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Good Dog: Studies & Research
Puppies are most responsive to this type of talk
Baby talk may make grown-ups sound ridiculous to many people, but that doesn't take away from its value. Extensive research has shown that human infants are better able to learn language when we talk to them using higher pitches and at a slower speed than when we talk to other adults. This style of communication is called "infant-directed speech", and it's natural for many folks to slip into it when addressing young individuals, especially those who are not yet verbal.
A new study called "Dog-directed speech: why do we use it and do dogs pay attention to it?" suggests that the same principle may be operating when humans speak to dogs—another of our social partners who don't fully understand our language. People tend to talk to their dogs in a way that is similar to the way they address children. There may be value in this "dog-directed speech" as well.
This study investigated the behavior of two species, and reported a major finding about each of them. On the human side, only women were studied, and researchers found that they used dog-directed speech with dogs of all ages, but used higher pitches when they were talking to puppies than when addressing fully grown dogs. For the canines, this worked out well based on their age-related responses to the way we talk to them. Adult dogs were equally responsive to normal speech and dogs-directed speech. Puppies, however, became more engaged when addressed with dog-directed speech than when the women spoke to them as they normally talk. Specifically, it was the higher pitch in the dog-directed speech that influenced how attentive puppies were.
There are many questions that flow naturally from this study and its intriguing results. Do men talk to their dogs with higher-pitched, slower speech patterns, and does the age of the dog influence the degree to which they do it? Do dogs who look more juvenile because of larger eyes, shorter muzzles and bigger heads elicit dog-directed speech more than dogs who have a more mature look? Does dog-directed speech facilitate language learning in dogs as it does in human babies?
Do you talk to your dog using a different speaking style than the one you use for adult humans?
Good Dog: Studies & Research
The same genomic regions affect human social behavior
The remarkable social abilities of dogs include the many ways that they are able to interact with humans. Dogs seek out humans for food, companionship, assistance and information. They have evolved these social skills throughout their recent evolutionary past because of the advantages of communicating and cooperating with people. Genetic changes in the domestic dog over thousands of years are the source of these behavioral changes, but there remains a lot of variation in both canine genetics and canine social behavior.
A recent study (Genomic Regions Associated With Interspecies Communication in Dogs Contain Genes Related to Human Social Disorders) investigated behavioral and genetic variation in hundreds of Beagles with similar upbringing and similar previous experiences with humans. Researchers studied the dogs' social behavior by presenting them with an impossible task. Dogs were given a container that held three treats, but only two of them were accessible to the dog. The third treat was impossible for the dog to obtain. Using video, researchers quantified the time dogs spent looking at the people in the room with them, approaching them, and being in physical contact with them. Different dogs showed different tendencies to seek human interaction when they faced an unsolvable problem.
To investigate possible genetic sources of this behavioral variation, the scientists used a process called GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study). Basically, this means that a large number of parts of the entire DNA of each dog were examined to discover potential genetic variants that were associated with the social behavior. This study shows a strong genetic aspect to differences in human-directed social behavior by dogs. Researchers found multiple sections of DNA that were associated with differences in social behavior. In some cases, specific alleles (gene variants) were strongly associated with the tendency to seek out humans for physical contact.
Interestingly, the genes associated with variation in dog behavior in this study have been found to be related to various behavioral issues and social behavior complexes in humans. Specifically, autism, bipolar disorder and aggression in adolescents with ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) are all variations in human behavior whose genetic contributions come at least in part from the same areas of DNA that influence human-directed social behavior in dogs. This suggests that dogs may be an appropriate and valuable model for studying these aspects of social behavior in people.
Good Dog: Studies & Research
How to approach future research
"Yes, that's just how it is with my dog, too!"
"Everybody knew that before reading about it."
"I figured I wasn't the only one who felt that way about my dog."
These are common responses to stories about the many research papers investigating the relationship between people and dogs. Most of us read the latest scientific findings with a great sense of happiness and validation. Our relationship with dogs is very much like our relationship with our children? Yep. Our dogs consider their guardians to be extra special and emotionally important? Whew, thought so. Our attachment to our dogs provides us with many benefits? Duh. Being a helicopter parent does not cause the damage to fur kids that it can to human kids? Yay! Gazing into our dog's eyes can enhance the feelings of true love between us? Awww.
It's exciting that there has now been enough research into attachment between people and dogs and the bonds they have for one another to prompt a review paper to suggest where to go from here. The recently published "Measuring dog-owner relationships: Crossing boundaries between animal behaviour and human psychology " summarizes what we know and discusses what should be studied next as well as how. That means we can all happily anticipate more revelations that will further confirm the many details about what we know: Humans and dogs are close in wonderful ways that benefit us both. In the introduction to the paper, the authors say, "In this review, we propose that the next step in anthrozoology [study of interactions between humans and other animals] research is to use all the potential information within attachment theory, to reveal whether or not different types of relationship styles exist among different dog-owner dyads and how they might be identified. Furthermore, we give suggestions for which factors may contribute to the development of different attachment styles in dogs, hence deserving more attention in future studies of the dog- human relationship." What this means is that there is a wealth of information about relationships between humans and the styles of connection that people have with one another that can be used to inform future research on the ways that dogs and people forms bonds to one another.
Some suggestions that these authors have are to focus on both dogs and people simultaneously rather than just one side of the relationship. They also recommend investigating physiological as well as behavioral responses to situations (such as separation and reunions) that are often the focus of attachment studies. They encourage addressing both the attachment style of individual dogs and the caregiving style of individual people to help pairs avoid any conflicts that have plagued them in the past and to help them form the best, most positive relationships in the future.
What are you most interested in knowing about the science of your relationship with your dog?
News: Guest Posts
Well, it looks like recent research into prehistoric Japanese graves proves, at least, that dogs were indeed our long-time hunting companions. In this fascinating study written by Angela Perri recently published a fascinating study that proves just this. This line of inquiry started when she was a grad student at Durham University in the UK. As David Grimm writes in Science:
"She wanted to get a sense of how dogs may have aided early humans in taking down game, so she did her best to approximate the activity: In 2011, she joined a group of Japanese businessmen on a wild boar hunt in a dense forest near Hiroshima. 'It was terrifying,' says Perri, now a zooarchaeologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. 'The boar sound like a train. They're very aggressive, and they have big tusks. At any moment, one could come charging at you.'"
But the biggest takeaway she got was just how impressive the dogs were during this hunt. Not only did the 5 Bloodhounds and Shiba Inus help to track down the prey, but they also warned the humans when the boars were nearby.
That got Perri interested in investigating Japanese research papers for anything about dogs and the Jōmon culture—hunter-gatherers from 16,000 to 2,400 year ago. They lived in the northern islands with a cold climate filled with large terrestrial megafauna of the Pleistocene, like Naumann's elephants and Yabe's giant deer. But during the Holocene, 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, there was a climatic warming displacing the larger animals with smaller, quicker ungulates like sika deer and wild boar. As Perri notes in the Antiquity paper, "This environmental shift … led to the creation of new exploitation niches for Jōmon foragers, including important variations in plant availability, coastal resources and terrestrial prey species."
Perri's research has involved studying dogs as "hunting technology," and as she noted, "A hunting partnership between dogs and humans has long been postulated in the archaeological literature, with some researchers suggesting that such a collaborative alliance was the basis for the initial domestication of dogs. She points out that, "Dogs are an important, and in some cases indispensable, hunting aid for many modern forager groups, as they probably were for foragers in prehistory." And explains that, "Injured deer often run, leading hunters on long chases, and wild boar can be aggressive and quickly learn to evade capture. Hunting dogs mitigate these factors by tracking blood trails, forcing game into vulnerable positions (e.g. in water) and holding prey until the hunter can make the final kill."
Perri was familiar with the significance that dogs had with many ancient cultures, and how the ethnographic record has confirmed their importance and the revered status many of the dogs obtained, which often was displayed in the manner they were buried in "remarkably human-esque ways, often with grave goods and markers."
She performed a comprehensive survey of Japanese archaeological literature, and found that the Honshu Jōmon did bury their canine hunting partners in shell middens, same as they did with humans. And found over 110 canine burials from 39 archaeological sites. "They were treating their dogs the same way they treated their human hunters." And, "Like people, the dogs (which may have resembled Shiba Inus) were placed singly and appear to have been arranged in particular postures. 'They looked like they curled up and went to sleep,' Perri notes. Some had suffered what appeared to be hunting injuries—broken legs and teeth—and many of their bones had healed, suggesting people had taken care of them. Some were also found with grave goods, like shell bracelets and deer antlers." Their ages ranged from newborn to over 12 years old. While the prehistoric puppies weren't certainly valued as hunters, she noted that "the ethnographic record shows that puppies in hunter-gatherer groups are often valued for their potential as future hunting partners."
Along with the burials themselves, Perri found that the "importance of hunting dogs in this region is also demonstrated by the numerous dog-shaped clay figures (dogu), including a set that features a dog barking at three wild boar." Or, "One Yayoi representation of dogs is found on a ceremonial bronze bell (dotaku) depicting a number of scenes, one of which is a boar surrounded by a hunter and a pack of dogs." As shown here:
A 2500-year-old bronze bell depicting a Jōmon hunt with dogs. Image courtesy of Tokyo National Museum (http://www.tnm.jp/)
Perri concludes that while dogs were an integral part of the ancestral forest hunting culture, once an agricultural subsistence culture took over, the dog burials stopped as well.
As Grimm noted in his article and quotting Melinda Zeder, an archaeozoologist at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, "it may be a disparity in loyalty. "Humans were a bit of a fair-weather friend—we were not as reliable as they were," she laughs. "We could do to be a little more doglike." We couldn't agree with that sentiment more.
Good Dog: Studies & Research
The influence of each species' feeding ecology
Humans tend to be risk-averse, which is often illustrated by our decision when offered either $100 or the opportunity for a 50-50 shot at receiving either $200 or nothing. In general, humans go for the sure thing. We are not, as a species, risk-prone, or we would gamble on the shot at getting the bigger payoff.
It turns out that a number of studies across a broad range of species have shown that how a species responds to risk is predictable based on their feeding ecology. Animals who depend on erratic, ephemeral food sources, such as meat that they hunt or fruits that are patchy and only ripe for a brief time, tend to be risk-prone. They are willing to gamble on the big payoff. Species that eat diverse types of food or food that is more reliably available, such as vegetation, are risk-averse.
Some of our primate relatives are like us, and some are the opposite. For example, bonobos and lemurs (who both eat a very diverse diet that is mainly vegetarian) are risk-averse like us, choosing a sure thing of lower value over a chance at something better. Chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys—both meat and patchy fruit eaters—are different, being risk-prone and choosing the option that may yield a big reward but could leave then empty-handed. This pattern has appeared in closely-related species birds, too, where those who eat insects are risk-prone, while species who eat seeds are risk-averse.
Scientists haven't fully explored how widespread this pattern of feeding ecology predicting risk-taking behavior is, but wolves and dogs are an interesting test case. These two species diverged quite recently in an evolutionary sense, but their feeding ecologies differ greatly. Wolves are primarily hunters and dogs are mainly scavengers. Hunting has a high failure rate, but the rewards of a big kill are enormous. In contrast, the source of food for the vast majority of dogs worldwide is human refuse, which tends to be available far more regularly.
In a recent study called "Exploring Differences in Dogs' and Wolves' Preference for Risk in a Foraging Task" scientists investigated whether wolves and dogs conform to the pattern seen across so many other species. Based on their different feeding ecologies, they predicted that compared with each other, wolves would be risk-prone and dogs would be risk-averse. The study was done at Wolf Science Centre in Austria, using dogs and wolves who were raised and live at the facility and have had the same overall experiences there.
The subjects of the study were trained to choose either a bowl that contained a dry pellet of food or a bowl that had a fifty percent chance of containing a piece of meat and a fifty percent chance of holding a stone. After each choice, the subject was given the contents of the bowl. All the wolves and dogs in the study were subject to tests to confirm that they understood the choice they were making and also to confirm that they preferred the meat to the dry food pellet.
The researchers found that the pattern of risk-taking seen in other species also applied to wolves and dogs. As expected, wolves were more risk-prone than dogs. However, there is more to this study than that simple conclusion. Wolves learned the system faster than the dogs, and the researchers acknowledge that they may have understood it better than the dogs. Additionally, dogs' preference for the meat versus dry food pellet was not as strong as it was for wolves. Therefore, the risk of losing out and getting nothing for the chance to get something only a little better than a food pellet may not have been worth it to dogs. There was greater variation among individual dogs in risk-taking strategy compared with wolves, who were more similar in their choices, so it's possible that there are dogs who are risk-prone as well as dogs who are risk-averse. (Dogs made the risky choice from 38 to 76 percent of the time, while wolves took the risky option 70 to 95 percent of the time.)
Overall, despite the conclusions made from the data in this study, direct comparisons of the choices made by these two species may require further study. It would be very interesting to learn more about decisions to take risks by dogs and wolves in a study with more than seven of each species, though I realize possible subjects for a study such as this are limited. It would also be fascinating to know about the decisions foxes and coyotes would make if presented with the same choices. Comparative research that include dogs as one species among many allow us to learn a great deal about how their evolutionary history and ecology have affected their behavior. It's one of many ways that we can deepen our understanding of the animals who share our homes and live in our hearts.
Culture: DogPatch
Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?
In Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? Frans de Waal presents a fascinating history of the study of animal behavior and cognition. De Waal, who says his love of animals dates to his childhood, is a worldrenowned primatologist and ethologist and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. We asked him to shift gears and give us his take on the canine mind.
Bark: Konrad Lorenz (co-founder of your field) wrote Man Meets Dog in 1954. And while it is still one of the best, if slightly flawed, books on canine behavior, why did it take so long for ethologists, and other researchers, to to study dog behavior?
Frans de Waal: Dogs were (and are) considered imperfect subjects of study because they are "unnatural." Many ethologists, including Lorenz, feel that natural behavior under naturalistic conditions is what we should focus on, and the dog is a product of artificial breeding. Lorenz liked all animals, however, and so couldn't resist describing his dog stories, and we should all be grateful.
Clearly, the dog is a mammal with many typical mammalian tendencies, so now scientists are finally seeing that the fact that they are domesticated also has advantages. For example, they are eager to work with us, they are generally not dangerous, they are smart, they have empathy. Lots of great things can be done with them. And they are easier to work with than other large mammals, such as apes and dolphins.
Bk: Can you give an example of how other species, including dogs, demonstrate empathy?
FdW: American psychologist Carolyn Zahn-Waxler sought to determine at what age children begin to comfort family members who sobbed or cried "ouch." It turns out that children do so at one year of age. In the same study, Zahn-Waxler accidentally discovered that household dogs react similarly. Appearing as upset as the children by the distress-faking family members, the dogs hovered over them, putting their heads in their laps with what looked like great concern. This work has recently been repeated in different studies, more focused on the dogs themselves, and it is clear that these animals show empathic concern for humans.
The ancestor of the dog, the wolf, probably behaves the same. If "man is wolf to man," as Thomas Hobbes liked to say, we should take this in the best possible way, including a tendency to comfort the whimpering and help the needy. This insight, of course, would undermine much of political philosophy based on Hobbes' dog-eat-dog view of nature.
Bk: Do you think human bias has played a part in some of the canine cognitive studies?
FdW: At first, dogs were rated as more intelligent than even apes and wolves because they followed the direction of human pointing (at a bucket with food), whereas apes and wolves ignored human directions. Then it was found that wolves raised in a human home will act more like dogs, following human pointing, suggesting that the earlier failures with wolves were probably due to lack of bonding and attention. The same probably applies to the apes. Now, dogs are seen not just as smart but rather, as finely in tune with the species that bred them.
They have a special bond with us, as also reflected in the oxytocin studies, which show that human-dog contact increases this "cuddle" hormone in both. The dog is perhaps the only animal that performs at its peak when tested by humans, whereas many other animals are not so into us, hence need to be tested in different ways. This is yet more proof that cognitive testing of animals always needs to take into account what kind of animal we are dealing with: we need to find the most species-appropriate way.
Bk: In contrast to behaviorism's reward/ punishment model, ethology views animals as "seeking, wanting and striving." Why do you feel the latter is a more productive way to look at animals?
FdW: The behaviorists (followers of B. F. Skinner) totally overlooked natural animal tendencies. Trying to explain all behavior on the basis of reward and punishment, they could not explain why you can train a dog to fetch, but not a rabbit or a goat.
Predators are obsessed with small moving objects, which we see every day in our dogs as well as cats. Their interest sets up a learning situation where they are going to absorb many lessons about how to catch these moving objects, how to trick them, how to outsmart them. Dogs eagerly learn all of those things.
Reward and punishment are only small parts of the story; their natural hunting instinct is, in fact, the driver of the process. This is where behaviorism failed. It had some good ideas, many of them applicable to animal training, but its perspective was far too narrow as it lacked attention to natural tendencies and the evolution of behavior.
Bk: Why do you think Darwin used dogs to illustrate emotional continuity?
FdW: Darwin was a dog lover, and he knew that to get his message across about the continuity between human and animal emotions, the dog would be the easiest way to communicate. Darwin mostly worked on the expression of emotions (it's hard to know what animals feel, but we can at least document how they signal various states, such as fear, submission, anger, affection). Of course, the dog is very expressive with its postures, facial expressions, tail-wagging, growling and so on. Darwin knew that most people could relate to all of this, and would have more trouble if he described other species that people have less exposure to.
Bk: In terms of an evolutionary advantage, how important is it for a species to have self-awareness, or theory of mind?
FdW: These capacities require large brains. In terms of recognizing oneself in the mirror or understanding what others know, the champion species are apes, dolphins, elephants and perhaps also the corvids (crow family). This doesn't mean that dogs lack them. They probably have similar understanding, but not as fully expressed.
The more complex the societies of a species, the more demands there are on cognition, and perhaps canines do not need social understanding at the level of an ape or dolphin. I feel we need to judge animals on what they are good at and what they need to know to survive. In this regard, canines have lots of specialized skills, often related to their sense of smell, their pursuit of prey, their need for tight cooperation and so on. This is where we should test them out, and probably find remarkable skills.
Bk: Clearly, emotions are important to the understanding of behavior; how do they relate to and inform one another?
FdW: In my book, I left emotions out on purpose because I felt it would muddle things. But there can be no studies of cognition without attention to the emotions, and vice versa. The two go hand in hand. In our famous capuchin monkey experiment with the grape and the cucumber, for example, you can see not only that the monkeys judge what they get relative to what others get, but also their strong emotional response. You cannot study the one and ignore the other.
Good Dog: Studies & Research
What you say and how you say it both matter
Humans use both words and the intonation of speech to decipher the meaning of language, and it turns out that our dogs do, too. In a research paper called "Neural mechanisms for lexical processing in dogs" scientists investigated how dogs process the meaning of language. They found that dogs' brains have even more in common with humans' brains than previously thought. (It's not clear when we will collectively stop being surprised by this, but I hope we always remain excited about new evidence to explain why we feel that dogs are kindred spirits.)
In this study, dogs who have been trained to remain still while their brain activity is recorded listened to recordings of their trainers talking. There were four types of recordings: 1) words of praise spoken with intonation typically associated with praise, 2) words of praise spoken with a neutral intonation, 3) neutral words spoken with intonation typically associated with praise, and 4) neutral words spoken with a neutral intonation.
Researchers analyzed the brain activity of the dogs in response to each of the recordings, and came to several conclusions about the way that dogs respond to words and the intonation of human speech. The dogs processed the vocabulary in the left hemisphere of their brains, which is where humans also process the meaning of words. The dogs processed the intonation of the words separately, in a different region of the brain. Just as humans do, dogs processed the intonation of human speech in the right hemisphere of their brain. Dogs also process sounds that convey emotion without words in this same region of the brain's right hemisphere.
Dogs process both words and the intonation of human speech to decipher meaning. Just as humans do, they process these two aspects of speech separately, then integrate them to determine the full meaning of what was said. Only the praise that was spoken like praise—higher pitched than normal speech and with more variation in pitch—activated the reward centers of dogs' brains. Though they may understand words of praise said in any manner, it only makes dogs happy to hear us praise them when we do it with proper feeling.
This research does more than reveal yet another similarity in the way that human and dog brains process information. It also suggests that the ability to connect a word to a meaning did not develop with the evolution of spoken language. Rather, it is a more ancient ability that can be made use of in the context of the human-dog relationship to link specific sounds to specific meanings.
The take away messages from this research are that dogs process two parts of spoken language—words and intonation—the same way that humans do and if you want to make your dogs happy, you have to praise them like you mean it!
Good Dog: Studies & Research
Beliefs do not substitute for data
Watching dogs play is very exciting, and there has been a lot empirical research on how and why dogs (and other animals) engage in this activity with boundless zeal. A number of people have asked me to comment about dog play after reading this section in a new book by Raymond Coppinger and Mark Feinstein called How Dogs Work. So, I decided to do so.
The authors begin their chapter 9 on play by claiming, "Hundreds of scientific papers have been written on the subject of 'play' behavior—an activity for which dogs are, of course, famous." Recognizing that there is a solid and growing literature on play—there's really no reason to put the word play in square quotes—I assumed that what followed would be a detailed review of this research, but rather, what I discovered was a disjointed discussion of play and not an in-depth review of the scientific literature. Instead, the authors offer their own unpublished observations and the results of unpublished student projects, all of which are impossible to assess.
Do dogs and other animals actually play? Coppinger and Feinstein write that they put the word play in scare quotes because "in spite of the fact that people feel like they know it when they see it, it's not at all obvious that play is a unitary 'thing-in-itself' that can easily be characterized, let alone explained in evolutionary terms." No one I know who has spent years studying play would argue that play is a "unitary 'thing-in-itself'," nor would they agree that play cannot be explained "in evolutionary terms." Indeed, some of the references the authors include show there are a number of highly plausible evolutionary explanations (and the University of Tennessee's Gordon Burghardt, who has studied comparative aspects of play for many years and wrote The Genesis of Animal Play, provided the Foreword for Coppinger and Feinstein's book).
Why do animals play? Briefly, various theories have been offered about why animals play, and there's no one explanation that fits all examples of animal play. Detailed comparative data show play is important in social development, physical development, and cognitive development. And, neurobiological research strongly suggests play can be pleasurable and fun and animals may simply play because it feels good, "for the hell of it." Indeed, many researchers are taking fun seriously, and the 25th anniversary issue of the journal Current Biology was devoted to the biology of fun with many play researchers weighing in on the topic. Coppinger and Feinstein write, "We agree that there is good reason to believe that animals derive pleasure from play - indeed they do from all of their motor activities." (my emphasis) While animals might derive pleasure from play, eating, and sex, it's difficult to argue they feel good running from competitors or predators, but the necessary research has not been done.
Based on an extensive review of available literature, my colleagues Marek Spinka, Ruth Newberry, and I proposed that that play functions as training for the unexpected by increasing the versatility of movements and the ability to recover from sudden shocks, such as the loss of balance and falling over, and to enhance the ability of animals to cope emotionally with unexpected stressful situations. To obtain this training, we suggested that animals actively seek and create unexpected situations in play and actively put themselves into disadvantageous positions and situations.
Comparative data from a wide range of species support this hypothesis. And, while it is difficult to test these ideas in the field, a study of mountain goat kids by Rachel Théoret-Gosselin, Sandra Hamel, and Steeve D. Côté called "The role of maternal behavior and offspring development in the survival of mountain goat kids" showed that "play behaviors could enhance the emotional resilience to stress not only for unpredicted events but also in stressful group situations because play could reduce aggressiveness in gregarious species." More field data are needed and this study is an excellent example of what needs to be done.
The play bow: Are dogs really confused when they play and what does this mean?
The authors also dismiss the detailed work that has been conducted on the play bow, a highly ritualized and stereotyped action by which animals signal their intention to play (please see accompanying image). When dogs and other animals bow they crouch on their forelimbs, raise their hind end, and occasionally wag their tail and bark. Coppinger and Feinstein write, "But we wonder if the so-called play bow in fact really has any adaptive, let alone cognitive, significance." A good deal of very detailed research has been conducted on the bow by my research group and also by Barbara Smuts and her students that clearly supports the claim that bows are adaptive and have cognitive significance (please also see along with Mechtild Käufer's excellent book called Canine Play Behavior: The Science of Dogs at Play and a comprehensive review essay by Elisabetta Palagi and eight other play experts called "Rough-and-tumble play as a window on animal communication"). The abstract for this excellent evidence-based and extremely significant up-to-date essay reads: Rough-and-tumble play (RT) is a widespread phenomenon in mammals. Since it involves competition, whereby one animal attempts to gain advantage over another, RT runs the risk of escalation to serious fighting. Competition is typically curtailed by some degree of cooperation and different signals help negotiate potential mishaps during RT. This review provides a framework for such signals, showing that they range along two dimensions: one from signals borrowed from other functional contexts to those that are unique to play, and the other from purely emotional expressions to highly cognitive (intentional) constructions. Some animal taxa have exaggerated the emotional and cognitive interplay aspects of play signals, yielding admixtures of communication that have led to complex forms of RT. This complexity has been further exaggerated in some lineages by the development of specific novel gestures that can be used to negotiate playful mood and entice reluctant partners. Play-derived gestures may provide new mechanisms by which more sophisticated communication forms can evolve. Therefore, RT and playful communication provide a window into the study of social cognition, emotional regulation and the evolution of communication systems.
The so-called play bow. Based on an unpublished student project in which "Border collies were confronted with normal and drugged roosters", Coppinger and Feinstein believe that the "so-called play bow" is a posture assumed by an animal confused by its next move. They write, "... the play bow occurs when an animal is in a temporarily indeterminate state ... In short, the 'playing' animal is in conflict about its next move - and the play bow in fact looks just like a combination of multiple conflicting behavioral shapes." The authors ignore detailed research that shows how play bows are extremely stereotyped (they are what ethologists call a modal action pattern), they vary in shape and duration depending on where they are performed in a play bout, and they allow a dog to perform a wide variety of movements from this posture. There are no data that support their belief and the student's data are impossible to assess. And, it's not clear at all why they refer to the "so-called play bow," when many researchers have studied it and concluded, based on substantial data, that it is indeed used almost exclusively in the context of play both as a play invitation signal and also to maintain the play mood.
Let's briefly think about what it means when a dog or other animal is confused, because every definition I can find indicates that there have to be cognitive and emotional underpinnings. In the case of dog-dog play, a simple view would be that Harry (a dog) wants to play with Mary (another dog) and that Harry isn't sure what to do so he carefully pays attention to what Mary has done and is doing, and tries to factor this information into what she is likely to do in the future. In essence, Harry is pondering if he chooses to do "X" or "Y," what will Mary do (and, of course, vice versa). Because play is indeed a hodge-podge of various actions, a kaleidoscopic behavior, on the authors' view, Harry is confused, and to overcome his confusion he performs play bows.
There are no data that support the belief that dogs are confused when they play, however, there are data that show that there is a good deal of rapid of thinking and feeling on-the-run based on what Harry thinks and feels Mary is likely to do during the on-going interaction (and vice versa). These sorts of interactions make it clear that play is also a good place to observe and to study what researchers call a "theory of mind," because Harry and Mary need to pay very close attention to what each has done and is doing, and how that will influence what she or he is likely to do in the future (for further discussion please see Alexandra Horowitz's essay called "Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play"). There is a good deal of mind-reading going on here as Harry and Mary make careful and rapid assessments and predictions of what their play partner is likely to do.
The cognitive and emotional underpinnings of "being confused" are rather rich, and do not lend themselves to simple mechanistic explanations that are favored by the authors. Available and ample data for a number of different species show there are predictable rules of play that cross species lines, namely, ask first, be honest, follow the rules, and admit you're wrong. This is why play is so exciting to engage in and also so much fun to watch and to study. And, this is also why play among young and old dogs only rarely escalates into injurious aggression, although the authors recall an instance when play among four-week-old Border collie littermates was fatal and use this observation to claim that play "can itself cause significant harm" (p. 165). Indeed, Shyan, Fortune, and King (2003) reported that fewer than 0.5% of play fights in dogs developed into conflict, and only half of these were clearly aggressive encounters. Their data agree with our own observations on wild coyotes and free-running dogs at play.
Behavioral variability. Another example of a claim that is countered by available data centers on behavioral variability in young dogs and wolves. Coppinger and Feinstein write, "When we observe wolves, we see a similar picture. Wolf puppies are often noticeably more robust and varied in their play routines than dogs of the same size and age. This means, according to our hypothesis, that they should have more available motor patterns than the dogs do. That is in fact the case." (my emphasis) However, they offer no data.
Along these lines, years ago Robert Fagen, another play expert and author of the classic book Animal Play Behavior, analyzed the sequential variability of play and aggression in young dogs (beagles), wolves, and coyotes using data my students and I collected, and discovered that social play in the beagles was more variable than social play in wolves and coyotes of the same age (and coyote play was more variable than wolf play). These data were published in an essay I wrote with John Byers ("A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: An ethological hornet's nest," in K. Immelmann, G. W. Barlow, L. Petrinovich, and M. Main, Eds., Behavioral Development, The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 296-337, 1981) that the authors list in their reference section. And, we also found that young beagles and wolves shared the same basic ethogram and number of motor patterns. Perhaps working dogs such as Border collies are different from beagles and other dogs, but we really don't know if this is the case.
The way in which the authors routinely dismiss a wealth of detailed research on animal play is characteristic of much of their book, that is essentially a tapestry of criticism using stories and unpublished projects in lieu of published data. It's easy to see how one might walk away feeling that just about everyone else is wrong about dog behavior, cognition, emotions, and consciousness, and much of the research that has been done can be tossed into the garbage because it's merely debris.
All in all, the one-sided assault on the ever-growing literature in the growing field called cognitive ethology (the study of animal minds) fails. How Dogs Work does not really tell us how dogs work, but rather provides an extremely narrow view of mainly working dogs as machines. I find the topic to be of great interest and am always eager to learn more about why some people favor reductionist and mechanistic accounts to explain the behavior of complex sentient beings (see, for example, Sara Shettleworth's book, Fundamentals of Comparative Cognition). However, How Dogs Work doesn't convince me that the authors' over-arching views are tenable. Beliefs don't substitute for data that have been reviewed by peers, and there are plenty of data that are readily available.
All in all, we really know far more than the authors offer, and for numerous wide-ranging and critical discussions of many different aspects of dog behavior I suggest Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior: The Scientific Study of Canis familiaris edited by Alexandra Horowitz, Adam Miklosi's Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition, The Social Dog: Behavior and Cognition edited by Juliane Kaminski and Sarah Marshall-Pescini, and Mechtild Käufer's Canine Play Behavior: The Science of Dogs at Play. For more on play I highly recommend the excellent and comprehensive review article by Elisabetta Palagi and her colleagues called "Rough-and-tumble play as a window on animal communication" and (in addition to the references above) Sergio Pellis and Vivien Pellis' The Playful Brain: Venturing to the Limits of Neuroscience.
What's so incredibly exciting about the study of play behavior and the cognitive and emotional lives of dogs and other animals is how much we're learning about how individuals negotiate challenging and complex social and non-social situations by carefully analyzing what's happening and by using hard-wired actions when needed (for example, when they need to do the right thing instantaneously or the first time they are faced with a specific situation and there's no room for error), along with behavior patterns that require careful thought and flexibility motivated by what individuals are feeling about the situation in which they find themselves.
Please stay tuned for more on dog behavior, cognition, and emotions, because there is a lot of research being done by research groups around the world, and we still have a lot to learn. Dogs are amazing sentient beings who challenge us in many different ways.
I thank a number of people for help with this essay.
Note: In a number of email messages I've been asked if I knew what happened to the 1000's of sled dogs dogs for whom Dr. Coppinger was responsible. On page 25 we're told, "Some four thousand dogs 'went through the yard'" when "Ray spent fifteen years breeding and training dogs that pull sleds." I have no idea what happened to these dogs, but according to some people I consulted, this is an incredibly large number of dogs, an average of around 267 a year.
Wellness: Healthy Living
Toxic chemicals also found in dog food
A long-term study conducted in Britain has found that male dogs are losing fertility, and that exposure to environmental chemicals (ECs) that have leached into the environment may be to blame.
The dogs—Labradors, Border Collies, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers bred to aid the disabled—made an ideal group to explore the larger question of a decline in human semen quality that has been occurring since long before this study.
This twenty-six year long study, 1998-2014, was conducted by Richard Lea and colleagues at Nottingham University's school of veterinary medicine. They collected annual samples of semen from dozens of dogs, all from the same breeding program, all healthy and well cared for. Each year, the same problem recurred; a 2.4 percent dip in sperm motility, that is the ability to swim in a straight line. In addition to monitoring semen quality, they analyzed health records, finding an increase in cryptorchidism, a condition in which the testicles fail to extend normally to the scrotum. Over the same years, fewer male pups were born than females, also there was an increase in fetal and prenatal female mortality.
And, lurking in the samples of semen and testicles of dogs obtained from neutering, it found ECs—chemicals that tamper with hormones. The chemicals include polychlorinated bisphenol (PCB), a compound banned in 1977, and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). PCBs don't readily break down while phthalates are common in a wide number of products, from cosmetics to detergent. Both chemicals are associated with fertility issues and birth defects.
In human babies, exposure to chemicals has been linked to faulty development of semen quality and cryptorchidism. According to the study, such reproductive problems often cluster in geographical areas, and so are suspected of having a common cause; exposure to hormone-disrupting chemicals is "thought to be the initiator." To explore the same possibility in dogs, chemicals were measured in canine testes and semen taken from the same geographical area where the study took place.
Both chemicals "perturbed sperm viability, motility and DNA integrity in vitro." The researchers concluded that the direct effects of chemicals on sperm "may contribute to the decline in canine semen quality" that parallels that in humans.
"Why the dog?" said Dr. Lea. "Apart from the fact that it is a great population of animals to work with, dogs live in our homes, they sometimes eat the same food, they are exposed to the same environmental contaminants that we are, so the underlying hypothesis is that the dog is really a type of sentinel for human exposure."
The same ECs were found in a range of commercially available dog foods. DEHP and PCB153, "were detected in adult dog testes and commercial dog foods at concentrations reported to perturb reproductive function in other species."
While the brands were not named, they are reported to be both wet and dry forms sold worldwide. The scientists don't know how the chemicals made it into the food, but since they are not deliberate additives, they may have leached from the packaging or processing sources.
These overall findings are troubling, but they also noted that: "Amongst the dry dog food samples, one sample designed for puppies (1 to 24 months of age) had higher concentrations … relative to the other samples tested."
Plus, while the researchers cannot say the dog food is a direct source of the ECs, the New York Times reports that "Dr. Lea said it was probably a major one."
What is known is that the chemicals wound up in dog's testicles, where they messed with sperm motility and viability. "This may be a way by which environmental chemicals directly affect male fertility."
While the dogs in the study were still able to reproduce, it's hardly reassuring that, once more, the dogs who share our homes also share our diseases, unwittingly, acting as the "canary in the mine" for us.
Good Dog: Behavior & Training
Differential use of the left and right nostril
The common wisdom that dogs can smell fear doesn't give dogs full credit to the nuances of their ability to sense emotion through their noses. A recent study titled "The dog nose "KNOWS" fear: Asymmetric nostril use during sniffing at canine and human emotional stimuli" examined dogs' tendencies to sniff various substances with the right or the left nostril. Exploring this side bias may seem like looking at random details, but the side of the nose used to sniff something tells us a lot about the dog's emotional reaction to the odor. The use of one side of the body indicates a differential use of one side of the brain or the other, which is a clue to the dog's emotions.
The left side of the brain processes more positive emotions such as happiness and excitement as well as stimuli that are familiar. The right side of the brain tends to take over when a dog is processing negative emotions such as sadness or fear as well as novel stimuli. In general, the right side of the body is controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain and vice versa. However, the nose is an exception; the right nostril sends information to the right side of the brain to be processed and the left nostril sends its information to the left side. The findings of this study suggest that the pathways used to process various olfactory stimuli are dependent on more than just whether they elicit negative or positive feelings.
Eight odors were tested—four from dogs and four from humans. The four human odors were collected as sweat from donors who were joyful, fearful, physically stressed, or in a neutral situation. The joyful and fearful states were elicited by movies, and the physical stress odor was collected after donors ran for 15-minutes. The four canine odors were collected from dogs who were happy following a play session with the guardian, stressed by isolation in an unfamiliar place, disturbed by a stranger approaching the car, and dogs who were asleep. The dogs who "donated" odors were different from the dogs whose sniffing behavior was studied.
To further explore the phenomenon of side bias in sniffing, the guardians of the dogs in the study filled out a questionnaire related to each dog's temperament. During the study, dogs were led to a video camera under which was mounted a Q-tip saturated with various odors. The videos captured the dog's sniffing behavior so that it was possible to determine a laterality index for each dog for every odor based on the amount of time spent sniffing with each nostril. A laterality index of 1.0 indicated exclusive use of the left nostril and negative 1.0 indicated exclusive use of the right nostril. Dogs' cardiac activity was also recorded during the tests of each odor.
I'm sure it's the science geek in me, but I got a kick out of reading the sentence, "Results for nostril use are shown in Figure 2." Three of the odors elicited consistent sidedness in nostril use and five of them did not. Dogs more frequently used the right nostril to sniff the canine isolation odor. They more frequently used the left nostril to sniff the human fear odor and the odor from human physical stress.
There were two ways in which the results of the questionnaire were correlated with the laterality pattern for a particular odor. The higher a guardian ranked the dog's fear/aggressiveness to other dogs, the more likely that dog was to use the right nostril for sniffing the disturbed canine odor. This suggests that individual differences in emotional arousal and perhaps even in temperament influence asymmetries in sniffing behavior. Dogs with higher scores for predatory behavior used the left nostril more for sniffing the odor that came from physically stressed humans. This makes sense when we consider that it is structures in the left side of dogs' brains that are involved in predatory behavior.
Dogs' brains are every bit as amazing as their noses, as research about both of them reveal!
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£550,000 Guide Price
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£550,000 Guide Price
3 Bedrooms Detached Bungalow for sale
Set in the heart of new haw is this beautifully presented and extended 3/4 bedroom, detached bungalow with a large lounge-diner, kitchen, off road parking and garage. epc rating f.
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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
5 bedroom terraced house for saleChiswick Staithe, Hartington Road, Chiswick
Property Description
Key features
- Five double bedrooms
- Three bathrooms
- Integrated Modern Kitchen
- Approx 2000sqft of internal space
- Vast Storage opportunities
- Solid Wood Flooring
- Potential to convert loft space (STPP)
- Large balcony looking over the River Thames
Full description
Tenure: Freehold
Orchards of London are proud to present to the market a stunning five double bedroom family home set over four floors boasting approx. 2000 sq. f in the award-winning riverside development of townhouses, Chiswick Staithe.
Over four floors this fantastic property boasts; A sumptuous open-plan reception room and bespoke kitchen with integrated appliances, five luxurious and bright family bedrooms and three bathrooms. The property also benefits from a utility room, and a ground floor cloakroom. Off-street parking, solid wooden flooring, and exceptional storage facilities are provided throughout. Furthermore this property offers a great opportunity to convert the loft space into a superb additional living area.
Chiswick Staithe is situated close to the A316/M3/M4 with fantastic transport links both into and out of London. Chiswick mainline station is a 10 minute walk away with trains every 15 minutes to Clapham Junction and London Waterloo. The lively shops and restaurants of Chiswick High Road are within a close proximity
Property ref: 121_2053_4248902
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Disclaimer - Property reference 4248902. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Orchards Of London, Chiswick. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
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BEP Engineering Ltd has experience in all forms of engineering technology for over 34 years. Their quick services and prompt responses along with immense expertise makes them the best sawmill design experts. For more information visit: http://www.bepengineering.com/sawmill-design/


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M. Magaritz; Sparitization of a pelleted limestone; a case study of carbon and oxygen isotopic composition. Journal of Sedimentary Research ; 45 (3): 599–603. doi: https://doi.org/10.1306/212F6DE8-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
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Carbon and oxygen isotopes in limestone behave differently during epigenetic processes. In comparison with the carbon, which remains unchanged in nonrecrystallized samples, the oxygen usually equilibrates with ground water. Samples containing sparites formed by recrystallization are characterized by very low (negative) delta 13 C values. The values obtained indicate that sparitization occurred in the presence of water having carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions similar to recent fresh water sources from the same area.
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maggielg Review
Very Happy
Really happy with this. The only thing I am not crazy about is how obvious the lock is - maybe if it had been on the side it would be less likely for someone to realize it's a cabinet and not just a mirror, but of all the models out there this one seemed to be the best to me. Also the mirror is long enough- truly full-length. Style is great, very nice and space saving - pretty, solid construction. Mine actually arrived broken (small crack in frame) and they sent me a replacement immediately - GREAT customer service from Overstock. Very happy - way to go guys.
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Love it. Even though the shop is on small space I spend hours looking through all the nice acessoirs, clothes, bags and so on...I went there first in March on my first visit to Marrakech and came back in September. Both times I bought some souveniers for friends and some stuff to make me happy! loved the friendly and helpfull but still not pushy attitude of the saleswoman- and I heard her Speaking many different languages- go check it out.
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Isn't the purpose of the KaBar rather different to what it is being used for by us folk on here? It was designed to be good at tasks fortunately none of us is likely ever to be faced with.
I wouldn't use a Spyderco Civilian for camp food prep and then complain about the features that make it the dedicated purpose tool it is as hindering its use for camp food prep.


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Who should attend?This highly interactive course will benefit anyone who wants or needs to learn how to deliver difficult or challenging messages in a clear, timely and effective way.What you will gainBroaching difficult subjects with colleagues and clients is often a daunting prospect for many. People sometimes avoid conflict situations where they need to deliver bad news or where they fear that there will be an adverse reaction to an assertive or critical message. Yet few things are as impressive in business as the ability to discuss difficult issues and to deal in a fair and objective way with the powerful emotions that inevitably arise. This course aims to provide participants with the skills and confidence they need to develop this vital skill-set.Programme outlineLearn how to:
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Between / Zwischen Kaabong & Kidepo Valley NP, Karamoja, Uganda
Schlagwort-Archive: schnappschuss
Nakapelimoru & the Karamojong – Nakapelimoru & die Karamojong
e/d 14 pictures
100 kilometres north of Moroto lies Kotido, a small and either dusty or muddy town in the centre of the huge Karamoja plains. Undistinguishable Kotido is mainly interesting because of its proximity to Nakapelimoru, one of the largest traditional settlements in eastern Africa. Approximately 10.000 Karamojong are living in Nakapelimoru. The settlement consists of traditional kraals, concentric circular enclosures and corrals to protect their cattle as well as the thatched huts of the families. From above, those small circles glued together in bigger circles resemble foam, sticking together like bubbles and forming a huge geometric structure – a Manyatta. The innermost corral is always reserved for cattle. Weiterlesen
Neugierig, aber schüchtern – Curious but shy
42 pictures
e/d Return to Kampala – Rückkehr nach Kampala
Five years after our first visit to Uganda and its capital, we finally revisited Kampala in July – twice. Of course, it´s a characteristic African capital, which means that it has got a modern town centre as well as sheds, huts and slums as far as the eye can see – for probably close to two million inhabitants. But set on "seven hills" amidst a rolling landscape one can also instantly observe the ongoing battle for the souls and the lives of the Ugandan people while looking at Kampala. A battle, which failed to attract my attention back then, but therefor this time, it struck me right away! Weiterlesen


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Electrical Questions? Ask an Electrician Online.
Hello and welcome to Just Answer. My name is ***** ***** I will be happy to assist you with your electrical question.
1) Do you have an 2 wire lead AC voltage tester (a contact type) or better yet, an AC voltmeter available to take some voltage measurements?
No problem, that is fine. I will be logged on here tomorrow and we can take it from there. Just come back to this same question and reply back to me when you have an AC voltmeter available.
In the meantime, take care and have a good evening and we'll catch up with you tomorrow...........Thanks...............Kevin:)
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To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
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Hey, your add-on's great :D
Just one small bug there.
When I am using the IE8 rendering engine, I try to open a tab by pressing CTRL-T. However, it opens 2 tabs at once. If I use the FF engine this problem does not come about.
Thanks for your hard work!
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This add-on is very useful in displaying user statistics. However, it needs some options and privacy controls, which can allow users to reset statistics or even remove certain stats that show up.This review is for a previous version of the add-on (0.4.1).
This rocks Rated 5 out of 5 stars
Much better than windows vista's "windows+tab" function
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Sometimes you arrive at places and you instantly feel at home, Malacca was one of those places. We spent 3 nights in Malacca, but could easily live here for a while.
The Dutch influences and history certainly had a role in making us so at home in this place. There are Dutch street names, houses and buildings that look like the Dutch building style and the cosy small streets and shops we have in the Netherlands.
Malacca is only a 1.5 hour drive from Kuala Lumpur ( keep in mind that traffic can be really busy sometimes and makes the trip a bit longer )
There are many really comfortable bus company`s that run from Kuala Lumpur Airport and Kuala Lumpur City straight to Malacca. From the bus terminal in Malacca its easy to catch a taxi to your accommodation.
Where to Stay in Malacca
We booked Hotel Star Moon ( click for more info and pics! ) which we booked via Agoda.com. Although the pictures on Agoda are not the best, this hotel deserves a big time recommendation! The staff is really helpful and friendly, the hotel cosy and small ( so are the rooms, but really clean and comfy ) and the location is perfect. A short walk from the hotel brings you to a little square where you will find the most delicious street food at night for a very low price. If you don't like street food too much, don't worry, there are also a few nice restaurants in the neighbourhood to choose from.
What to do in Malacca
The rest of the highlights are at a 15 minute walking distance from the hotel. If you walk in the direction of the centre and the Jonker Street you will come across some beautiful historical houses and buildings, many of them with Dutch influences.
Drink and Eat at Jonker Street
The Jonker Street is the main street with lots of café`s, restaurants and shops nestled in old historical buildings, which are absolutely stunning. We didn't even go on a shopping spree, but just looking around in all the old buildings is an attraction alone. During the Weekends you will find the night markets at the Jonker Street, which are normally packed with people but feel kinda cosy.
Explore Malacca`s rich history
If you walk all the way till the end of The Jonker Street, you will cross a canal and arrive at the Dutch Square, where you find the Stadhuys ( town hall ) Museum and the Church to name a few. From here you can walk around for hours and discover more history of Malacca. Make sure you get a map at your hotel or visitors centre as there are so many little tiny streets that you can get lost easily 😉
We spent 3 days in Malacca, but could easily have spent another few days. If we go to Malaysia again or fly via Kuala Lumpur in the future, we would definitely count in a few days in Malacca for a stop over.
Have you been to Malacca? Would you go there for your next Stop Over instead of a Stop Over in Kuala Lumpur? Let us know in the comments below!
Want to stay at a unique and traditional Malaysian place? Check out AirBnb via this link at get FREE travel credit when you book your first trip!!


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Sometimes there are more tomatoes then we can eat or have time to preserve. Not to worry! The easiest way ever to preserve tomatoes is by freezing them.
How to freeze tomatoes
They just need a quick rinse and then go into a freezer bag, whole as they are, and into the deep freezer. The easiest way to preserve tomatoes!
How to use frozen tomatoes
Take as many as needed for the recipe out of the freezer bag. Do not let them thaw first or it will be a mushy mess! Rinse them with warm running water, the skin will come right off. Now they can be cut in to pieces, or be blended in a blender.
Frozen tomatoes will be more watery than fresh tomatoes, but are great for soups and tomato sauces.
A fresh tomato soup or sauce in the middle of winter, delicious!
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49erswebzone.com received its 50 millionth visit on Tuesday, September 8th. I know I did this at 40 million, but I want to take another moment to thank all of the visitors who stop here on a regular basis and have helped to make this site what it is today.
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Published at Wednesday, 02 August 2017 by kun in Living Room, with total 58 digitals.
Modern Living Room Furniture - Modern living room furniture is not bulky and has the polished and smooth finish. Also this furniture has sleek legs that are covered either by fabric or leather. Most of the modern furniture is designer that can look bit odd to someone who does not like the contemporary style. But pick the design that last more longer as you cannot change the furniture very frequently. Also the clean and geometric shapes are preferred. Also these should be uncluttered and simple.
Coffee tables add up to the beauty of your living room by not only completing it but also by helping you to keep coffee or snacks while you enjoy a nice conversation with your friends and family. In case the theme of your living room is rustic then you definitely need a nice rustic coffee table. A rustic table enhances the natural environment you have created in your living room.
Modern Accessories - Never pick the over crowded accessories for wall. You can have one large accessory for the big wall or set of 3 round wall mirrors can also work with the modern living room furniture. Instead of fireplace you can have the photo frame showing fire to have the magical effect of modernity. If your room is too big then make the false wall to divide the room and keep the color scheme and style of accessory same for even look.
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- Other Agriculture & Primary Industry
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- Our client is Ashburton based and looking for a qualified Diesel Mechanic or Ag Tech with experience working on Massey Ferguson, Fendt, Cat and Lely machines.They specialise in the sales, servicing and maintenance of tractors and agricultural machinery. They need a qualified and experienced person to join their team. You will have superior skills, attention to detail in all that you do and be customer focused in your work.You will report to the Servicing Manager and work within this team, so the ability to "fit in" is essential, and equally you will be able to work alone and problem solve issues with clients machinery to achieve the best outcomes for them.As a senior mechanic you will also be able to mentor and train younger staff members at times.The following skills and attributes are expected in this role:•Ability to work without supervision•Fully qualified diesel mechanic, possibly with experience in the Agriculture machinery industry•Basic word and computer skills which will allow you to complete relevant paperwork in and efficient and timely mannerIn return our client will provide excellent remuneration and great working conditions, in a purpose built workshop, and the opportunity to advance in a forward thinking company.Did you tick all of the list above?If the answer is YES apply online now!!
- Apply
Agstaff- Agriculture Specialists


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Light Menus at Pimlico
The Black-Eyed Susan and Preakness cards at Pimlico Friday and Saturday comprise 26 races including 13 stakes, nine of them graded:
As an enthusiastic player of stakes-rich multirace bets on big-event days, I was salivating over these lineups -- until I remembered that there is no pick-6 either day, and only two pick-4's on each 13-race card (races 4-7 and 9-12 Friday and races 5-8 and 9-12 Saturday.) Pimlico also does not offer pick-3's starting on the first race or in the same races that start pick-4's.
By comparison, Churchill Downs ran a 12-race Oaks card and a 13-race Derby card and offered pick-6's both days, four pick-4's on each card, and rolling pick-3's starting with the 1st and regardless of what other multirace bets started on the same races.
These decisions may make sense for Pimlico's regular daily racing, where the additional pools might be small and cannibalize one another, but not on the only two days of the year that the track draws an enthusiastic national betting audience, which bet $71 million on last year's Preakness card.
It seems odd to continue the curtailed menu in a year where there is already concern over possible handle declines due to the national economy and to new restrictive alcohol rules that may cut into on-track attendance. Also, multirace bets are the fastest-growing category in American racetrack wagering, and the strongest year-over-year gains on Derby Day were in the pick-4 and pick-6. Yet instead of adding multirace bets to match the Derby and Oaks offerings, Pimlico's only additions to the betting menu this year are two Super High Fives (a Magna invention) to each card. SH5 betting on the Derby was off 25 percent from last year.
The first Saturday pick-4 is guaranteed at $250k (it handled $339k last year) and the one ending with the Preakness has a guaranteed pool of $1 million (that one handled $1.39 million last year.)


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Here's everything tagged
"Maeve Alberta"
My sweet Maeve is 8 months. Today, she looked noticeably longer and bigger to me. She continues to have the sweetest temperament and makes the funniest noises. Her laugh is hilarious. She loves attention. Maeve loves Holly and Greta, although I believe I am her favorite person. Breastfeeding has been a struggle. We had some really great months until month 5 or 6 and then problems upon problems. I'm persevering - I refuse to give it up. I love nursing my baby! Maeve isn't sleeping through the night consistently and she wakes up earlier than I'd like her to so I'm Tired. But we'll get there… right??
I love this baby with all my heart!
Some Sunday photos of my little lovelies. Maeve's white dress is her blessing dress. It actually fits her now!
Better late than never… I did take these photos at the very tail end of June just before Maeve turned 7 months. She's growing and changing so fast, but she's still so petite. Maeve is still in her 3-6 month clothes. I wonder when she'll outgrow them?
Sometimes I wonder if I was truly happy before Maeve. She is the best.
Maeve is a sitting up girl now! She's pretty pleased with herself, and I'm feeling sad because crawling is just around the corner and it's all going too fast!
Maeve does not take a soother and fortunately, she doesn't need one. She's very content without one. Holly and Greta wish desperately that Maeve took one (and a bottle for that matter) so every now and then they try it out with Maeve. It's cute and funny.


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Please submit your review links HERE.
The Soldier's Bride by Rachelle J. Christensen
As WWII ration cards and battle scars become commonplace across America, war widow Evelyn's heart is under fire. It seems even love is rationed out. When she finds a message from her late husband tucked inside a music box—written out of love, long-lost but never forgotten—his words have the power to change her life: Don't die with me.
Emboldened by Jim's parting words, Evelyn finds the courage to live again. But seeing the music box every day and being reminded of Jim is too painful, so Evelyn gives the music box away to a woman who has fallen on hard times. Thus begins the decades-long journey of the music box, mending broken hearts, reuniting lost loves, and giving people the courage to heal themselves along the way. This romance crosses battlefields and time as the music box touches the lives of two soldiers, a broken father, a crippled child, a struggling farmer, and a woman once called the soldier's bride.


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- 3 beds
- 2.5 baths
- $125,000 price
- 3882911 mls id
- Half Baths: 1
- Square Feet: 1,170 sqft
- Year Built: 1992
- Lot Size: 0.26 acres
- Status: Active
Beautifully maintained 3 bedroom, 2.1 bath Cape Cod Condo. Freshly painted throughout. Spacious eat-in kitchen w/ceramic tile floor, all appliances and sliders leading to the patio makes for ease of entertaining year round. Large master bedroom with double closets and private master bath. 2 additional bedrooms and a full bath up. Relax and enjoy your private fenced in patio. Convenient 2nd floor laundry area. Recent updates include furnace & A/C 2016, light fixtures, kitchen counters 2014, vanity tops in both full baths 2016, dishwasher 2015.
- Site Link
- Property SubType Condominium
Related Listings
25 Pictures
Walk to Downtown Willoughby from this solid 3 possible 4 bedroom home. Large 1st floor addition is master bedroom with bath. Possible teen or in-law suite on 2nd floor or remove 2nd floor kitchen and convert that to a 4th bedroom. Deck overlooking large back yard.
3 beds, 2 baths, 1,251 sqft, $129,900
Listing Agent: Debbie Lake
Courtesy of: Coldwell Banker Hunter Realty
Office Phone: 4409511410
Updated: 25th September, 2017 12:52 PM.
3484 Smugglers Cv Willoughby, OH


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Published on
Austin Dickson
Label: Undefined
Category: Undefined
amiibo Inspired by the Champions in Breath of the Wild Launching November 10th
Breath of the Wild's Champions have be a fan favorite, some more than others, and now they are getting their own amiibo.
Date: 9/13/2017 7:09:30 PM
Breath of the Wild's "The Champions' Ballad" DLC Gets New Details, Footage Shown
Eiji Aonuma revealed some details about Breath of the Wild's next DLC, The Champions' Ballad, at the Japan Expo in Paris. We also got a small amount of footage from Nintendo's social media. The DLC is known as being more story based then the first one.
Date: 7/7/2017 6:00:33 PM
Circle of Saviors: Sword Fighting VR Game Draws Inspiration from Breath of the Wild
Fivefor disclosed their inspirations for the grass in their sword fighting VR game to me at E3 2017. It was none other than Breath of the Wild.
Date: 6/18/2017 1:38:18 AM
E3 2017: Breath of the Wild Expansion Pack Details
Date: 6/13/2017 12:01:55 PM
Full E3 2017 Coverage
Full E3 2017 Coverage - coverage of the E3 2017 event
Date: 6/10/2017 6:21:00 PM
Nintendo is moving into the mobile stratosphere with the recent announcement of their partnership with mobile gaming giant DeNa. This news comes to my surprise - I never imagined Nintendo developing mobile games; however, I am all for seeing what they can do in this realm. One of the first things that come to mind is the Legend of Zelda on mobile. Would it be good or bad?
First things first - the Legend of Zelda is already a portable franchise with all of the handheld games in the series so going mobile seems like the next step in making Zelda accessible to all users. Many people will agree that Zelda is not for everyone and trying to make it so only waters down the core experience. I have to agree that the games may be easier - but how much of that is actually due to them "watering" down the experience?
It could simply be that the series has reach a level where the common knowledge of gamers is higher than the learning curve of the game so they appear easier with each iteration. How does this translate to mobile? Well, mobile games are known for being for casual gamers - that is people who want an easy going experience. This is an area where Zelda is all too familiar: Spirit Tracks anyone?
Spirit Tracks was a game that many people considered one of the easiest in the series. It was very casual in my opinion and only occasionally challenged me. It was however - a very solid experience and one that I thoroughly enjoyed. I could see a mobile Zelda game in the style of Spirit Tracks and I would be the first to purchase such a game. Zelda on the go? In short burst? YES!!!
Watering down the franchise? Maybe for core fans; however, the people who commonly play mobile games want a game that can be played in short bursts of time such as when riding on the bus or waiting for an appointment. Most core Zelda games do not offer such an experience - they can take up to an hour to just get out of the "tutorial" phase. Skyward Sword is one offender of this style.
Aonuma promised to shorten the tutorials in the games and mobile will give him the prime opportunity. Mobile games have the tendency to be easy to pick up and play so long tutorials would likely turn people off from the game. With a short tutorial and an easy to use control scheme, a mobile Legend of Zelda would be a hit from the start. People complain about the lack of a story? No problem...
Mobile games are not necessarily void of stories and are not inheritably plagued with being such - there are several MMORPGs on mobile that have vast stories. Just add climaxes in short spurts instead of a long build up like a traditional Zelda and a mobile edition could be just as immersive and likely a whole lot more accessible to the masses.
So now we have a Spirit Tracks casual Zelda game on mobile with climaxes every 15 minutes and an easy to use control scheme. What else would you need in a mobile Legend of Zelda? You'd be hooked in an instant and not be able to wait until the next time you are waiting in line so you could get your next fix. Mobile Zelda would work so well that it could introduce new gameplay experiences to the core games.
Mobile. Legend. Of. Zelda. Need I say anymore? It would work and you know it! Will it happen? I use to think there was a better chance at meeting Aonuma, but I did that. So mobile Zelda? It is looking more likely to happen than ever and with being one of Nintendo's biggest IP - I think it is only a matter of time before we are all addicted to the next gaming craze.
Dav Pickley on 6/2/2017 4:07:57 AM
i love all the captain underpants books
All original content copyright Link's Hideaway 2008-2017 All trademarks are property of their respective owner.


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[Wiff Waff closed in May 2016]
Wiff Waff is the latest occupant of the old Talbot Hotel in Aberystwyth.
I liked the Orangery, and the new owners have bravely tried a retro school feel, heavy on table tennis and nostalgia-soaked food.
On first arriving, I assumed they didn't spell it Whiff-Whaff (the correct spelling of early ping pong) in embarrassment at the over-powering whiff coming from the toilets.
I don't know what had been going on in there, but there was more chemical in the air than the Vietnam War. The toilets should definitely be clean if that smell's anything to go by.
The impressive building looks great, with the main room home to a fine bar, some gym bars (school theme), nice booths and the titular ping pong tables.
Chris & Sam McG visited Bounce in London – Europe's largest table tennis bar – and decided to bring the concept to Aberystwyth.
They deserve our respect for trying something new, although on the Saturday lunchtime we visited, it was awkwardly quiet and lacking in atmosphere.
The McG's are hoping to attract "families, students, everyone", and the menu is designed to appeal to the maximum audience without frightening anyone.
The first page has a range of burgers and pizza, and the second page has "Old School Favourites Under a Fiver" (fish fingers, toad in the hole), a few salads, and baguettes.
Nothing much for anyone keen to try something new – nothing you can't get in a dozen places already.
While it emphasises fresh cooking and local produce, the menu is a bit generic – unlike, say, Backyard BBQ where the whole place is driven by one clear idea.
There are some promising wine & pizza deals (our favourites!), but the nephews were with us so we decided to try their range of burgers.
We were impressed by the glassware.
The soda came in a wee milk bottle and the coke in a glass jar with a handle.
No real ales on tap (only the awful Felinfoel and its nitro-keg IPA) but they do have a decent range from Ceredigion's Mantle Brewery in bottles. There is also an appealing cocktail list (around £6 a go) and selection of wines and spirits.
As we sipped our drinks, we realised we had taken our coats off too soon – the place was freezing cold. Admittedly it was a 6C outside, but is it too much for a place to have some heating in winter?
(Irie's had been freezing the week before – maybe you're not supposed to eat out in Aber in the winter?) Bethan didn't warm up till she'd been home two hours.
After ordering, we asked if we could play table tennis while we waited.
We were told it was £3 for half an hour, but free if you spend £25 during the week.
We protested we were spending £40, and the place was empty (more atmos on the Moon).
After a little muttering, they let us play for free, and we had a great time.
Having people actually playing gave the place a bit of life, but whether you'd want to eat your lunch with people shouting and whacking balls around is another matter.
Still, the game helped to pass the time – half an hour or so between ordering and service. The food did look the business on arrival.
I had ordered "sliders" – three small burgers – although this did confuse our waitress (on her first day?)
She asked what I wanted, and then proceeded to list the extra toppings available. (In fact, ordering sliders gives you a choice of miniature versions of their burgers.)
All the meals came with very skinny fries, which were a little under-cooked, and which went cold faster than Bethan's feet.
The brioche buns were terrific – the best part of the meal – adding a rich contrast to the meat. Coleslaw was fine and came in generous portions.
Bethan's pulled chicken burger (really a sandwich) was a little dry, and the sweet chilli sauce lacked oomph.
Much better was the pulled pork burger, which stayed moist, flavourful and a little smoky.
And the regular beefburger was fine too.
I had the chicken and pork sliders, plus a lamb one that was a little dry.
We didn't fancy the desserts. Bethan & I are not nostalgic for school dinners, and the nephews eat them every day, so Spotted Dick or Jam Roly Poly seemed a concept too far.
Burgers and drinks for four was £38.50, which isn't bad.
The smaller of the front rooms has table tennis and may be hired for a small group, which would be fun.
A separate side room has attractive booths and banquettes (good for a works' do?) and retains the comfortable sofas of Orangery days.
However. no matter how hard we tried, we couldn't imagine coming here for a bottle of wine or cocktail after work.
Our waitress was friendly and polite, but seemed nervous and unsure of menu or procedures – a little extra training will work wonders.
It's a nice looking place, and I hope it becomes more popular.
Maybe once the students are back, it will become buzzy of an evening.
I can imagine the main room packed and full of noise, while less exuberant types use the lounge at the front. There's definitely some potential there.
But I don't think the current menu – seemingly devised around what is easy to cook – will attract the range of people the owners want, and I wonder if they should become more focussed on a particular demographic, eg become a little more partyish for the 18-30 market (how about a school disco theme to tie in with some of the decoration and the menu?), or replace the table tennis table at the back with a small stage for sophisticated cocktail jazz.
The ever-popular front room, sunny sofa'd and relaxing, has nothing in common with the cold, echo-ing ping pong room. It's incoherent, jarring.
Trying to appeal to everyone can leave you appealing to no one.
Wiff Waff Bar
10 Market St,
01970 623500


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Thanks Guys B) !! Follow Me Here .. https://www.pakwheels.com/forums/members-member-rides/178598-bought-new-ride-honda-civic-98-a@MODS .. Please Close This Thread!
Both your threads have been merged to save all wishes and duplicates, deleted. For further cleaning, let me know!
As for the car, it's been a pretty popular model of its times particularly right after it replaced thee small Civic `95. I myself had two in the family. One is still a happy owner. Maintenance as in parts particularly suspension stuff is too expensive, no?
good buy.
Vajih102 .. Yeah Dude You're Right The Parts Are Bit Expensive Compared To Local's !!But If The Car Is Maintained .. It Does Not Take Much Expenses To Spend On Right?As Far As You Mentioned Suspension, We Also Had The Same Model Before This And We Repaired Suspension .. The Work Was Bit Expensive But Was Done Very Neatly By The Mechanic!! Dude .. Your Knowledge Seems To Be Good! Could You Please Help Me In My Entertainment System ??!
O cool. I've barely met people who like to buy the same kind of car time and again. As for audio stuff, i do not listen to music anymore so got no clue. Perhaps the audio freaks in the Car Entertainment / Electronics / GPS Navigation - PakWheels Forums could be of some help.
Keep sharing the latest of your car with us,and congratulations for the car.
MashAllah .. nice .. get the trunk adjusted ...
bilal_masood91 .. Sure Sir!aantherax .. Soon Inshallah!


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Kenya's Young Refugees - Developing future leaders today
Tags: KENYA, EASTERN AFRICA, JUNIOR FARMER FIELD AND LIFE SCHOOLS, YOUTH, REFUGEES, TRAINING, GENDER, CAPACITY BUILDING, KAKUMA REFUGEE CAMP, VIDEO,
May 2013
In the Kakuma refugee camp and its host communities, in north-western Kenya, children are at risk of diseases, gender-based violence and malnutrition.
In response to this crisis, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and partners have set up Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS) in the East and Central Africa where children learn about traditional and modern farming techniques, nutrition, gender equality, business skills and the sharing of knowledge.
For children like Habiba Athumani, an orphan from Somalia, these opportunities bring the chance of a better, healthier and happier future. (Ref.F0014/en)


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Canada's public broadcaster has launched its hunt for the journalist who will be the new face of Power & Politics, CBC News Network's evening political program.
A job posting for the role went live September 6 and will remain posted until Sept. 28, 2017.
We're looking for a new host!
Host, Power & Politics (English Services) https://t.co/IM3vJ5TldX
— Amy Castle (@AmyCastlecbc) September 6, 2017
The TV program's most recent host, Rosemary Barton, signed off for the last time Friday evening. Barton is moving on


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2000 Egret Boat Co Values, Specs and Prices
Select a 2000 Egret Boat Co Model
Egret Boat Co Note
No longer in production. All 1996 - 2001 values include the trailer.
Model Note
(*)Includes the value of the outboard motor(s).
(2002 - 1994)
Entering the marine manufacturing business in 1994, Egret Boat Company constructed center console vessels. Featuring fiberglass and even exotic carbon fiber hulls, Egret Boat Company featured watercraft ranging from 17 to 30 feet long. Egret Boat Company was owned by Revenge Marine and Consolidated Yacht Corporation through the 1990s.