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i just joined today and i was hoping to be able to post creative and fun posts. it seems like hubpages is geared towards "how to" and informative blogs. am i getting the right impression?
No, we have product reviews, stories, anything you can develop almost. Just make sure its high quality and it's basically acceptable. Just don't post anything you didn't create. Also don't copy other hubs-its bad. But yes, everything is allowed. From tips, to lists, to poems, to stories, to guides and how to's. Make sure your content doesn't break Hubpages Rules and Happy Hubbing.
Welcome to Hubpages BTW!!!
Hope this helps,
Note: Hubpages isn't a blogging site, you make articles we like to call "Hubs"
thanks thranax.
And thanks from me, thranax (even though I didn't ask the question). I've just joined and have made one hub, but I need to do a lot more delving to see what I can really do with this.
I've found HubPages a wonderful place to be creative. Welcome!
I've written everything from things about my garden to the impeachment of Bush..lol...
I don't think of it as a blogging kind of site; though some do. I think HubPages offers an attractive way to promote your material, regardless of what "type" it may be considered.
Good luck to you and welcome!!!
You can write just about anything you want. But HP is not a blogging site. It's a place to share information, but you can truly share info on tons of subjects. If you like the subject, you can make it interesting. I mean look at DJ he has tons of fun, informative, and interesting hubs about music and movies.
You can write an opinion hub, of course try to base it on "some" facts, but it's really up to you. But in generaly, HP really isn't a blogging website.
by Scott Bateman14 hours ago
We live in a time when anyone can post anything online and claim it is true. Some people believe such posts if they fit their preferred view of the world.I have seen many, many postings in Answers and Forums as well as...
by Heather Edgens24 months ago
I am not all that familiar with the ends and outs of blogging. My understanding is that you can blog about anything- from handy parenting tips to telling people about how you slipped on some ice and landed on your booty...
by erinshelby24 months ago
What sites exist that are free to use, that allow writers to create any content (like HP), where you can make money?
by Danteh7 years ago
Hi guys! I'm new to HubPages but I've really liked this idea of writing about things you like/know a lot about. Nice site So I've made my first hub, but I'd like some constructive...
by Kidgas8 years ago
I am new to both but just wanted to say that I am very much impressed with HubPages. I put up some stuff there first and then found out about this site. So, I put up a few things here as well. The...
by Susan Britton2 years ago
Write a Hub that is outside your comfort zone in 2015. (If you normally write informative articles, try a short story or poem. If you're a creative writer, consider a tutorial or explanation Hub.)This above sentence was...
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Simpson College campus life
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Get info about Simpson College campus life, and registering for discussion sections and departmental seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. Consult with an academic advisor, to ensure that your chosen classes constitute a full-time course load, and fulfills major requirements. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Simpson College student life information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Simpson College.
Don't imagine that college is all about getting good grades and finding a job after graduation. A large part of the university growth experience is about participating in extracurricular activities such as student government, writing for the school newspaper, or joining one of the many student clubs on campus.
It isn't necessary to take a leadership position in a student organization on campus, in order to enjoy contributing to student life at your school. Sure, you have to live somewhere, but spending your freshman year in the dorms can give you the added benefit of making friends and establishing a social circle. Consider signing up for a meal plan, and gaining 10 pounds in the dining hall. Again, the purpose is to socialize and meet other students outside the classroom. Beyond consideration for Simpson College campus life, you may think about George Brown College class list for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Student Success Coach
College of DuPage
Coordinate outreach efforts with Admissions and Marketing to identify and recruit students into the S-Stem program.
7 days ago Educational Center Director
FLEX College Prep
FLEX COLLEGE PREP. Since that time, FLEX has expanded to include a multitude of other services, including academic and college admissions counseling.
1 day ago Admissions Representative
Centura College
Prefer prior admissions experience at a private for profit college or technical school. Centura College - Chesapeake, VA.
5 hours ago Admissions Counseling
Seton Hall University
Approximately 12 months previous Admissions work experience. Conducts and assesses interviews of prospective students for admission.
1 day ago Admissions Specialist
Salon Institute
As a key team member, the admissions specialist is responsible for recruitment operations for our cosmetology college.
4 days ago

subset: commoncrawl


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Nations of Origin Football Fives Tournament 2017
The 2017 Nations of Origin Football Fives Under 14's tournament will take place next week on the 13th July at Lake Macquarie Regional Football Facility at Speers Point.
The tournament run as part of NAIDOC week national celebrations is designed at promoting reconciliation among communities, increasing education and cultural identity through Sport.
The Nations of Origin tournament which begun in 2012 has grown tremendously over the past few years with it being the largest Aboriginal Youth Sport event in NSW with Football, Rugby and Netball all taking part.
NAIDOC Week 2017 is celebrating the unique role that indigenous languages play in cultural identity and in the transmission of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history through story and song as part of this year's theme.
Today there around 120 indigenous languages spoken across Australia.
PCYC Nations of Origin Tournament Details:
Football Fives Under 14's Competition
Date: Thursday 13th July
Venue: Lake Macquarie Regional Football Facility (13 Park Road, Speers Point)
Time: 8:00am – 3:30pm
Nations competing in both the boys and girls competitions:
- Awabakal
- Dunghutti
- Wiradjuri Platypus
- Tharawal
- Worimi
- Biripi
- Darkingjung
- Wonnarua
Football NSW would like to thank both PCYC (Police Citizens Youth Clubs) and Northern NSW for all their support in organising the fantastic tournament.


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* Current CEO replaced after months of speculation
* Kalugin candidacy approved by presidential administration
* Rostelecom may decrease its mobile appetite after CEO switch (Releads with CEO appointment, adds detail)
By Maria Kiselyova
MOSCOW, March 27 (Reuters) - Russian state-controlled telecoms operator Rostelecom named former cable TV boss Sergei Kalugin as its new chief executive in a government-forced leadership change.
The ex-head of National Cable Networks, which was owned at different times by businessmen with connections to the Kremlin, has replaced out-of-favour Rostelecom CEO Alexander Provotorov, who has been under fire for months.
Provotorov came under pressure after a cabinet reshuffle last May. The new government, formed after Vladimir Putin was elected for a third Kremlin term, criticised Rostelecom's weak share price and plans to expand in Russia's cut-throat mobile sector.
Putin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, told Reuters earlier on Wednesday that Kalugin's candidacy was agreed with the Kremlin.
Speculation that Provotorov may be on his way out emerged in November when his home and the house of his former partner and Rostelecom investor Konstantin Malofeyev were searched by police in a fraud probe unrelated to Rostelecom.
The rumours flared again in early March when Malofeyev's Marshall Capital Partners, which Provotorov used to run, sold its 10.7 percent stake in Rostelecom to Arkady Rotenberg, a construction tycoon close to Putin.
Kalugin has no apparent business links to Rotenberg, but the latter has had common business interests with former owners of National Cable Networks - metals tycoon Suleiman Kerimov and banker Yury Kovalchuk. In 2011, the TV operator was acquired by Rostelecom.
Kalugin will take over with immediate effect.
According to media reports, Provotorov will receive up to 280 million roubles ($9.06 million) in bonuses, including for early termination of his contract which was due to expire in 2015.
Analysts welcomed the arrival of a proven communications industry boss at the helm of Rostelecom, but were looking for indications on his strategy for the company.
The former fixed-line monopoly was transformed in 2011 into a universal operator by merging with several regional peers to boost its presence in high-growth areas such as broadband, mobile and Pay TV and offset declines in its core business.
Last summer, it was awarded an LTE mobile licence to offer high-speed data downloads on mobile devices and rival established mobile competitors MTS, MegaFon and Vimpelcom which also were winners in the tender.
While officials have suggested Rostelecom should focus on building out Russia's backbone Internet infrastructure, Provotorov defended the mobile ambitions in a recent interview saying growth in fixed broadband was flattening out, unlike wireless broadband.
Kalugin has a good understanding of the fixed-line business, said Ivan Kim, an analyst at VTB Capital. But as he lacks experience in the mobile sector, Rostelecom is unlikely to be aggressive in this market, he added.
The government owns 53 percent of Rostelecom which has a market value of around $12 billion. The company is expected to be privatised after a restructuring is completed and list its shares on the London Stock Exchange.
It is in the process of merging with its state-controlled shareholder, holding company Svyazinvest, absorbing its assets and simplifying ownership structure, with the government set to keep control. ($1 = 30.8922 Russian roubles) (Additional reporting by Darya Korsunskaya; Editing by Erica Billingham)


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While the first of Eric Bledsoe's potential suitors has been revealed, the same can't be said for fellow restricted free agent P.J. Tucker.
According to Yahoo! Sports' Mark J. Spears, unnamed teams currently seeking Tucker's services are hesitant about making any type of offer, because the widespread belief is that the Phoenix Suns will be quick to match it.
To combat that issue, however, Spears added that some teams have already reached out to the Suns with the intention of acquiring the 29-year-old via a sign-and-trade deal.
In his second full NBA season, Tucker averaged career-highs in points (9.4), rebounds (6.5), assists (1.7) and steals (1.4) per game, while also establishing himself as one of the league's elite perimeter defenders.
If he has his way, though, Tucker sounds like a man who wants to return to the Suns in 2014-15.
"I love Phoenix, and I hope to be back in Phoenix," Tucker told Arizona Sports 98.7 FM's Burns and Gambo on June 12. "Phoenix has been my home the last two years, and it's been awesome. I love everybody in the organization — top to bottom. (The) front office has been great, and they've shown me so much love. So, it's always near and dear."
For his services last season, the two-time Majerle Hustle Award-winner made just under $900,000.
9-22-17 The Sports Kabob with Jarrett Carlen
Friday September 22
Topics include Kevin Durant, the Cowboys, and the Meat Spoon. It's sports news skewered.
Sean McDonough, ESPN MNF Broadcaster
Wednesday September 20
McDonough previews Cards-Cowboys + talks about his famous brothers Terry + Ryan.
Empire of the Suns
Tuesday September 19
The 2017-18 pre-media day edition
Monday September 18
See who won the "Corruption" award, the "Dancing with the Stars" award + more.
Big Deal...or No Deal?
Thursday September 14
A dance off, a very bold statement and a retirement. That and more in this edition of Big Deal...or


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For today's complex networks, Netflow just can't provide the advanced analytics required to effectively monitor and troubleshoot them.
Increasingly complex environments proving trickier for visibility tools.
Security capabilities add to network health portfolio.
Savvius Head of Products, Jay Botelho, will discuss the limitations of Netflow and other flow-based data, the advantages of using Network Transaction-based NPMD solutions and the four Golden Signals championed by the Google SRE team.Register
Now at your fingertips: the latest information on industry trends, best practices, and Savvius products.
For today's complex networks, Netflow just can't provide the advanced analytics required to effectively monitor and troubleshoot them.
(Duration 21:36)
With the spine leaf architecture and increased virtualization in the data center/private cloud, network architects and CIOs are challenged with how to scale the visibility cost effectively.
By utilizing the four Golden Signals of latency, traffic, errors, and saturation on all network traffic in real time, the IT team can achieve unparalleled visibility into the performance of the network and quickly gain the information they need to solve problems and maintain reliability.
(Duration 40:06)
Patrick tells us about Savvius, its history, products and services, PartnerOne program, and the new distribution partner, inTechnology Distribution Pty Ltd
Savvius believes the market potential can be multiplied through close, long-term partnerships with solution providers and technology partners, to create a true ecosystem of opportunities.
We are committed to working with the Channel to deepen our current customer relationships and bring quality products and solutions to datacenters in the enterprise who rely on partners to deliver solutions on premise, in the cloud, or in a hybrid model.
(Duration 26:00) Jay Botelho talks about the future of network monitoring and the type of data NetOps teams need today. Recognizing that NetFlow (introduced in 1997) no longer provides the necessary visibility, Jay discusses what teams need today for effective network monitoring, diagnostics and troubleshooting.
(Duration 4:44) Chapter 5 of the Omnipeek and Wireshark comparative series focuses on the workflow for troubleshooting VoIP.
(Duration: 15:00)
This 15-minute demo will show you how quickly you can pinpoint which network segments are experiencing latency using the MSA feature in Savvius Omnipeek.


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Free Standard Shipping On All Orders*
Habidecor's Kelly Bath Rug is made from 100% Combed Cotton. It is machine washable and comes with a 3 year warranty. These rugs coordinate with the Abyss Super Pile and Twill Towels.
Custom colors are available at an additional cost. Please contact us for pricing details.
All color rugs are custom ordered from Portugal and have a two to three week delivery lead time.
Click Here To View All Colors
We want you to be completely satisfied with your color choices and are happy to send you color swatch samples to ensure your complete satisfaction before ordering.
Loyalty Rewards Program – Earn points that turn into Cash! Bonus points and
Simplify Checkout – With your shipping address and information saved, checkout is a breeze.
Access Order History – Not sure what color or style you ordered last time, look up past orders for easy re-ordering.
Exclusive Member Deals and Offers – Special discounts and exclusive member savings events. And don't worry, we don't send a million emails a day, and the emails we do send we know you'll want to see!
Earning and redeeming Reward Points


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Equal Opportunities Policy and DBS Disclosure
Equal Opportunities Policy
Valuing diversity, reducing inequality and ensuring all people are treated with dignity and respect are fundamental to the Youth Sport Trust. We make a firm commitment to developing and supporting our people, so that we have a focused, agile, and disciplined work force, properly and appropriately skilled to support the delivery of the organisations priorities and objectives, enabling the Trust to respond to challenges of all young people in today's society.
We are the charity which believes every child has the right to physical literacy through high quality PE and school sport. The Youth Sport Trust, as firmly stated in its corporate plan, will work to ensure every young person is provided with a sporting chance to succeed in life though increased equality of opportunity
The Trust is committed to building an environment that celebrates diversity and tackles all forms of discrimination. We will promote equality of opportunity, working to be a role model on equality issues. The commitment outlined in this policy covers all aspects of the organisation and it is expected that all employees, consultants, agency workers, parents/carers and volunteers who work on behalf of, represent or engage with the Youth Sport Trust will adhere to the principles of this policy.
Everyone involved in the Youth Sport Trust plays a part in making sure all aspects of our work are inclusive and welcoming of diversity. The Youth Sport Trust is committed to ensuring that all people irrespective of their protected characteristics of age, disability, colour, race, ethnic origin, gender, gender reassignment, marital or civil partnership status, pregnancy, nationality, religion or sexual orientation have a genuine and equal opportunity to participate in all Youth Sport Trust activities.
The Youth Sport Trust is fully committed to the elimination of unlawful and unfair discrimination and values the differences that a diverse workforce brings to the organisation. This policy has been produced to try to prevent and address any unlawful discrimination or other unfair treatment, whether intentional or unintentional, direct or indirect. The Youth Sport Trust shall uphold its internal values of trust, integrity, responsibility and partnership working and shall also promote dignity in the workplace through its separate dignity at work policy.
The implementation of this policy and completion of the action areas will be the responsibility of the Board and Chief Executive who will involve all senior managers and staff at all levels. It is the responsibility of everyone involved in the Youth Sport Trust to ensure the principles of the Equality and Diversity Policy are understood and implemented.
To view our full Equality and Diversity policy please click here
DBS Disclosures
As an organisation using the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) Disclosure service to assess applicants' suitability for positions of trust, the Youth Sport Trust complies fully with the DBS Code of Practice and undertakes to treat all applicants for positions fairly. It undertakes not to discriminate unfairly against any subject of a Disclosure on the basis of conviction or other information revealed.
Job adverts will specifically state if a DBS disclosure is required for a particular role.


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Patched source
With this patch Console v1.5 visibility can be toggled by a hotkey. A vertical slide animation will be applied, simulating the famous "Quake" console.
Console.cpp Line 311: Register hotkey
Console.cpp Line 234: Unregister hotkey
Console.cpp Line 4219-4233: Hotkey handler, animation
You can change the associated hotkey by replacing the value 0xDC in line 311 with your favourite virtual key code. 0xDC is the key below Esc on my German keyboard layout, but I guess it may be different on other layouts/keyboards.
You can also change the animation speed of the slide animation by changing the value 200 in line 4224 (show) and line 4230 (hide). The unit is millisecond.
A sample configuration file for a top docked console is included, although the patch will also work with any other positioning.
Patched source
Logged In: YES
Originator: NO
Sorry, I forgot to log in so I couldn't add the configuration file. Anyways here are the things to change:
<docked>top left</docked>
<size rows="30" columns="max" buffer_rows="500" />
love it, wanna see it in Console2 too
Log in to post a comment.


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130 Pin89 Pengikut
Blue V Neck Tie Detail Zipper Back Denim Blouse
Hijab Royale is a platform for fashion designers (aspiring or established) who specialise in modest clothing to showcase their designs. Sign up, and be a part of our community. Simply upload your designs and with enough community votes we help you bring your designs to life. Hijab Royale. We crowdfund your designs and create awesome fashion that YOU want. www.hijabroyale.com
Love this look for at home casual wear... or for a day hanging out with ur girlfriends.
Sincerely Maryam …
long peach cardigan with adidas shoes- Colorful fashionable hijab outfits http://www.justtrendygirls.com/colorful-fashionable-hijab-outfits/
Hashtag Hijab Outfit #136 <-- would wear this entire outfit as is (maybe with a sturdier heel though).
spor-kombin.jpg 1.024×1.024 piksel
long maxi cardigan hijab outfit- Beautiful hijab trends 2016 http://www.justtrendygirls.com/beautiful-hijab-trends-2016/
Hijab Outfit More


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FILTER-ON offers wide range of oil mist collection systems – both individual as well as centralized higher capacity systems. These systems collect the oil mist, fumes, oil smoke & metal particles released in the machining process efficiently. The installation of these systems results in Clean & Healthy machine shop environment, recovery of coolant oil, avoiding loss of cool exhaust air in case of AC shops, avoid machine shutdowns on account of fumes deposition on the machine controls etc.
Manufacturers and dealers of oil smoke collection systems, oil mist collection systems, oil fumes collection systems, oil fumes collector, induction hardening fume extractors, oil smoke collection systems for gear grinding, oil fumes collectors for induction hardening.
2014 © Filter On India. All Rights Reserved Privacy Policy | Terms of Service
Designed and maintained by I AD MEDIA (P) LTD.


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Guess Who You'll See at Big 4? The Anatomy of a Metalhead
Tomorrow, the largest congregation of metal fans this side of North America will descend upon the Empire Polo Field in Indio to watch Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax play ear-bleeding guitar riffs for seven freakin hours.
Will there be a riot? We don't know. Will they tear up the field and start throwing around the grass? We don't know. Will they start eating the grass? No one knows for sure. One thing we do know is what they'll look like--here's our handy dandy guide to spotting the average Big 4 fan.
Marla Campbell
Get the ICYMI: Today's Top Stories Newsletter Our daily newsletter delivers quick clicks to keep you in the know
Catch up on the day's news and stay informed with our daily digest of the most popular news, music, food and arts stories in Orange County, delivered to your inbox Monday through Friday.
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In This Moment: HALF GOD - HALF DEVIL TOUR
TicketsWed., Oct. 25, 6:00pm
Stephen Stills & Judy Collins
TicketsWed., Oct. 25, 8:00pm
6lack with Sabrina Claudio & Sy Ari Da Kid
TicketsWed., Oct. 25, 8:00pm
Paul Cauthen with the Texas Gentlemen
TicketsWed., Oct. 25, 9:00pm
Sponsor Content


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Santa with Snowman - is currently on backorder. You may still purchase now though and we'll ship as soon as more become available.
This hand painted needlepoint canvas can be matched with your favorite needlepoint threads to create a custom needlepoint kit!This santa is out of the Artist Collection.
5.5 x 6
18 count


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6742 18th Ave SW, Seattle, Washington
$798,0004 Beds2+ BathsActive
$798,0004 Beds2+ BathsActive
6742 18th Ave SW, Seattle, Washington 98106 - Meticulously crafted contemporary 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom home with tons of open space and light filled. Gourmet chef's kitchen with huge central island, ss appliances, quartz countertops and glass backsplash and spacious pantry. Large master bedroom, walk in closet & 5 piece master bath. Utility room upstairs. Attached 2 car garage. patio off living room. fenced backyard. Must See!
Listing Courtesy of L. Dankers Real Estate Group
"The Red Door team is amazing to work with. They are professional, helpful, and can explain a complicated process so that it is easy to understand. I highly recommend them for your next home purchase. They are better to work with than other real estate agents because they are backed by a whole team of people that are always accessible and also brings a wealth of knowledge that you can only get with a team!"


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Coastal Pines Technical College family studies
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Coastal Pines Technical College family studies, and registering for discussion sections and departmental seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. It may surprise you that it's possible to enroll for a full-time course load, without having any 8am classes at all. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Coastal Pines Technical College mental health counseling information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Coastal Pines Technical College.
Students with a bachelor's degree in social work can find opportunities working in schools, corporations, or in the social services sector. Analysis is based on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their motivation. In dysfunctional families, children must learn to cope with unbearable situations, and often develop classical psychological symptoms. Social workers, in turn, will attempt to identify destructive behavior and emotions, and select suitable therapy.
Humanistic Therapy emphasizes people's capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Alternatively, social work programs help families change by emphasizing their concern, care and interest. Family Therapy is a form of psychotherapy where clients can work with one or more counselors. This methods is a popular format for support groups, where family members can learn from each other. Beyond consideration for Coastal Pines Technical College family studies, you may think about Albright College classes online for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Admissions Advisor
College of Healthcare Professions
Accurately forecast projected new students with Director of Admissions or campus management. 1 year experience in admissions recruitment.
6 days ago Admissions Representative
Aviation Institute of Maintenance
Prefer prior admissions experience at a private for profit college or technical school. Henderson, Campus Director of Admissions.
9 hours ago Undergraduate Advising
George Mason University
Oversee undergraduate academic advising for the college; The George Mason University College of Visual and Performing Arts ( CVPA ) Academic Affairs unit is..
5 hours ago Graduate School Advisor
Grand Canyon University
Serves as liaison to the admissions offices at medical/graduate schools to promote the College programs and to gather/disseminate up-to-date information on..
5 days ago Testing Center Proctor
Bryant & Stratton College
Administers College Success/English entrance exam. Update and maintain testing forms for admission reps.
1 day ago


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Download Golf Club Assistance apk 1.0 free for Android smartphone
Posted by AgilisSystems in Sports | March 20, 2015 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 171.0 KB
This application is for those who are new to golf and want to learn golf by self in selection of clubs.
It is for new and intermediate level golf player.
There are many clubs and players are always confused that which club they should use to play shots.
This application will assist player that which club they should use while playing shots.
Once one time registration is done then player needs to press the "Start" button from the location where player wants to play the shot and then walk towards the hole. Once he reaches to the hole then press the "Stop" button. Let the app decide. In a second, app will tell player that which Club player should use.
Use it and you will really enjoy it !!!
AgilisSystems part of our Sports and have average installs from 100 to 500. Last Update March 20, 2015. Google play rating is 80.6123. Current verison is 1.0. Actual size 171.0 KB.


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BUY HIGH SELL HIGHER – Strategy For Big Gains
Many investors have a hard time wrapping their mind around this concept. They want to wait for the stock to drop so they can buy low sell high. Unfortunately, stocks on a big run, don't go back to old lows. Buy High Sell Higher can keep you from missing some of the biggest gains in […]View Full Article


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Northampton, N.C. - Road and Bridge Records - Vol 2 - (1818-1867)
Paperback, 358 Pages
Price: $25.95
Prints in 3-5 business days
Northampton was formed in 1741 from part of Craven County. It will remain intact with these original boundaries until 1759, when Hertford County is formed (also from parts of Chowan and Bertie). From 1759, forward in time, Northampton County boundaries were never changed. The archive collection includes five boxes (covering 1789-1867) of road records, which will demand many volumes. The bridge records for this county were separated and were preserved from 1785 until 1867, contained in two boxes. The first box or road and bridge records were transcribed and published in 2014. Continuing the process of transcribing all records, this volume contains the last bridge box and then 2nd and 3rd (of 5) boxes of road records.
Ratings & ReviewsLog in to review this item
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Product Details
- Copyright
- Stewart Dunaway (Standard Copyright License)
- Edition
- First
- Publisher
- Stewart Dunaway
- Published
- November 27, 2015
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 358
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 2.31 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 8.5 wide x 11 tall
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Kern is Now California's Top Agricultural County
Tulare County Supervisor Steve Worthley expressed disappointment, but said he's confident his county will return to the top spot next year.
Tulare County Supervisor Steve Worthley expressed disappointment, but said he's confident his county will return to the top spot next year.
Mendocino County Sheriff Tom Allman had some choice words for the Board of Supervisors Tuesday.
L.A. County has declared an outbreak of a hepatitis A days after a similar declaration in San Diego. Santa Cruz could be next.
A bill limiting California's cooperation with federal immigration authorities is headed to Gov. Jerry Brown's desk.
You've heard of sanctuary cities and counties. Now you can officially add "Dreamers county" to your lexicon.
A member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department has been arrested on suspicion of sexually assaulting two female inmates at the Century Regional Detention Facility.
We still have a few months to go before Prop 64 fully kicks in. But already, there are signs of trouble ahead.
Orange County officials have accepted blame for a tragic case of mistaken identity that led a family to burry another's dead son. The details surrounding a payout, however, will be much trickier for all parties involved.
A sensational eight year saga involving allegations of egregious public corruption has ended without a single conviction.
Last week's devastating earthquake in Mexico City provides a glimpse into some of the worst case scenarios that could befall California in the event a similarly catastrophic tremor.
An effort to get cannabis operators in Sonoma County permitted early has fallen flat.


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Kelarakis, Antonios, Yoon, Kyunghwan, Sics, Igors, Somani, Rajesh, Chen, Xuming, Hsiao, Benjamin and Chu, Benjamin (2006) Shear-induced orientation and structure development in isotactic polypropylene melt containing modified carbon nanofibers. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, 45 (2). pp. 247-261. ISSN 0022-2348
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222340500522323
The shear‐induced crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposite melt containing modified carbon nanofibers (MCNFs) was investigated by rheo‐SAXS (small‐angle X‐ray scattering) and rheo‐WAXD (wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) techniques using synchrotron radiation. Under quiescent conditions, the nucleating effect of MCNFs on crystallization of iPP was pronounced and the system exhibited a remarkably low saturation point (ca. 0.05 wt% of MCNF). In‐situ SAXS and WAXD results showed the development of shear‐induced crystalline structures and lamellar morphology in nanocomposite melts. Under the same shear conditions, the filled system exhibited notably faster kinetics compared with the unfilled system. The oriented crystalline fraction was found to decrease with the MCNF loading, indicating the competition between oriented crystals (induced by shear) and unoriented crystals (due to the nucleating effect of MCNF). At the early stages of crystallization, the amount of the oriented crystals increased with the MCNF concentration, suggesting that the nanofiller hindered the motion of polymer chains after the cessation of flow resulting in the delayed relaxation of stretched polymer segments.
|Item Type:
|Author's ORCiD ID:
|Kelarakis, Antonios 0000-0002-8112-5176
|Physical sciences > Chemistry
|Faculty of Science and Technology > School of Physical Sciences and Computing
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Antonios Kelarakis
|Deposited On:
|22 Oct 2013 13:18
|Last Modified:
|30 May 2017 10:47
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North Shore College ice hockey team
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about North Shore College ice hockey team, and registering for elective seminars and discussion sections. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches want to hear from serious recruits throughout their high school career. Don't be shy to send videos of your best games to college coaching staff or scouts. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and North Shore College Hockey information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for North Shore College.
As a student athlete, you can play college sports competitively at an intercollegiate level, or just for fun via intramurals. Please keep in mind that few students will qualify for athletic scholarships, and that college coaches sward available sports scholarship money judiciously.
Approximately 126,000 student athletes go to college on either a partial or full athletic scholarship, but the vast majority of college athletic teams have open tryouts, and walk-ons may land a position on the team if they are talented enough. If you've been recruited or made it past a walk-on tryout, that's when the real challenge starts. You still have to make it through daily practices, and several rounds of cuts in order to make the team. Students must meet specific eligibility requirements each year to participate in Saint Paul College baseball record. Beyond consideration for North Shore College ice hockey team, you may think about Johnson C Smith University academic counseling for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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All Product Details
Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood may call to mind Prince of Tides in its unearthing of family darkness; in its unforgettable heroines and irrepressible humor and female loyalty, it echoes Fannie Flagg's Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe.
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This summer, visitors to Hong Kong will be able to immerse themselves in the world of e-Sports, music and exciting gourmet experiences unlike anything they have experienced before, as the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) will launch the 3-day extravaganza "ICBC (Asia) e-Sports & Music Festival Hong Kong" at the Central Harbourfront from 4 to 6 August. The Festival has three exciting, never-seen-before elements, offering visitors an unforgettable summer experience.
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Cute Wedding Girl 1
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Ordered ribs and beans/ slaw!!! So good!! New surroundings all decorated nicely!! Wait staff very attentive to our needs!! Truly enjoyable!! Truly great barbq to enjoy!!!
1 - 10 of 83 reviews
Ordered ribs and beans/ slaw!!! So good!! New surroundings all decorated nicely!! Wait staff very attentive to our needs!! Truly enjoyable!! Truly great barbq to enjoy!!!
Very busy but great server. Renovations are done and very nice! Great ribs, BBQ, Texas toast. Family loves the fried okra.
This restaurant has been fully renovated. looks great and attractive. The food quality has also improved with a updated menu . Service is quick and wait staff is quick to respond to any queries . Well worth the visit
Nice folks inside. We had brisket and sides. It could have been a little faster. Waitress offered us tea to go when we were leaving. Plenty of parking.
The new inter is bland and cooled. The food is not to par with the name. Went to the new Sonny,s last week Food did not have the same taste. Had on Smoke taste. I got the dry ribs and they were very dry. Under...More
Thank you for bringin' this to our attention, Billy J S. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com with the details of your experience, along with your phone number and the location you were at. We would greatly appreciate your feedback.
Very good service, clean restaurant, very good food. It's not buffet place but there is a salad bad. A lot of selection on the salad bad. Menu items had a lot of choices and everyone enjoyed it.
Love the fast friendly service here!! The salad bar is great! One of my favorites!! The BBQ is very very good! Love the new remodeling going on too!
The restaurant has been completely updated, inside and out. The staff is friendly. Not a long wait, friendly staff and really good BBQ and sides. Wish they would go back to the original potato salad, this has too much onion in it.
My husband and I made a trip to Brandon,Ms. and since we were familiar with Sonny's in Florida, we decided to eat at this one. The pulled pork sandwiches and French fries were cold. I did tell Holly the server, and she replaced the meal....More
This is a family favorite for BBQ. We also love the salad bar. It's always fresh. The BBQ pulled pork is our favorite along with the ribs. I didn't give it 5 stars only because the ribs occasionally are not consistently tender and juicy~most of...More


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Students Wrestle with Real-Life Dilemmas at 13th Annual Ethics Bowl
October 21, 2015
First place team from left to right: Rohit Reddy,
Should a police officer receive additional legal protection after a fatal shooting? Do fashion models with a high body mass index (BMI) promote unhealthy eating habits? Should a nursing home prevent a woman with dementia from having non-consensual sex with her husband?
University of Miami students debated these types of challenging real-life situations in the 13th annual Ethics Bowl, hosted by the School of Business Oct. 18. The multi-round competition was won by School of Business freshman Eleanor Martin and teammates Blake Weil and Rohit Reddy from the School of Arts and Sciences.
"The Ethics Bowl is important for all students, because we must address issues related to business, health, law, and the environment," said Kassandra Samuel, president of the University of Miami Ethics Society. "This competition encourages students to think on their feet and explore different viewpoints."
A panel of six volunteer judges, including Joseph Centorino, executive director of the Miami-Dade Commission on Ethics and Public Trust, evaluated the teams' presentations, asked questions and scored each round. "Competitions like this help students develop the moral reasoning skills to confront ethical issues," said another judge, attorney Ryan Kairalla (BBA '08) who was a member of the University's first-place 2007 National Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl Team.
Second place team from left to right: Sathvik
Anita Cava, professor of business law, director of the School's Business Ethics Program, and co-director of the University Ethics Programs, welcomed the six student teams. "The Ethics Bowl is a pillar in our School's mission to develop principled business leaders," she said. "Ethics is a priority for the entire University as well."
Cava also thanked California forensic accountant Karl Schulze (BBA '74) and his wife Terri, for their longstanding support of the Ethics Bowl. "Thirteen years ago, Terri and I were considering endowing a scholarship," Schulze said. "Instead, we chose the Ethics Bowl, which has an impact on far more students and has been very rewarding for us on a personal level."
Sophomore Richard Holmes, debate chair for the Ethics Society, agreed with Schulze on the importance of the annual competition. "Engaging in these discussions as a student can help instill strong ethical and moral principles that can guide you throughout life," he said.
Senior Nicholas Andoie, vice president of the Ethics Society, said the competition helps students sharpen their thinking and strengthen their presentation skills. For example, he and team members Faith Boone and Raina Coleman argued in the first round of the competition that promoting fashion models with a high BMI could lead to higher rates of obesity, diabetes and other serious health conditions.
Participants in the 2015 Ethics Bowl, including
However, the opposing team of Faraah Bekheet, Arjun Malholtra and Max Shelvin said the media should encourage diversity, rather than focusing only on petite women. "It's important to have equal representation of body types in the media," said Bekheet. "There are many larger women who want to see how fashions would look on them."
Reflecting on his commitment to the Ethics Bowl in a luncheon talk to students before the final round, Schulze said, "In my work, I see the downside when ethics is not part of business behavior. I strongly encourage you to tell the truth, since honesty is still the best policy. You should also be aware of the many schemes designed to steal money. Keep your eyes open and if you see something wrong, say something."


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Vintage Kanye West
Watch as Kanye puts this beat together, and it's really dope beat by the way. Do or Die used the beat, the song is called Paid the Price. Honestly besides Kanye's verse it's a wack song!
I found this video on FakeShoreDrive.com and its more vintage Kanye. In this video you will hear an early version of Jesus Walks that includes a verse from Rhymefest. Also Living a Movie is featured in this video too; I miss the old Kanye West sometimes. His old freestyle/songs were dope and soulful not saying he has lost his soulfulness but his older work is some of my favorite.


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Stressful life experiences frequently precede the onset of major depression; however, the mechanisms that underlie this link are poorly understood. Importantly, some individuals are more susceptible to the depressogenic effects of stress than others. Carriers of the S or LG allele of the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphisms (S' participants) have been found to be more prone to developing depression under stress relative to L or LA homozygotes (L' participants). Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that stress-induced anhedonia may be a mechanism underlying links between stress and depression. Given these findings, we hypothesized that exposure to a naturalistic stressor (school final examinations) would disrupt reward responsiveness (a key behavioral component of anhedonia), and that this effect would be strongest in S' participants.
To objectively assess reward responsiveness, we administered a probabilistic reward task to 70 Bulgarian high school students over two sessions in the 6-month period preceding school finals. For each participant, the two sessions were designated as the 'stress' and 'control' conditions based on self-reported perceived stress.
A genotype × condition interaction emerged in males, with S' participants showing larger stress-related reduction in reward responsiveness relative to L' participants.
While in need of replication in a larger sample, our results indicate that stress associated with a real-life event is linked to reduced reward responsiveness, the susceptibility to which is modulated by 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype. Although preliminary, these findings identify anhedonia as a promising mechanism linking 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype and stress to depression.
Epidemiological studies indicate that stressful life events are among the most reliable predictors of the onset and course of major depressive disorder (MDD) ([1,2,3], for review see [4]); however, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. A sizeable body of non-human animal research suggests that stress might partially exert its depressogenic effects by inducing anhedonic-like behavior. Specifically, animal studies indicate that exposure to stressors, in particular chronic and inescapable ones, produces blunted reactivity to natural rewards, as well as dysfunction within mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways critically implicated in incentive motivation and reinforcement learning (for reviews, see [5,6]).
Emerging evidence suggests that this pattern may translate to humans. An early study focusing on real-world stressors found reduced self-reported hedonic capacity in college students and US Army cadets following stressful final examinations or field training exercises, respectively, and demonstrated that these deficits were more pronounced in participants with a family history of depression [7]. Two recent independent studies demonstrated that acute stress exposure in a laboratory environment (threat-of-shock) resulted in impaired reward learning in a nonclinical sample, particularly in individuals reporting elevated anhedonic symptoms [8,9]. Unlike the former study, which employed self-report measures to assess hedonic capacity, these latter studies used a laboratory-based measure of anhedonia to empirically assess participants' ability to modulate their behavior as a function of prior reinforcement history [10]. In addition, using the same laboratory-based reward processing paradigm, Pizzagalli et al. [11] found that healthy participants appraising their daily life in the week prior to testing as stressful, uncontrollable, and overwhelming were similarly characterized by diminished reward learning.
Consistent with these behavioral effects, acute psychosocial stress decreases the responsiveness of a number of limbic structures involved in the experience of pleasure [12]. Finally, early childhood adversity (e.g. abuse, maltreatment) has been associated with elevated levels of anhedonic symptoms in adolescent depression [13] and, perhaps even more strikingly, a blunted response to reward cues in the globus pallidus, a brain region implicated in reward processing, in nondepressed adults [14]. In sum, results from multiple animal experiments and emerging human research spanning a variety of acute and chronic stressors, suggest that stress-related hedonic impairments may, at least partially, account for the depressogenic effects of life stress.
A complete understanding of the association between stress-related anhedonia and depression is critically dependent on an improved delineation of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying reward processing. While dopamine and the opioids are the primary neurotransmitters linked to reward processing [15], growing evidence has also implicated serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Specifically, genetic knockout of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and the resulting 5-HT signaling changes have been found to disrupt the development of the reward system [16] and interfere with reward-based learning [17]. Additionally, pharmacologically elevated 5-HT levels decrease dopamine burst firing in the rat ventral tegmental area [18], thus suppressing neural signals central to reward learning [19]. Taken together, these studies indicate that 5-HT plays an important modulatory role in reward processing.
Among the factors impacting 5-HT signaling in humans is a common functional polymorphism in the promoter region of 5-HTT (5-HTTLPR), resulting in either a short (S) or a long (L) allele of the gene [20]. Importantly, the S allele has been linked to reduced 5-HTT expression relative to the L allele [20]. Furthermore, compared to L homozygotes, S carriers are at increased risk of developing depression following stressful life events [21], but see also [22]. Critically, a A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the 5-HTTLPR (rs25531) has been shown to differentially impact L allele function as well as its clinical association with MDD [23,24], suggesting that the LG allele may be functionally similar to the S allele. Thus, this SNP may help clarify inconsistent 5-HTTLPR × Stress interaction results (e.g. [22]). Based on the literature reviewed above, we reasoned that stress-related anhedonia may contribute to links among stress, 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype, and depression.
The goal of the present study was to investigate how perceived stress associated with a naturalistic stressor (preparation for important school examinations) and 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype impact reward responsiveness, an objective measure of participants' ability to modulate behavior as a function of previous reinforcement, which has been found to correlate with, and predict, future anhedonic symptoms [10]. In approaching this question, we addressed the limitations of the few human studies that have assessed the role of stress on anhedonia, including reliance on self-report measures of anhedonia [7] and the use of acute laboratory stressors with limited ecological validity [8]. We hypothesized that, relative to L or LA homozygotes ('L' participants'), S or LG allele carriers ('S' participants') would show larger stress-related reward responsiveness impairments. Based on research suggesting that gender impacts the nature of 5-HTTLPR × Stress interactions with regard to depression [25,26], we also explored the putatively moderating role of gender.
Graduating seniors (n = 116) attending high school in Yambol, Bulgaria, completed two study sessions within 6 months of each other. During each session, participants received 20 Bulgarian Leva (~USD 15) for their time, and 'won' an additional 13.95–15.00 Leva during the task. The Committee on the Use of Human Subjects at Harvard University and the High School Board in Yambol, Bulgaria approved the study. In light of the fact that our aim was to investigate the specific effects of genotype and ongoing stress on reward responsiveness, rather than factors that may affect reward processing and/or vulnerability to depression independently, participants reporting personal or family history of unipolar or bipolar depression (n = 15, 12.9%) and drug use within the month prior to session 2 (n = 11, 9.5%) were excluded. Ten additional participants (8.6%) failed to provide complete information regarding exam-related stress in at least one study session. Another 11 participants' data (9.5%) were excluded for reaction time outliers and/or poor accuracy on the behavioral task in session 1 (n = 3), session 2 (n = 3), or both sessions (n = 5) (see 'Data Reduction and Processing'), leaving a final sample of 70 participants (45% female, mean age upon study completion: 18.47 ± 0.50) available for analyses. Excluded participants did not differ from those included in age, genotype, or gender (all p > 0.37).
Beginning in the 2007/2008 academic year, all high-school seniors in Bulgaria are required to take at least two School Final Examinations (SFEs). We chose to use these examinations as a naturally occurring stressor for several reasons: (1) unlike university entrance examinations, these examinations are mandatory for all students, including students who applied to overseas universities or who would not be applying to universities; (2) a passing grade on these examinations is required for high school graduation; (3) grades are printed on students' high school diplomas; (4) results are used in Bulgarian university admission decisions alongside traditional entrance examinations, and (5) the academic year 2007/2008, during which data collection took place, was the first year these tests were administered; accordingly, we expected the uncertainty experienced in the face of novelty to further increase the stress normally associated with taking examinations [27]. The two study sessions occurred 6 months (December 2007) and 2–3 days (May 2008) prior to students' SFEs, respectively.
A Bulgarian sample was chosen instead of an American sample for several theoretical and practical reasons: (1) the population was expected to be relatively genetically homogeneous, which would prevent potential confounds linked to population stratification; (2) results from SFEs are weighted more heavily in college admissions and retaking the examination is more difficult and occurs less frequently than similar tests in the US, and (3) examinations occurred on the same days for all students which made data collection more practical as all students could be tested in large numbers at the same location.
During both sessions, participants completed a probabilistic reward learning task [8,26]. During session 1, participants filled out a demographics and handedness questionnaire [28]. In addition, the following self-report measures were administered at each session to assess depression, hedonic capacity, anxiety, and perceived stress: (1) the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI II [29]); (2) the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire [30]; (3) the Perceived Stress Scale [31]; (4) a questionnaire assessing school-and examination-related stress, specifically developed for the study (available upon request); (5) drug use questionnaire assessing lifetime and recent (previous month) use of common substances (available upon request); (6) a self-report measure of family or personal history of depression or bipolar disorder, modified after Berenbaum and Connelly [7], and (7) the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) [32] (for exploratory purposes, not included in current analyses). All questionnaires were translated into Bulgarian by the first author and translated back into English by a different Bulgarian native to ensure the integrity of translation. At session 1, all participants provided saliva samples for DNA analysis (Oragene, DNA Genotek; Ottawa, Ont., Canada).
A probabilistic reward task was used to measure reward responsiveness [10,33]. The task consisted of 3 blocks of 80 trials. In each trial, participants were instructed to identify whether a mouth presented briefly (i.e. for 100 ms) on a schematic face was either long or short (long mouth: 11.00 mm, short mouth: 10.00 mm) by making an appropriate response on a computer keyboard (using the 'f' or 'j' keys; counterbalanced). The main dependent variables were response bias (a participant's propensity to select one stimulus regardless of actual stimulus presentation) and discriminability (a participant's ability to perceptually distinguish the two stimuli). Importantly, the small size difference between stimuli, as well as the short duration of stimulus exposure, made it difficult to ascertain which stimulus was presented and an asymmetric reward schedule was used to induce a response bias [10,33]. Specifically, in each block, correct identification of either the short or the long stimulus ('rich stimulus') was rewarded ('Correct!! You won 0.15 Leva') three times more frequently than correct identification of the other stimulus ('lean stimulus'). Prior to the experiment, participants were informed that the goal of the study was to win as much money as possible and that not all correct responses would be rewarded. No information was provided regarding the differential reinforcement schedule.
To ensure similar reward ratio exposure across subjects, only 32 correct trials (24 rich, 8 lean) were scheduled to receive reward according to a controlled reinforcement procedure [10]; thus, if a participant was incorrect on a trial scheduled to receive reward, reward feedback was delayed until the next correct identification of the same stimulus type. The stimulus list and reinforcement sequence were pseudorandomized with the constraint that no stimulus could be presented more than 3 times in a row and that each block ended with 3 unscheduled rewards for each stimulus type (to increase the likelihood that participants would receive all planned rewards). For each participant, all task parameters were kept unchanged across the two sessions.
Importantly, in community, clinical, and student samples reward responsiveness as measured by this task has been found to be: (1) blunted in participants with depression [34]; (2) blunted under an acute laboratory stressor [8,35]; (3) heritable and genetically associated with perceived stress [36], and (4) influenced by the interaction of stress-related genotypes and stress [9].
Probabilistic Reward Task. Prior to analyses, outlier responses were identified with a two-step procedure; first, trials with reaction times (RTs) shorter than 150 ms or longer than 1,500 ms were excluded; second, after applying a natural log transformation to normalize RT distribution, trials with mean ± 3 SD were excluded for each participant and participants with more than 30 (i.e. 12.5%) outlier trials were excluded from the analyses. Following outlier removal, response bias (log b) and discriminability (log d) were calculated as follows [11]:
A high response bias emerges when participants rarely miss presentation of stimulus rewarded more frequently (rich stimulus) and tend to misclassify the lean stimulus as the rich stimulus.
Exam-Related Stress. A perceived SFE stress subscale was computed by summing four items from the questionnaire assessing school and examination-related stress developed specifically for this study. Two of the items were ranked on a 1–7 Likert Scale ('How worried are you about your SFEs?' and 'How prepared are you for your SFEs?'). The remaining two items asked participants to provide an estimate of the grade they expected to receive on each of their two compulsory SFEs. These grade estimates were subsequently converted to a 1–7 scale, with higher stress scores indicating lower grade estimates.1 After reverse-coding the item probing examination preparedness, the four items were summed, so that higher scores indicated higher levels of SFE-related stress (possible range: 4–28; actual range in the current sample: 6–25). The SFE stress subscale had satisfactory internal consistency across the two sessions (Cronbach's α = 0.68), especially in light of the small number of items [37].
Initially, session 1 was designed to be the control condition, and session 2 the stress condition. However, self-report measure of SFE stress unexpectedly indicated that the majority of students experienced less stress at session 2, immediately prior to their examinations, relative to session 1. [This finding may be explained by the reduced uncertainty regarding the SFE format and better examination preparation received over the course of the second half of the school year. Additionally, students may have experienced more stress during session 1, due to the fact that the beginning of the school year was delayed by 6 weeks because of a nationwide teachers' strike. To corroborate this assumption, participants in session 1 were asked to answer the following question 'Did the fact that the school year started later due to the teachers' strike make you more or less stressed about school, relative to previous school years?' using a 7-point scale (1: completely relaxed, 7: extremely stressed). A one-sample t test revealed that participants' score (4.56 ± 1.24) significantly deviated from the midpoint, highlighting enhanced levels of stress, t(68) = 3.78, p < 0.001; one student did not provide a score and could thus not be included in this analysis.]
Based on this additional information, participants' data were regrouped into stress and control conditions based on individual self-report measures of exam-related stress in each session. Specifically, the session in which each participant reported higher SFE stress was considered his/her stress condition. Accordingly, session 1 was the stress condition for 44 participants, whereas session 2 was the stress condition for 16 participants. There were no differences in age, gender or genotype between these groups (all p > 0.27). Ten participants had identical levels of SFE stress in both sessions and were not included in analyses involving within-subject comparisons. Per design, stress scores were higher in the stress (14.50 ± 3.98) than in the control (11.52 ± 3.23) condition [t(60) = 11.34, p < 0.001]. Importantly, even though session 1 was associated with more SFE stress overall, it was no more likely to be designated as the stress condition for one gender or genotype group than another (both χ2 < 3.56 and p > 0.10), thus precluding the possibility that order or practice effects may have influenced our results.
Genotyping. 5-HTTLPR and SNP (rs25531) genotyping was performed according to established procedures [38]. In 20 μl, Genomic DNA (25 ng) was amplified via a polymerase chain reaction in the presence of 1x multiplex master mix (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif., USA) and primers (forward: 5′-TCCTCCGCTTTGGCGCCTCTTCC-3′; reverse: 5′-TGGGGGTTGCAGGGGAGATCCTG-3′; Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralvillem, Iowa, USA). Next, 7 μl of PCR product was digested by HpaII (13 μl; New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass., USA) in a reaction assay with 1× NEBuffer1 and 1× BSA (Ambion, Foster City, Calif., USA). Finally, 4 μl of the remaining PCR product and 18 μl of restriction enzyme assay solution were loaded onto a 2.0% agarose gel (E-Gel, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and were visualized after 15, 25 and 45 min. Participants carrying at least one copy of the low expressing S or LG alleles were grouped together and are collectively referred to as 'S' participants' throughout the analyses. Participants homozygous for the high expressing LA allele are referred to as 'L' participants'.
Two sets of analyses were conducted. In the first set, a series of genotype × condition ANOVAs were conducted on several self-report measures to evaluate whether genotype groups differed in their report of mood; these analyses were considered secondary and were performed to ensure that our primary findings (group differences in reward responsiveness) were not unduly affected by differences in self-report measures of mood. Next, we evaluated the possible moderating effect of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype on task performance, which represented the main analysis of interest. After rebinning the data into stress and control conditions, a mixed ANOVA with 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype (S' participants, L' participants) as between-subject factor and block (1, 2, 3) and condition (stress, control) as within-subject factors was conducted on a response bias. Control analyses were performed by entering gender and change in depressive symptoms between the two conditions as covariates in an ANCOVA. These control analyses were performed in light of reports showing (1) gender differences in depression following stress [39] and the association between 5-HTTLPR, stress and depression [25,26,40], and (2) decreased response bias in depression [10,41]. Accordingly, the analyses probed putative genotype × condition effects of perceived SFE stress independent of gender and general dysphoria or depressive symptoms, which was particularly important given the rebinning of the stress and control conditions. To assess depressive symptoms, the MASQ GDD subscale was preferred over the BDI, because it provides a measure of general depression score, independent of anhedonic symptoms.
In a second set of analyses, to directly investigate the role of gender on task performance, a genotype × block × condition × gender ANCOVA (controlling for GDD score change between conditions) was performed on response bias and discriminability.
A series of genotype (S' participants, L' participants) × condition (stress, control) ANOVAs revealed that MASQ GDD, MASQ AD, and PSS scores were higher in the stress relative to control condition (table (table1),1), providing further corroboration for the data rebinning strategy based on SFE stress scores. Importantly, all other effects, including the genotype × condition interaction, were not significant (all p values > 0.11), indicating that genotype groups did not differ with respect to other self-report measures of mood.
The 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype × block × condition ANOVA for response bias revealed a main effect of block [F(2,116) = 6.95, p < 0.002, partial η2 = 0.107], due to heightened response bias in blocks 3 (0.197 ± 0.019) and 2 (0.170 ± 0.018) relative to block 1 (0.127 ± 0.017) (both p < 0.02). This finding confirms that the task induced the expected preference for the more frequently rewarded stimulus, which increased as the task progressed.
Most importantly, a significant genotype × condition interaction emerged, [F(1,58) = 4.38, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.070; fig. fig.1a],1a], due to significantly larger stress-related reduction in response bias in S' participants than L' participants (response biasControl – response biasStress: 0.035 ± 0.150 vs. −0.061 ± 0.128; Cohen's d = 0.67)2. Critically, the group difference in stress-related reduction in response bias remained significant after controlling for gender and GDD change between conditions [F(1,55) = 5.83, p < 0.02, partial η2 = 0.096]. Independent-samples t tests revealed no differences between genotypes in either the stress or the control condition (both p > 0.15), indicating that genotype groups differed significantly only in their relative stress-related change in response bias.
To examine the effects of gender, a genotype × block × condition × gender ANCOVA was conducted on response bias, while controlling for GDD change between conditions. In addition to the genotype × condition interaction [F(1,54) = 4.92, p < 0.04, partial η2 = 0.084], a significant three-way genotype × condition × gender interaction emerged [F(1,54) = 4.43, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.076]. Highlighting the specificity of these findings, a control genotype × block × condition × gender ANCOVA on discriminability revealed no significant effects, all p > 0.15.
When genotype × block × condition ANCOVAs were conducted on response bias separately for males and females, a significant genotype × condition interaction was observed in males [F(1,26) = 14.15, p < 0.002, partial η2 = 0.352; fig. fig.1b],1b], but not females (all p > 0.50; fig. fig.1c).1c). Follow-up within-subject t tests showed that male S' participants were characterized by a significant reduction in total response bias from the control (0.218 ± 0.127) to the stress (0.147 ± 0.120) condition [t(19) = −2.26, p < 0.04], while male L' participants showed a significant increase [control condition: 0.093 ± 0.115, stress condition: 0.197 ± 0.098; t(8) = 2.68, p < 0.03; fig. fig.1b].1b]. When GDD change was controlled for, the increase in response bias in L' participants was reduced to a trend [F(1,7) = 4.34, p = 0.076, partial η2 = 0.383], while the decrease in response bias in S' participants remained significant [F(1,18) = 7.24, p < 0.02, partial η2 = 0.287].
The main goal of the present study was to examine how perceived stress associated with a naturalistic stressor (school examinations) and 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype jointly influence reward responsiveness, a core component of anhedonia. The main finding emerging from this study was that 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype modulated susceptibility to stress-related reward responsiveness impairments in males; specifically male S' participants were characterized by significantly larger stress-related reduction in response bias relative to L' participants (significant genotype × condition interaction). Notably, the interaction was due to lower response bias in the stress relative to control condition for S' participants, whereas L' participants showed the opposite pattern. Critically, stress-related response bias modulations emerged within the context of no differences in discriminability, indicating that the effects of stress were specific to the ability to modulate behavior as a function of reinforcement history. In light of the fact that anhedonia is a core symptom of depression and stress-related hedonic deficits have been hypothesized to underlie the depressogenic effects of stress [5,8], our findings suggest potential environmental and genetic etiological mechanisms that may influence the development of depression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an interactive effect of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype and stress on reward processing in humans.
The stress-mediated reduction in reward learning we observed in male S' participants could be conceptualized as the result of several distinct, but not mutually exclusive, phenomena. In one of the earliest studies investigating the potential involvement of stress-related anhedonia in humans, Berenbaum and Connelly [7] found that stress reduced the subjective hedonic value of activities normally experienced as enjoyable. The blunted reward responsiveness we observed could be interpreted as the consequence of similar reductions in the subjective pleasure derived from earning a monetary reward in the experimental task (or simply doing well in it) – an activity normally associated with enjoyment. Additionally, since stress is apt to induce large shifts in behavioral priorities [42], our findings could also reflect stress-related reduction in the incentive value assigned to positive stimuli, which may in turn reflect a more global change in motivational state geared towards effectively dealing with a stressor. On the neurobiological level, and in line with the modulatory role of 5-HT on dopaminergic transmission, the reward processing deficits we observed in male S' participants could be attributed to stress-mediated decrease in dopamine signaling in neural regions critically implicated in reinforcement learning and motivation [19,43,44]. Neuroimaging techniques such as multimodal PET/fMRI will be required to test this conjecture and clarify the precise mechanism via which stress and 5-HT signaling modulate dopaminergic transmission and reward processing.
Although we had not predicted the relative stress-related increase in reward responsiveness in L' participants, our results are in line with the proposition that the association among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression could at least partially be explained by conceptualizing the L' genotype as conferring emotional resiliency in the face of stress and trauma [45,46]. The increased reward responsiveness in L' participants under stress in our sample could thus be interpreted as a potential mechanism via which the L' allele exerts its putative protective effects. Such an interpretation is consistent with the notion that a robust reward system is an essential component of resilience [47,48], and is further corroborated by research demonstrating that L' homozygotes show positive information processing biases absent in S' carriers [49,50].
The current results are also in line with findings from the animal literature. A recent study reported that priming with a social stressor (photographs of high-ranking males) led to heightened risk aversion in rhesus macaque monkeys carrying one copy of the S allele of the rh5-HTTLPR (homologous to the human 5-HTTLPR), but increased risk-seeking in individuals homozygous for the L allele, which the authors conceptualized as an enhanced sensitivity to social punishment and reward, respectively [51]. Our results are also consistent with reports from rodent studies suggesting that chronic mild stress can in certain cases enhance sensitivity to pleasurable stimuli (i.e. causing 'prohedonia'), rather than decrease it [6]. Critically, whether chronic mild stress results in anhedonia or prohedonia depends on a variety of variables, including the genetic makeup of the animal under study [52,53].
While prior research has suggested that the association between the 5-HTTLPR S allele, stress, and depression may be specific to females [54], we found no association between genotype and stress-related response bias changes in females. These findings might be accounted for by the type of the stressor we employed. Depressive symptoms and biological stress responses have been associated with different types of stressful life events in a gender-specific manner, with females and males being most sensitive to interpersonal stressors and achievement stressors, respectively [55]. Because the naturalistic stressor we investigated was an important school examination, the males in our sample may have been disproportionately affected by it. In addition, the male-specific nature of our findings may be related to the fact that the reward we used in our task was monetary, and males have been shown to respond more strongly to monetary reward feedback than females [56]. The gender effects in the current study must, however, be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size of these analyses.
The present study has several limitations. First, unexpectedly, session 1 and session 2 were not associated with the intended levels of stress and thus did not map directly onto our control and stress conditions, respectively. We believe this unexpected pattern was due to extraneous factors that led to a greater uncertainty surrounding the SFEs in December (e.g. 6-week, nationwide teachers' strike, first time these exams had been introduced in Bulgaria), rather than May, increasing stress levels at the originally planned control condition. In order to address this problem, we re-grouped data into control and stress conditions based on self-report measures of SFE-related stress. Though not directly tapping into the physiological correlates of stress, our scale can be considered a valid measure of exam-related stress, as classic research has shown that perceived importance of a particular goal, combined with a perceived low probability of attaining that goal, is associated with significant distress [57]. These classic findings, together with the significant differences in self-reported SFE stress and PSS after the rebinning, lend credibility to our approach. Of note, this regrouping had the additional advantage that, unlike in the original design, order effects were minimized due to a partial counterbalancing across subjects. However, the fact that many participants reported higher levels of stress at time 1 compared to time 2 prevents us from conclusively stating that the response bias findings were driven by stress associated with the final examinations. Nevertheless, the lack of genotype differences in (1) self-report of mood, including SFE-related stress, at both sessions, and (2) the percentage of participants reporting higher levels of stress at time 1 than time 2, as well as the fact that SFE scores were used to define the stress and control condition for each participants, lend support to our interpretation that exam-related perceived stress contributed to the reported gene × condition effects on reward responsiveness.
Second, our study focused on perceived stress (i.e. on the subjective impact of events), rather than more objective indices (e.g. interviewer-assessed levels of contextual threat) or physiological markers (e.g. cortisol). It has been argued that perceived stress can be confounded with depressive symptoms, which might inflate links between the independent and dependent variable (e.g. [58]). To address this legitimate criticism, we performed control analyses adjusting for depressive symptoms (MASQ GDD scores), which confirmed the finding of stress-related reduction in response bias among S' participants. Moreover, as mentioned above, genotype groups did not differ in any self-report measures of mood, including SFE-related stress scores, indicating that 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype did not impact perceptions of stress.
Third, due to the relatively small sample size of this study, our results should be interpreted with caution until replicated in larger samples. This precaution is particularly important in relation to the three-way condition × genotype × gender interaction. We note, however, that the current findings in S' carriers are consistent with the results from three prior independent studies highlighting reduced reward responsiveness, as assessed by our probabilistic reward task, under stressful situations [8,9,59]. Accordingly, replication of stress-induced reduction in reward responsiveness has now been obtained in four independent samples, strengthening our confidence that the current findings are reliable. Finally, while we excluded participants reporting drug use and/or a personal or familial history of MDD or bipolar disorder based on self-report, and collected well-validated measures of depressive and anxious symptomatology, we did not formally assess all Axis I or II disorders with structured clinical interviews.
Limitations notwithstanding, the current investigation extends previous work suggesting that the depressogenic effect of stress may be at least partially driven by the emergence of a reduced ability to modulate behavior based on prior reinforcement under stressful situations [7,8]. Furthermore, our findings highlight stress-related reward responsiveness deficits as a promising mechanism underlying the association between 5-HTTLPR genotype, stress, and depression. Additionally, the 'prohedonic' behavior that L' participants exhibited under stress may be interpreted as protective against MDD development in the face of life adversity. To further elucidate this association, future studies should utilize larger samples to examine the behavioral and neural correlates of reward processing in relation to objective measures of stress and 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype, while taking into account the severity and type of the stressor, as well as any relevant gene-gene interactions.
Funding for this study was provided by grants from the Harvard College Research Program to Y.N., grant from NIMH (R01MH68376, R21MH078979) and Talley Fund (Harvard University) to D.A.P., and a Sackler Scholar in Psychobiology Research Grant to R.B. The authors are grateful to Ahmad Hariri for providing genotyping information, to Allison Brown (Harvard Medical School-Partners Healthcare Center for Genetics and Genomics), Sara Dainese and Emily Yuan for their assistance in the genotyping process, and to Vesselin Dimitrov for translating study material.
Diego A. Pizzagalli has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, consulting fees from ANT North America Inc. (Advanced Neuro Technology) and AstraZeneca, and honoraria from AstraZeneca for projects unrelated to the present study.
1In Bulgaria, examinations are graded on a 2.00–6.00 point scale, 3.00 being the lowest passing grade. Thus, the expected grades were converted into stress scores as follows: <3 = add 7, 3–3.49 = add 6, 3.5–3.99 = add 5, 4–4.49 = add 4, 4.5–4.99 = add 3, 5–5.49 = add 2, ≥5.5 = add 1.
2In a previous study, we observed an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.89 for differences in reward responsiveness under an acute stress manipulation between groups differing in genetic variants within the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene [9]. Similar to the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype, the MR gene has been implicated in depression and modulating stress responses (e.g. [60,61,62]). Power analyses indicate that two groups of 45 and 15 subjects, respectively, were needed to detect an effect size of 0.89 with a power of 0.90. Thus, the current sample of 44 S' carriers and 16 L' homozygotes provided enough power to detect similar effects.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Picture Book Palooza is all about the art of picture books and how they can be used in Storytime and in the classroom.
Monday, April 21, 2014
Marvelous Monday
Here Comes Destructo-saurus! by Aaron Reynolds, illustrated by Jeremy Tankard is like watching a toddler become a giant dinosaur and destroy a city. Oh, yeah, that's what it's all about. Hee Hee. I love Aaron Reynolds and Jeremy Tankard, what a great pairing. The narrator's voice is the parent and the illustrations are the rampaging toddler. The bold black outlines are also a perfect pairing with the animated electric colors. Those clamoring for dynamic digital art will love this title. I'll use it in my Storytime and recommend it to parents and caregivers. The writing will give welcome respite to parents that are all too familiar with tantrums and I doubt any toddler will have this kind of self-awareness, but they'll identify with Destructosaurus. Find out how Jeremy does his art, here.
Posted by diannaburt at 8:00 AM
Labels: aaron reynolds, black line, digital art, Here Comes destructosaurus, jeremy tankard, lost stuffed animal, tantrums, throwing a fit, toddlers
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The Kosher Baker: Over 160 Dairy-free Recipes from Traditional to Trendy
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Producing flavorful and appealing kosher desserts has been a challenge in Jewish households throughout the ages. Without access to butter, cream, milk, cheese, yogurt, or other dairy products, creating a tasty and memorable dessert for family and friends requires more than simple substitutions and compromises. Now pastry chef and teacher Paula Shoyer provides the inspiration and innovation to turn the age-old challenges of parve baking into delectable delights in her one-of-a-kind kosher cookbook.
The Kosher Baker is your indispensable kitchen companion to a wide range of dairy-free desserts, from family favorites and time-honored holiday classics to stylish and delicious surprises of Shoyer's own careful creation. It even includes desserts not usually found on a kosher table, such as creamy key lime pie, luscious flan, and rich tiramisu. You'll find everything from cookies, biscotti, breads and muffins to pastries, tarts, fancy cakes, and mousses. Shoyer guides you through more than 160 mouth-watering recipes and expands every non-dairy baker's repertoire with simple, clear instructions and a friendly yet authoritative voice.
The Kosher Baker is organized as a tutorial into three primary sections—Quick and Elegant Desserts, Two Step Desserts, and Multiple Step Desserts—allowing the busy home baker to choose a dessert based on both taste and time constraints. The first section presents the fundamentals of simple kosher baking in the form of everyday treats like Amaretto Cookies, Orange Tea Cake, and Apple Pastry. The next two sections teach increasingly more challenging desserts, from a Challah Beer Bread Pudding with Caramel Sauce to Chocolate Babka. A special fourth section includes chapters on baking Challah, Passover desserts, and no-sugar-added desserts.
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