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For generations, Berger ladies in Morocco are making use of a substance so unique and revitalizing to countless parts of your overall body that it's now in high desire everywhere in the world. We're speaking about argan oil, and one of the numerous gains it provides is greater hair quantity and shine. Argan Oil For Face This implies that when you feel your hair is missing a specific umph, you are able to increase spunk in only a couple of days employing this oil routinely.
Argan oil occurs in a natural way – that's to say it's extracted from argan fruit indigenous to Morocco where it truly is farmed working with regular solutions. You can find no additives or chemical compounds in the argan oil which is indigenous to Morocco – it's 100% pure and 100% successful in giving your hair, pores and skin, lips, nails, and entire body a youthful glow in just a few works by using.
A person effort at the moment underway in regard to this oil will be to label argan oil goods with a geographic indicator so that customers know when they're buying a substance that will come straight with the cooperatives which have put in generations dwelling off its profit. Right up until that happens, make certain to acquire only 100% argan oil. This ensure that you are aiding the Berger society that thrives for a final result of this wonder substance.
How does Argan Oil Enhance Hair Volume?
Argan oil has lots of added benefits. It is made up of vitamin E, critical essential fatty acids, and antioxidants. By making use of only a tiny amount towards your hair with a day by day foundation, you'll discover greater volume, glow, and less hurt from heat and chemical compounds. For the reason that your hair is without doubt one of the most important aspects of your physical overall look, it is really essential which you enhance your self-assurance by getting rid of the unfavorable effects of hair dye, hair spray, sunlight harm, and warmth hurt. This oil delivers nutrients in your hair which creates quantity and offers it a youthful glow.
Hair Growth
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Dry Scalp
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Start off By utilizing 1 or 2 Drops
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Rub Gently Into Your Hair and Scalp
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H. Michael Newman
Mike graduated "with distinction" from Cornell University in 1965 with a bachelor's degree in Engineering Physics. A year later he was awarded a master's degree in the same field and subsequently did post-graduate work in astrophysics at the NASA Center for Radiophysics and Space Research. Following 10 years as a pilot and flight instructor, during which he assisted in the design and maintenance of aircraft electronic installations, Mike returned to Cornell to take charge of the installation and development of the University's computerized energy management and control system. The system now serves over 130 buildings with more than 200,000 sensor and control points, features extensive graphic display and plotting capabilities, and was one of the first such systems to make use of multiuser, multiprotocol computers in an integrated, multivendor field panel environment. Mike is presently Manager of the Building Automation and Control Systems Integration group within Facilities Operations at Cornell University.
As a member and, since February 2000, a Fellow of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Mike has served on the Research and Technical Committee that supervised the Society's research program and its technical committees, was an officer of TC 1.4, the technical committee on control theory and application, was the chairman of Standard Project Committee 135P which developed the BACnet® building automation and control network communication protocol and was chairman of the follow-on standing standard project committee, SSPC 135, responsible for interpreting and extending BACnet, up until July 2000. He recently served as convenor of the committee's XML Working Group that published the BACnet Web Services addendum, BACnet/WS, in the fall of 2006. He is a member of the Board of Directors of BACnet International, the successor group to the BACnet Manufacturers Association. He is now the Chairman of the ASHRAE Standards Committee and a member of Technology Council. He has contributed to the development of the Professional Development Seminar on "Automatic Temperature Control," and served as a speaker for the PDS on "DDC for HVAC Monitoring and Control" for 12 years. He has contributed to several revisions of the ASHRAE handbook chapter on "Automatic Control." In 1999 he co-authored the "GSA Guide to Specifying Interoperable Building Automation and Control Systems Using ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-1995, BACnet" that was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). He is the author of an award-winning book from Wiley Interscience entitled "Direct Digital Control of Building Systems - Theory and Practice." In June of 2003 he received ASHRAE's Standards Achievement Award and in 2010 its Distinguished Service Award.
Mike has served as a consultant to the Architect of the Capitol, the National Institute of Building Sciences, and NIST in Washington, DC, as well as to several private companies. He was a member of the United States delegation to the International Energy Agency's Advisory Review Board on the subject of the use of microelectronic control systems for energy conservation in buildings. He has served as a U.S. expert to the International Organization for Standardization's TC 205, Building Environment Design, at meetings in Harrogate, Berlin, Brussels, Canberra, Tromsø, Copenhagen, Key West, Seoul, Paris, Cairo, Kyoto and Sydney and is currently Chairman of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group. In April 1998 he was a presenter at the "Forum Home and Building Automation" in Paris and in May participated in the formation of the BACnet Interest Group - Europe in Frankfurt. In September 1999 he was the keynote speaker at a BACnet seminar in Sydney, Australia. At the Congress Building Performance in March 2000, again in Frankfurt, he presented a paper entitled "BACnet - Past, Present and Future." In August 2001 he was a member of a 3-person delegation to Beijing and Wuhan, China, that presented BACnet to businessmen, academics and government officials of the Ministry of Construction. The same delegation visited Tokyo and Osaka in August 2002 to make presentations at the "International BACnet Symposium" sponsored by the Institute of Electrical Installation Engineers of Japan. In 2003 he visited Seoul to present a BACnet update to the Intelligent Building Society of Korea. In 2004, he attended the launch of the BACnet Interest Group - Middle East in Dubai, UAE and then went on to Moscow to speak at SHK 2004.
In April 1999 Mike was selected by the Twin Tiers Chapter of ASHRAE to receive its Engineer of the Year Award and, in February 2001, received an award of the same name from the Broome Chapter of the New York State Society of Professional Engineers.
Mike has been a member of the Association of Energy Engineers, the Cornell Society of Engineers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and is a senior member of the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society.

subset: commoncrawl


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It takes me a lot of time, again. But i gave it as present today.
A blanket wich i made from different colors blue pallette yarn + cream colored yarn. I was inspired by the sky and sea of Malmö. They are always incredible! I can't stop watching them :)
Here is the link with the pattern.
Here is the beginning Malmös randig himmel/ Striped sky of Malmö
HERE you can read a pattern for that blanket!
неделя, 4 декември 2016 г.
Malmö's striped #sky, #crochet #baby #blanket #pattern/ Цветно-раираното небе на Малмьо и едно детско #одеяло #схема
Абонамент за: Коментари за публикацията (Atom)
Популярни публикации
It took me a long time to get it done... :/ And now i don't know if am i happy... This makes me a little sad actually becau...
This pattern is my first one and I beg your pardon if you find a mistakes in it. And I will be appreciating if you inform me about them. ...
автор Людмила Николаевна www.lobzik.pri.ee www.zoobook.narod.ru www.liveinternet.ru www.liveinternet.ru kvazu.narod.ru...
Beautiful and useful via Sidney artesanato
My friend and a crocheter - Tekka P-Fashion crochet 2 blankets with Minions similar like this afghan. Hers are for a charity too. And a...
Randig himmel/ Striped sky Because of many reasons i don't have enough time to crochet. I don't have enough time to study. I h...
Source HERE Source HERE Source - HERE Source - HERE http://club.osinka.ru/picture-8127434?p=12702667 http://...
Simple 5 Petal Flower and leafs Мollie makes Crochet Flower by Rose Hip . 5 Petal Crochet Flower Pattern by 1 D...
Washcloth, Soap Saver, Face Cleansing Pads -> Egypt Cotton


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I have actually made a huge shift in my career: Will Smith
Talk about charm and super energy and you have to include Will Smith into the equation. His energy is infectious,Read more
Talk about charm and super energy and you have to include Will Smith into the equation. His energy is infectious,Read more
For Gauri Konge, it seems making double entry on screen has become a habit of sort. Having already acquired nameRead more
Zachary Quinto attended Grand-Central Catholic High School in 1995 and won the Gene Kelly Award for his performance in TheRead more
Recently, actor Govindrao received "National Excellence Award 2016" at Indore to make his bollywood foray by the movie 'Slumdog Karodpati'.Read more
The holiday season is upon us and there's no better way of enjoying it than entertaining oneself with the choicestRead more
Dancer and choreographer Terence Lewis who is a judge on So You Think You Can Dance – Ab India KiRead more
Rakul Preet Singh was seeing wearing Garo by Priyansgu and Sweta's Outfit for her movie promotions. The outfit was showcasedRead more
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The sun is burning hot and the moonshine rivers running empty on Sunday November, a dry day in Maharashtra. But have no fear, we've got yourRead more
Sanjay Mishra is one of the few Bollywood actors who have maintained their versatility over the years. The actor hasRead more


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Family Fun Crafts: 16 Craft Ideas for Kids
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Awesome Comic Wrapped Decorative Balls
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
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Click here to view your Craft Projects.
This is a fun and easy crafting with kids project. Recycle your favorite comic strip from the newspaper or a comic book and decoupage them on to STYROFOAM™ Brand Foam balls. Kids will love picking out their own design and displaying these in their rooms.
STYROFOAM Brand Foam:
- 5" or 6" Ball
- Comic section of newspaper or comic books
- Small disposable container
- 1" foam brush
- Heavyweight glass quart jar
- Gloss decoupage medium (optional)
- White craft glue, thick
- Wooden skewer
- Scissors
Using photo as a guide, cut comics into assorted small shapes such as rectangles and squares. Also cut out some individual characters and interesting word balloons, following their outlines.
Insert a wooden skewer into foam ball to use as a handle while adhering images. Thin glue with water and then brush onto a small section of the ball. Place a comic cutout in the glue and press onto the ball, smoothing out any wrinkles or bubbles. Brush a small amount of glue over top of image, making sure all edges are secure.
Continue to adhere cutouts to ball until completely covered, overlapping images in a pleasing manner. Add word balloons last so messages are easily readable.
Stand skewer in a glass jar, allowing ball to dry thoroughly.
- If desired, apply a coat of decoupage medium over entire ball to produce a glossy finish. Let dry and then remove wooden skewer.
®™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow. For more project ideas, please see styrofoamstyle.com.
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Jan 16, 2012
try with photos you have printed out from lightweight paper...really cool!
Rosa Marie
Jun 28, 2010
What does " interesting word balloons " mean? You lost me there. RM
Mar 09, 2010
that is a good idea genius, any design can be etched into styraphom then lighlty rolled in ink or paint and the rolled upon presentation paper,adding more detail with tissue or glitter. thank you
Crafter 8079033
Mar 04, 2010
I want to try these with Christmas wrap and tissue, with maybe some sparkle. Think they would be very festive for the holidays either on the tree, in a bowl, or hanging in the window.
Jan 10, 2010
Its great ... well i want to know how do people originally print on these balls? is it the same procedure
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I remember this coming out, but never read it — it looks (and looked) gorgeous, but what was this even *about*? Was it a pseudo-vampire-type thing…?
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|5 reviews in total
I personally liked the Booker series. Richard Grieco had a good shot at becoming a high profile star back then. He was on the cover of multiple magazines. He made black leather jackets all the rage. He inspired hair styles and, to me, he made Harley Davidsons cooler than crotch rockets amongst younger motorcycle riders. It's a shame the show didn't reach the fame of 21 Jumpstreet. I know the show could have matured had the network given it more time to evolve. The addition of Lori Petty was a plus. I've seen what I consider less quality shows available on DVD box sets and every once in a while I look to see if Booker has been released. I hope that It eventually does.
I've never seen the show, as I was only one it premiered. But I've been watching the DVD's of 21 Jump Street, and I love this character! In my opinion, he was way more entertaining than Johnny Depp, and just as good-looking. His personality and background had more depth. I was so excited when I heard he had his own show, even though it was short-lived. Many times shows like this, that are little different or quirky, people just don't get at first. So they get canceled before their time. They don't realize until too late what a great thing they had! Yes Johnny Depp is more successful now, but if this show had lasted longer, who know's where Richard Grieco might be! Anyway, I would really like to see this released in the US soon. PLEASE!
that TV series was on my opinion very funny to watch, it was like an urban "magnum" relooked with a neat photography. the booker character was cool and always managed to squeeze some one-liners in the middle of a very dangerous scene,which was really funny.i spent some good times watching it.it was neat and had no high ambitions,it fulfilled its purposes well.
I agree with 'csxmph'. I really liked this series. Yeah, it's goofy and yeah, it's old but it was perfect for it's time. I'd buy it if it came out. If I were completely honest, I'd say that I'd LOVE it if it came out. I remember it was a little dark, a lot rebellious and simmered with hostility. It was Jumpstreet, juiced up and in a nice car. RG was 'hot in the city' in the way that only a bad boy can be. Common girls.. you know what I'm talking about! Classic - who wouldn't want to see that? I'm telling you - it's timeless. A good episode (from the top of my head) was 'Somebody Stole Lucille'. Bits and pieces come to mind from other episodes but nothing definite enough to quote. Looks like I'd better dust off those old VHS and go through them again. As Molly M would say... 'Do yourself a favour..'
Funny how things turn out. When "Family Ties" started, everyone thought that
Meredith Baxter Birney was the star as opposed to Michael J. Fox; anyone who
put money on Neve Campbell being a bigger name than Jennifer Love Hewitt
after "Party of Five" ended would not have been considered mistaken; and
similarly, when Richard Grieco joined the cast of "21 Jump Street" and drew
attention away from the perpetually miserable-looking Johnny Depp, it did
look like he'd be the breakout star.
So he was booted out of the force, became a private detective in his own series "Booker" (complete with Billy Idol's "Hot In The City" with the words "NEW YORK!" blanked out - due to the show taking place on the other side of the country!), and... wound up being cancelled a year before "21 Jump Street." And to be honest, you can see why; while there aren't many cop shows about people going undercover in schools (well, there was "The Mod Squad"...), there wasn't anything about the show that really made it stand out from any others of its type, and it didn't help that his assistant was played by the ever-annoying Lori Petty.
Johnny Depp went on to pull Winona Ryder and Vanessa Paradis (we'll forgive him for Kate Moss) and deliver a string of impressive performances in high-profile movies; Grieco went on to "If Looks Could Kill" (or as Joss Whedon called it, "If Looks Could Fail At The Box Office") and "A Night At The Roxbury." It's called having the last laugh.
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text: Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Google+ Email July 05, 2008 HAPPY 4TH OF JULY! Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Google+ Email Comments gretta at lothlorien said… Rachel's Spaghetti Dinner, and Bible Study, were cancelled on 4th July, as they are mainly Americans, and were being feted at their consulate, in Chiang Mai.Happy 4th July to you Yanks, anyway. love Mon. Jul. 07, 02:55:00 pm AEST Post a Comment


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Welcome to Southern Cross Workforce
Welcome to Southern Cross Workforce.
Southern Cross Workforce works with employers and candidates to find the best candidate for the job and the best job for the candidate!
We have a dedicated team of recruitment specialists to provide you with a tailored service to meet your business or personal needs.
We are part of the Southern Cross Worldwide Group, which enables us to provide a special advantage to you.
Southern Cross Workforce provides labour hire and permanent recruitment services. We can successfully recruit the best candidates from either within Australia or from overseas. Through our partner business De Zilwa & Associates MARN 9906036 (solicitors and barristers) we are able to manage the visa application process and also provide relocation and settlement services.
At Southern Cross Workforce we build business partnerships with our clients so that we can better understand your recruitment needs.
Equally we build relationships with our candidates, engaging and guiding them through the recruitment process. We are committed in assisting candidates in achieving their career goals and providing value to the employers.


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Sue Robb of 4Children talks to Julie Laughton and Alison Britton from the Department for Education about the role of childminders in delivering the 30 hours free entitlement.
StormMeister™ Flood Protection is an independent company founded in 2010 by Malcolm Snape, a British engineer and entrepreneur. With over 30 years experience of manufacturing doors Malcolm was aware of the problems with conventional flood doors which rely on pressure exerted by the handle and are consequently difficult to operate and expensive to maintain.
Using water pressure instead of handle pressure was an idea that came to Malcolm whilst he was working as advisor to a uPVC door manufacturer in Akwa Ibom in the Tropical Rain Forest of West Africa. The inspiration was the torrential tropical rain which mainly falls at night and it was during a tropical rain storm Malcolm formed the idea of a flood door that worked by water pressure instead of handle pressure.
On returning to the UK Malcolm set about developing the idea and chose Rehau uPVC profile as the basis for the doors the seal would be designed to work with. The very British Active Flood Seal was therefore to be designed and developed with a German door profile, hence the English/German name StormMeister™ was coined. The StormMeister™ name is now renowned and respected worldwide and is translated into English as Master of the Storm.
Having established the name StormMeister™ in those early days there followed three years of development and testing until Malcolm's idea, formed in the Tropical Rain Forest of West Africa, was perfected and patented as the StormMeister™ flood resistant door with the StormMeister Active Flood Seal™. To this day the association with Rehau is maintained and StormMeister™ flood doors are fitted throughout the UK and exported worldwide.
However having developed the Active Flood Seal there was still one more problem to solve, the door needed to be universally user friendly and without doubt that included being wheelchair user friendly! It has been estimated that in the UK only one in four commercial premises comply with the law as applied to wheelchair access and one of the problems has been the availability of a wheelchair friendly flood door, a problem that by 2014 StormMeister™ was able to tackle.
From small beginnings in 2010 StormMeister™ had become a major player in the industry and in 2014 opened its own testing facilities in Preston, Lancashire. Those testing facilities became crucial in developing the low threshold wheelchair friendly flood door. Many manufacturers had tried and failed to make a wheelchair friendly flood door for a number of reasons not least because traditional compression seals wouldn't work with a threshold low enough to be wheelchair user friendly.
At Stormmeister™ the answer to the problem seemed fairly obvious, the StormMeister™ Active Flood Seal was already operating successfully in standard threshold doors so the seal could be made to work in low threshold doors. Or at least that was the theory! The seal would need to be modified in order to fit a low threshold so Malcolm and the StormMeister™ team set about designing the StormMeister™ Low Threshold Wheelchair Friendly flood door.
That turned out to be no easy task, it soon became apparent why so many manufacturers had tried and failed. It wasn't just the seal, the threshold had to be low enough yet it also had to be strong enough to carry not only wheelchairs but also the much heavier mobility scooters. The StormMeister™ team persevered confident the Active Flood Seal could be adapted to work with a threshold that was low enough and strong enough to do the job.
A low threshold that was low enough and strong enough was eventually obtained and the Active Flood Seal re-designed to fit the low threshold. Not so simple as it turned out because even when the design of the seal was perfected there was the problem of getting the resilience of the seal just right. The seal not only had to resist rising water the seal had to be resilient enough to recover its shape as the water level fell and the water pressure reduced. Failure would result in water flooding in as the floodwater was receding.
It's not something others in the industry had given much thought to but there's hardly much point keeping the water out of your house for days only for the water to come flooding in as the water level is falling! In order to solve the problem StormMeister™ worked with the Birmingham based extrusion specialists Extrudaseal who produced a number of seals of various degrees of resilience to the StormMeister™ design.
Finally a few prototype seals later and a number of failed attempts at zero leakage that target was attained in 2015, firstly with a single low threshold door and then with double low threshold doors! Needless to say there was much jubilation at StormMeister™ because the StormMeister Low Threshold Wheelchair Friendly flood door was and still is unique in the world in offering flood protection and easy access for all.


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Usually you have to wait a considerable time before a top selling game is discounted, but not so for one such gem. Amazon has discounted Dead Space 2 for some unknown reason, probably to spread the word of Unitology faster and further and start the necromorph party early here on earth.
Anyway, you can get the unleaded version on Xbox and PS3 for 41.99, and the fully loaded Collector's Edition for the normal regular edition price of 59.95.
Personally, I would recommend the Collector's Edition, since that comes with a replica plasma cutter. After a long evening of dark corridors and mutant undead horrors, you'll be sleeping with that plasma cutter.
Not sure how long this deal is going to run, so best act now. You know what, buy one for me while you are at it.


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Cattle Drive at Bruggerstube and Larcherhof
Information about the Event:
Places: Mayrhofen
Location: Hollenzen
Additional event days:
DescriptionThe traditional "Almabtrieb" cattle drive at Bruggerstube and Larcherhof/Larchergut will be taking palce on the 7th October 2017.
Begin ca 11.00 a.m. with Live Music.
Free admission!
subject to change
ContactLarcherhof, Hotel Garni
Familie Eberharter KatharinaHollenzen 88
6290 Mayrhofen, AT
Fax: +43 5285 62788-4
Phone: +43 5285 62788
Mobile: +43 664 1973297


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Telecom expects to meet its earnings targets this year, but intends to spend less on capital investment.
The company says it is on track to deliver adjusted earnings of between $330 - $370 million in the 2011 financial year.
But capital expenditure will fall to between $900 - $930 million - as much as $70 million less than previously forecast.
The reduction comes as Telecom finishes significant investment programmes, including the XT mobile network.
The company has withdrawn its financial estimates for 2013, partly because of uncertainty about the Government's $1.5 billion ultra fast broadband plan, which it expects will reshape the industry.


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An increasing number of people are trying to earn an income online. There are countless opportunities available. They range from doing paid surveys to an actual online business. Read on to find some great information about making money online.
You must pre-determine your niche before you consider working online. Do you like writing? Become a content writer. Or perhaps you talents are more artistic, then consider graphic design. Many people will hire you to work on their sites or documents. Introspection is a good thing to hold onto during this time.
Schedule your time wisely. Making money continuously online is pegged to your own ability to keep it going consistently. You won't make a ton in a short time. You have to be diligent in your work ethic on a daily basis. Set up a time each day dedicated to working online. Just an hour everyday can go a long way.
Start taking surveys. Online surveys are plentiful these days. You can earn a decent amount of money just filling out surveys in your free time. Depending on the site offering the survey, they may not pay much. Your earnings will steadily increase over time.
You have to give information which will verify your identity to make money online. Most companies want you to show proof of who you are, just as you would at a physical place of employment. If you do not yet have digital versions of your personal identification documentation, get them ready in advance to smooth out application processes.
Be productive during your down time. Many online sources of income can be done without a lot of focus. There are tasks like the ones on the site for Amazon's Mechanical Turk (mturk.com). Do these while watching TV if you like. You won't make a fortune this way, but you will be putting some of that goof-off time to work for you!
Popular Domain Names
Give domain name flipping a try. People are turning a profit off popular domain names. It's kind of like real estate online and is something you should invest your time in. Use websites such as Google Adsense in order to know keywords that are popular. Try buying domains that use acronyms. Predicting popular domain names of the future can be quite profitable. Give it a try!
Really think about what the price of your time is. What is the least amount you will work for? If you're willing to do work for very little, it's unlikely that you'll ever make much at all. People will realize you're not worth much and pay you accordingly.
Legitimate online jobs exist and you should NOT have to pay anything to a company to access them. Legitimate companies won't require you to pay them to work for them. They are more than likely going to just take your money and leave you out to dry. Avoid any one who wants you to pay!
Use the skills you have in writing to come up with an E-book that can be sold online. In this way, you can share your expertise and make a bit of money. Recipes are something you could start talking about with your E-book.
Try trading in futures market and forex. Look into trends that are on the upsurge and then determine what the needs and demands of that trend will be. Always ensure that you don't overspend and go over your budget, especially if you have early success.
Bloggers make a lot of money online. A lot of writers blog just for fun, so trying to make a little money off it is not a big step. Ads on your blog can bring in a tidy little income. Whenever one of your readers clicks an ad, you make some money!
Selling things on the web is a good way to make extra money. CafePress.com and other sites let people create a personal storefront for selling t-shirt. Users let you know what they would like to see on your offerings, and you go from there. You can advertise your items by putting an ad on Craigslist or posting fliers around town.
Selling images online is a good way to bring in a little extra money. There is a huge market for photography; people need images for websites, brochures, and other things. Be sure your pictures don't include faces, trademarks, or copyrighted art. There are websites like Dreamstime, Fotolia, ShutterStock and iStockphoto that you can use.
Have integrity as you try to make money online, from the very start. Your reputation is important. If you are getting a lot of complaints, your IP address can be banned. Amateur mistakes are to be expected, but any actions you take that are illegal or just immoral are going to boomerang back to you eventually.
Start freelancing. Are you good with the keyboard? Try sites like oDesk. Even if you're not that great at writing, you'll still be able to find copy editing or transcription jobs. This may be time consuming, but in the long run you will benefit.
There are a variety of ways to make money online. You've found a lot of that in this post. The tips can definitely help can you going. Follow the tips presented here to make a little extra cash or to replace your current income.


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Adult Day Care Services in Cupertino, California
Caring.com offers a free service to help families find senior care. We have thousands of reviews for Adult Day Care including 0 reviews for Cupertino Adult Day Care providers. Please explore the information on this page to get contact information and learn about options, amenities, and events.
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So excited to ride the train
gooshie little face!
Kate and sweet Ellie waiting for the train
Kate and her BFF, Ava
spying on the choo choo
As if we didn't see enough pumpkins, we went to an awesome pumpkin patch by our house today. The girls were far more excited about the amnials (as Kate would say).. aka the petting zoo and the bouncy houses...Again, I will let the pictures do the talking.
this smile cracks me up
little farmer girls
pretending to swim..or float
cracking up
After the pumpkin patch, the Golinos came over for a bit to play and then we had family date night at Wood Ranch. I snapped a couple pictures of the girls playing in Kate's room. So precious!
Dr. Ava checking Kate's heart.
Such a good patient
"Kate, it's Elmooooooo!"
Ah, I love these two.
Watching them crack up together and be so carefree is the sweetest thing.
Such sweet pure friends.
That's what it's all about!


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Telesales executive - Immediate Start
Telesales Advisor - Immediate Start
£17,000 basic with £32,000 OTE
Outbound Telesales Advisors required for a reputable client in a busy call centre.
Must have sales experience and confident with outbound calling. Fast paced high energy environment. Any of the following sales experience is suitable:
- Energy
- Solar Panels
- Home Improvements
- Pension Switches
- Phone Services
- Insurance
- Credit Cards/Loans
- TV Packages
Hours will be Mon-Fri between the times of 9:30am-8:30pm
£17,000 basic with £32,000 OTE
Training is provided
Training provided.


text:
May 3, 2013
Love the outdoors/wilderness.
Cup and saucer. Manitoulin Island, Ontario.
Hello. My name is Rusty. I am 37 and from Fort Wayne. I am interested in backpacking, bike-packing, and kayak camping. Looking forward to an adventurous summer!
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Preventing Cuts, Punctures, and LacerationsNovember 9th, 2012
Cuts, lacerations and punctures are a common injury in the workplace. However many of these injuries may be prevented by the use of personal protective equipment. Each year millions of workers suffer workplace injuries that could have been prevented. Although statistical data from study to study differs from study to study, cuts and lacerations often rank as second or third most frequent workplace injury.
The key to preventing these injuries is keeping body parts away from hazards. Employers should establish work procedures to identify and control exposure to hazards.
- Training employees to use established safety procedures.
- Maintaining proper machine guarding
- Using lockout/tag out procedures;
- Wearing personal protective equipment;
- Safe tool use;
- Good housekeeping
One of the most common sources of cuts and lacerations is the use of knives and other cutting tools. With thorough analysis and planning, you can develop a prevention plan to help eliminate these types of injuries from your workplace.


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Senior Research Associate
Anna Clarke is a Senior Research Associate who has been at the Centre since 2004. Her research interests include housing need, homelessness, demand for social housing, shared ownership, and welfare reform.
She has recently published work for the Welsh Local Government Association on the impact of housing benefit cuts and the shared accommodation rate for young people, and for the Council for Mortgage Lenders on lenders' views of shared ownership. Her current projects include a work for the Welsh Government into letting agency fees to tenants and research funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation into incentives for private landlords to improve the private rented sector.
Her research skills include qualitative research and focus groups, as well as survey research and statistical analysis.


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With August & Summer coming to a close, I'd say its a pretty good time for a chance to win $1000, wouldn't you?
Tendr, the cash gift registry site, is giving away $1000…and all you have to do is register at Tendr now through Aug 31! So many couples these days have already been living together for a while and have their household set up, so a traditional registry just isn't necessary for them. Where Tendr comes in is that they provide a well designed and safe landing site for your guests to send monetary gifts for your wedding…its super easy to use, easy to keep track of, and couples can send free digital thank you notes in great designs right then and there! Best of all, the money goes straight into your bank account!
So if you're interested in giving your luck a try, simply head over to the giveaway landing page, sign up by Aug 31, and keep your fingers crossed for that lucky win! Good luck!
[images from Tendr]
This post was sponsored by Tendr. Thanks for supporting our advertisers!


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Human, Terrorism and Religion Legal rights
Human, Terrorism and Religion Legal rights
Religious beliefs continues to be held accountable for a few bad facts throughout the modern society. Profile reveals that, it has got orchestrated a number of vilest functions not that long ago along with genocides. One example is, Christianity continues to be held responsible for numerous death through the French conflicts. In the same manner, in 1850s the Buddhists would give individual sacrifices as an easy way of appeasing their gods. As of late, the Islam has been doing the spotlight to your enirely wrong aspects. Supposedly, much of the terrorist categories the globe is presently grappling with profess the Islam faith. Most terrorist communities report their religious beliefs being the justification at the rear of their atrocities. No religion can justify international terrorism,. That's notwithstanding the justification fronted by these groups- whether Christian, Buddhists or Islam- this paper's stance.
Religion are unable to justify internationalism since targeted communities are forever naive. The terrorist sets consider that by assaulting of us, they will be obeying what their ebooks order them to do.
However, many of the people targeted by these groups are innocent, and have not in any way contributed in the group's perceived miseries. To illustrate, the Nigeria terrorist organization, 'Boko Haram' kidnapped above 200 education ladies in 2014 yet the young girls have been just high school students. Most ladies are at this point found amid fears the audience can have radicalized the women when you finish sexually abusing them. Clearly, these young ladies turned out to be neither of them Nigerian soldiers nor political figures yet the crew specific them. Thus, it is sharp Islam is unable to likely warrant the kidnapping and mistreatment of institution-looking babies.
There might be no justification for intercontinental terrorism since more and more religions evidently help support cohesion. It actually is ironical a large number of terrorist categories claim to have spiritual justification as of yet quite a few religions supporter relaxed coexistence. The holy bible, like, admonishes its subscribers to "do http://azwritingservice.com/speeches to many people when you could possibly have them do in order to you" (Matthew 7: 12). Likewise, Islam should be considered portrayed as being a faith of serenity. Even though these portrayals and exhortations out from the spiritual training books these organizations state they go along with, they even so purchase justifications to warrant their behavior. However, one thing is clear: religious beliefs opposes oppressive behavior meted on any people. Hence, this overrides any explanation applied to harming mankind and successfully usually means terrorism is absolutely not justifiable by faith.
Terrorism is just not about religion but pursuit of politics ideologies. It is really present with encounter terrorist groupings fighting vehemently that the quest is around allowing the masses to follow their religion. However, the events seem to suggest otherwise. Of the conflict-split Somalia, the Al-Shabab symptoms the country's political leaders most of whom are Muslims. In Syria, the ISIS combats up against chief executive who, oddly enough, also professes the Islam faith. The experience is replicated in other different countries for instance , Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan. Some observers have agreed that while terrorists are singing about how faith justifies their pursuits the war is concerning getting governmental positions. Because of this, faith is extricated from the activity seeing that terrorism might be more political than spiritual.
A final thought, there can be hundreds of factors that prove faith cannot justify overseas terrorism. 1st, no faith supporters the hurting from a other human being no matter their locations about The lord. For this reason, any purported justification with this notion is quickly nullified. Second, terrorists do no concentrate on the women and men they accuse of warfare criminal acts. Relatively, their vile activity are redirected at naive sectors from your society similar to females and children. Last but not least, it really is obvious from both famous and present circumstances that terrorist teams have political desires mainly because the enthusiasm at the rear of their actions. That is why, no religion is in services of any form of terrorism.


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Freeman Razemba Crime Reporter—
The Zimbabwe Republic Police has introduced point of sale machines at some of its traffic branches and police stations to facilitate easy payment of fines. Chief police spokesperson Senior Assistant Commissioner Charity Charamba confirmed the new development on Thursday last week. "The Zimbabwe Republic Police, in line with embracing plastic money and in response to calls from members of the public, has launched a pilot project by introducing point of sale machines (swipe machines) at some traffic and duty uniform branch stations throughout the country," she said.
Some of the traffic centres where the machines have been introduced are Harare Central, Southerton, National Highway Morris Depot, Chinhoyi, Norton, Chegutu, Kadoma, Chipinge, Mvurwi, Chivhu, Murewa, Masvingo, Rusape, Marondera, Gutu, Bulawayo Central, Chiredzi, Mazowe and Nkulumane.
The machines were also introduced in Karoi, Mabvuku, Chitungwiza, Mt Darwin, Bulawayo West, Bindura, Mutare, Gwanda, Beitbridge, Plumtree, Victoria Falls, Hwange, Lupane, Gokwe, Kwekwe, Zvishavane, Gweru and Rutenga Traffic Post.
Apart from the traffic centres, the police also introduced the point of sale machines at three police stations — Beatrice, Nyanyadzi and Nyamapanda.
"Members of the public who are admitting to offences are free to use this facility for their convenience," said Snr Asst Comm Charamba. "More swipe machines will be introduced with time."
Government is encouraging the use of plastic money to ensure that the transacting public is not inconvenienced by the cash shortages on the market.
Article Source: The Herald


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 2002
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1999
|Priority date
|Apr 30, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David A. Asson, James B. MacArthur
|Original Assignee
|Altera Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (39), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application number 60/083,632, filed Apr. 30, 1998, which is incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to the field of integrated circuits, and more particularly to architectures for programmable logic integrated circuits.
Programmable logic integrated circuits are well known to those in the electronic art. Such programmable logic integrated circuits are commonly referred as PALs (Programmable Array Logic), PLAs (Programmable Logic Arrays), FPLAs (Field Programmable Logic Arrays), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), EPLDs (Erasable Programmable Logic Devices), CPLDs (Complex Programmable Logic Devices) EEPLDs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Logic Devices), LCAs (Logic Cell Arrays), FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), and the like. Such devices are used in a wide array of applications where it is desirable to program standard, off-the-shelf devices for specific applications. Such devices include, for example, the well-known Classic™, MAX�, and FLEX� families of EPLDs manufactured by Altera Corp.
The popular FLEX� PLD architecture from Altera Corp. includes many logic array blocks (LABs) arranged in a two-dimensional array and multiple embedded array blocks (EABs). This PLD architecture further includes two arrays of intersecting signal conductors for programmably selecting and conducting logic signals to, from, and between the LABs, the EABs, and the device I/O pins. Each LAB includes a number of programmable logic elements (LEs) that provide relatively elementary logic functions such as NAND, NOR, exclusive OR, flip flops, and other functions. The LABs are generally used to implement general logic and the EABs are generally used to implement memory and specialized logic functions.
A user configures a programmable logic integrated circuit, such as a PLD or a FPGA, to implement the desired logical functions. For example, the user may configure a PLD to be a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a multiplier, a digital filter, or the like. During the design phase, due to circumstances such as errors in the design or changes in requirements, the user may need to modify the design by reconfiguring the PLD. Once a particular design for the PLD has been successfully implemented and tested, the design typically does not need to be changed again. At that point, it may be desirable to reduce production costs by implementing the design in a lower cost device such as a mask-programmable PLD (MPLD).
A MPLD is a device that is configured or "hard-wired" during the fabrication of the device. For example, the PLD manufacturer fabricates a MPLD design by using a specific metal mask corresponding to the user's design. Conventionally, the conversion from a programmable design into a MPLD design is time consuming and inefficient. These design hurdles are contrary to the low cost and fast time to market requirements of many electronics products.
As can be seen, techniques for efficient conversion of a design from a programmable design to a MPLD design is highly desirable. Further, it is important that the MPLD provides the available functionality of the programmable design it replaces.
The invention provides techniques that expedite the design conversion from a PLD to a MPLD. For a MPLD conversion in accordance with the invention, the logic and interconnects of the PLD design are synthesized using conventional design conversion techniques. The embedded memories of the PLD are substituted with configurable memory blocks that provide the embedded memory features. The configurable memory block can be designed and stored in a design library, to be recalled and included in the MPLD design when needed. The contents of a ROM in the configurable memory block are altered from one MPLD design to the next.
A specific embodiment of the invention provides a mask programmable integrated circuit that includes a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a controller. The controller couples to the ROM and RAM. The controller senses a reset condition and, in response, directs a clear (i.e., preload of zeros) of the RAM or a preload of contents of the ROM to the RAM. The clear or preload can be performed after achieving a successful self-test of the RAM. In an embodiment, the RAM has a variable word length and depth size and can be configured to operate in one of many modes. In an embodiment, the integrated circuit further includes a first and a second multiplexer (MUX). The first MUX is interposed between the ROM and the RAM, and selectively couples either the ROM data or the built-in self-test (BIST) data to the first MUX output. The second MUX is interposed between the first MUX and the RAM, and selectively couples either the output of the first MUX or a (synchronous or asynchronous) data input to the RAM. With the preload feature, the invention can emulate a ROM, a preloaded RAM, or look-up table logic functions as well as conventional RAM. Further, the BIST allows for testing of the RAM without the need for external support.
Another specific embodiment of the invention provides a method of initializing a mask programmable integrated circuit. The method includes: (1) resetting the mask programmable integrated circuit; (2) providing a signal to indicate a reset condition has occurred; (3) initiating a self-test of the RAMs of the mask programmable integrated circuit; and (4) when the self-test has successfully completed, preloading the RAM with contents from a ROM. The self-test of the integrated circuit typically includes performing a test of the RAM. In one embodiment, the RAM test can be performed by: (1) writing a sequence of predetermined values to the RAM; (2) reading a sequence of values from the RAM; and (3) comparing the sequence of values read from the RAM against the sequence of values written to the RAM. Alternatively, the RAM test can be achieved by performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of values received from the RAM. The RAM test can also be performed using conventional RAM test algorithms.
The invention can be used to replace embedded memories (e.g., RAMs) of any PLD and integrated circuits, including microprocessors, digital signal processors, controllers, and others.
The foregoing, together with other aspects of this invention, will become more apparent when referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a programmable logic device PLD);
FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an embodiment of an embedded array block EAB);
FIG. 3A shows a diagram of various configurations of the EAB's memory;
FIG. 3B shows a diagram of combinations of multiple EABs to create a larger RAM;
FIG. 4 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a configurable memory block of the invention; and
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a digital system within which the MPLD of the invention may be embodied.
The present invention allows features of embedded array blocks (EABs) in a programmable logic device (PLD) to be quickly and efficiently implemented in a low cost, masked ASIC (i.e., application specific integrated circuit). A specific example of such PLD is Altera Corp.'s Flex� 10K family of products. The Flex� 10K is described in Altera Corp., "FLEX 10K Embedded Programmable Logic Family Data Sheet," July 1995; Altera Corp., Application Note 52, "Implementing RAM Functions in FLEX 10K Devices," November 1995; and Altera Corp., Application Note 66, "Implementing FIFO Buffers in FLEX 10K Devices," January 1996, all of which are incorporated by reference.
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a PLD 100. Within PLD 100, a number of input/output elements (IOEs) 112 couple to a set of row interconnects 114 and a set of column interconnects 116. The row and column interconnects traverse the width and height, respectively, of the PLD and provide interconnections between and among various elements within the PLD, including IOEs 112. PLD 100 includes a number of logic arrays 120, and each logic array includes a number of logic array blocks (LABs) 130. Each LAB 130 includes a number of logic elements (LEs) 132 and a local interconnect 134 that interconnects the LEs and the row and column interconnects. PLD 100 further includes a number of embedded array blocks (EABs) 140 that also interconnect to the row and column interconnects. The LABs are typically used to implement general logic and the EABs are typically used to implement memory and specialized logic functions. This PLD architecture is that of the FLEX� 10K family which is described in further detailed in the above mentioned Altera Corp. documents.
FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an embodiment of EAB 140. An EAB local interconnect 212 couples to row interconnect 114, the inputs of a set of multiplexers (MUXes) 214, the data inputs of registers 216 a and 216 b, and the inputs of MUXes 218 a and 218 b. The output of MUX 214 a couples to the data input of a resister 216 c and the input of a MUX 218 c. The output of MUX 214 b couples to the clock inputs of registers 216 a through 216 c. The outputs of registers 216 a through 216 c couple to the second inputs of MUXes 218 a through 218 c, respectively The outputs of MUXes 218 a through 218 c respectively couple to the data, address, and write enable inputs of a memory 220. The data output of memory 220 couples to the data input of a register 222 and to one input of a MUX 224. The output of MUX 214 c couples to the clock input of register 222. The output of register 222 couples to the second input of MUX 224. The output of MUX 224 couples to one input of a MUX 226 and to column interconnect 116 via a buffer 228. The other input of MUX 226 couples to column interconnect 116, and the output of MUX 226 couples to row interconnect 114.
Each of the registers and MUXes in FIG. 2 (except for register 216 c and MUXes 214 a and 218 c) operates on multiple bits, as indicated by the heavy lines representing the data buses at the elements' input(s) and output. The number of bits for each bus is determined by the particular PLD design.
Memory 220 can behave as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a FLASH memory, an electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), an erasable EPROM (EEPROM), or one of many other memory technologies, or a combination of the above. Memory 220 can also be implemented as a first-in first-out (FIFO) memory. FLASH, EPROM, and EEPROM are non-volatile memories. The EAB's and the MPLD memory behave like memories, except the memory contents are lost when power is removed. In an embodiment, the ROM used for the preloading is not re-writable.
As shown in FIG. 2, EAB 140 is a flexible block of RAM or ROM with registers on the input and output ports. Because of its large size and flexible interconnects, EAB 140 is often used to implement common gate array "mega-functions." For example, EAB 140 is suitable for implementing functions such as multipliers, vector scalars, error correction circuits, digital filters, and others. These functions can be combined in applications such as digital signal processors and microcontrollers.
Logic functions are implemented by programming the EAB with a read-only pattern during a configuration stage to create a large look-up table (LUT). With LUTs, combinatorial functions are implemented by looking up, rather than computing, the results corresponding to a set of inputs. This implementation of combinatorial functions can be faster than implementation of algorithms in general logic, a performance advantage that is further enhanced by the fast access times of the EAB. The large capacity of the EAB enables the user to implement complex functions in one logic level without the routing delays associated with linked LEs or FPGA RAM blocks. For example, a single EAB can implement a 4�4 multiplier with eight inputs and eight outputs. Parameterized functions such as LPM (Library of Parameterized Modules) functions can automatically take advantage of the EAB. LPM includes scalable libraries of functions (e.g., set the data width=4).
The EAB provides many advantages over conventional FPGAs, which typically implement on-board RAM as arrays of small, distributed RAM blocks. These FPGA RAM blocks contain delays that are less predictable as the size of the RAM increases. In addition, FPGA RAM blocks are prone to routing difficulties because small blocks of RAM must be connected together to create larger blocks. The small blocks of FPGA RAM are also used to implement logic, so the use of more RAM decreases the logic capacity (whereas EABs do not). In contrast, one or more EABs can be used to implement large, dedicated blocks of RAM that significantly reduce these timing and routing difficulties.
The EAB can be used to implement either synchronous or asynchronous RAM. Synchronous RAM is preferable over asynchronous RAM in many applications because of ease of use. A circuit using asynchronous RAM needs to generate a RAM write enable (WE) signal and to ensure that the data and address signals meet the setup and hold time specifications relative to the WE signal. In contrast, the EAB's synchronous RAM generates its own WE signal and is self-timed with respect to a global clock. A circuit using the EAB's self-timed RAM need only meet the setup and hold time specifications of the global clock.
FIG. 3A shows a diagram of various configurations of the EAB's memory. When used as a RAM, ROM, or lookup table, or so on, the EAB can be configured in any of the following sizes: M�N, 2M�N/2, 4M�N/4, 8M�N/8. In a specific embodiment shown in FIG. 3A where M=256 and N=8, the EAB RAM can be configured as a 256�8, 512�4, 1024�2, or 2048�1 memory block.
FIG. 3B shows a diagram of combinations of multiple EABs to create a larger RAM. For example, two 256�8 RAM blocks can be combined to form a 256�16 RAM block, or two 512�4 RAM blocks can be combined to form a 512�8 RAM block. In fact, all EABs in a PLD can be combined to form a single RAM block. Application software, such as Altera's MAX+plus II software, can automatically combine EABs to meet a user's RAM requirements.
The EABs include flexible options for driving and controlling clock and control signals. For example, different clocks can be used for the EAB inputs and outputs. The registers can be independently coupled to the EAB data input, the data output, the address input, and the WE input. Referring to FIG. 2, the global signals or the EAB local interconnect can drive the WE signal via MUX 214 a. The global signals, the dedicated clock pins, or the EAB local interconnect can drive the EAB clock signals via MUXes 214 b and 214 c. Because the LEs drive the EAB local interconnect, the LEs can control the WE signal and the EAB clock signals.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, each EAB is fed by a row interconnect and can drive out to the row and column interconnects. In an embodiment, each EAB output can drive up to two row channels and up to two column channels. The unused row channel can be driven by other LEs. This feature increases the routing resources available for EAB outputs.
The EAB architecture described above provides resources and flexibility to implement many different functions for many different applications. For example, the interconnect flexibility allows various control and data signals to be provide to and from the EAB. The EAB's flexibility is invaluable during the design phase when many iterations of changes and modifications are often performed to achieve the required functionality and to meet system specifications.
Upon completion of the design phase, it is often desirable to implement the design in a cost-effective device for production. The initial design is typically achieved using a design tool, and the design is usually expressed in a design language such as Altera hardware description language (AHDL), Verilog, VHDL languages, or schematics. To create a custom design on a particular ASIC process, the user can re-synthesizes the (e.g., Verilog) design onto the specific ASIC process.
An ASIC conversion including RAM typically requires significant additional design time for adding specific features and testability. For production devices, intelligent testability is particularly important to ensure adequate test coverage and to reduce test time, both of which impact manufacturing costs. Moreover, implementation of the specific EAB features also requires additional design time. The specific EAB features are needed to replicate the original circuit design. These conversion concerns (e.g., testability and EAB features) are addressed by the configurable memory design of the invention.
The invention provides circuits and features that facilitate conversion of a PLD design into a custom (or semi-custom) ASIC design. Specifically, the invention provides power-on reset, automatic self-test, automatic initialization, configurable word widths, and synchronous or asynchronous operation of an embedded memory within an integrated circuit. The invention can also be tailored to provide a subset of the features described above, i.e., as dictated by the particular design requirements. In an embodiment, the invention is a configurable memory block for a masked programmable logic integrated circuit that incorporate the features of the EABs described above.
FIG. 4 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a configurable memory block 400 of the invention. Configurable memory block 400 substitutes for memory 220 of EAB 140, and can be implemented in a MPLD. Configurable memory block 400 provides a combination of the following features: power-on reset, automatic self-test, automatic initialization, configurable word widths, and synchronous or asynchronous operation. The configurable memory block of the invention can be used to implement many functions. For example, the configurable memory block can implement an asynchronous RAM, a synchronous RAM, a ROM, a look-up table, and others.
As shown in FIG. 4, a power-on reset circuit 408 initializes the logic and starts a self-test cycle. In an embodiment, power-on reset circuit 408 resides in another section of the device and generates and provides a power-on reset signal 410 to the configurable memory block to indicate the occurrence of a reset condition. The reset condition can result from a power up of the integrated circuit, a receipt of a system reset, or the occurrence of other events. At power up, the reset condition is indicated after the power supply has reached past a predetermined voltage level and maintained above this voltage level for a predetermined time period.
Within configurable memory block 400, the data inputs are provided from MUX 218 a to one input of a MUX 412 a. The other input of MUX412 a couples to the output of a MUX 414, and the output of MUX 412 a couples to the data inputs of a memory 420. The address inputs are provided from MUX 218 b to one input of a MUX 412 b. The other input of MUX412 b couples to a controller 430 and the output of MUX 412 b couples to the address inputs of memory 420. The write enable (WE) signal is provided from MUX 218 c to one input of a MUX 412 c. The other input of MUX412 c couples to controller 420 and the output of MUX 412 c couples to the write enable inputs of memory 420. One input of MUX 414 couples to a built-in selftest (BIST) circuit 416 and a second input of MUX 414 couples to a ROM 418. BIST circuit 416 and ROM 418 also couples to a controller 430. BIST circuit 416 provides the BIST data during testing of memory 420, as described below. BIST circuit 416 is typically implemented within controller 430, but can also be implemented as a separate circuit (as shown in FIG. 4).
In the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 4, memory 420 is a RAM that is implemented using four memory blocks 422 a through 422 d, with each memory block 422 having a size of M�N. The data outputs of RAM 420 comprise the data Outputs of configurable memory block 400. Controller 430 also receives the BIST compare data from RAM 420 and the power-on reset signal 410 from power-on reset circuit 408. Controller 430 provides a status signal 432 to circuitry external to configurable memory block 400.
Controller 430 can be implemented in various manners. For example, controller 430 can be implemented with logic circuitry that performs the required functionality described herein. Alternatively, controller 430 can be implemented as a processor executing a set of microcodes to achieve the desired functionality.
Configurable memory block 400 operates in the following manner. Initially, controller 430 receives the signal from power-on reset circuit 408 indicating a reset condition. Controller 430 then initiates a RAM self-test to verify the integrity of the RAM. Upon completion of a successful RAM self-test, controller 430 initiates a clear of the RAM or a preload of the ROM data onto the RAM. In an embodiment, the clear is accomplished by preloading zeros into the RAM. The preload occurs by loading the contents of ROM 418 onto RAM 420 via MUXes 414 and 412 b. Controller 430 can also indicate the outcome of the RAM self-test via status line 432 (e.g., high=pass, low=fail).
Controller 430 implements a built-in self test (BIST) that is initiated when a reset condition is detected. In an embodiment, the BIST includes a test of the integrity of the RAM to ensure that the RAM can properly store data and provide the data when requested. The RAM test can be achieved using one of several implementations.
In one implementation, controller 430 writes predetermined values to every location within RAM 420, reads back the values, and compares the read and written values to determine whether the memory locations are functional. The comparison can be performed by checking each read bit versus its corresponding written bit. Alternatively, the RAM testing can be achieved by performing a cycle redundancy check (CRC) of the data read from the RAM. The use of CRC for checking the validity of data is known in the art and not described in detail herein. In another implementation, the integrity of the RAM can also be verified by using conventional RAM test algorithms that are known in the art.
To further assure integrity of the RAM, different values (e.g., high and low values) can be written to each memory location and verified. Further, the memory locations can also be verified by using more than one write/read pass. Upon completion of a successful RAM test, controller 430 sends the result of the test on status line 432.
Upon completion of the BIST, RAM 420 can be cleared to a predetermined state or preloaded (i.e., initialized) with the values stored in ROM 418. RAM 420 can be cleared to all low values or all high values, as required by the system requirements. To clear or preload, controller 430 generates and provides the RAM addresses to RAM 420 via MUX 412 b. Controller 430 further generates and provides the write enable signal to RAM 420 via MUX 412 c. Correspondingly, controller 430 directs ROM 418 to provide the data associated with the generated addresses. The data is provided to and stored by RAM 420.
In an embodiment, clearing and preloading are performed in a parallel manner, and depend on the particular implementation of the configurable memory block. Typically, the ROM is read a word at a time and data is written to the RAM as a word. Data words are provided, one word at a time, from the ROM to the RAM. Thus, data bits are provided, one data block at a time, from the ROM to the RAM. A data block can include, for example, two, four, eight, or sixteen bits, or any other number of bits. Controller 430 generates the starting address of each block. Controller 430 also increments the RAM address accordingly.
The contents of ROM 418 are based on and define the specific user functions. Accordingly, the contents of ROM 418 are customized for each MPLD design. However, customization of ROM 418 in a MPLD design is readily achievable.
During normal operation, either the synchronous or asynchronous data input is coupled to memory 420 via MUXes 218 a and 412 a. Correspondingly, the synchronous or asynchronous address inputs are coupled to memory 420 via MUXes 218 b and 412 b, and the synchronous or asynchronous write enable signal is coupled to memory 420 via MUXes 218 c and 412 c. Memory 420 then functions in similar manner to the EAB it replaces, and also provides the features of the EAB.
During test and preload operations, the ROM data is provided to memory 420 via MUX 412 a. Correspondingly, the RAM address is provided to memory 420 via MUX 412 b, and the write enable signal is provided to memory 420 via MUX 412 c. Controller 430 then directs the write and read operations on memory 420.
The invention provides many advantages over a conventional MPLD design conversion. First, the BIST incorporated into the configurable memory block allows for testing of the RAM without the needs for external support. In fact, the only test interface is the status line that indicates the outcome of the self-test. Moreover, the BIST can be designed to cover all test points of interest. In contrast, conventional PLDs and the memory within the conventional PLDs are usually tested using an externally generated test sequence that is provided to the PLD via external pins. This architecture limits accessibility to only test points accessible from the external pins. Further, testing through the external pins is typically complicated and often requires longer test times, which result in higher production costs. In a production environment, where sensitivity to cost can be more severe, longer test times are undesirable. To implement the BIST in a conventional MPLD design conversion, additional design time is typically needed to implement the self-test for that particular MPLD design.
Second, with the preload feature of the invention, configurable memory block 400 can emulate a ROM, a preloaded RAM, or look-up table logic functions as well as conventional RAM. As shown in FIG. 4, RAM 420 includes, for example, four memory blocks 422 a through 422 d each having a size of M�N. In a specific embodiment, each memory block has a size of 256�2 and includes eight address inputs, two data inputs, and two data outputs. Multiple memory blocks 422 can be combined to generate a larger memory block. For example, memory 400 can be configured to operate in 256�8, 512�4, 1024�2, or 2048�1 mode. In a specific implementation, the 2048�1 mode is implemented using two configurable memory blocks, and only one bit of each 256�2 RAM is used. Moreover, multiple memory blocks 422 from multiple configurable memory blocks 400 may be combined together to implement even larger memories than obtainable using a single configurable memory block 400. The memory can also be configured to operate in synchronous or asynchronous mode.
Third, the configurable memory block of the invention expedites the design conversion from PLD to MPLD. For a MPLD conversion in accordance with the invention, the logic and interconnects are synthesized using conventional design techniques and the configurable memory block substitutes for the EAB and provides the EAB features. For convenience, the configurable memory block can be designed as a design block and stored in a design library. Subsequently, the configurable memory block can be recalled from the library and included in the MPLD design when required. Only the contents of the ROM are customized for each MPLD design. This design methodology can greatly decrease the design time of the conversion from the PLD to the MPLD.
For clarity, the invention has been described in conjunction with a specific PLD architecture, namely the FLEX� 10K architecture from Altera Corp. However, the configurable memory block of the invention can substitute for embedded memories (e.g., RAMs) of any PLD and integrated circuits, including microprocessors, digital signal processors, controllers, and others.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a digital system within which the MPLD of the invention may be embodied. In the particular embodiment of FIG. 5, a processing unit 510 is coupled to a memory 520 and an I/O 530 and incorporates a MPLD 540. MPLD 540 may be specially coupled to memory 520 through a connection 542 and to I/O 530 through a connection 544. The digital system may be a programmed digital computer system, a digital signal processing system, a specialized digital switching network, or other processing systems. Moreover, the digital system may be a general-purpose computer, a special purpose computer (such as telecommunications equipment) optimized for an application-specific task, or a combination of a general-purpose computer and an auxiliary special purpose hardware.
Processing unit 510 may direct data to an appropriate system component for processing or storage, execute a program stored in memory 520 or input using I/O 530, or perform other functions. Processing unit 510 may be a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a floating-point coprocessor, a graphics processor, a hardware controller, a microcontroller, or other processing units. Furthermore, in many embodiments, there is often no need for a CPU. For example, instead of a CPU, one or more MPLDs 540 may control the logical operations of the system.
In some embodiments, processing unit 510 may even be a computer system. In one embodiment, source code may be stored in memory 520, compiled into machine language, and executed by processing unit 510. Processing unit 510 need not contain a CPU and in one embodiment, instructions may be executed by one or more PLDs 540. Instead of storing source code in memory 520, only the machine language representation of the source code, without the source code, may be stored in memory 520 for execution by processing unit 510. Memory 520 may be a RAM, a ROM, a fixed or flexible disk media, a PC Card flash disk memory, tape, or any other storage retrieval means, or any combination of these storage retrieval means.
Processing unit 510 uses I/O 530 to provide input and output paths for user interaction. For example, a user may provide inputs into MPLD 540. I/O 530 may be a keyboard, mouse, track ball, digitizing tablet, text or graphical display, touch screen, pen tablet, printer, or other input or output means, or any combination of these means. In one embodiment, I/O 530 includes a printer used for printing a hard copy of any processing unit 510 output. In particular, using I/O 530, a user may print a copy of a document prepared using a word processing program executed using processing unit 510. In other cases, a user may print out a copy of the source code or a listing of the logical functions contained within MPLD 540.
MPLD may serve many different purposes within the system in FIG. 5. MPLD 540 may be a logical building block of processing unit 510, supporting its internal and external operations. MPLD 540 is designed to implement the logical functions necessary to carry on its particular role in system operation.
As some examples of the multitude of uses for MPLD 540, processing unit 510 may use MPLD 540, through connection 542, to decode memory or port addresses for accessing memory 520 or I/O 530. MPLD 540 may be designed to store data like a memory or specialized memory, where this comes from processing unit 510 or memory 520 (via connection 542). MPLD 540 may be used as a microcontroller for a memory 520 device such as a fixed or flexible disk drive. MPLD 540 may also be configured to be a microcontroller for an I/O 530 device such as a keyboard or scanner, passing data through connection 544.
In other embodiments, MPLD 540 may be used as a controller or specialized processing unit such as a coprocessor for performing mathematical or graphical calculations. In still other embodiments, MPLD 540 may be used for telecommunications applications. For example, processing unit 510 would direct data to MPLD 540; MPLD 540 processes this data; then MPLD 540 returns the results to processing unit 510. Furthermore, processing unit 510 may pass or direct a program stored in memory 520 or input using I/O 530 to MPLD 540 for execution. These are some of multitude of uses of MPLD 540 within a digital system. Also, a system such as the one shown in FIG. 5 may embody a plurality of PLDs 540, each performing different system functions.
In FIG. 5, processing unit 510 is shown incorporating MPLD 540. However, in other embodiments, MPLD 540 may be external to processing unit 510, and a MPLD interface may be coupled between processing unit 510 and MPLD 540. The MPLD interface would provide the proper adapters or sockets for interfacing MPLD 540 to processing unit 510. Moreover, the MPLD interface would provide the proper voltages and electrical characteristics for coupling MPLD 540 to processing unit 510.
The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. The various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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Owner name: ALTERA CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
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|May 24, 2006
|Fee payment
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|Fee payment
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