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last updated Tue 19 Jul 16
Subsites - overview
The following subsites are part of the van Asch Deaf Education Centre website but contain information specific to their topic. Each subsite offers a range of services and resources for students, parents and teachers. Click on any of the logos below to go directly to the subsite or navigate to a specific page via the subsites dropdown menu.


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I finished it last night and revised it a little this morning. You can look forward to finding three new characters, but still no cast page. Maybe I'll get more done on that this weekend…
Tag Archives: Daniel
Gathering: Part 2
Some of you might have noticed that I changed the last installment's title and made it the beginning of a new section of the story. I've even gotten a little way into writing a cast page. I haven't made it public yet, however.
There are more characters than I'd have thought and I'm introducing a few more in the course of the next couple posts.
So, anyway… Another chunk of story. Continue reading Gathering: Part 2
Lightning Strikes Twice: Part 5
This post is late for a variety of reasons ranging from a nasty cold that kept me home from work to personal responsibilities that needed attention…
On the bright side, it's up.
Lightning Strikes Twice: Part 4
Another update…
Lightning Strikes Twice: Part 3
Lightning Strikes Twice: Part 3? There's a title for you. At this point it should be Lightning Strikes Thrice…
Anyway, the funny part about having a Tuesday/Thursday update schedule is that you have many more days to write the Tuesday update than the Thursday update. To my relief, this update came pretty easily.
The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Seven: Run Away
Eric Burns manages to include some entertaining stuff at the beginning of his updates. Alexandra Erin generally has a humorously misleading subtitle. What do I have? Nothing but a paragraph long ramble.
Continue reading The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Seven: Run Away
The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Five: The Warehouse
Another update. This one's up a bit later than usual, but hey, it's up.
Continue reading The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Five: The Warehouse
The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Two: DVD Night
Continuing the story…
Continue reading The Legion of Nothing–Chapter Two: DVD Night


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Prize Cases Heard and Decided in the Prize Court During the Great War by the Right Hon. Sir Samuel Evans ... President of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division, and the Courts of the Overseas Dominions, and on Appeal to the Judicial Committee of Th by Samuel Thomas Evans, Albert Wallace Grant, Ernest Charles Meldon Trehern (Paperback / softback, 2015)
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- DescriptionThis is a curated and comprehensive collection of the most important works covering matters related to national security, diplomacy, defense, war, strategy, and tactics. The collection spans centuries of thought and experience, and includes the latest analysis of international threats, both conventional and asymmetric. It also includes riveting first person accounts of historic battles and wars.Some of the books in this Series are reproductions of historical works preserved by some of the leading libraries in the world. As with any reproduction of a historical artifact, some of these books contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. We believe these books are essential to this collection and the study of war, and have therefore brought them back into print, despite these imperfections.We hope you enjoy the unmatched breadth and depth of this collection, from the historical to the just-published works.
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- Author(s)Albert Wallace Grant,Ernest Charles Meldon Trehern,Samuel Thomas Evans
- PublisherWar College Series
- Date of Publication24/02/2015
- LanguageEnglish
- FormatPaperback / softback
- SubjectHistory: World & General
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- Country of PublicationUnited States
- ImprintWar College Series
- Content Noteblack & white illustrations
- Weight1075 g
- Width189 mm
- Height246 mm
- Spine31 mm
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An investment guide to Mongolia
Foreign investors must either incorporate their companies as a business entity with foreign investment (BEFI) or as a representative office in order to conduct any activity in Mongolia.
A BEFI is defined as an entity that is incorporated in Mongolia and of which at least 25 percent of the equity is held by a foreign investor(s) whose minimum contribution to the entity 100.000 USD per investor. The steps for setting up a as a BEFI are below:
A representative office is defined as an entity that is established in Mongolia solely to operate as a representative office of a parent foreign entity. A representative office does not have the right to earn revenue from business activities in Mongolia.
The complete registration process (explained below in the boxes) takes two to three weeks.
Once registered, investors must also register with the tax authorities (see taxes tab) and for social security (see labour tab).
|Relevant documents
|Law on Investment 2013 Investment Regulations Law on State Registration of Legal Entities 2015 (Mongolian only) Regulations for Management of State Registration of Legal Entities (Order A/39) (Mongolian only) Regulations for Registration of Representative Offices of Foreign Legal Entities (Order A/40) (Mongolian only) Regulations on Reservation of Legal Entities Names (Order A/41) (Mongolian only) Full document requirements for business establishment
|Relevant institutions
|National Development Agency
Check availability and register the company name at the General Authority of Intellectual Property and State Registration
Apply for a certificate of incorporation (State Registration Certificate) at the General Authority of Intellectual Property and State Registration
Apply at the General Authority of Intellectual Property and State Registration with the following:
The Investment Law specifies a number of incentives to investment that may be provided through relevant legislation on tax, land, free zones, and use of foreign labour.
It also provides for:
|Relevant documents
|Law on Investment 2013 Tax stabilization certificates List of documents to be attached to the application for establishment of Investment Agreement List of documents to be attached to the application for Stabilization Certificate Draft regulations governing investment agreements
|Relevant institutions
|National Development Agency General Department of Taxation GeneraI Authority of Intellectual Property and State Registration
The National Development Agency /NDA/ is the Government regulatory agency under the Prime Minister of Mongolia with aims to ensure the country's economic stability and develop and implement the integrated and investment policy. Also, NDA oversees all matters relating to investors.
According to its statutes, its main priorities are:
The agency has five divisions:
For certain sectors, special licenses are required from line ministries or regulatory authorities. They are detailed below, along with relevant institutions.
|Relevant documents
|Energy sector Tourism sector Banking sector Industrial sector Food and agriculture sector Infrastructure sector Labour sector Mineral resources sector Banking Law, 2010 Drug Supply
|Relevant institutions
|Central Bank of Mongolia Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia Mongolian Stock Exchange Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry of Mongolia Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia Ministry of Labour and Social Protection Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry of Mongolia Ministry of Energy of Mongolia Ministry of Health of Mongolia
Investors did not report significant difficulties in establishing as a BEFI or representative office. The minimum capital requirement for a BEFI is seen as restrictive for small investors
Mongolia has a population of 3.0 million people, of which, according to the labour force survey, the total economically-active population (EAP) of is 1.2 million. The EAP is split 46.3 percent women and the 53.7 percent men. 56.9 percent live in urban areas. The EAP is growing at a rate of 2.6 percent a year.
In fourth quarter of 2015, unemployment stood at 8.3 percent, an increase of 0.6 percentage points on the previous year.
Total life expectancy at birth for Mongolia is 68.3 years.
Literacy among the adult population is 98.38 percent.
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
Mongolia's school system lasts twelve years with school entrance age at six.
In Ulaanbaatar and cities like Erdenet there are private schools, though of mixed quality. Ulaanbaatar also has some foreign-language public schools, for example for Russian, Chinese, Turkish, English, and German.
The National University of Mongolia is the country's oldest. It hosts twelve schools and faculties in Ulaanbaatar, and runs branches in the Zavkhan and Orkhon. Approximately one third of Mongolians with university degrees have graduated from NUM. Mongolian State University is the next biggest, with about 4,000 students.
There are seven other institutions of higher learning: the Institute of Medicine, the Institute of Agriculture, the Institute of Economics, the State Pedagogical Institute, the Polytechnic Institute, the Institute of Russian Language, and the Institute of Physical Culture.
In addition, UNESCO estimates that there were just under 10,000 Mongolian students enrolled in higher education abroad in 2012. Leading destinations include South Korea, Russia, the US, Japan, and Turkey
There is also a network of vocational training for highly skilled workers, such as machinists, heavy-equipment operators, and construction workers.
The Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science, often in conjunction with NGOs and outside government organizations, has implemented non-formal distance education programs promoting basic skill development. About 100,000 of Mongolia's 1,200,000 adults are taking part in some form of distance education.
In Mongolia, surveys of Mongolian employers reveal key issues as enhancing the employability of Mongolian workers. Improvement should be made in basic education and reducing the drop-out rate. For secondary and tertiary education as well as vocational training, better links need to be established between education/training programmes and skills and knowledge required by enterprises. The government's response has been to create a national council on vocational training, skills standards and certification, involving key stakeholders to support skills development and link it to the demands of the labour market.
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Sport
The Labour Law, 1999, known as the labour code governs labour relations, health and safety requirements, minimum wage levels, and maximum hours of work regulations, collective employment agreements and resolution of employment disputes. Additional labour laws also form part of the regulatory framework and are attached below.
Key features are:
|Relevant documents
|Labour Code 1999 Law on Labour force and receiving On sending labour force abroad and receiving labour force and specialists from abroad
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Labour and Social Protection Mongolian Employer's Federation
Investors may obtain work permits for expatriate employees subject to a quota defining the percentage of expatriate to local employees (see attached document). For most sectors, this quota stands at 5 percent, although up to 80 percent in some extractive sectors. Obtaining work permits within the quota is significantly easier than outside the quota. See document on quotas for more details.
To obtain a work permit:
There is a monthly fee of 384,000 MNT for work permits. Exemptions to this fee are provided in the box below.
The CEO and owners of a BEFI do not need to obtain work permits in order to work in Mongolia. They may instead obtain an investors's card from the National Registration and Statistical Office and a T visa, which exempts them from the workplace fee.
Neither the quota nor the monthly fee apply to expatriate workers in free zones.
The law on the rights of foreign workers states that expatriate employees shall have equal rights before the courts and the law as Mongolian workers.
All expatriate employees, apart from employees from embassies or organizations set up through special treaties, must be paid in local currency through a bank account in Mongolia (as per the Law on Conducting Settlement in National Currency, 2009). They may then freely transfer their salaries overseas.
|Relevant documents
|Quotas for work permits Law on the legal status of foreign nationals, 2010 Law on conducting settlement in national currency
|Relevant institutions
|National Employment Service, Research and Information centre Ministry of Labour and Social Protection Immigration Department of Mongolia
The following are exempt from the workplace fee:
The table below presents some typical salary ranges paid by foreign investors in Mongolia.
For information, the minimum monthly wage is 240,000 MNT (as of 2016).
In April 2016, the National Tripartite Committee on Labor and Social Consensus convened to increase the minimum wage by 25%, setting it at 240,000 MNT. The new minimum wage will be implemented starting from January 1, 2017, with an hourly rate of 1,428 MNT. Around 4-5% of the Mongolian workforce earns the minimum wage, and members of the committee believe that the increase is one way to help citizens improve their living standards.
|Senior manager
|per month
|Middle manager
|per month
|Graduate entry
|per month
|per month
|Highly-skilled technician
|per month
|Unskilled labourer
|per month
|per month
|Security guard
|per month
|Relevant documents
|Labour Law of Mongolia
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Labour and Social Protection
The Parliament of Mongolia adopted the Amendment Law ("Amendment") to the Law of Mongolia on Labour ("Labour Law") on 21 April 2015.
With a stated purpose of aligning the Labour Law with international standards, including those of the United Nations, the Amendment seeks to provide detailed regulation on previously unclear provisions of the Labour Law, such as probationary periods, internship/apprenticeship periods, and part-time employment. The Amendment also increases the level of fines for violations of the Labour Law by employers, in order to ensure the protection of employees' basic rights.
1. Probation and Apprenticeship Periods
The Labour Code used to allow the conclusion of an employment agreement with a probationary period up to 6 months, although this was not defined. The Amendment introduces a definition of "probationary period", which must not exceed 3 months. The Amendment makes it clear that the purpose of the probationary period is to determine whether the employee is suitable for his or her position in terms of the skills and abilities required.
The Amendment also introduces a definition of "apprenticeship period", which provides that employers may hire an apprentice to be trained by an experienced employee during the term of the apprenticeship. The term of apprenticeship must not exceed 3 months.
2. Part Time Employment
The concept of part-time employment was not reflected in the Labour Law until the passing of the Amendment. Due to the lack of regulation, part-time employment was regulated by the use of paid service contracts governed by the Civil Code of Mongolia, which caused problems in practice. Now employers must conclude employment agreement with a part-time employee and their employment relations will be regulated under the Labour Law. The hourly rates of part-time employees must not be less than that of full-time employees.
One practical issue with the Amendment is that it is drafted to state that a part-time employee's salary is payable "immediately" after the work is completed which, in our view, is problematic. In most jurisdictions, part-time employees on long term contracts are generally paid in the same manner as those who are working on a full-time basis.
3. Increase of Fines
The Amendment increases the fine payable for not entering into a written labour contract from MNT 5,000 - 20,000 to MNT 500,000 – 1,000,000 (US$ 250 - 500) for company officers and from MNT 50,000 - 100,000 to MNT 5,000,000 – 10,000,000 (US$ 2,500 - 5,000) for the company itself.
In addition to the wages specified above, the following additional benefits are required to be provided by the Labour Law (see below in relevant documents).
Further, employers and employees are required to make social security contributions as set out in the next section.
|Sickness benefit
|First 6 days (thereafter covered by social security)
|Paid holiday leave
|15 days a year
|Severance pay in case of downsizing, poor performance or retirement
|1 month
|Severance pay in case of mass redundancies
|Negotiated with employee representatives
Mongolia's social security system provides a number of benefits to employees. It is funded from employer and employee contributions set out in the table below and which are tax-deductible. Employee contributions are capped at 192,000 MNT a month.
All employers must register at the Social Insurance General Office.
Social security benefits include the following:
|Type of insurance
|Employer contribution (%)
|Employee contribution (%)
|Industrial accidents
|Relevant documents
|Law on Social insurance Law on Pensions and Benefits provided by the Fund of Social Insurance Law on Citizens health insurance
|Relevant institutions
|Social Insurance General Office
Investors noted that there was abundant labour in Mongolia but that any employer needed to be prepared to invest significantly in training.
Work permits were relatively easy to obtain when within quota, especially where a worker is highly-skilled. Beyond quota, gaining an exception could be challenging and the process lengthy. Investors would appreciate more flexibility, especially for hard-to-find technical skills.
Concerns were raised about the need for an exit visa, which is an unusual requirement. It was also reported that expatriate workers had had visas revoked following business disputes or had had trouble obtaining exit visas.
Electricity is estimated to reach 80 percent of the population. Of the electricity consumed, 80 percent originates from coal, four percent from diesel, three percent from renewables, mainly hydropower, and 13 percent imported from the Russian Federation.
Maintenance and consolidation of the grid remains a challenge. A fifth power plant is under consideration for the Ulaanbaatar area, although a concession agreement has yet to be concluded.
|Mining (day)
|6 a.m. to 5 p.m.
|Mining (evening)
|5 p.m. to 10 p.m.
|Mining (night)
|10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
|Industry (day)
|6 a.m. to 5 p.m.
|Industry (evening)
|5 p.m. to 10 p.m.
|Industry (night)
|10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
|Relevant institutions
|Ulaanbaatar Electricity Distribution Company
Water is essentially supplied in urban areas. Water prices are below.
|Water for wool and leather processing
|per m3
|Water for beverages
|per m3
|Water for industry and offices
|per m3
As of the 2016 the four major Mobile operators - Mobicom, Unitel, Skytel and G-Mobile reported more than 5 million registered users in total.
Most players have worked to expand their coverage of rural areas with 2G service, in order to ensure that the country's substantial rural population has access to telecoms services. Despite these issues, operators have continued to invest in new technology in Mongolia. Indeed, expanding 3G and 4G (LTE) services is regarding as the most promising means of boosting ARPUs in the coming years. Smart phones and, consequently, data service; have become increasingly popular throughout Mongolia in the past two or three years, with the growth largely focused in urban areas.
While the number of internet users in Mongolia has risen quickly in recent year, many Mongolians have yet buy into segment. The installation of the fibre-optic cable network started in 2002, with 17.000 km of high-speed fibre and transmission facilities covering 279 soums (districts) and 21 aimags (provinces) already deployed. As a result of these efforts, 90% of soums now have access to broadband internet, as well as public and private e-services.
|Postpaid tariff per minute
The transportation situation in Mongolia has improved a great deal over the past few years. Substantial additions have been made to the road system with the total of 5469 km being built between 2012 and 2016. While landlocked and remote, Mongolia has been developing domestic connections and international links for decades, and some of these efforts have proven to be substantial. Mongolian first highway was built in 1937 and it connected Ulaanbaatar with Sukhbaatar and Altanbulag, on the Russian border.
Out of a total of 50,000Km of roads in Mongolia only about 5,000km (10%) are tarmac (asphalt) paved roads. A further 38,000 km of roadways connects regional (Aimag) centres with their surrounding conurbations and rural regions. Of this second-tier road network a mere 400km is paved and 500km has a gravel surface. In 2016 it is expected that over 2,000km of new paved roads will be completed to connect all provincial centres to the capital city Ulaanbaatar.
All other roads are gravel and dirt roads. The majority of paved roads are roads leading out of the capital city Ulaanbaatar.
The first railway was completed in 1939, connecting the coal mine at Nalaikh with the power station in Ulaanbaatar. The Trans-Mongolian Railway is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbours. It begins at the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia at the town of Ulan-Ude, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, and then passes into China at Erenhot where it joins the Chinese railway system.
The Ulaanbaatar Railway (UBTZ) was formed in 1949, and a 404-km line was run from Ulaanbaatar to Naushki in Russia, with the connection operating from 1950. The route was extended south to Zamiin-Uud in 1952, and the connection with China was operational in 1955. The UBTZ transformed Mongolia and allowed many of the assets once used for hauling to be retasked to other parts of the country.
Other stops are Sükhbaatar, Darkhan, Choir, and Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot (border crossing and gauge-changing station). The line was built between 1949 and 1961. In most of Mongolia, it is single track, and in China double track. The gauge is 1,520 mm in Russia and Mongolia and 1,435 mm in China. There are important branches leading to Erdenet and Baganuur.
A new railway is currently under serious consideration to connect coals mines in the South of the country, including Tavan Tolgoi. to the Chinese border where a railhead already exists.
Mongolia's main international airport is Chinggis Khaan International Airport, located approximately 20 km from the capital. Direct flight connections exist to South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Russia, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey.
MIAT Mongolian Airlines is Mongolia's national air carrier operating international flights, while other domestic air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines are serving both domestic and regional routes.
Domestic airports are: Moron airport, Ulaangom airport, Dalanzadgad airport, Khovd airport, Ulgiit airport, Uliastai airport, Choibalsan airport, and Khatgal airport.
Mongolia is a land-locked country. The cost of transporting a container from Tianjin (China) to Ulaanbaatar is below.
|Freight transport
|40' container from Tianjin to Ulaanbaatar
|Freight transport
|20' container from Tianjin to Ulaanbaatar
For indicative purposes, a basket of goods and services that investors may face are included below.
|1 litre
|1 litre
|Coca cola
|1.5 litres
|Local beer
|0.5 litres
|Imported beer
|0.5 litres
|Bottled water
|1 litre
|1 kg
|1 kg
|Whole chicken
|1 kg
|Minced beef
|1 kg
|1 kg
|1 litre
|1 kg
|25 kg
Telecommunications, especially the internet, were seen as fast and reliable.
The electricity supply was not always consistent. However, the construction of fifth power plan in Ulaanbaatar, although the concession agreement has yet to be reached, would likely meet supply for the medium term.
Investors noted that roads to almost all provinces were now paved, reducing transport costs and times.
With regards to investment in infrastructure, investors cited concerns about consistency across government in its strategy and approach. The scope of growth for renewable energies was also seen as limited by the capacity of the electricity grid to store excess energy and competition from cheaply-mined coal-generated power.
Mongolia's surface area is 1.6 million square kilometers of land, of which 74 percent is classified as pastureland or agricultural land, 8.9 percent forest land, and 0.4 percent is given over to urban space. 15.5 percent is allocated as land for special purposes, the majority of which is defined as land under which there exists "strategic mineral resources".
|Relevant documents
|Land law of Mongolia
Foreign investors may not acquire land. They may, however, lease land from the state or purchase immovable property which sits on the land with the ownership of the property locking in the underlying land. Private land may be freely acquired by Mongolian entities.
City centres and pasture land are generally state land.
There are two types of lease:
Owning an immovable property
Immovable property ownership certificates are legal deeds to ownership of a property that can be freely transferred or used as collateral for loans and mortgages. Ownership of the immovable property locks in the underlying land. All rights on immovable property (including ownership, possession and use) and all subsequent amendments regarding the immovable property, including collateral agreements, must be registered with GASR.
|Relevant institutions
|Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography General Agency for Specialized Inspection
Indicative rental prices are displayed below.
|Office space
|in main commercial city, per m² per month
|Commercial shopfront
|in main commercial city, per m² per month
|on edge of main commercial city, per m² per month
|Furnished expatriate house
|in main commercial city, per m² per month
The Construction Law and regulations set out the procedures to apply for a construction permit.
There are four types of license:
The Construction Development Centre functions as a single window for processing applications. According to the centre, applications for permits are treated within 15 working days and set against the urban masterplan.
All construction is also subject to an environmental impact assessment (see below).
Following completion of construction works, a state commission verifies that the works are in line with the specifications set out in the permit and issue a certificate.
Without the certificate, the building will not be registered with the property register and no utility services will be provided.
|Relevant documents
|Law of Construction
|Relevant institutions
|Construction Development Centre
Certain sectors, including activities in free zones, activities eligible for a stabilization certificate, all new constructions and renovations, indutstrial activities and generally any activity that may impact the environment require an environmental impact assessment. (Sectors are further detailed in the attached law.)
An EIA should be submitted within 60 days of a construction permit. Once submitted, the ministry conducts a review during which it may request further details.
Based on this review a decision is made or recommendations provided on how to improve the proposal.
|Relevant documents
|Law on Environmental Impact Assessments
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism
Free zones were established to provide a favourable business, legal and fiscal environment with a view to promoting value-added development outside the capital. There are currently three free zones:
Free zones are established by government but need not be in border areas.
The benefits of operating in free zones are described in the box below.
|Relevant documents
|Free Zone Law 2015
Fiscal benefits:
No particular concerns were raised with regards to the acquisition of land. However, it was felt that the sector needed to be better regulated and that recent construction especially around Ulaanbaatar had not followed urban planning guidelines.
A recent construction boom had led to an over-supply of high-end residences and office space but a low supply of affordable housing. Contributing factors to this situation were high labour costs in the construction sector, limited periods in which to build because of the seasons, the high cost of imported products and high financing costs.
Depreciation is assessed on a straight line basis.
All investors are required to register with the General Department of Taxation and Customs.
|Income up to 3 billion MNT
|Income in excess of 3 billion MNT
|Depreciation on buildings
|40 years
|Depreciation on machinery and equipment
|10 years
|Depreciation on computers and software
|3 years
|Depreciation on other assets
|10 years
|Depreciation on intangible assets
|10 years or useful life
|Relevant institutions
|Mongolian Customs
Parliament of Mongolia approved amendments to the 2017 State budget, with proposed tax increases in accordance with the Staff-Level Agreement between Mongolia and International Monetary Fund on Three-Year Extended Fund Facility. In regards, following tax increases will take effect on May 1, 2017.
Majority or the 75-86 percent of vehicles registered in Mongolia are outdated and more than 10 years old, causing negative impacts on the environment and increasing amount of air pollution.
Therefore, the tax rebate for hybrid vehicles, LPG-fueled vehicles, and electric vehicles is set to be decreased by 50 percent while excise taxes on vehicles will be increased depending on the engine capacity and aging.
For instance, excise taxes on vehicles with engine size less than 4500sm³ will be added by 3-15 percent and vehicles with engine size more than 4501sm³ will be added by 40-250 percent.
Thus, vehicle excise tax revenue expects to increase MNT 33.8 billion and reach MNT 57.3 billion.
Interest income on personal savings accounts will be taxed from May 1, 2017. Previously, it was said to be imposed on only owners of savings more than MNT 100 million. However, it was decided to be applied to all owners of savings.
Owners of savings will pay 10 percent of taxes on their interest income.
Thus, it expects to increase budget revenue as follows;
· MNT 43 billion in 2017,
· MNT 67 billion in 2018,
· MNT 70 billion in 2019.
Customs tax on imported tobacco is now at 5 percent. Minister of Financeof Mongolia noted that the customs tax on tobacco is lower than limits set by the World Trade Organization and it shall be increased up to 30 percent. Therefore, customs tax on imported tobacco will be increased by 30 percent.
Thus, it expects to increase state revenues approximately by MNT 20 billion in 2017, MNT 26 billion in 2018 and MNT 27 billion in 2019.
Certain goods such as domestically grown food staples and some mining equipment are VAT-exempt.
Firms with a turnover of 8 million MNT or representing an investment of more than 2 million USD may register for VAT. Registration becomes compulsory when turnover reaches 10 million MNT.
|Relevant institutions
|General Department of Taxation
Payment of duties can be made online via the Automated System for Customs Information Management (GAMAS).
|Relevant documents
|Full schedule of customs and excise rates
|Relevant institutions
|General Department of Taxation
Tax rates are in the table below. There is a personal allowance of 84,000 MNT a year.
|Employment income
|Business and professional income
|Property (dividend, interest, royalty, capital gains)
|Sale of immovable property (gross)
|Proceeds from gambling
|Relevant institutions
|General Department of Taxation
|Tax/tax benefit
|Gambling, betting games, lotteries
|Sale of immovable property
|Possession of immovable property (annual)
|Sale of gross rights
|In force
|Dividends (%)
|Interest (%)
|Royalties (%)
|Czech Republic
|Republic of Korea
|Democratic People's Republic of North Korea
|Russian Federation
|United Kingdom
The tax regime was seen as business-friendly. VAT refund for exports was seen as relatively efficient. However, it was felt that tax audits could be inconsistent with regards to how tax obligations were assessed.
Mongolia has certain legal and treaty measures exist to provide protection to your investments.
The Parliament of Mongolia passed the new Investment Law in 2013. The main principles of this law consist of non-discrimination between foreign and domestic investors, tax stabilization and non-tax incentives, liberalization of market and reduction in number of license and permits as well as cost and bureaucracy. Mongolia is signatory to the bilateral and multilateral investment agreements and treaties. Comparatively, Mongolia has internal and international investment protection.
The Law on Investment only allows expropriation if in the public interest. Compensation shall be full and at market rates. This mirrors the provisions of the Constitution of Mongolia.
Additional protections may be provided by Mongolia's network of bilateral investment treaties (see further below), which may also extend expropriation to acts having the same effect as expropriation and provide that compensation be prompt.
|Relevant documents
|The Constitution of Mongolia Law on Investment
Mongolia is a member of the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), meaning that arbitral awards relating to foreign investments are legally binding and enforceable.
The country has also signatory to the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This membership in MIGA allows direct foreign investment into the country to be eligible for the Agency's investment guarantees. Investors from Mongolia going into MIGA's other developing member countries may also receive coverage for their investments.
Investors are free to use national or international arbitration with regards to contracts entered into with the state. Further, access to international arbitration is provided for under the Mongolia's BITs.
International or national arbitration may also be selected if specified in contracts between private parties.
Investors also have access to Mongolia's legal system, which is based on the Roman-German legal tradition. If both parties agree, cases in front of the court can be moved to arbitration.
|Relevant documents
|Law on Arbitration 2003
Investors may freely transfer profits, dividends, proceeds from sales, payment of loans and license fees in foreign currency. Commercial banks are allowed to execute international transfers.
Further, investors may freely convert their assets into foreign currency.
|Relevant documents
|Law on Investment 2013
Mongolia has had a favourable approach to signing international bilateral and multilateral agreements. To-date it has signed investment protection and promotion agreements with 43 countries (although six of the signed are not yet in force) and double taxation treaties with 24 countries.
Mongolian legislation recognizes the primacy of international treaties in cases of conflict with domestic legislation.
Mongolia has had legislation to protect intellectual property since 1944 with the first patent granted in 1963. The Constitution first recognized intellectual property in 1992.
Mongolia's current framework is defined by the:
|Relevant documents
|Law on Patents 1993, ammended 1999 Law on Copyright 2006 Law on Trademarks and Geographical Indications 2003 Law on Technology transfer 1998
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012) better protects audiovisual performances by giving performers similar rights to those applicable to other copyrighted works.
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Beijing Treaty
Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (2006)
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Singapore Treaty
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Berne Convention
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996) grants performers and producers of phonograms (sound recordings) a number of rights, including the rights of reproduction, of distribution, of rental and of making available. Performers are also granted specific intellectual property rights regarding their live (unrecorded) performances : right of broadcasting, right of communication to the public, and right of fixation. The protection of those rights is granted for at least 50 years.
|Relevant documents
The WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996) extends the copyright protection granted by previous treaties, in particular the Berne Convention, to new information technologies, including computer programmes and databases.
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Copyright Treaty
Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol (1981)
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Nairobi Treaty
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Strasbourg Agreement
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Locarno Agreement
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Nice Agreement
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Madrid Protocol
Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs (1960)
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Madrid Agreement (Marks)
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) establishes industrial property protection rules regarding patents, marks, industrial designs, trade names, geographical indications and the repression of unfair competition. Its provisions include regulations regarding the national treatment, the right of priority and a number of common rules.
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Paris Convention
Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (1967)
|Relevant documents
|WIPO Convention
The Intellectual Property Office of Mongolia is responsible for registering and safeguarding intellectual property, in line with the relevant legislation.
The Law on Competition 2010, comprises five chapters relating to cartels, unilateral abuses of dominant position, merger review, powers of the Competition Agency and its staff members, control of natural monopolies, and public procurement. Among others, the law forbids illegal use of trademarks, commercial names, labels of others, and distribution and sale of scientific technology, patents, trade secrets without authorization of the author.
|Relevant documents
|Competition Law 2010
|Relevant institutions
|The Authority for Fair Competition and Consumer Protection
Concerns were expressed about a shortage of consistency in
how the same or successive governments developed and applied policy relating to
investment. Investors were aware of restrictions on investment that had been
placed by an earlier government and appreciated the more recent liberalization,
although some were biding their time to see how things would develop.
With regards to how laws were applied, investors pointed to the high turnover of staff in ministries and agencies, leading to lost capacity and institutional memory. They also felt that certain laws needed to be more precise so as to avoid excessive discretion.
With regards to dispute settlement, investors noted that arbitral awards weren't always recognized and that national legal system was not always efficient.
Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and growth in mining-sector activities have shifted Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mining, agriculture and service sectors are now the principle sectors in contributing to GDP. Growth has been spurred by the export of commodities such as gold, copper, and cashmere.
The economy is also highly dependent on trade with its neighbours. For example, Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade, with nearly 84 percent of Mongolia's exports going to China.
Over the past decade, Mongolia has made important changes to its economic system, to become an open, dynamic market economy. Recent changes have also been introduced to its mining and investment legislation to generate stability for foreign investors.
Mongolia's dependence on the mining sector has led to volatility, with recent GDP growth varying between 3 and 17 percent in the last five years. The sector also contributes to 89 percent of exports, one-third of the state budget, 22 percent of GDP, and 70 percent of FDI.
The Government of Mongolia therefore attaches great importance to diversifying its economy away from commodity exports. To this end it seeks to further develop its industrial (especially mining-related), agricultural and tourism sectors, as well as support sectors in banking and finance, and key infrastructure.
|Transport and warehousing
|Other services
Mongolia's exports were $4.7 billion in 2015, down by $1.1 billion on the previous year.
In 2015, Mongolia exported to 69 countries with top destinations being China (84 percent), United Kingdom (7.2 percent) and the Russian Federation (1.6 percent).
Top products were copper concentrate (44%), coal (15%), raw petroleum (11%), iron ore and concentrate (8%).
In 2015, imports stood at $3.8 billion, a decrease of $1.4 billion from the previous year.
Mongolia imported goods from 145 countries, with top origins being the Russian Federation (27 percent), China (36 percent) and Japan (7.2 percent).
Top imports were petroleum products (22%), cars and vehicles (8%), energy (2%), heavy machinery (2%), cement (2%) and telecommunications equipment (2%).
Mongolia has been a member of the WTO since 1997. Mongolian legislation recognizes the primacy of international treaties in cases of conflict with domestic legislation.
Launched in 2006, GSP Plus covers around 7,200 products. It is accessible to especially vulnerable countries that have ratified and effectively implemented key international conventions on sustainable development, labour rights and good governance.
The EU GSP is the most generous of all developed country GSP systems. The volume of imports to the EU from developing countries under the GSP is greater than the volume of imports under the US, Canadian and Japanese GSP systems combined.
The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement is open to all members of the UN Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific. It aims to promote economic development through the adoption of mutually beneficial trade liberalization measures. In addition to tariff concessions, it covers non-tariff measures, trade facilitation, trade in services and investment.
The agreement covers trade in goods, investment, trade in Services, intellectual property, e-commerce, rules of origin, customs procedures, competition, cooperation, dispute settlement, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT).The text can be found at: http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/Download/TreatyFile/3372
The mining sector plays a key role in Mongolia's economy. Since the Minerals Law was passed in 2006 it has been amended 22 times, with recent amendments seen as liberalizing the regulatory framework, following a more restrictive approach adopted in 2012.
Over 6,000 deposits of approximately 80 minerals exist in Mongolia, among them coal, copper, uranium, iron ore, oil, tungsten, molybdenum and phosphate. Of particular note are Mongolia's excellent metallurgic coal deposits. Currently, 160 are being exploited. Mongolia's location next to China provides a ready market for Mongolia's mineral wealth. As with all industrial sectors in Mongolia, there is plenty of potential to develop supporting infrastructure.
Mongolian law provides that mineral resources are the property of the state. Under the Minerals Law, individuals and legal entities may apply for exploration licenses and mining licences which authorise exploration and mining activities (respectively) for minerals within the licence area. Unlike in many other jurisdictions, a license under the Minerals Law relates to minerals generally rather than specific minerals.
Mongolia's biggest mine is Oyu Tolgoi. Jointly exploited by Rio-Tinto (UK), Ivanhoe Mines (Canada) and the Government of Mongolia, it is expected to yield 450,000 tonnes of copper and 330,000 ouces of gold annually, and contribute an estimated 30 percent to Mongolia's GDP.
|Exploration Licence
|Mining Licence
|Rights of a license holder
|Exclusive right to conduct exploration for minerals; exclusive right to obtain a mining licence; right to transfer or pledge all or any of the exploration licence; right to explore for radioactive minerals if special licence is granted.
|Right to engage in the mining of minerals; right to sell mineral products at international prices right to transfer or pledge all or any of the mining licence; right to engage in mining of radioactive minerals if a special licence is granted.
|Maximum term
|9 years
|70 years
|Annual license fees
|1st year is $0.10 per hectare. Increases thereafter to a maximum fee of $1.50 per hectare.
|Coal and common mineral deposits are $5 per hectare. Other minerals are $15 per hectare.
|Domestically sold coal base rate: 2.5% of sales value. Other minerals and exported coal base rate: 5% of sales value. Additional rate depending on mineral type, market price and degree of processing: maximum 30% of sales value.
|Minimum investment
|2nd to 3rd years: $0.50 per hectare. 4th to 6th years: $1.00 per hectare. 7th to 9 years: $1.50 per hectare.
General Electric has been involved in Mongolia for 20 years principally through the sale of locomotives the state railways. However, it is only in the last five years that it has established a representative office so as to explore investment projects in-depth.
Its most receive project has been a joint investment with local company Newcom in a wind park on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar. The park, which uses GE turbines, can generate 50 MW of electricity.
The aim is to explore opportunities for further production of renewable energy in the south of the country, as well as in thermal power production.
GE is sells directly and indirectly, health care equipment, mining products, motors for mining vehicles and jet engines to the national airline MIAT. With its recent acquisition from Alsthom, it will now be able to provide boilers for steam-powered turbines.
Looking ahead, the company also sees investment opportunities in infrastructure development, although there have been challenges with the government's consistency in how this has been implemented.
A number of opportunities exist. These include:
In order to support the sector, the government is establishing the Khalh Gol agricultural free zone in Khalhgol soum, with an area of 500 thousand hectares.
"Mongolia's next" Tavan Tolgoi" and "Oyu Tolgoi" will be in agriculture and farming, reserve and potential for Mongolians. It is my goal and dream to see newsfeeds depicting Mongolia meat and dairy produce exports as a significant percentage of world output. I will do everything I can to make this a reality"
/Mr. L.Chinbat, Director of Gatsuurt LLC/
Mongolian pharmaceutical market nowadays. Free market economy established in the field of drug supply in Mongolian health and branches of drug suppliers of private sector have been increasing. Nowadays /2015/, there are 40 drug manufacturers, 122 drug supplier organizations, 1283 pharmacies running their activities according to the survey. There 2 kinds of professionals to run pharmaceutical actions, pharmacist with higher education and staff pharmacists with secondary education, legalized in Mongolia.
The Ministry of Health of Mongolia coordinates pharmaceutical market in Mongolia. A previous regulation meant that the Ministry of Health certified imported drugs. This has been changed so importing companies now take care of the drug guarantee.
According to the Mongolian National statistics' currently 3574 types of medicines, pharmaceutical raw materials have been registered in the Mongolian Drug Registration.
Top 10 importer companies in Mongolia:
1. Mongol Em Impex Concern
2. Monospharma Trade Co.,Ltd
3. Asiapharma
4. Europharma
5. Ento
6. Dakalpharma
7. Munkhiin tun
8. Ombol
9. Monpha Trade
10. Tsahiur Tumur
These companies import drugs and pills from mostly Russia, Hungary and Germany. Lately pills have also come from France, Indonesia and England.
|Relevant documents
"Traditional Mongolian Medicine has a history of more than 5000 years, and it is one of the most valuable heritages of the Mongolian people".
/Sh.Bold TMD, Ph.D., DSc (Med) Medical Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Mongolia/
Tourism has been a growing sector and since the opening of the economy in 1992. Today there are around 500 tour companies, 375 hotels, 390 tourists camps and more than 20,000 people are working in this field.
Mongolia has developed a reputation as a key destination for outdoor and adventure sport and other related activities, including trekking, climbing, fishing, hunting and bird-watching, making use of its landscapes, rivers and lakes, and nomadic traditions.
Principle access is through the main international airport is Chinggis Khaan, outside Ulaanbaatar.
Key features of interest for tourism in Mongolia include:
The country is aiming to be a hub for the North-East Asia region and visitors come mainly from China, Russia and South Korea (mainly for business), followed by the United States, Japan, France and Germany. Tourists are mostly in the senior category.
In order to support the growth of the sector the government plans, under its National Tourism Development Plan:
Developers wishing to build a lodge in a national park can apply for a permit from the Ministry of Tourism. These are provide for five years and are renewable.
With regards to hotels for business and meeting-related tourism, the view is that a recent building boom has let to an over-supply of business hotel rooms in the capital.
|Relevant documents
|Law on Tourism
|Relevant institutions
|Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism
The financial services sector is expected to see growing demand as:
Within the banking sector, there are 14 local commercial banks and two representative offices of foreign banks (ING and Standard Chartered). The minimum capital requirement for commercial banks is approximately $12 million. The Central Bank of Mongolia (BOM) formulates and implements monetary policy to achieve its main objective of the stability of the national currency. Foreign banks may establish local subsidiaries no earlier than one year after the establishment of their Mongolian representative offices. The minimum capital requirement for a Mongolian subsidiary of a foreign bank is set at $50 million.
Insurance activities in Mongolia are regulated by the Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia through the adoption of regulations and issuance of insurance contracts with insurance companies that have not obtained a license from the FRC, including foreign insurance companies. At present the minimum capital requirement is approximately $1.4 million, although expected to increase to $2.5 million in 2017.
|Relevant documents
|Law of Mongolia on Banking 2010 Law of Mongolia on Securities Market Law of Mongolia on Insurance Investment Funds Law Activities of Insurance and Reinsurance intermediaries law
|Relevant institutions
|Mongolian Stock Exchange Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia Central Bank of Mongolia
The Securities Market Law 2014:
The Investment Funds Law 2014:
Investors signaled that earlier policy shifts, now resolved, had led to caution in the mining sector. Nevertheless they were following Oyu Tolgoi closely. Its performance would act as a bell-weather for the sector. At the same time it was acknowledged that the government had few ways to make mining companies use the licenses they had been granted.
Investors felt there were opportunities in manufacturing and industrial processing. However, they pointed to the relatively high labour costs, which would restrict activities to higher value-added.
With regards to exporting food products, it was pointed out that the Government needed to legislate for sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards.
In tourism, a constraint highlighted was the limited flight capacity, a single international airport and no open skies agreements, which restricted the number and cheapness of flights. It was also expensive to travel around given the distances. It was recognized that the seasonality and isolation could make accommodation expensive. However, domestic tourism was seen as largely untapped and with potential. More high-quality accommodation was also needed.
While the mining sector alone still accounts for 25% of GDP and 67% of exports, Mongolia has recognised the potential for development in other fields such as solar and wind power, with a handful of renewable energy projects coming online in spite of the country's antiquated transmission system.
Additionally, its combination of pristine steppes and centuries-old nomadic culture make it a quirky and increasingly popular destination for tourists. With a real recovery not expected until 2018, the ruling Mongolian People's Party, which returned to power with a landslide electoral victory in 2016, now seems committed to securing a deal with the IMF.
After this, it must make good on its promises to stabilise the economy if it is to lure back investors and develop the country's economy beyond mining. If not, Mongolia could struggle to recover from the Dutch disease that has hindered its development.
/Jacopo Dettoni, fDi Magazine/
"Mongolia's next" Tavan Tolgoi" and "Oyu Tolgoi" will be in agriculture and farming, reserve and potential for Mongolians. It is my goal and dream to see newsfeeds depicting Mongolia meat and dairy produce exports as a significant percentage of world output. I will do everything I can to make this a reality"
/Mr. L.Chinbat, Director of Gatsuurt LLC/
"Mongolia's next" Tavan Tolgoi" and "Oyu Tolgoi" will be in agriculture and farming, reserve and potential for Mongolians. It is my goal and dream to see newsfeeds depicting Mongolia meat and dairy produce exports as a significant percentage of world output. I will do everything I can to make this a reality"
/Mr. L.Chinbat, Director of Gatsuurt LLC/
Geographically, Mongolia is located in the high plateau of Central Asia. If it definitely an Asian country with nomadic cultural origins. However, the majority of Mongolians, especially those urban areas, are now influenced by Western cultures. they have adopted much from Europe: language, culture, mindset, and lifestyles. In other words, the lifestyles of Asia and Europe coexist in Mongolia and complement each other.
|Official name
|Capital city
|3,116,535 million
|Official language(s)
|Mongolian, Kazakh
|Literacy rate
|Administrative regions
|Mongolia is a unitary state and divided administravely into Aimags 21 and a capital city; Aimags are subdivided into soums; soums into bags; and capital city into districts; districts into khoroos
|Local currency
|Tugrik (MNT)
|Exchange rate
|USD 2.395.19 /As of 04 June 2017/
|Fiscal Year
|January 1- December 31
|Main entry points
|Chinggis Khaan (airport in Ulaanbaatar), Sukhbaatar (railway station on Mongolian- Russian border) and Zamyn Uud (railway station on Mongolia- Chinese border)
|Normal working hours
|9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 to 6 p.m.


text:
11 Pages Posted: 20 Feb 2012 Last revised: 26 Mar 2012
Date Written: February 17, 2012
United States natural gas production is likely to stunt the direction and intensity of renewable energy by up to two decades according to a MIT study. Gas will not provide a "'bridge to a low-carbon future if it erodes efforts to prepare a landing at the other end of the bridge." Unconventional natural gas extraction need not become a "transition" to a new addiction. This article analyzes how cooperative federalism and inclusive decision-making can provide legitimacy and transparency when balancing property rights versus police powers to regulate natural gas production.
Keywords: human rights, environment, hydraulic fracturing, Hydrofracking, federalism, public participation, access to information, natural gas, energy, intellectual property rights, constitutional law, climate change, methane, water, natural resources
JEL Classification: A1, C7, C8, D1, D4, D6, D7, D8, D9, E2, E3, E6, F, F1, F4, H1, H2, H4, H5, H7, H8, I1, I18, I19, I2
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Burleson, Elizabeth, Cooperative Federalism and Hydraulic Fracturing: A Human Right to a Clean Environment (February 17, 2012). Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2013. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2007234 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2007234
Regulation of Shale Gas Development, Including Hydraulic Fracturing
By Hannah Wiseman and Francis Gradijan
From Coase to Collaborative Property Decision-Making: Green Economy Innovation
Risk and Response in Fracturing Policy
State Enforcement of Shale Gas Development Regulations, Including Hydraulic Fracturing
Climate Change and Natural Gas Dynamic Governance
Cooperative Federalism and Hydraulic Fracturing
Field Notes from the Super-Storm Sandy Catastrophe
Innovation Cooperation: Energy Biosciences and Law
Making Sand Castles as the Tide Comes In: Legal Aspects of Climate Justice


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jan 19, 1971
|Filing date
|Aug 6, 1968
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 1968
|Publication number
|Jenkins John C, Wesseler William O
|Original Assignee
|Trw Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (20), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [72] Inventors John C. Jenkins Lorain, Ohio;
William O. Wesseler, Bremerton, Wash. [21] Appl. No. 750,505
I [22] Filed Aug.6,1968
[45] Patented Jan. 19, 1971 [73] Assignee TRW Inc.
Cleveland, Ohio a corporation of Ohio. by mesne assignments [54.] SUPPORT FOR ELONGATE MEMBERS 345,145 12/1936 Italy Primary ExaminerChancellor E. Harris florneys-Philip B. Parker & James R. OConnor, John V T dd, Hall Houghton and Gordon Needleman 2 Claims, 21 Drawing Figs.
[52] US. Cl .1 248/62, B TR T; A cable hanger assembly particularly useful on 24/269 248/68 ships includes an elongate supporting hanger extending trans- [5 l] 1!!!- Cl 1. Fl6l 3/22 versely f the cables and in engagement therewith A band is [50] Field ofSearch 248/62, 68, Wrapped around h cables and at least part of the hanger and 74; 24/269 is held in tension by means of a slotted shaft which engages the band with a portion of the band being wound on the shaft by a [56} References cued small wrench. The cables can be installed on the hanger in a UNITED STATES PATENTS small space and without special skill or training being 1,596,193 8/1926 Kuhlman 24/269X re ired.
a Z6 2 i 1 PATENTED m 1 9 .91.
sum 1 or 3 .556447 INVENTORS: J L". JENKINS,
HZ Did 3555.22.12.
PATENTEUJANISIQYI SHEET 2 m 3 Q I .1 INVENTORS:
W. U. WESSELER BY Q a ATTYE'.
SUPPORT FOR ELONGA'IE MEMBERS This invention relates to a support for elongate members and particularly to a hanger assembly for supporting cables or the like on a ship or in industrial applications.
Numerous cable and pipe hangers are known in the art, including a type in which the cable or pipe is held by a band encircling the cable and a support. Heretofore, the bands for the hangers have required special tools for fastening and tensioning. These tools have had long handles'making it difficult to properly fasten the bands in some locations on the ship where space is limited. Further, the proper manipulation of such tools by an operator has required both considerable skill and experience in order to achieve the proper tension in the band. Other banded-type cable supports have used bands in the nature of hose clamps which are tightened by means of a screwdriver. However, such bands are relatively expensive, requiring a special perforate banding and special screw mechanisms engageable with the perforations for tightening purposes.
The present invention provides a hanger assembly for cables or pipes which overcomes the above problems. The hanger assembly according to the invention incorporates a band which is wound around the cables or other elongate members on the hanger support, with the band then held in tension by a shaft which can be turned by a simple wrench or key. The key thereby wraps a portion of the band around the shaft and holds the band in tension, without any additional fastening being required. In a preferred form, a slotted shaft to receive the band is held by a portion of the hanger support, extending through suitable openings formed in flanges thereof. However, the shaft can also be supported by openings formed in a portion of the band itself or can be engaged with two spaced portions of the band which are then wrapped together in which case no support for the shaft may be necessary.
The hanger according to the invention can be installed in almost any location since the key required to turn the shaft can be of small, compact size. Further, the band can be tightened effectively by an operator having little skill or experience.
It is, therefore, a principal object of the invention to provide a hanger for elongate members which can be installed without special skill or experience.
Another object of the invention is to provide a hanger for elongate members on ships or the like which requires a minimum amount of space for installation.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a hanger for elongate members which is relatively simple and inexpensive.
A further object of the invention is to provide a hanger which is highly resistant to shock and vibration.
Many other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a view in elevation, with pans broken away and with parts in section, of a cable hanger assembly embodying the invention with cables shown in cross section;
FIG. 2 is a left end view in elevation of the cable hanger assembly taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary view in vertical longitudinal cross section of an end portion of the hanger assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary view in perspective of a portion of the hanger assembly of FIG. 1, when partially assembled;
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the end portion of the cable hanger assembly shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, fragmentary view in cross section showing a clamping band of the hanger assembly in tension;
FIG. 7 is a view in elevation, with parts broken away and with parts in section, of a slightly modified cable hanger assembly employing a modified tensioning device;
FIG. 8 is a left end view in elevation of the hanger assembly of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a view in perspective of a portion of the tensioning device employed with the hanger assembly of FIGS. 7 and 8;
FIG. 10 is an enlarged view, with parts broken away and with parts in section, of the hanger assembly of FIG. 7 with the clamping band shown in tension;
FIG. 11 is a view in elevation of a modified cable hanger employing the tensioning device of FIGS. 1-6;
FIG. 12 is a right end view of the hanger of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is atop view of the hanger of FIGS. ll and 12;
FIG. 14 is a view in longitudinal, vertical cross section of a modified cable hanger assembly, including a modified tensioning device;
FIG. 15 is a right end view of the 14;
FIG. 16 is a fragmentary view, with parts broken away, taken along the line 16-16 of FIG. 14;
FIG. 17 is a fragmentary view in longitudinal, vertical cross section of a slightly modified hanger assembly with a modified tensioning device;
hanger assembly of FIG.
FIG. 18 is an enlarge, fragmentary view in sections section showing the tensioning device of FIG. 17;
FIG. 19 is a fragmentary view in perspective of a modified flange for a cable hanger according to the invention;
FIG. 20 is a front view of a shaped metal sheet for forming a modified tensioning shaft; and
FIG. 21 is a plan view of a shaft formed by bending double the metal sheet of F [G 20.
Referring to FIGS. I6 and particularly to FIG. I, a cable hanger assembly 20 embodying the invention includes a cable hanger 22 connected to a supporting surface 24, shown as an overhead, by partable connector 26. The hanger assembly20 also includes a flexible band or strip 28 extending around cables 30 and held in tension by a tensioning device 32.
The cable hanger 22, in this instance, carries two runs of the cables 30 on each side of the connector 26. The hanger in cludes an elongate channel-shaped member having a flat web portion 34 and depending flanges 36. The ends of the flat portion 34 are turned downwardly in lips 38 and slots 40 are formed at intermediate portions, adjacent the connector 26. The flanges 36 have extensions 42 in which openings or holes 44 are formed.
The connector 26 can be of any suitable type and, as shown; includes a threaded male stud 46 which is end-welded to the supporting surface 24 by a known stud-welding technique. A female, intemally-threaded stud 48 is centrally end-weldedto the flat portion 34 of the hanger 22. This can be done in the shop prior to field assembly of the hanger. After the stud 46 is welded to the supporting surface 24 in the ship, the hanger 22 is simply turned onto the stud 46 by hand until the female stud 48 is finger tight, after which the hanger can be tightened by a tool to the desired position in which it is transversely positioned with respect to the cable runs.
The tensioning device 32 includes a rotatable member or shaft 50 which has a slot or passage 52 in which a portion of the band 28 is received when the shaft 50 is extended through the openings 44 in the flange extensions 42. As shown, the slot or opening 52 extends to the end of the shaft 50, which enables the shaft 50 to be pulled out of the opening 44 to separate it from the band 28 in the event the cable hanger assembly 20 is to be disassembled. However, the slot 52 can stop short of the end of the shaft 50 where disassembly is of less concern, which enables the shaft 50 to be stronger. The shaft 50 is turned by a key or wrench 54 which includes a body 56 having a noncircular opening 58 therein to receive the shaft 50 in nonrotatable relationship. The wrench 54 further has a handle 60 to facilitate turning of the shaft 50.
When the cables 30 are placed on the flat portion 34 of the hanger 22, the band 28 is wrapped around the, as best shown in FIG. 1. An end portion of the band is above the cables and the band is then directed between the cables and the flat portion 34 of the hanger. The band then curves around the lip 38 and extends upwardly through the slot 40 and around the upper portion of the cables again. Finally, the band bends around the lip 38 and is engaged in the slot 52 of the shaft 50. The shaft 50 is turned by the wrench 54 to wind the band therearound, as shown in FIG. 6, placing the band in tension and securely holding the cables in place. The band 28 is flexible but has little resiliency so that when bent, its position is substantially retained. Consequently. when the band is wound as shown in FIG. 6. it may remain in that position without requiring a locking device for the band or the shaft. However. the flanges 42 can be bent inwardly to bind the shaft and further aid in the prevention of turning, particularly when the hanger may be subjected to shock.
Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 7-10, a cable hanger assembly 62 includes a modified cable hanger 64, a connector 66, a modified band 68, and modified tensioning device 70. The cable hanger 64 supports only one run of the cables 30 and has an upper flat portion 72, flanges 74, a lip 76, and a slot 78.
The connector 66 can be the same as shown in FIG. 1 or the male and female studs can be reversed. Other suitable arrangements also can be made for connecting the hanger 64 to the overhead or other supporting surface 24.
The tensioning device 70 includes a shaft or rotatable member which can be similar to the shaft 50 with a slot or opening 82 therein. In this instance, however, flanges or ears 84 are formed at an end portion 86 of the band 68, as shown in FIG. 9, with the flanges forming openings or notches 88 facing away from the end of the band. The flanges 84 can be structurally integral with the band 68 or fastened thereto as by welding, etc. The band 68 can be wrapped around the cables 30 on the flat portion 72 of the hanger once, as shown, or more than once, if greater strength is required. The free end portion of the band 68 is then passed through the opening 82 of the shaft 80, as shown in FIG. 7, between the flanges 84. The shaft 80 is rotated, by means of the wrench 54 or a similar device, to wrap the band therearound and place it in tension, as shown in FIG. 10. Afterward, the outer edges of the flanges 84 can be bent inwardly, approximately as shown in the dotted line position of FIG. 9, to hold the band more securely in place, although this is not usually required.
The connector for supporting the cable hanger from a supporting surface can be located centrally of the hanger to eliminate the overhang of the cable carried by hanger 64. An embodiment of this type is shown in FIG. FIGS. 11-13. In this instance, a cable hanger 90 of elongate, channel-shaped configuration has a flat portion 92, and a front flange 94, and a deeper, rear flange 96. A flat flange or tab 98 extends rearwardly from the lower edge of the rear flange 96 to which a female stud 100 of a connector 102 is affixed. The flat portion 92 terminates in two lips 104 around which the band extends with the band held in tension by a tensioning device 106 similar to the tensioning device 32 of FIGS. 1-6. A single run of cables is held by the hanger 90 and the band, with the connector 102 extending between two of the cables in the run.
Referring to FIGS. 14-16, a modified cable hanger assembly 108 includes a modified cable hanger 110, a connector 112, a modified band or strap 114, and a modified tensioning device 116. The cable hanger 110 is basically similar to the hanger 64 of FIG. 7, including a flat portion 18 118 having a lip 120 and side flanges 122. The band 114 has an enlarged end 124 with a central opening 126 which is received on a threaded stud 128 of the connector 112. The band 114 extends around the cables 30 and the lip 120 to the opposite end of the hanger 110. At this point, the free end of the band 114 is received in an opening 128 of a rotatable member or shaft 130 forming part of the tensioning device 116. The shaft 128 is supported in openings or notches 132 of the side flanges 122 when the shaft 128 is turned .by a suitable wrench or key to place the band 114 in tension. With this design, the band 114 must be specially shaped, but it is substantially shorter since it need not extend even once completely around the hanger 1 10.
Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, a modified cable hanger as sembly 134, as shown, includes a cable hanger 136 which can be similar to the hanger 22 of FIG. 1, for example. The hanger assembly also includes a band 138 which can be similar to the band 28 of FIG. 1, but somewhat shorter. A tensioning device 140 includes a shaft or rotatable member 142 which has an opening or passage 144 therein of sufficient size to receive both end portions of the bank band 138. The shaft 142 is shown as held in the openings 146 of flange portions 148 which are centrally located under the cable run.
A modified flange portion 150 of a cable hanger has means for mechanically locking a shaft or rotatable member, such as any of those heretofore illustrated, after the shaft has tightened the band around the cables supported on the hanger. Accordingly, the flange 150 has a generally D-shaped opening 152 therein having a generally semicircular upper edge portion and having a lower edge portion defined by a locking tab 154 which is integral with the flange 150 and bends outwardly from the plane of the flange. The dimensions dimensions of the opening 152 are such that the shaft can be rotated in the opening when the tab 154 is bent from the plane of the flange. When the hanger assembly is assembled, the shaft is rotated by the wrench in the usual manner until the band reaches the desired degree of tension. At this point, by use ofa simple tool, such as a pair of pliers, the tab 154 is bent back to the piano of the flange 150 with the upper edge of the tab then cooperating with a flat side of the shaft to mechanically prevent any rotation of the shaft, whereby the band is held securely in its tightened state. I
FIGS. 20 and 21 show a rotatable member or shaft 156 which can be stamped from a single sheet 158 of metal. The sheet is folded along a line 160 to form the shaft 156. As shown, the sheet 158 has enlarged portions 162 which limit the extent of movement of the shaft into the opening of the cable hanger flange, the enlarged portions having shoulders 164 which abut the outer surface of one of the flanges. The sheet also has notches 166 which receive the band when tightened therearound and prevent the possibility of the shaft from slipping out of the band due to vibration. Further, the sheet has end extensions 168 which protrude through the opening in the opposite flange of the cable hanger and receive the key or wrench in the usual manner for tighteningpurposes.
It will be seen that the cable hanger and the tensioning device of the embodiments heretofore discussed can be assembled and the band placed in tension even by an operator or workman having had no previous experience in the assembly of such hangers. Further, the wrench used to operate the rotatable member for placing the shaft in tension is simple, compact, and can be used in a small space. The cable hanger assembly also is capable of securely holding the cables even under conditions of shock or impact, and yet is of relatively simple, lowlow-cost construction.
Various modifications of the above-described embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is to be understood that such modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, if they are within the spirit and tenor of the accompanying claims.
l. A cable hanger assembly for supporting a plurality of cables from a supporting surface of a ship, said cable hanger assembly comprising a hanger having an elongate flat portion extending transversely to the cables and having a surface on which the cables are supported, a flexible, metal band of sufficient length to extend completely around the cables and at least that portion of the flat portion of said hanger on which the cables are supported, and a rotatable tensioning shaft located on the side of said hanger opposite the surface on which the cables are supported and engaged with a portion of said band to wind the band portion around said shaft and place said band in tension, said shaft having a noncircular end portion for engagement by a wrench to facilitate turning of said shaft by an operator, said hanger having a flange on the same side of said hanger as said rotatable shaft, said flange having an opening through which said shaft extends, said flange further having a tab portion contiguous with said opening when in the plane of said flange to cooperate with said rotatable member and to prevent rotation thereof.
2. A cable hanger assembly according to claim 1 wherein said opening is substantially of D-shaped configuration and said rotatable member is rectangular in transverse cross section.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 11, 1924
|Aug 17, 1926
|William A Kuhlman
|Strap tightening and holding device
|Jan 24, 1934
|Jun 19, 1934
|William C Dumke
|Aug 13, 1946
|Aug 22, 1950
|Ernest Budy
|Clothesline tightener
|Jul 21, 1950
|Mar 16, 1954
|Radiart Corp
|Antenna mounting clamp
|Aug 29, 1955
|Jun 7, 1960
|Wesseler William O
|Cable hanger
|Dec 30, 1958
|Dec 13, 1960
|Harms William H
|Cable hanger
|Jul 26, 1966
|Aug 8, 1967
|Sun Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co
|Cable hanger
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 31, 1973
|Feb 18, 1975
|Dupuy Sr Robert S
|Pipe hanger
|Feb 25, 1974
|Dec 2, 1975
|Perrault Frederick
|Supporting device
|Jan 21, 1977
|Mar 14, 1978
|Kin-Line, Inc.
|Conduit support and seismic bracing system
|Aug 10, 1981
|Aug 9, 1983
|Bicc Limited
|Device for securing at least one cable, pipe or other elongate member
|May 13, 1991
|Dec 8, 1992
|Dassault Aviation
|Modular assembly for supporting electrical cables
|Sep 12, 1990
|Apr 6, 1993
|Inaba Denki Sangyo Co., Ltd.
|Nut, and a device using the nut for clamping and supporting elongate objects
|Aug 20, 1993
|Jan 24, 1995
|Newport News Shipbuilding And Dry Dock Company
|End welded stud and supports for wireway hangers
|Sep 23, 1993
|Feb 21, 1995
|Chrysler Corporation
|Stackable clip with a flat profile on a weld stud, with method
|Aug 4, 1999
|Dec 4, 2001
|Minerallac Company
|Bridle ring saddle
|May 15, 2003
|Jan 17, 2006
|Dyneter Industries Ltd.
|Self-aligning mounting bracket and system for mounting a planar structure to a fixed structure
|Mar 3, 2006
|Sep 30, 2008
|Waxman Consumer Products Group Inc.
|Pipe hanger with integral cable tie channel
|Aug 25, 2004
|Sep 3, 2013
|Securus, Inc.
|Pipe support bracket
|Apr 19, 2012
|Mar 24, 2015
|Colvin Industries, Llc
|Cable support and method for using same
|Oct 27, 2009
|Nov 17, 2015
|Panduit Corp.
|Mount having a push nut and a post
|May 15, 2003
|Nov 18, 2004
|Strasser Daniel G.
|Self-aligning mounting bracket and system for mounting a vehicle roof
|Mar 3, 2006
|Sep 6, 2007
|Waxman Consumer Products Group Inc.
|Pipe hanger with integral cable tie channel
|Oct 27, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Panduit Corp.
|Mount having a push nut and a post
|Apr 19, 2012
|Oct 25, 2012
|Douglas Colvin
|Cable Support and Method for Using Same
|Jan 15, 2014
|Jul 17, 2014
|Lorne ENTWISTLE
|Releasable connector
|Jul 31, 1980
|Mar 4, 1982
|Opel Adam Ag
|Holder for motor vehicle fuel pipes - comprises elastic socket with openings for pipes, hinge forming access slot, and apertures for arms of U=shaped cleat
|U.S. Classification
|248/62, 24/269, 248/68.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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eMalaysia April 2013 Term Country President Election
Its that time of the month again, Country President Election. Here are the official candidates:
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