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This study investigated finite marking (e.g., he walks, he walked) in boys with fragile X syndrome; the boys were grouped based on receptive vocabulary (i.e., borderline, or impaired vocabulary).
Twenty-one boys with the full mutation of fragile X, between the ages of 8 to 16 years participated. The boys completed probes from the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (Rice & Wexler, 2001), a language sample, a nonverbal IQ test (Leiter-R, Roid & Miller, 1997), a receptive vocabulary test (PPVT-IV Dunn & Dunn, 2007), and a measure of autistic symptoms (CARS; Schopler et al., 2002).
There were group differences for finiteness responses on the third person singular probe; the group with impaired vocabulary omitted markers with greater frequency compared to borderline vocabulary group. There were not significant differences on the past tense probe, although boys with borderline and impaired vocabulary were delayed relative to language expectations. Nonverbal IQ was not correlated with the measures of finiteness marking.
Boys with FXS demonstrate delays in finiteness marking, in particular on past tense verbs. Boys with impaired vocabulary show a unique profile unlike children with SLI, in which their use of tense markers may exceed expectations benchmarked to clause length.
An objective of present research across various developmental disorders is the comparison of language phenotypes. One goal is to determine the extent to which there are unique profiles of strengths and weaknesses associated with different disorders, relative to explanations based primarily on the presence of an intellectual disability (Rice, Warren, & Betz, 2005; Rice & Warren, 2005; Warren & Abbeduto, 2007). Disorders with similar symptomology, such as autism and fragile X syndrome (FXS) are of particular interest. Given that FXS is a single-gene syndrome, it provides a unique opportunity to explore the effects of the genetic anomaly on language. Morphosyntax has been an area of interest in language disorders due to its important role in linguistic communication. Morphosyntax is the interplay between grammatical morphology and syntactic structure (Schütze, 2004). Finiteness is a property of morphosyntax involving verbal features of tense and agreement marking, such as past tense and third person singular –s, as in "she walks home." Finiteness markers, also referred to as "grammatical tense markers", have been identified as an area of weakness for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and also for some children with autism (Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995; Rice & Wexler, 1996; Roberts, Rice, & Tager-Flusberg, 2004).
The purpose of this study was to investigate finiteness markers in a group of boys with FXS. This study uses a bottom-up approach to investigate the language phenotype (Müller, 2004), beginning with the known gene defect to investigate phenotypes. Given that FXS is a single-gene syndrome, it provides an opportunity to explore the effects of the genetic defect on the language phenotype. This study builds on previous work focused on these same finiteness markers in other populations, namely autism and SLI (Roberts et al., 2004). The main research question is: Do children with FXS show the same pattern of impairments as the children in the Roberts et al. (2004) study using the same method of groups defined by levels of receptive vocabulary? Little is known about this area of linguistic development in FXS even though FXS and autism exhibit high comorbidity as well as similar language and behavioral phenotypes.
Fragile X is an X-linked disorder caused by a single gene identified in 1991 (Verkerk et al., 1991). The gene is located in the 5' untranslated region on the long arm of the X chromosome (locus Xq27.3). The gene is called FMR1, and it directs cells to produce the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is believed to play an important role in typical brain development and functioning (Rogers, Wehner, & Hagerman, 2001). The FMR1 gene is made up of trinucleotide (CGG) repeats. A normal number of repeats ranges anywhere from 5 to 50. Fragile X syndrome occurs when an individual has an elevated number of CGG repeats (Hagerman, 2002). Trinucleotide repeats ranging from 50 to 200 signify a premutation carrier. Full mutation occurs when an individual has more than 200 repeats (Bailey et al., 2001; Hagerman, 2002). Fragile X is a dynamic gene mutation, meaning that it is unstable and will most likely expand through generations. Males are typically more affected compared to females, since it is an X-linked disorder; females have two X chromosomes, and FMRP is expressed by the unaffected X chromosome in females (Hagerman & Hagerman, 2002).
One reason FXS is of particular interest to researchers is the high co-morbidity with autism. This co-morbidity is not common among other types of intellectual disability, e.g. Down syndrome. An estimated 25–45% of males with FXS meet the criteria for a co-diagnosis of autism, and regardless of co-diagnosis, 50–90% of males are reported to display behaviors that are concurrent with autism symptomology including hand biting, hand flapping, perseveration in speech, tactile defensiveness, and poor eye contact (Bailey, Hatton, Mesibov, Ament, & Skinner, 2000; Hatton et al., 2006; Rogers et al., 2001). Males with both FXS and autism typically have more severe language and social impairments, as well as lower IQ scores compared with children with FXS and no autism (Bailey et al., 1998). Rogers and colleagues have completed a number of studies examining the impact of autism on FXS. They reported that children with comorbid FXS and autism have sensory impairments similar to children with autism and no FXS, and that imitation skills are more impaired in children with FXS and autism compared to FXS only (Rogers, Hepburn, Stackhouse, & Wehner, 2003; Rogers, Hepburn, & Wehner, 2003). Adaptive and problem behaviors also appeared to be more severe in boys with FXS and autism compared to boys with FXS only (Kau et al., 2004).
In addition to substantial cognitive and motor delays, individuals with FXS are reported to have a number of speech and language delays including late emergence of first spoken words, problems with speech intelligibility, and delays in both expressive and receptive morphosyntax (Abbeduto & Hagerman, 1997; Sterling & Warren, 2007). Boys with FXS show greater delays in expressive compared to receptive language (Roberts, Mirrett, & Burchinal, 2001). Research has indicated that children with FXS and autism generally have lower language skills compared to children with FXS and no autism (Bailey et al., 1998; Rogers et al., 2001). The work to date has not focused on linguistic skills above and beyond basic vocabulary, like morphosyntax. Although significant work has been completed on morphosyntactic development in children with Down syndrome and children with autism, research including children with FXS has been limited. The work that has been done for the most part has excluded children with comorbid FXS and autism, thereby ignoring this large and important subgroup of children.
Several studies of children with FXS focusing on grammar development have used mean length of utterance (MLU) and/or the Index of Productive Syntax as the primary measure (IPSyn; Scarborough, 1990; Price et al., 2008; Price et al., 2007, Roberts et al., 2007a). The IPSyn is a measure that yields a score representing emerging syntactic and morphological complexity based on spontaneous language sample data. In a series of studies in boys with FXS, Roberts, Price and colleagues analyzed IPSyn scores as well as MLU (Price et al., 2008; Price et al., 2007, Roberts et al., 2007a). Despite using many different nouns, pronouns, plurals and two-word noun phrases, boys with FXS used fewer complex noun phrases in a language sample. It is important to note that as an emergence measure the IPSyn score is not sensitive to possible group differences for affected children in the rate of acquisition of morphemes (Rice, Redmond, & Hoffman, 2006), given that it analyzes first uses of target morphemes (not the probability of use in obligatory contexts) in spontaneous language samples, and does not specifically elicit certain types of morphemes. An additional limitation of the studies of Roberts, Price and colleagues is that the boys with FXS had a mean MLU of 3.3, which was delayed compared to the control children (matched on developmental age) with typical development (mean MLU = 4.7).
Roberts et al. (2007) and Price et al. (2007, 2008) indicated that boys with FXS scored lower than nonverbal mental age expectations on expressive language, including grammatical complexity. However, their language samples were not designed to elicit specific syntactic structures, and the authors did not use standardized tests that captured performance in this area. The studies noted less complexity in children's spontaneous phrases, but did not report any information about the development of finiteness markers. In summary, these studies provide a general view of the grammatical abilities of children with FXS. Their results support the need for a deeper level of inquiry into the nature of specific aspects of grammatical development in children with FXS.
In contrast to work in FXS, morphosyntax, particularly finiteness marking, has been examined in depth in other clinical populations, including autism. Roberts et al. (2004) examined finiteness marking (third person singular, ex: he walks; past tense –ed, ex: he walked) in a large group of children (n=62) with autism between the ages of 5–15 years. The authors focused on the parallels between children with SLI and children with autism and language impairment. Finiteness/grammatical tense marking has been identified as a clinical marker for SLI in English-speaking children (Rice & Wexler, 1996; Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995; Rice, Wexler, & Hershberger, 1998). Children with SLI frequently omit finiteness markers in everyday speech, including third person singular present tense (e.g., he walks), and past tense for both regular and irregular verbs (e.g., he walked, fell). Children with SLI also have difficulty producing these morphemes in experimental tasks (Leonard, Bortolini, Caselli, McGregor, & Sabbadini, 1992; Rice et al., 1995) and show protracted delays in acquisition that are apparent in production and in judgment tasks (Rice, Wexler & Hershberger, 1998; Rice, Wexler & Redmond, 1999). Recent genetics findings report a candidate gene for SLI, KIAA0319, also a candidate gene for reading impairments (Rice, Smith & Gayán, 2009), along with indications of a possible genetic contribution to finiteness marking.
Studies of children with autism provide important precedents for possible investigation of children with FXS. Roberts, Rice, and Tager-Flusberg (2004) studied three groups of children with autism, with groups defined by scores on a receptive vocabulary measure, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III; Dunn & Dunn, 1997). The groups were: Normal language (standard scores above 85), borderline language (standard scores between 70 and 84), and impaired language (standard scores below 70). Children were given linguistic probes based on early forms (pre-publication) of the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI; Rice & Wexler, 2001), as well as a nonverbal IQ test. The probes of interest elicited two kinds of finiteness markers, third person singular –s (e.g., he walks), and past tense –ed (e.g., he walked). The children with autism and language impairment made significantly fewer correct responses on the third person singular probe (36.8% correct) compared to both the children with normal (76.3%) and borderline language (61.3%). The same finding was reported for the past tense probe: children with autism and language impairment supplied significantly fewer correct responses (30.6% correct) compared to the other two groups (63.8% and 58.2% respectively). The children with autism in the normal language group performed well below age expectations on both probes.
Roberts et al. (2004) reported correlations between the two probes (percent correct in obligatory context for third person singular and past tense) and PPVT-III, chronological age in months and nonverbal IQ. Percent correct responses, collapsed across groups, were positively correlated with PPVT-III scores and chronological age. In terms of the past tense probes, the percent of correct responses was positively correlated with PPVT-III, chronological age, verbal and nonverbal IQ scores. The authors argued in their discussion that this study elucidated the lack of evidence linking finiteness marking and nonverbal intelligence. Based on the results, nonverbal IQ accounted for 6% of the variance in performance on the third person singular probe, and 13% of the variance on the past tense probes. They also noted that some children with high nonverbal IQ scored poorly on the probes, while some children with low nonverbal IQ scores performed quite well on the probes.
The Roberts et al. data suggest similarities between the linguistic profile of children with SLI and children with autism and language impairments. The authors noted the possibility of an SLI subgroup within children with autism. Given these results, a logical next step is to compare other groups of children with similar symptomology to determine whether they demonstrate similar or unique phenotypic patterns. Learning about the similarities and differences in language development will lead to hypotheses about the similarities and differences in causal pathways from genes to brain function to behavior across autism and FXS, and thereby more general neural constraints on language development. The similarities between FXS and autism, as well as the comorbidity between the two, support investigation of finiteness marking in this clinical group.
Selecting an appropriate measure by which to categorize children's language abilities in developmental disabilities is an important issue. As stated previously, there is a wide range of abilities in terms of the language profile in FXS. Comparing at the diagnostic group level could hide important differences by assuming all children are performing at the same level. Roberts et al. (2004) recognized this in the study on children with autism. As with FXS, there is variability in the language phenotype of autism as well. The authors in the Roberts et al. study selected receptive vocabulary as the criteria for subgroups (PPVT-III; Dunn & Dunn, 1997). They selected this measure based on the findings from a previous study on autism by Kjelgaard and Tager-Flusberg (2001). Up until that manuscript, very little work had been done on characterizing the linguistic phenotype of autism.
Kjelgaard and Tager-Flusberg (2001) used a battery of standardized tests to characterize the heterogeneity of language abilities of a large sample of children with autism (n = 89). The authors selected measures commonly used in research of children with SLI and children with typical language development including measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary (EVT and PPVT), a test of articulation (Goldman & Fristoe, 1986), a measure of nonword repetition (Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998), and an omnibus language test (Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 1995). The authors determined that the measure of receptive vocabulary was the best characterization of the sample given that the majority of the children could complete the test (90% compared to only 49% completion for the omnibus test); among the 49% who did complete the omnibus language test the groups were the same regardless of whether they were grouped by the PPVT or the omnibus test. The authors argued that the appropriate measure for grouping was the measure of receptive vocabulary, given that it can be used with a larger group of children.
Receptive vocabulary is not the only measure/method used to characterize groups in studies of language and more specifically grammar. Mean length of utterance is a common variable used in studies of children with SLI (Leonard, 2002; Rice et al., 2010). It is a robust index of children's language acquisition, and can serve to benchmark samples within different groups of children with and without language impairments. However, given our research question, we selected the same grouping criterion as Roberts et al.
Another common reference point, particularly in the intellectual disability literature is that of nonverbal IQ. The impact of nonverbal IQ on morphosyntax has been examined in different clinical groups (e.g., SLI, children with intellectual impairments), to determine whether the delays seen in morphosyntax are a result of overall low cognitive skills, or whether aspects of morphosyntax are delayed regardless of cognitive abilities. A series of studies on children with SLI and typical development indicated that nonverbal intelligence was not a significant predictor of performance on measures of finiteness markers (Rice, Tomblin, Hoffman, Richman, & Marquis, 2004; Rice et al., 1998; Rice, Wexler, Marquis, & Hershberger, 2000). Roberts et al. (2004) reported that nonverbal IQ in a sample of children with autism and language impairment was not correlated with third person singular –s. However, it was significantly correlated with the past tense performance.
Data from several clinical groups, including children with SLI, autism and children with low cognitive scores and language skills in the normal range (Rice et al., 2004) indicate that nonverbal IQ is not a significant predictor of morphosyntax (in particular, finiteness markers). It seems that certain aspects of delayed morphosyntax represent a sort of deviant development, and not just a general delay associated with impaired cognition and language abilities. In other words low nonverbal IQ and delays in finiteness marking do not necessarily co-occur.
In sum, the literature to date indicates that certain children demonstrate deficits in morphosyntax development that are not explained by low cognition. The current study extends the research on this issue by investigating a group of children with FXS. The main research question is: Do children with FXS show the same pattern of impairments as the children with autism in the Roberts et al. (2004) study using the same method of participant grouping defined by receptive vocabulary level (i.e., borderline or impaired receptive vocabulary)? This is the first look at finiteness marking in children with FXS who are known to have overall deficits in grammar development and limited development of receptive vocabulary. The study addresses the issue of whether a deficit in expressive finiteness marking in children with FXS shows evidence of an overall delay in language and cognition, or if children with FXS, much like the children with autism and language impairments, demonstrate a linguistic profile of relative strengths and weaknesses (finiteness marking delayed relative to receptive vocabulary). If so, children with FXS would be expected to demonstrate a profile similar to that of children with SLI and children with autism and language impairments, and similar interventions used to target this aspect of language could be incorporated for children with FXS.
The participants in this study included boys with the full mutation of FXS (n = 21). The diagnosis was confirmed by genetic testing for all participants. The children ranged in age from 8 to 16 years, with a mean age of 11 years 2 months. The boys were monolingual English speakers, as indicated by parent report. Participants were recruited from state-based support groups and a national parent listserv. This was a sample of convenience and the participants in the study were from 15 states spread across the country. All the children were white. All of the mothers had completed high school, with the majority of the mothers completing some college (mean years of education = 15). See Table 1 for additional participant information.
The assessments were completed in the participants' home. All data were collected in the course of a single visit lasting 1 ½ to 3 hours. After obtaining informed consent from the legal guardian, and oral assent from the child, a number of different standardized tests as well as a language sample were completed. The assessment was videotaped using a digital video recorder mounted on a tripod. Participants were given breaks between testing as needed, and were rewarded for the completion of tasks with stickers. Each participant was given a ten-dollar gift card at the conclusion of the visit.
(See summary in Table 1).
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Fourth Edition (PPVT-IV; Dunn & Dunn, 2007) was used to measure receptive vocabulary. Participants were asked to point to a visual representation of a word spoken by the examiner. The PPVT-IV is a norm-referenced test; age equivalent scores can be calculated based on results. The children were divided into one of three groups on the basis of their performance on the PPVT-IV: normal (standard scores 85 and above; n = 2), borderline (standard scores between 70–84; n = 10) or impaired receptive vocabulary (standard scores below 70; n = 9). This is based on previous studies on children with similar developmental disabilities; additionally this grouping criterion was selected in order to benchmark this sample within the literature (Kjeelgaard & Tager-Flusberg, 2001; Roberts et al., 2004). Roberts et al. (2004) labeled the groups normal, borderline or impaired language. We have used the same criterion. However, we have changed the labels to borderline or impaired vocabulary since the PPVT is a measure of vocabulary, not overall language. Of note, only two boys scored in the normal vocabulary range. Therefore we dropped them from the analyses. See pg. X for more information on these two boys.
The Leiter Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (Leiter-R; Roid & Miller, 1997) served as the measure of nonverbal cognition. In order to compute a Brief IQ composite, four subtests were administered: Figure Ground, Form Completion, Sequential Order, and Repeated Patterns. Individuals were asked to find an item in a picture, choose the next item within a sequence, or arrange items in a pattern. The test took approximately 25 to 45 minutes to administer. This test was used to help characterize the sample, and benchmark the boys within the larger intellectual disabilities literature.
The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS; Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 2002) was scored for all the children in the study. The CARS is a 15-item scale. The examiner completed this rating sheet after the assessment was completed. Each item ranges from one to four, with a score of one within normal limits, and four as severely abnormal for age. Total scores are based on the sum of the 15 items. A score below 30 is considered nonautistic, scores from 30 to 36.5 are considered mildly to moderately autistic, and scores above 37 are considered severely autistic. Although scores from the CARS do not serve as a diagnosis of autism, the test is often used for research purposes and has well documented reliability (Bailey, Hatton, Skinner, & Mesibov, 2001; Sevin, Matson, Coe, & Fee, 1991). Given the high comorbidity FXS has with autism, this measure was included in order to characterize the sample. The ratings were completed by a trained observer who had extensive experience completing the CARS with individuals with developmental disabilities of varying etiologies. In this research, the first author completed the ratings.
A language sample was completed with each participant. The samples were concluded once the child reached a minimum of 100 non-imitative utterances (approximately 20–25 minutes depending on the child). The first author was trained in the second author's lab on "best practice guidelines" for sample collection, including following the child's conversational lead, engaging in parallel talk about conversation topics, and sharing personal anecdotes and experiences. The use of "yes/no" and wh-questions were kept to a minimum (see Rice et al., 2010 for more information). The examiner presented a standard set of conversational topics with questions drawn from the experimental interview protocol outlined by Evans and Craig (1992). Questions focused on three topics: family, school, and preferred after-school activities. Sample questions included "Tell me about your family", "Let's talk about your school", and "What types of things do you like to do when you are not in school?" The children were further prompted based on their answers. The examiner was trained to follow the child's conversational lead. All language samples were videotaped. Two children did not complete the language sample due to noncompliance.
The Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI; Rice & Wexler, 2001) was one of the dependent variables in this study. Three of the probes were given to each participant: articulation of word final consonants, third person singular probe, and the past tense probe. The past tense probe includes both regular and irregular forms of verbs. Children were first given the articulation probe as a screener to ensure each child could produce the target phonemes at the end of words. After the practice items, children were shown a picture and then asked to generate a sentence using the target structure (e.g., children shown a picture of a dentist; target answer: He cleans your teeth). Responses were scored online and then verified via audio recording by a trained research assistant. Following verification, criterion scores for each subscale were computed. The TEGI is a frequently used test in research involving children with SLI (Bishop, Adams, & Norbury, 2006; Redmond, Thompson, & Goldstein, 2011). It is sensitive and specific to the development of finiteness markers (see Rice & Wexler, 2001), and has been used for both children with normal and impaired cognition (Rice et al., 2000; Rice et al., 2004; Roberts et al., 2004).
The scores were computed based on the TEGI manual. Scores are presented in percentage forms; in other words, 80 represents 80% correct on the subscale of interest. It is important to note that the TEGI scores are based on responses to scorable items in obligatory contexts, and not necessarily all the items on the subscale. For example, the third person singular probe is comprised of 10 items. Children are prompted to give a response in obligatory context. In terms of the scoring, only verbs that can carry an overt third person singular marker are included in the score (e.g., correct: A dentist cleans your teeth; incorrect: A painter paint the fence). Children might provide a modal such as "can", which does not have an overt tense marker. This would be considered an unscorable response. If the child had 7 responses including verbs that can carry overt tense markers, then the percentage would be calculated based on these 7 responses: 5 with finite marking in obligatory context, 2 incorrect would yield a score of 5/7 which is 71.4% correct. If a subject is not provided, the response is considered unscorable. The presence of the obligatory context is critical for the subscales.
The standardized tests were scored on-line and then verified by a trained research assistant. Standardized scores were calculated and both raw and standardized scores were entered into SPSS. A second research assistant verified data entry. The language samples were transcribed, and analyzed using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT; Miller & Chapman, 2000). Transcription guidelines were based on the conventions stated in the SALT manual, and following the conventions from the second author's research lab. Research assistants transcribed all language samples; the research assistants were undergraduate and graduate students in the Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences department at the University of Kansas. The samples were transcribed and coded for grammatical morphemes. Coding conventions and code entry were consistent with the SALT software (Miller & Chapman, 2002). Utterances were segmented according to terminal intonation contour and/or pauses of 2–3s, following the procedures of Miller (1981, p. 14), and those used in the second author's lab (Rice et al., 2010).
The reliability was monitored on a continuous basis. The examiners were trained to 85% agreement or better on five transcripts prior to beginning independent work. Transcripts were checked by a second transcriber, and the first author did a second reliability check on 50% of the transcripts. Disagreements were resolved through consensus. Reliability was set at 85%; average agreement for reliability was 87%.
In order to answer our research question we completed separate Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs) to compare the performance in obligatory context on the third person singular and past tense probes of the TEGI between the borderline and impaired vocabulary groups. For the remainder of this section, we discuss the two probes on the TEGI separately. We first report on the overall characteristics of the sample, and we report a detailed analysis of the types of responses the participants reported.
Collapsing the two groups of boys, the overall average percent correct was 65.56% (SD = 31.94). The borderline receptive language group's average correct response was 81.78% (SD = 20.82), while the group with impaired receptive language had an average of 47.53% accuracy (SD = 47.53). An ANOVA was completed to compare group differences; the borderline group had correct responses at a significantly higher rate compared to the impaired group, F(1, 18) = 7.38, p = .015, d = 1.23 (borderline: M = 81.78, SD = 20.82; impaired: M = 47.53, SD = 33.36).
Following Roberts et al. (2004) we analyzed the types of responses provided by the participants, and recalculated percentages based on the type of response given. This level of analysis provides information about the ways in which the boys with FXS were generating unscorable as well as scorable responses on the probe. As noted above, if a child used a verb that did not allow for overt finiteness marking and therefore was not scorable for finiteness use (e.g., modal auxiliary), it would be classified as "other verb". Another possible way for a child to react to the presentation of a probe item was for the child to listen and offer no response, to essentially ignore the item; the examiner would present the probe item twice and then with a cloze procedure for elicitation. If the child did not respond it was coded as "no response." In this analysis, four possible responses comprised the denominator, because those responses accounted for almost all of the children's responses and conform to the analyses of Roberts et al. (2004). For example, a child with seven correct responses, two bare stem responses, and one other verb would have 70% correct responses, 20% bare stem, and 10% other verb. Percentages for types of responses for the boys with FXS on the third person singular –s probe are represented in Table 3. Bare stem (omission of the morpheme) responses were the most common error, followed by a response using an unscorable verb, or simply no response. This same pattern was consistent in the two vocabulary groups. The most common type of unscorable verb used by the boys in the borderline and impaired vocabulary groups was a modal (e.g., He can paint), followed by the present progressive form (e.g., He is throwing). Overall, 78% of the responses were scorable for the boys in this study.
Correlations with performance on the third person singular probe (based on scoring from TEGI manual) and additional measures are presented in Table 4. Correct responses were correlated with the language measures, PPVT scores and MLU. There was a significant negative correlation between PPVT and bare stem/omission responses.
Overall, the boys in this study, collapsed across receptive vocabulary groups, had a mean accuracy score of 44.59% (SD = 27.08) for the past tense probe. The boys' scorable responses to regular and irregular past tense verbs were summarized as a total score (based on the scoring from the TEGI manual), regular past tense percentage correct in obligatory contexts, irregular past tense, and irregular past tense adjusted for overregularizations (see Table 2). The borderline receptive vocabulary group had a mean for past tense finiteness marking of 52.68% (SD = 26.54), further subclassified as 52.53% (SD = 33.00) for regular past tense verbs. This group was 40.44% accurate on irregular past tense verbs, and when overregularization was counted as correct, their accuracy increased to 51.00%. Note the increases in accuracy when crediting overregularizations indicates progress toward mastery of past tense (see Rice et al., 2004 for details). The impaired receptive vocabulary group had a mean past tense finiteness score of 35.61% (SD = 26.17), subclassified as 42.22% correct (SD = 35.24) for regular past tense verbs, 27.25% (SD = 25.63) for irregular past tense, and 31.61% (SD = 29.30) for irregular past tense counting instances of overregularization. There was not a significant group difference for past tense based on the ANOVA; in other words, there were no significant differences between the borderline and impaired vocabulary groups on the past tense probe.
As with the third person singular –s, the two groups had a high percentage of scorable responses, with a mean of 84.3% for regular past tense verbs collapsed across the two groups, and 84.5% for irregular past tense verbs. Tables 5–6 provide detailed information about the types of responses for each probe. Tables 7–8 show correlations between the past tense probes and the independent variables. PPVT-IV scores were significantly correlated with correct performance on both the regular and irregular past tense verbs. CARS scores were significantly correlated with correct performance on the irregular past tense probe, and there was also a significant negative correlation between CARS scores and bare stem responses on the irregular past tense probe.
The main research question for the study was: Do children with FXS show the same pattern of impairments as the children in the Roberts et al. (2004) study using the same method of grouping defined by levels of receptive vocabulary? The Roberts et al. (2004) study divided the children with autism into three groups based on their receptive vocabulary scores (i.e., normal, borderline, and impaired). In order to benchmark this sample within the literature, comparisons were performed based on the same grouping criteria as the Roberts et al (2004) study. An ANOVA analysis indicated that there were group differences in responses for third person singular -s, and for scorable responses, boys in the language impaired group used bare stem responses with greater frequency compared to the boys in the borderline language group.
For the past tense probe, groups with borderline versus impaired vocabulary were not significantly different on past tense accuracy, with equal difficulty for both groups. The group with borderline vocabulary was 52.68 % correct in obligatory contexts overall, and used a bare stem response 47.32% of the time. The same pattern was true for the FXS group with impaired vocabulary. The boys in this group had a mean correct response of 35.61% and therefore used a bare stem response 64.39% of the time. Based on the percentages, it is clear that this was a challenging probe for the borderline and impaired groups.
Two boys with scores in the normal vocabulary range were identified in our sample, a number not sufficient for a separate group. As a result, we did not include their information in the analyses. However, it is noteworthy that in our limited sample of 21 boys with FXS, 9% of the sample (n=2) had scores in the normal range of vocabulary. Additionally, these two boys were not impaired in terms of their ability to use finite markers in obligatory context. The group with normal vocabulary was at ceiling for the third person singular –s probe, with both boys scoring at 100% accuracy. As with the third person singular, the group with normal receptive vocabulary performed well on the past tense probe, near ceiling (a mean of 96.45 for past tense total, SD = 5.02). Their IQ scores were 44 and 56; in other words, they were not at the high end for nonverbal IQ in this sample. For these two children with low nonverbal IQs, their language scores were much higher compared to the other boys in this sample. These two boys indicate the need to continue to examine the language phenotype in FXS, including finiteness markers, perhaps with a larger sample size more boys would be found who would qualify in the normal vocabulary score range, allowing for meaningful comparisons to be made.
Roberts et al. (2004) suggest that perhaps there is a subset of children with autism that display an SLI-like language profile. In this study the boys with lower receptive vocabulary scores had lower percentage correct scores in obligatory contexts. The data from this study indicate that boys with FXS show a pronounced deficit in finiteness marking, relative to receptive vocabulary. By the age of 5 years children should be, at minimum, 90% accurate on both the third person singular and past tense probes (Rice & Wexler, 2001; Roberts et al., 2004). The boys in this study scored around the age of 5 years 8 months developmentally in terms of their receptive vocabulary skills. However, their performance on all dependent measures for finiteness marking was well below 90%. At the same time, their responses showed creativity similar to that of young children with typical development, such as their tendency to adopt a modal verb such as "can" as a response to the third person singular probe thereby avoiding an obligatory finiteness marking grammatical context. Additionally their use of overregularizations of irregular past tense forms was a sign of their emerging generalization of morphophonological rules for past tense marking.
Further consideration of the response patterns of boys with FXS is needed in order to refine any possible parallels with the finiteness limitations of children with SLI. The extended optional infinitive account (EOI; Rice et al., 1995; Rice & Wexler, 1996) has been extensively studied as an account of the grammatical deficits of children with SLI. It has its basis in Wexler's optional infinitive (OI) account (Wexler, 1994), which is based on children with typical language development. In typical development, it is hypothesized that children go through a phase where they treat finiteness marking as optional, although it is obligatory in adult grammar. The basic premise of EOI is that children with SLI seem to get "stuck" in an optional infinitive stage, whereby they follow the same basic course of morphosyntactic development as children with typical language abilities, but their transition out of the OI period is protracted (Rice et al., 1995; Rice & Wexler, 1996).
As laid out by Rice (2003), there are two possible comparison groups: an age comparison group or a comparison to younger children at comparable levels of language acquisition. As noted above, the boys with FXS scored significantly below age expectations on receptive vocabulary and even further below age expectations on finiteness marking, benchmarked to the TEGI manual scores. In many of the studies of SLI, the younger comparison group is benchmarked to mean length of utterance (MLU). We can also benchmark the FXS groups based on their MLU scores to what has been reported for children with SLI and unaffected children in other reports. These comparisons are laid out in Table 9. For each of the groups with FXS, in the MLU column the mean MLU for the group with FXS is reported followed by mean MLU levels and mean ages for children with SLI and control children as reported by Rice et al. (2010). We can see that the normal vocabulary group with FXS, with an MLU of 3.79, has a level that aligns with children with SLI in the age level of 4;0–4;05, and with control children in the age level of 3;0–3;05; this indicates that for the children with FXS with normal levels of receptive vocabulary their clause length, indexed by MLU, is far below age expectations. Similarly, the borderline receptive vocabulary group's mean MLU aligns with averages reported by Rice et al. (2010) for children with SLI between the ages of 3;0 and 3;11, and for control children of 2;06–2;11. The impaired vocabulary group with FXS aligns, for MLU, with slightly younger children with SLI, and with control children younger than 2;06. Overall, the FXS children are notably deficient in clause length, even relative to their receptive vocabulary age equivalencies.
Also reported in Table 9 are data for performance on the third person singular and past tense probes of TEGI, drawn from the TEGI manual (Rice & Wexler, 2001, p. 65). Here we see that the performance on third person singular for the borderline vocabulary group with FXS is approximately 82% accurate in obligatory contexts; this is better than that of the group with SLI who show a mean of 73% reported in TEGI norms for children ages 8;0–8;11, and similar to control/typically developing children's mean of 80% for ages 3;06–3;11. For the past tense probe, the borderline vocabulary group's mean of 52.68% is roughly similar to that of an SLI group of 5;06–5;11 years, and lower than a control group of 3;0–3;5. Similarly, we can see from the table that the impaired vocabulary group's performance is similar to that of children with SLI ages 5;0–5;05 for third person singular and less than that of children with SLI ages 5;06–5;11 for past tense. This group's performance on both probe tasks is below what is expected for children with typical development at 3 years.
In summary, these age comparisons indicate that FXS groups are much more delayed in clause formation than the children with SLI. On the other hand, the age comparisons suggest that the groups with FXS, benchmarked by receptive vocabulary levels, seem to exceed the MLU expectations for accuracy on the third person singular and past tense probes. Thus, the pattern seems to be a profile unlike SLI, which is characterized as a delay-within-a-delay profile of SLI (Rice, 2003), wherein finiteness marking is below MLU expectations. For the children with FXS, they show a much delayed clause length, although third person singular and past tense usage is commensurate with older ages. The comparison to children with SLI or children with typical development does not align MLU to expected levels of performance on TEGI for the groups with FXS. Although further investigation is needed, the results indicate that boys with FXS who meet the criteria for inclusion used here may show a profile unlike children with SLI, in which their use of tense markers may exceed expectations benchmarked to clause length. In terms of clinical implications, understanding the nature of the language delay is important for targeting treatment; assessments and interventions for SLI might not be appropriate for children with FXS, given the differences in the profiles of language. Additionally, group comparisons indicate the need for multiple benchmarking in order to sort out the extent to which tense markers are relatively weak or strong in children with autism as compared to children with SLI and to children with FXS; this is necessary in order to develop targeted language interventions.
This study has several strengths and limitations. It represents the first detailed examination of finiteness markers in children with FXS, and benchmarks this sample within the broader literature of children with varying etiologies of language delays. Although the sample size is in line with studies of children with FXS, it is too small to allow for detailed analyses, and therefore can only be used as a preliminary look at the question of finiteness in FXS. Additionally, we were only able to recruit two boys in the normal receptive vocabulary group; therefore their data could not be used in the group analyses. Given the earlier literature indicating that boys with FXS are significantly delayed in all aspects of language development, the boys in the normal receptive vocabulary group demonstrate that boys with FXS are a heterogeneous group in terms of language development. The two boys in this group showed a similar pattern of finiteness marking use compared to the boys from Roberts et al. (2004). These preliminary findings indicate a need to recruit a larger sample of boys with FXS, in order to include more boys with higher scores on the PPVT. Further, comparison to MLU expectations suggests that the boys with borderline or impaired receptive vocabulary levels may be acquiring third person singular and past tense markers at lower levels of clause structure than expected.
Fragile X syndrome, as noted earlier, is a single gene disorder. Although there is still much to learn about how it impacts neural development, it is easier to determine the impact on neural functioning compared to disorders such as autism with unknown etiology. Studies such as this one indicate the need for more detailed studies of the acquisition of grammar in children with FXS. This study with its bottom-up approach adds to the foundation for specifying the language phenotype for FXS. Autistic symptoms were correlated with one of the measures in this study (past tense irregular verbs). Consequently, it provides the basis for future studies clarifying the additive effect of autism on FXS. Future studies should continue to explore the impact of autism on FXS, and the addition of the current diagnostic gold standard would allow group comparisons and a more rigorous design. Finally, the study has implications for how finiteness marking and other symptoms of language impairment can serve as phenotypes in studies of possible genetic effects, possibly involving multiple genes contributing to language impairments across different clinical groups.
This research is supported in part by grants 3 P30 HD003110-3, P30 HD002528-39, and T32 HD07489 from NICHD, as well as T32 DC000052 from NIDCD and a summer student fellowship from the National Fragile X Foundation. We would like to thank the children and families who participated in this research. We thank Len Abbeduto and Joanne Roberts for their input on the design of the study. We also thank Michaela Catlin, Emily Enright, Kara Knapp, and Holly Watson for their assistance with transcription and data entry, and Kandace Fleming for her assistance with the data analysis.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
A Chat with Rose Gold Studio
What services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition?
We offer hair extensions, custom color, hair cuts, lashes, and makeup services.
What was the inspiration to start or run this business?
I'm a hair extension and color specialist with over 10 years experience and this is what I love to do!
What do you love most about your job?
I enjoy making people happy and helping them look even better than they already do.
What is the best reaction you've ever gotten from a customer?
I've had women tell me that I've boosted their confidence.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Acceleration. Requiring a borrower to immediately pay off the balance of a loan. Under a provision commonly found in promissory notes, if the borrower misses some payments, the lender can demand that the total balance of the loan be paid immediately. The loan must be accelerated before the lender can foreclose. In many states, the borrower gets a chance to reinstate the loan (and cancel the acceleration) by paying the arrears, plus costs and interest.â


text: Home > Programming > Software This article was posted on 05/18/2017 MP3s are officially dead, but do you know what comes next? License expiration killed the MP3 — what now?By Heather Hamilton, contributing writerIn a modern-day "video-killed-the-radio-star" situation, the MP3 has been officially pronounced dead. The Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, a division of a German research institution that funded the development of the MP3 in the late 80s, made it official with the announcement that the licensing program for certain MP3-related patents had expired. But consumers are not to be without their music — so what lies ahead? If you have a device that uses MP3s, it isn't going to spontaneously combust. It's going to remain usable, but slowly, support for those devices will fade out and leave us with only the memories of a file format that made music accessible for a generation. Not to worry, though: In an interview with NPR, division director, Bernhard Grill, said that another audio format will soon be taking over. AAC, or Advanced Audio Coding, was also created by the Fraunhofer Institute and is, according to Grill, the de facto standard for music download and videos on mobile phones. Grill said that AAC is more efficient and offers more functionality than MP3s, meaning higher sound quality in equal or smaller disk space. While Lifewire reports that many think that AAC is a proprietary Apple format, it is not. According to Lifewire, it was developed by a group of companies that include AT&T Bell Labs, Dolby, Sony, and Nokia. The file format is compatible with a variety of non-Apple products and is a lossy format that removes data not impacting the listening experience. This means that it does not sound exactly like CD files. AAC is the default setting when putting CDs into iTunes now, and there are other promising technologies on the horizon or even available, though they take up a lot of hard drive space. Ultimately, the death of the MP3 matters very little because it is rarely used anyway. There's simply better sound quality to be had, thanks in part to advances in psychoacoustic research and the quality of equipment used to listen to music. NPR says that MP3 developers didn't have all of the information regarding how the human brain processes sonic information, which meant that the MP3 operated under a false assumption of how holistically we might hear. Gizmodo doesn't think that there's any room for a nostalgic resurgence a la vinyl or cassette, in part because the MP3's audio quality is so low. They point to research that "suggests that the MP3's compression reinforces perceived negative emotional characteristics in musical instruments to the detriment of positive emotional characteristics." New audio formats address these inadequacies — high-resolution streaming is more expensive than a service like Spotify but promises better sound quality. While none of these services have taken off, there's promise there — and isn't that what music is all about?Sources: The Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, NPR, GizmodoImage Source: Pixabay By Heather Hamilton Learn more about Electronic Products Magazine Related Articles Indiana University study shows how social bots escalate the spread ... Voter machines remotely hacked in 90 minutes at DefCon How to prevent your credit card from being hacked Why it's necessary to password-protect your ZIP files Col. Panek 5/31/2017 2:08:35 PM They can't make any more money on mp3, so it's "dead"? There are plenty of other formats, and the best quality one is opus. It's also free. RLM 5/22/2017 3:46:27 PM pkoning that is exactly what I thought too. Just like big pharma when a patent runs out the cash cow dies. Replies(1) bpaddock 5/22/2017 2:58:57 PM VQF always was better than MP3. pkoning 5/22/2017 2:33:24 PM This is VERY misleading. So is the top level Fraunhofer article. If you read the details referred to by Fraunhofer, you'll see that the licensing has expired for the most obvious reason: there no longer are any patents to BE licensed. It says "the last of the MP3 patents just expired". So the correct headline would be "MP3s are officially unencumbered" or "No more patent limitations on MP3" or something to that effect.It may well be that newer codecs are better. It may also be that they are promoted because they DO still have patents on them, so they allow for continued income for their owners. But in any case, the real message here is that you can now use MP3 without having to deal with patents. Add Comment Text Only 2000 character limit Please login to comment on the article


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How to Market a New Product
- Published on Tuesday, 03 September 2013 17:56
- Bob Cannon
- 2,133 Comments
"How to market a new product" is a common search phrase on search engines. While it is a common search, it is the wrong search. It will not answer the question that is really at the heart of the matter. The real question should be, "how can I maximize my return on my idea given what I am willing to do to make my idea a commercial success".
The truth is that there are millions of ideas and they grow in value as they approach commercial success. An idea that never gets exposed and promoted it has a very small chance of success. Marketing a new product takes: time, money, effort and knowledge. The person who asks How to market a new product doesn't possess time, money, effort and knowledge then they are going to have to hire the talent to fill in their shortcomings or find alternative ways (See Three Options for Inventors) to market like selling the idea or licensing the idea to an organization with all the prerequisites to successfully market the new product.
The person seeking the answer as to How to Market a New Product is critical to the success of the effort to market the product. Before seeking the answer, that person needs to be able to answer what they are willing to put into the process. Whether or not they are willing to put in the time, money, effort and gain the knowledge necessary will, to a large extent, determine how to market a new product.


text:
Selected recent MEDIA COVERAGE:
The Tangible Effects of Connecting with Your Neighbors. by Dana R. Fisher. Stanford University Press Blog 21 May 2015.
An Easy Solution To America's Democracy Problem. by Dana R. Fisher. The Chronicle of Philanthropy 26 March 2015.
How Do Civic Gateways Work for Everyone? by Dana R. Fisher. Knight blog, the blog of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation 13 March 2015.
Idealists for Hire by Isaiah Thompson, Philadelphia City Paper, 11 August 2010
Momentum Shifts to Skeptics on Global Warming Debate by Robert Roy Britt, LiveScience, 11 February 2010.
Interview with Edie Lush at the Hub Culture Climate Pavilion at the COP-15 Climate Negotiations in Copenhagen in December 2009.
`Coal Country' Poses the Biggest Obstacle in Senate Climate Debate by Christa Marshall, The New York Times, November 2, 2009.
How Do You Respond to Sidewalk Activists? interview on NPR's Talk of the Nation, August 3, 2009.
Sidewalk activism `strangling progessive politics' one disillusioned employee at a time by Eric Zorn, The Chicago Tribune, July 21, 2009.
Do Street Protests Still Work? interview on NPR's The Bryant Park Project, March 18, 2008.
SELECTED MEDIA COVERAGE OF Activism, Inc. (listed by medium):
Grassroots Reseeded: Suites vs. Streets by Laura Flanders in the Nation (February 11, 2008 issue).
The Activism Industry by Dana R. Fisher in the American Prospet (September 2006).
Scorching the Grass Roots by David Glenn in the Chronicle of Higher Education (September 15, 2006).
News Report on The Activism Industry: Outsourcing outreach takes a toll on the left's base by Elizabeth Oliver in the Utne Reader (September 2006).
Hired help replacing volunteers by Chrissie Thompson in the Washington Times (20 October 2006).
Ending rot in America's grass roots by Dana R. Fisher in the Christian Science Monitor (30 October 2006).
Election Day by Michael Kinsley in the New York Times Sunday Book Review (5 November 2006).
The True Ideological Battle by Arthur C. Brooks in the Wall Street Journal (7 November 2006).
When College Ends, So Does Activism by Adam Doster in In These Times (11 June 2007).
Interview with Jonathan Rowe on America Offline on KWMR-FM Marin County (August 29, 2006)
Conversation with Joy Cardin on (September 5, 2006)
A Public Affair with Diane Farsetta on WORT in Madison, Wisconsin (September 22, 2006)
The Thom Hartmann Show on Portland's Progressive Talk Station KPOJ in Portland, Oregon (September 27, 2006)
Charlottesville---Right Now with Coy Barefoot on 1070 WINA in Charlottesville, Virginia (October 11, 2006)
The Leonard Lopate Show---Underreported Feature on WNYC in New York City (October 26, 2006)
Interview with Mike Connery of futuremajority.com (September 6, 2006)
Click here for access to the podcast.
For a lively discussion of the Mike Connery Interview, see the comments on the reposted version at the Daily Kos
For a review of the book by a former canvasser from Grassroots Campaigns Inc. and a lively discussion of the review, see the comments on the Daily Kos
For a review of the book by political strategist David Sirota, see the Sirota Blog (January 2007)
department of sociology ▪ university of maryland ▪ email@example.com


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Sal's Auto Acton Fall Car Care Special!
Monday Aug 11th - Sep 10th, 2014
This promotion has already occurred
Sal's Auto Fall 'Back To School' Oil Change Special! Includes Oil Change, Tire Rotation, Complete Vehicle Check: Brakes, Tires, Belts/Hoses, Suspension, Battery, Fluids + consult on vehicle questions. Plus Complimentary 60 Point Car Inspection & Safety Check Hurry Only $39.99* - A $72.95 Value! *most vehicles up to 5 qts, plus tax & shop disposal fees. OR SAVE $10 off any Sal's Auto Repair of $100+ **Print out or Mention 'FALLSPECIAL' at Service Write-Up Offer valid until Sept 11, 2014** CALL Sal's Auto today at 978-263-2614 for an appointment. SAL'S AUTO - Quality, Local, Dependable - Servicing all makes and models - - Towing. Proudly serving Acton-Boxborough Area communities for over 3 decades. Check out our NEW Website and Sign Up for Sal's Auto tips and Specials at www.SalsAutoTruckRepair.com
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text:
RATIONALE: Eating a diet high in vegetables may slow down disease progression in patients with prostate cancer.
PURPOSE: This randomized clinical trial is studying how well diet works in altering disease progression in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance.
|Prostate Cancer
|Other: dietary education and counseling Other: prostate cancer foundation booklet
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|The Men's Eating and Living (MEAL) Study: A Randomized Trial of Diet to Alter Disease Progression in Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|January 2011
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|September 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Arm A - MEAL Program Intervention
Patients will receive dietary education and telephone counseling sessions over 24 months.
|Other: dietary education and counseling
Experimental: Arm B - Prostate Cancer Foundation Booklet
Patients receive information about diet, nutrition, exercise and cancer. Patients also receive regularly scheduled newsletters.
|Other: prostate cancer foundation booklet
CALGB 70807 is a randomized, phase III clinical trial designed to test this practical, diet-based intervention for prostate cancer in a broader clinical setting. Patients on AS will be randomized either to an intervention of centralized, telephone-based dietary counseling and structured dietary education or to a comparison control condition in which they receive the Prostate Cancer Foundation booklet. Study endpoints will include disease progression, incidence of treatment, and health-related quality of life.
OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to age (≤ 70 years vs > 70 years), race (black or african american vs other), and baseline prostate biopsy (0-12 months before registration vs > 12-24 months before registration). Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. Please see the arms section for more information.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|50 Years to 80 Years (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Preregistration Eligibility:
Histologic Documentation:
Eligible patients must meet all of the following criteria:
Required Initial Laboratory Values:
Registration Eligibility:
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01238172
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01238172
|Study Chair:
|J. Kellogg Parsons, MD, MHS
|University of California, San Diego
|Responsible Party:
|Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01238172 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
CDR0000687958 ( Registry Identifier: NCI Physician Data Query )
|First Submitted:
|November 9, 2010
|First Posted:
|November 10, 2010
|Last Update Posted:
|August 8, 2017
|Last Verified:
|August 2017
stage I prostate cancer
stage IIB prostate cancer
stage IIA prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Prostatic Neoplasms
Disease Progression
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Urogenital Neoplasms
Neoplasms by Site
Genital Diseases, Male
Prostatic Diseases
Disease Attributes
Pathologic Processes


text:
Dolphins Clip - Click here for the most popular videos
You think this video starts off with a bunch of dolphins? Give it a few seconds.
this is nothing special, these "dolphin stampedes".. it happens to me everytime i go out on a boat
aren`t you special.
this is nothing special, these "dolphin stampedes".. it happens to me everytime i go out on a boat
thats not tuna though.
That`s what I was thinking. A dolphin will attack a shark. Whatever is scaring an animal as bad-ass as THAT must be something you don`t want to stick around and say hello to.
giant cloverfield like monsters come to mind
Dolphins do this, it`s not like they`re all going to some big annual dolphin meeting.
Congratulations, you`re THAT GUY. Damned Photoshop Police.
The whole video is nothing but a bunch of dolphins.
Anyway, that`s really awesome! I want to see that happen personally one day.
Really, really awe-inspiring.
That was a crapload of dolphins; I wonder where it was filmed.
now I wonder what was making all the dolphins "run"....


text:
jobs: what people do
Buy all units of this ebook Now for $ 27:Buy for Only $ 27 USD to download
If you use a MAC please drop us a note at purchase so we can send you a MAC version.
This lesson should take about 5 or 6 academic hours to teach and practice. One academic hour is 40 minutes. However, if you have a class of very smart kids, this should take less time.
Goal: Teach kids how to describe jobs using a number of action verbs.
Vocabulary : jobs - police officer, teacher etc. Verbs – teach, cook etc.


text:
Zoom F4
6-Channel 8-Track Field Audio Recorder / Mixer
- 4 Inputs with XLR / TRS combo connectors
- Compact and lightweight aluminum enclosure
- Quality mic preamps with up to 75 dB of gain
- 4 dBu line inputs
- Images with max. 24 bit / 192kHz and the formats 47.952 / 48.048 kHz for HD video compatibility
- Timecode input and output on BNC connectors
- Three options for power supply: 8 x AA batteries, external DC battery with Hirose connector or 12 V AC power supply (Type AA batteries and DC battery are not included)
- Gain control with level indicator and PFL / Solo switch per channel
- Phantom power (48V / 24V)
- Limiter for inputs and outputs
- Mid / Side decoder
- Compatible with the ZOOM microphone capsules
- 2 Balanced XLR main outputs
- Separate headphone output
- Backlit 1.9 "LCD
- Two SD / SDHC / SDXC card slots for media with max. 512GB
- Integrated mounting adapter for tripods
- Operating as a USB audio interface with 6 inputs / 4 outputs
- Dimensions (W x D x H): 177.8 x 141.1 x 54.3 mm
- Weight: 1.03 kg
- Adapter for camera mount
- ZOOM AD-19 DC 12 V power supply
- Instruction manual
- Adapter AC on Hirose, who comes as a third possible power supply in question
- Download codes for Cubase LE and WaveLab LE software
Note: No Bluetooth, not compatible with the Zoom F8 iOS app
Further information
|Integrated Stereo Microhone
|Recording Tracks
|Microphone Inputs
|48 V Phantom power
|Line Inputs
|Storage Medium
|SD/SDHC/SDXC Card
|Headphone connection
|Integrated Speaker
|Resolution max.
|24 bit
|Max. Sample Rate
|192 kHz
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text:
Note : Your Quotation Request will be directed to VidaRF.
The VHC1214B from VidaRF is a 180 Degree hybrid coupler that operates from 1.2 to 1.4 GHz. It has a nominal split of 3.1 dB, an isolation of 22 dB, insertion loss of 0.3 dB and a VSWR of 1.20:1. The hybrid coupler can handle up to 50 W of power.
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text:
Not all insurance is the same. Whether loss of rent due to a defaulting tenant, malicious or accidental damage or circumstances including tenant hardship and death of a tenant, EBM's RentCover insurance protects owners like no other policy.
Building inspector & solictor recommendations - Marrickville
Discussion in 'The Buying & Selling Process' started by sonofthewest, 20th Jun, 2016.


text:
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text:
english language school
The Team
Our Native English speaking teachers are highly experienced, qualified and dedicated. Every member of our team meets or exceeds the requirements for government NET positions.
Michael May
M.A., B.L.S., Dip. Arts.
From New Zealand
With us since June, 2000
My name is Mike, and I am the principal of Antipodean English Language School. I've been teaching English in Hong Kong since 1997, and teaching with Antipodean since 2000.
Moving to Hong Kong was a big step. When I got off the 'plane at Kai Tak airport in June of 1995, I stepped from mid-winter in New Zealand to the heat of summer in Hong Kong. I thought there was a fire burning nearby, the air felt so hot! It took me months to get used to the weather, and the different food, and the language...
There has been a lot to learn about teaching English in Hong Kong, and I guess that this is a learning experience that never ends. Part of my job is to help new teachers at Antipodean learn some of those lessons so that they don't have to make the mistakes I did!
I look forward to seeing you in class!
Wayne Smith
B.A. (Hons), CELTA
From England
With us since July, 2013
My name's Wayne and I've been living in Hong Kong since May 2013. I love the vibe of a big city and Hong Kong definitely does not disappoint. It's not only about the crowded streets, flashing neon signs and skyscrapers though – I'm also a fan of the beautiful natural scenery and wildlife to be found on the outlying islands and in the New Territories.
After leaving Russia, where I taught until 2009, I discovered the wonder of Asian cuisine and so living here is a dream come true for my taste buds! I like the fact that Hong Kong people are hard-working and conscientious but also incredibly well-mannered and modern, which makes teaching classes here a stimulating and rewarding experience.
Thomas Tucker
B.Sc, Cert TESOL
From United States
With us since July, 2013
My name is Tom, I have been living in Hong Kong since April 2012. I have taught English at various levels from summer bridging courses to team building. The students are always so motivated and eager to learn. I truly enjoy teaching in Hong Kong.
I am an avid outdoorsman from trail running, hiking and competitive trail racing. Hong Kong's beautiful country sides and challenging terrain make being an outdoorsman a true joy.
I still have much to learn about my new adopted home "Hong Kong". I found by talking to my friends, acquaintances, colleagues and neighbors that Hong Kong has truly remarkable people. There is always something I can learn from them. I am very excited and eager for my future in Hong Kong.
Interested in a teaching position with Antipodean? Follow the link here!


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Arizona Western College job openings
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Info concerning Arizona Western College job openings, and registering for discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? You can start working in a high-paying business field with just an associates, or a bachelors degree. To begin, browse accredited business degree programs and certificate courses online. Concentrating on Arizona Western College job openings, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the workforce development department for course registration deadlines, and career training program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Arizona Western College.
As the economy improves, many firms are beginning to hire. Companies are in need of candidates that can fill a particular job position, so set up an introductory meeting to ask questions about the firm's history, and current business opportunities. Review your prior work experiences, internships, volunteer experience, interests and hobbies. For each item on your list, identify the skills and knowledge you developed, because many skills are transferable to the job you're applying for.
Before a first interview, analyze the open position that you are applying for. Review the job description carefully, and highlight both the employment qualifications and job responsibilities. At the same time, learn as much as you can about the company's mission, corporate services, product lists, and main competitors. Start your research on the company's website, then do an article search on Google, and attend career information sessions and job fairs that are held on campus. Beyond major requirements within the workforce development department, you may consider Northeast Community College required classes as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
Housing Manager
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Prepare and present reports and recommendations to the Planning and Housing Director, City Manager, City Council and a variety of City boards/commissions..
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Specific experience working with school district finance in Washington State preferred. Partners with administrators to bring budgets into compliance with..
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Communication with Area Director Regarding Corporate Business Objectives, Issues, and Requirements. Supervise Team Members..
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Stratus Pharmaceuticals
Develop and execute a territory business plan. Stratus Pharmaceuticals promotes topical products to Hospitals, Long Term Acute Care Centers, Physician offices.
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Tractor repair day
Friday, May 16, 2014
As usual, dad's john deere lawn tractor needs repair.. Belts, tires,etc.. meanwhile, my craftsman is ready to go..Just need to drop the battery in and give it a drink of gas and when the water level goes down a foot or two, we can mow!
Still very cold, furnace still on.. hoping to turn it off by july fourth...
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What a difference. Living in the west. You had a tough winter. Hope next year isn't as bad.
1222 days ago
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has been very rainy and cold for us too
1222 days ago
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I don't know I bought a John Deere Lawn tractor in 2003 and it is still using the original battery, never charged it or anything. I have a friend who works at a John Deere dealership and he is amazed, he keeps it tuned up but had never done anything but tune it up , change the oil, and sharpen the blades. I guess I got a good one!
1222 days ago
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It is raining here and the grass is tall.. Can't do anything till it dries.. Keep the Tractor a going... LOL
1222 days ago
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Cool today here as well. Enjoy your day.
1223 days ago
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Our furnace is on too. Think of the $$$ we are saving on air conditioning!
1223 days ago
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Lol.... They don't make a John Deere tractor mower like they use too..
We bought one after a bran new Huskvarna blew up after 6 weeks. To back our old snapper which is 23 years old and still going strong. But that John Deere has been nothing but trouble. Biggest problem is the belt keeps coming off every single time you stop. And yes, it is the right belt. Even the pro's can't figure out the problem. But it is one of those things that was not covered under the warranty. It was never heard of. But my husband and I both have agreed that the next mower will be either another snapper or a craftsman from Sears. we have never had problems with those brands.
1223 days ago
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I know what you mean. DH always has to do through his big lawn mower, the little walk behind I use for clean up started on the first pull, and it has sat since last year. Got the whole lawn mowed once and it needs it again, but it was only 28 this morning, and not mowing with winter coat on.
1223 days ago
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I am SO wanting to mow too...will it ever dry/warm up? It's 37F here right now
1223 days ago
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LOL turn off your furnance by July 4th LOL
I need to mow my lawn too. It's either dig my mower out or hire someone to do a crappy job....hmmm, think I'll go for crappy job.
1223 days ago
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This hotel is in a fabulous location of Krakow, 3 minute from the main square. It is in a very old building and was converted to a hotel. It proposes to be a boutique hotel. It is, if you like old bathrooms with a shower...More
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"View on the side street is noisy late into the night with young people in the street."
"Note that hallway on 4th floor is dimly lit, but higher floors are quieter. If noise is an issue, request..."


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Skype For iPhone Means Free Calls From Your iPhone Skype App
There are many apps that can help you connect with your friends and family and help you make video calls and conversations, but Skype is superior to them all. With the help of Skype you can hook up with your friends and family around the globe without spending a single penny. There are other apps such as Apple's free Face Time but it limits you as you can only call to Apple users, but with Skype can call anyone anywhere free of cost.
With Skype you can make free calls to anyone who has Skype account. Non Skype users such as mobile phones and traditional telephone numbers can be called cheaply by purchasing Skype credits which can be bought from Skype, making sure no one is out of Skype's reach.
Skype has released Skype 3.0 for iPhone which allows users with an added feature of sending and receiving videos on your iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS and 4th generation iPod touch running i OS 4.0 or advanced. As for the remaining devices, i Pad and 3rd generation iPod touch, these cannot send videos but can surely receive them. Video was a long anticipated feature.
The sound quality seemed substantial, we tested it in several ways, and even with the Wi-Fi the quality remained great. In order to have clear idea of other person's voice we put the volume to maximum and results were same, great and clear. As for Skype 3.5, receiving calls on it is much easier than the previous iterations. In Skype 2.0 you had to launch and keep the app running to receive the calls, which was very much annoying. The new Skype app runs in the background and you can receive calls at any time, provided you stay logged in. The call functions as a standard phone call where you can either receive the audio call, video call if available, or you can reject it.
4G is far superior to 3G when using Skype, for a few reasons. While you will experience fast web page download on 3G, it will not give clear Skype voice transmission because to have clear voice you need low latency and jitter, which are some of the biggest issues of 3G networks. The quality of calls keeps on vacillating, sometimes you will be hearing voice reasonable good but the other party will not be hearing it as good as you are. During our test we found out that 3G Skype worked better outdoors rather than indoors. There were several other issues too, sometimes the voice came earlier followed by video a second or two later. You would find the audio and video quality a bit shabby in the beginning but it soon becomes smooth within few seconds of the call.
But once fully connected and passed the initial shabbiness, video calls proved to be of substantial quality and audio was loud and clear. We tested out Skype 3.5 on iPhone 4S and it worked well.
Overall, Skype for iPhone is a great application that every iPhone owner should check out.
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Skype for Android
Those Android phones can now have Skype video calls! Skype for Android now brings video calling to the package. Skype 2.1 offers augmented video quality but obviously there is still room for improvement. Only those devices running on Android 2.3 OS have compatibility with video calling, the quality is not as good as that of ooVoo's but still it is good step taken by Skype.
Skype support has widened its sphere and now encompasses a lot of other devices whereas previously it was only supported by Google Nexus S. You can check out the devices that now support Skype on internet. Even if your device is not listed in the list of devices that support Skype but has Android 2.2 or above, you will still be able to do video calling by going to Skype's settings, provided you fulfill the application's technical requirements.
Devices based on Android 2.2 will only be able to utilize the rear camera for video calling even if they have the front facing camera. But those running the Android 2.3 or above have the ability to use front facing camera in video calling, the reason behind is there are no standard APIs for cameras in Android until 2.3. So if you have Android 2.2 and want to do face to face conversation via Skype, you are going to have Android 2.3.
Downloading Skype is pretty easy, if your devices meet all the requirements of the app, just log on to Android Market and download the latest version of Skype. Skype is also available on several other operating systems such as iOS, Windows and OSX.
Once downloaded, create an account on Skype which takes only a couple minutes and you are good to go. The main screen of the app is well designed, elegant and simple; it is composed of Call Phones, Contacts, Profile and Recent Icons. Each of the icons is decently designed. In your Contacts menu all your contacts are listed, and those online are listed above. Each contact is displayed with their current status showing either they are available, busy or offline.
Skype for Android has been improved from its previous versions in terms of voice calls and video calls. Voice calls feel clear without any lag whatsoever and are super fast and easy to place. Skype for Android renders best when it comes to making free calls.
Nokia N9 Smartphone: A Rare And Elegant Phone
Nokia N9 is by far the most fascinating phone you will ever come across. Nokia N9 is a transition between the old Nokia and new Nokia which is planning to set the stage for Nokia Windows Phone. Like Nokia N8 and E7, the Nokia N9 has an industrial design which sets it apart from rest of the smartphone world, but unlike its predecessors Nokia N9 shoves off the old, banal Symbain operating system and uses MeeGo Harmattan software.
We finally got to see what this new innovative operating has to offer. We first came across this rare beast at Nokia's introductory event that took place in June and although I was not expecting anything from the device I was completely stunned by the intuitive, responsive and fluid interface it had. And it was not just me; everyone who got their hands on it was simply blown away by its beautiful design and the fact that why Nokia was releasing only limited number of these rare beauties. Why only release a few, we asked? Because Nokia is set to shift its smartphone strategy to Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system before finally dismantling the MeeGo OS. Today we will be exploring this rare device as Nokia is going to ship a limited number of these around the globe for it not to interrupt the Nokia's WP7 launch planned in the upcoming months.
This is nothing short of pure beauty. It is one of those devices that make you fall in love at first sight. Everything about this smartphone feels almost perfect and in harmony. With its squared off top and bottom, Nokia N9's design looks more like the design of a supercar. Every stroke, ever curve is carefully designed and finished.
A single piece polycarbonate shell, this is what keeps Nokia N9's electronics part and display under protection, not to mention that same case is used by Lamborghini Gallardo SuperLeggera as it offers immense amount of durability and reliability, the two main components for which Nokia is known for. Another intriguing fact about Nokia N9 is that all of its colors are made up of polymer that matches the external color meaning scratches won't peel of any paint; rather you will only see more of the same blue, black or pink material.
As the phone comes equipped with Gorilla Glass screen this means it can undergo quite a lot of use and is very rugged. I still have found how to do substantial amount of damage to a Gorilla Glass screen. Beneath this protective screen is an anti-reflective polarizer with an AMOLED display of 854 x 480. Nokia N9 offers a huge 3.9 inch display with a pixel density of 251ppi which is the same as in 3.7 inch Nexus One or HTC Desire.
If you get a chance to see or use the Nokia N9 smartphone, you will most likely be as impressed as we were.
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Is Cooler, Better, Faster
Google has made another entry in the Android OS iteration, called the Ice Cream Sandwich. This new Android
OS is not just a mere update but rather a whole new operating system. Google previously released Android 2.3 Gingerbread which nothing but a little upgraded version of Android 2.2 but Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich is a completely new creature.
Ice Cream Sandwich is profound and packed with whole new arsenal up its sleeves; you might as well drown in it within the first few minutes.
If you think you knew Android think again. It is not the Android you used to know – everything has been overhauled. Say goodbye to the old visuals and screens you used to see. Ice Cream Sandwich utilizes the Honeycomb tablet sensibilities including navigation buttons, darker colors, tabs for recent apps and a more poised look.
So what does Google aim for? Making an operating system that feels same whether you are using a tablet or smartphone, and Android seems to corroborate this goal. Take a glimpse of Gingerbread and Honeycomb in terms of functionality, Ice Cream Sandwich is more of visual overhauling of the OS' design and organization and there are also significant additions to Android 4.0 which makes it different from its predecessors.
Speaking of design, the new Android OS seems more elegant, smart, simple and well balanced. From the new menu button to menu lists, from notifications pull-down to a more sophisticated settings menu, everything has been redesigned with diligence. You find most of the themes being repeated in most of the integrated apps.
The first thing that you will notice on Ice Cream Sandwich is the home screen, it is downright gorgeous. Google has also altered the typography and has introduced a new one called Roboto which gives a better and clearer view.
Apart from that you will also notice some minor changes on the home screen as well: for instance, you will see a transparent search bar, an icon for Google service and a stylized clock. And you can always create and name folders on the home screen by dragging apps upon one another.
As far as the camera goes Google has introduced the panorama feature. There were several Samsung and HTC cameras that had this feature but it's now been introduced to the main stream. Along with panorama you have your standard camera and video modes as well.
One of the most interesting things are the integrated photo editing tools. Everything that is required for editing is there, cropping, eliminating red eye, lighting, face glow, rotating etc. along with all this there are tons of effects to choose from. Some of the effects include sepia tones, warmth etc.
We definitely vote Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich as a great evolution of the Android operating system.


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Ep 3 – "Leap into the Void/Mazecity" / "Mu e no Chōyaku" (無への跳躍/Mazecity)
Romdeau is no longer a safe haven for Vincent. He is trying to avoid capture by the authorities. As he flees he comes across the infected AutoReiv Pino. Pino then shows him the way to escape from Romdeau to the outside world. Re-l struggles to contact Vincent and uncover the true nature of his involvement with the Proxy.


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Today, March 4, is the global celebration of World Read Aloud Day, and I took some time off to celebrate it with ATD Fourth World Philippines, representing our book club, Flips Flipping Pages.
Last month, I had come across Adarna House's book giveaway and thought we had a good chance of winning it for ATD, and I proposed the idea to fellow Flippers Gege and Sana. Sana is a long-time volunteer of ATD and has gotten me and other book club members to volunteer at the organization, too, so we quickly put the nomination form together and hoped for the best.
Continue reading "World Read Aloud Day 2015"


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WASHINGTON -- A bovine somatotropin labeling law that went into effect in Vermont Sept. 12 has the milk industry bracing for negative repercussions on consumption.
On Sept. 5, the state's Court of Appeals denied an industry motion for an injunction pending appeal against the mandatory labeling of milk products sourced from rBST-treated cows.
"We asked the court to stop the signage before we got a chance to go into court [and argue it]," said Jeffrey Nedelman, spokesman for the


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Yorkshire Post
Revamped offering sees rise in profits for Iceland
Yorkshire Post
Supermarket Iceland has posted rising full year profits after reaping the rewards of revamped product ranges and a new store format. The retailer saw earnings rise 6.3% to £160 million in the year to March 24, with sales rising 4.4% to £2.8 billion and …
Iceland profits climb thanks to demand for its 'luxury' range and new store formatsThis is Money
Deeside-based food retailer Iceland has reported strong profit growth today.Deeside.com
Iceland sees sales rise as consumers favour frozen – Fruitnet.comFruitnet
Retail Week -Retail Gazette (blog)
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Source: iceland – Google News
Sharing information is key – Nordic News in UK. Social Commerce and Social Media Management playing a big part. Suaju Ltd


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You can add your company logo or any other design to almost all of the products we offer. Simply check any of the logo locations you require when selecting options on a product.
Utilising our own on-site embroidery and print facilities allows us to have full control over the logo application process, ensuring quality and enabling a smooth and fast turnaround. We also have our own in-house design service, maintaining continuity across your logos and designs.
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Embroidery is the most popular choice of logo application method. It's perfect for long term, durable, professional looking company logos or designs. Embroidery can utilise up to 12 different colours per design and comes in a huge range of thread colours.
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Vinyl transfer is a heat applied material that produces a clean cut finish in solid block colours. We use a high quality workwear grade vinyl that's durable and washer friendly. Vinyl transfer is perfect for logos or designs with
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Digital print vinyl transfer is a brand new method of printing that we offer. This method utilises state of the art digital print technology to produce logos and designs any other methods might not be capable of. Perfect for logos with
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A logo setup is required for every new logo or design you wish to apply to your products. This is so our designers can create your logo in our software ready for use on machinery and equipment. This is a
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If you have existing logos setup with us, we will take care of the rest and you can expect your order to be complete soon.
If your design is non-existing, our design team will setup and create physical copies of your logos and produce digital proofs for your approval.
When you're happy and have approved your artwork previews, we will then put your logos into production and you can expect your order to be complete soon.


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