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Advice for people who need to avoid shellfish
People who are allergic to shellfish need to watch out for both crustaceans and mollusks, though folks who are allergic to one kind of shellfish may not be allergic to those in the other group, according to the Food Allergy Initiative (http:/
-- Crustaceans include shrimp, crab, crawfish and lobster. Mollusks include abalone, clam, cockle, mussel, oyster, octopus, scallop, snail and squid.
-- Dishes and ingredients that may contain shellfish protein are bouillabaisse, fish stock, flavoring, seafood flavoring and surimi, a fish paste often used in imitation shellfish.
-- When eating at restaurants or other people's homes, check with the chef to make sure your meal hasn't been cooked or prepared with the same utensils and cookware, on the same work surfaces or in the same oil as shellfish.
-- The federal Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act requires that any packaged food that contains shellfish must list the name of the shellfish on the label.
SOURCE: Food Allergy Initiative

subset: commoncrawl


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Local football, rugby and basketball – where you can catch exciting Suffolk sport this weekend
PUBLISHED: 11:33 09 March 2017 | UPDATED: 11:33 09 March 2017
If Ipswich Town are still performing in a manner which does nothing to entice you to games, why not try out something different?
There are plenty of local grassroots sports clubs serving up excitement and entertainment each week around Suffolk.
Whether you have an interest in football, rugby or something else entirely, have a look at our list of suggestions below for cheap ways to take in local sport this weekend.
Football: Ipswich Wanderers v Stanway Rovers
It's tough opposition for the hosts as Stanway are challenging towards the top of the table.
Wanderers aren't far behind though so it should be a good clash in the Thurlow Nunn Premier Division.
However a good result could help the home side build up some momentum ahead of a tricky April fixture list – their first three games that month are all against teams currently in the top four.
Venue: SEH Sports Ground, Humber Doucy Lane, Ipswich, IP4 3NR. Tickets: Adult £6, Concession £4, under 12 free. Date: 3pm, March 11.
Rugby Union: Stowmarket v Southwold
This all Suffolk clash comes in the London 3 North East league, and on the back of defeats for both sides.
The hosts, in fifth, are only one place below their opponents on Saturday but with a six point difference and Ely hot on their heels.
The reverse fixture on November 19 saw the teams play out a 16-all draw – so expect a tight match.
Venue: Chilton Fields, Chilton Way, Stowmarket, IP14 1SZ. Tickets: Free. Date: 3pm, March 11.
Basketball: Ipswich v Newham Neptunes
It has been contrasting fortunes for these sides this season.
While Ipswich have been enjoying their time towards the top of the table, Newham are more familiar with its lower reaches.
You would fancy the hosts to win in this final regular league game of the season – and victory is likely to hand Ipswich a home tie in the play-off quarter finals.
Venue: Copleston Centre, Foxhall Road, Ipswich, IP3 8LR. Tickets: Adult £3.50, under 18 £2, under 11 free. Date: 5pm, March 11.
Motorsport: Mildenhall Stadium
Stock car racing and the National Bangers return to Mildenhall for this season opening evening on Saturday.
The former sees the third round of the 1300cc competition's Super Series event coming to the track.
Then it's the first qualifying round of the National Bangers at West Row, sure to entertain and thrill in equal measure.
Venue: Mildenhall Stadium, Haylands Drove, West Row, Mildenhall, IP28 8QU. Tickets: Adult £15, concession £12, five to 14-year-old £6, family (two adults, three children) £36. Date: 6.30pm, March 11.


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2013 and Earlier - Hyundai Sonata Prices Paid and Buying Experience
I am in NJ and only 1 dealer had it listed on their website, but when I bourght it up to a few others, they said it was in effect.
$1500 on top of 2000 on a 2009 Sonata if you are a current Hyundai owner.
Interesting! Hyundai's own website shows no such offer in NJ. Sometimes the web sites don't get updated right away... or it could be a special offer from NJ Hyundai dealers, not from HMA. Anyway, you Hyundai owners in NJ have a great deal available to you!
Seems to be an ok time to buy.
Approved for 5.79% for 48 months, not bad either I guess.
Would really like the V6 SE, but best price was 20,450 outthe door and just a bit more then I want to spend.
19k I would buy it
18450 is what I am looking at for the Se 4 auto, but dealer does not have it on his lot (no Se4's at all actually).
Will do my best to push 18k even and buy myself a new car this weekend
You might check the rates--was that from the dealer? I could get 4.49% for 60 months on a new or used car at a local bank when I bought a car a few days ago, but went with special 2.99% financing for 60 months from the manufacturer instead. You might be able to find better than 5.79%, depending on credit score.
Actually, that was from a bank, not dealer.
bankruptcy 8 years ago, but even with my FICO is 750ish.
Hmmm, will have to see if local bank or even dealer is better.
palok Posts: 14Actually, that's the dealer's decision, and it may be a better option than paying interest on inventory. A $19000 sale is better than paying interest. Make your offer, sales are down right now.
I am certainly going to try
Ok, well the desk manager wouldn't take 19, or 19,500 to the GM, but he did take 20k total out the door on a 2009 SE V6.
MSRP was 24,435
Selling Price 21,236.26
Tax 1486.54
NJMV tire fee 7.50
Online processing fee 7.70
Credit Fee 99
Doc fee 399
Total of 23500
- 2000 rebate
-1500 lyoalty fee
$20,000 total take delivery tomorrow.
A credit fee of $99? Doc fee of $400? By my math, you paid $777 in fees. That's a blatant rip off. Nothing but profit padding. I bought mine in Doylestown, PA and the fees were:
22.50 title fee
36.00 registration
5.00 tire tax
15.45 electronic registration fee
5.00 lien fee
100.00 documentation fee
10.00 tag fee
Grand total of $194 for all fees.
And they charged sales tax BEFORE applying the rebates?? I think you got ripped there as well. My dealer took the rebate off the selling price and THEN charged tax.
Here's how mine went:
• Fred Beans Price = 17998
• Less 2000 deduct = 15998
• Plus 6% sales tax of 959.88 = 16957.88
By taking the rebate first, my tax bill was lowered by $120. The additional rebate I got from the dealer was $950, which was applied after tax. But that was a dealer incentive with special rules. My out the door price was $16200 after all taxes and fees.
You paid an extra $245 in tax because they took the rebate AFTER you paid tax. I have to wonder if they pocketed this.
I agree 1000% and did not see all the fees.
BUT, I did negotiate the out of door price, so to me, I do not care where they allocated the fees.
The BEST deal I could find out of 10 dealers I dealt with was 19,750 for the SAME car before Tax and fees.
In NJ at least, they have to charge you tax on the rebates (I remember this from when I sold cars briefly about 12 years ago).
I was strictly looking for the best deal out of pocket.
That is the only thing that concerned me.
If another dealer had fees that were 50% less, but the deal was 21k out the door, that's not better then 20k out the door on same vehicle.
What car/options did you pay 16,200 out the door for?
I pad 20k out the door on a 2009 SE V6.
Yes, in the end it comes down to the bottom-line price. If one dealer has low fees but a lesser discount, and another a bigger discount but higher fees, what difference does it make to the buyer? All that matters is what they pay in the end.
You are correct that some states charge tax before rebates, and some (like MN) after rebates have been applied. The buyer has no control over that--except to pressure their legislators to change the state laws.
what options / package? I am currently neogotiating a deal with Fred Beans and they gave me way different pricing.
What dealership did you buy from in NJ. Sound like good price to me.
Wayne Hyundai on Rte 23.
Nobody else would come close to their price.
Very pleasant experience as well.
Gave me the best price over the ninternet out the door.
Then was able to get a few more hundred off in person last night and I just got home with my new SE V6
I bought a GLS with 5 speed manual trans, the lowest priced option out there. That said, if you don't mind waiting until tomorrow, I'll post the internet price from them (though I think they gave me just that model since that's what I was after) and Sussman.
I'd also suggest you check out Fitzmall.com and Fairfax Hyundai. Fred Beans actually had mine brought up from Fairfax.
plabypla Posts: 4I've followed these threads on this board for a long time, and I've enjoyed reading about the great deals and buying experiences that many of you have discussed, and I congratulate each of you. I followed many of your leads in my quest for a possible Sonata purchase, and I discovered some really good discounts and reputable dealerships along the way; however, when I made contact with Lee Stephens of Bob Dunn Hyundai in Greensboro, NC (120 miles from my home in Wilson, NC), the game was over. I've made many new and used vehicle purchases over the years and have seen pretty much every scheme, trick, and inducement known to man. I will say unequivocally that never have I had anywhere near the pleasant and easy buying experience that I enjoyed in my dealings with Lee and Bob Dunn Hyundai! In addition, I was given the best deal on my new Sonata SE-4 cyl. that I had seen during my exhaustive research! Guess what---I haven't set foot on Bob Dunn's lot yet nor have I met Mr. Stephens face to face, and my new car is sitting outside in my driveway as I type! Every facet of the negotiations and final consummation of my deal was handled by email and telephone; I never communicated with anyone but Lee Stephens the entire time. My white pearl Sonata was delivered to my home last Saturday morning; I sent the check for the payment back with the driver, and that was it! In the five days that I have been in possession of this automobile, I have received calls from both Hyundai Corporate and Lee Stephens checking to make sure I was happy and satisfied with everything; my answer-YES, YES, YES! I have to pinch myself to make sure this deal went down for real the way I've described it---IT DID! If you're serious about a Hyundai automobile, and they are truly outstanding products, I highly recommend that you contact Lee Stephens ASAP! You'll be extremely glad you did; I promise!!
Alton Britt
These are the prices I was given by Sussman in December:
Year Sonata Trim Full MSRP Internet Price
2009 Limited 5 SPEED AT $24,995 $20,934
2009 Limited-V6 5 SPEED AT $26,995 $22,784
I was quoted 15998 by Fred Beans on the 5 Speed MT. That was the only price they gave me because that's what I wanted. Please note that these are "internet" prices. The price I got from Beans was also an internet price and expired on 31 Dec. It's possible the ones from Sussman expired end of December as well. I did not step inside the dealership until after I reached a deal with Beans.
During this time, the internet prices reflected the $2000 customer cash, which meant you had to bring your own financing. There were NO owner loyalty rebates reflected in these prices. I know this because I asked. If I'd owned a Hyundai, they would have taken another $500 off...which was the loyalty rebate running in December.
I assume since you know the Doylestown area you know where Sussman is.
The rest of the discount that I got was from their Fred Beans AutoRewards program that accumulated from regular service visits for our Nissan vehicles. They doubled it in December which gave me just shy of another $1000 off, which was added to my downpayment. I only financed 10K, which I got through my company's credit union at 4.49%.
Good Luck. And check out Fitzmall before you buy from Beans. I only used them because the doubled AutoRewards discount was too much to pass up.
Just looked at my paperwork again and it seems they also charged my $269 for the window etch (which I hold no value in), but was included in my $20k out the door total, so the actual car itslef was $269 cheaper putting me right around $7k off of MSRP including y 3500 in rebates.
Not too shabby and if someone steals my car in the next 3 eyars, I get 2500 back,lol.!
Im just curious did you ever get a quote from Stateline Hyundai or Towne Hyundai in NJ.
No Stateline, but yes on Towne as that is where I bought my 2003 Accent 6 years ago.
They were not close and told me their was no way I was getting the deal I did and that the dealer was lying to me.
Also tried Lynne's, Freehold, Brad Benson, Liberty, Global and a couple of others.
Interestingly enough, Wayne was the best and by far the closest (within 3 miles) of my house.
I will shoot them an email, Im lookin for a limited V6. Best of luck with your new ride and enjoy.
DarthH8ter Posts: 4$12k, 21k miles from Wilkins Hyundai in Elmhurst, IL. Pricing was very, very simple, only had car, title, and taxes to pay. They gave me the exact amount CarMax was offering for my trade. Can't beat the 100k mile warranty as it was certified.
Plus it has the moonroof. I am wondering why this thing was so low priced, but that dealer seems to beat everyone else, including Gartner (who were also nice, btw). I am happy so far, handles fine in the snow. The only thing I dislike is the narrow wheelwell clearance. It makes it difficult to kick the snow, road ice from the whell well liners.
That is a good price, especially since it appears to be a Hyundai Certified car, with the 100k warranty.
Thank you and please let us know how you do.
09 Sonata GLS Auto $16,405
09 Sonata V6 GLS $18,573
09 Sonata LTD $22,525
This is a quote I received from a dealership in my area (suburban Philly). It is internet pricing and reflects the $2000 cash back.
I never intended to buy another Hyundai but with an additional $1500 loyalty incentive (I had an Elantra for 7 years and hubby has a Santa Fe), it does make the offer very attractive. I test drove an 08 and an 09 Sonata last week..... I didn't enjoy the ride as much as other cars I have been considering but the warranty and the standard features are considerably superior. Now I don't know what to do.....
For $20k total out the door, I am very happy with my SE V6 (and glad I opted for the 6).
Some minor things I don't like, but nothing major (vague/disconnected steering, no integrated bluetooth).
Other then that, I don't think you can beat it for the $$ and since I drive a LOT of miles each week, need something with the long warranty like the Hyundai.
I am now the proud owner of a SE! I just wanted to let everyone know that I ended up having a great experience at Fred Beans in Doylestown, PA.... If you are in the Philly area, please give Kyle Hill a call and he will take care of you - he also takes care of interent sales for all the cars at the dealership, not just Hyundai.
Take care all and happy shopping!
ylz Posts: 45Hello everyone. I'm buying a 2009 Sonata V6 Limited and am really excited about it. I'm selling my Honda CRV and am hoping to get $5000 for it. Now I want to use that to put a down payment on the Sonata. Is this a normal amount? I mean I have not bought a car in over 8 years. I don't know if I'm not putting enough down or if I'm putting too much? I would like to finance the car for 36 months (0% financing). Do they still have this deal? I looked online and it said to talk to your dealer. Any suggestions on where I should go, or what I should be paying would help. I'm in Long Island, NY by the way. Thanks.
jlindh Posts: 282If you can get 0% financing at your negotiated price, put as little down as possible and put the rest of the proceeds from the civic into a CD. You'll come out money ahead.
Their is no zero % financing.
Depending on your credit rating, expect to get between 4.5-7% interest rate.
V6 limited would probably put you around 24-25k out the door, so figure 25k after rebate (2k rebate only since you do not qualify for the 1500 loyalty I wouldn't think).
25-5=$20k you will be financing.
36mos @ 6% = roughly $608 per month for a 20k note.


text:
Coming off an emotional, one-point loss to rival Andover last week, the Andover Central girls bounced back quick enough for a 64-49 victory at Eisenhower on Tuesday night in an Ark Valley-Chisholm Trail League Division II game.
Senior Skyler Snodgrass hit four of her team's eight three-pointers on her way to a game-high 20 points.
The Jaguars, who trailed 17-15 after one quarter, took the lead on a Brooke Pedersen three in the first minute of the second quarter and never lost it. Eisenhower hit 15 of 16 free-throw attempts, but failed to muster much else offensively against Andover Central's defense, which clogged the paint and forced the Tigers to settle for outside shots.
City League
Central Plains League


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the story is weak, the plotting is clunky. the narrator does what he can but overall this was not enjoyable.
I love this series - the characters, the world & the story are amazing & I totally recommend it to anyone who enjoys fantasy - but this book was paced..Show More »
Never tire of this extremely talented pair. Campbell's imaginative and penmanship is equalled only by Andrew's considerable gift for retelling and ste..Show More »
The world in which these stories are set is really starting to work well. The characters are forming better and the cast of regulars makes the whole ..Show More »
Struggled to get through this one, can't quite put my finger on why. It just seemed a bit teen fiction when the others have been a bit more grown u..Show More »
The narration was very good and the story was entertaining. If you want to escape somewhere then this is the book for you.


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http://www.auntbugs.com – Look no further, Beary Secluded in the Smoky Mountains has it all! Total seclusion, like new, upscale decor, & 4 deck levels for rest & relaxation! Gorgeous all wood craftsmanship with 14 foot stone fireplace, dramatic cat-walk, cathedral ceilings, and tremendous walls of glass. With 2 King master suites with jacuzzis, 2 gas fireplaces, hot tub, pool table, foosball, Flat Screen TVs, and DVD players, 1 VCR, ceiling fans, picnic table, charcoal grill, and a twin & full bunk bed in the Kiddie Room, you have everything you need and more! This beautiful cabin is located near the Arts &Crafts community, and minutes from Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge! This log home is a Smoky Mountain beauty for a perfect vacation getaway! Rates is based on 4 adults, each additional adult is $12.50 per night. Cabin is 11 miles from 441 Parkway. Call Aunt Bug's Cabin Rentals at 866-697-4581 for reservations.
Tag: Gatlinburg
Video of Smoky Mountain Splish Splash vacation rental
http://smokymountaintncabins.com/Splish-Splash.php – 3BR/3BA, Sleeps 12 – Smoky Mountain Splish Splash is a BRAND NEW one of a kind custom pool cabin that is conveniently located 7 miles from Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg. Stay in luxury and convenience! This cabin features a large custom indoor swimming pool with 3′-5′ depths. This pool is a fully heated pool year round! Snow rain or shine you can splash in our pool!!!! The pool is just the beginning! The cabin also features our custom designed KIDS' LOFT that has plenty of room to sleep the big kids too. Just come up the stairs and pick one of 4 queen beds .. Relax in front of the kid friendly fireplace… And watch the HD TV. I know you and the kids will enjoy the loft. Call 1-606-225-0971 for reservations.
Video tour of Chalet Village rental which sleeps 20
http://www.auntbugs.com – This Chalet Village Chalet is loaded with entertainment & space for the ultimate Smoky Mountain vacation! With Two Hot Tubs, giant bedrooms, and large game room this cabin has everything families & friends would enjoy! Shoot pool, defend against your friends on air hockey or foosball, plus splish splash in any of the two professionally maintained hot tubs. Drive just two miles to Downtown Gatlinburg for fabulous dining spots, attractions, and shopping. Drive three miles and you'll have access to the #1 visited National Park in North America! This amazing cabin rental has access to a clubhouse swimming pool and tennis courts. The main level of this cabin has large dining area, game room, kitchen, living room, and King master suite. The second level has a sleeper sofa in the loft, large dual queen bunk bed room, and King bedroom suite. The top level has a den with sleeper sofa and King Bedroom Suite. All bedrooms have premium flat screen TVs for your viewing enjoyment. This fabulous budget-friendly vacation rental has alarm system for added security. This Chalet is semi-private and is located in Chalet Village resort in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. This rental is pet-friendly. Must register your pet at time of reservation. Sorry, no smoking allowed. Price is based on 8 adults (12 and older) each additional adult will be an additional 12.50 per night. Must be 25 years old to rent. Call Aunt Bug's Cabin Rentals at 866-697-4581 for reservations.
Walk-through video of unique estate with spectacular Mt LeConte view
3BR/5BA | 4887 SF | $1,499,000 | 1215 Watercress Way, Gatlinburg, TN 37738
http://SteveLaneTeam.com – Welcome to Sevier County's most unique and custom crafted home located just minutes from downtown Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Dollywood. This home defines attention to detail. The drive to this two acre private property transcends you to a place of serenity only The Great Smoky Mountains National Park can provide. From the professional landscaping / hardscape completed by a local horticulturist, to the materials and construction methods used, you immediately notice the thought and expense that went into the construction of this home. The upgraded brick pavers in the driveway set off the entrance before you ever walk through the front door. This home was literally placed into the mountain and was built on a very solid foundation. There were a lot of extra expenses in the sight prep work. Upon entry through the flagstone foyer the craftsmanship and detail immerse you. You are sure to be in sensory overload with the backdrop of Mt LeConte coming through the triple set French doors leading to the deck plumbed for your outdoor kitchen, and the multitude of oversized windows throughout. Offered by Vic Weals of The Steve Lane Team, Century 21 Four Seasons Realty, 865-453-1956 or 865-607-411.


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New Delhi: The media industry, among the first to see revenue dry up due to the economic slowdown, is expected to be one of the major beneficiaries of this election for which ad spend is pegged at around Rs800 crore.
Experts say the total advertisement spending by the political parties would be around Rs800 crore. The Congress and the BJP alone could spend over Rs400 crore on ads on television, radio and newspapers.
The major political parties are spending a significant portion of their poll budget on advertisements.
"The media sector is going through a bad phase as even leading MNCs are cutting back on advertising. So the advertisement spending by political parties will definitely help the media sector," said Bhaskar Rao Chairman of Centre for Media Studies.
However, CEO of NDTV Media Raj Naik said a major chunk of the advertisement spending by the political parties is going to general entertainment and regional TV channels. "The news channels are not getting that much," he said.
Rao said most of the leading media houses have reported higher revenue generation in the fourth quarter of the previous financial year due to elections.
Rohit Gupta of Adwaves Advertising, a media buying agency, said media sector will be benefitted by the election as it would "infuse huge sums of money" into the industry.
BJP have already hired media buying agencies to buy slots in television channels so that the impact is maximum.
An official of Group-M owned Mindshare, the agency which is handling Congress' media planning and buying, refused to divulge the details of the party's total advertising expenditure but added that the amount is "significant".
Mindshare has booked slots for Congress' advertisement on major TV channels including news channels. "The advertisement spending will definitely help the media sector," the official wished not to be named said.
Rao said the total advertisement spending by the political parties will be around Rs 800 crore which is almost seven per cent of the total annual advertisement the media sector receives.
As per the estimates of CMS, about Rs10,000 crore could be spent during the Lok Sabha elections, which includes about Rs2,000 crore by the Election Commission and other government agencies and the remaining Rs8,000 crore by the political parties and candidates for campaigning.
Realising the marketing potential during the mammoth election process, various private companies have also started websites appealing voters to exercise their franchise.
To seize the opportunity, major TV news channels including CNN-IBN and NDTV have set up dedicated websites to provide information related to the mammoth election.
To cash on the opportunity Google India has set up an online elections centre in association with leading daily The Hindustan Times.
Google has also launched an official community, The Voice of Youth, on its social networking site Orkut.
This election has witnessed a massive online voter awareness programme as websites like Indian-Elections.com, IndiaNumbers.com, Jaagore.com, IndiaVoting.com are running campaign to encourage voters to vote.
With nearly 10 crore voters below the age of 25, the election is a huge opportunity for the companies to connect with youths, Rao said.


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That's right, The CW potentially has one DC TV show for each day of the week. Black Lightning joins Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl and Legends of Tomorrow on the superhero […]Read more
Category: The CW
Riverdale Gets Early Season 2 Renewal
Wonderful news Archie fans! Despite its so-so "live" ratings, The CW has picked up Riverdale for a second season. Siting its "tremendous ratings gains on a delayed viewing basis," it's […]Read more
Black Lightning: Cress Williams Cast As Jefferson Pierce
Cress Williams (Hart of Dixie) returns to the CW as the show's lead character in Black Lightning. Read up on the superhero [here]. The DC superhero pilot from mega-producer Greg […]Read more
DCTV Trailers for the Week of February 20th
Geek gals & guys, here are your DCTV Trailers for the week of Feb. 20, 2017 Supergirl | Mr. & Mrs Mxyzptlk Trailer | Monday, Feb.20 https://youtu.be/ZiDkThN9y1c DC COMICS' MR. […]Read more
DC's Black Lightning Scores Pilot at The CW
Though FOX passed on Greg Berlanti's Black Lightning, The CW swooped in to save the day ordering a pilot for the potential series! If the network moves forward with the […]Read more
The 100 Returns Tonight With Echoes
The 100 finally returns tonight with a slightly shorter season totaling 13 episodes. Do you plan to tune-in LIVE? The series performs well for The CW, though its live ratings […]Read more
Riverdale Review: Pretty Perfect Pilot
As far as I'm concerned, Greg Berlanti (and his team) have done it again. Riverdale's pilot is as close to perfect as it gets, and this MustGeekTV viewer will be […]Read more
The CW's Riverdale Premieres Tonight
Honestly, my knowledge of the Archie comics/Riverdale is limited to the famous Archie/Betty/Veronica love triangle (which I've read the series is shying away from) and the fact Jughead wears that […]Read more
Arrow Review: Déjà Vu
After a slow first half of the season, Arrow returns with a familiar face and an even more familiar storyline. Right from the start Laurel's return seemed too good to […]Read more
Arrow (and Black Canary?) Are Back Tonight
I'm still a tad surprised the first trailer for tonight's Arrow spoiled the fact it's an "alt-Laurel" that resurfaced in the midseason finale. Still, not only is it exciting to […]Read more
The Flash Review: Saving Iris
Isn't it strange The Flash writers spent the first half of this season teaching Barry a tough lesson courtesy of Flashpoint, only to have him mess with time again to […]Read more
The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow Return Tonight
We've never had a double dose of The CW's DC shows on the same night. That's about to change with back to back episodes of The Flash and Legends of […]Read more
Supergirl Review: The Dominators Resurface
The best line of the entire hour was Supergirl saying "Aw man, I hate these guys" when the Dominator walked into the room. I honestly wasn't expecting this installment to […]Read more
Supergirl Is Finally Back Tonight
I know its only been a couple of months since Supergirl went on a break, but man it feels like forever… Doesn't it? Especially knowing that this installment belongs to […]Read more
The CW's DC Universe Renewed for New Seasons
Superhero lovers got some exciting news out of the Television Critics Association this afternoon. While there was little doubt The Flash (The CW's highest rated show) and Arrow (The network's […]Read more


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Custom Npcs Mod: A Great Game For Single Players and Multiplayers The Custom Npcs Mod provides lots of new items as well as features. While this game is mainly working for those single players, it still enables having a multiple number of players. The tools in Custom Npcs Mod Minecraft are used to come up with new mob spanners, new ... Read More »
Tag Archives: Minecraft 1.5.2 Mods
Download and enjoy Minecraft 1.5.2 Mods. A list of Minecraft mods 1.5.2 compiled by the community – 24hminecraft.com
Pam's Simple Recipes Mod (1.12/1.11.2/1.8.9/1.7.10)
Pam's Simple Recipes Mod adds several crafting and smelting recipes to the game. It is a small mod among many mods programmed by a great Mod Developed called Pam. Some significant famous mod designed by Pam in Minecraft world are Pam's Harvest Craft, Pam's Bone Craft, Pam's Desert Craft,… Besides, he creates many small mods to support the new player in ... Read More »
Backpacks Mod by Brad16840 – Backpacks to Minecraft!
Backpacks Mod 1.12/1.11.2 is a mod that will allow us to create backpacks in Minecraft. These backpacks can be carried in our inventory, greatly increasing our ability to transport objects. There are three sizes of backpack that we can create, small, medium and large. Except this backpack mod has a notable difference from the other backpack mods. These backpacks will give ... Read More »
Mouse Tweaks Mod for Minecraft (1.12/1.11.2/1.10.2/1.8.9/1.7.10)
From the word itself, Minecraft, the word crafting is the top highlight of every Minecraft gamer. Many gamers found these games as perfect choice to be played during their leisure time. In case you are one of these online gamers who want to enjoy playing Minecraft every day, there is this new excellent mod called Mouse Tweak Mod. This is ... Read More »
Ender Storage Mod (1.12/1.11.2/1.10.2/1.7.10) – EnderChests
EnderChests are a stationary type of Ender Storage Mod 1.11.2. You can use dye on the wool pads on top of the chest to alter its color code. As an alternative, you can craft an EnderChest with three dyes to change the color code as well. The whole Ender Storage system makes use of the magic of colors to link ... Read More »
Sonic Ether's Unbelievable Shaders Mod (1.12/1.11.2/1.10.2) – Seus shaders
Sonic Ether's Unbelievable Shaders Mod is creatively developed by GLSL Shaders. With the help and existence of this mod, you can be sure that the overall look of your Minecraft is unbelievably good. In addition to this, SEUS Mod has the ability to add stunning lightning effect to your Minecraft game. This kind of mod perfectly works equally in SSP and ... Read More »
Biomes O' Plenty Mod (1.12/1.11.2/1.10.2) – Over 90 biomes
Just as the name suggests, Biomes 'O Plenty mod offers new amazing features relating to biomes. It has been designed to give you better chance of exploring your Minecraft world and then all the more reason to do so. What it does is to add some new and unique biomes –realistic biomes, fantasy biomes and many other cools things including ... Read More »
OptiFine HD (1.12/1.11.2/1.10.2/1.7.10) – FPS Boost, Shaders Minecraft
Perfect Minecraft Tool – OptiFine HD Mod Are you a Minecraft player or gamer? If yes, then chances are you will always look for the best ways on how you can enhance your experience and game. There are several tools for Minecraft these days that can be used by players in order for them to boost their game. With these ... Read More »
Finder Compass Mod for Minecraft (1.11.2/1.10.2/1.7.10)
Finder Compass Mod for Minecraft The function of the standard compass in Minecraft was only to help the players to define the direction. However, this function has been improved and increased since Finder Compass Mod was born. The mod will support you in seeking the minerals by adding extra needles which allow you to know where exactly ores are. Finding ... Read More »
VoxelMap Mod (Minecraft Minimap) for Minecraft (1.12/1.10.2/1.9.4)
What is VoxelMap Mod? It is a minimap and worldmap tool that makes a great effort to be accurate to the colors you see in the world, and even the colors of your resource pack. Display your surroundings, or view the entire world you have explored. It has useful functionality like per-dimension waypoints, mob icons, teleport to waypoint (if the player has ... Read More »


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Don't forget to Like Herbs and Oils Hub on Facebook so you'll get notified every time we find a great new post about Herbs, Essential Oils, Spices, Natural Remedies and Natural Living.
This recipe combines lemon, Epsom salts and other ingredients into a wonderful exfoliating body scrub. You can customize the recipe with herbs or different essential oils.
Easy Peasy recipe. One of the things I like about Claire's tutorials is that she clearly explains the benefits of each ingredient, which can be very helpful.


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PrayerJanuary 3, 2010 6:00 am Comments Off on Prayer
Pastor Nate Post starts out the year continuing the series on Spiritual Disciplines with the discipline of Prayer. Nate explained what Jesus said about Prayer and how we can make prayer part of our daily lives.
(Download)Tags: Nate Post, Sermon, Spiritual Disciplines
Categorised in: Sermon
This post was written by Sermon Uploader
Comments are closed here.


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New nude photos of Kelly Hall. Perfect feets and nice ass.
Kelly Hall may refer to:
New nude photos of Kelly Hall. Perfect feets and nice ass.
Kelly Hall may refer to:
New sexy photos of Sara Underwood. Sexy titties and perfect butt!
Sexy photos of Emily Ratajkowski. Lovely breasts, sexy bottom and fine breasts.
Emily O'Hara Ratajkowski (; born June 7, 1991) is an American model and actress. Born to American parents in London and raised primarily in California, she rose to prominence in 2013 after appearing in the music video for Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines", which became the number one song of the year in several countries and attracted controversy over its purportedly sexist content.
Sexy pics of Kagney Linn Karter. Lovely titties and beautiful body.
Kagney Linn Karter (born March 28, 1987), is an American pornographic actress, model and former stripper.
Nude pics of Kate Hudson. Magnificent booty, beautiful look and fine booty!
Kate Garry Hudson (born April 19, 1979) is an American actress. She rose to prominence in 2000 for playing Penny Lane in Almost Famous, for which she won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other films include How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003), Raising Helen (2004), The Skeleton Key (2005), You, Me and Dupree (2006), Fool's Gold (2008), Bride Wars (2009), Nine (2009), The Killer Inside Me (2010), The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2012), Wish I Was Here (2014), Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016) and Deepwater Horizon (2016).
New sexy photos of Heather Marks. Sexy jugs, excellent woman and magnificent look.
Heather Marks (born July 25, 1988) is a Canadian model known in the fashion world for her big eyes and doll-like or elven features. Her high fashion looks have booked her many campaigns, and her career has followed those of other doll-like models, Gemma Ward, Caroline Trentini, Lily Cole, Lisa Cant, Vlada Roslyakova, and Jessica Stam.
New nude photos of Jess Impiazzi. Fine breasts, great butt and magnificent breasts!
Jessica Louise "Jess" Impiazzi (born 3 September 1989) is a British glamour model, actress, businesswoman and television personality. She is known for being a lads' mags favourite and for her appearances in seasons 2 and 5 of Ex on the Beach. Impiazzi has also launched her product lines of gymwear called Jess by HD and hair extensions called #Instalocks by Jess Impiazzi.
New sexy photos of Belinda. Glorious bum, fine titties and sexy buttocks!
Belinda is a feminine given name of unknown origin, apparently coined from Italian bella, meaning "beautiful". Alternatively it may be derived from the Old High German name Betlinde, which possibly meant "bright serpent" or "bright linden tree".
Sexy pics of Irina Shayk. Great body, perfect bottom and fine legs.
Irina Valeryevna Shaykhlislamova (Russian: Ири́на Вале́рьевна Шайхлисла́мова; born 6 January 1986), known popularly as Irina Shayk and sometimes credited as Irina Sheik (Russian: Ири́на Шейк), is a Russian model. Shayk received international recognition in 2007 when she became the exclusive contracted face of Intimissimi lingerie. She appeared in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and was also the first Russian model to grace its cover in 2011. Models.com ranks her at No. 8 in the world for her social media following.
Nude photos of Charli Xcx. Fine legs and great buttocks.


text: The Miracle of Life"With out DNA there is no self replication; but with out self replication there is no natural selection. So you can't use natural selection to explain the origin of DNA, without assuming the existence of the very thing you are trying to explain" . —Stephen Meyer PhD. For life to have spontaneously arisen from the primordial soup, An instantaneous event creating a fully functional 'Cell' capable of self-replication and energy metabolism would have to have happened. This is because a step by step process is impossible without self replication to 'capture' each step. Out of the almost infinite number of possible organic chemicals, there is no way of knowing how many chemical combinations could create this primordial 'Cell'. We do know that for organic chemicals to have a structural or enzymatic capability they must have a precise 3 dimensional shape, this shape is based on what stereo specific isomers the molecule is made of. 'Stereo specific' means that the atoms in the molecules are arranged around certain carbon atoms in a specific order. These 'Stereo specific' isomers are referred to as either left or right handed, referring to the fact that our hands are also stereo specific 'isomers' of each other. It appears that the configuration of all of the different molecules within a given group of chemicals in life must be of the same handedness; not a mixture of 'left' and 'right'. This is evident by the fact that this 'same handedness law' is manifested through out each and every living cell on earth. It is believed that this proto type cell would have to have a minimum of 100+ proteins with their functional DNA or RNA counterparts. Given an average of 100 amino acids per protein; that gives the number of amino acids needed to be around 10,000. A single strand DNA or RNA needed to code for the construction of these proteins would be over 30,000 bases. This would mean that 40,000 stereo specific molecules would have been present in the same handedness at the birth of this first cell. Imagine flipping a coin 40,000 times and coming up with heads each time. This is the odds of this creation of the 'Cell'. Remember these odds only concern the handedness of the molecules and not the make up of the molecules themselves, which is far more improbable. The odds of this 40,000 coin toss - -2 to the 40,000th ; This is roughly 10 followed by 12,000 zeros! (There are less than 10 to the 80th atoms in the entire universe. ) This event is beyond the reach of chance even considering one million combinations per second for billions of years in each and every cell size volume of the ocean. This is equivalent to a 3 x 10 to the 76th coin toss tries. We at Shady Oak see nature as a testament to the beauty and genius of God the Creator, not some random event of impossible odds. --- Edith and Stephen Smith


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Adam Clark-Joseph tries to reverse engineer how HFT's earn profits in the E-mini S&P 500 with exploratory trading.
Gross of trading fees, the 30 HFTs earned a combined average of $1.51 million per trading day during the sample period.
How can others have access to these kinds of profits?
HFTs in the E-mini market earn roughly 40% of their profits from the transactions that they initiate—that is, from their so-called "aggressive" orders—and I examine the mechanism underlying HFTs' capacity to earn these profits.
HFTs who profit from their aggressive trading use small aggressive orders to obtain private information that helps to forecast the price-impact of predictable demand innovations. Demand innovations in the Emini market are easy to predict, but the price-elasticity of supply is not, and priceimpact is usually too small for indiscriminate front-running of predictable demand to be profitable.2 However, the private information about price-impact generated by an HFT's small aggressive orders enables that HFT to trade ahead of predictable demand at only those times when it is profitable to do so (i.e., when price-impact is large).
Adam Clark-Joseph's paper (link above) is a good overview of the high frequency trading process. He tries to model the strategy used by HFT's to generate profits.
He is supposed to have used trading data from CFTC for this study.
In response (and due to complaints from traders), the CFTC has blocked further access to CFTC data (Bloomberg).
Tags: high frequency trading, hft, hft exploratory trading, adam clark-joseph paper, how HFT's earn profits consistently, reverse engineer HFT algorithm, high frequency trading's secret sauce, hft's secret sauce, emini trading strategy


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Poker news
Americas Cardroom gears up to accept over 60 cryptocurrencies
Americas Cardroom today announced a major expansion of its processing options. In the coming weeks, the US-facing online poker site will accept over 60 of the top cryptocurrencies for deposits, with withdrawals following soon after
WCOOP PokerStars Team Pro streaming
For the next 11 days, players can tune in to pros' respective Twitch channels, or join them at the tables online at PokerStars
Americas Cardroom announces massive $6.7 million OSS Cub3d series
The US-facing online poker site - Americas Cardroom - today announced that the next OSS Cub3d will begin on August 13th with $6.7 million in guaranteed prize money over 141 tourneys
PokerStars vs 888 poker - what to choose?
In this article we compare two of the most popular online poker rooms: PokerStars and 888poker
88poker's XL Inferno Champion of Champions Recap
Argentina's Cristian "progree69" Sampaoli topped a field of 110 entries to win the 2017 XL Inferno Champion of Champions for a seat into the 2017 World Series of Poker Main Event. "zinkAA" and Anton "anteen" Bertilsson both won WSOP packages
WSOP scraps November Nine concept and some other changes of WSOP Main Event
WSOP and Poker Central announced that the November Nine concept would be no more
Stars Rewards - a new rewards program by PokerStars
Stars Rewards is a new rewards system from PokerStars, which will be introduced in the second half of 2017
WPN new software releases - learn all the details
Winning Poker Network recently released a major software update to its online poker software with a number of industry-first features and enhancements
Full interactive guide to poker games by 888poker
At the end of 2016, poker room 888poker presented the software for teaching users to play poker called The Game. The players are able to study Texas Hold'em, Omaha and three more kinds of poker.
Records Shattered at Americas Cardroom as BOSS Concludes with Guarantee-Busting Main Event
Americas Cardroom wrapped up its popular OSS Cub3d last night with the final events in the Bigger Online Super Series (BOSS), the third leg of its 3-part online poker tournament series
Americas Cardroom Trumps PokerStars with $1,372,000 Million Dollar Sunday
The US-facing online poker site - Americas Cardroom - hosted its biggest-ever Million Dollar Sunday tournament. The event, which came with a $1 million guarantee, boasted a final prize pool of $1,372,000
888poker announced as presenting sponsor of the 2017 Super High Roller Bowl
Poker Central Tabs 888poker as Presenting Sponsor of $300,000 Buy-In Event for the Second Consecutive Year
The best about poker
- How to get satisfaction from playing poker
The psychology of poker
- Five reasons why I've made money and continue doing this playing poker
The psychology of poker
- Poker table positions (positions in poker)
Fundamentals of poker
- The fundamental theorem of poker
Poker theorems
- Slow play in poker
Fundamentals of poker
- The probabilities of getting specific starting hands on preflop
Poker mathematics


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Arduino is a small circuit board which allows you to make a computer that can sense and control the physical environment. You can learn about electronics by building your own circuits, and you can program your Arduino to become anything, from a mobile phone to a Geiger counter!
Technocamps have developed a wearable computing workshop, where pupils can use an Arduino device to make an item of fabric or clothing which does something – for example a hat which beeps when it detects gas!
S4A stands for Scratch for Arduino, the software which can be downloaded onto either Mac, Linux or Windows looks similar to "Scratch" but there are some additional blocks on this enabling you to interact with your Arduino.


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Indira Basu, director, public relations and communications, The Park, a boutique business hotel in Kolkata, had a choice when she took up her position. "I had the option of a sari or business suit. I chose the sari as it is graceful, welcoming and exudes warmth. My job requires me to be approachable, not too formal." A practical choice and a professional one, no different from her female front-office colleagues who wear a printed tunic and trousers.
This mix of Indian and Western attire for women is common in many an Indian workplace. "Times have moved ahead to a more global mindset," says Ramendrajit Sen, HR adviser, Hewitt Associates, a Gurgaon-based HR consulting and outsourcing firm. "There are no rules for or against traditional attire. The underlying principle is one should look presentable, professional and feel comfortable."
But if dress codes have moved on, mindsets don't seem to have. In a survey published last week, 72% of respondents said that if a woman wears skirts and tops, the focus of co-workers shifts to necklines and hemlines. "They should be disciplined to Indian culture," said one respondent. "They should wear sari or salwar as others may think something different if they wear jeans and T-shirts," said another.
Sari to suit: Is this our best-bet dress?
The survey of 461 people (261 men, 200 women, aged 21-45) was carried out in February-March across the five metros, Hyderabad, Pune and Ahmedabad by global market research company Synovate; it was commissioned by TeamLease Services, a Bangalore-based staffing solutions company.
Buttonholed by gender
The survey findings do present a "disturbing picture", says Bangalore-based journalist, author and media watcher Ammu Joseph, winner of the Donna Allen Award for Feminist Advocacy. "The question of what's appropriate must not be based on outdated, stereotypical notions. It is particularly regrettable that even young adults assume that women are the repositories of culture and tradition, and must conform to certain 'acceptable' modes of dress. Or that women are responsible for sexual harassment on account of what they wear."
Indeed, 69% of men and women felt women's attire has a direct relation to sexual harassment.
Bina Berry, a consultant with DTA Consulting, a Delhi-based public affairs and corporate advisory firm, feels what is appropriate is based on both cultural and organizational norms. Any deviation stands out: "In Germany, I was asked if I wasn't uncomfortable in a midriff-baring sari while a knee-high skirt drew no comment. In India, a skirt may stand out," says Berry, adding that a sari or salwar-kameez is as much about comfort as societal expectation. "I've seen many women from abroad adopting a cotton salwar-kameez as it is cool in summer."
On the subject of decency, Shailja Singh, HR leader, Hewitt Outsourcing, adds that at work "decent" is not enough: "Blue jeans and white linen shirt is 'decent', but it is not really business-like."
All about mindsets
The TeamLease survey also threw up inter-city differences: 65% in Mumbai, against 53% in Bangalore, found themselves distracted by female colleagues' hemlines and necklines. Meanwhile, 91% of Kolkata respondents felt well-dressed people are taken more seriously, while 39% in Hyderabad disagreed.
Delhi-based Sourajit Ghosal, director and co-founder, Storm Communications Pvt. Ltd—a brand activation enterprise with national operations across metros, tier II cities and villages—counts among his clients Indian and multinational brands such as Asian Paints, Samsung and Pepsi. Ghosal attributes Mumbai's more accepting attitude to its cosmopolitan culture, tolerant of women outside the home. As to Kolkata's emphasis on formal attire (73% preferred it, irrespective of role and seniority), he blames it on a colonial hangover. "Here, even door-to-door salesmen turn up in a tie. In Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Shimla or Jaipur, I rarely see men wear a tie except with a blazer," he says.
Ghosal notes that every city's mindset has its quirk. In Delhi, he says, a first-time client will note whether he carries a BlackBerry, and the make of the car he drives. "In Hyderabad, CEOs and successful entrepreneurs are more chilled out: pressed clothes, a shave, but more stress on being punctual, not brands worn."
Ghosal also points out to contrasts between metros and smaller cities such as Patna: "In a small city, the stakes are lower for every transaction and both sides probably know each other, so you can get away with less attention to your clothes."
What's your formal brief?
All said and done, however, first impressions are based on appearance, Ghosal says. "When two salespeople meet a client for the first time, I have seen that the one dressed better, or more conservatively, is the one addressed more."
What not to wear? The consensus is to avoid anything "distracting", be it kurta-pyjamas, excessive jewellery or sindoor, according to Ghosal, or shabbiness, according to Basu; or even a business suit outdoors on a hot day. That means half-sleeved shirts are just fine for 44 degrees Celsius Delhi.


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NSUN network for mental health is an independent, service-user-led charity that connects people with experience of mental health issues to give us a stronger voice in shaping policy and services.
Total Giving
Section 136 Pathway launches in London
December 2016
On Monday, 12 December the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, joined London's NHS, ambulance, police, mental health and social services at City Hall to launch a new set of standards to improve the care of vulnerable Londoners facing a mental health crisis.
The mental health crisis care programme is working with stakeholders and key partners across the crisis care system to improve crisis care.
London service users continue to describe the poor quality of mental health crisis care largely due to services that fail to meet their needs and lack basic respect, warmth and compassion.
NSUN's Naomi Good was representing the mental health movement at the event. You can view a video of Naomi speaking about implementing change.
Event materials available online
Also available online are the event slides
Pan-London Section 136 pathway, key principles poster
Mental health crisis care for Londoners, complete background (PDF)
Open for comments. Click here to join the discussion and leave a comment


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 1992
|Filing date
|Nov 4, 1991
|Priority date
|Nov 4, 1991
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gary K. Lund, Mikel R. Stevens
|Original Assignee
|Morton International, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Referenced by (33), Classifications (14), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Mx 1 My 2 (NO2)z
Mx 1 My 2 (NO2)z
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to gas generant or propellant compositions, generally in pellet, tablet or wafer form, which are burned at relatively low temperatures to provide nitrogen rich gas to inflate automobile air bag restraint systems. More particularly, this invention relates to improved gas generant compositions including a fuel for producing the nitrogen rich gas, especially non-azides, and a novel oxidizer therefor comprising an inorganic compound having a poly(nitrito) transition metal complex anion.
Though the gas generant or propellant compositions of this invention are especially designed and suited for creating nitrogen-containing gas for inflating passive restraint vehicle crash bags, they would function equally well in other less severe inflation applications, such as aircraft slides and inflatable boats; and more generally, would find utility for any use where a low temperature, non-toxic gas is needed, such as for a variety of pressurization and purging applications, as in fuel and oxidizer tanks in rocket motors; for various portable and military equipment and operations where a storable source of gas is needed.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Automobile air bag systems have been developed to protect the occupant of a vehicle, in the event of a collision, by rapidly inflating a cushion or bag between the vehicle occupant and the interior of the vehicle. The inflated air bag absorbs the occupant's energy to provide a gradual, controlled ride down, and provides a cushion to distribute body loads and keep the occupant from impacting the hard surfaces of the vehicle interior.
The use of protective gas-inflated bags to cushion vehicle occupants in crash situations is now widely known and well documented. In early systems of this type, a quantity of compressed, stored gas was employed to inflate a crash bag which, when inflated, was positioned between the occupant and the windshield, steering wheel and dashboard of the vehicle. The compressed gas was released by the action of actuators or sensors which sensed a rapid change in velocity of the vehicle during a rapid impact, as would normally occur during an accident. Because of the bulk and weight of such stored, compressed gas systems, their generally slow reaction time and attendant maintenance difficulties, these type systems are now largely obsolete, having been superseded by air bag systems utilizing a gas generated by chemical gas-generating compositions. These advanced systems involve the use of an ignitable propellant composition for inflating the air cushion, wherein the inflating gas is generated by the exothermic reaction of the reactants which form the propellant.
The most common air bag systems presently in use include an on-board collision sensor, an inflator, and a collapsed, inflatable bag connected to the gas outlet of the inflator. The inflator typically has a metal housing which contains an electrically initiated igniter, a gas generant composition, for example, in pellet or tablet form, and a gas filtering system. Before it is deployed, the collapsed bag is stored behind a protective cover in the steering wheel (for a driver protection system) or in the instrument panel (for a passenger system) of the vehicle. When the sensor determines that the vehicle is involved in a collision, it sends an electrical signal to the igniter, which ignites the gas generant composition. The gas generant composition burns, generating a large volume of relatively cool gaseous combustion products in a very short time. The combustion products are contained and directed through the filtering system and into the bag by the inflator housing. The filtering system retains all solid and liquid combustion products within the inflator and cools the generated gas to a temperature tolerable to the vehicle passenger. The bag breaks out of its protective cover and inflates when filled with the filtered combustion products emerging from the gas outlet of the inflator. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,296,084.
The requirements of a gas generant suitable for use in an automobile air bag are very demanding. The gas generant must burn very fast to inflate the air bag, for example, in about 30 milliseconds or less, but the burn rate must be stable, controllable and reproducible to ensure bag deployment and inflation in a manner which does not cause injury to the vehicle occupants or damage to the bag.
The gas generant must be extremely reliable during the life of the vehicle (ten years or more). Ignition must be certain, and the burn rate of the gas generant composition must remain constant despite extensive exposure of the composition to vibration and a wide range of temperatures. The gas generant is protected from moisture when sealed in the inflator, but should still be relatively insensitive to moisture to minimize problems during manufacture and storage of the gas generant and assembly of the inflator, and to ensure reliability during the life of the air bag system.
The gas generant must efficiently produce cool, non-toxic, non-corrosive gas which is easily filtered to remove solid or liquid particles, and thus to preclude injury to the vehicle occupants and damage to the bag.
It follows then that the most desirable atmosphere inside an inflated crash bag would correspond in composition to the air outside it. This has thus far proven impractical to attain. The next best solution is inflation with a physiologically inert or at least innocuous gas. The one gas which possesses the required characteristics and which has proven to be the most practical is nitrogen.
The most successful to date of the prior art solid gas generants which produce nitrogen that are capable of sustained combustion have been based upon the decomposition of compounds of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and aluminum derivatives of hydrazoic acid, especially sodium azide. Such azide-containing gas generants are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,981,616; 3,741,585; 4,062,708; 4,203,787; 4,243,443 and 4,547,235.
There are some disadvantages, however, to the use of azides in gas generant compositions used for inflating air bag systems. For instance, sodium azide is a Class B poison and is a highly toxic material. It is easily hydrolyzed, particularly during typical wet slurrying preparation, forming hydrazoic acid which acid is not only a highly toxic and explosive gas, but also readily reacts with such metal ions as Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Pb to form extremely sensitive solids that are subject to unexpected ignition or detonation. See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,220. Especially careful handling in the manufacture, storage and eventual disposal of such materials is required to safely handle them and the azide-containing gas generants prepared from them.
A number of approaches to a non-azide nitrogen gas generant have been investigated in the prior art as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,055,911; 3,348,985; 3,739,574; 3,912,561; 4,369,079 and 4,370,181. Many of the prior art nitrogen-containing gas generants that have been reported are based upon nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as those derived from the various hydroxylamine acid and hydroxylamine derivatives, while others consist of various polymeric binders, hydrocarbons and carbohydrates which are oxidized to produce non-corrosive and, often termed, "non-toxic" gases. However, there some disadvantages to the use of such non-azide fuel materials. For example, the gas products produced from burning these type fuels sometimes produce unacceptably high levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water for their use in automobile air bag applications.
Typical oxidizers conventionally used in prior art gas generant compositions are: (1) ammonium nitrate, and alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrite and nitrates, such as KNO3 and Sr(NO3)2, (2) ammonium oxalate and various metallic oxides, mixed oxides and bi-metallic complex oxides, based on such cations as Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Ce, Ta, W and Pb, (3) various metallic halides, including fluorides, chlorides and iodides, such as FeF3 and CrCl3, as well as various organic chlorides and iodides, (4) ammonium perchlorate, and alkali metal chlorates and perchlorates, such as KClO4, (5) various inorganic sulfides, such as MoS2, and sulfur and (6) various other inorganic peroxides, permanganates, chromates and dichromates; as exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,981,616; 3,468,730; 3,741,585; 3,719,604; 3,734,789; 3,814,694; 3,898,112; 3,904,221; 3,909,322; 3,931,040; 3,947,300; 3,996,079; 4,062,708; 4,203,787; 4,243,443; 4,370,181; 4,376,002 and 4,734,141.
In contrast to the above discussed prior art, it has now been discovered that gas generant compositions can be improved by using inorganic compounds containing poly(nitrito) transition metal complex anions as oxidants for the gas producing fuel material, whether azides or non-azides, especially the latter.
In accordance with the present invention improved solid, gas generating compositions are provided including a fuel (i.e. source of nitrogen-containing gas) and an oxidizer therefor, wherein the improvement comprises using as the oxidant an inorganic compound having a poly(nitrito) transition metal complex anion.
In accordance with the present invention, the inorganic oxidant compounds are generically represented by the formula:
Mx 1 My 2 (NO2)z
where M1 is a metal selected from the alkali metals of Group IA, preferably sodium and most preferably potassium, the alkaline earth metals of Group IIA, most preferably strontium, Group IB metals, preferably copper, and Group IIB metals, preferably zinc, of the Periodic Table; M2 is a metal selected from the transition metals of Groups IVA-IIB of the Periodic Table, most preferably cobalt; x=1, 2, 3 or 4; y=1 or 2 and z=4 or 6, as determined by the required stoichiometry of the metals of the complex, and the M1 and M2 metal must not be the same metal. M1 is preferably an alkali metal, most preferably potassium. Potassium hexanitrocobaltate, K3 Co(NO2)6, is the most preferred example of an oxidizer.
In accordance with the present invention the fuel component of the solid gas generant composition may be either an azide or a non-azide, preferably the latter. Also, as is conventional, such compositions may optionally contain a binder, such as polypropylene carbonate, as is conventional, in amounts up to about 5 wt%.
In accordance with the present invention there is also provided a method for generating nitrogen rich gas by igniting a gas generant composition containing a fuel, and an oxidizer having a transition metal nitrito complex, as above described.
Further provided in accordance with this invention is a method of inflating an air bag by using the nitrogen rich gas as produced from igniting the gas generant composition including the metal nitrito complex oxidizer, as above described.
Also in accordance with this invention a conventional air bag inflator system is provided comprising a metal housing having a gas generant composition including a novel oxidant as above described, along with an igniter therefor and a filtering system for the gas.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and appended claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates in graph form performance data points of potassium diliturate and strontium nitrate outlined in Example 2.
FIG. 2 illustrates in graph form performance data points of potassium diliturate and potassium hexanitrocobaltate outlined in Example 3.
The principal aspect of this invention relates to solid gas generant or propellant compositions containing as essential ingredients: (1) a gas generating fuel and (2) an oxidizer therefor, wherein the oxidizer comprises an inorganic compound having a poly(nitrito) transition metal complex anion. This complex anion may be associated with any stable cation having a valence of up to two chosen from the metals of Group IA, the alkaline earth metals of Group IIA and the metals of Group IB and IIB of the Periodic Table, as long as the cation is a different metal than the complex anion transition metal. The inorganic oxidant compounds (salts) according to the invention may be represented by the following formula:
Mx.sup. 1 My 2 (NO2)z
wherein (1) M1 is a metal selected from the (a) Group IA alkali metals, preferably sodium and most preferably potassium, (b) Group IIA alkaline earth metals, preferably strontium, (c) Group IB metals, preferably copper, and (d) Group IIB metals, preferably zinc, of the Periodic Table (published by Sargent-Welch Scientific Co., catalogue no. S-18806-10,1979 copyright) (2) M2 is a metal selected from the transition metals of IVA-IIB of the Periodic Table, preferably the Group VIIIA, IB and IIB metals, more preferably cobalt, copper and zinc from these respective Groups, and most preferably cobalt, (3) x=1, 2, 3 or 4; y=1 or 2; and z=4 or 6 as determined by the required stoichiometry of the metals of the complex, and (4) the M1 and M2 metals selected are different metals. M1 is preferably an alkali or alkaline earth metal, most preferably potassium. The most preferred oxidizer salt is potassium hexanitrocobaltate, K3 Co(NO2)6.
A secondary aspect of the present invention relates to combining the above described novel oxidizers (2) with conventional propellant fuel (1) which generants nitrogen-containing gas, which may be either an azide, for example NaN3, as is well known; or preferably a non-azide, the most preferred of which is potassium diliturate (KDL), C4 H2 N3 OK. Examples of other non-azide fuels are bis(5-aminotetrazole)Zn (ZnAT), C2 H4 N10 Zn, and potassium nitroorotate, C5 H4 N3 OK.
The use of oxidizers (2) having poly(nitrito) transition metal complex anions, e.g. K3 Co(NO2)6, has been demonstrated with non-azide gas generator fuels, e.g. C4 H2 N3 O5 K and C2 H4 N10 Zn, found to support combustion with a reasonable burning rate as shown in Example 1A and 1B, respectively. The potassium salt of the Co(NO2)6 -3 complex is preferred because it is neither water soluble nor hydroscopic. These properties, i.e. water insoluble and anhydrous, prevent excessive introduction of moisture into the formulation. Potassium hexanitrocobaltate has a low heat of formation which results in significantly lower flame temperatures for the propellants when this material is used as a substitute for the more conventional oxidizer, Sr(NO3)2. Examples 2 and 3 illustrate this with the non-azide fuel, potassium diliturate (KDL). Preferred alternate transition metal nitrito complexes useful as oxidizing agents are such salts as M2 Cu(NO2)4, M2 Zn(NO2)4 and MCu(N02)4 where M may be, for example, the Group IA metal Li, Na or K or the Group IIA metal Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba, more preferably the Group IA metals and most preferably K. Preferred alternate oxidizing salts are potassium tetranitrocuprate, K2 Cu(NO2)4, and potassium tetranitrozincate, K2 Zn(NO2)4.
The oxidant component (2) in the gas generant composition may comprise mixtures of various novel oxidant compounds under the generic formula above. And such novel oxidizers, whether singly or in admixture, are intended to replace completely typical oxidizers, e.g. Sr(NO3)2, used in propellant compositions. However, if desired, the oxidizers according to the invention may be partially substituted for such known oxidizers in any amount from 1-99%, preferably greater than 50%, by weight, especially when destined for less severe use than vehicle crash bags.
According to the invention a typical non-azide fuel and novel oxidizer reaction is represented by the following equation:
2(C4 H2 N3 O5 K) +K3 Co(NO2)6 →N2 +2.5 K2 CO3 +1/3Co3 O4 +5.5CO2 +2H2 O +1/3 O2.
According to the invention a typical azide fuel and novel oxidizer reaction is represented by the following equation: 19NaN3 +K3 Co(NO2)6 →34.5N2 +CoO +9.5Na2 O +1.5K2 O.
The metal nitrito complexes useful as oxidizers in the present invention are either commercially available or are readily prepared. In general, these complexes may be made by admixing a nitrito salt of the transition metal, such as Na3 Co(NO2)6, with an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt, such as KCl, in water and recovering the natural complex as a precipitate. See Example 4. Other alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, such as the acetates, perchlorates, nitrates or tetrafluoroborates, may also be used so long as the anion does not displace the nitrito moieties of the transition metal.
The gas generant or propellant compositions of the present invention which are ignited to produce nitrogen-containing gas to inflate automobile air bags may contain, in addition to the essential oxidizer and fuel components, as above described, other conventional components commonly used in such compositions. For example, mixtures of the essential fuel and oxidizer ingredients can be pressed into cohesive pellets, tablets or wafers which are sometimes sufficiently rugged for use in an air bag generator without a binder component being present. However, it is usually necessary to provide a small proportion of a binder therewith, typically from 0.1 to 5 wt.%, preferably about 1 -2 wt.%. Examples of binders contemplated herein, are polypropylene carbonate (PPC), MoS2 (as shown in Example 1), polyethers or mixtures thereof; as similarly taught in aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,203,787; 4,370,181 and 4,547,235. Other ingredients may also be used in the propellant compositions, such as SiO2 and Al2 O3 in typical amounts and for the known residue control purposes taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,912, 561; 3,947,300; 4,547,235 and 4,865,667. Additional ingredients in the composition should be minimized, particularly inert ingredients which do not contribute to the volume of nitrogen rich gas generated or which may introduce deleterious combustion products therein. One exception, however, may be burn rate enhancers or boosters, such as heating fibers (e.g. graphite or iron fibers, etc.) dispersed in the composition matrix in small amounts of less than 6 wt.%, preferably less than 1 wt.%, which serve to increase the burn rate of the propellant by transferring heat during combustion, as is well known in the art; see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,705.
When the fuel component of the gas generant composition is a non-azide, as is preferred, its content can range from about 30 to 50% by wt. based on the total weight of the composition, preferably from about 35 to 45 wt.%, most preferably about 40 wt.%, and thus the oxidizer component making up the balance of the propellant composition invention can range from about 50 to 70% by wt. based on the total weight of the composition, preferably from about 55 to 65 wt.%, and most preferably about 60 wt.%.
When an azide is used as the fuel, instead of a non-azide, less of the novel oxidizer is required, generally on the order of about 20-40% by wt.
Hence when the fuel is an azide, the content of the novel oxidizer can range from about 15 to 50% by wt. based on the total weight of the composition, preferably from about 20 to 40 wt.%, most preferably about 25 wt.%, with the fuel making up the balance of the composition; thus ranging from about 50 to 85% by wt., preferably from about 60 to 80 wt.%, and most preferably about 75 wt.%.
The final gas generant compositions of the present invention as used in air bag restraint systems may be prepared by conventional techniques. For example, the essential ingredients of the composition, including a fuel (such as potassium diliturate) and an oxidizer (such as potassium hexanitrocobaltate), may simply be blended together to form a homogeneous mixture, along with other optional ingredients, such as a binder, as above discussed. In normal commercial use the gas generant composition is then pelletized or made into tablet or wafer form.
Another aspect of the invention involves a method of generating nitrogen rich gas for general use by igniting the composition of the invention previously described.
Another aspect of the invention involves using the nitrogen rich gas thus produced from the composition of the invention above described to inflate air bags in a wide variety of well known gas generator mechanisms as earlier discussed, particularly in an automotive air bag restraint system comprising a metal housing having a gas outlet; tablets or wafers of the gas generating composition as previously described disposed within the housing; an igniter disposed within the housing adjacent to the gas generating composition; and a gas filtering system disposed between the propellant composition and the gas outlet of the metal housing. More specific details and illustration of an exemplary type of inflator system contemplated herein are found in aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,296,084 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and U.S. Pat. 4,931,112.
The following examples serve to further illustrate the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. All percentage used in the following examples, and throughout this specification, are percent by weight unless specified otherwise.
A. This example illustrates the use of potassium hexanitrocobaltate, K3 Co(NO2)6 as an oxidizer with potassium diliturate (KDL), C4 H2 N3 O5 K, as the fuel, together with polypropylene carbonate (PPC) or molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Burning rates in inches/sec at 1000 psi pressure are given in the following table.
______________________________________Percent Percent Percent Percent BurningOxidizer KDL Fuel PPC MoS2 Rate (ips)______________________________________50 48 -- 2.0 0.33750 48 2.0 -- 0.38550 48 2.0 -- 0.372*______________________________________ *composition processed with acetone rather than water.
The above data illustrate that useful and reproducible burning rates may be obtained with the novel oxidizer when blended with the non-azide fuel, KDL.
B. In the following example, the bis (5-aminotetrazole) complex of zinc (ZnAT), ZnC2 H4 N10, was employed as the non-azide gas generating fuel with the novel oxidizer. Burning rates are reported at 1000 psi in inches per second.
______________________________________Percent Percent Percent Burning RateOxidizer ZnAT Fuel PPC (ips)______________________________________58.4 39.6 2.0 0.65158.4 39.6 2.0 1.127*______________________________________ *formulation processed with acetone rather than water.
The above data suggest that high burning rates may be obtained with the novel oxidizer. In this case, waterless processing resulted in very high burn rates being obtained relative to those from the water processed formulation.
This example shows supporting data for performance properties of potassium diliturate when used with the well known oxidizer, strontium nitrate.
______________________________________Composition Potassium Diliturate C4H2N305K______________________________________Hf Kcal/Mole -247 Kcal/MoleFuel (%) 52.5 52 50 48 45 41 37.4Sr (NO3)2 (%) 47.5 48 50 52 55 59 62.6Temperature K 2000 1959 1885 1801 1658 1443 1244Gas Product (wt %)CO2 65 64 61 60 56 52 65H2O 7 7 7 7 7 6 2N2 28 28 28 28 28 28 28O2 0 1 3 6 9 14 20CO ppm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Yield (wt %) 60 60 59 58 58 58 55*Volume Ratio (%) 125 124 124 124 123 122 120Solids (Weight %)Sr (OH)2 23 24 24 26 27 29 20SrO______________________________________ *volume ratio is gas volume relative to conventional azide gas generator formulation.
This data is depicted in graph form as FIG. 1.
This example shows supporting data for performance properties of potassium diliturate when used with the novel oxidizer, potassium hexanitrocobaltate.
______________________________________ PotassiumComposition Diliturate C4H2N305K w/K3CoY6______________________________________Hf Kcal/Mole -247 Kcal/Mole -526 Kcal/MoleFuel (5) 50 49 45 37 34.6 33K3Co(NO2)6 (%) 50 51 55 63 65.4 67Temperature K 1674 1655 1458 1165 1032 944Gas Product(Wt %)CO2 55 54 49 37 33 31H2O 8 8 8 7 6 6N2 37 37 38 40 40 41O2 0 1 5 16 20 22CO ppm 5980 0 0 0 0 0NO ppm 0 20 20 0 0 0YIELD (Wt. %) 52 52 50 48 47 47*Volume Ratio (%) 119 119 123 122 121 121Solids (Weight %)CoO 8.3 8.4 0.0 0.0 0 0.0Co304 0 0 10 11 12 12K2CO3 39 39 40 41 41 42______________________________________ *volume ratio is gas volume relative to conventional azide gas generant formulation.
This data is depicted in graph form as FIG. 2.
Example 3 demonstrates that potassium hexanitrocobaltate, when combined with the fuel potassium diliturate, has a low heat of formation which results in significantly lower flame temperatures for the propellants when this material is used as a substitute for the more typical oxidizer, strontium nitrate, as shown in Example 2.
Further comparison of the data from Examples 2 and 3 reveals that use of the novel oxidizer, in addition to providing much lower flame temperatures than the ordinary oxidant, strontium nitrate, produces equivalent gas yields on a volume basis, which is the figure of merit. This is a result of substantially increased nitrogen yield due to use of the novel oxidizer relative to that obtained with the strontium nitrate, accompanied by decreased CO2 yield. The merits of improved nitrogen gas yields have been discussed earlier.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the overall cooling trend of the flame temperature resulting from formulating at excess oxidizer levels with either oxidizer and further serve to illustrate that a wide range of gas compositions with flame temperatures below 1500 degrees Kelvin may be achieved with the novel oxidizer. This property allows the generating composition to provide a cool gas product with sufficient oxygen content to prevent excessive carbon monoxide concentrations to be formed in the gas products yet not produce so much excess oxygen as to be rendered excessively reactive towards the secondary components of the gas generating/inflation device.
This example illustrates the preparation of potassium hexanitrocobaltate, K3 Co(NO2)6, from sodium hexanitrocobaltate, Na3 Co(NO2)6, which is commercially available.
5g of Na3 Co(NO2)6 was dissolved in 100 ml of H2 O.
5g of KCl was separately dissolved in 100 ml of H2 O.
These two solutions were mixed together and an immediate precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected via filtration through a glass frit filter funnel.
The solid product was recovered, analyzed and found to contain: K=21.96%, Co=11.96%, N=14.2%, C=0.10%, H=0.48%, Na=0.13%.
The yield was 3.542g, a 63.16% yield.
This example illustrates the use of the ZnAT fuel with several oxidizers for comparative purposes. All formulations were processed as water slurries with PPC binder.
__________________________________________________________________________ Percent Percent *Binder Burning Rate Burning RateOxidizer Oxidizer Fuel Percent ips @ 1000 psi ips @ 1600 psi__________________________________________________________________________Sr(NO3)2 54.9 43.1 2.0 0.461 0.598KNO3 40.9 57.1 2.0 0.565 0.640K3 Co(NO2)6 58.4 39.6 2.0 0.651 1.392__________________________________________________________________________ *PPC
The above data show that increased burning rates and pressure sensitivity result from use of the novel oxidizer with this fuel. This characteristic is advantageous for gas generator applications since high combustion rates are desirable for rapid device deployment without resorting to complex, high surface area generator grain designs.
While the invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, modifications obvious to one having ordinary skill in the art may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Various features of the invention are set forth in the following claims.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 4, 1991
Owner name: MORTON INTERNATIONAL, INC. A CORP. OF INDIANA,
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|Jan 4, 1996
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|Nov 16, 1998
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James Buffin is a filmmaker with over 27 years experience, working on movies, tv shows, commercials, music videos and documentaries shooting across North America, South America, Asia and the South Pacific. The theme of his work is disaster/recovery, both environmental and personal. Current projects include a feature length documentary about adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Picking Trauma's Pocket. His last film Jingle Dress – First Dance screened three times at the final Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings in Edmonton and is now popular in education circles.