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Where can i find a essay about monkeys
Here are some questions that may be in your mind when making the order: "Can you write my paper online and make it plagiarism free?" We guarantee that your paper. Jan 13, 2008 · Which of the following people would you say is the most admirable: Mother Teresa, Bill Gates or Norman Borlaug? And which do you think is the least. September, 1998. Ecological Validity: Then and Now. Kenneth R. Hammond Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology University of Colorado Note to the reader: this.
Find the best college paper examples here! For years we have been handpicking the most interesting and professionally written high school and college essay examples. May 04, 2012 · Sorry, you need to login or sign up using one of the blue buttons below in order to vote. As a new user, you get 3 WSO Credits free, so you can reward or …
Where can i find a essay about monkeys
A few old recipies: 'Vegetarian Lasagna' from Garote's kitchen 'Fnord Froth' from Android's laboratory 'Ulcer Ripper Pasta' from Zog's kitchen 'Garlic Soup' preserved. Welcome to AdvancedWriters.com – the online custom writing service where professionalism is paramount to everything. Here you can order custom written … Popularity. The history of the imagery of 'typing monkeys' dates back at least as far as Émile Borel's use of the metaphor in his essay in 1913, and this imagery has. Save The Animals Term paper. While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used 'as is' because they will not meet your assignment's. Try Our Friends At: The Essay Store. Free English School Essays. We have lots of essays in our essay database, so please check back here frequently to see the.
Sep 07, 2016 · The GRE essay topics on the Issue task come such from such wide a variety of fields that there seems to be no discernible pattern in the GRE writing … I HEARTILY ACCEPT the motto, — "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Category: Free Essay Writer; Title: The Signal-Man and The Monkey's Paw In the Beginning was the Command Line by Neal Stephenson. About twenty years ago Jobs and Wozniak, the founders of Apple, came up with the very strange idea of. May 04, 2012 · Sorry, you need to login or sign up using one of the blue buttons below in order to vote. As a new user, you get 3 WSO Credits free, so you can reward or …
EXPERT OPINION. Yawn It's one of the best things you can do for your brain. Nov|Dec 09 contents Gazette Home. First Person Alumni Voices Two old souls The most important parenting you'll ever do happens before your child turns one — and may affect her for the rest of her life. One mother's journey.


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Status: In Stock
Whole spices
If we had to pick the queen of herbs, it would definitely be basil. This wondrous seasoning herb has been handpicked by our maestros to enhance and give a delightful twist to your recipes. As a result, you get only the finest quality basil in possession of your kitchen. Grown in various parts of the country, IndiSpice brings to you the freshest and highest quality basil herb, and deliver it to your doorstep, no matter where you are.
Sweet, yet savoury, Basil has a mint-like flavour and has a peppery scent that reminds one of Star Anise, Mint and Pepper. It has a zingy taste that freshens the mouth and the taste goes perfectly with cool drinks in the summer.
Italian and Mediterranean cuisines rely heavily on using Basil in their dishes. Basil as a spice is also popular among tea drinkers around the globe. It is a popular garnish for various meat based dishes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Since the introduction of Nvidia's Pascal Architecture graphics cards everyone seems to want one for the advantage in performance boost and much more efficient power consumption. Not only is demand at an all high, the market is flooded with 21 different models for the GTX 1070 alone. Which also happens to be the card that we are going to look at today. We've be awed by the presence and performance of the Gigabyte GTX 1080 Extreme Gaming but not many people have pockets deep enough to accommodate such a marvel. Thus, we've turned to something much more within the majority of people's reach. Today we're taking a look at the Gigabyte GTX 1070 G1 Gaming.
Just to highlight, there are 4 different models of GTX 1070 offered by Gigabyte. The Gigabyte GTX 1070 Mini ITX OC for people who love Small Form Factor (SFF) builds, the GTX 1070 Windforce OC which is the entry level full sized graphics card, the GTX 1070 G1 Gaming which is aimed at gamers and sits in the middle ground, and finally the GTX 1070 Extreme Gaming which is the highest end premium GTX 1070 graphics card that shares the same design as the GTX 1080 Extreme Edition and is meant for those who want to push the performance limits with air cooling.
Let's jump into some specs. It has Nvidia's 14nm FinFET Pascal architecture chip like the GTX 1080. For it's base clock, it runs at 1594 MHz in Gaming Mode, 1620 MHz in OC Mode, with boosts clock speeds of 1784 MHz in Gaming Mode and 1822 MHz in OC Mode. It's decked out with 8GB of GDDR5 VRAM clocked at 8008 MHz with a 256-bit interface. To keep this puppy cool it's fitted with 3 of Gigabyte's own WindForce 3x Cooling System which is a proven design that actually improves the card's cooling like seen in the GTX 1080 Extreme Gaming. The fans have a similar design to the Extreme Gaming, but are 90mm in size and spaced out evenly unlike the stacked 100mm fan configuration on the Extreme Gaming.
The card gives off a very gaming enthusiast finish with mainly black all around with orange accents that seem to form an 'X'. Taking closer look at the cooler, the 11-blade 90mm fans have raised indentations on them that supposedly increases the airflow while being as silent as possible. Like many other cards out there, it features a semi-passive fan design which kicks in only when temperatures hit a certain threshold such as when doing intensive 3D work or gaming. Underneath them are two aluminium fin heat dissipators that are interwoven with two large copper composite heatpipes that contact the GPU chip directly. The other components aren't left out as well to ensure product longevity. On the top of the card we have the RGB lighting which I find quite odd as they are the only parts that are lit in any way. The Gigabyte logo and the 'Fan Stop' wording are customizable with different colours and lighting effects via the Gigabyte Xtreme Engine Utility. Near the mounting bracket is where we get the SLI interconnect. The GTX 1070 is in fact the lowest end pascal card that has SLI multi-GPU support. On the top right hand side we get the single 8-pin PCIe power connector. The back of the card is adorned with a full metal back plate to improve it's rigidity and prevent sagging. Finally, for the I/O, it has 3 DisplayPort 1.4 outputs, 1 HDMI 2.0b and 1 Dual-Link DVI-I port. The HDMI 2.0b port does support 4K with 60Hz refresh rate. One thing to note is that no other adapters are included in the package so if you choose to have DVI to VGA or do an SLI configuration, you will have to purchase one separately beforehand.
Now for the Gigabyte Xtreme Gaming Utility, it's a new software that allows you to not only control the cards performance but as well as other Gigabyte gaming peripherals. You can set all the usual things needed. Such as overclock presets, lighting settings, and even overclock it manually via adjusting the voltages, clock speeds and fan curves for maximum performance possible in this SKU.
Fire Strike Extreme : 7444
Fire Strike Ultra : 4209
Crysis 3 Very High : Min: 49, Max: 153, Avg: 110
Witcher High: Min: 54, Max: 153, Avg: 94
Tomb Raider Max Settings: Min: 114, Max: 190, Avg:148
This is the first custom GTX 1070 we've looked at from Nvidia's board partners and it looks pretty good so far. It is cheaper than the Founders Edition that Nvidia offers with slightly better performance to boot. It's excels and devours any game titles in 1080p and even 1440p resolutions. For 4K gaming, it can be done but we highly recommend going the GTX 1080 route as it doesn't have the necessary power to drive serious game titles excellently in that resolution. In terms of overclocking performance, the Gigabyte GTX 1070 G1 Gaming does pretty well. It's really easy to dial in overclocks, tweaks and fan curves via the Xtreme Gaming Utility. It's priced at $429.00 dollars on Amazon with prices in Malaysia ranging from RM2000-2300. The pascal series is doing so well that Nvidia is struggling to keep up with the demand on all pascal cards. The Gigabyte GTX 1070 G1 Gaming is definite one on my recommendations as it has one of the best value to performance ratio for a GTX 1070. The issue currently is getting one at a reasonable price as it seems the prices are inflated due to the high demand and shortage in supply. Apart from that, it's stellar card if you don't need the Xtreme Edition card and just want something that will keep your system kicking pixels for quite a few triple A titles to come.
Support us using our amazon affiliate link:
(US) http://amzn.to/2d8ihqF
Direct Product Amazon Page:
G1 Gaming: http://amzn.to/2dS274N
Giga GTX 1080: http://amzn.to/2e53uPl
Giga GTX 1070: http://amzn.to/2eycmMC
Giga GTX 1060: http://amzn.to/2exmioz
Giga GTX 1050: http://amzn.to/2dS2oVr


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ROI eBooks - Our Mission
From the beginning, we had one, simple goal:
"To help entrepreneurs and digital marketers create independence and freedom by growing their online business."
We could not have imagined building this amazing community of motivated entrepreneurs when we first started a year ago. We love getting to know each member of our community individually and helping them with their business in any way possible.
Our founder and all of the employees at ROI eBooks also passionate about our environment. While we love physical books just as much as the next person and have full bookcases in our homes; we are proud that our company is 100% paperless. We took it a step further in and partnered with One Tree Planted starting in 2017. For every order on our site, we donate to have 1 tree planted.
If you have any questions, suggestions, or would just like to chat about your business, email our founder directly at his personal email: firstname.lastname@example.com
"The greatest success we know, is helping others succeed and grow."


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Hi folks!
After months of hard work, we're glad to announce that our Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is now live: https://eros.vision
Since the announcement of this somewhat particular project, we received a lot of attention, messages and emails. We first wanted to say thank you to everyone for the overwhelming support you provided during the past few days.
The idea generated, of course, a lot of scandal due to its controversial nature, but we also received awesome emails from sex workers, punters and crypto-enthusiasts all over the world.
Some of them were particularly hilarious; we wanted to give a special mention to:
Steem.it users
….and Youtubers for these excellent posts!
Keep spreading the word!
For this first update, I (Michael) and Kevin will sum up the most interesting questions we received over the past few days, and the responses we sent to them.
Q: Why did you choose ZeroNet over IPFS for the hosting architecture?
A (Kevin): At this time, IPFS is much more oriented towards media and content delivery, meanwhile ZeroNet is explicitly designed to enable decentralized website hosting, since it includes all the components that constitute the usual web-hosting stack: A database system, a custom implementation of Bittorent to handle both page serving and replication, as well as a decentralized domain name solution thanks to NameCoin, itself based on Bitcoin's cryptographic features.
Besides this, the IPFS team has a track record of network neutrality infringement, as they seem to be willing to please regulators and authorities of all sorts instead of users. You can, for example, see here how they came up with the idea of a network-wide blacklist to prevent their users from accessing "undesirable" websites that wouldn't be fit IPFS developers' moral positions:
Talk about decentralization! Needless to say that it would have been a bad solution for our business case.
TIL: #IPFS maintains a #DMCA blacklist that the node software downloads and respects by default. #lolpragmatism https://t.co/y7qKBSqIxA— Peter Todd (@petertoddbtc) October 13, 2015
Q: What about TOR and its onion sites? Didn't they already solve censorship resistance?
A (Kevin): No, because:
- TOR onion sites, because of the particular routing system that is powering the network, are notoriously slow and much more complex to scale whenever a specific Tor service reach thousands of users.
- The value proposition of Tor is anonymity, not censorship-resistance. The server behind any of the well-know darknet marketplaces is a totally standard one, although hidden behind a tor node. However, because of this one-server architecture, such onion websites and marketplaces quickly became the favorite targets of law enforcement authorities, as they only need to locate and turn off this unique server to shutdown any of those services.
- Finally, even Tor's main focus is around anonymity (It isn't at Eros as we need the platform to last forever, not to hide identities of human-beings who are going to meet anyway), we also start to see various three letters agencies flooding the Tor network with their very own, malicious nodes. Whenever they manage to setup enough of them, making it more likely for a targeted's service users to go through those multiple times, they can then very easily "map" the routing circuit and eventually know who's who by correlating volume and timing information from both entry and exit Tor nodes.
Q: The idea is very cool, finally a real blockchain use case beyond banana tracking or decentralized casinos. However, how are you going to acquire users on both sides?
A (Michael): Good (and though!) question. Two-sided marketplaces are notoriously difficult to bootstrap since you need to have both supply and demand in equal quantities, and starting from day one (otherwise either side isn't likely to "stick"). However, we're here building a platform that represents the ultimate alternative for a specific activity that has been experiencing the biggest hurdles among all industries. I personally know several sex workers who jumped from platform to platform, from Backpage to CityVibe, and this every few months or so, as authorities kept cracking down on such platforms. As such, I believe that it won't be very complex to convince those escorts to finally settle on a platform set to last forever, and this not because of worthless marketing promises, but battle-tested technologies. Regarding buyers, following the ICO, we believe that the Eros Token Holders should constitute a very solid userbase to start with.
Q: Are you going to accept male escorts as well?
A (Michael): There isn't any technical challenge that would prevent us to do so: male escorts will be welcomed as well. However, since our effort will be oriented towards female escorts as they represent the largest base of sexual workers, most parts of our interface will be accordingly designed, from icons (i.e heels) to represent the escort area to the general branding of the project.
Q: I heard several questions on reddit about the Beaver whitepaper and the fact that you're going to use the same system. Any comment on that?
A (Kevin/Michael): We initially used several chunks of the original MIT publication (since we implemented them into a practical CoffeeScript application running on Zeronet) that you can see here, without making sure to properly credit the original authors for each of these references.
Upon notification that it wouldn't be considered to be a fair move towards the researchers, we promptly modified the link on our website, and as you can see right now, full credits are given to the MIT team for the excellent reputation system they came up with and that will represent one of Eros' three major components alongside our Zeronet-powered decentralized hosting architecture and the autonomous listing+settlements made possible by Ethereum. We've nothing to hide about our usage of Beaver's reputation system and we're definitely proud to use the MIT's research findings as a basis for our work : )
Next Steps
- A live demonstration video of the platform will be published the next week to get initial feedback on the UX and the main booking system.
- The ICO will run until either (1) July 23rd or (2) the completion of our 9,500,000 Eros tokens sale. In the meantime, make sure to get yours in order to be able to join the private beta we'll launch in August.
How Can I Help?
- If you know any large adult-platform owner looking forward to partner with us so that we can get a boost of initial visibility whenever the platform launches, please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com
- We're also looking for three (3) experienced javascript developers in order to work on a remote basis with Kevin as we've very tight deadlines to meet, although 85% of the dev has already been done. Please send your resume to Kevin at firstname.lastname@example.com if you're interested.
Thanks again for the support you demonstrated so far, and #LetMakeSexGreatGain!


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Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning
Housing or Storage?:
Does anyone know if there will be a housing or storage option for this game?
Azorean269 - 6 years ago
Top Voted Answer
The only house ive come across so far is in the area called Webwoods. Its not to far into the game, took me maybe 3-5 hours(i wasnt keeping track). You have to complete a quest to get it, i know you had two options, kill a guy, or save him, by saving him i got the house. I upgraded it completely right away(about 6 or so payments of around 360 gold i believe), my storage was around 130 items i believe.
Korassu - 5 years ago
If you mean a personal house, yes ; you can upgrade it when you have enough money (first you buy a small house with one room and can buy a big castle when you have enough money), you can store items in it (depends on size, maybe 100 at first and 1000 when rich), furniture to make it look nice and have pets in it
sorry no official link to confirm this, but there should be videos about it on youtube or gametrailers
TheTenth10 - 5 years ago
This is the best video I've found on the issue. It's pretty accurate and detailed without dragging on. There ARE spoilers, tho, so watch with caution,
Kitsunemaru - 5 years ago
in the town of Canneroc which is situated near the center of Webwood, you must complete all the sidequest, and choose to not kill the town leader.
Once you have killed the widow in Cathrus, you get the key to Gossamer's End, which is the only house i have been given thus far in the game. you can pay the town handyman whose name escapes me at the moment to upgrade your house giving you access to an Alchemy Bench, and i believe you also can get a blacksmithing bench as well as Sagecrafting bench. you also get a Stash which holds up to 155 things.
ChronoEclipse12 - 5 years ago
Also to add onto my previous statement once you reach the hollow lands in detyre you can get access to the mining office and the mine which you can upgrade 3 times. Also, in the house of valor, if you become the champion you get the house and control over gambling den. Each place has your stash max number of items it holds is 155
ChronoEclipse12 - 5 years ago
This question has been successfully answered and closed.


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Protesters get 'global' support
Greenpeace activists are claiming support from hundreds of thousands of people for their Port Taranaki protest aboard the Noble Discoverer.
Seven activists boarded the drillship after eluding security at the New Plymouth port about 7am on Friday to protest Shell's plan to drill exploratory oil wells in the Arctic.
One activist was arrested after climbing down on Saturday and a supporter was arrested on Friday.
Celebrity protester Lucy Lawless and five Greenpeace activists remained at the top of the 53-metre-high drilling derrick yesterday.
Greenpeace spokesman Steve Abel said the group was in good spirits.
"They had a bit of a tough night but they are bolstered by the good weather today and they woke up to a magnificent view of the mountain," he said.
Greenpeace claim that since the protesters boarded the ship, more than 120,000 people worldwide had contacted Shell's CEO, Peter Voser, calling for the cancellation of its plans to open up the Arctic to oil exploration.
Mr Abel said the group continued to receive messages of support from around the world.
"They remain resolved to stay up there. They have sufficient supplies and sufficient water."
They also have solar panels for a computer and cell phones, and a tarpaulin.
Mr Abel said the conditions on top of the derrick were gruelling.
"It is noisy, it is blustery, you are on a boat and it moves. It is not the way you would like to spend your weekend, but they are determined to defend the Arctic from Shell's intention ..."
An oil spill in the Arctic region would be devastating to the environment and impossible to clean up, he said.
In a blog from the top of the derrick, Ms Lawless responded to Shell's statement saying that it was disappointed with Greenpeace for launching direct action.
"Well, we're disappointed that they are planning to drill in the pristine Arctic," she said.
"Shell use words like `safe' and `environmentally responsible' but this is laughable. The fact is that if drilling is allowed to go ahead it's not a question of if there will be an oil spill in the Arctic, it's a question of when."
Activist Viv Hadlow said it was great to receive all the messages of support.
"It's been so inspiring to get all of these online messages and to know that standing alongside the six of us on this ship, there are hundreds of thousands of other people around the world who feel passionate about the Arctic and are prepared to take action to put a stop to Shell's crazy Arctic drilling plans," she said.
Aucklander Ilai Amir ended his involvement in the protest on Saturday and climbed down for "personal" reasons. He was arrested and charged with unlawfully boarding a ship. He has been bailed to appear at New Plymouth District Court on Thursday.
Greenpeace released a statement on his behalf. "I'm proud of what we've achieved here and I will still be with the team in spirit, as they continue to make sure that Shell hears the message loud and clear – the world does not want your reckless Arctic oil."
Port Taranaki is investigating how the group evaded security measures and boarded the vessel.
Taranaki Daily News


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Rhetorical Analysis: 13 Anxiety Causing Social Media Moments
Elle Magazine's November 2014 issue was called "The Anxiety Issue" which is like a meaty fastball in the middle of my strike zone. If I happened to be at a bar with all the writers from this issue, I'd love my chances at going home with a dime on my arm. In December, I was at a Christmas party where a girl asked me, "do you ever get, like, anxiety on Sundays?" I had to walk away because it would have been too easy.
In between their posts about anxiety meds and body weight, they had some puff pieces sprinkled in about drinking and social media, so I obviously felt right at home when someone forwarded me the link. It's like Scaries porn.
So, as always, original article in italics.
There's a lot of talk about "social media anxiety:" Basically, people get FOMO when they see some #coolparty they weren't invited to or post a photo and get a paltry number of likes in return. Soul-crushing, right? Right! And it's wrecking teenage girls' confidence in particular. We all know this. But what about the other side, the social media anxiety we cause ourselves in completely avoidablemoments? You know the ones—or, if you don't, we rounded up more than a dozen examples to initiate you. Because we'd hate for you to experience any self-induced social media anxiety FOMO.
The only social media anxiety I feel is wondering why a girl is liking photos when she should be texting me back. But then I remember I'm rocking read receipts and I get my confidence back. NO ONE puts Scaries in text purgatory.
1. You deep-dove into a sort-of-but-not-really-friend's Instagram account and when you wake up the next morning, you realize you accidentally liked one of her photos from a casual 78 weeks ago. She knows. She knows.
It's like showing a photo on your iPhone to an old person who has never used Instagram. They always try to double tap or spread their fingers to zoom in, which naturally just likes the photo creating this always uncomfortable situation.
That being said, sneaky awesome move to get on a babe's radar: you just like an old, flattering photo of her. She either leaves the situation with a little flirty skip in her step, or she's telling all of her friends how big of a fucking creep you are. Can't hit a homerun without swinging for the fences though.
2. Your eye snags on a little box on the margin of your Facebook page and you realize Spotify's been alerting 1,396 best friends strangers that your current go-to band is a tossup between Nickelback and BBMak.
"Private Sessions are for pussies." - Douchebag Pete
Ever since DBP casually gchatted that me that, Private Sessions have been dead to me. Yeah, when I'm going in on the Lilith Fair playlist I may get some weird looks but if you can't handle me at my worst then you don't deserve me at my best (aka when I'm listening to Kid Rock).
3. Your Pinterest board that you thought was private is…not so much, which wouldn't be quite so bad if there weren't 78 inspiration photos for your future wedding with the dude you just had your first sober sleepover with.
I've said it once and I'll say it again: dudes need Pinterest. I don't care if you use it, if it's anonymous, or if you use it under a fake name. But Pinterest is like a magic 8-ball into the female psyche. Know a girl you want to take a run at? Get off her Facebook and onto her pinboards. Need a present for your girlfriend? She's given you like a million ideas on Pinterest that all pretty much guarantee third base stuff. Wondering if a girl is bonkers or not? See how many quotes she's tossed up on her "wanderlust." board.
4. You accidentally like the Instagram photo your boyfriend's ex-girlfriend posted six minutes ago. The odds that she saw your name appear under her photo then vanish mysteriously? Way too strong for comfort.
Sounds like a power move to me.
5. You were bored and wanted to 'gram but you didn't have anything new to post, so you tried to pass off an old photo as new—annnnnd you got called out.
I can't knock this strategy considering I wait until Sunday to post Instagrams in order to get validation that people still like me. Love me or hate me, you can't tell me that's not resourceful. Plus, if anyone gives you lip for posting an old photo, just shame them and call 'em "creepy" with a disgusted face. If you're putting that much stock into social media then you're a fucking doorknob anyway.
6. Years ago, you followed someone on Twitter after you met him once, but now when you see him again in person, he doesn't seem to know who you are...or remember that awesome repartee you had going...ooor recognize you from your genius one-liners. *Crickets.*
Not sure what world you're living in but in my world we call that an "in." If a girl saw me in that situation and cowered away, I'd think she was a neurotic weirdo. If she owns it and treats me like no time has passed since that time I bought her and her friends a round of 'quila shots? Game on, let's spar. We obviously liked each other before enough to hit one other with those Twitter follows, and moreover, we both know love takes time. Oh, we haven't seen each other in two years? Distance makes the heart grow fonder. Let's take a chance on us, girl.
7. You finally realize people can see which photos you like on Instagram—and when. Double-tapped a slew of inspirational quotes Photoshopped over Justin Bieber's face at 3 A.M., Thursday night? Yeaahhhh, that wasn't just a thing between you and the Beliebers.
Just had this conversation over beers last Sunday. The conclusions: girls like a LOT weirder photos than guys. We stay in our comfort zone. Girls? They're liking everything from Victoria's Secret Angel photos to Fuck Jerry photos to the photos of a girl that they met at a Beyonce concert last July.
Like I'm obviously not going to be liking Taylor Swift's photos willy-nilly. But @birddogoftheday? Liking those photos every day of the week and twice on Sunday (you know, because I'm Scared and dogs rule). Everyone knows the photos you like are just an extension of your ballerness so you need to be mindful when dolling out like bombs.
Just don't like your ex-girlfriend's photos when you're seeing someone. That's pretty much just asking to be called "such a dick!" in a back alley at 1:30am when your new girl starts getting drunk and unreasonable.
8. You say something to a guy you like that you only could've known from reading his Twitter—actively reading his Twitter. Right when you thought your playing-it-cool strategy was really starting to work. But hey, you totally could have guessed that Chipotle forgot to include his guac yesterday, right?
If a girl did this to me, I'd be fist-pumping around the bases like Ken Griffey Jr. after his first career homerun. There's owning real estate in a girl's head and there's having a girl think she's legitimate friends with you via stalking your Twitter. Does it put off a psycho vibe? Yeah, but last time I checked, I'm the guy with a website named after the Sunday Scaries so I'm not exactly coming off as emotionally stable either.
(PS. Can you tell I'm excited for spring training? That's like my tenth baseball reference today.)
9. You type someone's name in the Facebook search window and realize 14 hours later—HEY COOL—that was actually the status update window.
My buddy once did this while searching for his girlfriend's boss. Scaries City. You kill yourself if you do this, right? Killing yourself is the only move. Or maybe you just deactivate your Facebook for like a year to let the dust settle then reemerge like nothing happened.
10. You're called out for FaceTuning.
I just had to Google this to see what it is and I couldn't be more appalled that FaceTuning is an actual thing. It's like wearing yoga pants or Spanx. Just a complete misrepresentation of the goods.
11. You realize the power of Facebook "graph search," which can make photos you thought were invisible appear seemingly out of thin air. (Pick a friend—one who thinks she has no Facebook photos visible—and type "photos of [Friend's Name]" in the Facebook search window on a computer. It has to be computer; it doesn't work on cell phones or tablets. Do it/Don't do it/Leave in fear forever.)
Have I graph searched, "Single girls between 21 and 29 that live in (insert city)" more than once? Uh yeah. You don't draft a prospect without watching their game tape and going to a few of their pickup games. I'm not much of an analytics guy. I go off what I see and graph search is like Scout.com for babes.
12. You think of a much better joke only after you tweeted the almost-but-not-quite-there one.
I used to delete tweets and repost them but I have like, I don't know, 1,200 followers now so I can't do that stuff anymore because people notice. #HumbleBrag #SoManyFollowers
13. You try to change your Facebook photo and don't realize each time you upload another minorly tweaked version of the one before—slightly more filter, a touch more contrast, marginally more cropped to display optimal skinny arm—they're all saving to your Profile Pictures album. Six months later you realize everyone who clicks through your Profile Pictures now knows that you spent 47 minutes of your life perfecting your Facebook photo.
It's called "deleting," bro. Ever heard of it? Once saw a kid who re-uploaded a photo after adding color to the Polo logo on his shirt to make it more defined. That's a Douche Hall of Fame move.
Whatever though, it's those people that lack self-awareness that allow the cream like us to rise to the top.


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Home Tags Iran oil
Tag: Iran oil
Iran Calls for Foreign Investment in Oil Extraction from Caspian Sea
Iran's petroleum minister has called on well-known foreign energy firms to make investment in projects to explore and extract oil resources in Caspian Sea, north of Iran.
'Iran Not Obliged to Contract Out Oil Projects to India'
An Iranian legislator says Tehran has no commitment to contracting out the development of its oil fields to India.
Iran's Larijani Calls for Investment in Caspian Sea Oil Extraction
Iran's Parliament Speaker says there must be no restriction on making investment in extraction of oil from the Caspian Sea.
Iran-Total Gas Deal Sparks Controversy in Tehran
A multi-billion-dollar gas deal signed between Iran and French energy giant Total for the development of Phase 11 of South Pars Gas Field has sparked mixed reactions in Iran.
Iran-Total Gas Deal to Facilitate Transfer of Technology: Rouhani
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani says a multi-billion-dollar gas deal signed between Iran and French energy giant, Total, will facilitate the "transfer of technological, scientific and managerial experience" between Iran and France.
US Losing Iran's Energy Market to European Firms
While the French oil giant Total just signed a huge gas deal with Iran, American companies are deprived of Iran's lucrative oil and gas market due to the restrictions imposed by the US administration.
Iran, Total Ink Huge Deal for Gas Field Development
The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and the French oil giant Total have signed a contract for the development and production of phase 11 of South Pars (SP11), the world's largest gas field.
Free Gas Export to Turkey Sparks Controversy in Iran
Iran's free gas export to Turkey has given rise to a considerable controversy in the country with some calling it a great loss inflicted on the national treasury for which the incumbent government is to blame, and some saying that Ankara has already paid for the gas it is receiving from Tehran for free.
France's Peugeot, Total Looking for Stronger Presence in Iran
With the world having learnt who will steer Iran's government in the next four years, a large number of foreign firms have once again lined up to enter the county's 80-million-strong market, with the French car producer Peugeot and oil giant Total standing at the forefront of the queue as usual.
Iranian Oil Experts Accuse Rouhani of Downgrading Domestic Capabilities
A number of the Iranian oil experts have reacted to recent comments by President Rouhani about the vital role of the nuclear deal in the completion of domestic oil projects, saying that he has overstated the impact of the JCPOA and imparted incorrect information


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Product Description
Cabotine is a daughter of Cabochard, a younger cohort perfume, which has preserved the style and distinction of Cabochard. It was created with love and passion, with a very limited budget, and it became a classic of the 1990-ties. It was created by Jean-Claude Delville from IFF, and he was predicted to make a light but lasting perfume, what this was a hard task to do. The perfumer found its formula in floral-aldehyde accord and presented a transparent fragrance with green floral and sharp aldehyde notes. The perfume is very light and easy to wear and at the same time tenacious. It achieved achievement regardless of very limited publicity and promotional support. The composition is created around the ginger lily, also recognised as a butterfly lily, a Himalayan large-petalled white flower. Growing in harsh high mountains climate, this plant blooms for only a few weeks in the spring time, and each flower survives only for a few hours, this is what makes it difficult and almost impossible, to extract the oil. An IFF pioneering researcher, Dr. Braja Mookherjee, found a way to analyse the oil structure using the 'living-flower' technique, and to copy the perfume of the ginger lily, what enabled the industrial production. Cabotine is the first perfume which contains ginger lily in its arrangement. The top notes contain blackcurrant buds, pear, plum and corriander. The heart is composed of rose, tuberose, ylang-ylang, ginger lily, hyacinth, heliotrop, fresia, violet and iris. The base notes are cedarwood, vanilla, tonka bean, cybet, musk and amber. The perfume was created in 1990. The bottle, whose stopper was turned into a form of flower, was created by Thierry Lecoule.
EAU DE TOILETTE- alcohol denat, aqua/water/eau, parfum (fragrance), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, butylphenyl methylpropional, ethylhexyl salicylate, benzophenone-3 hexylcinnamal, alpha-isomethyl ionone, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, hydroxyisohexyl 3- cyclohexene BODY LOTION - Aqua/water/eau, butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tromethamine, carbomer, propylene glycol, phenoxyethanol, peg-800, peg-6, peg-8, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, peg-32, rosa damascene flower water, glycerine, serenoa serrulata fruit extract, prunus armeniaca (apricot) fruit extract, rosa canina fruit extract, ruscus aculeatus root extract, geraniol, citronellol, CI 42090 (blue 1) SHOWER GEL - aqua (water), paraffinum liquidum (mineral oil), cetearyl alcohol, parfum (fragrance), stearic acid, triethanolamine, lanolin, dimethicone, phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, benzoic acid, propylparaben, tatrasodium edta, citric acid, allantoin, butylparaben, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, butylphenyl methylpropional.See all Product description
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Examples of Agostino
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D'Agostino's act was unselfish unlike other American athletes in Rio.
(USA Today - Sports, )
Nikki Hamblin of New Zealand stops to help Abbey D'Agostino during the 5,000 meters Tuesday.
(The New York Times - Sports, )
Olympic 5,000m runner Abbey D'Agostino - who ran her heat with a torn knee ligament - will miss the final with the injury.
(BBC Sport - Athletics, )
New Zealand's Nikki Hamblin and Abbey D'Agostino of the US help each other after colliding in their 5,000m heat at the Rio Olympics.
(BBC Sport - Athletics, )
"Real Housewives of New York" star Luann de Lesseps revealed her engagement to Tom D'Agostino Jr. is still on despite him kissing another woman.
(UPI - Entertainment News, )
"Real Housewives of New York" star Luann de Lesseps addressed her feud with Bethenny Frankel after revealing her engagement to Tom D'Agostino, Jr., is still on.
(UPI - Entertainment News, )
Groceries, prepared meals and baked goods from D'Agostino, Gourmet Garage and Billy's Bakery can be ordered through the Prime Now app by Amazon customers in Manhattan.
(Daily Mail - Science, )
Sixteen months after the attack killed three people and injured more than 260, including James Costello, he married Krista D'Agostino, the nurse who helped him recover.
(The Associated Press in CBC News - World, )
Agostino Carullo, 55, who was holding the weapon, was killed instantly and his friend Donato Gianfredi, 56, died later in the San Carlo hospital in central Italy after the gun exploded.
(Daily Mail - News, )
Boston Marathon bombing survivor James Costello and Krista D'Agostino, a nurse who cared for him during his rehabilitation, tied the knot on Saturday in a wedding donated by local businesses.
(NBC Today, )
Now, in "Photography and Language: Lew Thomas, Donna-Lee Phillips, Peter d'Agostino, Hal Fischer," the gallery widens the lens to encompass more of Thomas' San Francisco milieu in the 1970s....
(Los Angeles Times - Entertainment News, )
On Friday morning, TODAY's Savannah Guthrie will sit down with Boston Marathon bombing survivor James Costello and his fiancée Krista D'Agostino in the couple's first media interview since their engagement in France earlier this week.
(NBC Today, )
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The Indian Express
CJI TS Thakur lambasts Centre, says 'courts lying vacant without judges'
The Indian Express
Stating that there are 500 judges' posts lying vacant in High Courts, Thakur said that courtrooms are lying vacant without judges. By: ANI | New Delhi | Published:November 26, 2016 1:39 pm. Chief Justice of India, T S Thakur, CJI, CJI statement …
CJI slams Modi government: We have vacant court rooms but no judgesIndia Today
Today we have vacant court-room but no judges, says Chief Justice TS Thakur on appointment of HC judgesFinancial Express
CJI TS Thakur Raises Issue of 500 Vacant Posts in High CourtsNews18
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Return to Appendix One Index
Road Markings & Street Furniture
The section on Public Toilets has been moved to App 1 - Water Supply, Sewage Treatment & Household Waste Collection, bus stops are covered in App 1 - Public Service Vehicles - Buses, Trams and Taxis and street lighting is covered in App 1 - Domestic and street lighting systems
The origins of driving on the left date back to the Early Medieval era, when it appears to have been the norm throughout Europe (see also
Chariotry and the road systems in the Celtic World
a web page by Raimund Karl at the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, Aberystwyth). Apparently there were too many fights breaking out as the local warriors passed each other on their chariots, the idea of the drive on the left rule was to always present your vulnerable side (opposite to your shield) to a chariot heading the other way to avoid appearing threatening.
A horse is always mounted from the left side and this meant in Britain that you were standing on the pavement when in town but in the ditch when in the country. Driving on the left and the delineation of the road with 'off-side' and 'near-side' was enshrined in a Scottish law of 1772. The Highways Act 1835 required drivers of vehicles to pull in to the 'near side' when approaching or being overtaken by another vehicle. Eighty years later motorists were complaining about the habit of horse drawn and motor delivery lorries to roll down the middle of the road. In Italy however the law stated that in town you drove on the left whilst in the country you drove on the right, this law was only changed in 1923.
With the growth of motor transport wooden posts were set up on the corners of unlit country roads, painted white or (more commonly) in black and white horizontal stripes (these are discussed below), but the increasing use of tarred macadam road surfaces made it possible to add markings in white (concrete based) paint on the road surface. More important (but still unlit) country roads were marked down the centre with dashed white lines after about 1925 to assist people driving at night. These painted road markings were confined to the major roads in towns until the later 1930s, there was still a lot of horse drawn transport and horses prefer to walk down the centre of the road. Street lighting made a major difference to night driving and in the early years of the 21st century there were still some suburban and country roads in Cheshire with no white line down the middle.
Cats eyes were first introduced in 1936, on a British N model these can be represented using 0.5mm lengths cut from a strip of 10x20 thou plastic strip. The double white lines indicating you are not allowed to cross the line even when overtaking were introduced in 1957, originally in the London area. The yellow cross hatch markings at junctions first appeared in London in 1964. Parking meters appeared on British streets in the early 1960s, the standard spacing for these was 20ft (about 6m). To keep an eye on people using them 'traffic wardens' were introduced, initially operated as a branch of the police these changed to local authority control in the first years of the 21st century.
Fig ___ Parking meter and traffic wardens
Yellow 'no waiting' markings (in the form of single or double yellow lines on the side of the roads) appeared in London in 1958 along with the first trial parking meters (parking meters had been invented in America in 1933). Where parking meters are installed a single yellow line is used. Traffic wardens appeared in London in 1958 to patrol the parking meters. As the meters were adopted by other cities traffic warden forces were set up to patrol them, this was not a rapid process however, it was 1961 before they reached Manchester.
The 'speed cameras' beside the roads were introduced in 1992, these consist of a yellow box about two feet wide, eighteen inches high by a foot thick with a black rectangle in the upper right corner facing the traffic (this is the lens of the camera). They are accompanied by white markings on the road surface, the camera takes two photographs and the position with regard to the white markings indicate how fast the car or lorry was traveling.
Plain lines are usually painted with a simple machine, originally a man walked along with the machine, by the 1980s the machine was mounted on the rear of a lorry. Lettering is more difficult, the traditional approach of drawing the lettering out with chalk (usually yellow for some reason) and filling this in with paint remains in use in the early 21st century. This is not foolproof however, the photo below was taken on a motoring holiday in the 1950s, the entrance to a car park has been partly re-surfaced (necessitating the re-painting of the 'KEEP CLEAR' sign), the workman has very carefully drawn the letting with chalk and was part way through painting in the lettering when he noticed his mistake. The advantage of this scene from a modelling perspective is that everything has stopped whilst they work out what they are going to do.
Fig___ Markings at a car park exit
Roadside Sign posts and Street Names
British roads were not well sign posted, the Romans had installed mile stones beside their roads indicating the distance to the next settlement and a law of 1697 made provision for erecting 'guide posts' at junctions of the 'London 6 miles' variety. The Turnpike Act of 1773 established a network of toll roads in Britain (the tolls being used to pay for maintenance) and these were required to have both milestones and guidepost signs on them (the milestones were originally made of stone but later changed to of cast iron and painted white).
The turnpikes fell from favour and began to wind themselves up in the early nineteenth century and in 1889 the County Councils were given responsibility for road maintenance. They took pride in this responsibility and erected cast iron sign posts, usually painted black and white, replacing the haphazard system of wooden 'guide posts' erected following the 1697 statute. In 1921 the government issued guidelines on the design of these signs (technically 'finger posts' but sometimes called guide posts) as part of their drive to build up a strategic road network. This laid down that the arms of the post were to be painted white and the lettering was to be three inches (7.5cm) high in black. One common feature of these cast iron signs was a circular plate or ring on the top carrying the council's name. Not all councils used the circle, Somerset County Council adopted a flat pyramid on the top with the letters S C C cast into each face and there may have been other designs. I believe most top marks were circular but it would be best to try and find a signpost or photograph of same in the intended area of the model just to confirm this point. These signposts are often not very tall, some examples (particularly those sitting on a grass 'island' at junctions) were sometimes no more than six feet tall, those mounted on pavements were taller, the actual arms being something over six feet high to allow people to pass safely underneath.
In 1919 the new 'Roads Board' set about classifying the roads, dividing them into three types based on the weight of traffic they would be expected to carry. 'A' roads are main roads, 'B' roads are minor roads and 'C' roads are local roads (sometimes called 'unclassified' roads). The country is divided up into nine zones by the first nine A roads, 1-6 radiating from London in England and 7-9 radiating from Edinburgh in Scotland. The purpose behind the numbering scheme had to do with financing maintenance but it was decided to publicise the numbers as an aid to navigation. The actual job of assigning numbers to all the roads took until 1926 and brought with it the problem of adding the road number to the existing signposts, usually achieved by bolting on a small extension to the arm. The 'A' road numbers were black on white and 'B' road numbers were white on black. Only A and B roads should have the number shown on the signs, 'C' roads are not supposed to me mentioned on signs but now and again a C road number is added to a sign in error. Not all signposts had the road numbers added. There are still a few of these old signs in place, the example shown below has been at a junction in my local village since the 1950s. One point to note is that Styal is a village consisting of half a dozen cottages, a pub, a post office and a railway station but it gets six inch high lettering. Manchester is a city and has the standard three inch lettering.
Fig___ Cast Iron Finger Posts
These old finger posts were progressively replaced from the mid 1960s by flat sheet metal signs (discussed below) however in 2006 I came across one of the original signs, with the B road plate still painted black, on a semi rural road in Cheshire. The example shown below was photographed in 2006 by Ian Mackay at a junction in Urmston near Manchester. Note the metal stay added to the sign, presumably when the road number plate was added. The ring carries the word Stretford, presumably referring to Stretford Urban District Council although the UDC is not cast onto the ring.
Fig___ Finger Post with added road number
Larger signs were set up at the approach to junctions, I am not sure when these appeared. These signs gave precedence to the road number, the local town names were sometimes omitted and were always in smaller lettering than the road number. These signs were again in cast metal with the lettering and markings raised slightly. On these signs the black on white colour scheme was used, early examples had the B roads marked in white on a black patch but at some point (I am not sure when, I believe it was post war) the B roads changed to black markings on a white background. The dashed black and white line at the top indicates that the road in question can be joined a short distance along the indicated route. At some point the background colour changed to yellow, I would guess this was in the early to mid 1960s but I could be completely wrong on that. The sketches below show typical signs of this type, there is an extensive collection at the Manchester Transport Museum (well worth a visit as the staff are knowledgeable)
Fig___ Cast metal junction signs
Warning signs for roads likely to be flooded after heavy rainfall were required by the 1773 Turnpike Act but these were rare in practice. Warning signs, mainly concerning steep hills, were erected in some numbers in the 1860's by a cyclists organisation called the `Bicycle Union'. These were mainly for the benefit of cyclists (who generally had no brakes at this time), early examples used only lettering but symbols were added after the First World War (I am told the symbol for a particularly steep hill was a black skull and crossbones on a white background).
In about 1900 an organisation called The Motor Union made cast metal signs available consisting of a red triangle and warning plates. These were used near schools, at the approaches to level crossings and the like. The Motor Union also produced a cast metal X shape, with 'The Motor Union' cast into one arm and 'concealed entrance' cast into the other, these were set up near cross roads or where a side road joined at a corner. These signs were purchased by local councils and by local branches of the Union (who got a reduced price) and mounted on a (locally sourced) metal or wooden post. The RAC also began offering warning signs, consisting of a red triangle on top of a post with a cast metal warning sign below.
In 1904 the government issued a series of guidelines on warning signs to bring the entire country under a common system. The signs were to be white with black markings and topped by a cast metal shape. Four top shapes were specified - a hollow white ring for speed limits, a solid red disk to indicate an order or prohibition and a hollow red triangle to indicate a caution and a red diamond for all other signs. The discs were to be eighteen inches in diameter (about 45cm) and the triangle was equilateral with 18 inch sides. The diamond shaped top marker seems to have been abandoned quite early on but this shape was retained for instruction plates. There are very few photographs of these signs, only a few hundred were ever set up, so the sketch below is somewhat provisional, the triangle was often seen with no notice on the post, the road user was supposed to pay attention and see why the sign had been set up. Examples of these old signs remained in place into the early 1930s, possibly later in remote areas.
Fig ___ British warning type road signs circa 1904
The use of top marks seems to have been inconsistent, the illustration below is an advertisement from 1934 which suggests the rectangular signs were used with no top marking and confirms that the red triangle and diamond shapes sometimes had no associated instruction plate.
Fig ___ Early 1930s warning signs
In the 1930s a glass reflector was developed, these were circular glass discs about half an inch or 1cm in diameter with facets on the front face. Invented by a chap called Murray they were marketed as 'Mur-Ray' and the first application was on small metal discs about five or six inches (14cm) in diameter with a ring of reflectors and one or more in the centre. These metal reflector discs were also widely used on black and white warning posts set up on the outside of sharp curves on unlit country roads. These were not altogether successful as there was usually a post or two knocked flat or missing. The wooden posts on corners were introduced in the 1930s and remained a common sight in country areas into the 1970s, even where street lighting had been added, but they had all gone by the mid 1980s.
Fig ___ Corner warning posts
The solid red disk had become a red ring by the mid 1930s, but the older solid style was still used on posts indicating the wrong end of a one way street and on posts carrying a black diamond shaped plate bearing instructions, usually prohibitions (such as no heavy lorries allowed). Incidentally the first one-way system was introduced at Hyde Park Corner, London, in 1926. The speed limit sign was later changed to a white disk with a red rim and with the numbers in black in the centre.
As with the 'finger posts' the traditional British signs were often mounted quite low down, the base of the triangle on many signs was no more than six feet above the ground. One thing that may surprise many people is how small the early road signs were, the cast metal plate was no more than a foot (30cm) wide.
By the 1930s there were some changes to the original 1904 designs, the red triangle indicating a warning and red ring indicating an instruction were retained but a new sign with a hollow red ring containing a hollow red triangle had been introduced indicating that the driver would soon have to come to a stop. In the early 1940s the reflectors described above were fitted to the shapes and lettering on some road signs they were quite widely applied to speed limit signs and along the line of the symbols on other signs but they are so small they can be ignored in N.
Fig ___ Examples of pre-1967 British road signs
The AA and RAC were still setting up signs, these were the same standard pattern but had the organisation crest added to the sign. This practice continued into the 1960s and in the early 21st century the AA and RAC were still providing signs for special events.
I remember 'no waiting' signs as being a red ring with a blue centre carrying white writing, the No Waiting instruction above the times to which it applied. I could not find an illustration of one of these but I did find a 1960s sign in an old side street. The sign, shown below left, was bolted directly to a wall in the narrow street. At the Manchester Transport Museum there is a preserved double-sided sign, shown below centre, the sign on the right was photographed at the entrance to the massive Trafford Park industrial estate in about 1960.
Fig ___ Old no waiting signs
In 1962 it was decided that signs on the new motorways should be blue with white markings and lower case lettering (with initial capitals) was adopted for the new motorways. A committee to look into the whole question of road signs was set up chaired by Sir Walter Worboys and in 1963 they delivered their report. The resulting legislation, passed in 1964, saw a shift to using symbols instead of words and the red triangle and circle became the shape of the plate itself rather than an additional item.
As I remember it the change was slow at first and a major change over to the new signs was arranged in 1967. At about this time some European and Scandinavian countries which had been driving on the left changed sides. There was some debate about this in Britain but in the event the British, Japanese, Australians and several other countries have continued to drive on the left.
Dual language signs in Wales appeared in the early 1970s, in the mid 1970s the 'mini roundabout' appeared and from the later 1970s the old circle and triangle 'stop' sign was replaced by the octagonal sign already used in Europe. Road humps (or sleeping policemen) appeared in the 1980s, along with their associated signs, and in the later 1980s the brown signs with white markings appeared directing people to local attractions. Some of the older signs remained in place into the later 1990s (there may well be one or two still out there today on the quieter roads).
For a lot more information on the British road network and the signs used on it see also
Chris's British Road Directory
, a superb site covering almost every aspect of the British road system.
Along with the new road signs the cast metal finger posts were replaced by a new design using enamelled sheet metal with angle metal strip supports mounted on a plain grey two inch diameter post. he old wooden corner warning posts were replaced by flat metal signs with vertical chevrons.
Fig ___ Examples of sheet metal British road signs
The flat metal finger post signs became increasingly common in the 1970s but by the end of the century the rules were relaxed, allowing the traditional cast finger posts to be reinstated. The new version are different however, in place of cast iron they use a form of steel, but they look like the old signs. The example shown has a 'metropolitan borough' legend on the top ring not the older county branding which identifies it as a modern replica.
Fig ___ Replica metal road sign on the A6
Signs indicating road names pre date the railways, at least in towns (in the country areas people knew the streets by their own local names). Street names were indicated in various ways ranging from names carved into stone blocks set into a wall to simple painted wooden boards. In some places, at various times, they have adopted the Continental practice of making enamelled ceramic tiles, a row of which is used to display the name (a few of these still survive in out of the way places). By the later 19th Century however there was a degree of standardisation with road names being produced as cast iron plates which could be bolted to a wall. In built up areas where there were no gardens these were usually positioned about ten feet up the side of a house, where the houses had substantial gardens they might be bolted to the railings or mounted on the wall beside the pavement. The standard cast iron street sign was painted white with the lettering and raised surround picked out in black. The lettering was quite small, typically about four inches high, additional signs such as cul de sac (indicating a dead end or no-through road) or unadopted (indicating that the local council was not prepared to maintain the road itself, 'unadopted' signs appeared in the 1920s, see also App-1 Roads and Roadworks) had lettering only about three inches high. In the more up-market areas the councils would sometimes add their own coat of arms to signs on the more important roads, the lettering on these signs being slightly larger, perhaps five inches tall. The example below left is from an 'unadopted' road in a typical residential street. Another phenomena was the changing of road names, noticeable in the later 19th century this continued into the early 20th. People moving into the growing suburbs felt that living on 'something road' was much more up market than 'something street' and 'something lane' was for unsophisticated country folk, so lanes and streets were renamed roads, often with that actual name changing as well. The example shown below right was found in Urmston near Manchester, as 'Lilly Street' was an established name the sign has 'late Lilly Street' cast into it, which must have annoyed the 'aspirational' types moving into the area.
Fig ___ Typical Victorian street name plaques
In country areas similar cast metal signs were sometimes posted on the corner of local roads that did not warrant a finger post, these would carry the old name of the road such as 'old meadow road' or 'brick kiln lane'.
In quieter residential areas the street names could be very small indeed, the example below top right is a plaque only some eight inches high. In towns the old cast iron signs began to be replaced by rather larger types from the later 1930s, by the 1950s a new standard was in use using a rather thinner metal plate, still with raised lettering but the letters were perhaps five inches tall. These new signs were generally mounted on the outside of a garden wall or on a precast concrete support or in a metal frame. The sign below top left is typical of the type but shows a more modern version introduced in the 1970s where the words Cul de sac have been replaced by the symbol for no through road. The two signs below are typical of the type in use from the later 1930s.
Fig ___ Typical small Victorian and post war sheet metal street name plaques
Something which is unlikely to matter to most modellers is the fact that street numbers traditionally have the lowest number at the end of the road nearest the associated 'sorting office' where the mail was sorted for delivery, in built up areas this was not always in the same building as the post office itself. This means that the postman, who has sorted his letters out at the sorting office prior to setting off, will have the letters in the right order for delivery along the road.
The use of numbers for houses was a French idea, introduced in Britain (originally in London) in 1764, but they remained unpopular and often unused until the mid 20th century. There are problems with house numbers, for one thing houses tend to get knocked down and rebuilt, not always with the same number of houses on the site. In the towns things were moderately stable and the solution adopted, where two smaller houses had been built on the site of a single larger building, was to add a letter to the house number (Sherlock Holmes lived at 221B Baker Street for example). Even so by the mid nineteenth century things had deteriorated to the point where several official reports did not use the house numbers on streets where the numbering had fallen into disarray.
From the mid 1830s to the later 1930s there was a consistent growth in the suburbs, firstly large detached homes for the wealthy, each of which was given a name, followed (from the 1860s) by semi-detached homes for the new managerial classes and terraced homes for the growing armies of clerks. Addresses that change unpredictably are a problem and the first solution (as well as all larger houses having a name) was to give a block of houses a name, then number the houses in that block. For example a short row of houses might be built beside a country lane, this might be called Georges Terrace and an address would look like '4 Georges Terrace, Meadow Lane, Sale, Cheshire'. Then when the next block of houses was built they would be given another name, perhaps Victoria Terrace, so the postman would be able to deliver to number 4 Victoria Terrace or number 4 Georges Terrace and the numbering would remain consistent. The name plates added to the blocks ranged from the highly ornamental to the starkly functional. Where the block contained shops and or offices it was common to use the name 'buildings', an example is shown below right.
Fig ___ Typical Victorian terraced house block name plaques
House numbers were never a very popular idea in Britain, particularly in country areas, there is a scene in the 1950s film the Titfield Thunderbolt where one of the villagers is complaining that the bureaucrats will soon make them have house numbers in place of names. However from the later 1930s most towns had more or less settled down and the sequential numbers were increasingly in use. The use of letters after the original number continues to this day, in 2005 an old house, number 52 on the road, was knocked down and replaced by four modern mini-homes which are now numbered 52A to D.
I think it was Italy that tried a system where the number of the house was the distance in metres of the front door from the end of the street, although less problematic this approach failed to catch on. In Venice the numbering system evolved into such complexity that the only practical solution was to employ Venetians as postmen, a tradition that remains to this day.
Bollards, Pedestrial Refuges and Cones
One of the oldest items of street furniture still in common use is the bollard erected beside a pavement to offer the pedestrian some protection from road traffic. These have been around segregating people from traffic since the late seventeenth century but they became common at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The cannon makers were worried that the captured French cannon would be used by the forces, putting them out of business. Headed by the Scottish firm Carron (after whom ships 'carronade' light guns were named) the gun makers made representations to parliament. The government appreciated that a healthy armaments industry was a national asset and agreed to destroy the French guns, in practice most ended up buried muzzle down beside the road to act as bollards.
When Richard Arkwright built his mill at Cromford he was concerned that it might be attacked and purchased cannon to protect the place, one of which ended up set into the road nearby as a bollard (still there today). This, and many of the more recent bollards are set with the 'barrel' pointing upwards with an iron ball set into the 'muzzle'. The cannon shaped bollard was replicated in cast iron for many years, often with a taper to the 'barrel' and incorporating a traditional spherical top piece. The sizes varied, those on traffic islands in towns took a lot of hammer and could be up to ten inches in diameter, thinner types were also used where heavy traffic was not expected, again mainly in cast iron, often quite decorative with fluting and rings moulded onto the basic pillar. Some were fitted with 'chain rings' to allow a light chain to be strung between them where pedestrians needed to be channeled or access blocked for foot traffic. Stone and wooden bollards were also widely used, often carved to approximate a 'cannon' shape, technically called a 'Cannon form bollard'.
During the later 1950s concrete was a common option for a basic bollard, many were quite stumpy, perhaps eighteen inches or 45cm tall. Where greater protection was required a larger type was used, roughly three feet tall (these were often seen protecting the corners of brick buildings. In the 1990s a cast aluminium tubular type appeared which (in Manchester at least) became very common. These offer only nominal protection to pedestrians but cause less damage to motor cars.
The sketch below shows the most common types, A is a typical 'muzzle up' cannon form bollard, B is a cast iron Victorian 'pedestrian' bollard, C is the stumpy 1960s concrete type (usually seen in rows at four foot spacing, often with one or more pushed over at an angle as shown by a car), D is the heavier concrete type used for protecting the corner of a building and E is the modern tubular metal (but not functional) type.
Fig ___ Common Bollards
Another type of bollard was the much smaller type used to protect the corners of building from cart wheels, these pushed the rim of the wheel away from the brick or stone work so the protruding hub of the wheel would not cause damage. They are also seen at the foot of gate posts, such as those at the entrance to railway yards. Some were made of stone, others were of cast iron. A in the illustration below is a stone type, B is a cast iron type formed to 'cup' the corner of the building it was protecting (over the years heavy delivery lorries have compacted the road, causing the bollard to progressively lean outwards away from the wall). C is a very substantial version of B, it stands about five feet high, it is made of cast iron and is bolted to the corner with two very substantial bolts at the top (from the evident damage it was very necessary).
Fig ___ Bollards protecting a gate post and warehouse entrances
The first 'traffic islands' were installed in Liverpool in 1862. In 1860 a local saddler by the name of John Hastings had requested the council to build one in the road outside his shop as traffic was increasing and crossing the road was becoming dangerous. The council did not think much of the idea, but a couple of years later a local dignitary and member of the council was run down whilst crossing the road. This galvanised the council who authorised the building of six 'pedestrian refuges' in the town. Soon after they were installed the first six traffic islands had street lamps erected on them. A retired Colonel in London heard of the traffic islands and traveled to Liverpool to inspect them. Duly impressed he paid to have one installed in the road outside his home (I think it was in Chelsea). Sadly he was rather proud of the thing and when crossing the road one day, looking back at his island over his shoulder, he was run down by a taxi and killed. The publicity surrounding his death spread the word and 'pedestrian refuges' appeared across the land. Some councils painted the kerb stones around the island in alternate black and white but this practice seems to have died out in the 1950s. Up to the 1980s women with prams and people in wheelchairs were expected to bounce up the kerb onto the traffic island when crossing the road, by the mid 1990s it was standard practice to provide a 'drop kerb' and many traffic island had railings added, often requiring people to walk along the island to prevent people stepping into the road without looking first. The traffic 'roundabout', a French invention, did not appear in the UK until 1911.
Both traffic islands and roundabouts were found to require a bollard to help prevent motorists driving right over them and as they were in the traffic flow it was necessary to make them highly visible. In the early years of the twentieth century the bollards were often substantial cast iron types, by the 1920s it was found that adding a light helped reduce accidents. Some early bollards were in the form of a tapering cone with a white illuminated globe on top but quite soon most had a box on top with the illuminated instruction to 'Keep Left'. The original design consisted of a hexagonal tapering base with a square box on top, these remained commonplace into the 1960s. In the 1930's it was found that adding a small traffic island at the approach to a set of arches helped the motorists avoid the supporting sections (street lighting and the lights on road vehicles were pretty poor by modern standards) and most of these soon had a bollard added for good measure. In the later 1960s a new type was introduced consisting of a rectangular plastic box, initially with lights inside but later the lights were fitted into a sunken box so they would not be damaged when someone ran the sign down. In the 1980s the rectangular black and white keep left instruction was replaced by a blue disc carrying a white arrow. In about 2000 the type on the extreme right appeared, having yellow panels set into a white post.
Traffic island and bollards
The 'traffic cone' appeared in Britain in about 1971, the Oxford English Dictionary quotes the first printed reference as being in the Times newspaper in 1972. The same entry notes that an American law was passed in 1953 which mentions the use of 'cones' to control the flow of traffic. These cones are not as simple as they might appear, they have to withstand the draught of vehicles passing close by at high speeds without being moved. I am told that the air passing across the hole in the top of the cone causes a venturi effect producing a drop in pressure inside the cone which holds it down on the road surface.
Traffic Lights and pedestrian Crossings
The first traffic light in the world was set up in December 1868 on the corner of Bridge Street and Palace Yard in London. It was a gas lamp equipped with coloured lenses and mounted on a rotating post. There were two positions, red meant stop, green meant proceed with caution. This device exploded in 1869, injuring the police officer who was operating it. Electric traffic lights appeared in Cleveland Ohio in 1914 and three-colour lights, complete with a bell which rang as they changed, appeared in New York in 1918. Modern style electric traffic lights first appeared in London in 1931 and by the following year were being introduced country wide. These lights used a simple timer mechanism in which a slow revving electric motor operated a set of electrical contacts, the motors and what have you were mounted in a box by the side of the road and a Policeman with a special key could over-ride the system if required. This mechanism was simple and served well enough in towns but caused problems at remote country junctions where people tended to run out of patience and drive across against the light only to be hit by a car on the other route. Another problem was in towns where a minor and little used road joined a busy main road, often the lights would stop traffic on the main road when no traffic was waiting on the minor road.
The solution was to add a sensor to detect approaching traffic and change the lights accordingly. The first vehicle-activated traffic signals were introduced in the UK 1932 (oddly enough the first set also exploded). These had rubber strips set into the road about thirty feet (9m) before the lights which operated an electrical switch. If there was no traffic on the main route a vehicle crossing the strips on the minor route would set the lights in its favour. The rubber strips were about three inches wide and can be represented by thin black line extending half way across the road (they did not monitor traffic leaving the lights). The automatic traffic light became the most common type and the rubber strips were only phased out in the later 1980's, replaced by thin wire sensors set into the road surface. When new these show up as a large diamond pattern of one inch wide black lines but they can safely be ignored in N.
In the late 1970's people started linking traffic lights on main roads together and sequencing them, the system was christened the 'super-cop' by the press. If you drove at the approved speed you would then get all the lights in your favour (not that people did so of course). This idea was expanded when computers became more affordable to control over-all traffic flows in large areas, by the early 1990s about half of London's traffic lights were computer-controlled.
Up to the 1960s traffic lights were painted black and white horizontal bands as shown in the sketch below, from the later 1960s on the colours changed to a gray post with black painted light box, the box has a rectangular plate fitted to the front painted black with a white border.
Fig ___ Traffic Lights
The Highway Code was first introduced in 1931 and driving tests began in 1935 when a 30mph speed limit was introduced for built-up areas. The tests were suspended during the war but reintroduced in 1947.
In 1934 special 'pedestrian crossings' with 'Belisha Beacons' were introduced in London, these latter marked an approved pedestrian crossing point and consisted of a black and white pole topped by a large orange coloured glass sphere with a light inside. The Belisha beacon, named after Leslie Hoar-Belisha the Minister of Transport, was initially accompanied by a striped white line pattern on the road. The original beacons with a light mounted inside a glass orange sphere proved too tempting for vandals and the spheres were then changed for painted aluminium. These beacons spread quite slowly, it was the early 1940's before they arrived in Wigan, and by that time the white lines marking the walkway had been dropped in favour of two lines of silver metal studs set into the road surface. In 1942 the Kerb Drill for children was launched to help them cross the road where a crossing was not available (look right, look left, look right again and if all is clear walk ahead). The 'Zebra Crossing' with black and white stripes on the road was not introduced until 1951 and in 1952 the Belisha beacons were fitted with plastic orange spheres with a flashing light inside, one odd variant seen in built up areas has a head to prevent the flashing light annoying nearby households. The push-button operated traffic light type of pedestrian crossing was first trialed in Croyden in the early 1930s (prior to the Belisha beacon) but the modern 'pelican crossings' appeared in 1969. Zig zag lines indicating 'no parking' were added to either side of the zebra crossings in 1971, they were added to Pelican Crossings only on the later 1980s.
Fig ___ Pedestrian crossings
Non road related street furniture
The streets are also home to a number of structures and features not directly associated with the roads and pavements. One regular feature of British roads was the stone cross mounted on a stone plinth, usually set up at a cross roads or at important places in a village or town. Some of these date back to the early Christian era, others are more recent. King Edward 1st erected a number of stone crosses in the South of the country, known as Eleanor crosses, in memory of his wife who died in 1290. The most famous of these is probably Charring Cross (the monument at the station is a Victorian replica of another stone cross from Whitehall). A lot were torn down under Cromwell, the famous cross at Banbury is actually a Victorian example dating back to 1858.
After World War One several of the monuments erected to commemorate the dead were in the form of stone crosses, very similar to the older Christian monuments but with a rather more modern iconography in the carving, and of course a plaque listing the names of local men who had died in the war. In larger towns rather larger memorials were set up. Most of the war memorials were set up at the road side rather than in the centre of the road (with some exceptions, there is a stone cross type at a country crossroads near where I now live, and of course the cenotaph in London). The illustration below shows the simple cross at Aberdaron, in the country these were sometimes set up at a cross roads where people would regularly see it. The very tall monument is in the much larger town of Llandudno.
Fig___ Simple 'cross' type and large town war memorials
In between the simple cross and the large public monument came the 'figure on a plinth' type of memorial. These vary in style but consist of a figure, either life size or larger than life size, atop a rectangular plinth bearing the names of the dead. In many towns they were be placed outside the town hall (as below left) but especially in the suburbs many were set up in a small 'remembrance garden' equipped with bench seats where relatives could sit (as below right). After the second world war an additional plaque was usually added to commemorate the names of those killed in that war.
Fig___ Town and suburban war memorials
Prior to the mid 19th century most people drank water from wells, most of these were not the 'hole in the ground and bucket on a rope type' but had a hand operated pump. These pumps were about five feet high and had a long handle fitted to the top and a spout for the water about half way up. They remained in use in some places into the early twentieth century but in the 1870s the Government ordered the local councils to appoint 'Public Health' inspectors and 'Medical Officers of Health', tasked with sorting out the arrangements for dealing with fresh water, sewage and industrial waste. The old pumps were often retained, especially in country areas, mainly for supplying horse troughs (discussed below).
The public drinking fountain, introduced from the 1850s to offer safe drinking water for passers by, was a major manifestation of civic pride and they were soon quite common in town squares. The example below left is a drinking fountain and gas light which was set up in the centre of a cross roads (as they were often positioned in this way they often had the gas light added). The example on the right dates from 1909 and was set up in the centre of a village as a memorial to a wealthy local person.
Fig___ Drinking fountains
There was often a horse trough associated with both hand pumps and drinking fountains, horses had to drink as well, but these are now very rare. These troughs were set up by businesses (where horses were involved), private individuals and by organisations, in a world where horse power was widely used they were as common in the later 19th century as petrol stations were in the late 20th Century. In 1859 the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association was established, as the metropolitan area grew and open country became unavailable. This organisation set up drinking fountains for people and water troughs for animals and also provided advice to others, one lady in Audenshaw near Manchester sought their advice and purchased a Cornish granite trough with two levels, the upper for horses and cattle, the lower for dogs and sheep. Carved into the side of this trough is the inscription 'A Righteous Man Regardeth The Life Of His Beast', typical of the kind of social concern in the Victorian era. These troughs were set up all over the country where working horses might be found, close by station yards and in the centre of villages and towns. The typical horse trough would be about five feet long, two feet wide and two feet high. Most were hewn out of stone, others (dating from the Victorian era) were made of cast iron, the wooden type as seen in 'western' films seem to have been very uncommon in Britain. Farms often had one in a field to supply cattle, the ones I remember as a child were light grey galvanised metal with rounded ends similar to those on the non-tap end of a bath. The sketches below are based on photographs, the example on the left is a typical trough with a hand pump, that on the right is from a park, note there is a small trough at the base for dogs (having a lower trough for sheep and dogs was quite common on the larger troughs as well).
Fig___ Horse and cattle troughs
The 'municipal clock' was a regular feature of Victorian towns, supplementing the clocks on church towers and town halls. In an era when time mattered but clocks and watches were expensive, they were seen as a useful example of civic pride. The railways, obviously, had an interest in clocks and most town stations had a very visible clock facing the street as well as the clocks above every platform. In the illustration below the tower on the left was once on the boundary of Altrincham railway station, the area occupied by the present bus station was a large paved yard for carriages dropping off passengers and also provided access to the two track carriage shoot for the station. The wall mounted clock is above the entrance to the former magistrates courts in Manchester. The elaborate clock, complete with figures that ring the bells is on the front of a pub in Stockport but I believe this was originally a watch and clock makers shop. Jewelers also often offered watch repair services and often had a clock mounted outside their shop, some were supported on brackets as the elaborate design mentioned, others were mounted flat on the wall as shown in the picture below. The shopping centres built from the 1960s on also often featured a municipal clock, a tradition which has continued to the present day (well 2006), the picture on the extreme right is a fairly modern municipal clock, set up in a shopping centre during a refurbishment in the later 1990s.
Fig___ Railway, municipal and commercial public clocks
Although an Act of 1774 required each parish to maintain their own fire-fighting appliance, to be used by the local citizens when required, fire fighting was largely the responsibility of the insurance companies. By the mid 19th century the police were charged with providing a fire fighting service and wore distinctive uniforms (usually styled on naval practice). Water supplies for fire fighting were something of a problem but from the 1830's on most towns included bye-laws to force the water supply company (whether private or owned by the town) to fit hydrants to the water mains. From about the 1890's the hydrants were usually marked by a cast metal plate mounted high up (typically at the hight of a second floor window) on a nearby wall. Early examples were white with black markings, usually the letters F H or F P and a number such as 7 0 indicating the distance in feet between the hydrant and the plate. During the second world war any suitable water supply was marked by the letter E.W.S. painted in white or yellow in letters about two feet (60cm) high on a suitable nearby wall. This marking was still seen into the 1960s on bridges over rivers and on walls close by ponds and the like. After the second world war a national standard was introduced consisting of a cast metal plate about ten inches (25 cm) high by six inches 15 cm) wide. This plate is yellow with a large letter H in black and the distance to the hydrant in smaller black numbers between the lower legs of the H. In some cases the older F P plates have been painted yellow with the lettering picked out in black, however as they are often hard to reach many remain in the original black and white. The post war hydrant plates are often seen mounted on stubby concrete posts set into the pavement as shown in the photograph below, although some are mounted on the walls of buildings. The gas pipeline marker seen in the photograph is a rather rare beast, this is the only example I have so far seen and I am not certain as to its intended purpose.
Fig ___ Hydrant signs
To go with the hydrants there were also fire bells, up to the 1960s the most common type was a large red circular bell mounted on the outside of a building, some had the work FIRE painted across them in white. The example shown below left is an early type, the bell is externally mounted, the ringer revolves and is powered by an electric motor on the inside of the building. In the picture on the left a smaller, more modern, bell can also be seen which has the ringer inside the bell itself. Bells of this general type were also used as burglar alarms, although these were usually only fitted to large ware houses and shops carrying expensive goods such as jewelers. On the right is a slightly more modern bell, dating I believe from the 1940s (possibly a lot earlier) which has the bell and ringer mounted on the outside of the building. I believe this was actually a burglar alarm but it may have been a fire bell.
Fig ___ Alarm bells
Telephone and electricity junction boxes
Something else often seen at the side of the pavement, usually at the end of a road or at a junction, is the telephone junction box where all the local lines are connected to the cable leading to the exchange. Until the later 1990s telephone lines were almost always suspended from insulators mounted on the outside of the building, reaching out to a local 'telegraph pole' often there was a box of this type at the base of the pole. In built-up areas the box is often separate from any poles, connected to them via underground cables, as in the examples shown below. The boxes were originally maintained by the General Post Office Telegraph Department (and some are still so marked) and later Post Office Telephones who painted them green. Since separation of the telephone system from the post office, and its subsequent privatisation, there have been very occasional examples of light gray boxes but most remain in GPO green. The boxes are between two feet (60cm) and three feet (1m) high, typically four feet (1m 30cm) wide and about 10 inches (25cm) deep. The type with the 'peaked roof' shown on the right below has been standard since the 1930s, the cast metal type shown centre dates from the 1970s. The examples shown are all located within 50 yards (40m) of the railway level crossing and there are no telegraph poles in the immediate vicinity.
Fig ___ Telephone junction boxes
Similar cast metal boxes to these were used for a range of purposes associated with electricity supplies, they are often seen near the routes of former tram services and come in a range of sizes and designs, some with crest of the tram company or local corporation cast into the door in bas relief. The technical term for these is 'service pillars' and they were widely used for isolating switches on tram and trolley bus networks and similar duties. As the trams and trolley buses passed from use these useful boxes were (in the main) taken over by the local electricity board, some were taken over by the GPO for telephone work. They would usually be painted in the standard colour for electricity board equipment (light green seems to have been a common choice) or of the tram or trolley bus company (dark red or dark green would be likely candidates). Some are the same size as the older style box shown above, another common design is about three feet (1m) high, 18 inches (45cm) deep and two feet (60cm) wide and retaining the pyramid form roof. Many remain in use today (although they are often painted black by the council to match other street furniture in the vicinity. The smaller junction or switch boxes used by the electricity companies were always clearly marked, as they contained dangerous high voltages, the marking was usually an enameled metal plate in white with a warning in red and contact details (in case a car or lorry damaged the box). The pictures below show a North Western Electricity Board box on the left and a tram company switch box on the right.
Fig ___ Tram power switch and electricity board boxes
The advantage of having one of these boxes on a model layout is that it can be modeled 'open' with an engineer, usually sitting on his tool box, working on the innards. Parked close by would be the associated company vehicle, hand cart, motorcycle combination or small horse drawn or motor van. This provides something interesting to look at and offers a plausible excuse for a stationary road vehicle in a scene. The innards of the telephone junction box consists of a series of vertical bars carrying connectors into which a lot of coloured spaghetti wiring is connected, on modern systems most of the wiring seems to be hanging forward, obscuring the bars, and connected using plastic 'chock-block' connectors, on older boxes the wires were terminated on the bars, secured with small brass screws. Up to the 1970s a standard bit of kit for the engineer was the Avo 8 multi-meter, a black box about nine inches square and four inches deep with a slightly curved panel on the front for the dial and terminals for the leads.
Fig ___ Telephone junction box being worked on in 2007
The isolating switches for trams and trolley buses would be a box with a lever of some kind however I have not yet found a photo or drawing to confirm the appearance.
Litter bins
Litter was not much of a problem in the days before packaging became so prolific, in the 1930s circular wire mesh baskets perhaps three feet high by eighteen inches across were seen in parks but that was about the only provision made. Litter bins on streets first appeared in the late 1940's but dropping litter only became a legal offense with the Litter Act of 1959 as the quantity of packaging increased. Many bus companies added small litter bins to either their bus stop sign posts or to a nearby lamp post, intended to avoid people dropping bus tickets as they got off the bus, these were fairly prolific and served for the occasional sweet wrapper or empty cigarette packet deposited by passers by. The small bins in my local area, set up I believe by the Crossville bus company, were usually small metal bins with a curved hood or cowl, painted green (the company livery) and usually seen attached to lamp posts or the posts supporting bus stop signs. Other designs were used, in Ipswitch they had green rectangular open topped bins mounted on the stop sign post, these had holes punched in them so they would not collect rainwater. Some of these small bins had an inner bin of light coloured galvanised metal that could be removed for emptying (the Crossville hooded type certainly did).
The small bins lasted into the early 1970's but the cost of vandalism and the sheer quantity of rubbish being dumped on the streets lead to a re-think and the introduction of larger free-standing bins. The most widespread design appeared in the late 1960s or early 1970s and consisted of a number of wooden staves riveted to two metal rings with a metal bucket inside. The wood was a light grey colour and all metal parts were painted dark red. Modeling these would be tedious rather than difficult but it might be worth it as they were so characteristic of the period.
There were other designs, one in my local village appears to be a converted telephone junction box with a large slot in the upper side and a light metal inner bin inside, I believe that dates from the 1960's and remains in use today. By the later 1960's one occasionally saw advertising on litter bins (the idea originated in Norway I believe).
By the end of the 1970's the wood and metal type were failing due to repeated vandal attacks and a new design was introduced consisting of a tapering concrete or metal bucket sitting on the pavement, usually actually set into the pavement surface to prevent it being moved and with a secondary metal bucket inside. Variations on this have included bins with a top, which allowed people to stub out cigarettes before throwing them in the bin. In the years since the 1960s litter has increased by about 500%, so the bins themselves have tended to get larger.
Fig ___ Litter bins
Concerns about IRA terrorists putting bombs in the cast metal or concrete bins saw most of them removed in the 1990s but by 2002 they were starting to appear on the streets again, saving a small fortune in street cleaning costs.
Rock salt bins
From the early 1980s councils began placing plastic bins of rock salt beside the roads, typically close by car park exits and other locations where a local application of the de-icing salt would be useful. The most common bins used are made from fiberglass and (all that I have seen) coloured yellow.
Fig ___ Salt bins
Skips and skip lorries
The ubiquitous 'skip' and the lifting frame to handle it was invented in France in about 1956 by a company called Bennes Marrel. The British firm Broughton was already building something similar to handle pipelines in the desert. They teamed up with the French and by 1960 Bedford lorries were being fitted with the Broughton-Marrel equipment and skips started to appear on building sites around the country.
Fig___ Bedford lorry carrying a skip
By the later 1970s the skip sitting on the road where a house was being worked on was a common sight. At night they had one or two rectangular red oil lamps hanging on the road side of the skip and these were often left in place during the day (see also App 1 - Roads and road traffic - Roads and Road Works). The later yellow flashing lamps were more difficult to hang so they tended to end up on the road beside the skip. By the mid 1990s lights seem to have been dispensed with and a few plastic traffic cones were deemed sufficient. Most skips I have seen have been painted yellow and most have had the details of the hiring firm emblazoned on the sides in large black lettering, however not all are like this, the example below had no visible markings of any kind.
Fig___ Skip with cones 2006
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text:
What is Orthodontics?
Orthodontics is one of the Specialist areas of Dentistry. It is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of problems relating to:
1. The alignment of the teeth within the jaw ( Crooked Teeth).
2. The alignment of the upper jaw (called the "Maxilla") to the lower jaw (called the "Mandible"), which is referred to as the Occlusion ("Bite"). Problems relating to the bite are referred to as "malocclusion", which literally means "bad bite".
The photos below show a "good" dentition in the adult and child's teeth.