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MRINALINI SARABHAI The Times of India Saturday, December 17, 2005
Sufism is a teaching based on love. There is a sense of unity of thought which speaks of the fundamental one-ness of all religions. Disharmony and dissent is often caused by language. It is explained that the travellers are the ordinary people of the world. The linguist is the Sufi. When differences of language, meaning and perception are sorted out, only then real teaching can be understood. The Sufi is a mystic who believes in attunement with the whole of existence. 'Sufism is truth without form', wrote Iba El Jalali. The word 'Sufi' in the Arabic means 'pure'. A literary interpretation of Sufi is people clad in camel's wool. It is difficult to define 'Sufism' for the Sufi practices 'alternate detachment and identification with life'. Sufis believe that everyone evolves to a known destiny. Life is both lived and perceived. For more than a thousand years the Hindus and Sufis exchanged ideas and many Sufi sayings were similar to Sanskrit shlokas about human aspiration.
In Sufism, the laws of life were kindness, generosity, good advice, forbearance to enemies, indifference to fools and respect for the learned ones. Jalaluddin Rumi warned: "Judge not the Sufi to be that which you can see of him, my friends". He himself had been transformed when he met Shams of Tabriz, a travelling Dervish. Dervishes were ascetics who founded the Sufi fraternity in Arabia. In their beliefs they unified the inner philosophy of all religious thought, and created a new genre of music and movement. The sacred dance of the Dervishes is said to have happened when Rumi once took a rhythmic turn. This movement unconsciously whirled the skirt of his garment. It formed a circle and with that the dance was created with a group known as the whirling Dervishes. There were varied scholars of Dervishes.
The sect which developed in India was the Naqshbandi, founded by Naqebhand, a great Sufi personality of his time. Rumi's ghazals continue to inspire singers and poets with their artistic reflections of spiritual love through human aspiration. The qawwalis are sung everywhere and combine various music traditions like the khayal, thumri, tarana and others. A marvellous tradition of humanity. I recollect an old song in this context: "They asked me how I knew/ my true love was true/ I of course, replied/ Something here inside/ cannot be denied". While it is difficult to describe Sufism, the emphasis is on perfect renunciation and total absorption in God. As a Sufi master said: "Love is action, action is knowledge; knowledge is truth, truth is love".


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Urban Property Services are an independent Lettings Agent specialising in lettings and property management services across Greater Manchester.
We provide property management and tenant finding services to both individual and corporate clients. Being a lettings specialist, rather than a sales and lettings hybrid, we are able to offer the highest standard of professional property management to our landlords.
We are immensely proud of the long lasting relationships which we have established with our clients over the years. These working relationships have been developed by providing valuable, honest, and professional advice at all times. Our team is knowledgeable, courteous and always encouraged to think outside of the box.
We offer free rental valuations to all landlords!
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Disclaimer: The information about this Agent is provided by the Agent themselves as an advertisement for their agency services. Rightmove is not endorsing this Agent and makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove does not check or verify the accuracy of the content. The information is generated, provided and maintained by Urban Property Services, Stockport. Please contact the Agent directly to obtain further information about their property services.
48 Hall Street Hall Street Stockport SK1 4DA

subset: commoncrawl


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1000 Retete Pentru Gatit Orice Ocazie NoGrp
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Name:1000 Retete Pentru Gatit Orice Ocazie NoGrp
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With 1000 scrumptious and easy-to-follow recipes within its pages, this book provides the perfect answer to all those vexed questions about what to cook. No more agonising over what to put on the table; you will easily be able to find something to tempt the palate and satisfy the appetite of even the fussiest eaters — whatever the occasion. From time-honoured classics to the more unusual, there is plenty of choice here. The selection will appeal to both novice and experienced cooks alike, whether you are looking for ides for a lightm tasty lunch, a quick, hearty supper, a feast fit for family and friends, or something more elaborate for a dinner party.
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text:
I am not sure if every Flash developer would agree with me, but I believe that a good animation library is the bread-and-butter of good Flash development. Sure, Flash allows you to create animations by hand using the timeline, but being able to spontaneously and reliably generate animations through Actionscript goes a long way to giving projects polish and flair.
Add to that a healthy arsenal of easing functions like exponential, quad and elastic easing, and you can easily create animations that burst with life. There is no reason why you should need to perform a "cut" when transitioning from one screen to another. With a good tween library behind you, it's just as simple to create a fade animation, which looks much better in most cases.
(By the way, if you've never heard the term "tween" before, it is a coined phrase for the "between" that occurs from one "key" frame to another. Tweening allows you to define an end state and have all the in-between animation steps generated for you. Very useful!)
There are many tween libraries for Actionscript, but my favorite is Actuate. I made it to be that way, actually. Actuate is my own tween library which uses syntax similar to jQuery to simplify its use, and to also make it aggressively compatible with applications that provide code completion while you are programming. When last benchmarked, Actuate performed faster than TweenLite, and included more features. It doesn't include as many plugins as TweenMax, but it does everything I need it to, plus some extras.
Here's the code for this example. Like the "Getting Started" sample I shared yesterday, it compiles to Flash, webOS and as a native desktop application. It should also be possible to run this example on an iPhone since it is also supported by hxcpp and nme.
Actuate is available through haxelib, so download it to your system using this command:
haxelib install actuate
All you need to do to add Actuate to a haXe project is use "-lib actuate" when you compile. The transparency and animation all work great on webOS. I am not using any anti-aliasing in OpenGL for performance reasons, so the edges of each circle is a little bit rough, but this could easily be resolved by loading bitmaps instead of using the native draw command for circles.
Here's a picture of it running on my phone. It also runs fullscreen on the TouchPad, but we'll leave that one to your imagination.
Of course you'll be able to see the source code if you have downloaded the example already, but I'll post it here as well so it is easy to see. The code should look especially familiar to Flash developers — in fact, the syntax highlighter I am using on my blog doesn't have highlighting for haXe, so I told it to highlight my code as if it were Actionscript.
package; import com.eclecticdesignstudio.motion.Actuate; import com.eclecticdesignstudio.motion.easing.Quad; import flash.display.Sprite; import flash.display.StageAlign; import flash.display.StageQuality; import flash.display.StageScaleMode; import flash.filters.BlurFilter; import flash.Lib; /** * @author Joshua Granick */ class ActuateExample extends Sprite { public function new () { super (); initialize (); construct (); } private function animateCircle (circle:Sprite):Void { var duration:Float = 1.5 + Math.random () * 4.5; var targetX:Float = Math.random () * stage.stageWidth; var targetY:Float = Math.random () * stage.stageHeight; Actuate.tween (circle, duration, { x: targetX, y: targetY }, false).ease (Quad.easeInOut).onComplete (animateCircle, [ circle ]); } private function construct ():Void { var creationDelay:Float; for (i in 0...60) { creationDelay = Math.random () * 10; Actuate.timer (creationDelay).onComplete (createCircle); } } private function createCircle ():Void { var size:Float = 5 + Math.random () * 35; var blur:Float = 3 + Math.random () * 12; var circle:Sprite = new Sprite (); circle.graphics.beginFill (Std.int (Math.random () * 0xFFFFFF)); circle.graphics.drawCircle (0, 0, size); circle.x = Math.random () * stage.stageWidth; circle.y = Math.random () * stage.stageHeight; circle.alpha = 0; addChildAt (circle, 0); Actuate.tween (circle, 2, { alpha: 0.2 + Math.random () * 0.6 } ); animateCircle (circle); } private function initialize ():Void { Lib.current.stage.align = StageAlign.TOP_LEFT; Lib.current.stage.scaleMode = StageScaleMode.NO_SCALE; Lib.current.stage.quality = StageQuality.BEST; } // Entry point static function main () { #if flash Lib.current.addChild (new ActuateExample ()); #elseif webos Lib.create (function () { Lib.current.addChild (new ActuateExample ()); }, 0, 0, 31, 0xFFFFFF, Lib.HARDWARE); #elseif cpp Lib.create (function () { Lib.current.addChild (new ActuateExample ()); }, 320, 480, 60, 0xFFFFFF, Lib.RESIZABLE); #end } }


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Do you like this Blog Post?
To meet today's economic challenges, it is vital to rely on every possible avenue to search for new clients and contacts and even more important to manage them in the best possible way. Technology is a good enabler for finding new contacts and for building and managing them. Join us for this webinar when Joseph Bega will cover:
Speaker: Joseph Bega – Business Success Gate
Friday 19 April 2013 at 1.00pm AEDT
Register here – www.a4vb.com.au/webinars
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Amara Organics Retinol Cream for Face 2.5% with Hyaluronic Acid & Vitamins E & B5, 1.7 fl. oz
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No one has shouted yet.
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- Scott's NRL return likely to be put on ice Wed


text:
- Details
- Specs
- Reviews
DETAILSCartman gets an avalanche probe! An indispensable piece of safety equipment in the backcountry, the Alien Probe. 2.67 Meters long, Made of super tough but lightweight 7000 series aluminum and a coated stainless steel cable will mean years and years of trouble free use. Six sections and quick and easy locking mechanism for ease of use. Comes with nylon storage bag "You will respect my authorithah!" These avi probes are 7oz
- Short Description
- "702001"
- mr-alienavlnchprobe-r
- Part Number
- "702001"
- Brand Name
- Mad Rock
- Size Name
- One Size


text:
Holistic Yoga Therapy Institute is one of only a few yoga schools offering the 1,000 hour level yoga teacher certificate of completion. Why are we offering this certificate of completion? As many instructors graduate from a 500 Hour program they choose to continue their education often earning 1000 hours or more and we believe they deserve recognition for this advanced training. Those pursuing their 1000 Hour certificate of completion are very committed to continuing their yoga studies and process of growth and transformation, well beyond that of the average yoga teacher. While Yoga Alliance does not currently recognize a 1000 hour RYT, each of the immersions applicable towards the 1000 hour training are Yoga Alliance registered programs.
Additionally, Yoga Club's Holistic Yoga Therapy Institute offers an 800 and 1000 Hour Therapeutic Yoga training program. We have submitted an application to IAYT for accreditation of our yoga therapy program, and will be able to provide information on our status after IAYT completes its review process.
Please note that Holistic Yoga Therapy Institute will recognize any 200 or 500 Hour Yoga Alliance Registered Certificate of Completion already earned as applicable towards your 1,000 Hour Certificate of Completion. As such, if you are already a 500 Hour teacher, you may choose to simply pursue the additional 500 hours through Yoga Club to receive your 1,000 Hour Certificate of Completion. However, if you are pursuing your Therapeutic Yoga Certificate of Completion at the 1000 hour level, all of the additional 800 Hours towards your Therapeutic Yoga training must be taken with Yoga Club to qualify for Yoga Alliance Registration.
DISCLAIMER: By joining this group you hereby agree to assume all risks and liability related to or resulting from any & all group functions. You agree that neither you nor any third party will hold the group, any of the group's leaders, representatives, instructors, or sponsors liable for any injury, loss, or damage to your own person or any members of your family, friends, acquaintances, pets, or property, arising directly from or as a consequence of any group activity.tivity.
The websites www.yogaclub.us, www.atlantayogaclub.com, www.charlotteyogaclub.com, www.dallasyogaclub.com, www.fortlauderdaleyogaclub.com, www.layogaclub.com, www.miamiyogaclub.com, www.newyorkyogaclub.com and www.triangleyogaclub.com simply provide information to facilitate the meeting of local yoga groups providing information such as times and locations of gatherings.
Copyright © 2008-2014 Yoga ClubTM, Atlanta Yoga ClubTM, Charlotte Yoga ClubTM, Concord Yoga ClubTM, Dallas Yoga ClubTM, Fort Mill Yoga ClubTM, LA Yoga ClubTM, Lake Norman Yoga ClubTM, Lake Wylie Yoga ClubTM, Miami Yoga ClubTM, New York Yoga ClubTM, Philadelphia Yoga ClubTM, Richmond Yoga ClubTM, Triangle Yoga ClubTM.
|All Rights Reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright holder.


text:
Thanksgiving is almost here!
Can you believe that Thanksgiving is next week? When I was younger I never believed my mother when she said time goes by faster the older you get, but now I know she was right! If you're simply attending a Thanksgiving feast this year be sure to bring a hostess gift with you. Something simple like a bottle of wine or offering to bring a dessert will be much appreciated. On the other hand if you are the one preparing Thanksgiving dinner then get your list started right away and make your first shopping trip as soon as you can. There's a high likelihood that you'll forget something so heading back to the store next week for a few small things will make your life easier than trying to tackle your full list while everyone else is there doing the same. There's still plenty of time to get your home decorated for this festive event. Repurpose your Halloween pumpkins and gourds as centerpieces and add some natural elements like recently fallen leaves. And finally, if you're feeling adventurous and want to try something new for Thanksgiving, Food Network is your best bet – they have lots of tips and ideas for recipes. May you all have a wonderful holiday with your family and friends. And remember to travel safely, Thanksgiving is the most highly traveled holiday of the year!


text:
Located in Hokkaido, Japan, we provide holistic consulting services for companies and individuals wishing to develop in Japan. From land purchase, feasibility studies and surveys, through to master planning, detailed design, development applications and project management we can help you achieve the best result when developing in Japan.
The central ethos of Loci Asia is based on 'whole system' design and planning involving a highly collaborative approach between the fields of architecture, urban design, landscape, environmental sciences, engineering and construction.
Our holistic approach to place making reinforces established patterns, heritage and character. We add value through actively working with our clients and stakeholders to create functionality, biological diversity and a legible aesthetic that has character and beauty.


text: I'm travelling from the UK to New York next month for a 7 night stay. I'll be staying in Midtown East in the 56th street area. Can anyone suggest any delis etc which serve great breakfasts in the area? I've been looking through the threads and already have seen lots of suggestions for lunch and dinner - way too many for my week long stay! Thanks.


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Forum indexSony Alpha SLR/SLT A-mount TalkChange forum
Help? Standard vs. full-time DMF switch on tele zooms
Started Apr 12, 2014 | Discussions thread
contax4ever • Contributing Member • Posts: 602
Help? Standard vs. full-time DMF switch on tele zooms
Apr 12, 2014
In reading the functionality descriptions I can't understand why one would need the standard setting. Seems the full-time in fact would be desired most often (and should be the default). What am I missing? Thanks in advance for a short tutorial based on your experience.
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text:
Everyday is legday with our JAFARI pants. The faux-leather look will keep you both comfy and on point. Style with a cosy knit or an easy blouse and let your legs do the talking.
- Shell: 100% polyester
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- Model is 172cm and is wearing size 36


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1992
|Filing date
|Jun 25, 1991
|Priority date
|Oct 12, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Charles C. Liu, Krzysztof Nauka
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (42), Classifications (18), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 07/597,260 filed on Oct. 12, 1990, now abandoned.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to suppression of water vapor absorption in a glass encapsulation layer for electronic components.
1. Background Art
Semiconductor electronic components, or arrays of such components, are often encapsulated in a glass or similar passivation layer in order to chemically, mechanically and electronically insulate the enclosed array from the environments the package will pass through before or during the time the array is tested and/or used for its chosen task. Glasses such as borophosphosilicate glass ("BPSG") is often used as a passivation layer or interlayer dielectric film because (1) the passivation material has a substantially lower reflow temperature than most other suitable passivation materials and (2) the presence of boron and phosphorus atoms in approximately equal concentration in the passivation layer material ensures that such material will not produce a net n type or p type average carrier density of substantial magnitude (>1014 cm-3). However, borophosphosilicate glass ("BPSG") readily absorbs and emits water vapor so that, when a BPSG passivation layer is used by itself, water vapor is absorbed and emitted by this passivation material depending upon the temperature and vapor pressure of the environment.
Chemical vapor deposition ("CVD") of borophosphosilicate glass at temperatures below 600° C. is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,884, issued to Chandross et al., using decomposition of complex compounds such as diacetoxyditertiarybutoxysilane.
Okuyoma et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,597, disclose provision of a phosphosilicate glass film having a low phosphorus concentration on an underlying borophosphosilicate glass film for purposes of environmental insulation.
A high temperature process, requiring temperatures of at least T=940° C., for forming a borophosphosilicate glass film on a semiconductor substrate, is disclosed by Wakematsu et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,253. The glass film has a high and precisely defined concentration of both boron and phosphorus.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,117, issued to Okamoto et al., formation of a silicon oxide film and a borophosphosilicate film on a silicon substrate is disclosed. A metal film, positioned adjacent to the BPSG film, prevents dopant impurities such as boron and phosphorus from defusing from the BPSG film to another material positioned on the other side of the metal film.
Avigal, in "Inter-metal Dielectric and Passivation-related Properties of Plasma BPSG", Solid State Technology, October, 1983, pp. 217-224, has discussed the use of phosphosilicate glass ("PSG") and BPSG versus undoped glass as a passivation layer for integrated circuit ("IC") materials. Phosphorous acts as an ion getter for sodium ions and is preferred over undoped glass. However, PSG is highly hygroscopic and has relatively high porosity that appears to increase with increasing phosphorous content. This often limits the phosphorous content in PSG to no more than 4-5 weight percent. If these problems are somehow avoided, photoresist adhesion problems in PSG further limit the phosphorous content to 8-9 weight percent. Boron concentration in BPSG is also limited to 4-5 weight percent. Increasing the boron concentration in BPSG decreases the compressive stress therein that is produced by the presence of phosphorous and has other advantages. Reflow of as-deposited BPSG improves the coverage of the underlying IC structure and is usually performed at temperatures of T=800°-1100° C. Reflow in BPSG increases with increasing phosphorous content and increases markedly with increasing boron concentration, even if the phosphorous concentration is decreased correspondingly. Reflow also increases with increasing reflow temperature, but at higher temperatures (T≧1000° C.) large, undesirable bubbles or voids appear at steps in the underlying IC structure. Glass deposition by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition ("APCVD"), by low pressure deposition ("LPCVD") and by plasma enhanced deposition ("PECVD") are discussed.
Kern and Smeltzer, in "Borophosphosilicate Glasses for Integrated Circuits", Solid State Technology, June, 1985, pp. 171-179, note that, although increasing the boron and phosphorous concentrations above 4-5 weight percent each allow reduction of the glass fusion temperature to as low as T=600° C., the presence of boron concentration above 5 weight percent produces unstable glass that forms microcrystals of metaboric acid or for which the bulk glass layer separates from the surface glass layer. These workers recommend densification or porosity reduction in the BPSG layer by annealing at a temperature T=700°-800° C. for 15-30 minutes immediately after formation of the BPSG layer, in order to suppress these undesirable tendencies. These workers also note that increasing the phosphorous or boron content by 1 weight percent and 1 weight percent allows decrease of the reflow temperature by ΔT=20° C. and ΔT=40° C., respectively. Although increasing the boron concentration has a much greater effect on glass reflow properties than does increasing the phosphorous concentration by the same amount, the BPSG layer becomes unstable with boron concentration higher than about 4 weight percent. These results are confirmed by results of Williams and Dein, reported in Solid State Science and Technology, vol. 134 (1987) pp. 657-664, by results of Tsai et al., reported in Intl. Symp. on VLSI Technology, Systems and Appls. (May, 1989), and by results of Law et al., reported in Solid State Technology, April, 1983, pp. 60-62.
What is needed is a means of treating a borophosphosilicate film to provide a thin layer of material that suppresses inflow to, or outflow from, the borophosphosilicate glass film of undesirable compounds such as water vapor and allows higher boron and phosphorous concentrations to be used in the BPSG layer. Preferably, the BPSG post-process treatment should be performable at relatively low temperatures, under T=500° C.
These needs are met by a process that forms a layer of borophosphosilicate glass of thickness at least 0.7 μm over an integrated circuit array, followed immediately by formation of a layer of undoped oxide of silicon, of approximately 100 Å to 500 Å thick, over the BPSG layer. Formation of the BPSG layer and the undoped silicon oxide layer occurs at a relatively low temperature of between 300° C. and 450° C. Higher temperatures can also be used, if desired. Because the silicon oxide layer is formed as an integral part of the overall process that also deposits the BPSG layer, water vapor that would otherwise be absorbed by the BPSG layer from the environment has no chance to be absorbed before the silicon oxide layer is laid down. The undoped silicon oxide layer may be relatively thin but suppresses substantially all movement of water vapor through itself. This might not be true if the silicon oxide film contained even a modest percentage of either of the dopants boron or phosphorus because the presence of these dopants facilitates diffusion in silicon oxide by other impurities.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a portion of the substrate/IC array, after encapsulation according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of apparatus used to practice one embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 3-6 are graphs of measured absorbance, or calculated absorbance differences, versus wavenumber of the light used, for different configurations of semiconductor substrate plus BPSG passivating layer with and without the undoped oxide layer prepared according to the invention. These figures were obtained for the BPSG layers with "standart", i.e. approximately 4 weight percent B and 4 weight percent P.
FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 are graphs of measured absorbance for capped and uncapped BPSG layers with "high" B content (layers containing approximately 8 weight percent B and 4 weight percent P), annealed or not annealed.
FIG. 10 is a graph demonstrating improvement of the flow angle when boron content was increased from its "standart" 4% value to 8%.
With reference to FIG. 1, it is desired to provide a protective layer for an array of integrated circuits 11 mounted on a substrate 13. The protective layer will include a layer of borophosphosilicate glass ("BPSG") covering the array of ICs 11 with a thinner layer 17 of a second insulation material, such as an oxide of silicon, contiguous to the BPSG layer 15. Preferably, the BPSG layer 15 is at least 0.7 μm thick and the second protection layer 17 is approximately 100 Å to 500 Å thick or thicker. The two layers 15 and 17 together provide a passivation layer for the IC array 11 that resists inflow to, and outflow from, the passivation layer material itself and the IC array. The second protective layer 17 is preferably an oxide layer that is deposited at relatively low temperatures T<450° C.
Chemical vapor deposition of the first and second protective layers 15 and 17 is carried out in a furnace 21, shown in FIG. 2, that may be cylindrically shaped or have some other suitable shape. The furnace 21 includes an array 23 of heating elements, arranged as coils or as longitudinal elements around the perimeter of a container 24 that has an aperture 25 at one end and has a wall closure 27 at the other end. The substrate 13 and accompanying IC array 11 are positioned in a boat 30 that rests on a cantilevered pallet 31 that moves into and out of the interior of the container 24 in a selected direction. The pallet 31 has attached thereto a container seal 33 that moves with the pallet 31 toward the aperture 25 in the container 24 and seals this aperture, when the pallet is moved into the container toward the wall closure 27 and the substrate 13 and IC array 11 are in a proper position within the interior of the container 24. The furnace 21 has five sources or containers of gases 35, 37, 39, 41 and 43 associated therewith that contain the respective gases silane (SiH4), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), trimethyl borate (B(CH3 O)3 or ("TMB") and phosphine (PH3). These five gases are delivered by five gas delivery lines 45, 47, 49, 51 and 53, respectively, to the interior of the container 24, with gas flows being separately controlled by the respective valves 55, 57, 59, 61 and 63 as shown in FIG. 2. The interior of the container may be pumped down or exhausted of the gases contained therein by a slow pump 67 and then by a fast pump 65 that can pump out the interior of the container 24.
Table 1 below sets forth one procedure for formation of the BPSG layer and the undoped cap layer according to the invention.
1. Turn all gas sources off.
2. Bring spike temperature (i.e., on external perimeter of furnace) to initial temperature T0 =420° C. at handle, center and source longitudinal positions at a rate of 4° C./minute.
3. Turn on N2 purge to the slow pump at rate of FS =5 cm3 /min., to prevent pump oil from backstreaming into the tube.
4. Turn on N2 gas at flow rate FN =5000 cm3 /min.
5. Move boat out of the furnace to a position of 20 cm (all the way out) at a rate of 60 cm/min.
6. Set upper pressure limit (in furnace interior) to PLimit =5000 microns=5 Torr=670 Pascals.
7. Move boat into furnace to a position of 166 cm (all the way in) from its open position at 20 cm, at a rate of 60 cm/min., then seal the furnace door.
Furnace is sealed for steps 8-35.
8. Reduce N2 gas flow rate to FN =0 cm3 /min after a time interval of t=3 minutes.
9. Set control so that when the spike temperatures are within 3° C. of the set points, the temperature control is switched to paddle control.
10. Turn off N2 purge to the pump.
11. Turn on slow pump to provide partial vacuum for t=190 sec.; then turn slow pump off.
12. Turn on fast pump for t=10 minutes for fast pump down.
13. Purge furnace interior with N2 gas for t=5 minutes at flow rate FN =2000 cm3 /min.
14. Turn off N2 flow for t=10 minutes for fast pump down.
15. Set upper pressure limit to PLimit =13.3 Pascals.
16. Shut vacuum pumps off for t=4 minutes for first leak check.
17. Turn fast pump on for t=3 minutes to reduce pressure to <13.3 Pascals.
18. Set upper pressure limit to PLimit =670 Pascals.
19. Purge furnace interior with N2 gas at flow rate FN =250 cm3 /min for t=12 minutes.
20. Reduce N2 gas flow rate to FN =0 cm3 /min for t=5 minutes.
21. Set upper pressure limit to PLimit =6.7 Pascals.
22. Shut vacuum pumps off for t=4 minutes for second leak check.
23. Turn fast pump on for t=5 minutes to reduce pressure to <6.7 Pascals.
24. Set upper pressure limit to PLimit =33.5 Pascals.
25. Establish O2 flow rate of FO =40 cm3 /min, PH3 flow rate of FP =4 cm3 /min, TMB flow rate of FT =6 cm3 /min, and SiH4 flow rate of FS =36 cm3 /min for time interval of t=123 minutes and 54 seconds; then reduce FP, FT and FS to 0 cm3 /min. Oxygen flow continues.
26. Reduce N2 purge to fast pump 65 to 0 cm3 /min for t=5 minutes and continue O2 purge.
27. Increase SiH4 flow rate to FS =36 cm3 /min for t=110 seconds; then reduce this to FS =0 cm3 /min for t=10 minutes and continue oxygen purge.
28. Reduce O2 flow rate to FO =0 cm3 /min and pump down for t=2 minutes.
29. Set pressure limit PLimit =670 Pascals.
30. Establish N2 gas flow rate of FN =1000 cm3 /min for t=1 minute to purge furnace.
31. Reduce N2 gas flow rate to FN =0 cm3 /min for t=2 minutes.
32. Increase N2 flow rate to FN =1000 cm3 /min for t=2 minutes.
33. Turn on N2 purge to the pump at rate FS =5 cm3 /min for t=20 seconds; then shut pump off.
34. Return temperature control to spike.
35. Increase N2 gas flow rate to FN =9000 cm3 /min for t=4 minutes.
36. Open furnace door and move boat 11 cm out of furnace and hold for t=5 minutes.
37. Move boat 146 cm out (cumulatively) of and hold for t=15 minutes.
The temperatures inside the container 24 are monitored by a plurality of thermal couples or other temperature sensing devices 71, 73 and 75 positioned outside the furnace and contiguous thereto, which measure the so-called "spike" temperature of the furnace at different positions. Inside the container 24 a second plurality of temperature sensing devices 77, 79 and 81 are positioned to measure the so-called "paddle" temperature at positions inside the container. Ideally, the spike and paddle temperatures at corresponding positions will sense temperatures that are within a few degrees C. of one another during the process.
As a first step in the process the spike temperature is brought to an initial value T0, which may be between 300° C. and 440° C. and is preferably held at T0 =420° C. at three longitudinal positions, called the handle, center and source, of the furnace at a rate of 4° C./minute. Generally, the length of each time interval set forth in the procedure in Table 1 need not be precisely maintained and a tolerance of ±10 percent is acceptable here, unless otherwise indicated. All gas sources are turned off during this time interval.
The N2 flow to the pump 65 is then turned on at a flow rate of FS =5 cm3 /min in order to avoid or minimize any backstream pressures that might develop. The nitrogen source 39, through its valve 59, is then turned on at a flow rate of FN =5000 cm3 /min, and the cantilevered pallet 31 and the boat 30 containing the substrate 13 and IC array 11 are moved out of the furnace to the position x=20 cm at a rate of 60 cm/min., to facilitate loading of the substrate 13 and the IC array 11. An upper pressure limit within the container interior is set at Plim =5000 microns=5 Torr=670 Pascals by a pressure sensor 83 positioned within the interior of the container 24. The cantilevered pallet 31, boat 30, substrate 13 and IC array 11 are then moved into the container by a cumulative distance of x=146 cm (the maximum distance of longitudinal movement) and the cover 33 is positioned over the aperture 25 in the container 24 to form an air-tight seal for the container interior, for a time interval of about 60 minutes. During this last time interval, the container 24 is sealed with the pallet 31, boat 30, substrate 13 and IC array 11 positioned within the container.
During this last-mentioned time interval, the N2 gas flow rate is reduced to FN =0 cm3 /min after a time interval of t=3 minutes, and the controls are set so that the temperature control is switched to paddle from spike when the spike temperatures are within 3° C. of the set points. The N2 flow to the fast pump 65 is turned off and the slow pump 67 is turned on for a time interval t=190 seconds to provide a partial vacuum within the container interior. The fast pump 65 is turned on for a time interval t=10 minutes. The container interior is then purged with N2 gas for a time interval t=5 minutes at a flow rate of FN =2000 cm3 /min. The N2 flow is then turned off for fast pump down for t=10 minutes, and the upper pressure limit is set to Plim =13.3 Pascals.
A first leak check is then performed for the next four minutes, and the fast pump 65 is turned on for t=3 minutes to reduce the internal pressure to no more than 13.3 Pascals. The upper pressure limit is then reset to Plimit =670 Pascals, and the container interior is purged with N2 gas for t=12 minutes at a flow rate of FN =250 cm3 /min. The N2 gas flow rate is then reduced to FN =0 cm3 /min for t=5 minutes.
The upper pressure limit is then reset to Plim =6.7 Pascals, and a second leak check is performed over the next four minutes. The fast pump 65 is then turned on for t=5 minutes to reduce pressure to no more than 6.7 Pascals, and the upper pressure limit is reset to Plim =33.5 Pascals.
The valves 55, 57, 61 and 63 are now opened to establish gas flow rates of 36 cm3 /min, 40 cm3 /min, 6 cm3 /min and 4 cm3 /min for the SiH4, O2, TMB and PH3 gases, respectively, for a time interval tdep 123 minutes and 54 seconds. These gases react according to the following chemical reactions:
SiH4 +2O2 →SiO2 +2H2 O.
The deposition rate is approximately 55 Å/min so that during this time interval of tdep a layer of BPSG of thickness at least 0.2 μm, and preferably approximately 0.7 μm is deposited over the exposed surfaces of the IC array 11 and substrate 13. The valves 55, 61 and 63 are then closed, the flow rates of the SiH4, TMB and PH3 gases are all reduced to 0 cm3 /min, and the oxygen flow continues in order to purge the interior of the container 24.
The valve 55 is then reopened to establish SiH4 gas flow at a rate of 36 cm3 /min, in the presence of the oxygen flow rate of 40 cm3 /min. These two gases react with each other according to the reaction
SiH4 +2O2 →SiO2 +2H2 O
and thereby deposit a solid layer of SiO2 (or, more generally, SiOx) over the exposed surface of the BPSG layer 15 shown in FIG. 1. These reactions continue for t=110 seconds, after which the silane valve 55 is closed again. This results in a thickness of the undoped SiOx layer 17 of approximately 100 Å at the estimated deposition rate of 55 Å/min. Oxygen flow continues for t=10 minutes to purge the interior of the container 24. The oxygen valve 57 is then closed to shut off the oxygen flow, and the container interior is pumped down, using the large pump 65, for t=2 minutes.
The pressure limit is reset to Plim =670 Pascals, and the valve 59 is re-opened to establish a N2 gas flow rate of FN =1000 cm3 /min for t=1 minute in order to purge the container interior. The N2 gas flow rate is then reduced to 0 cm3 /min for t=2 minutes and is then increased to FN =1000 cm3 /min for another two minutes. The N2 purge to the pump 65 is then turned on at a flow rate of FS =5 cm3 /min for at least t=20 seconds, and the pump 65 is then shut off.
Temperature control is returned to the spike, and the N2 gas flow rate is increased to 9000 cm3 /min for t=4 minutes. The door or seal 33 of the container 24 is then opened, and the cantilever 31, the boat 30, the substrate 13 and the IC array 11 are moved out of the container in the selected direction a distance of 11 cm and held there for t=5 minutes. The cantilevered pallet 31, the boat 30, the substrate 13 and the IC array 11 are then moved the remainder of the distance out of the container and held there for t=15 minutes before the substrate 13 and the IC array 11, with their protective layers 15 and 17, are removed from the boat 30.
The method of formation of the BPSG and cap layers described above uses LPCVD. Other methods of formation of these layers, such as APCVD or PECVD, may also be used. The preferred temperature ranges for APCVD and for PECVD are T=400°-450° C. and T=300°-450° C., respectively. Use of APCVD, rather than LPCVD, may produce higher film thickness non-uniformity and/or larger defect density, as noted by Avigal, op.cit. Use of PECVD, rather than LPCVD, may produce higher film deposition rates and allow lower deposition temperatures, as noted by Kern and Smeltzer, op.cit.
The invention provides a method of chemical vapor deposition of an encapsulating layer over an integrated circuit array that suppresses or eliminates (1) absorption of water vapor by the bulk BPSG layer and (2) subsequent out-gassing of water vapor by this layer. The desired insulation properties of the BPSG are unaffected, or perhaps improved, by the contiguous layer of undoped silicon oxide. The invention also suppresses or eliminates out-gassing of the toxic TMB, whose presence is manifested by a characteristic, acrid smell.
Absorption of water vapor by the bulk BPSG layer is commonly monitored by the infrared absorption measurements. Absorbed water undergoes chemical reactions forming Si--O--H and O--H groups which introduce respective absorption bands within the range of 3600 cm-3700 cm-1 and 3200 cm-1 3400 cm-1. Exact positions of these peaks vary, depending on the microscopic environments of the respective bonds in an amorphous medium. The environments, in turn, are determined by the film density, its thermal history and stoichiometry.
Because of the low power output of the infrared sources, disturbances caused by the atmospheric ambient, and low sensitivity of the commercial infrared detectors, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is commonly used to acquire optical spectra in the mid infrared range (5000 cm-1 (2 microns)-400 cm-1 (25 microns). Application of the Fourier Transform principle eliminates most of the signal noise. In addition it eliminates all wavelength resolving elements, such as prisms, gratings, slits, filters, etc.
Present measurements were conducted using research grade Nicolet 60SX Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. These employed Globar light source, Potassium Bromide (KBr) beamsplitter, DTGS (organic compound) detector with KBr window. Measurements were conducted at room temperature with spatial resolution of 1 cm-1.
Optical measurement of the water absorption were conducted for: A. BPSG with standart B concentration (4 weight percent B and 4 weight percent P), B. BPSG with increased B concentration (8 weight percent B and 4 weight percent P). All measurements were conducted for at least 5 points at the wafer, and each time consistent data were obtained. FIGS. 3-7 present results obtained for the layers with "standart" B content.
FIG. 3 exhibits the measured absorbance versus wavenumber k of a substrate encapsulated with a BPSG layer that does not have the undoped oxide layer included. The layer was exposed to air for approximately one day after deposition. Optical spectrum manifests a local peak or maximum of absorbance in the wavenumber range 3100-3300 cm-1, which indicates the presence of loosely bonded water, as described above. FIG. 4 exhibits the measured absorbance versus wavenumber of the structure used in FIG. 3, where the characteristic absorbance of the Si substrate has been mathematically removed by subtracting absorbance spectrum of the "bare" Si wafer. This mathematical procedure was applied to all subsequently measured spectra. The magnitude of the absorbance in FIG. 4, vis-a-vis FIG. 3, is reduced as expected, but the local peak that corresponds to the presence of OH bonds is still present, indicating that OH bonds are present in the BPSG material.
FIG. 5 exhibits the measured absorbance versus wavenumber for a substrate plus BPSG layer (the same configuration as FIG. 3) plus undoped oxide layer, prepared according to the invention and subjected to the identical air exposure as the wafer without the undoped oxide layer described in the previous paragraph. The local peak corresponding to presence of O--H bonds, in the BPSG layer or in the undoped oxide layer, is absent. The very broad feature seen in FIGS. 3-5 is caused by the constructive/destructive interference between multiple light reflections from the top and bottom BPSG surfaces. It can be easily suppressed or altered by changing thickness of the BPSG film.
FIG. 6 exhibits the difference in absorbance between FIGS. 3 and 5, again showing the prominent local peak in the wavenumber range of 3100-3300 (cm-1) that corresponds to the presence of O--H bonds. We believe that FIGS. 3-7 indicate that inclusion of a (this) layer of undoped oxide, overlying a BPSG insulation layer and prepared according to the invention, will suppress or wholly eliminate the presence of water vapor in the BPSG layer and in the undoped oxide layer for the standart film with four percent boron concentration.
The deposit of an undoped glass layer over a BPSG layer has another important benefit here: The density of undesirable voids or boron-containing microcrystals in the BPSG is decreased by more than two orders of magnitude with glass densification after post-deposition annealing in a nitrogen ambient atmosphere. In practice, this allows the use of boron concentrations as high as 8-9 weight percent in BPSG. Table 1 presents the measured densities of voids and/or microcrystals in BPSG, without and with an undoped capping layer of glass included, and without and with post-deposition annealing, for boron and phosphorous concentrations of 8 weight percent and 4 weight percent, respectively.
TABLE 1______________________________________Void/Microcrystal Count in BPSG Layerwith 8 Percent B PresentParticle Uncapped, Uncapped, Capped, Capped,Diameter Annealed Not Annealed Annealed Not Annealed______________________________________0-0.5 μm 2996 23 27 80.5+ -3 μm 3979 21 22 193+ 768.m and 25 13 6above______________________________________
The results shown in Table 1 indicate that: (1) providing an undoped capping layer for the BPSG layer immediately after the deposit thereof but with annealing, reduces the number of voids and/or microcrystals to approximately the same numbers as are achieved by using an uncapped, non-annealed BPSG layer; (2) for an annealed BPSG layer, use of an undoped cap layer reduces the void/microcrystal count by a multiplicative factor of 60-180, depending on the particle diameter range of interest; (3) deleting the step of annealing the capped BPSG layer reduces the number of voids and/or microcrystals to about one third the count for the uncapped/non-annealed BPSG layer; and (4) the capped/annealed BPSG layer has about half as many voids and/or microcrystals of diameter greater than 3 μm as does the uncapped/non-annealed BPSG layer. However, growth of the cap layer on the BPSG layer can be carried out at much lower temperatures (T 300°-440° C.) than the corresponding annealing temperatures (T 800°-1100° C.). This is a big advantage where low melt point materials such as aluminum are used in the underlying IC structure.
As noted above, uncapped BPSG layers with high B content (above 5 weight percent) exhibit a tendency to absorb large amounts of the water vapor, which has undesirable effects on performance of any device made using that wafer. Water vapor absorption in the BPSG layer can lead to formation of boron-rich crystallites and other deleterious effects. Maintenance of high boron content in the BPSG encapsulation layer may be desirable because this promotes easier reflow of the material, as discussed elsewhere in this specification. Annealing or densification of a dielectric layer is usually necessary for other reasons but is often undesirable for high boron content films, because it increases the crystallite or void count in the BPSG layers, as shown in Table 1, especially in the presence of high boron content in the BPSG layer. Use of the undoped cap layer on the BPSG layer reduces the crystallite or void count by as much as the orders of magnitude, as illustrated in Table 1.
Series of the optical measurements was conducted to elucidate on the water vapor absorption by the BPSG layers with boron content exceeding "standart" 4-5 weight percent level. The B and P content of the samples for this experiment, as determined by FTIR, and some other relevant fabrication details are set forth in Table 2. The small differences in B content, or in P content, among these samples are not believed to significantly influence the results.
FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 present the results of moisture related absorbance measurements in the BPSG layer with "high" boron content (described in Table 2) with and without protective undoped oxide layer, subjected or not to annealing. Annealing applied in this experiment imitates standart densification process - 800° C. for 45 minutes in N2 ambient. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy measurements showed that annealing caused some diffusion of the B and P into an undoped oxide cap, but did not change significantly their concentrations in the cap region near the surface.
TABLE 2______________________________________Boron/Phosphorous Content for Four DifferentlyFabricated BPSG-encapsulated Wafers Boron Phosphorous Concentra- Concentra-Sample tion tion FabricationNo. (wt-percent) (wt-percent) Details______________________________________1 8.1 4.5 Not annealed. Capped (with undoped cap layer)2 8.5 4.4 Not annealed. Not capped.3 8.2 4.7 Annealed. Capped.4 7.9 4.8 Annealed. Not capped.______________________________________
FTIR measurements probed water vapor related characteristic absorption bands at 3650 cm-1 (Si--O--H) and at around 3350 cm-1 (O--H). Note that the non-annealed samples reported in FIG. 8 have about three times as much absorbance as the corresponding annealed samples, and they tend to form O--H bonds rather than Si--O--H bonds. These differences reflect change in a film density and in bond configurations caused by the annealing. Two BPSG degradation processes were employed: (1) immersion in water: 14 hours in cold water followed by 3 hours in boiling water followed by 2 hours in boiling water--FIGS. 7 and 8; and (2) prolonged air exposure (up to 25 days)--FIG. 9. In all of these situations, the capped layer has significantly smaller water-related (both Si--O--H and O--H absorption) absorbance than the corresponding uncapped layer. These FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 again demonstrate the advantages of provision of an undoped cap layer according to the invention in a variety of water vapor exposure situations, with and without subsequent annealing.
Use of the undoped capping layer on the BPSG layer also allows use of much higher boron concentrations, as high as 8-9 weight percent, with no substantial increase in void/microcrystal density in the BPSG layer, after annealing. This allows use of lower reflow temperatures, as low as Tr =700°-900° C., and reduces the compressive stress in the BPSG layer introduced by presence of the phosphorous. Because the compressive stress in BPSG is lowered by use of the undoped cap layer, a higher concentration of phosphorous (as high as 9 weight percent) can be tolerated, in order to provide more complete sodium ion gettering and still lower reflow temperatures in the BPSG layer. Boron concentration as high as 8-9 weight percent in the presence of a wet ambient atmosphere (containing H2 O vapor) can be tolerated here because the cap layer acts as a water vapor barrier and thus suppresses formation of boron-rich microcrystals or voids in the BPSG layer. The concentrations of boron and phosphorous in the BPSG layer may each be between 1 and 9 weight percent, with phosphorous concentration of at least 3-5 weight percent being preferred for sodium ion gettering.
In integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process, the angle of the film 15 over a step 11, as in FIG. 1, should be minimized. This flow angle of the BPSG film is inversely proportional to the boron concentration in the film as well as the temperature of the flow condition. Therefore, to reduce the flow angle, the boron concentration or the flow temperature has to be raised. However, in the state of the art IC process, the circuits have to be processed under a temperature no more than 800° C. Therefore, the alternative is to raise the boron concentration in the BPSG film in order to reduce the flow angle. However, BPSG films with more than 5 percent boron have shown to be unstable in the normal processing environment.
This invention of using an undoped oxide capping layer on the BPSG film enables the film to contain more than 5 percent boron without being unstable. The flow angles of 8 percent and 4 percent boron BPSG films are compared in FIG. 10 at various flow temperatures. Clearly, the 8 percent boron BPSG is able to achieve a lower flow angle at a certain flow temperature compared to the 4 percent boron BPSG film.
The foregoing discussions have focused on deposit of an undoped silicon oxide layer as the cap layer. An undoped silicon nitride layer may also be used as the cap layer. In fact, silicon nitride is known to be a better barrier against diffusion of intentional dopants and unwanted impurities, such as alkali metals, than is silicon oxide. Direct deposition of undoped silicon nitride as a cap layer is commonly carried out by the chemical vapor deposition process (CVD) at higher temperatures, Tdep ≧750° C., than the deposition temperatures used for oxides of silicon. The chemical reaction relied upon for deposition of silicon nitride is usually
3 SiH4 +4 NH3 →Si3 N4 +12 H2.
Use of the higher deposition temperatures offers opportunity to rearrange processing sequence, namely, to densify BPSG films before deposition of the silicon nitride cap layer. The silicon nitride deposition temperature is comparable with the densification temperature. The proposed process is as follows:
(1) BPSG is deposited on the wafers in the reactor;
(2) Without breaking the reactor seal and exposing wafers to the outside atmosphere, reactor temperature is raised and wafers with the BPSG layer are annealed (densified) in the reactor; annealing is conducted in a neutral ambient atmosphere, such as N2 or Ar; and
(3) Silicon nitride cap layer is deposited.
The proposed process for the CVD deposition of the silicon nitride cap layer is fully compatible with the CVD reactor arrangement shown in FIG. 2, with the addition of an NH3 source 44 and valve 46.
Silicon nitride can also be deposited using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system with a deposition temperature of Tdep =275°-400° C. The PECVD process allows use of lower deposition temperatures than the CVD but requires growth apparatus of increased complexity, with plasma generation capabilities. Because of this lower deposition temperature, the processing sequence employed for the silicon oxide cap layer (i.e., BPSG deposition followed by silicon oxide cap deposition followed by densification) can be used for PECVD silicon nitride deposit as well.
We estimate that an undoped layer of silicon nitride of thickness 50-100 Å will provide adequate encapsulation of the BPSG layer and the underlying IC array. We anticipate that the thermal stresses present in such thin layers will have a negligible effect on the integrity of the underlying structures. Use of a smaller thickness (<50 Å) of silicon nitride may also be possible, but layers of thickness less than 50 Å tend to form islands of the layering material that are separated by regions where the deposition is incomplete and the underlying material is at least partly exposed. For this reason, we prefer to deposit cap layers of silicon nitride (and silicon oxide as well) of thickness at least 50 Å.
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|Method of manufacturing insulating layer and semiconductor device including insulating layer, and semiconductor device formed thereby
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|Jan 23, 2003
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|Oct 11, 2001
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|Luc Ouellet
|Method of reducing stress-induced mechanical problems in optical components
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|Mar 11, 2004
|Cronin John Edward
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|Jun 14, 2007
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 5, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 12, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 23, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000310


text:
Lomography raises more than $1M for production of New Petzval lenses
We've previously reported on Lomography's attempt to crowd-source funding to bring the centuries-old Petzval lens back into production via Kickstarter and it seems like they've done well, raising more than $1 million, which is more then ten times their original target of $100,000.
The 'New Petzval' lenses look and function much like the originals with a brass exterior, and the aim is to produce it in both Canon EF- and Nikon F- mounts. The lens is expected to be available next spring.
|With brass lens barrels and hoods, Lomography's New Petzval lens will be sold for Canon and Nikon SLRs.
Why bring back the Petzval? Lomography is promoting the way the swirled bokeh it creates draws focus to the center of the frame, the only part of the image in sharp focus. Petzval lenses of yore were notable for having the widest apertures available at the time, speeding up the amount of time required to create a Daguerrotype from 10 minutes to 30 seconds.
A cynic's view might be that Lomography is trying to push the rejection of 173 years of lens development and improvement as a creative choice, rather than marketing-driven ludditism.
The New Petzval lenses incorporate some modern design updates, starting with a larger f/2.2 maximum aperture. The aperture can be changed using the included set of diaphragms (known as Waterhouse stops) to achieve different stops. Zenit, a lens producer based in Russia, has partnered with Lomography to produce the lenses.
The New Petzvals are planned to launch at $499. The campaign continues, and if you contribute to Lomography's Kickstarter a new-old Petzval can be yours for a mere $300 pledge when they start shipping.
Aug 8, 2016
Aug 1, 2016
Jul 27, 2016
Jul 26, 2016
This is a LENS???
I have two Lensbaby lenses I bought nine years ago. I never got the look I wanted. In Jan. 2006 I was looking around a dollar store and I came across some magnifying lenses that were made of plate glass, 60mm Di. and 200mm FL. I bought two of them and went to an auto parts store, bought a generic rack and pinion boot that look like a very large Lensbaby tube. I took the two lenses and squeezed them into tube, stuck a T-mount adaptor in the other end making a 100mm F2 lens.
Twenty years ago, I was at a telescope making convention, Stelaphane, and bought an iris diagram for 5 bucks. It was used on the front of a telescope to stop down the lens. I used it for burning in prints for many years in the darkroom. This thing fitted perfectly on the front of my homemade Lensbaby. From it I could adjust the lens from F2 to F8. The more I stopped down, the sharper the lens became.
When used wide open to F2.8 I get the most wonderful blur and when I twist the lens like the LB lens it changes the the way light goes through the two lenses giving even more distortion. I get all kinds of color fringing and when converted to B&W I get the most wonderful bokah I've seen. All of this for an investment of $25.
Half the fun of using these old lenses is in the fact that they are both original and old. Zenit also brought back the Helios 40 85mm f1.5. However they are essentially the same build and coatings of the originals built prior to '92. That said, with these new Petzvals having their optics modified to work with smaller formats essentially makes them different from the originals, correct?
I've bought a good deal of cheap vintage lenses on eBay, and from the junk I have about 30 unique pieces worthy in their own right, (and writing a few reviews of my own findings). My personal favorite is a 135mm f4 Carl Zeiss Jena Triotar, built in 1950. A simple triplet design in an aluminum tube. With proper handling (which makes using fun), it produces exceptional images.
Again. Having something 'original', even though it costs me $27, is a value that cannot be replaced by reproduction.
My guess is that some are betting on a limited production run to create something of a rare toy.
Just get a freaking Wet Plate camera and come all over the tin.
"$400,000 - We will send every backer a unique cotton bag to store your Petzval lens and other goodies in whilst on-the-go."
Yeah, anyway, I look forward to reviews pitting it against the Jupiter 9 and other things that cost nowhere near USD500. All a bit optically flawed, only one can give you a unique cotton bag to store your characterful lens and other goodies in whilst on-the-go.
Good to know that the perpetrators of this project immediately identified the most appropriate lens (or perhaps I should say "lense") manufacturer for this premium product: Zenitar. No one could possibly argue that they are not the No. 1 lense manufacturer in Krasnogorsk. As the delirious owner of one of their "legendary" 15mm Fish-eyes I can confirm that this new, must-have, pre-brassed, er, lense, is likely to share the FE's "stellar" performance - in the sense of stars flatteringly bokeh-d by a miasma of industrial atmospheric pollution.
Sadly I've become too impoverished to "invest" in a Pestsval lense however I continue to enjoy the benefits of my little Krasnogorski which, even as I write these words, sits next to me on the floor, holding the door open (at F8.)
Let's hope that they pay sufficient attention to the "unboxing experience". My 15 FE came with a little sump-oil in the box. I assume this was intended for long term maintenance however it made the box a bit squishy.
You get soon 1000000000* photos on the web with the same look and feel:)
Yeah, the internet will suddenly flood with photos that look the same. All I can think of is Picard facepalm.
Why only Canon EF- and Nikon F- mount, and no Pentax and Sony A-mount? Not a smart thing to do, exluding a number of potential customers for no good reason.
I will get one , i 'm not a hipster or fade person just a guy with 20 yrs of real photo experience in msking selling images and teaching at a college level and see it as one more tool to use to create interesting images ..that's it .. At a certain point it's not about F stops or sharp focus or whether looks weird or not .. It's about can it help Me achieve a look I want and think it will so I 'm in ..
Krasnogorsk is not what it was in the past. Everything has been sold or stollen in the past 15 years. If you really want good piece of Russian glass it has to be from 50-80s era. For this money you can have solid piece of Lomo Cine OKC glass like 75/2 or 100/2, slap on a focusing helicoid and have yourself a gorgeous state of the art Double Gauss lens with beautiful bokeh.
I'm getting one because they're made in Krasnogorsk
Sooo funny, all the comments by people who cannot possibly imagine why someone else might want to make or have a brass Petzval lens! "But it looks wierd!" "But the bokeh is bad!" "But it's for hipsters!" Good grief, people - at least TRY to have an open mind. If you can't do that, I guess go back to shooting your beach sunsets, flowers, bugs, and empty park benches.
Anyone else who thinks that brass barrel looks really weird with modern DSLRs?
Nah, they blend right in with the camera body. I'm not sure what you're suggesting!
Not weird, ridiculous
I'm sure this will be popular with some photographers, but for the majority it'll be an irrelevance. I love looking at old photographs because they mark an era of discovery and innovation. However, photography is where it is now by a consensus of generations of photographers demanding better imaging products that give the results they want. The bokeh is pretty grim, the 'super sharp centre' did not make itself apparent in the video and the smug presentation makes me want to vomit. Each to their own i say, but I'll be sticking with 21st. century gear. I hope Zenit do well out of this.
Bokeh looks absolutely horrendously hurtful to the eyes to me. YUCK! Sort of like the bokeh you get from the Canon 135L at f/2.... after you drop 3 times, hit it with a sledge hammer, and put it in a glass furnace for 30 seconds and partially melt a few elements. :) But to each their own.
Never mind. I see it's 85mm.
Did I miss the focal length? Anybody know what it is?
I like the idea of this, I would love to get one, but I'm not falling for the whole romanticism of the original lens. Give me the same thing with a modern focusing and aperture mechanism and I'd probably consider one at $300. It may look like and work like something from the era, but I don't consider than an advantage or a necessity in a new lens.
Looks like another fad, hyped up by hipsters. Just use Alien Skin Bokeh 2 for all your fancy bokeh needs. :)
or, to replicate this scenario, simply drop your lens off the roof a few times ;)
that should, perhaps, make the bokeh as ugly and harsh, with luck
"… raising more than $1 million, which is more then ten times their original target of $100,000."
Money is, at the same time, the scarcest and the most abundant resource in the world.
This seems like a killer deal. You get the public the pay your production costs, and then you get them to pay for the product. I need to find a business idea to take advantage of this. If you played it right, it could be 100% profits.
The public? No, there are apparently quite a few interested buyers who have put up money to fund the project in exchange for an actual product. Lomography still needs to deliver that product before they can consider that they've made any profit. Yes, crowd funding reduces some of the risk of launching new products (in that you know you have some buyers out there) but it does not make it any easier to launch a successful product. Also, the upfront development and promotional costs are still all born by the company. You can't have a Kickstarter campaign around a napkin sketch.
is this lens even patented? if not....i think i will see it on ebay auction very soon (if lomo can sell this). Item location, Shenzhen, China or Hong Kong, China....LOL!!! costs me $50 + free shipping and maybe a lens bag and lens cap says Canon/Nikon depends on the mount.
From a production perspective, it is very close to ideal. You create a prototype and nail down your production costs. Price up the smallest efficient run (say, 300) have a guaranteed pre-order of that amount. It covers basic materials and tooling. After you hit that, you're into profit on each lens. For every 2-4 pre-orders over the base, you can produce an additional for retail sale without being out of pocket.
Honestly, at this point - if I were them - I'd produce at most an extra 100. They've got enough pre-orders and guaranteed money to fill a pretty large chunk of the market, and pocket a tidy sum for their work. Do the run, make the few extras for stragglers, and pack it in. At least, that's what I'd do.
Mind you, initially they were hoping to raise $100,000.
So the good news is that they got enough money to manufacture these things. The bad news is they'll probably wont meet the demands and those who are not in the first 100-200 will have to a wait for a long time or live with some shoddy quality stuff.
And how did you conclude that? Do you know the capacity of all their vendors or something that the rest of us don't?
You can fool some of the people all of the time.
But there's one upside -- at least it's not being
developed using tax money by the Defense Department.
If it were such a wonderful idea, the Chinese/Koreans would
have made these with T-mounts, barrel controlled f-stops,
helical focusing and sold them for less than $99 dollars delivered. Look how much CAT 500mm lenses are selling for on ebay -- amazing that anyone would think that this paperweight would cost more to produce.
And wait until they learn what a 'waterhouse stop' is.
Some of us do know what waterhouse stops are, but I didn't pony up my $400 to shoot this at f8. I expect I'll be using it wide open. I like the idea of it. If they're total crap, I'll still be able to unload it on eBay for 75-80% of my cost. And $400 doesn't buy a lot of camera equipment anyway. What else could I get, a 50mm f1.4? A stabilized 70-300mm f4-5.6? An average wide-angle f3.5-5.6 zoom? Half of an 18-200mm VR? If these were $800, I'd agree with you, but $400 for an 85mm portrait lens is pretty cheap.
|Patrick Finds Inner Peace by ecastellon
from Your best photo of the week!
|Forks by Kukla
from Arranged everyday objects
From landscapes to motocross and white water kayaking to a wedding, exactly what can't the D850 do?
Calumet UK and Wex Photographic, two of the biggest photography retailers in the United Kingdom, are going to officially merge tomorrow.
macOS High Sierra came out today, but if you use a Wacom tablet you need to wait a few weeks before you upgrade. According to Wacom, they won't have a compatible driver ready for you until "late October."
Do you think a $3,000 Canon 80D video rig can compete with an $80,000+ Arri Alexa setup? Well it can't, but check out this video anyway to see how the rigs compare.
Seven simple rules to make sure you get the most out of your next photography outing.
Vitec, the company that owns popular accessory maker Manfrotto, has just acquired JOBY and Lowepro for a cool $10.3 million in cash. The acquisition adds JOBY and Lowepro to Vitec's already sizable collection of camera gear brands.
A master drone pilot has captured one of the most incredible (and highly illegal) drone videos we've ever seen by flying around, inside, onto, and under a moving train.
Intel just debuted their 8th generation desktop CPUs, and the lineup packs a performance boost for 'content creators' that photo and video editors might be intrigued by.
Canon is developing a 'Free Viewpoint Video System' that will turn real life sports games and events into immersive 3D interactive experiences. It's video game-like camera control IRL.
A veteran photojournalist, Rick Wilking secured a spot in the path of totality for the August solar eclipse. While things didn't quite pan out as predicted, an unexpected subject in the sky and a quick reaction made for a once-in-a-lifetime shot.
The new iZugar 3.25mm F2.5 super fisheye lens offers an insane 220-degree angle of view. That means it can basically see behind itself... good luck keeping your feet out of the shot.
You'll laugh, you'll cry, you'll remember that time you took a picture of the frozen pizza baking directions.
A Craigslist poster has discovered the worst possible way to photograph a car: taking pictures of pictures displayed on a cracked and scratched up smartphone screen.
With the iPhone X coming out soon, the title probably won't last, but the iPhone 8 Plus is officially the best smartphone camera DxOMark has ever tested, and the iPhone 8 is second.
Kodak's new Facebook Messenger chatbot is trying to bring back the 'Kodak Moment' by digging up your old social media photos and trying to sell you prints and custom coffee mugs.
Affinity Photo for iPad was touted as "the first full blown, truly professional photo editing tool to make its way onto the Apple tablet." This update makes it that much more convenient.
Yashica has released a new teaser video, and this one claims they'll be releasing an "unprecedented camera" in October on Kickstarter. Ready... set... speculate!
Storage solutions company Synology has just released its very first 6-bay NAS tower. Combined with the DX1215 expansion units, it can hold and control up to thirty drives.
We're always expanding our collection of product overview content, and we've just added videos for the Canon EOS 6D Mark II, the EOS Rebel SL2 and EOS M6.
The venerable Canon PowerShot G1 was announced seventeen years ago this week, marking the start of a line of enthusiast-focused compacts that's still alive and kicking.
Super macro photographer Can Tuncer captured these incredible close-ups of a single peacock feather using a special setup and three different microscope lenses.
After successfully crowdfunding the Biotar 75mm F1.5, Oprema Jena is at it again. This time they're bringing back the Biotar 58mm F2: the world's only lens with a 17-blade aperture.
Adobe's move to a subscription model is treating it very well indeed. The company has posted record revenue for the second quarter in a row, hauling in a mind-boggling $1.84 billion.
More details have emerged about the potential sale of Blackstone's 45% stake in iconic camera brand Leica.
Popular mobile editing app Snapseed just got a major update that includes a new interface and 11 new presets for both Android and iOS, as well as adding the Perspective tool to the iOS version.
It might sound like a strange idea, but taking macro photos of boiling water can actually result in some really cool photographs. A good photo experiment for a rainy day.
The database was created to "break with the narrow lens through which history… has been recorded" by equipping those who commission photography with "the resources to discover photographers of color available for assignments.
Lensbaby has released two new optics for their special "optic swap system." The Lensbaby Sweet 80 Optic gives you that trademark sweet spot of focus, while the Creative Bokeh optic gives you 9 different drop in aperture plate options to play with.
TechCrunch has already posted their review of the upcoming iPhone 8 (not yet the iPhone X), and they're calling it "a look into the augmented future of photography."
Affinity Photo is a $50 photo editing software with no subscriptions. That's it – pay for it once and you're done. And we think it's actually pretty darn good.


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Download the Flipps app to watch this video on your phone or a big screen TV.
Gov. Chris Christie (R-N.J.) was spotted on a beach closed to the public in the midst of a state government shutdown.
Discover hit movies, music videos, comedy, news and sports beyond the TV channel guide right on your phone.


text:
Kaiping City Dong Tao plumbing Die-casting Co., Ltd. is a professional zinc alloy die-casting manufacturers in Shuikou town, Kaiping city, Guangdong province, China. Our factory is located in Kaiping town which called he tap production basend ardware production base in China. The factory which owns 15,000 square meters area is specific in producing and selling single-zinc alloy handles, hand wheels, for hands, machinery and pipe fittings and other hardware products. And we are now the largest die-casting factory in Shuikou town.
Our products sell well in Europe, America, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries in the world. Our products have the characters of fashion, variety, durable, and beauty. After absorbing the essence of the products of worldwild rival, introducing advanced technology at home and abroad, our products have reached national standard. We produce and deliver as soon as possible. Our company has been holding the opinion of "honest, management, and development", and we have employed a large number of professional and technical talent. With powerful technology, good service, high quality and non-stop development, we have won all of our customers atisfaction.
We believe Kaiping City Dong Tao plumbing Die-casting Co., Ltd. is your best choice!
About Us - Service - Payment - Links-Free Products - Contact Us - Sitemap - Add to favorite


text:
Darrel Austin • Graphic/Web/UX Design
Logo Archive
A variety of logos created throughout the years.
Logo for a blog dedicated to information about shopping for glasses online.
Companion logo for Glassyeyes for their online glasses deals site.
Barn Box is a CNC'ed plywood constructed cargo box for vehicles.
Hawkins specializes in garage and other roll-down overhead doors.
Logo, app icon, and software icons for a sketch based game called Doodle Duels
Identity for a blogger who writes about urban planning.
Undies Drawer is a blog dedicated to men's underwear.
Cygnus Studio is a web design firm that specialized in small website redesigns. Turning 'ugly ducklings' into swans.
GreedyTV was a political action group dedicated to reducing the amount media money spent by political campaigns.
Internal logo for the Minnesota Court Information Services system.
Logo for internal survey promotion.
TrueAccess was an early pioneer in single sign-on authentication systems for hospitals.
Logo and props for Ralph Naders "protest" political run.
Corporate logo for a company specializing on rustic pine log home construction products.
Product logo for pine log railing system.
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"Definition of STUPID people" knowing where TRUTH lying but more interested to believe lies
1. Knowing the TRUTH
2. Seeing the TRUTH
3. But still believing the LIES It means people do not want to know the truth where lying but rather more interested to believe the liar.
Such type of people U can find more from EDUCATED and elite class, those who claimed they are not narrow minded people but sorry to say can't difference between truth and lie which is very shameful act.
Please U check yourself in this above parameter to know U R foolish or Clever human being? Another quality of foolish they always heed to back biting and believing all information correct / true against OWN HONEST and sincerce employee which is too hurting.
Thanking You
Yours faithfully
( Ashfaq Sharif )


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Core Course Lists
All changes to the core curriculum course lists must be approved by the Faculty Council on the recommendation of the Dean of Undergraduate Studies and the Undergraduate Studies Advisory Committee. Courses proposed for the core are evaluated on the basis of their ability to develop the Student Competencies that UT and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board have defined for each component of the core.
Proposals to add or remove a core course should be submitted on the core course proposal form and approved by the dean of the college or school offering the course prior to submission to the School of Undergraduate Studies. The preliminary deadline for submitting the core course proposal form is April 15, 2011, and the final deadline is August 15, 2011.
Flags are added to individual courses by the Undergraduate Studies Advisory Committee in consultation with university-wide faculty committees overseeing each flag. Proposals to add flags to courses are evaluated on the basis of the flag guidelines developed by the Faculty Council and the Undergraduate Studies Advisory Committee.
To propose a Flag for a course, log on to the online Flag Proposal System.
For additional information about flag criteria and teaching resources relating to the flag areas, visit the flag teaching page.
Signature Courses
To propose a Signature Course, click here.
For core curriculum, flag, and Signature Course assessment information, click here.


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Monday, 18 September 2017
Bobby "The Brain" Heenan passes away
Raymond Louis Heenan (November 1, 1944 – September 17, 2017), better known as Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, was an American professional wrestling manager, wrestler and color commentator, best known for his time with the American Wrestling Association (AWA), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW).
He was known for his skill in drawing heel heat for himself and his wrestlers, and for his on-screen repartee with Gorilla Monsoon as a color commentator. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2004, by Blackjack Lanza. Respected journalist Jon Donnis wrote that Heenan was "widely regarded as the greatest wrestling manager of all time"
Sunday, 3 September 2017
Friday, 25 August 2017
RoH - Nick Cammarato vs Howie Timberche
This week on Future of Honor The Freakbeast Nick Cammarato faces off with the Scarf Wearing, Singing Sensation Howie Timberche.
RoH Classic - Takeshi Morishima vs Bryan Danielson (Daniel Bryan)
ROH World Title bout from 2007's Manhattan Mayhem II between champion Takeshi Morishima and challenger Bryan Danielson.
Thursday, 24 August 2017
WCPW - Pro Wrestling World Cup Finals: Rey Mysterio vs Will Ospreay & Much More
Rey Mysterio vs Will Ospreay
Jay Lethal vs Zack Sabre Jr
Ricochet vs Angelico
KUSHIDA vs Kenny Williams
Penta El Zero M vs Bad Bones
Joe Coffey vs ...
Mike Bailey vs Travis Banks
Hiromu Takahashi vs Lucky Kid
Plus... War Machine & Marty Scurll vs The Prestige
Thursday, 17 August 2017
Sunday, 13 August 2017
Biff Busick (NXT Oney Lorcan) vs. Donovan Dijak
Rey Mysterio vs. Kurt Angle: SummerSlam 2002
The Master of the 619 makes his WWE pay-per-view debut against Kurt Angle.
Buy Summerslam 2002 Here
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My wife and I ate hear for the second time and we were not disappointed. The staff are friendly and knowlegable, and the food is outstanding! My wife had an amazing seared tuna sandwich and I had a REALLY good salad with candied walnuts, big...More
1 - 10 of 43 reviews
My wife and I ate hear for the second time and we were not disappointed. The staff are friendly and knowlegable, and the food is outstanding! My wife had an amazing seared tuna sandwich and I had a REALLY good salad with candied walnuts, big...More
First of all to new owners. Remodeling looks amazing. The old room and the new side flow perfectly. The bar area modern, glass and mirrors...a focal point. Saturday noon. An acoustic band was about to start playing. Suddenly the place was packed. Theo was a...More
Fantastic place for a table full of mermaids to celebrate a birthday on a Sun afternoon! Food was Exquisite, Service was excellent. And Corey, the entertainment, delightful! I enjoyed the Ahi Sandwich w/truffle fries plenty to share, while the other mermaids sampled the Salad and...More
I had not been to the Roxy in a long time and I live in the area. It is the best! They have music most nights.....the food from shrimp sliders, tomato salad and don't forget the best ice cream ever. Perfect for a date or...More
We were looking for a place to get some dinner on our way to a concert. We ended up here and learned that this restaurant had only been open for 6 months since completing a remocel and they are still fine tuning things. I ordered...More
We stumbled into Roxy while walking along the 101 looking for a nice restaurant for dinner. It has a somewhat eclectic menu, but the special of the day, stroganoff called out to me and was I ever happy that I chose it. It was extremely...More
Friendly staff great FOOD ! This place has a unique menu offering so if you're with friends order and share... good drinks and band music on the weekends... I love the interior it's a throwback to the 30's somewhat.... nice.
The Roxy has a makeover. It's hard to say, but we were disappointed with the interior = the seating, lighting, and overall layout was nothing that would invite us back. We sat outside. Our server recommended the Falafel Burger and the BLT. Both were good,...More
You know what they say about first impressions... I'm so disappointed this evening! Having been a faithful patron (family of 5 who dined at Roxy 3-4 times a month) of the old Roxy, I was excited to see it would be reopening. I was skeptical...More
The new (August 2016) menu deletes most of the vegetarian and/or Mexican and/or Mediterranean dishes that brought customers to Roxy and kept the place going for 35 years. The new 1920s decor is great, but I don't generally eat wall paper, paint, bentwood chairs, and...More


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I am actress, still trying to make my foothold strong in Bollywood. I had made a debut in Bollywood in 2004 but that went unnoticed and I moved on to south industry.
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so i had this collage i made for winter a little while ago and forgot to put it up. so here it is, some great winter must haves and cute stylish ways to keep warm and some pictures below of it in action
from the collage: must have some nordic prints in your winter wardrobe… im loving nordic tights, or jackets. if you live where it snows a fur trapper hat is a must. the black shearling alexander wang booties are to die for. try a pair of suede fingerless gloves for a little more stylish look. chunky knits obviously. earthy colored bags and especially backpacks are so big right now. fur forever scarves like in the picture of me. cool wilderness inspired jewelry like pamela love's arrowheads. :)
Iam sooo into fur, right now!! I bought today some stunning fur jackets…. HELLO WINTER hahah
KISSES Julia
Nice collage