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Have a Tax Question? Ask a Tax Expert
Thank you for using justanswer. If your father in law gifts his house to your wife, then her basis for tax purposes is the same as his, cost plus any improvements done over the years. Usually, if people purchased their home many years ago, those homes are worth alot more now that what they paid for them. If your wife inherits the house after her father's death, then she will inherit the house at its fair market value on date of death.
If I'm not reading too much into your question, it sounds like they want to sell the house in the near future? If that's true, and if her dad has lived in that house 2 out of the last 5 years, then he can sell the home and make up to a $250,000 profit ($500,000 is married and both spouses lived in home as main residence 2 out of 5 years) with no tax consequences to him. He will keep the profit tax free.
A person may gift an individual up to $12,000 per year without having to file the gift tax form, and that $12,000/person does not go against the lifetime 2 million limit. So your father inlaw may gift both you, your wife, and any children you may have up to $12,000 each again with no tax consequence. (There is never a tax consequence of receiving a gift, all gift taxes are paid by the giver)
I'm not sure why you thought there would be a loss on any sale of your father in law's home, but unless that home is business/investment property, there is no allowable tax loss on the sale of a personal residence.
I hope this helps
Frequently Asked Questions - 10. Capital Gains, Losses/Sale of Home
Positive feedback and bonuses are always appreciated
There is no tax consequences to the receiver of a gift, and your father in law will file Form 706 (Rev. September 2007) United States Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return. Unless he has exceeded his lifetime 2 million dollar exclusion, this form will be filed as an "Informational Return" only. There should be no other tax consequences from this transaction as you have described it.


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" Brand: Otterbox / Type: Case for smartphone / Material: silicone, polycarbonate "
* Prices may differ from that shown
A few months ago, my contract for my mobile phone was up for renewal, and as pretty much everyone I know currently uses a smart phone I figured, I might as well upgrade to the latest Blackberry in the form of the Torch 9800. I am probably one of the clumsiest people I know so I decided before I'd even start using my shiny new phone that some form of protection was required in terms of a case to protect my new toy from any damage from careless knocks and drops.
My partner has the Blackberry bold and purchased the Otter box defender case for it and so he recommended that I have a look to see what Otter box could offer me for my Blackberry Torch. The only case available was a very attractive looking Commuter case which I decided to go for.
You may ask yourself...how does a 4 legged water dwelling whiskered creature protect your shiny new smart phone. Well let me tell you this - you do not need keep any livestock in the vicinity of your mobile phone, nor do you need to keep a healthy supply of Sardines in the cupboard...I have provided guidelines below
==who are Otter box==
Otter box are an American company who have been around since 1998 and are one of the leading providers of protective cases for various hand held devices including my shiny new smart phone. In recognising a global demand for this type of product we as consumers can purchase this product from various retailers here in the UK including the official Blackberry website for the UK and Amazon.
==how much do you pay for the Otter box Commuter case==
My Case cost me £17.99 from Amazon which although expensive I was more than happy to pay because anything that will help me keep my phone free from scratches and the recognisable signs of wear and tear is worth splashing a little cash on.
==about the commuter case==
Because of the design of the blackberry torch, this particular case comes in 3 parts; A protective polycarbonate shell to cover the front sliding panel which houses the screen; a silicone mid section which has plugs for port protection such as your charging port and headphone port with raised areas where the buttons are located on the actual phone so you don't lose any functionality and of course a further Otterbox branded polycarbonate shell to pop over the silicone mid section protecting the back section of the phone. The silicone is an important feature as this helps to absorb any shock from knocks and drops and unlike pure silicone cases won't pick up dust and fluff particles when in your handbag or pocket, while the polycarbonate casing helps to reduce scratches and chips that can often be caused due to everyday wear and tear.
==Ease of Application==
When I first got my commuter case I was very excited as it meant I could start using my phone without the worry of it getting carelessly damaged. I removed the case from the box and set about applying it to my phone. The front panel clipped on easily enough and didn't obstruct any functions on the main screen or front section of the phone, but the one thing I noticed was how much bulkier my phone immediately looked, and that was even before I'd attempted to attach the silicone layer and back panel. I tried, to put the silicone layer over the back of the phone first and then polycarbonate casing over the top but found that this didn't really work out as there are open sections on the polycarbonate casing where the silicone buttons and port protectors slot into and I found that attempting to put the casing on over the top was just stretching the silicone, so I made another attempt at putting the cover on by first slotting the silicone inside the polycarbonate casing as it would sit while on the phone and popping it on that way.....well it wasn't the easiest thing in the world to get on but pulling the durable polycarbonate casing up and over the top of the phone I eventually succeeded, and was delighted to see that everything slotted in exactly where it should.
==How protective is the commuter case?==
I've been using my phone solidly now since the beginning of December and have to say that I find that this particular case provides me with piece of mind that my phone remains protected at all times. My phone has dropped out of my pocket on a couple of occasions to the ground outside and upon inspection; the durable Otter box casing has withstood any notable damage, with only the odd scratch to be found on the polycarbonate shell. Had my phone not been protected with the Commuter case I imagine I'd have seen a few nasty chips appear here and there on the metallic outer rim and some scratches to the back panel, which I have thankfully managed to avoid.
The one thing to note is that I imagine it would be near impossible to keep your phone in the new condition it was in when first received and I don't know if any case would provide you with complete protection from the occasional scratch here and there, so it's important for me to point out that this case is not without its flaws, and while it has protected my phone from what could potentially have been quite severe damage, there are still little particles of dust and goodness knows what else that manage to creep their way underneath the casing itself which have caused a number of flaws to appear on the metallic outer layer on the front slide panel of the phone caused by what looks like rubbing.
Other than this particular flaw I can confirm that the case is very sturdy, rugged and durable and I expect it to last me until I get another shiny new phone.
==My final thoughts and overall opinion==
Ok so there are a couple of negative points that I have noted on this case, including the difficulty I had in getting it on initially, but over time I have removed the casing on several occasions and find it easier and easier to re-attach every time, kind of like it has more flex in it (or maybe I just understand better how it fits on...), and secondly, the rub marks found on the front slide panel caused by dust particles getting in underneath the front casing. Other than these small flaws, the case couldn't be better, it allows you to continue to use your phone to its maximum potential, and doesn't obstruct any of the functions or features. The ports for charging and inserting headphones are easily accessible, although if using a bed side charger the case has to be completely removed, as the bedside chargers have been designed and moulded to the exact size and shape of the phone. Although the case makes the phone a little bulkier than when in its standard form, it has no impact at all on the sound quality and I think in all its ruggedness it's actually quite an attractive case. I opted for a plain black polycarbonate case with a pink silicone mid layer which adds a splash of colour to the phone without being over the top.
You don't buy a phone with the intention of damaging it through silly little accidents so I like having that little extra piece of mind knowing that my phone is protected at all times by my Otter box commuter case.

subset: commoncrawl


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2185 Citracado Parkway Escondido, CA 92029
15615 Pomerado Road Poway, CA 92064
555 East Valley Parkway Escondido, CA 92025
1509 East Valley Parkway Escondido, CA 92027
1571 San Elijo Road S. San Marcos, CA 92078
The color red evokes passion and confidence – and it signals change. Palomar Health is committed to making a change for the better as it joins forces with the American Heart Association (AHA) as a sponsor of the "San Diego Goes Red for Women" movement, part of the American Heart Association's national "Go Red For Women" campaign. The exclusive local partnership will help support the AHA's national call to women to become more aware of their risk for heart disease and learn what they can do to reduce their risk.
"Heart disease and stroke are the number one killers of women – claiming more lives each year than the next seven causes of death combined, and nearly twice as many as all forms of cancer, including breast cancer," says Robert Stein, M.D., a board-certified cardiologist and Medical Director of Palomar Health Cardiovascular Services. "We believe our involvement with San Diego Goes Red for Women is a significant step in the right direction toward increasing women's awareness of this problem and increasing appropriate treatment."
Through the campaign, women can learn tips and information on healthy eating, exercise and risk-factor reduction, such as smoking cessation, weight maintenance, blood pressure control and blood cholesterol control.
Palomar Health's role in the initiative includes helping to spread the health message to the San Diego community, providing cardiac health experts to speak on the subject and participating in AHA events such as the Heart Walk in September.
Do you have questions about Cardiovascular Services at Palomar Health in North San Diego County? Visit Patient Resources for more information, Contact Us or Find Our Location(s).
© 2017 Palomar Health


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VR webGIS development with OSG
The National Council of Researches, Institute of Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (CNR ITABC), based in Rome, Italy, is seeking for one expert who will be employed in the following activities: Development of new functionalities for an Open Source rendering web engine, dedicated to archaeological terrains and models (VR webGIS). The job regards: development of new navigation-exploration functionalities to the existing visualization engine, based on OpenSceneGraph library, development of management and creation functionalities of the scene integration, management and maintenance of web infrastructures. The applicant will also participate in Virtual Heritage research activities.
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GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms (formerly Octec) , a unit of General Electric Company (NYSE: GE), are world leaders in the design and manufacture of rugged, real-time video tracking and image processing subsystems.
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NBC's Meet the Press finished 2007 as the number one Sunday morning public affairs show. It marked the tenth year the Tim Russert-hosted program was the top-rated show.
The show won both total viewers as well as the A24-54 demo. Meet the Press averaged 3.544 million viewers during 2007, followed by CBS' Face the Nation with 2.622, ABC's The Week with 2.597 and FOX's News Sunday with 1.263.
For the A25-54 demo, Meet the Press finished with a 1.0 rating, compared to .8 for CBS, .7 for ABC and .4 for FOX.
Meet the Press also slightly expanded its lead from last year over the second place show, CBS' Face the Nation.
The show featured 12 presidential candidate interviews during 2007 as part of their Meet the Candidates series.


text: My sister recently bought a 97 A3 and her local dealer requested that she book it in for a brake recall. Just checked with my local dealer about my car (97 t sport)and they want it in next week for the same problem. Does anyone know anything about this? Is a hose problem apparently.


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Tue, Jan 29, 2013 at 10:11 PM
yeah the title says it all , . . . . me & my so called bestfriend got into it yesterday -___- and i want to be there for her & ishh but it seems that everything is about her << and its 2013 im doing my own thing and ishhh but yeah she doesnt seem to care about my needs as a good FRIEND . . . & ive been there fo her ass for 5 years & its time i do me . . .. im just confused if i should take her back for the 100th time ? or just go on w. life ?
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Borg Assimilator Intimidates U.S. East CoastBy Michelle
April 13, 2004 - 8:07 PM
If you can't make it to Las Vegas to be assimilated in Borg Invasion 4-D, consider a trip to North Carolina, where the Borg Assimilator Flying Roller Coaster is now terrifying humans.
StarTrek.com reported on the new attraction, a roller coaster unlike any other in the Carolinas, located at Paramount's Carowinds.
Borg Assimilator suspends riders below the track to "fly" speeds of up to 50 mph over nearly 3000 feet of twisting track including eight inversions - more than any other roller coaster in the southeastern United States.
As previously reported, the ride was originally a Vekoma Flyer developed in the Netherlands. It offers virtually unobstructed views of the Carowinds amusement park.
The StarTrek.com item is here. Paramount's Carowinds site has a short film about the ride here.
Discuss this news item at Trek BBS!
Add TrekToday RSS feed to your news reader or My Yahoo!
Also a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation fan? Then visit CSIFiles.com!


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The selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist, JDTic, was evaluated in two behavioral models relevant to the development of medications for the prevention of relapse to cocaine abuse. Both stress and depression have been linked to relapse to cocaine abuse in humans, so compounds with anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in animal models may have utility as treatments. JDTic administered orally at doses of 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg was found to dose-dependently block the effects of a footshock stressor to reinstate previously extinguished cocaine self-administration in Long-Evans rats. In contrast, JDTic did not block the effects of a priming injection of cocaine on reinstatement, suggesting that JDTic did not simply interfere with lever-pressing or have sedative effects. In the forced-swim test, JDTic reduced immobility and increased swimming in rats placed in a cylinder of water, which are effects similar to those produced by marketed SSRI antidepressants. It should be noted that JDTic has a long duration of action and was administered at least 23 hours prior to both tests. Kappa opioid receptor antagonism was verified by measuring blockade of kappa opioid receptor agonist-induced diuresis immediately after reinstatement testing; this ensured that relevant pharmacological activity was present at the time of testing. Taken together, the results suggest that JDTic has both anti-stress and antidepressant behavioral activity, which appears to be attributable to long-acting kappa opioid receptor antagonism. These effects may be desirable in a cocaine-relapse prevention treatment medication, and this compound is a promising lead that warrants further evaluation for safety and efficacy. Beardsley P.M., Howard, J.L., Shelton, K.L., and Carroll, F.I. Psychopharmacology 183, pp. 118-126, 2005.
In laboratory animals, augmentation of GABA neurotransmission results in inhibition of cocaine self-administration and inhibition of reinstatement to cocaine-seeking behaviors. If parallel effects were observed in humans, GABA-ergic medication should be effective both in the abstinence-induction as well as in the relapse-prevention phase of cocaine dependence treatment. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication that increases human brain GABA levels. The safety and efficacy of gabapentin combined with relapse-prevention therapy in the treatment of cocaine-dependent individuals was evaluated. The study involved 129 individuals with cocaine dependence. Of the 99 participants who were randomized into a double-blind trial, 88% were males, 66% were minorities and with an average age of 39 years (range 22-58 years). After 2 weeks of placebo lead-in, participants were randomized to receive either gabapentin 3200mg (1600mg bid) or placebo for 12 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of placebo lead-out. Prior to randomization, participants were stratified into four groups based on the principal route of cocaine use (smokers versus intranasal users) and the level of cocaine use during the 2 weeks of lead-in (high level versus low level). Throughout the 16 week study, participants received weekly individual relapse-prevention therapy. The outcome measures included: days of cocaine use and a binary indicator of abstinence based on urine toxicology test, self-reported cocaine craving and retention in treatment. Forty-nine percent of randomized patients completed 12 weeks of the trial. Retention did not differ by treatment group but cocaine-smokers dropped out of treatment at a significantly faster rate than intranasal users. For the entire sample, odds of cocaine use over the course of the study did not differ between gabapentin- and placebo-treated individuals. There was a significant difference in the odds of cocaine use between high and low-use groups, with the odds in high-use groups decreasing over time and odds in the low-use groups gradually increasing over the course of the study, such that by the end of the study low and high users were similarly likely to use cocaine. In the low-use group, there was a non-significant trend suggesting that gabapentin-treated subjects had more favorable outcome compared to placebo-treated individuals. There was no treatment effect on abstinence rates, craving or other substance use. Gabapentin at 3200mg/day was very well tolerated in this group of cocaine-dependent participants. When combined with weekly individual relapse-prevention therapy, gabapentin 1600mg bid was no more effective than placebo in the treatment of cocaine dependence. When reviewed in conjunction with other published studies, gabapentin and other GABA enhancing anticonvulsant medications may deserve further study as relapse-preventive agents in cocaine-dependent individuals who achieve abstinence early in treatment. Bisaga, A., Aharonovich, E., Garawi, F., Levin, F. R., Rubin, E., Raby, W. N. et al. Drug Alcohol Depend.,E- publication, 2005; A multisite double blind placebo controlled trial of 140 cocaine dependent patients was recently completed (data presented at CPDD 2005 by Eugene Somoza in a symposium entitled "Pharmacotherpy for Cocaine Addiction: An Update From NIDA/DPMC" which showed no effect for gabapentin over placebo in reducing cocaine use.
Rapid opioid detoxification with opioid antagonist induction using general anesthesia has emerged as an expensive, potentially dangerous, unproven approach to treat opioid dependence. To determine how anesthesia-assisted detoxification with rapid antagonist induction for heroin dependence compared with 2 alternative detoxification and antagonist induction methods. A total of 106 treatment-seeking heroin-dependent patients, aged 21 through 50 years, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 inpatient withdrawal treatments over 72 hours followed by 12 weeks of outpatient naltrexone maintenance with relapse prevention psychotherapy. This randomized trial was conducted between 2000 and 2003 at Columbia University Medical Center's Clinical Research Center. Outpatient treatment occurred at the Columbia University research service for substance use disorders. Patients were included if they had an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I or II, were without major comorbid psychiatric illness, and were not dependent on other drugs or alcohol. Anesthesia-assisted rapid opioid detoxification with naltrexone induction, buprenorphine-assisted rapid opioid detoxification with naltrexone induction, and clonidine-assisted opioid detoxification with delayed naltrexone induction. Withdrawal severity scores on objective and subjective scales; proportions of patients receiving naltrexone, completing inpatient detoxification, and retained in treatment; proportion of opioid-positive urine specimens. Mean withdrawal severities were comparable across the 3 treatments. Compared with clonidine-assisted detoxification, the anesthesia- and buprenorphine-assisted detoxification interventions had significantly greater rates of naltrexone induction (94% anesthesia, 97% buprenorphine, and 21% clonidine), but the groups did not differ in rates of completion of inpatient detoxification. Treatment retention over 12 weeks was not significantly different among groups with 7 of 35 (20%) retained in the anesthesia-assisted group, 9 of 37 (24%) in the buprenorphine-assisted group, and 3 of 34 (9%) in the clonidine-assisted group. Induction with 50 mg of naltrexone significantly reduced the risk of dropping out (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.51). There were no significant group differences in proportions of opioid-positive urine specimens. The anesthesia procedure was associated with 3 potentially life-threatening adverse events. These data do not support the use of general anesthesia for heroin detoxification and rapid opioid antagonist induction. Collins, E. D., Kleber, H.D., Whittington, R.A. and Heitler, N.E. JAMA, 294, pp. 903-913, 2005.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in adult cocaine abusers. Yet, it remains to be determined how the response to cocaine differs in cocaine abusers with ADHD compared to cocaine abusers without ADHD. Further, since ADHD is commonly treated with stimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH), it is important to examine whether MPH maintenance alters the response to cocaine in cocaine abusers with ADHD. Thus, the first phase of this study compared the response to cocaine in adult cocaine abusers with ADHD to those without ADHD. The second phase assessed the effects of oral sustained-release methylphenidate (MPH-SR) maintenance (40 and 60mg) on the response to cocaine only in those with ADHD. Cocaine abusers with ADHD (N=7) and without ADHD (N=7) who were not seeking treatment remained inpatient initially for 1 week, when the effects of cocaine alone were tested (Phase 1). Cocaine abusers with ADHD remained inpatient for an additional 3 weeks, during which the effects of cocaine during oral MPH-SR maintenance were tested (Phase 2). During cocaine fixed dosing sessions, participants received four injections of i.v. cocaine (0, 16 or 48mg/70kg), spaced 14min apart. During cocaine choice sessions, participants had a choice between receiving i.v. cocaine (16 or 48mg/70kg) or two tokens, each exchangeable for US $2. Subjective effects related to ADHD symptoms (e.g. ratings of "Able to Concentrate") were significantly lower in cocaine abusers with ADHD compared to those without ADHD when placebo cocaine was administered. Active cocaine produced similar increases in cardiovascular and positive subjective effects in both groups and there was no difference in cocaine choice between the two groups. These data suggest that the response to cocaine is not different between cocaine abusers with ADHD compared to those without ADHD. When the cocaine abusers with ADHD were maintained on MPH-SR, cardiovascular effects were increased, however, this did not warrant termination of any test session. Maintenance on MPH-SR decreased some of the positive subjective effects of cocaine. Further, maintenance on a high dose of MPH-SR decreased cocaine choice. Thus, oral MPH-SR is safe in combination with repeated cocaine doses and decreases some of the positive and reinforcing effects of cocaine in cocaine abusers with ADHD. Collins, S.L., Levin, F.R., Foltin, R.W., Kleber, H.D. and Evans, S.M. Drug Alcohol Depend. (e-publication ahead of print) October 2005.
Buprenorphine may be shown to be an alternate medication to methadone in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to compare the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonates of methadone and buprenorphine maintained pregnant opioid-dependent women and provide preliminary safety and efficacy data for a larger multi-center trial. In this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, flexible dosing, parallel-group controlled trial, treatment involved daily administration of either sublingual buprenorphine or oral methadone using flexible dosing of 4-24 mg or 20-100 mg, respectively, Primary outcome measures were number of neonates treated for NAS; amount of opioid agonist medication used to treat NAS; length of neonatal hospitalization; and peak NAS score. Two of 10 buprenorphine-exposed and 5 of 11 methadone-exposed neonates were treated for NAS. Total amount of opioid-agonist medication administered to treat NAS in methadone-exposed neonates was three times greater than for buprenorphine-exposed neonates. Length of hospitalization was shorter for buprenorphine-exposed than for methadone-exposed neonates. Peak NAS total scores did not significantly differ between groups. Results suggest that buprenorphine is not inferior to methadone on outcome measures assessing NAS and maternal and neonatal safety when administered starting in the second trimester of pregnancy. Jones, H.E., Johnson, R.E., Jasinski, D.R., O'Grady, K.E., Chisholm, C.A., Choo, R.E., Crocetti, M., Dudas, R., Harrow, C., Huestis, M.A., Jansson, L.M., Lantz, M., Lester, B.M. and Milio, L. Drug Alcohol Depend. 79(1), pp. 1-10, July 2005.
This study investigated the effect of methadone on fetal neurobehavioral functions and maternal physiologic indicators. Forty women were evaluated at peak and trough methadone levels. At peak methadone, fetal heart rate was slower, less variable, and displayed fewer accelerations. Fetuses displayed less motor activity and the integration between heart rate and motor activity was attenuated. Maternal heart rate and skin conductance were unchanged, but methadone administration was associated with lower respiratory rate. The conclusions were that maternal methadone administration has significant effects on fetal behavioral functions that are independent of maternal effects. Jansson, L.M., DiPietro, J. and Elko, A. Am. J. Obstetrics and Gynecology 193(3) pp. 611-617, September 2005.
Few clinical trials include sex as a factor. This analysis explored within-sex differences in response to opioid agonist medications. Males and females randomly assigned to buprenorphine, LAAM, or methadone were compared on opioid use and retention in treatment. Females receiving buprenorphine had less objective drug use than females receiving methadone, while males receiving LAAM had less objective drug use than males receiving buprenorphine. Retention in treatment was longer for both sexes receiving methadone versus LAAM. Within-subject change results indicate that all three medications benefit both sexes. Clinical trials should be designed to examine the impact of sex on outcomes. Jones, H.E., Fitzgerald, H.and Johnson, R.E. Am. J. Addict. 14(3) pp. 223-233, May-June 2005.
Massive hypertensive crises relating to cerebrovascular accidents such as strokes or ruptured aneurysms, or cardiovascular dysfunction and toxicity, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with cocaine or methamphetamine use. Experimentally administered, pharmacologically effective doses of cocaine and methamphetamine may serve as a model for studying the effects of these drugs on hemodynamic response and for examining the potential utility of the antihypertensive and dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist isradipine to block these effects. This group examined, in two separate experiments of similar design conducted contemporaneously, the hemodynamic effects of cocaine or methamphetamine in the presence and absence of isradipine. In both experiments (total N = 31), isradipine pretreatment was provided to cocaine- or methamphetamine-dependent male and female subjects before intravenous administration of low and high doses of cocaine (0.325 or 0.650 mg/kg) or methamphetamine (15 or 30 mg), respectively, on separate test days. The results showed that both cocaine and methamphetamine administration produced predicted elevations in blood pressure (with peak response between 1 and 3 min after infusion). Apart from tachycardia, no arrhythmias were reported. Isradipine significantly reduced stimulant-associated increases in all measures of blood pressure except pulse pressure, but tended to enhance the effects of these drugs on heart rate. The conclusions were that clinical studies are needed to determine whether isradipine is therapeutically efficacious in preventing hypertensive crises and the associated cerebrovascular and cardiovascular sequelae in cocaine- or methamphetamine-dependent individuals. As there is no established pharmacotherapy for treating cocaine or methamphetamine dependence, identification of a medication that reduces the harmful medical consequences of these drugs would be scientifically and clinically important. Johnson, B.A., Wells, L.T., Roache, J.D., Wallace, C., Ait-Daoud, N. and Wang, Y. Am. J. Hypertens. 18(6), pp. 813-822, June 2005.
The prevalence of heroin and other opioid use has markedly increased among adolescents in the last decade; however, virtually no research has been conducted to identify effective treatments for this population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of two pharmacotherapies, buprenorphine hydrochloride and clonidine hydrochloride, in the detoxification of opioid-dependent adolescents. A double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-groups randomized controlled trial was conducted in a university-based research clinic from October 2001 to December 2003. Patients were a volunteer sample of 36 adolescents who met DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence (ages 13-18 years eligible). Participants were randomly assigned to a 28-day, outpatient, medication-assisted withdrawal treatment with either buprenorphine or clonidine. Both medications were provided along with thrice weekly behavioral counseling and incentives contingent on opiate abstinence. Postdetoxification, all participants were offered the opportunity for continued treatment with the opiate antagonist, naltrexone hydrochloride. The main outcome measures were treatment retention, opiate abstinence, and human immunodeficiency virus risk behavior, along with measures of withdrawal and medication effects. The results of the study showed that a significantly greater percentage of adolescents who received buprenorphine were retained in treatment (72%) relative to those who received clonidine (39%) (P<.05). For those in the buprenorphine group, a significantly higher percentage of scheduled urine test results were opiate negative (64% vs 32%; P = .01). Participants in both groups reported relief of withdrawal symptoms and drug-related human immunodeficiency virus risk behavior. Those in the buprenorphine condition generally reported more positive effects of the medication. No evidence of opioid intoxication or psychomotor impairment was observed. Sixty-one percent of participants in the buprenorphine condition and 5% of those in the clonidine group initiated treatment with naltrexone. This study suggests that combining buprenorphine with behavioral interventions is significantly more efficacious in the treatment of opioid-dependent adolescents relative to combining clonidine and behavioral interventions. Marsch, L.A., Bickel, W.K., Badger, G.J., Stothart, M.E., Quesnel, K.J., Stanger, C. and Brooklyn, J. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 62(10), pp. 1157-1164, October 2005.
Use of cocaine, alcohol, and the two drugs simultaneously is common and the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with these drugs is widely reported. This group carried out a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study examining gender differences in response to administration of these drugs alone and in combination. Current users of cocaine and alcohol (n = 17) who met diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV) for cocaine dependence and alcohol abuse or dependence (not physiologically dependent on alcohol) and who were not seeking treatment for substance use disorders gave voluntary, written, informed consent to participate in three drug administration sessions:1) four doses of intranasal cocaine (1 mg/kg every 30 min) with oral alcohol (1 g/kg following the initial cocaine dose and a second drink at +60 min (120 mg/kg) calculated to maintain a plasma alcohol concentration of approximately 100 mg/dL; 2)four doses of cocaine and alcohol placebo; 3) cocaine placebo and alcohol. Pharmacokinetics were obtained by serial blood sampling, physiological measurements (heart rate and blood pressure) were obtained with automated equipment, and subjective effects were assessed using visual analog scales over 480 min. The results showed that responses to cocaine, alcohol, and cocaine-alcohol were equivalent by gender for most measurements. Women had higher heart rates following alcohol administration (p = .02). Women consistently reported higher ratings for "Feel Good", a measure of overall mental/physical well-being, for all study conditions, reaching statistical significance for cocaine (p = .05) and approaching significance for alcohol administration (p = .1). Women showed equivalent responses to drug administration with the exception of perception of well-being, which was significantly increased for women. These findings may have implications for differential risk for acute and chronic toxicity in women. McCance-Katz, E.F., Hart, C.L., Boyarsky, B., Kosten, T. and Jatlow, P. Subst. Use Misuse 40(4), pp. 511-528, 2005.
Immunotherapy is a novel potential treatment for nicotine addiction. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a nicotine conjugate vaccine, NicVAX, and its effects on smoking behavior. Smokers (n = 68) were recruited for a noncessation treatment study and assigned to 1 of 3 doses of the nicotine vaccine (50, 100, or 200 microg) or placebo. They were injected on days 0, 28, 56, and 182 and monitored for a period of 38 weeks. Results showed that the nicotine vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Vaccine immunogenicity was dose-related (P < .001), with the highest dose eliciting antibody concentrations within the anticipated range of efficacy. There was no evidence of compensatory smoking or precipitation of nicotine withdrawal with the nicotine vaccine. The 30-day abstinence rate was significantly different across the 4 doses (P = .02), with the highest rate of abstinence occurring in the 200 microgram group. The nicotine vaccine appears to be a promising medication for tobacco dependence. Hatsukami, D.K., Rennard, S., Jorenby, D., Fiore, M., Koopmeiners, J., de Vos, A. et al. Clin.Pharmacol.Ther., 78, pp. 456-467, 2005.
This study, conducted at the University of Minnesota, randomized smokers interested in significantly reducing cigarette use but not quitting to either start 12 weeks of smoking reduction immediately (n = 102), assisted by nicotine replacement therapy, or to a 6-week wait list (n = 49). Those starting smoking reduction were required to reduce smoking by 25% for 2 weeks, 50% for 2 weeks, and 75% during the final 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, the subjects were asked to maintain a 50% reduction or quit. Nicotine gum and, if necessary, nicotine patch were used to achieve reduction goals. The wait list group (n = 49) smoked ad libitum for 6 weeks and then reduced smoking as previously described. Cardiovascular biomarkers (eg, WBC count, cholesterol concentrations, BP, heart rate) were assessed at several time points after enrollment. During ad libitum smoking, cardiovascular biomarkers remained relatively stable with correlation coefficients across the various time measurements, ranging from 0.44 to 1.00 (p < 0.01 for all measures). Among successful nonabstinent reducers (64 of 151 subjects), significant improvements were found in many biomarkers (eg, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC and WBC counts, lipids, BP, heart rate, respiratory symptoms, all p < 0.0167). These results show the availability of reliable and dose-sensitive biomarkers and that reduction in smoking can lead to significant but only modest changes in cardiovascular risk factors in healthy smokers. It is not known whether the reductions in cardiovascular risk factors observed after smoking reduction are also associated with reduced disease risk. Additional research is necessary to address this issue. Hatsukami, D.K., Kotlyar, M., Allen, S., Jensen, J., Li, S., Le, C. et al. Chest, 128, pp. 2528-2537, 2005.
The purpose of this double-blind, three-arm, 12-week trial was to compare the efficacy of sustained-release methylphenidate or sustained-release bupropion to placebo in treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The randomized sample consisted of 98 methadone-maintained patients who were predominately male (57%) and 40% Caucasian, 40% Hispanic and 20% African American. All participants met DSM-IV criteria for adult ADHD, with 53% meeting DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependence/abuse. In addition to medication and treatment as usual at a methadone program, individuals received weekly individual cognitive behavioral treatment. Other than current employment status, there were no significant demographic differences across the three treatment groups. Seventy percent completed the 12-week trial. There were no differences in retention rate based on treatment group. A reduction in ADHD symptoms using the adult ADHD rating scale was observed in all three groups, but there were no significant differences in outcome between treatments. The placebo response rate was high, with 46% of the placebo group self-reporting substantial improvement in their ADHD symptoms (>30% reduction in adult ADHD rating scale). Using other ADHD outcome measures, the placebo response and medication response rates were substantially lower. There was no evidence of misuse of medication or worsening of cocaine use among those randomized to methylphenidate. Taken together, sustained-release methylphenidate or sustained-release bupropion did not provide a clear advantage over placebo in reducing ADHD symptoms or additional cocaine use in methadone-maintained patients. Levin, F.R., Evans, S.M., Brooks, D.J., Kalbag, A.S., Garawi, F. and Nunes, E.V. Drug Alcohol Depend (E-publication ahead of print) 2005.
This study utilized data on a treatment cohort from a randomized clinical trial that recruited adolescents with co-occurring major depression and substance use disorder (N=126). The purpose of this study was to compare adolescents for whom the onset of depression was first versus those for whom the onset of substance use disorder was first or in the same year as depression. Intake clinical evaluations were abstracted to yield common stressors that included childhood abuse, early loss or death, exposure to violence, and attachment problems. Tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis initiation and dependence were compared for the depression first and substance use disorder first groups, and within those groups by gender. Among the substances studied, only cannabis dependence was significantly more prevalent among those with depression first. Comparisons suggest some differences in the developmental path toward comorbid depression and substance use disorders, but remarkable similarity in measures of dependence and severity. Although small samples limited statistical significance, observed differences suggest possible avenues for prevention or intervention. Libby, A M., Orton, H.D., Stover, S.K. and Riggs, P.D. Addict Behav, 30, pp. 1649-1662, 2005.
Most drug treatment patients smoke cigarettes, and some facilities are beginning to help patients quit. Facility smoking policies can help or hinder this effort. The present study describes smoking policies in outpatient drug treatment. It is a secondary analysis of a survey on smoking cessation treatment in outpatient methadone maintenance facilities in the United States. One clinic leader (a medical director, head nurse, or clinic director) from each of the 697 U.S. facilities was invited to participate in the study. Main outcome measures included whether clinics had a written smoking policy as well as the types of indoor and outdoor policies in place for patients and staff. A total of 408 (59%) of U.S. clinics responded. Most clinics (73%) had a written smoking policy for patients, and more (82%) had written policies for staff. Over 90% banned indoor smoking by staff and patients. Few totally banned outdoor smoking. Approximately half in some way restricted where patients (48%) and staff (55%) smoke outdoors. Compared with clinics that did not treat nicotine dependence, significantly more clinics that treated nicotine dependence had written policies on smoking and restricted outdoor smoking for patients and staff. Likewise, many public clinics and those affiliated with hospitals had outdoor smoking restrictions for patients and staff. Drug treatment facilities routinely ban alcohol use and drug dealing on their grounds. Only 1 in 10 ban smoking. Outpatient facilities should restrict or ban outdoor tobacco use in order to remain consistent with their mission and avoid sabotaging clinic efforts to treat, and patient and staff efforts to stop, smoking. Richter, K.P., Choi, W.S. and Alford, D.P. Nicotine Tob Res, 7, pp. 475-480, 2005.
The vast majority of drug users smoke cigarettes. Most use marijuana and no other illicit drug. Adult responses to the 1997 NHSDA (n = 16,661) were analyzed to explore relationships between marijuana use and cigarette smoking. Multivariate analyses controlled for other illicit drug use and other potential covariates. Nearly three-quarters of current marijuana users (74%) smoked cigarettes. Compared to nonusers, the adjusted odds of being a smoker were 5.43 for current marijuana users, 3.58 for past year marijuana users, and 2.02 for former marijuana users. Odds for cigarette smoking among current poly-drug users, compared to nonusers, were 2.3 to 1. Level of cigarette smoking was directly associated with frequency of marijuana use. Nationwide, an estimated 7 million adults smoke both substances and are at increased risk for respiratory illnesses and mortality. Cigarette smoking is a major co-morbidity of marijuana use and smoking cessation should be addressed among marijuana users in addition to their other illicit drug involvement. Richter, K. P., Kaur, H., Resnicow, K., Nazir, N., Mosier, M. C. and Ahluwalia, J.S. Subst Abuse, 25, pp. 35-43, 2005.
Preclinical studies suggest that medications enhancing the brain gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) system attenuate the rewarding effects of stimulants including nicotine. These preclinical studies have not been followed up in systematic human studies. This study was conducted to examine the effects of a GABAergic medication, tiagabine, on acute physiological and subjective effects of intravenous (i.v.) nicotine and on tobacco withdrawal symptoms in overnight abstinent smokers. The proposed mechanism of action for tiagabine is selective inhibition of GABA transporter type I, which leads to increases in synaptic GABA levels. Eight male and four female smokers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. In each of three experimental sessions, participants were treated orally with a single 4- or 8-mg dose of tiagabine or placebo. Two hours following the medication treatment, participants received i.v. saline, followed 30 min later by 1.5 mg/70 kg i.v. nicotine. Tiagabine treatment did not affect the heart rate or blood pressure changes induced by nicotine. There was a significant treatment effect for the subjective responses to nicotine, such that tiagabine, compared to placebo, attenuated the ratings of "good effects" and "drug liking." Tiagabine treatment at 8 mg attenuated the craving for cigarettes and enhanced the cognitive performance in the Classical Stroop Tests, compared to placebo or 4 mg tiagabine condition. These results suggest that the GABA enhancing medication tiagabine may reduce the rewarding effects of nicotine and improve cognitive performance in abstinent smokers. The utility of GABA medications for smoking cessation needs to be examined further in controlled clinical trials. Sofuoglu, M., Mouratidis, M., Yoo, S., Culligan, K. and Kosten, T. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 181, pp. 504-510, 2005.
In preclinical studies, medications which increase the synaptic GABA levels have been shown to block cocaine reinforcement. In this study, the interaction between a GABA enhancing medication, tiagabine, and cocaine in cocaine users was examined. A total of 7 subjects, 5 male and 2 female cocaine users had 2 experimental sessions. Before each session, subjects received either two oral doses of 4 mg of tiagabine or placebo. Starting 2 h after the second dose of medication treatment, subjects received an injection of saline followed by 2 escalating cocaine doses (0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg) intravenously. Tiagabine treatment did not affect the cocaine-induced blood pressure and heart rate changes but attenuated the subjective ratings of "stimulated" and "crave cocaine" in response to cocaine administration. These results suggest that tiagabine treatment attenuates some of the subjective effects of cocaine without affecting its cardiovascular effects. GABA medications, including tiagabine, are currently being evaluated in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Sofuoglu, M., Poling, J., Mitchell, E. and Kosten, T. R. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., (e-publication ahead of print) December 2005.
Up to 90% of individuals with schizophrenia smoke cigarettes, and many show signs of heavy dependence. Although the severity of nicotine dependence is often measured by the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), this measure, in its current form, may not be as appropriate in this population--or in others whose smoking is regulated by others--as in the general population due to differences in smoking patterns, living arrangements, and daily routines. These factors may produce an underestimate of nicotine dependence, which may have clinical implications for successful medical detoxification if the FTND scores are used to guide the dosage of nicotine replacement medication. Data indicate poor internal consistency reliability (alpha=.4581) and a factor pattern lacking simple structure (i.e., two nonmeaningful factors/components with substantial cross loadings) when administered to smokers with schizophrenia. Specific examples of problematic items and how these may contribute to an underestimate of tobacco dependence severity are discussed, as well as ways to modify the FTND to be more appropriate for this population. Steinberg, M.L., Williams, J.M., Steinberg, H.R., Krejci, J.A. and Ziedonis, D.M. Addict.Behav., 30, pp. 49-59, 2005.
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Punchestown Festival winner Mount Benbulben is on course to make his seasonal return in the JNwine.com Champion Chase at Down Royal on Saturday week.
The eight-year-old claimed the Grade One Growise Champion Novice Chase on his final start last season.
Previously a Grade Two winner over hurdles, Mount Benbulben will be stepping up to full company for the first time in the three-mile feature.
Trainer Gordon Elliott said: "The plan is that he'll run. I would love to have got a run into him beforehand, but the ground has been just too quick.
"It will be a nice starting point for him.
"He is in good nick and he is working well. If we had a couple more like him we'd be OK."
"He is in good nick and he is working well" - Gordon Elliott on Mount Benbulben
Noel Meade is planning to give Realt Dubh the opportunity to improve on last year's fourth in the Grade One event.
The nine-year-old was having his first crack at three miles that day but following his eclipse, Meade dropped back to two miles for his three subsequent runs.
However, he believes the Down Royal race is a good event in which to try the trip again.
Meade said: "The entries look tempting and I'd day we'll give it a go. Last year, he collided mid-air at the second last and it kind of knocked the wind out of him.
"We did say that we'd try him again over three miles but we never really got a chance to do it again after that. It is the ideal race to find out if he gets three miles.
"We have just been waiting on a drop of rain for him and he seems to be in very good form."
Elliott could also be represented by Realt Mor at Down Royal, with the Powers Irish Whiskey Chase on his agenda.
The eight-year-old won the Powers Gold Cup last season and is pencilled in for the two-and-a-half-mile Grade Two contest.
The trainer said: "He won a Grade One last season and I probably ran him back a bit quick at Punchetown.
"He is a nice horse and we are looking forward to getting him going in the second season novice chase."


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Challenging Ataturk's Legacy
He instructs the convoy of cars that escorts him to stop at every red light. With him there are no shortcuts. He pays from his own pocket for meals at the president's residence. He is careful, meticulous and easily insulted, to the point that he once left a dinner with the U.S. president when he thought he was seated too far away in a place below his status, which at the time was Supreme Court judge.
Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who will finish his term as Turkish president in a month, was not a ceremonial president as had been expected, when he was elected in parliament in 2000. He used every authority granted to him. He "hassled" the late prime minister, Bulent Ecevit, when the latter sought a law to allow the dismissal of government officials who displayed overly religious tendencies, or who were suspected of supporting the Kurds. Sezer, the man responsible for implementing the constitution, returned the bill initiated by the government because "when I was elected, I committed myself to upholding the supremacy of the law," he says. A law that would grant the government powers that are too broad would undermine the foundations of democracy as Sezer sees it.
Turkey got to know its outgoing president well, but as of two days ago, it did not know who its next president would be. None of the candidates has announced an intention to run. But today is the last day for declaring, before obtaining parliamentary approval on May 16. By today, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan will have to decide whether he wants to be president.
The question is, does Erdogan want to be president, a position he could easily win given that 363 of the 550 members of parliament are from his party, the Party of Justice and Development, or will he let another member of the party run and continue to serve as prime minister?
As prime minister, Erdogan has very broad powers, far broader than the president. And when he looks ahead to the general elections in November, he must take into account that his party needs a charismatic figure like him to win the elections and repeat its achievement in the 2002 elections. On the other hand, the fact the representative of a religious party would be president of Turkey could be a historic challenge to Ataturk?s legacy, and it's possible Erdogan won't want to waive this pleasure.
A close associate of Erdogan and senior member of his party told Haaretz this past week that "there has to be a distinction between the party's political ambition and Erdogan's personal ambition. Erdogan wants to be president, without a doubt. The question is whether his personal ambition can wait another seven years until the next presidential elections, or will he want to realize his ambition now. From my knowledge of him, the man is not inclined to postpone satisfaction."
Tough call
But even the associate acknowledges that the prime minister is holding his cards close to his chest. Last week he queried members of parliament, most of whom urged him to run for the post, but before the decision, pressure is growing in all directions.
"This coming Saturday (yesterday) I won't participate in the protest against Erdogan?s candidacy, and it's not because I have a bad cold," wrote the columnist Yusuf Kanli in the Turkish Daily News. Kanli is not an Erdogan supporter, but he feels that even the steps being taken by the extra-parliamentary opposition don't indicate a particularly democratic outlook.
Such a dubious step was taken last week by Erdogan Tezic, the president of the Council of Higher Education, one of the country's strongest bodies, whose members include the rectors of the universities. He announced that if at least 367 members of parliament did not attend the parliamentary session where the president is elected, the vote would not be legal. Tezic's interpretation was intended to discourage the opposition from showing up for the vote, preventing the members of the ruling party from winning the presidential election.
Tezic's interpretation doesn't have much support in parliament, but the interesting thing is the very involvement of the Council for Higher Education, a body with no status in the electoral process. The Council has thwarted Erdogan's plan to implement a religious agenda, as he promised before the elections. His intention was to allow the graduates of religious schools where religious clerics are trained to register for general studies at the universities. Erdogan hoped to give these graduates a path to government positions.
If Erdogan is elected president, he will have the authority to appoint the members of the Council of Higher Education, and will be able to change the entire education system.
Ostensibly, this is a theoretical danger, because at any stage the army can determine that Erdogan's actions may damage the secular foundations of the constitution and end his term as it did in 1997 to Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan. But in a situation where Turkey is trying to join the European Union, the army's ability to intervene is limited, and consequently the president's powers are greater.
Of course, not only the Council of Higher Education opposes Erdogan. Other opposition comes from rightist circles and from leftists, who see the president as a national symbol, and therefore don't want to see as the head of state a man in favor of a state with a religious character. To counter this claim, Erdogan's associates offer "proof" that his term as prime minister highlighted Turkey's abilities to bridge East and West.
Turkey did much to pave its way into the European Union, including amending the laws relating to Kurds, at the behest of Brussels. "We understand well what the limitations of the constitution are and we are working within this framework and not outside it," explains Erdogan's associate. "When you want to enlist more supporters in your ranks, you must realize that religious slogans alone will not help."
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Violence in Mexico
Since the beginning of 2008, the violence in
Luis Cárdenas: Journalists in México live in constant danger. For example, a photojournalist from the newspaper El Diario was recently murdered in Juárez. The newspaper responded by printing an op-ed piece addressed to the cartels entitled, "What do you want from us?" Would you care to speculate on who is responsible for these attacks against the media and why?
Noam Chomsky: While I was there—this year and the year before—I met with journalists and editors from La Jornada, who I think are extremely good. They gave me off-the-record information that they had dug up about the drug cartels and about the
They still do publish some. For example, La Jornada had an article reporting the inquiries of a professor at one of the universities, a specialist on drugs who works for the United Nations drug enforcement agency, who said that about 80 percent of the businesses in México are involved in one manner or another with the drug racket. Once you start publishing things like that and looking into it, you're getting to the power centers of Mexican society and they're not going to want to be exposed. If they can use the drug assassins to stop it, they will.
Do you think it's a good idea for the Mexican government to suspend certain guaranteed constitutional rights in Juárez or elsewhere in México until order is restored?
You first have to ask what the Mexican government is trying to do and that's a little opaque. It looks to some extent as if they're supporting one of the cartels against the other. If that's what they are trying to do then there is no justification for them to do anything. If they want to stop the drugs, the drug rackets, I think they know how to proceed and it's not with military action. You have to get to the heart of the matter. Part of the answer was given by the declaration of the three ex-presidents, Zedillo, Cardoso, and Gaviria. They came out with a study or declaration about two years ago in which they said that criminalizing drugs is just creating the problem and that in some fashion the drugs should be legalized, like alcohol, and regulated. Then you wouldn't get criminal syndicates.
The drug problem is in the
Since the drug war started, there's been a very sharp increase in incarceration rates. The
A lot of the American industrial revolution was based on slave labor from leased prisoners in the
So we have policies that are carried out which have essentially no impact on the stated goal and measures available which would have an impact and are not being used. The consequence of the policies happens to be significant for power centers—carry out counterinsurgency operations in
That's one part of the drug war. The other part is the arms. Where are the drug cartels getting their weapons? They are being provided by the
What about NAFTA? Is that part of the problem?
That's part of the problem. In fact, I was told by journalists that there are in México, close to the U.S. border—visible from spotter planes—big areas that used to be devoted to agriculture, which are now devoted to growing poppies. They say you can't get in there because they're guarded, first by the cartels, but also by the army, which is hand in hand with the cartels. These are among the predicted consequences of NAFTA and it's pretty clear that the
Given those conditions, the insatiable
It's pretty hard. You know the famous statement: "Too far from God and too close to the
Is it possible for the
I think these policies are harmful to the
Do you envision a day when marijuana will be legalized in the
Legalizing marijuana would make a lot of sense. I don't think there's a single case of marijuana overdose on record and there are tens of millions of users. It's much less dangerous than alcohol, for example. The worst drug of all by far is tobacco. The death toll from tobacco is overwhelming.
What about cocaine and heroin? They would still be there.
The fact of the matter is, they are far less dangerous than tobacco. Everyone is in favor of regulation, but what about criminalization? It's a topic that has to be considered carefully. In
Education may be effective in preventing addiction, but once someone is addicted, it is difficult to make them stop.
Then they need treatment, but putting them in jail doesn't help. In fact, putting them in jail creates criminal cartels.
Do you think it's wrong for a sovereign country like the
It's an interesting question to ask about the
Take communities. Should a community be free to enact legislation to say we don't want blacks? Now it's illegal, 50 years ago it was legal. Is that progress or is that regression? That's a subcase of the question you're asking, a question which has complex moral dimensions. I don't think you can give a simple answer.
I'm wondering what type of education system is best, going to school in México is not mandatory, although they say it is, it really isn't. The
They use that slogan, but the "no child left behind" legislation should be called "every child will be left behind." Teaching kids to pass tests is not education, that's mis-education. It's training for the Marines.
Take UNAM for example, it's a very high quality university. It's hard to get into, but it's free. In the United States, if you take the main public education systems either you have to be rich or able to go deep into debt to go to school, unlike México where it's free. That's a far more progressive system than in the
It makes sense for societies to make education compulsory for children. Children are vulnerable. The decisions can't all be left in the hands of the parents. They can be irresponsible too. There is a social responsibility to take care of vulnerable people, like the elderly. That's a social responsibility, as is obligatory decent education and that is not happening. For example, the Boston Globe, which is a liberal newspaper, had a lead story describing the successes in education and the main success was that they doubled the number of charter schools. Is that a success? From the point of view of business interests it's a success. They would love to privatize the school system at public expense because it's taxpayer money. But there is no evidence that charter schools are any good. In fact, the evidence is that they are more or less like public schools even though they cherry pick their students. Why is that a success? It is a success if you accept the doctrines of private power. If you are concerned with the citizens, it's not a success.
Luis Cardenas was born in Ciudad Juárez, México. He graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then returned to Juárez for ten years to work as an engineer. He currently lives in the


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Sedo Launches Sedo Pro World Tour Website
Sedo has launched a new website for the "Sedo Pro World Tour" Events. The event takes place in five different cities across the world over the course of seven months. The tour starts off in the city of the US headquarter of the company, Boston and ends at the European headquarter in Cologne in February during the month of the big local Carnival. Here are the planned events:
- Boston, USA (August 31 – September 1, 2010)
- Seoul, Korea (September 10-11, 2010)
- Tuscany, Italy (October 8-9, 2010)
- London, UK (November 2010)
- Cologne, DE (February 2011)
As previous events, this tour remains exclusive to SedoPro members.
(c) 2010 DomainNameNews.com
Upcoming Domain Industry Events, Conferences & Auctions


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(USA TODAY) President Obama will meet Wednesday with the bipartisan congressional leadership to discuss Iraq.
His guests at the White House will be Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nevada; Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky.; House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif.
The meeting is part of Obama's "ongoing consultations with Congressional Leadership on foreign policy issues, including the situation in Iraq." said a White House statement.
Obama is assessing options as an insurgent army nears Baghdad, threatening to depose the Iraq government.
Those options range from possible U.S. air strikes to negotiations involving neighboring Iran. Another possibility is sending a limited number of special forces to Baghdad to help train Iraqi forces.
White House spokesman Jay Carney said Obama and his national security team "will continue to consult with members of Congress to share views and discuss possible responses. Those consultations will continue, including closed briefings with a number of committees this week."
Boehner spokesman Michael Steel said "the Speaker expects the President to offer a coherent strategy to ensure that Iraq does not descend further into lawless barbarism. We spent years, vast sums of money, and -- most importantly -- thousands of American lives to improve Iraq's security and make America safer. Squandering that legacy would be a tragic mistake."


text:
November 7, 2011 BY Aaron Hope
Just about one month ago, Sneaker News showed you what to expect from Nike SB next summer, everything from the Q2 footwear to apparel and accessories. Key among those revelations was the first look at a vulcanized take on Paul Rodriguez' fifth Swoosh skateboarding signature, a model whose name becomes fairly self explanatory once you see what's on the inside. The Nike SB P-Rod V LR emphasizes in its name the LunarLon cushioning that's common to the cupsole version, except this time it's a Lunar foam insole that rests inside the autoclaved bottoms. The visual impact is slightly less striking than with the P-Rod 2.5s because the 5s' uppers are so simple, but the unprecedented combination of vulc sole and LunarLon footbed is sure to draw attention from skaters looking for that perfect combination of feel and protection. Check out a steely blue colorway after the jump and let us know if you'd like to see Blazers, Bruins and the other vulcanized Nike SB sneakers updated with a LunarLon insert. via N-SB
Filed under: Nike SB P-Rod Skate Upcoming Sneakers
Tags: Nike SB P-Rod 5 LR


text:
Contact Info / Websites
- Skype
- benzedrinexx
Entry #2
Heh alright, I've been working on a bunch of stuff recently but it seems like I'm not finishing alot for some reason :\
But anyways, that's not what I wanted to announce. One of the projects that I've been working on is a movie/anime series called "Lucid". I've done some planning for the first 3 episodes but I've got a vague idea of the whole plot. I'm trying to go for a series with a bunch of interesting characters and action. Kinda like Bleah/Naruto without the fillers :P
The story goes kinda like this: Kae, the main character, acts like any ordinary kid at school, but in reality, he has a pretty deep outlook in life, which he reveals to his friends. He thinks that life is this never ending cycle and wants to run away from it. Of course, it's not that easy to escape from life.
So he learns of something called "lucid dreaming" (try googling it, this is a real life practice :P) which he uses to escape reality. And then a bunch of crap happens which I don't want to reveal yet haha. And no, this series is not about what he sees in his dreams or him getting therapy. It gets really weird after the first episode.
EDIT // Some more concept drawings of some of the characters...
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2007-07-23 22:36:35
2007-07-24 22:26:36
sounds cool, ty for the help btw, i'll be sure to keep an eye on your profile for updates xD
2007-07-25 12:16:25
Lucid dreaming seems like a strange thing to focus a story into. I will look forward to this flash(?) series. Speaking of Lucid dreaming, I had that one night. I kept dreaming about disasters, and like 5 minutes into each dream I conciously opened my eyes and woke myself up thinking " Well I'm not going with that one for tonight".
Haha yeah I know it's kinda weird but I'm just trying to go for something original :)
2007-07-26 14:20:29
That is some sexy artwork!lol
2007-07-28 17:26:08
Awesome I've read a lot about Lucid Dreaming and I must say I'm very interested in seeing your work good luck.
2007-07-31 20:35:38
I like it. BUT DUDE GET ON MSNNNNNN
2007-08-01 10:34:14
Well, it's a pretty good idea, I have to say, but have you ever thought of putting
it on that shonen jump thing?
I doubt it'll get up to shounen jump standards :P
2007-08-16 15:07:35
sweet love the character designs they are just pure awsomeness
cant w8 for when this comes out ^^
2007-08-19 11:03:04
Soo Cool!!! Iam Hopeing to see the Anime!!!
2007-12-28 03:00:19
Hope you finish it soon. Just don't include stupid things like the Grand Poo of Peru
2009-01-13 17:07:45
Hey there! Sound pretty cool! I can't wait to see it. If you need any help just ask me. I need practice on animation practice anyways.


text: More people in the U.S. die from suicide than car accidents. That's according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control, which also found that the suicide rate among adults age 35 and 64 has risen 28 percent. Ray Suarez talks with CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden about contributing risks and measures for prevention. Continue reading


text:
Calling all haunted houses and businesses
Is your home or business haunted? If so, you may wind up on TV.
The SyFy series, "Haunted Collector" is looking for haunted homes and businesses to feature, the Moab To Monument Valley Film Commission said today.
Include your name, address, phone number and email, and, if possible, photos of yourself and the haunted location.
A producer will be in touch with more information.


text:
Jul 23 2011
Youngstown's Stellar Died
This beautiful bird, the grand peregrine queen of Youngstown, Ohio, died this week.
Stellar had nested in Youngstown since 2005 with her mate Stammy, who was born at the Cathedral of Learning in 2003. In human terms this made Stellar Dorothy's daughter-in-law.
In the early years Stellar and Stammy nested in a cornice hole in the old Stambaugh Building, then in a nestbox at Stambaugh. Unfortunately the building's owner had the nestbox removed so the peregrines had to find a new site in 2009. That year they had success at the Mahoning County Courthouse.
This year a nestbox was provided at the International Towers building. Stellar laid eggs there but the nest failed so she went back to the Courthouse and laid another clutch. She hatched three chicks -- named Magistrate, Jurist and Marshall (Ohio names their peregrines) -- and all three fledged.
On Friday July 15 Karen Lang visited Youngstown and saw the entire family of five. Days later two of the peregrines went missing: Jurist and Stellar. Sadly, Jurist landed on the ground and was killed by a car.
Stellar was found in a parking area under the Market Street bridge on July 18, very thin with an injured leg. It appeared that she hadn't eaten for days. Though Birds in Flight Sanctuary tried to save her she died that night. (Read more here.)
Stammy is now alone with two dependent youngsters. He's a good dad with years of experience so I'm sure he'll successfully raise them to independence.
I'm also sure a new female peregrine will arrive on the scene to become Stammy's mate. She'll have some big shoes -- er rather, wingspan -- to fill.
(photo of Stellar in flight by Chad+Chris Saladin)
p.s. I've featured Stellar in the past at It Takes Two and Concentrate!
3 Responses to "Youngstown's Stellar Died"
# Kathyon 23 Jul 2011 at 8:49 am
Fly free forever, Stellar.
So, so sad.
# Lauren Conkleon 23 Jul 2011 at 8:02 pm
How sad. Too bad she wasn't found sooner, maybe she could have been saved.
# Jennieon 25 Jul 2011 at 7:46 am
So sad. It's good to hear that Stammy has the experience to finish raising their young.


text:
Father: Isaac Lafayette Lantz b: 8 Mar 1871 in <Wheatland Township (Will)> Illinois
Mother: Mary Edith Knaff b: 18 Nov 1875 in Wheatland Township (Will) Illinois
RootsWeb.com, Inc. is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program. If you have a problem with a particular entry, please contact the submitter of said entry. You have full control over your GEDCOM. You can change or remove it at any time.


text:
Figure 4:
Average change in mean spindle discharge to spinal manipulation delivered under force control as thrust duration becomes shorter, thrust amplitude becomes larger. Thrust amplitude based upon each cat's body weight. Symbols represent average for the cohort. Error bars represent adjusted 95% confidence intervals.
between 25 and 50 ms thrust duration for 25% BW.
between 150 and 100 ms thrust duration for 25% BW. *
between 100 and 75 ms thrust duration for 55% BW. Abbreviations identical to those in Figure


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Constructed of top quality stainless steel. Features screw on top with safety latch. Team logo in hand-painted metal oval. Hand wash only.
Officially Licensed Product By: Great American Products
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text:
Reddit doesn't have a cash problem. They had $20 million in the bank when they were given partial independence by Conde Nast two years ago and unless they're buying solid gold servers and platinum-plated Macs to run the site, they probably have enough to keep going without a hitch for another decade. When Techcrunch reported rumors that the social news giant was looking for investors against a $400 million valuation, many of us wandered why they would risk losing their status as one of the most community-driven websites on the planet by playing into the hands of profit-driven venture capitalists.
The educated speculation coming from Peter Kafka at AllThingsD is that their looking for very specific angel investors who have clout and a willingness to bring "buy-in, and input" to the company. Now that makes more sense. Despite being one of the most influential traffic, opinion, and meme-generating sites on the internet, they are still relatively obscure in the whole scheme of things. In many ways, they've flourished as the best-kept secret on the internet. Only the cool kids and tech-savvy people know about the plethora of images, videos, links, and discussions that make addicts out of most who can make it past the Draconian layout of the site.
The secret is getting out – over 400 million people visited the site in 2012, generating 37 billion page views – and if its going to be forced into the mainstream, they want to be ready. That's what Reddit CEO Yishan Wong wants help with from investors. If they're on the verge of going big, they might as well control how it happens.
Reddit wants high-quality heavy-hitters from the Silicon Valley jungle who will give instant credibility with their name and sagely advice with their words. It's not a money play. They're looking to get $1 million dollars from investors when they could easily pull 50X that amount. It's a token investment but an important symbol for the imminent popularity at hand. It's a safe way to go that will keep the site from having any pressure to turn a profit for the sake of meeting investor expectations. In many ways, investors will be privileged to be among the elite who can buy their way into a site that makes things happen, that spikes the traffic of websites lucky enough to catch their eye, and that sees content before it hits the depths of Facebook/Tumblr viral status.
Reddit sets the tastes of the internet in ways that so few know about now. This play is one designed to put the unknowing world on alert. Reddit is coming. You were warned.


text:
Frank Langella, Susan Sarandon, Liv Tyler and James Marsden take a turn for the futuristic in director Jake Schreier's "Robot & Frank."
The film, which recently claimed the Alfred P. Sloan Feature Film Prize at this year's Sundance Film Festival, follows aging ex-jewel thief Frank (the Oscar-nominated Langella) as he struggles to adjust to new technology.
This rejection of modernization holds particularly true when Frank's children deliver a robot programmed to look after him — that is, until Frank teams up with the robot to pick up his thieving ways once again, targeting the progressive youth attempting to re-vamp his precious library.
A tale of technology, thievery, love and friendship, "Robot & Frank" is set to hit U.S. theaters on Aug. 24. Until then, check out the trailer below.


text:
Suffolk Gay bars and clubs by distance
- The Wave (14.7m) Gay nightclub with different theme nights from 80's to goth...more
- LGBT Center (15.3m) Providing a safe space, services, resources, education and support to the LGBT community in Hampton Roads. The goal of The Center ...more
- MJ's Tavern (15.4m) Norfolk's brand new gay bar is MJ's Tavern and features a large open area, and draft beer...more
- Hershee Bar (17.8m) The Hershee Bar is the 7 Cities' oldest and best known women's bar. Sit down, drink, dine and dance. Shoot a game of pool or try y...more
Suffolk Gay Bars and Clubs from ClubFly
ClubFly provides a gay bar, club, nightlife and GLBT center mapper for Suffolk, Virginia and the rest of the USA. Suffolk gay bars and clubs are mapped in your gayborhood with ratings, tags, videos, tips, transit/walking directions, and driving directions.


text:
I'm trying to create a javscript scroller following the example at: http://www.deadmarshes.com/Blog/jQuery+Slideshow+with+Crossfade.html
I stuck together a fiddle
Does anyone know how to make the initial transition not happen and just have the first 'slide' there?
Also I adapted this slightly to show 4 slides instead of 3. I changed 3 to 4 in two places in the JS (where it's keeping tally) and that seemed to work alright but now in FF when you click on a few of the numbers to change slides a few times then let it go back to normal running, the indicator which is meant to show which slide you're on starts appearing all over the place. The timing of the transitions also goes weird. It's like clicking a couple of times means the transitions and the pointers are going a couple of times. IE there's more than one bit of JS moving the slides and pointers, resulting in strangly timed transitions and more than one pointer. Could that be possible?
I assume that's to do with the way it's being counted in the JS but I haven't a clue what it's doing to be honest.
Any help would be appreciated.
Yes, any time I use a slideshow I make sure it can work nicely with JS off. If it requires hacking, though, I just move on to a better one. Some I like include AnythingSlider, BXSlider and WOW Slider. For the first two, you can just add a couple of CSS fallbacks to make them scroll nicely if JS s off. WOW slider comes with CSS fallbacks out of the box, including CSS3 animations to make the slideshow still run.


text:
In general, physical activity is better for preventing weight gain than it is for promoting weight loss, and it appears this also applies to yoga.
Most types of yoga don't have the same level of calorie-burning power as aerobic exercise does. Consider that a person who weighs 150 pounds (68 kilograms) will burn 170 calories in an hour of doing basic (hatha) yoga, compared with 340 calories for an hour of low-impact aerobics.
But any physical activity is good activity. Yoga will get you moving, after all, and it can provide health benefits such as improved blood lipid levels and enhanced mood.
Regular physical activity should be part of any weight-loss plan. To lose weight, you want to reduce the calories you take in and increase the calories you burn. If you want to do yoga, the smart play is to include it in an exercise plan that includes aerobic activities, such as biking, jogging, brisk walking or swimming.
Donald Hensrud, M.D.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/yoga-for-weight-loss/faq-20057754
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


text:
The Wyoming Cowboys breezed through a perfect regular season a year ago while earning a Cincinnati Hills League title as they advanced to the state semi-finals for the first time since 1998.
The Class of 2010 certainly left its legacy, but there are still plenty of contributors coming back that optimism remains.
We take a deeper look at what lies ahead for the Cowboys in the upcoming season.
2009 RECORD: 13-1, 7-0 Cincinnati Hills League
COACHING: Hall of Fame head coach Bernie Barre has 35 years under his belt and has posted 302-102 overall record. He has 167-48 mark in his 19 years at Wyoming, his alma mater. Barre calls the plays on offense where he implements a "spread" philosophy. On defense, coordinator Aaron Hancock uses a 3-5-3 scheme. Tim Siler is in charge of special teams.
OFFENSE: Quarterback Kyle Seyfried rewrote the school record books by passing for 3,452 yards and 40 touchdowns while completing 65 percent of his passes and only eight interceptions during his junior year.
The team's top two receivers graduated, but Jonathon Tighe and Chris Dolle both have varsity experience and appear poised for a larger role in the offense. It is not as clear at running back where Drew Perry is team's leading returner rusher after amassing 267 yards on the ground as a junior.
Senior Matt McCoy anchors a veteran line that also includes Anthony Harris, Terry Davis, and Peter Kraner.
DEFENSE: The defense only ceded 12.2 points per game a season ago and should only be better this time around.
Division I prospects, defensive end Tony Davis, Tommy Campbell, and defensive end/linebacker Eric Price, wreak havoc on opponents up front and have a tremendous ability to rush the passer.
Linebacker Michael Travers anchors the middle of the defense as he finished with 60 tackles and 52 assists in '09.
The biggest question marks come in the secondary, but any concerns can be put to rest if Max Kadish lives up to his potential.
SPECIAL TEAMS: Graduation didn't do much to hurt the special teams unit. Kicker Joe Panos converted on 37 of his 48 point-after conversions as a junior. Orlandus Chalk averaged 30.4 yards per punt during his sophomore campaign and should only improve this time around. Kadish flourished returning punts and could be the front-runner to return kickoffs this year too.
Aug. 26 - vs. Edgewood (Crosstown Showdown) - 7:00 p.m.
Sep. 3 - TUPRIN - 7:30 p.m.
Sep. 10 - @Norwood - 7:30 p.m.
Sep. 16 - READING - 7:00 p.m.
Sep. 24 - MARIEMONT - 7:30 p.m.
Oct. 1 - @Madeira - 7:30 p.m.
Oct. 8 - @Deer Park - 7:30 p.m.
Oct. 15 - FINNEYTOWN - 7:30 p.m.
Oct. 22 - @Taylor - 7:30 p.m.
Oct. 29 - @Indian Hill - 7:30 p.m.
FINAL TAKE: Wyoming may not have as much depth as it did a year ago, but there is plenty left in the tank. They should continue to run the slate inside the conference and if they stay healthy make a deep run in the Ohio Division III playoffs once again.


text:
found a few of these, please help!
M 582 is oxydone 7.5 mg/500 mg acetaminophen. I'm not sure if you mistyped the numbers or not but that's all I found. Hope this helps.
No, it's definitely M 82. I found that m 582 description too.
Did you ever find out what it was? I found the same thing but its circular.
Forum Rules


text:
Fike acquires axonX Video Technology
Signifire technology is recognized by NFPA 72 as an authorized flame and smoke initiating device.
Fike has announced the acquisition of axonX LLC , a developer
of video image flame and smoke detection technologies (also called Video Image
Detection or VID). Fike and axonX will continue to market the product line
under the SigniFire brand.
technology merges security camera architecture with image analysis, artificial
intelligence, and patented signal processing technologies to create an early
warning fire detection system. The system detects smoke, flame, and motion,
providing a more comprehensive alert for protected spaces.
technology is recognized by NFPA 72 as an authorized flame and smoke initiating
device and the SigniFire IP camera is Factory Mutual (FM) approved. Used in
applications where traditional smoke detection technologies may not be
practical or efficient, axonX's current installations include fossil fuel power
plants, nuclear facilities, industrial facilities, cultural properties,
warehouses and tunnels.
Log in or create an account to submit your comment for this article.
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Annual Salary Survey
Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey


text:
Is exercise the new ritalin? How exercise affects brain power in kids
The really cool thing about this story from Bicycling magazine, isn't just that it's about how exercise helps kids learn. But it's the collaboration of industry, education and research that makes it so special.
The story is about how exercise impacts brain function – both in the short and long-term. We're introduced to the staff at Natick Middle School in the Boston-area who gathered a group of kids with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and took them for a bike ride every morning before school. The bikes were provided free of charge by Specialized Bike Components whose founder Mike Sinyard has a vested interest in the project.
"I have ADHD, and so do a lot of people who ride for hours and hours," said Sinyard. "As riders, we know it has this effect on the brain. It's not just about being physically active. There's a Zen-like meditation to the rotation of the pedals, almost like a Buddhist chant."
The researchers, Lindsay Shaw and Alex Thornton, collecting the data are trying to see if the student cyclists are more attentive after their morning workout and whether any improvement in learning is sustained. Teacher Mike Hill, who rides with the kids, doesn't need any scientific evidence, he's got all the proof he needs.
"I have an interest in anything that will improve kids' performance and behavior in class," said Hill. "And I know exercise does. I don't have empirical data like [Shaw and Thornton] will, but I've seen it. Kids come in after a bike ride, they do better in class."
He's not the only teacher who crows about how exercise helps kids learn. Trouble is, there is too little science behind those claims. And without empirical backing, it's tough to get school boards, governments and educational policy makers to listen.
But that doesn't stop those who truly believe that boosting students' access to exercise during the school day boosts their brain power. So here's to industry leaders at Specialized Bike Components and non-profits like Kidsfit, school officials Peter Sanchioni, Dave Spurlock and Rosemary Vickery, teachers Mike Hill, Brittany Marshall, Noel Vigue and researchers Lindsay Shaw, Alex Thornton, John Ratey, Charles Hillman and any other unsung heroes who are championing the message that fit kids are smarter kids.


text:
Garden Banks Gas Pipeline, LLC
Original Volume No. 1
Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Effective Date: 05/10/2010, Docket: RP10-594-000, Status: Effective
Fifth Revised Sheet No. 60 Fifth Revised Sheet No. 60
Superseding: Fourth Revised Sheet No. 60
(v) The term "Mcf" shall mean 1,000 cubic feet of gas.
(w) The term "Maximum Daily Delivery Quantity" (MDDQ) shall mean the
maximum daily quantity of gas in Mcf that Transporter agrees to
deliver to or for the account of Shipper at each Delivery Point on
each day during the term of Shipper's Transportation Service
Agreement, as set forth on Exhibit "A" to the Transportation
Service Agreement.
(x) The term "Maximum Daily Receipt Quantity" (MDRQ) shall mean the
maximum daily quantity of gas in Mcf that Transporter agrees to
receive from or for the account of Shipper at each Receipt Point
on each day during the term of Shipper's Transportation Service
Agreement, as set forth on Exhibit "A" to the Transportation
Service Agreement.
(y) The term "month" shall mean the period beginning at 9:00 a.m. CCT
on the first day of the calendar month and ending 9:00 a.m. CCT on
the first day of the next succeeding calendar month.
(z) The term "Monthly Allocation" is the term used to describe the
process where the Allocating Party performs the allocation process
at the end of the monthly flow period.
(aa) The term "natural gas" or "gas" shall mean any mixture of
hydrocarbons consisting essentially of methane, other
hydrocarbons, and noncombustible gases in a gaseous state which is
extracted from the subsurface of the earth in its natural state
separately and together with liquid hydrocarbons, meeting the
quality specifications set forth in Section 2 hereof.
(ab) The term "Negotiated Rate(s)" shall mean a rate provision under
which Transporter and Shipper have agreed on the amount to be
charged for the service under Rate Schedule FT-1, FT-2 or IT-1
which results in a rate (including but not limited to lost-and-
unaccounted-for gas) where, for all or a portion of the contract
term, one or more of the individual components of such rate
exceeds or may exceed the applicable maximum rate or is less than
or may be less than the applicable minimum rate (including but not
limited to in the form of surcharges, credits, refunds or return
of credits or refunds). Any Transportation Service Agreement
entered into after the effective date of this subsection which
provides for a rate under Rate Schedule FT-1, FT-2 or IT-1 other
than the applicable maximum rate shall contain a provision setting
out the mutual agreement of the parties as to whether the pricing
terms represent a discounted rate or a Negotiated Rate.