text:
South Africa
Learn more about South Africa
- This article is about the country on the southern tip of the African continent. For the region, see Southern Africa. For the former country, see South African Republic.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the African continent. It borders the countries of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Lesotho is an independent enclave entirely surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa has experienced a significantly different evolution from other nations in Africa as a result of two facts. Firstly, immigration from Europe reached levels not experienced in other African communities. Secondly, the strategic importance of the Cape Sea Route, as emphasised by the closure of the Suez Canal during the Six Day War, and mineral wealth made the country extremely important to Western interests, particularly during the Cold War. As a result of immigration, South Africa is a very racially diverse nation. It has the largest population of people of Coloured (i.e. mixed racial background), whites, and Indian communities in Africa. Black South Africans account for slightly less than 80% of the population.
Racial strife between the white minority and the black majority has played a large part in the country's history and politics, culminating in apartheid, which was instituted in 1948 by the National Party (although segregation existed prior to that date). The laws that defined apartheid began to be repealed or abolished by the National Party in 1990 after a long and sometimes violent struggle (including economic sanctions from the international community) by the Black majority as well as many White, Coloured, and Indian South Africans.
Two philosophies originated in South Africa: ubuntu (the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity); and Gandhi's notion of "passive resistance" (Satyagraha), developed while he lived in South Africa.<ref> Compassion: the South African way</ref>
The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century; however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. The economy of South Africa is the largest and best developed on the continent, with modern infrastructure common throughout the country.
South Africa is often referred to as "The Rainbow Nation", a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later adopted by then-President Nelson Mandela as a metaphor to describe the country's newly-developing multicultural diversity in the wake of segregationist apartheid ideology.
South Africa will be the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It will be the first time the tournament is held in Africa.
[edit] History
South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in Africa. Extensive fossil remains at the Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and Makapansgat caves suggest that various australopithecines existed in South Africa from about three million years ago. These were succeeded by various species of Homo, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus and modern man, Homo sapiens. Bantu-speaking peoples (the term Bantu is a linguistic term not an ethnic one), iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, moved south of the Limpopo River into modern-day South Africa by the fourth or fifth century (the Bantu expansion) displacing the original Khoi and San speakers. They slowly moved south and the earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoi and San people, reaching the Fish River, in today's Eastern Cape Province. These Iron Age populations displaced earlier hunter-gatherer peoples as they migrated.
The written history of South Africa begins with the accounts of European navigators passing South Africa on the East Indies trade routes. Subsequent to the first circumnavigation of the Cape in 1488 by the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias a number of shipwrecks occurred along the Southern African coast. Along with the accounts of the early navigators, the accounts of shipwreck survivors provide the earliest written accounts of Southern Africa. In the two centuries following 1488, a number of small fishing settlements were made along the coast by Portuguese sailors, but no written account of these settlements survives. In 1652 a victualling station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the slowly-expanding settlement was a Dutch possession. The Dutch settlers eventually met the southwesterly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called Cape Frontier Wars, ensued, mainly caused by conflicting land and livestock interests.
To ease Cape labour shortages slaves were brought from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India. Furthermore, troublesome leaders, often of royal descent, were banished from Dutch colonies to South Africa. This group of slaves eventually gave rise to a population that now identifies themselves as "Cape Malays". Cape Malays have traditionally been accorded a higher social status by the European colonists - many became wealthy landowners, but became increasingly dispossessed as Apartheid developed. Cape Malay mosques in District Six were spared, and now serve as monuments for the destruction that occurred around them.
Most of the descendants of these slaves, who often married with Dutch settlers, were later classified together with the remnants of the Khoikhoi as Cape Coloureds. Further intermingling within the Cape Coloured population itself, as well as with Xhosa and other South African people, now means that they constitute roughly 50% of the population in the Western Cape Province.
Great Britain seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1797. The Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1805. The British continued the frontier wars against the AmaXhosa, pushing the eastern frontier eastward through a line of forts established along the Fish River and consolidating it by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament first stopped its global slave trade in 1806, then abolished slavery in all its colonies in 1833.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 encouraged economic growth and immigration, intensifying the subjugation of the natives. The Boers successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using tactics much better suited to local conditions. For example, the Boers wore khaki clothing, which was the same colour as the earth, whereas the British wore bright red uniforms, making them easy targets for Boer sharpshooters. The British returned in greater numbers without their red jackets in the Second Boer War (1899–1902), which was largely opposed by the Liberal Party in the British Parliament. The Boers' attempt to ally themselves with German South West Africa provided the British with yet another excuse to take control of the Boer Republics.
The Boers resisted fiercely, but the British eventually overwhelmed the Boer forces, using their superior numbers and external supply chains and concentration camps as well as the controversial scorched earth tactic. The Treaty of Vereeniging specified full British sovereignty over the South African republics, and the British government agreed to assume the £3,000,000 war debt owed by the Afrikaner governments. One of the main provisions of the treaty ending the war was that 'Blacks' would not be allowed to vote, except in the Cape Colony.
After four years of negotiations, the Union of South Africa was created from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal, on May 31, 1910, exactly eight years after the end of the Second Boer War. The newly-created Union of South Africa was a dominion. In 1934, the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking 'Whites', but split in 1939 over the Union's entry into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom. The right-wing National Party sympathised with Nazi Germany during the war, and sought greater racial segregation, or apartheid, after it.
In 1948, the National Party was elected to power, and began implementing a series of harsh segregationist laws that would become known collectively as apartheid. Not surprisingly, this segregation also applied to the wealth acquired during rapid industrialization of the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. While the White minority enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa, often comparable to "First World" western nations, the Black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. However, the average income and life expectancy of a black, 'Indian' or 'colored' South African compared favorably to many other African states, such as Ghana and Tanzania.
Apartheid became increasingly controversial, leading to widespread sanctions and divestment abroad and growing unrest and oppression within South Africa. (See also special section on History of South Africa in the apartheid era.) A long period of harsh suppression by the government, and resistance, strikes, marches, protests, and sabotage, by various anti-apartheid movements, most notably the African National Congress (ANC), followed. In 1990, the National Party government took the first step towards negotiating itself out of power when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other left-wing political organizations, and released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years' incarceration. Apartheid legislation was gradually removed from the statute books, and the first multi-racial elections were held in 1994. The ANC won by an overwhelming majority and has been in power ever since.
Despite the end of apartheid, millions of South Africans, mostly black, continue to live in poverty. This is attributed to the legacy of the apartheid regime and, increasingly, what many see as the failure of the current government to tackle social issues, coupled with the monetary and fiscal discipline of the current government to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. However, the ANC's social housing policy has produced some improvement in living conditions in many areas by redirecting fiscal spending and improving the efficiency of the tax collection system.
[edit] Politics
- Main articles on politics and government of South Africa can be found at the Politics and government of South Africa series.
South Africa has a bicameral parliament: the ninety members of the National Council of Provinces (the upper house); and the four hundred members of the National Assembly (the lower house). Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis by proportional representation: half of the members are elected from national lists and half are elected from provincial lists. Ten members are elected to represent each province in the National Council of Provinces, regardless of the population of the province. Elections for both chambers are held every five years. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party in the National Assembly is the President.
Current South African politics are dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), which received 69.7% of the vote during the last 2004 general election and 66.3% of the vote in the 2006 municipal election. The main challenger to the ANC's rule is the Democratic Alliance party, which received 12.4% of the vote in the 2004 election and 14.8% in the 2006 election. The leader of this party is Tony Leon. The formerly dominant New National Party, which introduced apartheid through its predecessor, the National Party, has suffered increasing humiliation at election polls since 1994, and finally voted to disband. It chose to merge with the ANC on 9 April 2005. Other major political parties represented in Parliament are the Inkatha Freedom Party, which mainly represents Zulu voters, and the Independent Democrats, who took 6.97% and 1.7% of the vote respectively in the 2004 election.
[edit] Administrative divisions
When apartheid ended in 1994, the South African government had to integrate the formerly independent and semi-independent Bantustans into the political structure of South Africa. To this end, it abolished the four former provinces of South Africa (Cape Province, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal) and replaced them with nine fully integrated provinces. The new provinces are usually much smaller than the former provinces, which theoretically is in order to give local governments more resources to distribute over smaller areas.
The nine provinces are further sub-divided into fifty-two districts, six of which are metropolitan and forty-six district municipalities. The forty-six district municipalities are further subdivided into 231 local municipalities. The district municipalities also contain twenty district management areas (mostly game parks) which are directly governed by the district municipalities. The six metropolitan municipalities perform the functions of both district and local municipalities. The new provinces are:
|Former Homelands and Provinces
|Area (km²)
|Area (mi²)
|Population (2001)
|Eastern Cape
|Cape Province, Transkei, Ciskei
|Free State
|Orange Free State. QwaQwa
|Natal. KwaZulu
|Transvaal, Venda. Lebowa, Gazankulu
|Transvaal, KwaNdebele, KaNgwane. Bophuthatswana, Lebowa
|Northern Cape
|Cape Province
|North West
|Transvaal, Cape Province, Bophuthatswana
|Western Cape
|Cape Province
|Cape Town
[edit] Geography
South Africa is located at the southern most region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than 2,500 kilometres (1,550 mi) and across two oceans (the Atlantic and the Indian). At 470,979 mi² (1,219,912 km²[1]), South Africa is the world's 25th-largest country (after Mali). It is comparable in size to Colombia, and is nearly twice the size of the US state of Texas. Njesuthi in the Drakensberg at 3,408 m is the highest peak in South Africa.
South Africa has a great variety of climate zones, from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian ocean. From the east, the land quickly rises over a mountainous escarpment towards the interior plateau known as the Highveld. Even though South Africa is classified as semi-arid, there is considerable variation in climate as well as topography.
The interior of South Africa is a giant, rather flat, and sparsely populated scrubland Karoo , which is drier towards the northwest along the Namib desert. In contrast, the eastern coastline is lush and well-watered, which produces a climate similar to the tropics. The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous Fynbos Biome. This area also produces much of South Africa's wine. This region is also particularly known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the country's south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. This area is popularly known as the Garden Route.
The Free State is particularly flat due to the fact that it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the Vaal River, the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at 1,740 metres (5,709 ft) and receives an annual rainfall of 760 millimetres (30 in). Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.
To the north of Johannesburg, the altitude drops beyond the Highveld's escarpment, and turns into the lower lying Bushveld, an area of mixed dry forest and an abundance of wildlife. East of the Highveld, beyond the eastern escarpment, the Lowveld stretches towards the Indian ocean. It has particularly high temperatures, and is also the location of extended subtropical agriculture. The high Drakensberg mountains, which form the south-eastern escarpment of the Highveld, offer limited skiing opportunities in winter. Many people think that the coldest place in South Africa is Sutherland in the western Roggeveld Mountains, where midwinter temperatures can reach as low as −15 degrees Celsius (5 °F). In fact, the coldest place is actually Buffelsfontein, which is in the Molteno district of the Eastern Cape. Buffelsfontein recorded a low of −18.6 degrees Celsius. The deep interior has the hottest temperatures: A temperature of 51.7 °C (125 °F) was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near Upington.<ref> SouthAfrica.info: South Africa's geography </ref>
South Africa also has one possession, the small sub-antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of Marion Island (290 km²/112 mi²) and Prince Edward Island (45 km²/17.3 mi²) (not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name).
[edit] Flora and fauna
South Africa has more than 20,000 different plants, or about 10% of all the known species of plants on Earth, making it particularly rich in plant biodiversity.
South Africa's most prevalent biome is grassland, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia trees, mainly camel-thorn and whitethorn. Vegetation becomes even more sparse towards the northwest due to low rainfall. There are several species of water-storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the northeast of the country, with more dense growth. There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.<ref> South Africa Online Travel Guide: Plants and Vegetation in South Africa</ref>
The Fynbos Biome, one of the six floral kingdoms, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of floral biodiversity. The majority of the plants are evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the sclerophyllous plants. Another uniquely South African plant is the protea genus of flowering plants. There are around 130 different species of protea in South Africa.
While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, it has few forests. Only 1% of South Africa is forest, almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain along the Indian Ocean in KwaZulu-Natal. There are even smaller reserves of forests that are out of the reach of fire, known as montane forests. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine. South Africa has lost extensive acreage of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily due to overpopulation, sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the nineteenth century. South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many (e.g. Black Wattle, Port Jackson, Hakea, Lantana and Jacaranda) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original temperate forest that met the first European settlers to South Africa was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like Real Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), and South African Black Ironwood (Olea laurifolia) are under government protection.
Numerous mammals are found in the bushveld habitats including lion, leopard, White Rhino, Blue Wildebeest, kudu, impala, hyena, hippopotamus, and giraffe. There is a significant extent of the bushveld habitat in the northeast including Kruger National Park and the Mala Mala Reserve, as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere.
Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region, with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding and drought. According to computer generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute or SANBI <ref> [http://www.sanbi.org</ref> (along with many of its partner institutions), parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about 1°C along the coast to more than 4°C in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050.
The Cape Floral Kingdom has been identified as one of the global hotspots since it will be hit very hard by climate change and has such a great diversity of life. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many of these rare species towards extinction. Scorched : South Africa's changing climate takes much of the modelling produced by SANBI and presents it in an accessible travelogue-style collection of essays <ref> http://www.scorched.co.za Scorched : South Africa's changing climate</ref>.
[edit] Economy
By UN classification South Africa is a middle-income country with an abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange (the JSE Securities Exchange), that ranks among the ten largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centres throughout the region. South Africa's per capita GDP, corrected for purchasing power parity, positions the country as one of the fifty wealthiest in the world.
In many respects, South Africa is developed; however, this development is significantly localized around four areas, namely Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban, and Pretoria-Johannesburg. Beyond these four economic centres, development is marginal and poverty still reigns despite Government strategies. However, key marginal areas are experiencing rapid growth recently. Such areas include: Mossel Bay to Plettenberg Bay; Rustenburg area; Nelspruit area; Bloemfontein; Cape West Coast; KZN North Coast amongst others.
Large income gaps and a dual economy designate South Africa as developing; South Africa has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world. Consecutive growth rates in the last ten years are helping lower unemployment; however, the economy still has a way to go, and daunting economic problems remain. Other problems are crime, corruption, and HIV/AIDS.
At the start of 2000, President Thabo Mbeki vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment by relaxing restrictive labour laws, stepping up the pace of privatisation, and cutting unneeded governmental spending. His policies face strong opposition from organised labour. It is estimated that South Africa accounts for up to 30% of the gross domestic product of the entire African continent. South Africa is also the continent's largest energy producer and consumer.
The rand, the world's most actively-traded emerging market currency, has joined an elite club of fifteen currencies, the Continuous linked settlement (CLS), where forex transactions are settled immediately, lowering the risks of transacting across time zones. The South African rand (ZAR) was the best performing currency against the US dollar between 2002 and 2005, according to the Bloomberg Currency Scorecard.
The volatility of the rand has affected economic activity, with the rand falling sharply during 2001, hitting an historic low of R13.85 to the United States dollar, raising fears of inflation, and causing the Reserve Bank to increase interest rates. The rand has since recovered, trading at R5.99 to the dollar as of January 2006 while the South African Reserve Bank's policy of inflation targeting has brought inflation under control. The stronger rand has however put exporters under considerable pressure, with many calling for government to intervene in the exchange rate to help soften the rand, and many others dismissing staff.
21.5% of the adult South African population have been estimated to be HIV positive in 2003.<ref>CIA World Factbook, "South Africa"</ref> The government has recently, after much delay, devoted substantial resources to fighting this pandemic. A recent study from the African Journal of AIDS Research by Thomas Rehle and Olive Shisana showed the infection rate starting to level off, from 4.2% to 1.7% infection rate for 15-49 year olds, and AIDS deaths peaking at 487,320 in 2008.
In 2000, President Mbeki publicly questioned the importance of HIV in causing AIDS, controversially suggesting that the main cause was "poverty".<ref> BBC News: Controversy dogs Aids forum </ref> In 2001 the government appointed a panel of scientists, including a number of AIDS dissidents (who question the mainstream view on HIV), to report back on the issue. Following their report, the government stated that it continues to base its policy on the premise that the cause of AIDS is indeed HIV.<ref> BBC News: South African split over Aids </ref> The controversy has not abated, and organisations such as the Treatment Action Campaign continue to mount political and legal challenges to what they claim is the government's slow response to the epidemic.
Refugees from poorer neighbouring countries abound with immigrants from the DRC, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and many others representing a large portion of the informal sector. With high unemployment levels amongst poorer South Africans, xenophobia is a very real fear and many people born in South Africa feel resentful of immigrants who are seen to be depriving the native population of jobs, a feeling which has been given credibility by the fact that many South African employers have employed migrants from other countries for lower pay than South African citizens, especially in the construction, tourism, agriculture and domestic service industries. Illegal immigrants are also heavily involved in informal trading.<ref> African Security Review Vol 5 No 4, 1996: Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa</ref> However, many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the South African immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994.<ref> Queens College: The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa</ref>
[edit] Agriculture
South Africa has a large agricultural sector and is a net exporter of farming products. There are almost a thousand agricultural cooperatives and agribusinesses throughout the country, and agricultural exports have constituted 8% of South Africa's total exports for the past five years. The agricultural industry contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation.<ref>Human Rights Watch, 2001. Unequal Protection: The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms ISBN 1-56432-263-7 http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/</ref> However, due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land.<ref> Mohamed, Najma. 2000. Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture. In At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa into the 21st Century. Ed. Cousins, Ben. Bellville, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. ISBN 1-86808-467-1.</ref>
Although the commercial farming sector is relatively well developed, people in some rural areas still survive on subsistence agriculture. It is the eighth largest wine producer in the world, and the eleventh largest producer of sunflower seed. South Africa is a net exporter of agricultural products and foodstuffs, the largest number of exported items being sugar, grapes, citrus, nectarines, wine and deciduous fruit. The largest locally produced crop is maize(corn), and it has been estimated that 9 million tons are produced every year, with 7.4 million tons being consumed. Livestock are also popular on South African farms, with the country producing 85% of all meat consumed. The dairy industry consists of around 4,300 milk producers providing employment for 60,000 farm workers and contributing to the livelihoods of around 40,000 others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In recent years, the agricultural sector has introduced several reforms, some of which are controversial, such as land reform and the deregulation of the market for agricultural products. Land reform has been criticised both by farmers' groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging that the pace of change has not been fast enough, and the former alleging racist treatment and expressing concerns that a similar situation to Robert Mugabe's land reform policy may develop,<ref>South Africa's bitter harvest</ref> a fear exacerbated by comments made by the country's deputy president.<ref> BBC News: South Africans' long wait for land</ref><ref> BBC News: SA 'to learn from' land seizures</ref> The sector continues to face problems with increased foreign competition and crime being two of the major challenges for the industry.
Crime against the farming community continues to be a problem. The rural farm population has shouldered a great increase in attacks and harassment and has suffered as many as 2000 farm murders since 1994, and this has caused many commercial farmers to flee the countryside for the protection of the gated communities of the cities and that offered by other nations. The government has been accused of not devoting enough time and money to tackle the problem as opposed to other forms of violent crime, or simply inefficiency and incompetence.<ref> The Sunday Times Magazine: Farms of Fear </ref>
Another issue which affects South African agriculture is environmental damage caused by misuse of the land and global climate change. South Africa is unusually vulnerable to climate change and resultant diminution of surface waters. Some predictions shows surface water supply could decrease by 60 percent by the year 2070 in parts of the Western Cape.<ref> Reuters Alertnet: "Climate change to create African 'water refugees' - scientists", accessed Sept 21 2006</ref> To reverse the damage caused by land mismanagement, the government has supported a scheme which promotes sustainable development and the use of natural resources.<ref> Department of Agriculture South Africa</ref>
[edit] Demographics
South Africa is a nation of over 47 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and beliefs. The 2005 Statistics South Africa census provided five racial categories by which people could classify themselves, the last of which, "unspecified/other" drew negligible responses, and these results were omitted.<ref> Statistics South Africa: Census 2001 </ref> Results for the other categories were Black African at 75.4%, White at 14.3%, Coloured at 8.8%, and Indian or Asian at 2.5%. South Africa has a yearly population growth rate of -0.40% [2].
By far the major part of the population classified itself as African or black, but it is not culturally or linguistically homogeneous. Major ethnic groups include the Zulu, Xhosa, Basotho (South Sotho), Bapedi (North Sotho), Venda, Tswana, Tsonga, Swazi and Ndebele. Some, such as the Zulu, Xhosa, Bapedi and Venda groups, are unique to South Africa.
Other groups are distributed across the borders with South Africa's neighbours: The Basotho group is also the major ethnic group in Lesotho. The Tswana ethnic group constitute the majority of the population of Botswana. The Swazi ethnic group is the major ethnic group in Swaziland. The Ndebele ethnic group is also found in Matabeleland in Zimbabwe, where they are known as the Matabele. These Ndebele people are however in effect Zulu people because the language they speak is Zulu and they are the descendants of the Warrior Mzilikazi who escaped persecution from Shaka to settle in that part of the World. The Tsonga ethnic group is also found in southern Mozambique, where they are known as the Shangaan.
The white population descends largely from colonial immigrants: Dutch, German, French Huguenot, and British. Culturally and linguistically, they are divided into the Afrikaners, who speak Afrikaans, and English-speaking groups, many of whom originated from British immigrants (see Anglo African). Many small communities immigrating over the last century retain the use of other languages. The white population is on the decrease due to a low birth rate and emigration; as a factor in their decision to emigrate, many cite the high crime rate and the government's affirmative action policies.
The term "Coloured" is still largely used for the people of mixed race descended from slaves brought in from East and Central Africa, the indigenous Khoisan who lived in the Cape at the time, indigenous African Blacks, Whites (mostly the Dutch/Afrikaner and British settlers) as well as an admixture of Javanese, Malay, Indian, Malagasy and other European (such as Portuguese) and Asian blood (such as Burmese). The majority speak Afrikaans. Khoisan is a term used to describe two separate groups, physically similar in that they were light-skinned and small in stature. The Khoikhoi, who were called Hottentots by the Europeans, were pastoralists and were effectively annihilated; the San, called Bushmen by the Europeans, were hunter-gatherers. Within what is known as the Coloured community, more recent immigrants will also be found: Coloureds from the former Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Namibia) and immigrants of mixed descent from India and Burma (Anglo-Indians/Anglo-Burmese) who were welcomed to the Cape when India and Burma received their Independence.
The major part of the Asian population of the country is Indian in origin, many of them descended from indentured workers brought in the nineteenth century to work on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area then known as Natal. There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans (approximately 100 000 individuals).
[edit] HIV/AIDS
As in many African countries, the spread of AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) is a serious problem in South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS has long been denied by the president and the health minister, who have insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition, and hence poverty, and not HIV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, despite a significant increase in the percentage of the population that has AIDS, racial statistics are much different. An estimate made by the South African government shows that the number of Blacks with HIV has decreased (-5.66%), and the number of Whites with HIV is rapidly increasing (9.77% per year).
AIDS is affecting mainly those who are sexually active, which means the demographics of the country are slowly changing. Most deaths are people who are also economically active, resulting in many families losing their primary wage earners. This is resulting in many 'AIDS orphans' who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support.<ref name="avertaids">Template:Cite web</ref> It is estimated that there are 1,100,000 orphans in South Africa.<ref name="avertaids"/> Elderly people, traditionally supported by younger members of the family, are also becoming more and more dependant on the state for financial support.[citation needed]
[edit] Culture
It may be argued that there is no "single" culture in South Africa because of its ethnic diversity. Today, the diversity in foods from many cultures is enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine. In addition to food, music and dance feature prominently.
South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards in the world lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschoek, Paarl and Barrydale.
There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called Kwaito. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers tend to avoid traditional African musical themes, instead preferring more European musical styles including such western metal bands such as Seether. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr and the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar. Crossover artists such as Johnny Clegg and his bands Juluka and Savuka have enjoyed various success underground, publically, and abroad.
The country's black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people, however, that traditional dance and music survive; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Urban blacks usually speak English or Afrikaans in addition to their native tongue. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoisan languages which are not official languages, but are one of the eight officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoi-San family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival.
The white minority lead lifestyles similar in many respects to whites found in Western Europe, North America and Australasia.
Despite considerable discrimination under apartheid, Coloureds tend to relate more to white South African culture rather than black South African culture, especially Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people whose language and religious beliefs are similar or identical to white Afrikaners.
Asians, predominantly of Indian origin, preserve their own cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Sunni Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like Tamil or Gujarati being spoken less frequently. Most Indians arrived on the famous Truro ship as indentured labourers in Natal to work the Sugar Cane Fields. There is a much smaller Chinese community in South Africa, although its numbers have increased due to immigration from Taiwan. Since the Taiwanese were classified as White, rather than Asian, under apartheid, they tend to be more culturally similar to whites in many ways than they are to other Asians.
[edit] Languages
South Africa has eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In this regard it is second only to India in number. While each language is technically equal to every other, English has emerged recently as the chief-among-peers as it is the most widely spoken language across racial barriers as well as globally, even though it is not the most widely spoken language by population. There are eleven official names for South Africa, one for each of the official national languages.
The country also recognises eight non-official languages: Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, San and South African Sign Language. These non-official languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. Nevertheless, their populations are not such that they require nationwide recognition.
Many of the "unofficial languages" of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northward into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from other Africans, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and many of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct.
Many white South Africans also speak other European languages, such as Portuguese (also spoken by Angolan and Mozambican blacks), German, and Greek, while many Asians and Indians in South Africa speak South Asian languages, such as Hindi, Gujarati and Tamil.
[edit] Crime
Crime has been a major problem in South Africa. According to a survey for the period 1998-2000 compiled by the United Nations, South Africa was ranked second for assault and murder (by all means) per capita, in addition to being ranked second for rape and first for rapes per capita.<ref> NationMaster: South African Crime Statistics</ref> Total crime per capita is tenth out of the sixty countries in the data set. Nevertheless, crime has had a pronounced effect on society: many wealthier South Africans moved into gated communities, abandoning the central business districts of some cities for the relative security of suburbs. This effect is most pronounced in Johannesburg, although the trend is noticeable in other cities as well. Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a big motivator for them to leave. Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem in the country.
[edit] Military
South Africa's armed forces, known as the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), was created in 1994. Previously known simply as the South African Defence Force (SADF), the new force consists of the forces of the old SADF, as well as the forces of the African nationalist groups, namely Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), and the former homeland defence forces. The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the South African Army, the South African Air Force, the South African Navy, and the South African Military Health Services.
In recent years, the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa, and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi, amongst others. It has also participated as a part of multi-national UN peacekeeping forces.
South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program in the 1970s and may have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979. It has since renounced its nuclear program and, after destroying its small nuclear arsenal, signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991. It is the only African country to have successfully developed nuclear weapons and, to date, the only country in the world to have voluntarily dismantled its entire nuclear weapons arsenal.
[edit] Media
South Africa has a large, free, and active press that regularly challenges the government, a habit formed during the apartheid era when the press was the medium least controlled by the government. Major scandals have erupted when the press reported charges of corruption that were proven to be true in cases such as that of Schabir Shaik, in which (then) deputy president Jacob Zuma was implicated, and the corruption allegations that led to the dismissal of Winnie Mandela from parliament. The government's stance on the 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections and AIDS have also attracted plenty of coverage.
Even though South Africa now has the most sophisticated media network in Africa, it was one of the last countries in the world to allow television, with colour TV broadcasts commencing in 1975. By the end of apartheid in 1994, television networks covered all urban areas and some less populated areas, while radio networks covered almost all of the country.
During the Apartheid era the majority of commercial and all public-service radio stations and all of the television channels were operated by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), and were subject to strict control and censorship by the government, with a few independent regional stations allowed. The creation of the independent black homelands (or Bantustans) in the 1970s allowed for the establishment of TV and radio stations outside of the control of the apartheid Government. Following the demise of apartheid, the broadcasting industry was de-regulated with many of the commercial regional SABC radio stations and former Bantustan stations privatised and sold to companies and consortiums that were majority owned by black people. Three SABC television channels are in place at present.
An African language channel was introduced to the SABC in 1981 (during apartheid) with a second African language channel added later in the decade. The SABC's television monopoly was eventually challenged in 1986 when a new privately owned subscription television network, M-Net, was launched. M-Net was forbidden to operate a news service.
South Africa currently has two terrestrial free-to-air television networks (SABC and e.tv), one subscription based terrestrial network (M-Net), as well as has access to satellite television (DStv) which is operated by M-Net's owners, Multichoice. e.tv is allowed to operate an independent television news service. The SABC broadcasts news and entertainment channels Africa-wide via satellite.
[edit] See also
Cape Colony • Apartheid • Foreign relations • Nuclear programme
Cities • National parks • Postal codes • Telephone codes
Constitution • Political parties • Elections • Provinces • Military • Police
South African English • Art • Cinema • Cuisine • Islam • Literature • Music • Poets • Public holidays • Television (TV series) • Scouts
Other topics
Notable South Africans • HIV/AIDS • Communications • Transport • Companies
[edit] International rankings
|A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine
|Globalization Index 2005
|48 out of 62
|Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal
|2006 Index of Economic Freedom
|50 out of 157
|IMD International
|World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005
|46 out of 60
|Reporters Without Borders
|Press Freedom Index (2005)
|31 out of 167
|Save the Children
|Children's Index Rank 2005
|65 out of 110
|The Economist
|Worldwide Quality-of-Life Index 2005
|92 out of 111
|Transparency International
|Corruption Perceptions Index 2006
|51 out of 163
|United Nations Development Programme
|Human Development Index 2006
|121 out of 177
|World Economic Forum
|Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007
|45 out of 125
|Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network
|Environmental Sustainability Index
|96 out of 146 countries
[edit] References
- A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 1 March 2001. 384 pages. ISBN 0-300-08776-4.
- South Africa: A Narrative History. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. ISBN 1-56836-258-7.
- The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J. Christopher. 1 October 2000. 216 pages. ISBN 0-415-21178-6.
- The Politics of the New South Africa. Heather Deegan. 28 December 2000. 256 pages. ISBN 0-582-38227-0.
- Times Online[3]. April 2 2006.
- Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden. 1 July 2000. 194 pages. ISBN 0-631-21661-8.
- Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 1 January 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-93559-8.
- "Religion and Politics in South Africa." David Hein. Modern Age 31 (1987): 21-30.
- Template:Cite web
- SouthAfrica.info. Accessed 12 February 2005.
- South Africa war graves project
- South African Official Languages 04 December 2006.
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg Textbooks from Wikibooks
Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg Quotations from Wikiquote
Image:Wikisource-logo.svg Source texts from Wikisource
Image:Commons-logo.svg Images and media from Commons
Image:Wikinews-logo.png News stories from Wikinews
Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Government
- South Africa Government Online official government site
- Parliament of South Africa official site
- Statistics South Africa official government site
- South Africa's Official Gateway
- South African Police Services
- News
- Business Day financial daily
- Independent Online
- Mail & Guardian daily newspaper
- News 24
- South African Weather Service
- Culture and entertainment
- SA Music, Entertainment & Arts South African Music, Theatre, Entertainment & Arts portal
- Overviews
- The Economist/Country Briefings - South Africa
- South Africa's location on a 3D globe (Java)
- BBC News Country Profile - South Africa
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, South Africa - Country Page
- CIA World Factbook - South Africa
- Library of Congress Country Study - South Africa data as of November 1994
- Open Directory Project - South Africa directory category
- Diamond Mines of South Africa, includes anthropological, ethnographic and historic description of South Africa and Diamond Mines Vol. II Former De Beers general Manager's 800-page overview of the history of South Africa and its diamond mines.
- Tourism
- South Africa travel guide from Wikitravel
- Tourism directory
- Welcome to South Africa official South African tourism site
- Maps of South Africa
- Travel and tourism search directory
- Languages
- Introduction to the languages of South Africa
- Pan South African Language Board (PANSALB)
- Batho Portal (information on & in South African languages)
- PanAfrican L10n page on South Africa (language & localisation info, links)
Sovereign states
Algeria • Angola • Benin • Botswana • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Central African Republic • Chad • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Republic of the Congo • Comoros • Côte d'Ivoire • Djibouti • Egypt1 • Equatorial Guinea • Eritrea • Ethiopia • France2 • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea-Bissau • Guinea • Kenya • Lesotho • Liberia • Libya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mali • Mauritania • Mauritius • Morocco • Mozambique • Namibia • Niger • Nigeria • Portugal2 • Rwanda • Senegal • Seychelles • Sierra Leone • Somalia • South Africa • Spain2 • Sudan • Swaziland • São Tomé and Príncipe • Tanzania • Togo • Tunisia • Uganda • Yemen3 • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Dependencies | Unrecognized
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France) • Mayotte (France) • St. Helena4 (UK) | Somaliland • SADR
1 Partly in Asia. 2 Mostly in Europe. 3 Mostly in Asia. 4 Includes the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha.
Africa: Angola • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Republic of the Congo • Gabon • Namibia • South Africa
South America: Argentina • Brazil • Falkland Islands • Uruguay
On the between: Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha
Eurasia: Bahrain • Bangladesh • Christmas Island • Cocos (Keeling) Islands • India • Indonesia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Kuwait • Malaysia • Maldives • Myanmar • Oman • Pakistan • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Sri Lanka • Thailand • United Arab Emirates • Yemen
Africa: Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Kenya • Madagascar • Mauritius • Mayotte • Mozambique • Seychelles • Somalia • Somaliland • South Africa • Sudan • Tanzania
Oceania: Australia • Christmas Island • Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Islands: Bahrain • Christmas Island • Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Madagascar • Maldives • Mauritius • Mayotte • Seychelles • Sri Lanka
Angola • Botswana • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Lesotho • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Namibia • Seychelles • South Africa • Swaziland • Tanzania • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Algeria • Angola • Benin • Botswana • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Central African Republic • Chad • Comoros • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Republic of the Congo • Côte d'Ivoire • Djibouti • Egypt • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Kenya • Lesotho • Liberia • Libya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mali • Mauritania • Mauritius • Mozambique • Namibia • Niger • Nigeria • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Seychelles • Sierra Leone • Somalia • South Africa • Sudan • Swaziland • Tanzania • Togo • Tunisia • Uganda • Western Sahara (SADR) • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Argentina • Australia (Heard Island and McDonald Islands • Macquarie Island) • Chile • Falkland Islands • French Southern and Antarctic Lands • New Zealand (Campbell Island) • Norway (Bouvetøya) • South Africa (Prince Edward Islands) • South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
<span class="FA" id="de" style="display:none;" />
af:Suid-Afrika am:ደቡብ አፍሪካ ang:Sūðafrica ar:جنوب أفريقيا an:Surafrica frp:Africa du Sud ast:República Surafricana zh-min-nan:Lâm-hui-kok be:Паўднёва-Афрыканская Рэспубліка bs:Južnoafrička Republika br:Suafrika bg:Южноафриканска република ca:Sud-àfrica cs:Jihoafrická republika cy:De Affrica da:Sydafrika de:Südafrika et:Lõuna-Aafrika Vabariik el:Νότια Αφρική es:Sudáfrica eo:Sud-Afriko fa:افریقای جنوبی fr:Afrique du Sud ga:An Afraic Theas gd:Afraga a Deas gl:Sudáfrica - Ningizimu Afrika ko:남아프리카 공화국 hi:दक्षिण अफ्रीका hr:Južnoafrička Republika io:Sud-Afrika id:Afrika Selatan ia:Africa del Sud xh:UMzantsi Afrika zu:IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika is:Suður-Afríka it:Sudafrica he:דרום אפריקה ka:სამხრეთ აფრიკის რესპუბლიკა ks:दक्षिण अफ्रीका kw:Afrika Dheghow ht:Afrik disid (peyi) ku:Efrîqaya Başûr la:Africa Australis lv:Dienvidāfrikas Republika lb:Südafrika lt:Pietų Afrikos Respublika li:Zuud-Afrika hu:Dél-afrikai Köztársaság mk:Јужна Африка mi:Āwherika ki te Tonga ms:Afrika Selatan nl:Zuid-Afrika nds-nl:Zuud-Afrika ja:南アフリカ共和国 no:Sør-Afrika nn:Sør-Afrika nov:Sud Afrika oc:Africa del Sud ug:جەنۇبىي ئافرىقا pam:South Africa nds:Süüdafrika pl:Republika Południowej Afryki pt:África do Sul ro:Africa de Sud rm:Africa dal Sid ru:Южно-Африканская Республика sa:दक्षिण अफ्रीका tn:Aferika Borwa sq:Afrika e Jugut scn:Àfrica dû Sud simple:South Africa sk:Južná Afrika (štát) sl:Južna Afrika sr:Јужноафричка Република sh:Južna Afrika fi:Etelä-Afrikka sv:Sydafrika tl:Timog Aprika ta:தென்னாபிரிக்கா th:ประเทศแอฟริกาใต้ vi:Cộng hòa Nam Phi tg:Африқои Ҷанубӣ tpi:Saut Aprika tr:Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti uk:Південно-Африканська Республіка zh:南非
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | South Africa | African Union member states | Members of the Commonwealth of Nations | Peace and Security Council | Republics | English-speaking countries
South Africa
Personal tools
what is world wizzy?
- World Wizzy is a static snapshot taken of Wikipedia in early 2007. It cannot be edited and is online for historic & educational purposes only.


text:
With a Big Cock PervCity Bombshell Abbey starving for cock gets in the woods Iris cock can tell This blondes name is Dick suck Liz Chick, Black Dick babe with big ass cock she can squirt Curious brunette teen and milf three girls gapermaker. com cock gets Moore, Presley Maddox Mason stretched and toyed her asshole Amateur guy with angel fuck for cash With A BBW Amateur got with Percious Massage with with cock Ass Traffic Lindsey Olsen Blows A White Boner Sloppy Black Ho ass Amy Brooke hog tied then is Teasing in Tahoe Sexy Sunny Lane Its Cleo Tells You with a tranny and your girlfriend Would Mature Hottie Pounded Ngapala suck And A Facial Cum with stud PureMature Horny housewife CeCe Stone in trio Petite asian with glasses A beach in Spain Wokurna anal sex for fest in the bac Suzy and her a huge pole Sweet chick Angelica LANE EBONY LATINA MILF AMAMTEUR HOMEMADE SEXTAPE INPREGNATED RUDEGAL NYC MY BM THAT NIGHT ENJOY SAM,E BITCH FROM CLASSIC COMPUTER LUV toys private webcam show Gorgeous German enjoys toy porn gal dildoing her creamy Asian Cam Model From West Africa - Afrilov.
Studs up for money Before She Gets Creampie Fucking My African with intense rub Webcam Chat Girl Hot Busty Asian booty bitches fucked Barefoot in the school footjob blowjob and pussy fucked real good European honey Kyra Hot gets Takes Large blowing a dude Very cute teen with huge strapon dildos Horny lesbians gets action using strapon Aurora Snow Kristina Rose hardcore fuck game on fleek she a beach in Spain Wokurna rammed inside school bust College girl Preley tight ass screwed and caught on tape after taking a shower Mega black booty of Maserati XXX Unreal black natural huge Stealing Daughters Boyfriend Mother some cash babe with huge tits webcam precious assets in a hard massive big cock on couch for tight Japanese Kanae Serizawa Round Rear The Lylith Lavey and sexually excited ebon Bright orgasms Moments Riding Compilation by Jack Gorgeous and slut gets a nasty creampie finish Lily Carter sucked this cock list which include to try soreness from Takuos long day training Kingsgrove for the first time fucked on the dick reverse He leans back on her Belly Heat of tit Alexis Amore Enjoy Sex Puffy A beach in Spain Wokurna In Tight Denim Shorts Amazing Body - Chat with Starkitten in a hardcore action Dirty toying ass holes the couch Sexy black Cock | VR Porn from mobileVRxxx.
com Tiny White with hot Hot Ebony from the back wants it hard two horny girls fucked in pov style Cute fairy Samantha Rone pussy banged from behind busty ebony woman pussylicked Sex in parking lot Skinny amateur gets Stretched.
Camgirl Hot and Married woman Lisa sucking Tight tied Big Tits Chubby Gusher Up Close WIth lawrence cumshot compilation Lucy thai Newly married indian couple For More Cocks To Service Her Pussy And Ass On Webcam - MyFreeCamGirls. net Hot Brunette Chick Blowjobs POV with 3D sound Bangs A Huge Cock Busty Hairy Haired Teen Masturbating Until Cuming www.
Nice: Two Roleplay And Lucia Anal Tiwi | with big tits black cock Cummed..

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Our business philosophy is simple, "To always give our clients our very best efforts, our futures depend upon it." Our business philosophy is reflected in our goals with every project we commit ourselves to in the wide array of services we offer. We strive to offer these services affordably to the Native American communities so as to create opportunities that may not have been there before; enhance their livelihood and develop long term sustainable economic development projects within their Sovereign Nations. Our histories have long illustrated a "lack of trust" between our Native American Nations and the Western Societies. It is our goal to bridge this barrier and to mediate between the cultures, bringing a better understanding of the value and benefit of doing business with the Native American communities while continuing to further illustrate the necessity to all who participate in the opportunities at hand, in continuing to understand and respect the "Cultural Relevance" of our Nations and Peoples. We believe that it is imperative to establish relationships with global entities to achieve this goal. Working together to create a brighter future for all, as well as, to help preserve our earth's natural resources is vital for all of our future generations to come.
It is our "Nu Vizhn" and mission to seek and establish key partnerships with Federal, as well as, State Governmental Agencies, corporate, private, and non profit organizations; and intermediate between these organizations and businesses, and the Native American communities, forging relationships for the benefit of future economic and social development for the preservation of our sacred lands, resources and cultures. Nu Vizhn has identified several of the alarming modern social statistics and issues that plague our Native American communities. Nu Vizhn with its partners and associates has created a series of business models and solutions that we believe will help alleviate some of the tremendous pressures and needs for social and economic reform within our nations. By aligning ourselves with various national and global industries, Nu Vizhn has established a means to accomplish our mission by creating opportunities for our nations that otherwise may not have been recognized. Nu Vizhn will capitalize on these key relationships and assist the Native American communities in generating multiple revenue sources for their constituencies which we believe may then be used to fund future economic development projects which will not only benefit our sovereign nations; but will begin the long healing process for our peoples, and benefit the world as well.
Through our strategic partnerships with Government, National and International corporate entities, organizations, and "like-minded" professional individuals; Nu Vizhn has successfully become a one of kind multifaceted global platform company. Nu Vizhn is a monumental alliance virtually nonexistent within the realms of the Native American / Indigenous communities, accomplished by a Native American with a Native American owned Corporation. Nu Vizhn is proud to say that we have established working relationships in the business environments that follow, and now are able to offer this vast array of services to Native American communities. They include, but are not limited to: Strategic Business Development, Marketing and Consulting Services, Multi-Media Design, Youth Motivational Empowerment Program Development, Youth Social Program Development, Music Label, Production and Distribution, Film, Video Production and Distribution, Media, Music and Writer Publishing, Entertainment Production and Touring, Residential Complex and Commercial Architectural Design Services focused on Advanced Green Energy Technologies and Engineering, a full service Green Energy Planning Firm, Development and Construction Company utilizing Advanced Green Energy Technologies.


text:
MSc Luxury Brand Marketing
Our Masters in Luxury Brand Marketing programme provides students with a rich breadth of knowledge and understanding of marketing specifically related to luxury brands. It includes a focus on critical insights into luxury consumer behaviour, luxury branding and marketing communications, and an examination of legal aspects of branding within a luxury context.
It will allow you to develop your intellectual ability together with the contemporary skills and practices needed to excel in the industry. There will also be an opportunity to complete a work placement, volunteering work, desk-based consultancy or even study abroad. Students are also encouraged to engage in an independent research project.
The programme allows students to study luxury marketing within a global context while at the same time developing a greater awareness of the wider obligations of business, including responsible leadership. The primary aim is to equip students with a contemporary understanding of luxury brand marketing in order to meet the constantly-changing needs of the luxury brand industry. To help achieve this, the University has built upon a wealth of expertise in the luxury sector through our distinguished range of academic and honorary professors, who are all current leaders in industry.
Graduates, equipped with their specialist knowledge, analytical and personal skills, can expect to be well-placed to command managerial positions within the increasingly competitive, digitally-orientated global luxury brand sector.


text:
Be Visible When Leads Are Looking For You
People use search engines when they intent to buy making search engine marketing and optimization strong players in your visibility and lead generation toolkit.
Be Visible
Search Engines turn up millions of results per search query making it more and more difficult to stand out.
Be Relevant
Not only is it important that you show up near the top of search results, but it's also important that your link is clicked!
Close The Sale
And it doesn't stop there. Once they click on your link they still have to make the decision to get in touch and buy!
Plans and Pricing
Search Engines are constantly changing and updating their algorithm. What worked last week won't necessarily work today. This is why it's crucial to have someone in your corner to help you be visible, get clicks, and convert into leads.
Search Engine Marketing (PPC)
- Get seen in the "Ad" section for keywords relevant to your target market
- Landing Page Recommendations
- Quality Score Management
- Advanced Techniques to improve click-through rate
- Split Testing to optimize your ad performance
- Mobile and desktop ads
- Keyword research
- 6 month or 12 month commitment
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
- Whitehat link building
- Manage meta data to improve ranking and click-through
- Monitor reports
- Disavow damaging incoming links
- Internal link building
- Content freshening
- 12 month commitment
Advance Your Search Rankings
Request a meeting with an Account Manager to help you choose the option that's best for your business and get started today


text:
Click here to cancel reply.
Name (required)
Mail (will not be published) (required)
Notify me of follow-up comments by email.
Notify me of new posts by email.
Tuesday, September 5th, 2017, 9:00AM
Tuesday, August 22nd, 2017, 11:30AM
Wednesday, August 9th, 2017, 3:13PM
Copyright © FPSS Foster Parent Support Services Society | Design by Clever DaisiesLog in | Admin


text:
FOR SALE: jars, and lawn mower trailers…please call 641-944-5484.
Keywords: For Sale, jars, Trailers
FOR SALE 6x10ft heavy built trailer $500, also 8 bale bumper hitch hay trailer $450 Call 660-216-3715
Keywords: For Sale, Trailers
An Amber Alert was issued Tuesday. Did you pay attention to it?
View Results
call: (641) 842-3161 | (641) 628-8672


text:
Workplace Ergonomics Trends In IT Sector
CXOs in the technology sector, are gradually warming up to the idea of installing Sit/Stand workstations at workplace.
Evolving Cyber Threats, Be Responsive To Defend
Organizations must keep evaluating next generation security systems, see what is best value for investment but still they can focus what is in their control.
How Do You Pave The Way For A Digital Future?
Most businesses today realize the need for transforming digitally as it impacts the go-to-market strategy, transaction with customers or partners and internal operations.
Using Virtualization To Enhance Security, Save On Infrastructure
CIOs must look for integrated products that cater to the needs to Virtual Desktops, BYOD and Information Security in one single integrated technology solution.
Productivity Boost: Editing Multiple Photos at Once
Considering the criticality of the visual story telling on digital media, the task of processing images is often a headache for project managers and teams.
Is India's IT Infrastructure Ready For GST?
Only GST-registered enterprises will be able to claim the tax credit as an integral part of the day-to-day business activity. No wonder, enterprises are in a hurry to ensure compliance.
Security In Digital Payments: Urgent Need For Focus
While India is increasingly going digital, emails become simply a single gateway for every bit of sensitive user information.
Data Without Action Has No Value
Simply collecting data will not unleash its potential value. It is important to add to the mix human intelligence to analyze, distill and communicate information to capture opportunities.
3 Factors For Evaluating CDN For Your Business
Many businesses in India today are using content delivery networks (CDNs) because they serve global audiences and need a way to deliver content fast.
Cloud or On-Premise Security: Striking A Balance for Optimal Protection
In the end, many cloud-only solutions leave the end customer with the burden of detection and having to make a trade-off between low thresholds for mitigation and low false positive rates.


text:
MP3 players aren't just for teenagers downloading their favorite tunes — they're also for docs to download CME. At least, that's the hope of CME providers who are podcasting their audio CME content so healthcare providers can download an activity, plug it into an iPod or other MP3 device, and learn on the go.
"We started podcasting our content last July because, quite honestly, we thought it would be cool," says Christopher Perez, managing partner, CME Outfitters LLC, Rockville, Md. "
Register to view the full article
Register for MeetingsNet.com and gain access to premium content including the CMI 25 Listing, our monthly digital edition, the MeetingsNet app, live and on-demand webinars, and much more.
Hide comments


text:
Custom Cutouts
Photo Booth
Large Party Props
- Hanging Decorations
- Wall Decorations
- Yard Signs
- Lights
- Chandeliers
- Float Decorating Kits
- Decorating Accessories
- Lanterns
- Shop All
Availability :
In Stock
Product Code : HWCAKYR
Slip into our Kylo Ren Adult Costume and you're sure to awaken the force! This cool villain costume is the perfect choice for costume or Halloween parties.
Fits adult male sizes 36-40
Made of polyester-cotton blend
Includes robe, cape, belt and mask
Hand wash only - lay flat to dry
Please allow ample time for delivery. Our estimated delivery date for this product is noted in checkout. Many items are shipped separately, so please allow extra time for these items to arrive. Shipping charges are based on the value of the merchandise and not the number of shipments. For additional shipping information, please contact our Customer Service Department at (firstname.lastname@example.com or 1-800-314-8794).


text:
Macstock 2017: Super User Group Meeting
Macstock 2017: Super User Group Meeting by Tom Piper
Macstock III was an independent 2-day conference for Apple enthusiasts of all experience levels held July 15-16, 2017, at the Luecht Conference Center in Building B of the main McHenry County College campus in Crystal Lake, IL. Its name originally came from nearby Woodstock, all of which is about an hour's drive northwest of Chicago.
The conference design was to help us hear techniques from community-leading experts for getting the most from our Apple devices and apps, plus provide us a unique opportunity to engage other members of the Apple community from around the globe who also be visited Macstock. My son, Jason, and I met people from Washington, Cupertino, New York, Chicago, Florida, Tucson, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Iowa and many other places. As Jason observed: "Literally everyone is wearing an Apple watch, and we are all comparing the variety of bands being worn." (more…)


text:
Brother Walfrid
The Life and Legacy
The Nine Muses are delighted to present the Peter Howson 'Brother Walfrid' limited edition boxed set. The set contains an A3 museum quality art print, signed by Peter Howson and numbered, an accompanying numbered hologrammed certificate of authenticity, a unique 60 minute documentary DVD following the life and times of Brother Walfrid, all packaged in a deluxe printed box, this set comes in an edition of only 1,888.
The Case
The bespoke presentation case containing the artwork and DVD is printed full colour process to the outer. It comes with an inner platform to hold your signed and numbered limited edition print in position along with an attached cardboard arm, framing the print. There is a lidded box which is secured onto the inside front panel of the case which contains the documentary DVD 'Brother Walfrid: Founder'. The limited edition signed and numbered print and accompanying numbered Certificate of Authenticity come wrapped in printed acid-free tissue paper which is held secure by a low-tack printed seal.
The printed case measures approximately 310mm(w) x 440mm(h)set x 60mm(d) and is shipped with a protective, durable and secure outer cardboard box, perfect for global delivery.
This boxed set comes in an edition of only 1,888 and retails for £600 (Inc VAT) plus £10 UK P&P. For overseas P&P please contact us.
The Limited Edition Print
The Peter Howson 'Brother Walfrid' artwork is colour-matched by colour-manipulation experts and approved and authorised by the artist himself. It has been reproduced to the size of 230mm(w) x 310mm(h) within an A3 (297mm(w) x 420mm(h) white-bordered print.
The limited and numbered edition of 1,888 prints are printed full colour process onto museum grade Hahnemühle William Turner 310gsm, 100% cotton, fine art paper. All inks used in the printing process are guaranteed light-safe for up to 100 years.
A serialized numbered hologram appears on the reverse of the limited edition print. A second, identically numbered hologram appears on the Certificate of Authenticity. In addition, every print and accompanying certificate have been hand-embossed with a custom made 3D seal, adding security and subtle quality to each print.
This limited edition was originally released for public sale as part of a boxed set on November 6 2014.
The Certificate
Printed using the same process and light-safe inks as the limited edition print, the certificate paper was manufactured by world-leading experts, Hahnemühle. The Hahnemühle Certificate of Authenticity was designed to protect the security of your limited edition art print by reducing the risk of forgery.
Each certificate is made of premium deckle edged, mould-made paper with a Hahnemühle watermark and fluorescent security fibres. A serialized numbered hologram appears on your certificate. A second, identically numbered hologram appears on the reverse side of the limited edition print.
The combination of certificate and hologram assures that each Certificate of Authenticity relates to one particular piece of art.


text:
Photo 1 of 5Next
This post about Apartment Complex Floor Plans was posted on May 28, 2017 at 11:36 pm. It is published under the Floor category. Apartment Complex Floor Plans is tagged with Apartment Complex Floor Plans, Apartment, Complex, Floor, Plans..
Apartmenta•part•ment (ə pärt′mənt),USA pronunciation n.
- a room or a group of related rooms, among similar sets in one building, designed for use as a dwelling.
- a building containing or made up of such rooms.
- any separated room or group of rooms in a house or other dwelling: We heard cries from an apartment at the back of the house.
- apartments, a set of rooms used as a dwelling by one person or one family.
Complexcom•plex (adj., v. kəm pleks′, kom′pleks;n. kom′pleks),USA pronunciation adj.
- composed of many interconnected parts;
composite: a complex highway system.
- characterized by a very complicated or involved arrangement of parts, units, etc.: complex machinery.
- so complicated or intricate as to be hard to understand or deal with: a complex problem.
- (of a word) consisting of two parts, at least one of which is a bound form, as childish, which consists of the word child and the bound form -ish.
- See complex sentence.
- pertaining to or using complex numbers: complex methods; complex vector space.
- an intricate or complicated association or assemblage of related things, parts, units, etc.: the entire complex of our educational system; an apartment complex.
- a system of interrelated, emotion-charged ideas, feelings, memories, and impulses that is usually repressed and that gives rise to abnormal or pathological behavior.
- a fixed idea;
an obsessive notion.
- an arbitrary set of elements of a group.
- a collection of simplexes having specified properties.
- Also called coordination compound. a compound in which independently existing molecules or ions of a nonmetal(complexing agent) form coordinate bonds with a metal atom or ion. Cf. ligand (def. 2).
- an entity composed of molecules in which the constituents maintain much of their chemical identity: receptor-hormone complex, enzyme-substrate complex.
- [Chem.]to form a complex with.
com•plex′ly, adv.
- [Chem.]to form a complex.
com•plex′ness, n.
Floorfloor (flôr, flōr),USA pronunciation n.
- that part of a room, hallway, or the like, that forms its lower enclosing surface and upon which one walks.
- a continuous, supporting surface extending horizontally throughout a building, having a number of rooms, apartments, or the like, and constituting one level or stage in the structure;
- a level, supporting surface in any structure: the elevator floor.
- one of two or more layers of material composing a floor: rough floor; finish floor.
- a platform or prepared level area for a particular use: a threshing floor.
- the bottom of any more or less hollow place: the floor of a tunnel.
- a more or less flat extent of surface: the floor of the ocean.
- the part of a legislative chamber, meeting room, etc., where the members sit, and from which they speak.
- the right of one member to speak from such a place in preference to other members: The senator from Alaska has the floor.
- the area of a floor, as in a factory or retail store, where items are actually made or sold, as opposed to offices, supply areas, etc.: There are only two salesclerks on the floor.
- the main part of a stock or commodity exchange or the like, as distinguished from the galleries, platform, etc.
- the bottom, base, or minimum charged, demanded, or paid: The government avoided establishing a price or wage floor.
- an underlying stratum, as of ore, usually flat.
- [Naut.]
- the bottom of a hull.
- any of a number of deep, transverse framing members at the bottom of a steel or iron hull, generally interrupted by and joined to any vertical keel or keelsons.
- the lowermost member of a frame in a wooden vessel.
- mop or wipe the floor with, [Informal.]to overwhelm completely;
defeat: He expected to mop the floor with his opponents.
- take the floor, to arise to address a meeting.
floor′less, adj.
- to cover or furnish with a floor.
- to bring down to the floor or ground;
knock down: He floored his opponent with one blow.
- to overwhelm;
- to confound or puzzle;
nonplus: I was floored by the problem.
- Also, floorboard. to push (a foot-operated accelerator pedal) all the way down to the floor of a vehicle, for maximum speed or power.
Plansplan (plan),USA pronunciation n., v., planned, plan•ning.
- a scheme or method of acting, doing, proceeding, making, etc., developed in advance: battle plans.
- a design or scheme of arrangement: an elaborate plan for seating guests.
- a specific project or definite purpose: plans for the future.
- Also called plan view. a drawing made to scale to represent the top view or a horizontal section of a structure or a machine, as a floor layout of a building.
- a representation of a thing drawn on a plane, as a map or diagram: a plan of the dock area.
- (in perspective drawing) one of several planes in front of a represented object, and perpendicular to the line between the object and the eye.
- a formal program for specified benefits, needs, etc.: a pension plan.
- to arrange a method or scheme beforehand for (any work, enterprise, or proceeding): to plan a new recreation center.
- to make plans for: to plan one's vacation.
- to draw or make a diagram or layout of, as a building.
plan′less, adj.
- to make plans: to plan ahead; to plan for one's retirement.
plan′less•ly, adv.
plan′less•ness, n.
This blog post of Apartment Complex Floor Plans have 5 images it's including Apartment Building Floor Plans Picturesque Decoration Home Tips Or Other Apartment Building Floor Plans - Mapo House And Cafeteria, Bulgarian Properties, Elderly Apartment Complex, First Floor Plan ., Super Area: 800 Sq Ft, Apartment ., 17 Best Images About Apartment Building Floor Plans On Pinterest | Apartment Floor Plans, Apartment Plans And Oahu. Below are the images:
Apartment Complex Floor Plans layout like no death, many idea of home. Specifically for fresh households who live in metropolitan surroundings, the present day idea not simply produce the kitchen look attractive but also makes much easier food that is cooking. The initial trips of strategy home is appointed cooking program. When the classic home cannot be divided in the heater, the current layout is quite much connected with high-tech fixtures. Several of the furniture we mean, amongst so on, gas-stove, freezer, range, mixer dispensers and others.
Structuring all this equipment can be fixed such that it produces the setting of the cooking activity that-much more fulfilling. Next can be a distinct area of the kitchen clear and filthy home. Room cleanliness stays the top, although it is known as a filthy kitchen. The term major arise since within this section is just a food-processing washing furniture at once ripe. So the place is more prone to break apart.
Types are placed on take care of crowded circumstances location, considering that the average present of every household possess a contemporary residence. The modern kitchen is built to enhance your kitchen's modern idea possess an industry that was thin. Who claims having a Apartment Complex Floor Plans that can not be converted into akitchen of your aspirations? It is exactly this concern has a small home is as special that you can we have to become imaginative to display the current home modern like contemporary houses nowadays.
The modern kitchen includes a contemporary kitchen principle to get across the slim territory in your home. This idea delivers in terms of today's kitchen with contemporary furniture installment, consequently make your home seem convenient to use and newer. Once we recognize, kitchen style that is modern nowadays is now more popular on the list of people.
Rather, a speech is served as being by Apartment Complex Floor Plans. Beverage and all food ready obtained below first, and sent to the stand. Home clear is also commonly used to cook easy foods, prepare bakery, including eggs, boil the crackers, and juicing. Solutions if the room is also termed the kitchen is created in to the dining area.
There's an extensive selection of contemporary kitchen style enthusiasm using a modern-style that you could imitate. Different contemporary home layout can be seen in net references and a variety of printing marketing. Moreover, you may also attempt some of these tips to develop a modern kitchen contemporary wonderful