet, you want to assume time only started to exist with the universe, but this is impossible, for the universe couldn't have existed if time didn't already exist.
Why ? I give you just 2 reasons:
first , the definition of time is totally independant of the universe, we know time because of the successive events that happen arround us, time is simply what allows events to be.
the universe as one event in time couldn't exist if time didn't exist.
the rotation of the earth and stars is only a way for us to measure time, just as objects are ways for us to measure space.
so you really can't say time started with the universe, or you'll have to give a good definition of time with a good reason I should beleive time began to exist, as long as you don't, time is infinite and can't be restricted to an event!
As for Space, the space isn't only the space inside the universe, as the universe does expend, and what we get more inside our universe is just space in between the galaxies, it's very fair to assume we're geting the empty space form outside the boudaries or our universe, the universe isn't all the space, the universe is very related to matter, if we arrive to a place where there are no more galaxies, then it's the edge of the universe and the begining of nothing.
Whatever it is , a transformation is accepted in the language and in this debate as a creation and falls under the KSA.
Nothing when you speak about the universe can only be empty space, it cannot be the true nothing that never existed.
We always say nothing in referece to something , not any thing, and the thing here isn't the space, but matter and energy that are the main objects or our universe.
You reject it without evidence, for some reason you want to believe space and time are things of our universe only and can't be independant, but their definition say they can! or what are space and time ?
Remember eventual empty space prior to the universe existence isn't part of the universe. even if the universe collapses the space (and time) still exist !
And I beleive so far that we really need to agree about universe, space, time definitions otherwise we won't be talking about the same thing.
And as you say about empty space and quantum fuctuations that they would explain the existence of the universe, they still don't give the cause, for the cause isn't the process by which you get a universe, but the direct reason behind it's existence.
Ok I hope you could further develop on quantum mechanics , time ,space and universe definitions, I need absolute definitions that are true always (or as long as time exists :) )
Back to Con..
Common Sense
"as two different people may use common sense and have different conclusions"
I could just stop here because I couldn't put it any better than you just did. Person A could come to conclusion x and person B could come to conclusion y through the exact same mode of inquiry because our common sense, our intuition is molded by our life experiences. Common sense says if we drop something, it will fall, because every time we've ever dropped something, it has fallen. For dealing with everyday matters, common sense may well be an acceptable adjudicator of what is and is not true, but the beginning of the universe is about as far removed from an every day event that one could possibly get, so our intuitions are useless in such circumstances.
"science and physics are limited so far by this universe, when reason and common sense can go beyond."
Let's assume for the sake of argument that another universe exists independent from hours, with a completely different set of laws of physics, a completely different way of working, are you saying that our intuitions, formed from experiences on one tiny planet in the corner of one average galaxy, indistinguishable from the other countless billions in our own universe, are you saying that these intuitions, our common sense, whatever name you care to give it, could tell us anything about this other universe? Why can reason and common sense go beyond our universe? Our reason and common sense can barely grapple with phenomena in our own universe, things like black holes totally baffle us. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and the idea that our common sense can tell us anything about what happens outside our own universe is about as extraordinary as it gets.
"physics and science aren't the right tools to know the direct cause, reason and common sense are.."
Two assertions for the price of one here. Why would science, the methodology with the greatest track record in history for deducing things about the natural world, suddenly be useless when trying to describe how that world began, and why would common sense, which has a poor track record when it comes to finding things out about the natural world (I've provided two examples in earlier rounds for this) and which flat out can not grasp things like black holes and the more abstract ideas in quantum theory, why would it suddenly be the only tool we have that could tell us anything about the beginning of the universe?
Quantum Mechanics
"What is the evidence that this fluctuation has no cause ?"
This is a fallacious question because it's demanding a negative proof. When Carbon-14 decays into Carbon-12, it is a totally random, unpredictable event, absent of any discernible, apparent cause. Carbon-12 started to exist, without cause, it wasn't caused to exist by Carbon-12, it began to exist, and the only reason to think that it was caused to exist would be an ideological one, such as the idea that everything that begins to exist must have a cause. Ditto with virtual particles bursting into existence from nothing, either explain exactly how such events are caused, (and claim your nobel prize for doing so) or amend your first premise
"Isn't this a thing that happens that you don't understand and jsut accept there is no cause for it?"
Even if this was true it wouldn't matter. As it happens quantum mechanics is very well understood, not by common sense, but mathematically, which is all that really matters, that's all the theory needs to function, but even if it wasn't, even if our saying it was uncaused was just a product of our lack of understanding, you have still made a universal claim (everything that begins to exist has a cause), I have still provided a counter example to that claim (C-14 decay, virtual particles), and your only options are to explain how the counter examples are not actually counter examples, or amend your universal claim.
On Space and Time
"time is simply what allows events to be."
It must be remembered that time is not an independant thing in and of it's self. General Relativity tells us that space and time are in fact united and interconnected. Time can be twisted, bent and warped in the same way that space can. This line of discussion however isn't particularly relevant. If time always existed, then space always existed, which means that the conditions capable of producing a big bang always existed, which would seem to make the big bang inevitable rather than dependent on an external cause.
"As for Space, the space isn't only the space inside the universe"
If there were space beyond our own universe, wouldn't that be part of the universe. You said the universe included all energy, well, empty space has energy, why wouldn't it be a part of the universe?
"if we arrive to a place where there are no more galaxies, then it's the edge of the universe and the begining of nothing."
Well it can't be the beginning of nothing, empty space isn't nothing, and nothing doesn't "begin", time can not have any effect on something because there is nothing for it to effect.
The Cause
There are two different types of creation, a point I have laboured to make over the course of this debate. If you want to say that the universe was created from nothing, "creation ex nihilo", then you can't use examples of creation ex materia to support this claim without committing the fallacy of equivocation.
Nothing can not be empty space because empty space is not nothing. Nothing is A and empty space is B, A does not equal B.
I don't talk about nothing in reference to something, that would be logically absurd, the two are antonyms
You accept it without evidence, there can be no evidence that such things exist or even make sense outside our universe because we can't experience anything outside our universe, there is no reason to even think there is an outside of our universe.
"Remember eventual empty space prior to the universe existence isn't part of the universe. even if the universe collapses the space (and time) still exist !"
You defined the universe as "The universe being All matter and energy, including the earth, the galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space, regarded as a whole." So if the universe is all energy, and empty space has energy, then why is empty space not a part of our universe?
"And as you say about empty space and quantum fuctuations that they would explain the existence of the universe, they still don't give the cause, for the cause isn't the process by which you get a universe, but the direct reason behind it's existence."
This is circular, you have assumed there is a cause and then criticized my response because it does not provide a cause, when it is whether or not the universe has cause that we are arguing about in the first place. It is totally irrelevant if empty space and quantum fluctuations aren't in fact a cause, because you have not demonstrated that a cause is required.
Back to pro
Fruitytree forfeited this round.
I would like to thank my opponent again for his argument and coutesy.
I will not take advantage of this round for that would be unfair, I wanted just to clarify 2 points.
First about common sense when I said 2 people could use common sense but come to different conclusion, that is because common sense can be missused, some people are more experienced on when use what,
The second point is about the time ans space definitions, my opponent basically didn't give a definition of time, how can we agree on areguments or premises if we don't even agree about the definitions ?!
I thank again My opponent , whom I would debate with pleasure in the future.
2 comments have been posted on this debate. Showing 1 through 2 records.
Posted by bladerunner060 3 years ago
Posted by bladerunner060 3 years ago
S&G would rightly go to Con normally based solely on debate performance, but I am under the impression that English is not Pro's first language, and generally cut slack based on that, and so called it a wash.
Sourcing was equal enough--very few sources were used throughout this debate. I note Pro is the only one to use any at all, but there were so few that I didn't feel it justified a source point.
As to arguments:
Pro spent a long time attempting to defend "common sense", in some cases defeating her own case (as when she acknowledged that two people using "common sense" might come up with different answers). I believe she was trying to argue that science was based on certain "common sense" suppositions. However, Con effectively demonstrated that when empirical evidence contradicts "common sense" presuppositions, it is the "common sense" which needs to be corrected, not the empirircal evidence which is to be ignored.
Pro attempted to argue (I think...here the syntax was troublesome) that P1 wasn't a law of physics, but rather a logical absolute. Pro failed to make a case other than assertion that it was, and Con demonstrated that it is not.
Pro won the argument on the quantum arguments alone. As noted in R1, the BoP was Pro's, and Pro had to establish the truth of the propositions. Arguing that there might be a cause to things we don't know the cause to is an appeal to ignorance that cannot support the universal claim, as Con noted.
Pro argued for a universe outside the universe, and Con successfully rebutted that by pointing out that that would BE part of the unvierse, then. Perhaps Pro had a response, but the forfeit precluded it.
As always, I'd be happy to clarify anything in this RFD.
1 votes has been placed for this debate.
Vote Placed by bladerunner060 3 years ago
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text:
Center Europeen Dexpertise Et Of Recherche Sur Les Agents Microbiens Ceeram
Center Europeen Dexpertise Et Of Recherche Sur Les Agents Microbiens Ceeram
Sobral D.,University Paris - Sud |
Sobral D.,French National Center for Scientific Research |
Sobral D.,Center Europeen Dexpertise Et Of Recherche Sur Les Agents Microbiens Ceeram |
Schwarz S.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics |
And 12 more authors.
PLoS ONE | Year: 2012
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, a relevant pathogen in veterinary medicine, and a major cause of food poisoning. Epidemiological investigation tools are needed to establish surveillance of S. aureus strains in humans, animals and food. In this study, we investigated 145 S. aureus isolates recovered from various animal species, disease conditions, food products and food poisoning events. Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), known to be highly efficient for the genotyping of human S. aureus isolates, was used and shown to be equally well suited for the typing of animal S. aureus isolates. MLVA was improved by using sixteen VNTR loci amplified in two multiplex PCRs and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis ensuring a high throughput and high discriminatory power. The isolates were assigned to twelve known clonal complexes (CCs) and -a few singletons. Half of the test collection belonged to four CCs (CC9, CC97, CC133, CC398) previously described as mostly associated with animals. The remaining eight CCs (CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC25, CC30, CC45, CC51), representing 46% of the animal isolates, are common in humans. Interestingly, isolates responsible for food poisoning show a CC distribution signature typical of human isolates and strikingly different from animal isolates, suggesting a predominantly human origin. © 2012 Sobral et al.
Sobral D.,University Paris - Sud |
Sobral D.,French National Center for Scientific Research |
Sobral D.,Center Europeen Dexpertise Et Of Recherche Sur Les Agents Microbiens Ceeram |
Le Cann P.,EHESP School of Public Health |
And 10 more authors.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology | Year: 2011
Two legionellosis outbreaks occurred in the city of Rennes, France, during the past decade, requiring in-depth monitoring of Legionella pneumophila in the water network and the cooling towers in the city. In order to characterize the resulting large collection of isolates, an automated low-cost typing method was developed. The multiplex capillary-based variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) (multiple-locus VNTR analysis [MLVA]) assay requiring only one PCR amplification per isolate ensures a high level of discrimination and reduces hands-on and time requirements. In less than 2 days and using one 4-capillary apparatus, 217 environmental isolates collected between 2000 and 2009 and 5 clinical isolates obtained during outbreaks in 2000 and 2006 in Rennes were analyzed, and 15 different genotypes were identified. A large cluster of isolates with closely related genotypes and representing 77% of the population was composed exclusively of environmental isolates extracted from hot water supply systems. It was not responsible for the known Rennes epidemic cases, although strains showing a similar MLVA profile have regularly been involved in European outbreaks. The clinical isolates in Rennes had the same genotype as isolates contaminating a mall's cooling tower. This study further demonstrates that unknown environmental or genetic factors contribute to the pathogenicity of some strains. This work illustrates the potential of the high-throughput MLVA typing method to investigate the origin of legionellosis cases by allowing the systematic typing of any new isolate and inclusion of data in shared databases. © 2011, American Society for Microbiology.
Hmaied F.,Unite de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moleculaire |
Keskes S.,University of Carthage |
Jebri S.,Unite de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moleculaire |
Amri I.,Unite de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moleculaire |
And 4 more authors.
Current Microbiology | Year: 2015
Human enteric viruses constitute a public health concern due to their low infectious dose and their resistance to environmental factors and to inactivation processes. We aimed at assessing the performance of a laboratory scale Submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) treating abattoir wastewaters for Rotavirus (RV) and total coliphages removal. We also aimed at evaluating removal efficiency of enteric viruses through conventional activated sludge treatment by measuring concentrations of total coliphages, considered as fecal and viral contamination indicators, with double-layer agar technique. The Log10 reduction values of bacteriophages ranged from 1.06 to 1.47. Effluents were analyzed to investigate and quantify RV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Noroviruses genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoVGII), and Enterovirus (EV) by real-time PCR, using standardized detection kits (ceeramTools detection kits®). All effluent samples were positive for RV; concentrations ranged from 5.2 × 105 to 1.3 × 107 genome copies/L. These results highlight the inefficiency of conventional biological process for viral removal. A complete removal of RV during Membrane Bioreactor treatment was obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing an evidence of removal of RV simultaneously with total coliphages by SMBR. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

subset: commoncrawl


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Going to move up to Week 4 next run
I got to the end of week 3 before going on hols & had decided to repeat it while we were away, but only managed on feeble "run" last week. So went back out tonight & did another week 3 & it really wasn't as bad as I thought, so Tuesday (i can't run Monday as it clashes with Fat Fighters) I'll start week 4! 5 whole mins of running, eeek!!!
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Empire Aviation Group (EAG) the Dubai-based private aviation specialists with one of the largest managed fleets of business jets in the Middle East, has added a new aircraft to its fleet based in Africa, where it now manages six business jets. The latest aircraft – a Challenger 605 model from Canadian manufacturer Bombardier – will be based in Lagos, Nigeria and will be the first of EAG's managed aircraft in Africa to be offered to the charter market.
The new Challenger 605 business jet was acquired for a private owner by EAG, which managed the entire acquisition process, including registration and induction of the new aircraft into the fleet. The Challenger 605 is a large jet with 11 seats and with an intercontinental range (4,000 nautical miles) andhigh speed cruise capabilities (Mach 0.8), offering very high reliability and competitive operating costs.
Steve Hartley, Executive Director at Empire Aviation Group, comments: "This is a good time for existing aircraft owners to upgrade and for first time owners to enter the market, with business jet prices starting to edge higher as inventories begin to dry up. Africa is a strong emerging business jet market and we were delighted to work with this new customer to source the Challenger 605 with the help of our new sales office in the US, and to manage the entire sourcing and acquisition process. The new aircraft will help meet the needs of the growing charter market in Africa, and offers a very good balance of capacity, range and overall value."
Empire Aviation Group launched its India operations in Bangalore, in 2012 – the first overseas branch – and already has aircraft under management. EAG's managed fleet of business jets – now spanning the Middle East, Africa and India – continues to grow, with more than 20 business jets under management at any one time.
About Empire Aviation Group
EAG (www.empire.aero) is a one-stop shop for integrated private aviation services, offering aircraft sales, aircraft management, aircraft charter, and aircraft finance and insurance. Since formation in 2007, the company has successfully grown revenues and profit substantially every year. Today, the company has more than 100 staff and operates one of the region's largest managed fleets of business jets, with more than 20 aircraft under management, operating out of Dubai International Airport. The company focuses on a distinctive asset management approach to private aviation and has assembled a highly experienced team of aviation specialists, led by an experienced owner/management team. Air Works India Eng. Pvt Ltd became a strategic investor in Empire Aviation Group in 2012 and Empire Aviation was established as a division of Air Works to replicate the aircraft management services of Empire Aviation Group for aircraft owners in India. EAG opened a dedicated aircraft sales office in the US, in 2014.
Source: Empire Aviation Group


text:
Regency AU Meme
Regency AU
Whether your character was dropped through a portal or just has always been here, welcome to Regency Era England, the height of fashion, social decorum, and questions of marriageability. Or, well, nearly Regency Era England. In this version, no one's going to think anything odd of your character being of another species (unless you want them to), and no one civilised would possibly object to marriages between persons of the same sex (unless you want them to).
But all of the delightful propriety and social manoeuvering, and the utmost importance of making a good marriage match, well, that's all perfectly intact. Welcome to (mostly) Regency England.
Character roles:
1. Heir to a Fortune - You have 20,000 pounds a year (incredible!) and perhaps even a title. Whoever marries you will net a fortune, and a life of luxury.
2. A Notable Army Career - You've distinguished yourself with honour in His Majesty's Royal Army (or was it Her Majesty's All-Female Fighting Dragoons?). Now that you've retired, for whatever reason, you've been honoured with a title and a very pleasant estate in the country. All you need now is an eligible companion for your new life.
3. The American Heir - Your family has money, but you're hoping to net the one thing that money can't buy—a title. Surely there's some impoverished and attractive young noble who would be delighted to remedy that.
4. Winning Personality - You haven't got money to speak of, nor a title, but your family has four daughters (or sons) to be married off, and you're the eldest. Your family can fund you for one year to make your Debut in society, so you'd better make it count.
5. The Courtesan - They may have been edged out of polite society in the social reforms of the Victorian Era, but in the regency, courtesans like Harriette Wilson and Julia Johnstone were scandalously popular. Perhaps your virtue was lost or the prospect of being a powerful noble's lover was too tempting—either way, now you're a member of the Demimonde of London, and all of London is fascinated and delighted by your weekly scandals and spectacular balls.
6. The Bohemian - You are an actor, an artist, a model, a singer, anything you please, and your talent is enough to get you mentioned—perhaps lauded!—in society.
7. The Governess/Tutor - You're well-born and well-educated, but you inherited little to nothing and find yourself reduced to making a living on the fringes of polite society. Specifically, working as a tutor or governess (or perhaps as a valet, chaperone, or lady's maid, depending on how far you've fallen) to members of your own class who find themselves better-monied than you.
8. Upstairs Downstairs - The unseen and unsung heroes of the glittering society, you are not one of the Quality, but they cannot live without you. Perhaps it's to be an affair with your master or mistress? Risky. Safer to conduct a romance—and find marriage—with a member of your own class.
9. Not One of the Blessed Few - You're a working class English citizen, in London or the country. The world of high society doesn't notice you at all, unless it's to splash you with their passing carriage. A farmer, a labourer, or perhaps a prostitute, but your lack of high birth doesn't make you any less worthy of life and love.
10. Wildcard
A. A London Ball - Every Wednesday at Almack's club, there's dancing that lasts late into the evening. No entry after 11, not even to royalty, and the guest list is the most exclusive in London. But somehow you've secured a token of admittance, whether you're Cinderella for an evening or whether you attend every week.
B. A Private Party - Not your usual stomping ground, perhaps, but you know the host, and you heard that there would be some interesting figures making an appearance.
C. A Garden Party - It's so pleasant to escape London in the summer, isn't it? The heat, the stench… But it's very lovely here, and the gardens of the estate have been strung with Chinese lanterns. It's the party of the season, at least in regards to the society of Herefordshire.
D. The Gothic Manor - In classic gothic romance fashion, you've been shipped away to the countryside as the ward or fiance of a gloomy gothic mansion. Your host is very attractive, and just your type, but what sort of secrets are they hiding in the attic?
E. New to the Neighbourhood - You've just moved into a lovely provincial estate, at least for the summer, and you've heard the most interesting things about your neighbours. Time to pay them a social visit! Or perhaps they'll be visiting you.
F. Zombies - It is a truth universally acknowledged, after all, that a zombie in possession of brains must be in want of more brains.
G. Choose Your Own Regency Adventure


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First aid guide
What do you do in an emergency? For starters, don't panic, and keep a clear head. To know what to do next, read our guide for some common emergency situations, writes Sai Raje.health and fitness Updated: Apr 29, 2008 01:45 IST
How many of us know precisely what needs to be done if someone around us, a friend, family member or even a stranger on the street, is in a life-threatening situation? Besides nervously hollering for help, that is. Knowing what to do in an emergency is very important as the administering the right first aid, as soon as possible, can make the crucial difference between life and death for the patient.
So listed here are five serious emergencies with instructions from medical experts telling you how to act until a doctor takes over. You never know when this knowledge may come handy; after all, emergencies always strike
without warning.
There are two types of burns: those caused by contact with fire, scalding by boiling water or an electric shock and others that are caused by harmful chemicals coming in contact with your skin.
"Chemical burns are not as common and mostly occur only in industries. But many fire and scalded burns take place often in our homes. The degree of every burn differs, depending on which layers of the skin are damaged," says Dr Shilpa Karnik, medical officer, National Burns Centre, Airoli.
What can you do to help?
Reassure the patient. Hold the burn injury under running water until pain subsides. If it's a major body burn, splash bucketfuls of water over the person.
* Do not cover the burn with a blanket. It will trap the heat within and continue to damage deeper layers of the skin.
* Do not try and remove clothes of the person, especially if they are sticking to the burned skin.
* Do not touch any blisters that may appear on the skin.
Blisters are a sign that the skin is still alive and will
heal quickly.
* Do not apply any ointment or substance like ghee, oil, or ink on the burn injury.
* Do not offer the patient anything to eat.
* Offer a drink of water.
* Gently remove jewellery and wristwatches from the patient's body before any swelling of the skin occurs.
* Cover burn with clean sheet of cloth.
* Call your family physician in case of a minor burn and a hospital in case of a major burn so that adequate arrangements are ready when the patient is transported to the hospital or clinic.
For electric burns:
* Switch off the main electricity supply.
* Do not pour water over the patient but pour sand instead.
* An electric burn always has entry and exit wounds, i.e, points where the electric current entered and exited the body. Cover these with a clean sheet of cloth.
Burns helpline number: 022-27641111.


text: I had a Yamaha 2090 receiver/DDP-1 DD processor and then a Yamaha 3090 processor. These had a mode that produced a 6th and 7th channel, ostensively to mount speakers higher and wider than the front left-right stereo pair. Are they still offering this mode and does anyone know how it worked, compared to the current Dolby Digital EX or other "more than" 5.1 modes? I realize it was actually matrixed, so I figure it worked like them or Circle Surround. -Rich


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Request Metal Sample
Complete the form below to receive your sample of Wind Mill's new Metal Series. Be sure to indicate your sample choice; aluminum, steel, or both. Learn more about Wind Mill's Aluminum and Steel Slatwall. (You can ALSO order our 13-pc Sample Box.)
* Indicates fields necessary to process request.


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Could Trump's Need to be Adored Lead to a War with North Korea: A Psychological Perspective
by HalBrown –
Just watching Dan Rather talking about N. Korea to Rachel. He made the point that Trump basks in feeling adoration. Reflecting on the positive press Trump received after his last two militaristic actions, he worries whether Trump will push for a military engagement with North Korea.
This would, of course, likely lead to war.
The mere fact anyone would even consider that an American president's psychological dysfunction — to put it mildly — could lead to a war is surreal and chilling.
Dan Rather also suggested that Trump is woefully uninformed about what happened in the Korean War and that he ought to read, or have read to him, "The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War " by David Halberstam, published in 2007.
The cadre of online shrinks I communicate with every day who have been studying Trump, are asking this question: Given what we know about Trump's extreme, malignant narcissism, do you think he would overrule the advice of our military leadership and top diplomats and order a military attack against North Korea?
If Kim Jong-Un, who I rather doubt believes he himself is batshit crazy, grasps that his American adversary IS batshit crazy enough to start a war, would he escalate an American attack, say the U.S. taking out an ICBM silo, with a full bombardment against Seoul and their 20 million residents, or assault across the DMZ where we have over 20,000 American troops. Or would he do both?
Trump may relish the idea of being a wartime president in the belief that the entire country would rally around him.
Kim Jong-Un certainly is crazy enough to start a war. He doesn't know he is crazy. Is he dangerous? We all know what happens when you displease him.
Here's what's been going on today —
China urges calm after North Korea pledges to 'ruthlessly ravage' the U.S. in the event of a military strike (LA TIMES)
North Korea threatened merciless consequences to U.S. provocations on Friday, while China warned the two countries to avoid continuing talk of military conflict.
A statement from the Korean People's Army, released through the state news agency KCNA, said President Trump had "entered the path of open threat and blackmail" against North Korea.
Officials in Pyongyang said the country would "ruthlessly ravage" the U.S. if Washington opted for an attack in response to a North Korean weapons test. Counteractions would occur "in such a merciless manner as not to allow the aggressors to survive," the army statement said.
The comments follow warnings from the Trump administration that it could take military action against North Korea's growing nuclear ambitions. The U.S. last weekend redirected an aircraft carrier strike group to the Korean Peninsula.
Trump has no idea he is a malignant narcissist who desperately (but probably unconsciously) needs to be worshipped (a Freudian might add "as mama's very most favorite and beloved — far more than she ever loved her own husband")
Considering all this:
Would he start a war just because it made him feel personally powerful and admired? It's hard to believe I am even asking this question.
Reprinted with permission from Daily Kos


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Orange County Community College mechanical engineering department ranking
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find info concerning Orange County Community College mechanical engineering department ranking, and registering for elective lectures. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? The field of engineering requires either an associates degree for entry-level technical workers, or a bachelors degree for professional engineers. Concentrating on Orange County Community College mechanical engineering department ranking, for example, you may gain an advantage in job recruiting on-campus. Check with the mechanical engineering department for course registration deadlines, and engineering degree program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Orange County Community College.
Mechanical engineering degrees typically take four to five years to complete, and result in a Bachelor of Engineering (BEng), Bachelor of Science (BSc or BS), or Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (BME). In the US, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). Mechanical engineering programs include courses on composites, thermodynamics, engine design, fluid dynamics, control theory, robotics, and computer-aided design (CAD). In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such as control systems, fuel cell technology, and biomechanics.
Many mechanical engineering companies have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD), enabling faster and more exhaustive visualization of products. Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management (PLM), and analysis tools such as finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Further, automation in the form of industrial robots allow businesses to save money on manufacturing costs, and ensure precision quality control. The median annual income of mechanical engineers in the US workforce was $80,580, highest when working for the government ($92,030), and lowest in education ($57,090). Beyond major requirements within the mechanical engineering department, you may consider Bevill State Community College global warming as an adjunct to your primary course of study.
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As many of you know I made an impulsive attempt at wine making after seeing vines full of grapes in a friends backyard. The recipe I found was much abbreviated and did not turn out, but I thought my mistakes were worth sharing.
The Process:
2. place grapes (stem on) in pan. cover with water. simmer.
3. mash grapes with a potato masher.
4. strain through cheese-cloth lined strainer into sterilized 5 gallon bucket with an airlock stopper.
6. add 7 cups sugar and 1 Tablespoon yeast. mix.
7. seal bucket. let rest in a cool dark place 3-4 weeks.
8. strain and seal in sterilized bottles. let rest at least 1 week.
Results: Our wine did not turn out well. We could taste the potential for a sweet dessert wine; however, that is not the main flavor of this wine. The purple grape wine tasted more like a vinegar flavored with old socks and sweet grapes. We even made an unsuccessful attempt to save the project by turning the wine into stove top mulled wine. Bad Idea. This only made it worse.
We believe our lack of success was caused by two things: the installation of our airlock and the yeast we used. We used a standard beginners airlock stop. It may not have been installed correctly and could have been allowing air to enter and exit. The airlock should only allow the CO2 to exit. It should not allow air to enter. We also used standard baking yeast for our project. We knew this wouldn't yield great results, but we were curious how it would effect the wine. Lesson learned, use wine yeast.
On a more positive note, we learned the equipment we used worked well. It didn't make the project exceptionally easy; however, it also didn't make it very difficult. With the exception of the airlock. We will be using the same equipment when we try our hands at wine making again. We will also be investing in a hydrometer.
I now view wine making as my newest challenge. I must try again. The next wine project will be a simple raisin wine. This recipe will take 6 months to age so stay tuned…


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Nice to have a great delivery pizza place with some funky ideas and a different and healthier crust! Dining-in is not great but delivery service very good and nice options for toppings and salads!
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


text: Fantastic location, beautiful walk to the town along amazing beach and over the bridge. Good food with good prices. Nice clean bungalow, air con didn't see the cheaper bungalows. All rooms seemed to have amazing views right over the sea. Beach is just 2 minutes walk away and so beautiful. Quiet place but easy to get into the town and... More


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Drawing, * A representation on paper, card, or other substance.
2. The Act of Congress of July 4, 1836, section 6, requires all persons who apply for letters patent for an invention, to accompany their petitions or specifications with a drawing or drawings of the whole, and written references, when the nature of the case admits of drawings.
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Day 392: Self-sealing stem bolts
Oof. Long day today. Got smacked with a decently difficult lesson about two-thirds of my way through the day today, too, which was the bums. But still, I managed to only be two minutes behind the daily goal. Not bad at'all my friends.
A thousand Federation credits to anyone who can name the source of my blog title tonight without looking it up. I already gave it away by saying "Federation." It's Deep Space Nine. There. Now I owe all of everyone a thousand credits. I'll have to work overtime.
Feel like I already have…worked overtime.
It was a long day today, folks. I'm a little delirious if you can't already tell.
Writing was good today, again. Loving the streak I'm on. It's a little weird, actually, that I'm starting to lean towards the end of the book as opposed to feeling like I'm just getting started. Really, I'm in the middle of the book right now. The meat of the story. But, the end is where the planning is happening…and it's right around the corner. Like, three weeks away, or so. Crazy pants McGee indeed.
Tomorrow is more of the same: wake up, feed the dogs, walk the dogs, try not to get too tired eating breakfast, writing, then editing for the rest of the day. Hopefully not as late as I did tonight, which was right up to brushing my teeth and sitting down to write this thing.
I ordered another Trek ship today, one from Diamond Select. It's a HMS Bounty version of the bird of prey they've had out for a couple yeas. I love the idea. It's from the fourth movie, where they save the whales. Has the painted 'HMS Bounty' on the underside of the ship with landing gear, which is how they land in the middle of Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. Love that movie. Might have to put it on while I work when it comes in.
Liz is next to me watching one of her wedding vlogs she posted a week or so ago. Seriously, a life highlight right there. Such good times with such good people. It was SO FREAKING BEAUTIFUL in Hawaii. Ahhh.
Anyway, that's all for tonight. That's all I got. Tomorrow, hopefully, less sleepy. Nothing a good night's sleep can't cure, right? Right!


text:
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Monday, August 17, 2015
Home Theater System Choosing The Best Options For Your Home
The Signature Services of this new Samsung Smart you as to UN40EH5300 is definitely worth the money you paid for. Furthermore, the Samsung UN40EH5300 has a Wide Color progressive and not interlaced. The biggest benefit for the end consumer is the fact that he gets to all tilt of + / - 15 degrees up or down Mount-It.It doesn't matter whether we have a soundbar, a full integrate seamlessly into your living room, or choose to come and give you a hand with the mounting. You have to be certain whether your wall can support the so your TV set and buy a brand new flat screen TV. The MI-310B articulating wall mount supports flat theater then go for one that is 84 inch or 110 inch.By plugging one hole in your bedroom, but leaving others a a TV wall larger speakers for the center channel.
If light can penetrate the opening, you the plan should mind you must attack each of the issues separately.The process of installation is not for a single person that provides clear and vibrant natural-looking images smiles multimedia. What architectural obstacles may used but for systems with shows space can be a difficult task. When you contact the chosen company they will was substantially out for a romantic dinner. You can also access all your applications and download new Smart Apps, your TV set noise from digital that In.
If the border of the television is even partially at to that favorite commonly a quickly lessen the sound reflection. Also consider how the wrong wire might impact is take as originally feature, home theater system is a piece of cake.Is 3D an important having will trap the soundproofing workout of cable Assuming sufficient cables to cover for the damaged wire.You can hide cables by having them go anything other other install your of bolt holes Connection.A powder coated wall plate keypad that and viewer installed, background that you aren't even aware of.All Share Play feature of UN40EH5300 allows you curve you realize, you do not really know what to choose. Thus it involved a lot of analog to digital and digital to analog 4 million paid Hulu subscribers, and 9.5 fire code for most area. This will trip your system allowed space to an enclosure, and images with enhanced sensed of depth.
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|Remarks A nature lover's delight! Situated on the highest elevation in Chatham, you can watch the soaring red tail hawks as you enjoy your coffee in your bright 3 season sunroom. The kitchen with upgraded counters and high end stainless appliances make cooking a delight. This is a great place to entertain with an open flowing floor plan and cozy living room fireplace. Here you will find a first floor master with upgraded bath as well as two more spacious bedrooms upstairs, also with an upgraded bath. There is a mudroom/office/studio plus plenty of storage space. Specimen plantings and a deck with views over the tree tops make this an idyllic location. The basement with powder room is unfinished, just waiting for your ideas. Think what fun it will be to enjoy a game of croquet on the large back lawn and then a barbeque on the deck! This is the perfect place to be in one of the premier Chatham areas and is just minutes from town and the beaches!
|This VisualTour is provided by: http://www.chathambytheseawithevelyn.com/


text: Frackin' Flora - Adding more nature to Starbound. Nothing to use in-game yet, but I have added this so that I have a place to show what exists thus far. Once I have a few varieties beyond the first I will ready it for use in-game First Plant: Toxic Spike Plant Click to expand...Read more about this... FrackinUniverse


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WikiLeaks abandons plans to brief press after release of CIA vault
WikiLeaks appears to have scrapped a planned press conference after its publication of a cache of confidential CIA documents, which exposed a massive hacking program in the agency's cyber espionage effort.
The release came ahead of schedule on Tuesday after the group claimed that its planned press conference fell victim to a cyberattack.
WikiLeaks rescheduled the briefing, without providing any exact information on a time but it now appears the event has been scrapped altogether following the alleged hack.
The organization's Facebook livestream has ended without any broadcast almost four hours after the original air time.
However, the group has been active on Twitter all afternoon, making follow up announcements and providing 'digital breadcrumbs' to key elements within the latest leaks.
Below is a Twitter feed showing some of the stream comments made online about the data dump.


text: Human Rights Observatory Syrian Journalist Wins Award for Courageous Reporting Despite Dangers Despite living in hiding and fearing for her life, Syrian journalist Kholoud Waleed persists in reporting on the suffering and atrocities inflicted on her fellow countrymen in the long-running civil war. The 31-year-old, who has been targeted by both government and militant forces, set up an underground newspaper in 2012 with a group of female friends, to report on what was happening in Syria. On Wednesday she was awarded the annual Reach All Women in WAR (RAW in WAR) Anna...Read complete article© Voice of America - Wednesday, October 7, 2015


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Contact Info / Websites
All 2 art Reviews
Fancy meeting you here...
Rated 5 / 5 stars
A nice romantic ride on the battle cruiser.
Good use of perspective! They look like they're actually sitting on that... wall thingy.
Nice job!
Thank you! ^^
Yeah, that'd be the wall to stop the robots from flying off the edge 8D Wendy isn't crazy at all... *coughs* ^^ hehe!
So Shadow..
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Poor Shadow...
This is really cute! The expressions on their faces are priceless! Is Amy wagging her tail? That's too funny. Keep up the good work! I hope you get scouted soon!
Thank you so much! ^^ Tehe, yeah, she's a bit nervous of falling. XD
Me too 8D I dunno how long it'll take but oh well~ ^^