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Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy
Tokmakoff, Andrei; Champion, Paul; Heilweil, Edwin J.; Nelson, Keith A.; Ziegler, Larry
This document contains the Proceedings from the 14th International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy, which was held in Meredith, NH from May 9-14, 2009. The study of molecular dynamics in chemical reaction and biological processes using time-resolved spectroscopy plays an important role in our understanding of energy conversion, storage, and utilization problems. Fundamental studies of chemical reactivity, molecular rearrangements, and charge transport are broadly supported by the DOE's Office of Science because of their role in the development of alternative energy sources, the understanding of biological energy conversion processes, the efficient utilization of existing energy resources, and the mitigation of reactive intermediates in radiation chemistry. In addition, time-resolved spectroscopy is central to all fiveof DOE's grand challenges for fundamental energy science. The Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy conference is organized biennially to bring the leaders in this field from around the globe together with young scientists to discuss the most recent scientific and technological advances. The latest technology in ultrafast infrared, Raman, and terahertz spectroscopy and the scientific advances that these methods enable were covered. Particular emphasis was placed on new experimental methods used to probe molecular dynamics in liquids, solids, interfaces, nanostructured materials, and biomolecules.
Ultrafast time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies of carotenoids in photosynthesis.
Hashimoto, Hideki; Sugisaki, Mitsuru; Yoshizawa, Masayuki
This review discusses the application of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies to the studies of carotenoids in photosynthesis. The focus is on the ultrafast time regime and the study of photophysics and photochemistry of carotenoids by femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman and four-wave mixing spectroscopies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems.
Rotationally resolved infrared spectroscopy of adamantane
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pirali, O.; Boudon, V.; Oomens, J.; Vervloet, M.
We present the first rotationally resolved spectra of adamantane (C10H16) applying gas-phase Fourier transform infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. High-resolution IR spectra are recorded in the 33-4500 cm-1range using as source of IR radiation both synchrotron radiation (at the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron) as well as a classical globar. Adamantane is a spherical top molecule with tetrahedral symmetry (Td point group) and has no permanent dipole moment in its vibronic ground state. Of the 72 fundamental vibrational modes in adamantane, only 11 are IR active. Here we present rotationally resolved spectra for seven of them: ν30, ν28, ν27, ν26, ν25, ν24, and ν23. The typical rotational structure of spherical tops is observed and analyzed using the STDS software developed in the Dijon group, which provides the first accurate energy levels and rotational constants for seven fundamental modes. Rotational levels with quantum numbers as high as J = 107 have been identified and included in the fit leading to a typical standard deviation of about 10-3 cm-1.
Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy and surface states
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kar, Nikhiles
Angle Resolved Photo Emission Spectroscopy (ARPES) has been a very effective tool to study the electronic states of solids, from simple metals to complex systems like cuprate superconductors. For photon energy in the range of 10 - 100 eV, it is a surface sensitive process as the free path of the photo emitted electrons is of the order of a few lattice parameters. However to interpret the experimental data one needs to have a theoretical foundation for the photoemission process. From the theory of photoemission it may be seen that one can get information about the state from which the electron has been excited. As the translational periodicity is broken normal to the surface, a new type of electron state in the forbidden energy gap can exist localized in the surface region. ARPES can reveal the existence and the property of such surface states. We shall also discuss briefly how the electromagnetic field of the photons are influenced by the presence of the surface and how one can try to take that into account in photoemission theory.
Position-resolved Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wagner, A.; Butterling, M.; Fiedler, F.; Fritz, F.; Kempe, M.; Cowan, T. E.
A new method which allows for position-resolved positron lifetime spectroscopy studies in extended volume samples is presented. In addition to the existing technique of in-situ production of positrons inside large (cm3) bulk samples using high-energy photons up to 16 MeV from bremsstrahlung production, granular position-sensitive photon detectors have been employed. A beam of intense bremsstrahlung is provided by the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE (Electron Linear Accelerator with high Brilliance and low Emittance) which delivers electron bunches of less than 10 ps temporal width and an adjustable bunch separation of multiples of 38 ns, average beam currents of 1 mA, and energies up to 40 MeV. Since the generation of bremsstrahlung and the transport to the sample preserves the sharp timing of the electron beam, positrons generated inside the entire sample volume by pair production feature a sharp start time stamp for positron annihilation lifetime studies with high timing resolutions and high signal to background ratios due to the coincident detection of two annihilation photons. Two commercially available detectors from a high-resolution medial positron-emission tomography system are being employed with 169 individual Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillation crystals, each. In first experiments, a positron-lifetime gated image of a planar Si/SiO2 (pieces of 12.5 mm × 25 mm size) sample and a 3-D structured metal in Teflon target could be obtained proving the feasibility of a three dimensional lifetime-gated tomographic system.
Rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy of 5-methoxyindole.
Brand, Christian; Oeltermann, Olivia; Pratt, David; Weinkauf, Rainer; Meerts, W Leo; van der Zande, Wim; Kleinermanns, Karl; Schmitt, Michael
Rotationally resolved electronic spectra of the vibrationless origin and of eight vibronic bands of 5-methoxyindole (5MOI) have been measured and analyzed using an evolutionary strategy approach. The experimental results are compared to the results of ab initio calculations. All vibronic bands can be explained by absorption of a single conformer, which unambiguously has been shown to be the anti-conformer from its rotational constants and excitation energy. For both anti- and syn-conformers, a (1)L(a)/(1)L(b) gap larger than 4000 cm(-1) is calculated, making the vibronic coupling between both states very small, thereby explaining why the spectrum of 5MOI is very different from that of the parent molecule, indole.
Time-resolved orbital angular momentum spectroscopy
Noyan, Mehmet A.; Kikkawa, James M.
We introduce pump-probe magneto-orbital spectroscopy, wherein Laguerre-Gauss optical pump pulses impart orbital angular momentum to the electronic states of a material and subsequent dynamics are studied with 100 fs time resolution. The excitation uses vortex modes that distribute angular momentum over a macroscopic area determined by the spot size, and the optical probe studies the chiral imbalance of vortex modes reflected off the sample. First observations in bulk GaAs yield transients that evolve on time scales distinctly different from population and spin relaxation, as expected, but with surprisingly large lifetimes.
Spatially resolved spectroscopy using tapered stripline NMR
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tijssen, Koen C. H.; Bart, Jacob; Tiggelaar, Roald M.; Janssen, J. W. G. (Hans); Kentgens, Arno P. M.; van Bentum, P. Jan M.
Magnetic field B0 gradients are essential in modern Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Although RF/B1 gradients can be used to fulfill a similar role, this is not used in common practice because of practical limitations in the design of B1 gradient coils. Here we present a new method to create B1 gradients using stripline RF coils. The conductor-width of a stripline NMR chip and the strength of its radiofrequency field are correlated, so a stripline chip can be tapered to produce any arbitrary shaped B1 field gradient. Here we show the characterization of this tapered stripline configuration and demonstrate three applications: magnetic resonance imaging on samples with nL-μL volumes, reaction monitoring of fast chemical reactions (10-2-101 s) and the compensation of B0 field gradients to obtain high-resolution spectra in inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
Seventh international conference on time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy
Dyer, R.B.; Martinez, M.A.D.; Shreve, A.; Woodruff, W.H.
The International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS) is widely recognized as the major international forum for the discussion of advances in this rapidly growing field. The 1995 conference was the seventh in a series that began at Lake Placid, New York, 1982. Santa Fe, New Mexico, was the site of the Seventh International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy, held from June 11 to 16, 1995. TRVS-7 was attended by 157 participants from 16 countries and 85 institutions, and research ranging across the full breadth of the field of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy was presented. Advances in both experimental capabilities for time-resolved vibrational measurements and in theoretical descriptions of time-resolved vibrational methods continue to occur, and several sessions of the conference were devoted to discussion of these advances and the associated new directions in TRVS. Continuing the interdisciplinary tradition of the TRVS meetings, applications of time-resolved vibrational methods to problems in physics, biology, materials science, and chemistry comprised a large portion of the papers presented at the conference.
Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Eclipsing Polars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Barrett, Paul
No changes have been made since the last annual progress report was submitted in conjunction with a unilateral NCX. Dr. Barrett was affected by an STScI Reduction in Force (RIF). He is now employed by the Johns Hopkins University and plans to continue his research there. No expenses have been charged to this grant, however the FUSE data for the eclipsing polar V1432 Aql has been received and processed using CALFWSE v3.0.6. The resulting summed spectrum has been used for a preliminary analysis of the interstellar absorption towards V1432 Aql. We find a hydrogen column density of less than 1.5e21 cm^-2. We have used this result in the paper "X-Ray Emission and Optical Polarization of V1432 Aquilae: An Asynchronous Polar" to fix the hydrogen column density in the soft (<0.5 keV) X-ray band when analyzing the XMM-Newton spectra of this polar. This has enabled us to find an accurate temperature for the blackbody component of 88+/-2 eV, which is significantly higher than that of other polars (20 - 40 eV). We hope to complete our analysis of the phase-resolved emission line spectra of V1432 Aql and to prepare the results for publication in a refereed journal. We hope to begin work on this star within the next few months.
Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Eclipsing Polars
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Barrett, Paul
No changes have been made since the last annual progress report was submitted in conjunction with a unilateral NCX. Dr. Barrett was affected by an STScI Reduction in Force (RIF). He is now employed by the Johns Hopkins University and plans to continue his research there. No expenses have been charged to this grant, however the FUSE data for the eclipsing polar V1432 Aql has been received and processed using CALFWSE v3.0.6. The resulting summed spectrum has been used for a preliminary analysis of the interstellar absorption towards V1432 Aql. We find a hydrogen column density of less than 1.5e21 cm^-2. We have used this result in the paper "X-Ray Emission and Optical Polarization of V1432 Aquilae: An Asynchronous Polar" to fix the hydrogen column density in the soft (<0.5 keV) X-ray band when analyzing the XMM-Newton spectra of this polar. This has enabled us to find an accurate temperature for the blackbody component of 88+/-2 eV, which is significantly higher than that of other polars (20 - 40 eV). We hope to complete our analysis of the phase-resolved emission line spectra of V1432 Aql and to prepare the results for publication in a refereed journal. We hope to begin work on this star within the next few months.
Time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chance, Britton
In response to the conference organizer's request, I am presenting a summary of the current status of medical optical imaging and spectroscopy. This is a topic which is advancing rapidly and on which there have been a number of conferences recently, and yet there has not been presented an overview of the field and some idea of what the advantages and disadvantages of the photon diffusion technology may be. Thus, this paper emphasizes diffusion waves for spectroscopy and imaging deep within the tissue and, at the same time, for providing specificity information of both absorption and scattering. In achieving this goal, I will not be able to cite all of the advantages of technologies that view the superficial layers of skin, retina, etc., on the one hand, nor those that measure the photons that have been scattered minimally on the transit between input and output. One of the main reasons for this is that specificity of the optical methods requires all of the information available: absorption and scattering of intrinsic signals naturally in the tissue, and of extrinsic signal due to contrast agents that have been artificially lodged in strategic tissue volumes. Since this paper is essentially the transcript of a lecture, it is not proposed as a topic review and does not contain full-scale bibliographic references, some of which may be found in a recent review elsewhere. This paper highlights what we all might accomplish in order to bring to bear with maximal effectiveness the optical method for altering the outcome of medical problems. I have not emphasized the mathematics of photon diffusion so well represented by the papers of this symposium volume. The achievable goals of the optical methods are to speed detection, improve diagnosis, guide therapy, and what appears in the minds of most, contribute to the improvement of medical economics. In order to fulfill these objectives, we will in the end have to demonstrate by lengthy and expensive clinical studies that the
Momentum Resolved Radio Frequency Spectroscopy in Trapped Fermi Gases
Chen Qijin; Levin, K.
We address recent momentum-resolved radio frequency (rf) spectroscopy experiments, showing how they yield more stringent tests than other comparisons with theory, associated with the ultracold Fermi gases. We demonstrate that, by providing a clear dispersion signature of pairing, they remove the ambiguity plaguing the interpretation of previous rf experiments. Our calculated spectral intensities are in semiquantitative agreement with the data. Even in the presence of a trap, the spectra are predicted to exhibit two BCS-like branches.
Studying the Stereochemistry of Naproxen Using Rotationally Resolved Electronic Spectroscopy.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Young, Justin W.; Alvarez-Valtierra, Leonardo; Pratt, David W.
Many biochemical processes are stereospecific. An example is the physiological response to a drug that depends on its enantiomeric form. Naproxen is a drug which shows this stereo-specific physiological response. To better understand the stereo specificity of chiral substances, we observed the S_1←S_0 transitions of R- and S-naproxen in the gas phase using rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy. The results will be discussed.
Depth-resolved measurements with elliptically polarized reflectance spectroscopy
Bailey, Maria J.; Sokolov, Konstantin
The ability of elliptical polarized reflectance spectroscopy (EPRS) to detect spectroscopic alterations in tissue mimicking phantoms and in biological tissue in situ is demonstrated. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between light penetration depth and ellipticity. This dependence is used to demonstrate the feasibility of a depth-resolved spectroscopic imaging using EPRS. The advantages and drawbacks of EPRS in evaluation of biological tissue are analyzed and discussed. PMID:27446712
Spatially resolved solid-state MAS-NMR-spectroscopy.
Scheler, U; Schauss, G; Blümich, B; Spiess, H W
A comprehensive account of spatially resolved solid-state MAS NMR of 13C is given. A device generating field gradients rotating synchronously with the magic angle spinner is described. Spatial resolution and sensitivity are compared for phase and frequency encoding of spatial information. The suppression of spinning sidebands is demonstrated for both cases. Prior knowledge about the involved materials can be used for the reduction of data from spatially resolved spectra to map chemical structure. Indirect detection via 13C NMR gives access to the information about mobility from proton-wideline spectra. Two-dimensional solid-state spectroscopy with spatial resolution is demonstrated for a rotor synchronized MAS experiment which resolves molecular order as a function of space. By comparison of different experiments the factors affecting the spatial resolution are investigated.
The RESOLVE Survey: REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kannappan, Sheila; Norris, M. A.; Eckert, K. D.; Moffett, A. J.; Stark, D. V.; Haynes, M. P.; Giovanelli, R.; Berlind, A. A.; Wei, L. H.; Baker, A. J.; Vogel, S. N.; Hendel, D. A.; RESOLVE Team
The RESOLVE Survey is a volume-limited census of stellar, gas, and dynamical mass as well as merging and star formation within 53,000 cubic Mpc of the nearby cosmic web in two long equatorial strips. The survey's primary science drivers include relating the galaxy velocity and mass functions to environment, constraining the "missing baryons" problem from a complete accounting perspective, and understanding galaxy disk building in large-scale context. RESOLVE's unique data product is high-resolution multiple-longslit spectroscopy, targeting all 1500 galaxies with baryonic (stellar + cold gas) mass > 109 Msun in the volume. Combined with a complete redshift survey, this spectroscopy will enable an unprecedented high dynamic-range view of how kinematically estimated mass is distributed on scales from dwarf galaxies to clusters. To trace stellar and gas mass, RESOLVE is drawing on deep public surveys at UV, optical, IR, and radio wavelengths, most notably the 21cm ALFALFA Survey. Here we present early results: (1) statistics of our efforts to recover galaxies missed by RESOLVE's parent survey, the SDSS; (2) calibration of indirect atomic and molecular gas estimators to supplement direct observations; (3) progress toward optimizing stellar mass and environment measures; and (4) a first installment of kinematic data focusing on S0 galaxies. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under CAREER award 0955368.
Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy for in situ planetary mineralogy.
Blacksberg, Jordana; Rossman, George R; Gleckler, Anthony
Planetary mineralogy can be revealed through a variety of remote sensing and in situ investigations that precede any plans for eventual sample return. We briefly review those techniques and focus on the capabilities for on-surface in situ examination of Mars, Venus, the Moon, asteroids, and other bodies. Over the past decade, Raman spectroscopy has continued to develop as a prime candidate for the next generation of in situ planetary instruments, as it provides definitive structural and compositional information of minerals in their natural geological context. Traditional continuous-wave Raman spectroscopy using a green laser suffers from fluorescence interference, which can be large (sometimes saturating the detector), particularly in altered minerals, which are of the greatest geophysical interest. Taking advantage of the fact that fluorescence occurs at a later time than the instantaneous Raman signal, we have developed a time-resolved Raman spectrometer that uses a streak camera and pulsed miniature microchip laser to provide picosecond time resolution. Our ability to observe the complete time evolution of Raman and fluorescence spectra in minerals makes this technique ideal for exploration of diverse planetary environments, some of which are expected to contain strong, if not overwhelming, fluorescence signatures. We discuss performance capability and present time-resolved pulsed Raman spectra collected from several highly fluorescent and Mars-relevant minerals. In particular, we have found that conventional Raman spectra from fine grained clays, sulfates, and phosphates exhibited large fluorescent signatures, but high quality spectra could be obtained using our time-resolved approach.
Time Resolved Phonon Spectroscopy, Version 1.0
Goett, Johnny; Zhu, Brian
TRPS code was developed for the project "Time Resolved Phonon Spectroscopy". Routines contained in this piece of software were specially created to model phonon generation and tracking within materials that interact with ionizing radiation, particularly applicable to the modeling of cryogenic radiation detectors for dark matter and neutrino research. These routines were created to link seamlessly with the open source Geant4 framework for the modeling of radiation transport in matter, with the explicit intent of open sourcing them for eventual integration into that code base.
Sensitive, time-resolved, broadband spectroscopy of single transient processes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fjodorow, Peter; Baev, Ivan; Hellmig, Ortwin; Sengstock, Klaus; Baev, Valery M.
Intracavity absorption spectroscopy with a broadband Er3+-doped fiber laser is applied to time-resolved measurements of transient gain and absorption in electrically excited Xe and Kr plasmas. The achieved time resolution for broadband spectral recording of a single process is 25 µs. For pulsed-periodic processes, the time resolution is limited by the laser pulse duration, which is set here to 3 µs. This pulse duration also predefines the effective absorption path length, which amounts to 900 m. The presented technique can be applied to multicomponent analysis of single transient processes such as shock tube experiments, pulse detonation engines, or explosives.
Stacking-Dependent Electronic Structure of Trilayer Graphene Resolved by Nanospot Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.
Bao, Changhua; Yao, Wei; Wang, Eryin; Chen, Chaoyu; Avila, José; Asensio, Maria C; Zhou, Shuyun
The crystallographic stacking order in multilayer graphene plays an important role in determining its electronic structure. In trilayer graphene, rhombohedral stacking (ABC) is particularly intriguing, exhibiting a flat band with an electric-field tunable band gap. Such electronic structure is distinct from simple hexagonal stacking (AAA) or typical Bernal stacking (ABA) and is promising for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics applications. So far clean experimental electronic spectra on the first two stackings are missing because the samples are usually too small in size (μm or nm scale) to be resolved by conventional angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here, by using ARPES with a nanospot beam size (NanoARPES), we provide direct experimental evidence for the coexistence of three different stackings of trilayer graphene and reveal their distinctive electronic structures directly. By fitting the experimental data, we provide important experimental band parameters for describing the electronic structure of trilayer graphene with different stackings.
An instrument for the investigation of actinides with spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
Yu, S.-W.; Tobin, J. G.; Chung, B. W.
A new system for spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy has been built and commissioned at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the investigation of the electronic structure of the actinides.Actinide materials are very toxic and radioactive and therefore cannot be brought to most general user facilities for spectroscopic studies. The technical details of the new system and preliminary data obtained therein will be presented and discussed.
Examining Electron-Boson Coupling Using Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
Sentef, Michael; Kemper, Alexander F.; Moritz, Brian; Freericks, James K.; Shen, Zhi-Xun; Devereaux, Thomas P.
Nonequilibrium pump-probe time-domain spectroscopies can become an important tool to disentangle degrees of freedom whose coupling leads to broad structures in the frequency domain. Here, using the time-resolved solution of a model photoexcited electron-phonon system, we show that the relaxational dynamics are directly governed by the equilibrium self-energy so that the phonon frequency sets a window for "slow" versus "fast" recovery. The overall temporal structure of this relaxation spectroscopy allows for a reliable and quantitative extraction of the electron-phonon coupling strength without requiring an effective temperature model or making strong assumptions about the underlying bare electronic band dispersion.
Multidimensional Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Vibrational Coherence in Biopolyenes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buckup, Tiago; Motzkus, Marcus
Multidimensional femtosecond time-resolved vibrational coherence spectroscopy allows one to investigate the evolution of vibrational coherence in electronic excited states. Methods such as pump-degenerate four-wave mixing and pump-impulsive vibrational spectroscopy combine an initial ultrashort laser pulse with a nonlinear probing sequence to reinduce vibrational coherence exclusively in the excited states. By carefully exploiting specific electronic resonances, one can detect vibrational coherence from 0 cm-1 to over 2,000 cm-1 and map its evolution. This review focuses on the observation and mapping of high-frequency vibrational coherence for all-trans biological polyenes such as β-carotene, lycopene, retinal, and retinal Schiff base. We discuss the role of molecular symmetry in vibrational coherence activity in the S1 electronic state and the interplay of coupling between electronic states and vibrational coherence.
Development of ultrafast time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Asahara, Akifumi; Minoshima, Kaoru
Ultrafast time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy (TR-DCS) has been demonstrated, which enables direct observations of transient responses of complex optical spectra by combining dual-comb spectroscopy with the pump-probe method. TR-DCS achieves two-dimensional spectroscopy with a wide dynamic range for both the temporal and frequency axes. As a demonstration, we investigated the femtosecond relaxation dynamics of a photo-excited InGaAs saturable absorber in the near-infrared frequency region. The transient response of the interferogram was successfully obtained, and both the amplitude and phase spectra of the dynamic complex transmittance were independently deduced without using the Kramers-Kronig relations. A high phase resolution in the order of milliradian was achieved by suppressing the effect from the slow phase drift caused in the experimental system. Our proof-of-principle experiment promotes a pathway to coherent, highly accurate, and multi-dimensional pump-probe spectroscopy using the optical frequency comb technology.
Nonselective and polarization effects in time-resolved optogalvanic spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhechev, D.; Steflekova, V.
Three interfering effects in optogalvanic (OG) spectroscopy are identified in a hollow cathode discharge (HCD) - OG detector. The laser beam is found to generate two nonselective processes, namely photoelectron emission (PE) from the cathode surface with a sub-breakdown bias applied, and nonresonant space ionization. The convolution of these galvanic contributions was determined experimentally as an instrumental function and a deconvolution procedure to determine the actual OG signal was developed. Specific plasma conductance is detected dependent on the polarization of the laser beam irradiating. Linearly/circularly polarized light beam is found to induce OG signals differ in amplitude (and their shape parameters in the time-resolved OG signals (TROGS)). The phenomena coherence and specific conductance are found to be in causal relationship. The additional conductance due to coherent states of atoms manifests itself as an intrinsic instrumental property of OG detector.
Broadband Mid-Infrared Comb-Resolved Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Kevin; Mills, Andrew; Mohr, Christian; Jiang, Jie; Fermann, Martin; Maslowski, Piotr
We report on a comb-resolved, broadband, direct-comb spectroscopy system in the mid-IR and its application to the detection of trace gases and molecular line shape analysis. By coupling an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), a 100 m multipass cell, and a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), sensitive, comb-resolved broadband spectroscopy of dilute gases is possible. The OPO has radiation output at 3.1-3.7 and 4.5-5.5 μm. The laser repetition rate is scanned to arbitrary values with 1 Hz accuracy around 417 MHz. The comb-resolved spectrum is produced with an absolute frequency axis depending only on the RF reference (in this case a GPS disciplined oscillator), stable to 1 part in 10^9. The minimum detectable absorption is 1.6x10-6 wn Hz-1/2. The operating range of the experimental setup enables access to strong fundamental transitions of numerous molecular species for applications based on trace gas detection such as environmental monitoring, industrial gas calibration or medical application of human breath analysis. In addition to these capabilities, we show the application for careful line shape analysis of argon-broadened CO band spectra around 4.7 μm. Fits of the obtained spectra clearly illustrate the discrepancy between the measured spectra and the Voigt profile (VP), indicating the need to include effects such as Dicke narrowing and the speed-dependence of the collisional width and shift in the line shape model, as was shown in previous cw-laser studies. In contrast to cw-laser based experiments, in this case the entire spectrum (˜ 250 wn) covering the whole P and R branches can be measured in 16 s with 417 MHz resolution, decreasing the acquisition time by orders of magnitude. The parallel acquisition allows collection of multiple lines simultaneously, removing the correlation of possible temperature and pressure drifts. While cw-systems are capable of measuring spectra with higher precision, this demonstration opens the door for fast
Electron-transfer acceleration investigated by time resolved infrared spectroscopy.
Vlček, Antonín; Kvapilová, Hana; Towrie, Michael; Záliš, Stanislav
Ultrafast electron transfer (ET) processes are important primary steps in natural and artificial photosynthesis, as well as in molecular electronic/photonic devices. In biological systems, ET often occurs surprisingly fast over long distances of several tens of angströms. Laser-pulse irradiation is conveniently used to generate strongly oxidizing (or reducing) excited states whose reactions are then studied by time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. While photoluminescence decay and UV-vis absorption supply precise kinetics data, time-resolved infrared absorption (TRIR) and Raman-based spectroscopies have the advantage of providing additional structural information and monitoring vibrational energy flows and dissipation, as well as medium relaxation, that accompany ultrafast ET. We will discuss three cases of photoinduced ET involving the Re(I)(CO)3(N,N) moiety (N,N = polypyridine) that occur much faster than would be expected from ET theories. [Re(4-N-methylpyridinium-pyridine)(CO)3(N,N)](2+) represents a case of excited-state picosecond ET between two different ligands that remains ultrafast even in slow-relaxing solvents, beating the adiabatic limit. This is caused by vibrational/solvational excitation of the precursor state and participation of high-frequency quantum modes in barrier crossing. The case of Re-tryptophan assemblies demonstrates that excited-state Trp → *Re(II) ET is accelerated from nanoseconds to picoseconds when the Re(I)(CO)3(N,N) chromophore is appended to a protein, close to a tryptophan residue. TRIR in combination with DFT calculations and structural studies reveals an interaction between the N,N ligand and the tryptophan indole. It results in partial electronic delocalization in the precursor excited state and likely contributes to the ultrafast ET rate. Long-lived vibrational/solvational excitation of the protein Re(I)(CO)3(N,N)···Trp moiety, documented by dynamic IR band shifts, could be another accelerating factor. The last
Vibrationally resolved anion photoelectron spectroscopy of metal clusters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miller, Stephen R.
Vibrationally resolved anion photoelectron spectroscopy of metal clusters Vibrationally resolved anion photoelectron spectroscopy (APES) and density functional theory (DFT) are applied to the study of structure and reactivity in small metal containing molecules. The studies described fall into two general categories: the study of bare metal clusters and the study of metal/organic ligand reactions. The current lack of spectroscopic data for small, bare gas-phase metal compounds makes the experimental study of such compounds important for understanding structure and bonding in open-shell metallic species. The heteronuclear diatomic anions MCu- (M = Cr, Mo) were prepared in a flowing afterglow ion-molecule reactor, and studied experimentally with APES. Anion and neutral vibrational frequencies and MCu electron affinities were obtained for both systems. The experiments were supplemented by DFT calculations. The combined use of experiment and theory allows for the assignment of both photoelectron spectra, including a reassignment of the CrCu ground state reported in the literature. Similarly, DFT was used to assign the anionic/neutral electronic states observed in the photoelectron spectra of Al3- and Al3O-. The study of partially ligated organometallic complexes offers a means of examining the interactions between metal atoms and individual ligand molecules. DFT was used to assign electronic states observed in the photoelectron spectra of NbC2H2-, NbC4H4 -NbC6H6- and VC6H 6-. Comparison of the NbnHn - (n = 2, 4, 6) spectra (obtained through the reaction of C2 H4 and Nb) with DFT results provides the first direct spectroscopic evidence of the conversion of ethylene to benzene by a gas phase metal atom. Experiments were used to probe the reactivity of Y with C2H 4 in an effort to examine the generality of the metal induced C 2H4 dehydrogenation/cyclization reactions. Some of the key products in the Y reactions were YC2H-, YC 2H2-, and YC6H5 -. However, the results
Temporally resolved plasma spectroscopy for analyzing natural gas components
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kobayashi, Kazunobu; Tsumaki, Naomasa; Ito, Tsuyohito
Temporally resolved plasma spectroscopy has been carried out in two different hydrocarbon gas mixtures (CH4/Ar and C2H6/Ar) to explore the possibility of a new gas sensor using plasma emission spectral analysis. In this experiment, a nanosecond-pulsed plasma discharge was applied to observe optical emissions representing the initial molecular structure. It is found that a CH emission intensity in CH4/Ar is higher than that in C2H6/Ar. On the other hand, C2 intensities are almost the same degree between CH4/Ar and C2H6/Ar. This finding indicates that the emission intensity ratio of CH to C2 might be an effective index for a gas analysis. In addition, a time for the highest emission intensities of CH and C2 is several nanoseconds later than that of Ar. This result suggests that spectra from the initial molecular structure may be observed at the early stage of the discharge before molecules are fully dissociated, and this is currently in progress.
Mass resolved resonance ionization spectroscopy of combustion radicals
Not Available
This report discusses the following topics: REMPI spectroscopy of HCO and DCO; Rempi spectroscopy of the ethynyl radical; REMPI spectroscopy of new electronic states of C{sub 2}; and a flame sampling laser ionization mass spectrometer.
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Active Binary Stars
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Brown, Alexander
This NASA grant covered EUVE observing and data analysis programs during EUVE Cycle 5 GO observing. The research involved a single Guest Observer project 97-EUVE-061 "Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Active Binary Stars". The grant provided funding that covered 1.25 months of the PI's salary. The activities undertaken included observation planning and data analysis (both temporal and spectral). This project was awarded 910 ksec of observing time to study seven active binary stars, all but one of which were actually observed. Lambda-And was observed on 1997 Jul 30 - Aug 3 and Aug 7-14 for a total of 297 ksec; these observations showed two large complex flares that were analyzed by Osten & Brown (1999). AR Psc, observed for 350 ksec on 1997 Aug 27 - Sep 13, showed only relatively small flares that were also discussed by Osten & Brown (1999). EUVE observations of El Eri were obtained on 1994 August 24-28, simultaneous with ASCA X-ray spectra. Four flares were detected by EUVE with one of these also observed simultaneously, by ASCA. The other three EUVE observations were of the stars BY Dra (1997 Sep 22-28), V478 Lyr (1998 May 18-27), and sigma Gem (1998 Dec 10-22). The first two stars showed a few small flares. The sigma Gem data shows a beautiful complete flare with a factor of ten peak brightness compared to quiescence. The flare rise and almost all the decay phase are observed. Unfortunately no observations in other spectral regions were obtained for these stars. Analysis of the lambda-And and AR Psc observations is complete and the results were published in Osten & Brown (1999). Analysis of the BY Dra, V478 Lyr and sigma Gem EUVE data is complete and will be published in Osten (2000, in prep.). The El Eri EUV analysis is also completed and the simultaneous EUV/X-ray study will be published in Osten et al. (2000, in prep.). Both these latter papers will be submitted in summer 2000. All these results will form part of Rachel Osten's PhD thesis.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) studies of cuprate superconductors
Palczewski, Ari Deibert
This dissertation is comprised of three different angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) studies on cuprate superconductors. The first study compares the band structure from two different single layer cuprates Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ (Tl2201) Tc, max ≈ 95 K and (Bi 1.35Pb0.85)(Sr1.47La0.38)CuO6+δ (Bi2201) Tc, max ≈ 35 K. The aim of the study was to provide some insight into the reasons why single layer cuprate's maximum transition temperatures are so different. The study found two major differences in the band structure. First, the Fermi surface segments close to (π,0) are more parallel in Tl2201 than in Bi2201. Second, the shadow band usually related to crystal structure is only present in Bi2201, but absent in higher Tc Tl2201. The second study looks at the different ways of doping Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) in-situ by only changing the post bake-out vacuum conditions and temperature. The aim of the study is to systematically look into the generally overlooked experimental conditions that change the doping of a cleaved sample in ultra high vacuum (UHV) experiments. The study found two major experimental facts. First, in inadequate UHV conditions the carrier concentration of Bi2212 increases with time, due to the absorption of oxygen from CO2/CO molecules, prime contaminants present in UHV systems. Second, in a very clean UHV system at elevated temperatures (above about 200 K), the carrier concentration decreases due to the loss of oxygen atoms from the Bi-O layer. The final study probed the particle-hole symmetry of the pseudogap phase in high temperature superconducting cuprates by looking at the thermally excited bands above the Fermi level. The data showed a particle-hole symmetric pseudogap which symmetrically closes away from the nested FS before the node. The data is consistent
Time-resolved optical spectroscopy measurements of shocked liquid deuterium
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bailey, J. E.; Knudson, M. D.; Carlson, A. L.; Dunham, G. S.; Desjarlais, M. P.; Hanson, D. L.; Asay, J. R.
Time-resolved optical spectroscopy has been used to measure the shock pressure steadiness, emissivity, and temperature of liquid deuterium shocked to 22-90 GPa. The shock was produced using magnetically accelerated flyer plate impact, and spectra were acquired with a suite of four fiber-optic-coupled spectrometers with streak camera detectors. The shock pressure changes by an average of -1.2% over the 10-30 ns cell transit time, determined from the relative changes in the shock front self-emission with time. The shock front reflectivity was measured from 5140Å and 5320Å laser light reflected from the D2 shock. The emissivity inferred from the reflectivity measurements was in reasonably good agreement with quantum molecular dynamics simulation predictions. The spectral radiance wavelength dependence was found to agree well (average normalized χ2=1.6 ) with a Planckian multiplied by the emissivity. The shock front temperature was determined from the emissivity and the wavelength-dependent shock self-emission. Thirty-seven temperature measurements spanning the 22-90 GPa range were accumulated. The large number of temperature measurements enables a comparison of the scatter in the data with expectations for a Gaussian distribution. This facilitates determination of uncertainties that incorporate both apparatus contributions and otherwise unquantified systematic effects that cause self-emission variations from one experiment to another. Agreement between temperatures determined from the absolute spectral radiance and from the relative shape of the spectrum further substantiates the absence of systematic biases. The weighted mean temperature uncertainties were as low as ±3-4% , enabling the discrimination between competing models for the D2 equation of state (EOS). The temperature results agree well with models that predict a maximum compression of ˜4.4 . Softer models that predict approximately sixfold compression are inconsistent with the data to a very high
Probing quasiparticle states in strongly interacting atomic gases by momentum-resolved Raman photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dao, Tung-Lam; Carusotto, Iacopo; Georges, Antoine
We investigate a momentum-resolved Raman spectroscopy technique which is able to probe the one-body spectral function and the quasiparticle states of a gas of strongly interacting ultracold atoms. This technique is inspired by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, a powerful experimental probe of electronic states in solid-state systems. Quantitative examples of experimentally accessible spectra are given for the most significant regimes along the BEC-BCS crossover. When the theory is specialized to rf spectroscopy, agreement is found with recent experimental data. The main advantages of this Raman spectroscopy over existing techniques are pointed out.
Time-resolved spectroscopy of the fluorescence quenching of a donor — acceptor pair by halothane
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sharma, A.; Draxler, S.; Lippitsch, M. E.
Donor (anthracene) sensitized acceptor (perylene) fluorescence is quenched more efficiently by halothane than is intrinsic perylene fluorescence. The underlying process of dynamic fluorescence quenching is investigated by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of the SNR IC443
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gorenstein, P.
investigators examined the spatial structure of the thermal component and analyzed the GIS spectra with a non-equilibrium plasma model, and found no systematic variation of the interstellar absorption across the remnant. Evidence for shock acceleration of cosmic rays to high energies (10 TeV) was found by Keohane. X-ray imaging spectroscopy with ASCA reveals two regions of particularly hard emission: an unresolved source embedded in an extended emission region, and a ridge of emission coincident with the southeastern rim. Both features are located on part of the radio shell where the shock wave is interacting with molecular gas, and together they account for a majority of the emission at 7 keV. Though we would not have noticed it a priori, the unresolved feature is coincident with one resolved by the ROSAT HRI. The ASCA measurements were combined with higher energy data from the XTE and GRO missions and with radio and TeV gamma-ray data to produce a nonthermal multiwavelength spectrum for IC 443 which was fit with a cosmic ray interaction model. This model calculates the cynchrotron, bremsstrahlung, invers Compton, and neutral pion decay emission produced by locally accelerated cosmic ray interacting with ambient matter, soft photon fields, and magnetic fields.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of the SNR IC443
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gorenstein, P.
investigators examined the spatial structure of the thermal component and analyzed the GIS spectra with a non-equilibrium plasma model, and found no systematic variation of the interstellar absorption across the remnant. Evidence for shock acceleration of cosmic rays to high energies (10 TeV) was found by Keohane. X-ray imaging spectroscopy with ASCA reveals two regions of particularly hard emission: an unresolved source embedded in an extended emission region, and a ridge of emission coincident with the southeastern rim. Both features are located on part of the radio shell where the shock wave is interacting with molecular gas, and together they account for a majority of the emission at 7 keV. Though we would not have noticed it a priori, the unresolved feature is coincident with one resolved by the ROSAT HRI. The ASCA measurements were combined with higher energy data from the XTE and GRO missions and with radio and TeV gamma-ray data to produce a nonthermal multiwavelength spectrum for IC 443 which was fit with a cosmic ray interaction model. This model calculates the cynchrotron, bremsstrahlung, invers Compton, and neutral pion decay emission produced by locally accelerated cosmic ray interacting with ambient matter, soft photon fields, and magnetic fields.
REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE: The RESOLVE Survey in Stripe 82
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kannappan, Sheila; Eckert, Kathleen; Norman, Dara; Norris, Mark; Hoversten, Erik; Stark, David; Moffett, Amanda; Baker, Ashley D.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Crawford, Steve; Damjanov, Ivana; Dell'Antonio, Ian; Gonzalez, Roberto; Hall, Kirsten; Khochfar, Sadegh; Leroy, Adam; Lu, Yu; Maraston, Claudia; McGaugh, Stacy; Naluminsa, Liz; Salzer, John J.; Sellwood, Jerry A.; Vaisanen, Petri; Watson, Linda
We request 14 nights of gray/dark time with the Goodman Spectrograph on SOAR and 88 hours of gray/dark time with the GMOS IFU on Gemini over two semesters to complete Phase 1 of the RESOLVE survey, providing a volume-limited gas, stellar, and dynamical mass census in the exceptionally complete Stripe 82 legacy equatorial strip. RESOLVE spans diverse large-scale cosmic structures and probes mass scales down to ~10^9 Msun in the gas-rich dwarf galaxy regime. With the proposed census, RESOLVE will (1) provide the first direct, complete, and environment-dependent measurement of the velocity function, potentially uncovering crucial clues to puzzling discrepancies in the dwarf galaxy inventory, and (2) put a unique constraint on the location of the ``missing baryons,'' via a comprehensive census of multiple mass components in relation to star formation and dynamical mass in a cosmological volume.
Static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy on Lithium Iridate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Koralek, Jake; Hinton, Jamie; Patankar, Shreyas; Orenstein, Joe; Smidt, Tess; Breznay, Nicholas; Nair, Nityan; Analytis, James
We use FTIR and pump-probe spectroscopy to study lithium iridates. The IR spectrum shows an anomalous peak which emerges as temperature is reduced and is highly anisotropic in the ab-plane polarization. In the time-domain we observe similarly anisotropic reflectivity transients whose multiple dynamic components evolve as temperature is reduced.
Time-resolved Hyperspectral Fluorescence Spectroscopy using Frequency Modulated Excitation
,; Neill, M
An intensity-modulated excitation light source is used together with a micro channel plate intensified CCD (ICCD) detector gated at a slightly different frequency to generate a beat frequency from a fluorescent sample. The addition of a spectrograph produces a hyperspectral time-resolved data product where the resulting beat frequency is detected with a low frame rate camera. Measuring the beat frequency of the spectrum as a function of time allows separation of the excited fluorescence from ambient constant light sources. The excitation and detector repetition rates are varied over a range of discrete frequencies, and the phase shift of the beat wave maps out the emission decay rate(s).
Resolved spectroscopy of adolescent and infant galaxies (1 < z < 10)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wright, Shelley; IRIS Science Team
The combination of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) and adaptive optics (AO) on TMT will be revolutionary in studying the distant universe. The high angular resolution exploited by an AO system with this large aperture will be essential for studying high-redshift (1 < z < 5) galaxies' kinematics and chemical abundance histories. At even greater distances, TMT will be essential for conducting follow-up spectroscopy of Ly-alpha emission from first lights galaxies (6 < z < 10) and determining their kinematics and morphologies. I will present simulations and sensitivity calculations for high-z and first light galaxies using the diffraction-limited instrument IRIS coupled with NFIRAOS. I will put these simulations in context with current IFS+AO high-z observations and future capabilities with JWST.
Nonadiabatic and Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Molecular Systems.
Flick, Johannes; Appel, Heiko; Rubio, Angel
We quantify the nonadiabatic contributions to the vibronic sidebands of equilibrium and explicitly time-resolved nonequilibrium photoelectron spectra for a vibronic model system of trans-polyacetylene. Using exact diagonalization, we directly evaluate the sum-over-states expressions for the linear-response photocurrent. We show that spurious peaks appear in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for the vibronic spectral function, which are not present in the exact spectral function of the system. The effect can be traced back to the factorized nature of the Born-Oppenheimer initial and final photoemission states and also persists when either only initial or final states are replaced by correlated vibronic states. Only when correlated initial and final vibronic states are taken into account are the spurious spectral weights of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation suppressed. In the nonequilibrium case, we illustrate for an initial Franck-Condon excitation and an explicit pump-pulse excitation how the vibronic wavepacket motion of the system can be traced in the time-resolved photoelectron spectra as a function of the pump-probe delay.
Time-resolved spectroscopy of low-dimensional semiconductor structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murphy, Joseph R.
This dissertation is a survey of ultrafast time-resolved optical measurements conducted on a variety of low-dimensional semiconductor systems to further the understanding of the dynamic behavior in the following systems: ZnMnTe/ZnSe quantum dots, ZnTe/ZnMnSe quantum dots, InGaAs quantum wells, CdMnSe colloidal quantum dots, multi-shell CdSe/CdMnS/CdS colloidal nanoplatelets, and graphene and graphene-related solutions and films. Using time-resolved photoluminescence to study epitaxially-grown ZnTe and ZnMnTe quantum dots in corresponding ZnMnSe and ZnSe matrices, the location dependence of manganese ions in respect to magnetic polaron formation is shown. The structure with manganese ions located in the matrix exhibited magnetic polaron behavior consistent with previous literature, whereas the structure with the magnetic ions located within the quantum dots exhibited unconventional magnetic polaron properties. These properties, including temperature and magnetic field insensitivity, were explained through the use of a model that predicted an increased internal magnetic field due to a decreased effective volume of the magnetic polaron and a higher effective temperature due to laser heating. Magneto-time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on a system of colloidal CdMnSe quantum dots show that the magnetic polaron properties differ significantly from the epitaxially grown quantum dots. First the timescales at which the magnetic polaron forms and the polarization saturates are different by more than an order of magnitude, and second, the magnetic polaron energy exhibited step-like behavior as the strength of the externally applied magnetic field is increased. The field dependent MP formation energy that is observed experimentally is explained as due to the breaking of the antiferromagnetic coupling of Mn dimers within the QDs. This model is further verified by the observation of quantized behavior in the Zeeman energy splitting. Through the use of magneto
Time-resolved phase-sensitive second harmonic generation spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nowakowski, Paweł J.; Woods, David A.; Bain, Colin D.; Verlet, Jan R. R.
A methodology based on time-resolved, phase-sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG) for probing the excited state dynamics of species at interfaces is presented. It is based on an interference measurement between the SHG from the sample and a local oscillator generated at a reference together with a lock-in measurement to remove the large constant offset from the interference. The technique is characterized by measuring the phase and excited state dynamics of the dye malachite green at the water/air interface. The key attributes of the technique are that the observed signal is directly proportional to sample concentration, in contrast to the quadratic dependence from non-phase sensitive SHG, and that the real and imaginary parts of the 2nd order non-linear susceptibility can be determined independently. We show that the method is highly sensitive and can provide high quality excited state dynamics in short data acquisition times.
Vibrationally-resolved polyatomic photoelectron spectroscopy: Mode-specific behavior
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rathbone, G. J.; Poliakoff, E. D.; Bozek, J. D.; Lucchese, R. R.
We report the first vibrationally-resolved photoelectron spectra for polyatomic molecules performed over a broad spectral range. Such studies elucidate vibrationally mode-specific aspects of the photoelectron scattering dynamics. Three linear triatomic systems (CO_2, N_2O, and CS_2) are studied, and the results exhibit striking differences for alternative modes. For CO_2^+(C^2Σ_g^+), a continuum resonance results in a 15 eV wide dip for the symmetric stretch branching ratio, while strong peaks are observed for vibrational branching ratios associated with the two symmetry forbidden modes. For CS_2^+(B^2Σ_u^+), mode-specific behavior is displayed, as resonance enhancement of a single quantum excitation is weak for the symmetric stretch, but strong for the bending vibration. For N_2O^+(A^2Σ^+), many vibrational excitations are observed and families of vibrational branching ratio spectra emerge.
Fingerprints of Majorana fermions in spin-resolved subgap spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chirla, Razvan; Moca, Cǎtǎlin Paşcu
When a strongly correlated quantum dot is tunnel coupled to a superconductor, it leads to the formation of Shiba bound states inside the superconducting gap. They have been measured experimentally in a superconductor-quantum dot-normal lead setup. Side coupling the quantum dot to a topological superconducting wire that supports Majorana bound states at its ends, drastically affects the structure of the Shiba states and induces supplementary in-gap states. The anomalous coupling between the Majorana bound states and the quantum dot gives rise to a characteristic imbalance in the spin-resolved spectral functions for the dot operators. These are clear fingerprints for the existence of Majorana fermions and they can be detected experimentally in transport measurements. In terms of methods employed, we have used analytical approaches combined with the numerical renormalization group approach.
Resonant and Time-Resolved Spin Noise Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Xinlin; Pursley, Brennan; Sih, Vanessa
Spin noise spectroscopy is a technique which can probe the system while it remains in equilibrium. It was first demonstrated in atomic gases and then in solid state systems. Most existing spin noise measurement setups digitize the spin fluctuation signal and then analyze the power spectrum. Recently, pulsed lasers have been used to expand the bandwidth of accessible dynamics and allow direct time-domain correlation measurements. Here we develop and test a model for ultrafast pulsed laser spin noise measurements as well as a scheme to measure spin lifetimes longer than the laser repetition period. For the resonant spin noise technique, analog electronics are used to capture correlations from the extended pulse train, and the signal at a fixed time delay is measured as a function of applied magnetic field.
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation time structure.
Bergeard, N; Silly, M G; Krizmancic, D; Chauvet, C; Guzzo, M; Ricaud, J P; Izquierdo, M; Stebel, L; Pittana, P; Sergo, R; Cautero, G; Dufour, G; Rochet, F; Sirotti, F
Synchrotron radiation time structure is becoming a common tool for studying dynamic properties of materials. The main limitation is often the wide time domain the user would like to access with pump-probe experiments. In order to perform photoelectron spectroscopy experiments over time scales from milliseconds to picoseconds it is mandatory to measure the time at which each measured photoelectron was created. For this reason the usual CCD camera-based two-dimensional detection of electron energy analyzers has been replaced by a new delay-line detector adapted to the time structure of the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source. The new two-dimensional delay-line detector has a time resolution of 5 ns and was installed on a Scienta SES 2002 electron energy analyzer. The first application has been to characterize the time of flight of the photoemitted electrons as a function of their kinetic energy and the selected pass energy. By repeating the experiment as a function of the available pass energy and of the kinetic energy, a complete characterization of the analyzer behaviour in the time domain has been obtained. Even for kinetic energies as low as 10 eV at 2 eV pass energy, the time spread of the detected electrons is lower than 140 ns. These results and the time structure of the SOLEIL filling modes assure the possibility of performing pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy experiments with the time resolution given by the SOLEIL pulse width, the best performance of the beamline and of the experimental station.
Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of phytochrome and stentorin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Pill-Soon
Phytochrome is a tetrapyrrole chromoprotein. It serves as a sensitive photosensor for red lightmediated gene expression and other developmental/morphological responses in plants. In this paper photochemical dynamics of the phytochrome molecule have been described in terms of photoisomerization of the tetrapyrrole chromophore in its singlet excited state and subsequent thermal processes in the Pr Pfr phototransformation of phytochrome. Stentorin acts as the photosensor molecule in the ciliate Stentor coeruleus. This unicellular protozoan is most sensitive to red light (610-620 urn). Stentor also senses the direction of light propagation as evidenced by their light-avoiding and negative phototactic swimming behaviors. This aneural photosensory phenomenon is triggered by the photoreceptor stentorin. The possible involvement of a light-induced transient proton release from the photoreceptor as the primary mechanism of light-signal processing has been discussed on the basis of picosecond fluorescence decays and time-resolved fluorescence spectra of stentorin in solution. An initial sensory signal generated by the primary photoprocess of stentorin then triggers subsequent transduction steps that include calcium ion influx from the extracellular medium. Calcium ion influx from the extracellular medium to the cytosol causes the Stentor cell to reverse its ciliary beating and subsequently steer away from the light trap. II.
Time-resolved VUV spectroscopy in the EXTRAP-T2 reversed field pinch
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hedqvist, Anders; Rachlew-Källne, Elisabeth
Time-resolved VUV spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effects of impurities in a reversed field pinch operating with a resistive shell. Results of electron temperature, impurity ion densities, particle confinement time and 0741-3335/40/9/004/img1 together with a description of the interpretation and the equipment are presented.
The Application Of Picosecond-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy In The Study Of Flavins And Flavoproteins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Visser, Antonie J.; van Hoek, Arie
Picosecond relaxation processes of flavins and flavoproteins were investigated with mode-locked and synchronously pumped lasers as source of excitation and time-correlated single photon counting in detection. Free flavin rotational correlation times of 80-150 ps (values depending on the flavin derivative used) could be precisely determined. Picosecond-resolved fluorescence of the flavin bound in the electron-carrier protein flavodoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris yields a fluorescence lifetime component of 30 ps in the fluorescence decay. Time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence in flavodoxin exhibits a short lifetime component, which is attributed in part to energy transfer from tryptophan to flavin. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence anisotropy decay analysis of the two tryptophan residues in flavodoxin provide new evidence for specific flavin-tryptophan interaction. Finally, picosecond-resolved spectroscopy enables the direct measurement of energy transfer between two different chromophores in a protein, from which topographical details can be inferred.
Solving the Structure of Reaction Intermediates by Time-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Wang, Q.; Hanson, J; Frenkel, A
We present a robust data analysis method of time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments suitable for chemical speciation and structure determination of reaction intermediates. Chemical speciation is done by principal component analysis (PCA) of the time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge structure data. Structural analysis of intermediate phases is done by theoretical modeling of their extended x-ray absorption fine-structure data isolated by PCA. The method is demonstrated using reduction and reoxidation of Cu-doped ceria catalysts where we detected reaction intermediates and measured fine details of the reaction kinetics. This approach can be directly adapted to many time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy experiments where new rapid throughput data collection and analysis methods are needed.
Resolving Multiple Molecular Orbitals Using Two-Dimensional High-Harmonic Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yun, Hyeok; Lee, Kyung-Min; Sung, Jae Hee; Kim, Kyung Taec; Kim, Hyung Taek; Nam, Chang Hee
High-harmonic radiation emitted from molecules in a strong laser field contains information on molecular structure and dynamics. When multiple molecular orbitals participate in high-harmonic generation, resolving the contribution of each orbital is crucial for understanding molecular dynamics and for extending high-harmonic spectroscopy to more complicated molecules. We show that two-dimensional high-harmonic spectroscopy can resolve high-harmonic radiation emitted from the two highest-occupied molecular orbitals, HOMO and HOMO-1, of aligned molecules. By the application of an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field that consists of the fundamental and its second-harmonic fields to aligned CO2 molecules, the characteristics attributed to the two orbitals are found to be separately imprinted in odd and even harmonics. Two-dimensional high-harmonic spectroscopy may open a new route to investigate ultrafast molecular dynamics during chemical processes.
Resolving multiple molecular orbitals using two-dimensional high-harmonic spectroscopy.
Yun, Hyeok; Lee, Kyung-Min; Sung, Jae Hee; Kim, Kyung Taec; Kim, Hyung Taek; Nam, Chang Hee
High-harmonic radiation emitted from molecules in a strong laser field contains information on molecular structure and dynamics. When multiple molecular orbitals participate in high-harmonic generation, resolving the contribution of each orbital is crucial for understanding molecular dynamics and for extending high-harmonic spectroscopy to more complicated molecules. We show that two-dimensional high-harmonic spectroscopy can resolve high-harmonic radiation emitted from the two highest-occupied molecular orbitals, HOMO and HOMO-1, of aligned molecules. By the application of an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field that consists of the fundamental and its second-harmonic fields to aligned CO2 molecules, the characteristics attributed to the two orbitals are found to be separately imprinted in odd and even harmonics. Two-dimensional high-harmonic spectroscopy may open a new route to investigate ultrafast molecular dynamics during chemical processes.
Time-resolved rotational spectroscopy of para-difluorobenzene·Ar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Weichert, A.; Riehn, C.; Matylitsky, V. V.; Jarzeba, W.; Brutschy, B.
We report on time-resolved rotational spectroscopy experiments of the cluster para-difluorobenzene·Ar ( pDFB·Ar) by picosecond laser pulses in a supersonic expansion. Rotational coherences of pDFB·Ar are generated by resonant electronic excitation and probed by time-resolved fluorescence depletion spectroscopy and time-resolved photoionization ((1+1') PPI) spectroscopy. The former allows the determination of both ground and excited state rotational constants, whereas the latter technique enables the separate study of the excited state with the benefit of mass-selective detection. Since pDFB·Ar represents a near symmetric oblate rotor, persistent J-type transients with tJ≈ n/2( A+ B) could be measured. From their analysis, (A″+B″)=2234.9±2 MHz and (A'+B')=2237.9±2 MHz were obtained. A structural investigation, based on data of the pDFB monomer, is presented resulting in a pDFB·Ar center-of-mass distance of both moieties of R z=3.543±0.017 Å with a change of ΔR z=-0.057±0.009 Å upon electronic excitation. These results are compared to data of former frequency-resolved experiments and ab initio computations.
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of oil spill detected by ocean lidar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Xiao-long; Chen, Yong-hua; Li, Jie; Jiang, Jingbo; Ni, Zuotao; Liu, Zhi-shen
Based on time-resolved fluorescence of oils, an oceanographic fluorescence Lidar was designed to identify oil pollutions. A third harmonic (at 355nm) of Nd:YAG laser is used as the excitation source, and the fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of oil fluorescence at wavelength from 380 nm to 580 nm are measured by an intensified CCD (ICCD). In the experiments, time-resolved fluorescence spectra of 20 oil samples, including crude oils, fuel oils, lubricating oil, diesel oils and gasoline, are analyzed to discuss fluorescence spectral characteristics of samples for oil classification. The spectral characteristics of oil fluorescence obtained by ICCD with delay time of 2 ns, 4 ns, and 6 ns were studied by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Moreover, an efficient method is used to improve the recognition rate of the oil spill types, through enlarging spectral differences of oil fluorescence at different delay times. Experimental analysis shows that the optimization method can discriminate between crude oil and fuel oil, and a more accurate classification of oils is obtained by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. As the result, comparing to traditional fluorescence spectroscopy, a higher recognition rate of oil spill types is achieved by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy which is also a feasibility technology for Ocean Lidar.
Excitation emission and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of selected varnishes used in historical musical instruments.
Nevin, Austin; Echard, Jean-Philippe; Thoury, Mathieu; Comelli, Daniela; Valentini, Gianluca; Cubeddu, Rinaldo
The analysis of various varnishes from different origins, which are commonly found on historical musical instruments was carried out for the first time with both fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy and laser-induced time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Samples studied include varnishes prepared using shellac, and selected diterpenoid and triterpenoid resins from plants, and mixtures of these materials. Fluorescence excitation emission spectra have been collected from films of naturally aged varnishes. In parallel, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of varnishes provides means for discriminating between short- (less than 2.0 ns) and long-lived (greater than 7.5 ns) fluorescence emissions in each of these complex materials. Results suggest that complementary use of the two non destructive techniques allows a better understanding of the main fluorophores responsible for the emission in shellac, and further provides means for distinguishing the main classes of other varnishes based on differences in fluorescence lifetime behaviour. Spectrofluorimetric data and time resolved spectra presented here may form the basis for the interpretation of results from future in situ fluorescence examination and time resolved fluorescence imaging of varnished musical instruments.
Rapid and economical data acquisition in ultrafast frequency-resolved spectroscopy using choppers and a microcontroller.
Guo, Liang; Monahan, Daniele M; Fleming, Graham
Spectrometers and cameras are used in ultrafast spectroscopy to achieve high resolution in both time and frequency domains. Frequency-resolved signals from the camera pixels cannot be processed by common lock-in amplifiers, which have only a limited number of input channels. Here we demonstrate a rapid and economical method that achieves the function of a lock-in amplifier using mechanical choppers and a programmable microcontroller. We demonstrate the method's effectiveness by performing a frequency-resolved pump-probe measurement on the dye Nile Blue in solution.
Angle-Resolved Auger Spectroscopy as a Sensitive Access to Vibronic Coupling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Knie, A.; Patanen, M.; Hans, A.; Petrov, I. D.; Bozek, J. D.; Ehresmann, A.; Demekhin, Ph. V.
In the angle-averaged excitation and decay spectra of molecules, vibronic coupling may induce the usually weak dipole-forbidden transitions by the excitation intensity borrowing mechanism. The present complementary theoretical and experimental study of the resonant Auger decay of core-to-Rydberg excited CH4 and Ne demonstrates that vibronic coupling plays a decisive role in the formation of the angle-resolved spectra by additionally involving the decay rate borrowing mechanism. Thereby, we propose that the angle-resolved Auger spectroscopy can in general provide very insightful information on the strength of the vibronic coupling.
Resolving molecular vibronic structure using high-sensitivity two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy.
Bizimana, Laurie A; Brazard, Johanna; Carbery, William P; Gellen, Tobias; Turner, Daniel B
Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy is an emerging technique for resolving structure and ultrafast dynamics of molecules, proteins, semiconductors, and other materials. A current challenge is the quality of kinetics that are examined as a function of waiting time. Inspired by noise-suppression methods of transient absorption, here we incorporate shot-by-shot acquisitions and balanced detection into coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy. We demonstrate that implementing noise-suppression methods in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy not only improves the quality of features in individual spectra but also increases the sensitivity to ultrafast time-dependent changes in the spectral features. Measurements on cresyl violet perchlorate are consistent with the vibronic pattern predicted by theoretical models of a highly displaced harmonic oscillator. The noise-suppression methods should benefit research into coherent electronic dynamics, and they can be adapted to multidimensional spectroscopies across the infrared and ultraviolet frequency ranges.
Resolving molecular vibronic structure using high-sensitivity two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy
Bizimana, Laurie A.; Brazard, Johanna; Carbery, William P.; Gellen, Tobias; Turner, Daniel B.
Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy is an emerging technique for resolving structure and ultrafast dynamics of molecules, proteins, semiconductors, and other materials. A current challenge is the quality of kinetics that are examined as a function of waiting time. Inspired by noise-suppression methods of transient absorption, here we incorporate shot-by-shot acquisitions and balanced detection into coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy. We demonstrate that implementing noise-suppression methods in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy not only improves the quality of features in individual spectra but also increases the sensitivity to ultrafast time-dependent changes in the spectral features. Measurements on cresyl violet perchlorate are consistent with the vibronic pattern predicted by theoretical models of a highly displaced harmonic oscillator. The noise-suppression methods should benefit research into coherent electronic dynamics, and they can be adapted to multidimensional spectroscopies across the infrared and ultraviolet frequency ranges.
[A method for time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement].
Pan, Cong-Yuan; Han, Zhen-Yu; Li, Chao-Yang; Yu, Yun-Si; Wang, Sheng-Bo; Wang, Qiu-Ping
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is strongly time related. Time-resolved LIBS measurement is an important technique for the research on laser induced plasma evolution and self-absorption of the emission lines. Concerning the temporal characteristics of LIBS spectrum, a method is proposed in the present paper which can achieve micros-scale time-resolved LIBS measurement by using general ms-scale detector. By setting different integration delay time of the ms-scale spectrum detector, a series of spectrum are recorded. And the integration delay time interval should be longer than the worst temporal precision. After baseline correction and spectrum fitting, the intensity of the character line was obtained. Calculating this intensity with differential method at a certain time interval and then the difference value is the time-resolved line intensity. Setting the plasma duration time as X-axis and the time-resolved line intensity as Y-axis, the evolution curve of the character line intensity can be plotted. Character line with overlap-free and smooth background should be a priority to be chosen for analysis. Using spectrometer with ms-scale integration time and a control system with temporal accuracy is 0.021 micros, experiments carried out. The results validate that this method can be used to characterize the evolution of LIBS characteristic lines and can reduce the cost of the time-resolved LIBS measurement system. This method makes high time-resolved LIBS spectrum measurement possible with cheaper system.
Structural determination of a photochemically active diplatinum molecule by time-resolved EXAFS spectroscopy.
van der Veen, Renske M; Milne, Chris J; El Nahhas, Amal; Lima, Frederico A; Pham, Van-Thai; Best, Jonathan; Weinstein, Julia A; Borca, Camelia N; Abela, Rafael; Bressler, Christian; Chergui, Majed
Metallica: A large contraction of the Pt-Pt bond in the triplet excited state of the photoreactive [Pt(2)(P(2)O(5)H(2))(4)](4-) ion is determined by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (see picture). The strengthening of the Pt-Pt interaction is accompanied by a weakening of the ligand coordination bonds, resulting in an elongation of the platinum-ligand bond that is determined for the first time.
High-harmonic XUV source for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Dakovski, Georgi L; Li, Yinwan; Durakiewicz, Tomasz; Rodriguez, George
We present a laser-based apparatus for visible pump/XUV probe time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TRARPES) utilizing high-harmonic generation from a noble gas. Femtosecond temporal resolution for each selected harmonic is achieved by using a time-delay-compensated monochromator (TCM). The source has been used to obtain photoemission spectra from insulators (UO{sub 2}) and ultrafast pump/probe processes in semiconductors (GaAs).
Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of hydrated electrons near a liquid water surface.
Yamamoto, Yo-ichi; Suzuki, Yoshi-Ichi; Tomasello, Gaia; Horio, Takuya; Karashima, Shutaro; Mitríc, Roland; Suzuki, Toshinori
We present time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of trapped electrons near liquid surfaces. Photoemission from the ground state of a hydrated electron at 260 nm is found to be isotropic, while anisotropic photoemission is observed for the excited states of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane and I- in aqueous solutions. Our results indicate that surface and subsurface species create hydrated electrons in the bulk side. No signature of a surface-bound electron has been observed.
Studies of multifrequency phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for spectral fingerprinting
McGown, L.B.
During the first project period, we have explored several different aspects of phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (PRFS) for the fingerprinting of complex samples. It should be noted that our goal is not only fingerprinting'' per se, but also includes the characterization of complex samples with respect to dynamic interactions of luminescent molecules with each other and with sample matrix constituents. Each area of investigation is discussed in the following sections.
Efficient spin resolved spectroscopy observation machine at Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center
Okuda, Taichi; Miyamaoto, Koji; Namatame, Hirofumi; Miyahara, Hirokazu; Kuroda, Kenta; Kimura, Akio; Taniguchi, Masaki
Highly efficient spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer named ESPRESSO (Efficient SPin REsolved SpectroScopy Observation) machine has been developed at the beamline BL-9B in Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center. Combination of high-resolution hemispherical electron analyzer and the high-efficient spin detector based on very low energy electron diffraction by the ferromagnetic target makes the high-energy resolution and angular resolution compatible with spin- and angle-resolved photoemission (SARPES) measurement. 7.5 meV in energy and {+-}0.18 deg. in angular resolution have been achieved with spin resolution. The ESPRESSO machine, combination of quick energy-band dispersion measurement and Fermi surface mapping by two-dimensional electron detector for the spin integrated ARPES and the high-efficient spin analysis by the efficient spin detector realizes the comprehensive investigation of spin electronic structure of materials.
Phase-resolved emission spectroscopy of a neutraliser-free gridded ion thruster
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dedrick, James; Gibson, Andrew; Rafalskyi, Dmytro; Aanesland, Ane
Power-efficient electric propulsion systems that operate without an external neutraliser have the potential to increase the longevity of traditional concepts. The Neptune gridded-ion thruster prototype, which uses a single radio-requency (rf) power source for plasma generation, ion acceleration and beam neutralisation, is under development. Previous research has suggested that the time-resolved electron dynamics in the plume are important for maintaining charge neutrality and overall performance. In this study, the electron dynamics in the exhaust beam are investigated within the rf cycle using phase-resolved emission spectroscopy. The results are compared with time-resolved and time-integrated electrical diagnostics to investigate the mechanisms behind beam neutralisation. This work received financial support from the York-Paris CIRC and state aid managed by the laboratory of excellence Plas@Par (ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02).
Time-resolved single-shot terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for ultrafast irreversible processes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhai, Zhao-Hui; Zhong, Sen-Cheng; Li, Jun; Zhu, Li-Guo; Meng, Kun; Li, Jiang; Liu, Qiao; Peng, Qi-Xian; Li, Ze-Ren; Zhao, Jian-Heng
Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy is suitable for spectroscopic diagnostics of ultrafast events. However, the study of irreversible or single shot ultrafast events requires ability to record transient properties at multiple time delays, i.e., time resolved at single shot level, which is not available currently. Here by angular multiplexing use of femtosecond laser pulses, we developed and demonstrated a time resolved, transient terahertz time domain spectroscopy technique, where burst mode THz pulses were generated and then detected in a single shot measurement manner. The burst mode THz pulses contain 2 sub-THz pulses, and the time gap between them is adjustable up to 1 ns with picosecond accuracy, thus it can be used to probe the single shot event at two different time delays. The system can detect the sub-THz pulses at 0.1 THz-2.5 THz range with signal to noise ratio (SNR) of ˜400 and spectrum resolution of 0.05 THz. System design was described here, and optimizations of single shot measurement of THz pulses were discussed in detail. Methods to improve SNR were also discussed in detail. A system application was demonstrated where pulsed THz signals at different time delays of the ultrafast process were successfully acquired within single shot measurement. This time resolved transient terahertz time domain spectroscopy technique provides a new diagnostic tool for irreversible or single shot ultrafast events where dynamic information can be extracted at terahertz range within one-shot experiment.
Probing interfacial electron dynamics with time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Neppl, Stefan
Time-resolved core-level spectroscopy techniques using laser pulses to initiate and short X-ray pulses to probe photo-induced processes have the potential to provide electronic state- and atomic site-specific insight into fundamental electron dynamics at complex interfaces. We describe the implementation of femto- and picosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in order to follow light-driven electron dynamics at dye-semiconductor interfaces on femto- to nanosecond timescales, and from the perspective of individual atomic sites. A distinct transient binding-energy shift of the Ru3d photoemission lines originating from the metal centers of N3 dye-molecules adsorbed on nanoporous ZnO is observed 500 fs after resonant HOMO-LUMO excitation with a visible laser pulse. This dynamical chemical shift is accompanied by a characteristic surface photo-voltage response of the semiconductor substrate. The two phenomena and their correlation will be discussed in the context of electronic bottlenecks for efficient interfacial charge-transfer and possible charge recombination and relaxation pathways leading to the neutralization of the transiently oxidized dye following ultrafast electron injection. First steps towards in operando time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques to monitor interfacial chemical dynamics will be presented.
Valence band dispersion measurements of perovskite single crystals using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Wang, Congcong; Ecker, Benjamin R; Wei, Haotong; Huang, Jinsong; Meng, Jian-Qiao; Gao, Yongli
The electronic structure of a cleaved perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3) single crystal was studied in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES). Highly reproducible dispersive features of the valence bands were observed with symmetry about the Brillouin zone center and boundaries. The largest dispersion width was found to be ∼0.73 eV and ∼0.98 eV along the ΓX and ΓM directions, respectively. The effective mass of the holes was estimated to be ∼0.59m0. The quality of the surface was verified using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition was investigated using high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental electronic structure shows a good agreement with the theoretical calculation.
Model for quantitative tip-enhanced spectroscopy and the extraction of nanoscale-resolved optical constants
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McLeod, Alexander S.; Kelly, P.; Goldflam, M. D.; Gainsforth, Z.; Westphal, A. J.; Dominguez, Gerardo; Thiemens, Mark H.; Fogler, Michael M.; Basov, D. N.
Near-field infrared spectroscopy by elastic scattering of light from a probe tip resolves optical contrasts in materials at dramatically subwavelength scales across a broad energy range, with the demonstrated capacity for chemical identification at the nanoscale. However, current models of probe-sample near-field interactions still cannot provide a sufficiently quantitatively interpretation of measured near-field contrasts, especially in the case of materials supporting strong surface phonons. We present a model of near-field spectroscopy derived from basic principles and verified by finite-element simulations, demonstrating superb predictive agreement both with tunable quantum cascade laser near-field spectroscopy of SiO2 thin films and with newly presented nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (nanoFTIR) spectroscopy of crystalline SiC. We discuss the role of probe geometry, field retardation, and surface mode dispersion in shaping the measured near-field response. This treatment enables a route to quantitatively determine nanoresolved optical constants, as we demonstrate by inverting newly presented nanoFTIR spectra of an SiO2 thin film into the frequency dependent dielectric function of its mid-infrared optical phonon. Our formalism further enables tip-enhanced spectroscopy as a potent diagnostic tool for quantitative nanoscale spectroscopy.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy Across HD189733 (K1V) Using Exoplanet Transits
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gustavsson, Martin; Dravins, Dainis; Ludwig, Hans-Günter
For testing 3-dimensional models of stellar atmospheres, spectroscopy across spatially resolved stellar surfaces would be desired with a spectral resolution of(R = 100,000) or more. Hydrodynamic models predict variations in line profile shapes, strengths, wavelength positions and asymmetries. These variations vary systematically between disk center and limb and as a function of line strength, excitation potential and wavelength region. However, except for a few supergiants and the Sun, current telescopes are not yet capable of resolving any stellar surfaces. One alternative method to resolve distant stellar surfaces, feasible already now, is differential spectroscopy of transiting exoplanet systems. By subtracting in-transit spectra from the spectrum outside of transit, the spectra from stellar surface portions temporarily hidden behind the planet can be disentangled. Since transiting planets cover only a small portion of the stellar surface, the method requires a very high signal-to-noise ratio, obtainable by averaging numerous similar spectral lines. We apply such differential spectroscopy on the 7.7 mag K1V star HD 189733 ('Alopex'*); its transiting planet covers ˜ 3% of its host star's surface, which is the deepest known transit among the brighter systems. Archival data from the ESO HARPS spectrometerare used to construct averaged profiles of photospheric Fe I lines, with the aim of comparing spatially resolved profiles to analogous synthetic line profiles computed from the 3-dimensional hydrodynamic CO5BOLD model. * We refer to HD 189733 as 'Alopex' (from the Greek 'αλɛπού'), denoting a fox related to the one that gave name to its constellation of Vulpecula.
Planetary Surface Exploration Using Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy on Rovers and Landers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Blacksberg, Jordana; Alerstam, Erik; Maruyama, Yuki; Charbon, Edoardo; Rossman, George
Planetary surface exploration using laser spectroscopy has become increasingly relevant as these techniques become a reality on Mars surface missions. The ChemCam instrument onboard the Curiosity rover is currently using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on a mast-mounted platform to measure elemental composition of target rocks. The RLS Raman Spectrometer is included on the payload for the ExoMars mission to be launched in 2018 and will identify minerals and organics on the Martian surface. We present a next-generation instrument that builds on these widely used techniques to provide a means for performing both Raman spectroscopy and LIBS in conjunction with microscopic imaging. Microscopic Raman spectroscopy with a laser spot size smaller than the grains of interest can provide surface mapping of mineralogy while preserving morphology. A very small laser spot size (~ 1 µm) is often necessary to identify minor phases that are often of greater interest than the matrix phases. In addition to the difficulties that can be posed by fine-grained material, fluorescence interference from the very same material is often problematic. This is particularly true for many of the minerals of interest that form in environments of aqueous alteration and can be highly fluorescent. We use time-resolved laser spectroscopy to eliminate fluorescence interference that can often make it difficult or impossible to obtain Raman spectra. As an added benefit, we have found that with small changes in operating parameters we can include microscopic LIBS using the same hardware. This new technique relies on sub-ns, high rep-rate lasers with relatively low pulse energy and compact solid state detectors with sub-ns time resolution. The detector technology that makes this instrument possible is a newly developed Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) sensor array based on Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The use of this solid state time-resolved detector offers a
Ultrafast Time-Resolved Hard X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy on a Tabletop
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miaja-Avila, Luis; O'Neil, Galen C.; Joe, Young I.; Alpert, Bradley K.; Damrauer, Niels H.; Doriese, William B.; Fatur, Steven M.; Fowler, Joseph W.; Hilton, Gene C.; Jimenez, Ralph; Reintsema, Carl D.; Schmidt, Daniel R.; Silverman, Kevin L.; Swetz, Daniel S.; Tatsuno, Hideyuki; Ullom, Joel N.
Experimental tools capable of monitoring both atomic and electronic structure on ultrafast (femtosecond to picosecond) time scales are needed for investigating photophysical processes fundamental to light harvesting, photocatalysis, energy and data storage, and optical display technologies. Time-resolved hard x-ray (>3 keV ) spectroscopies have proven valuable for these measurements due to their elemental specificity and sensitivity to geometric and electronic structures. Here, we present the first tabletop apparatus capable of performing time-resolved x-ray emission spectroscopy. The time resolution of the apparatus is better than 6 ps. By combining a compact laser-driven plasma source with a highly efficient array of microcalorimeter x-ray detectors, we are able to observe photoinduced spin changes in an archetypal polypyridyl iron complex [Fe (2 ,2'-bipyridine)3]2 + and accurately measure the lifetime of the quintet spin state. Our results demonstrate that ultrafast hard x-ray emission spectroscopy is no longer confined to large facilities and now can be performed in conventional laboratories with 10 times better time resolution than at synchrotrons. Our results are enabled, in part, by a 100- to 1000-fold increase in x-ray collection efficiency compared to current techniques.
Noninvasive assessment of breast cancer risk using time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Taroni, Paola; Pifferi, Antonio; Quarto, Giovanna; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Torricelli, Alessandro; Abbate, Francesca; Villa, Anna; Balestreri, Nicola; Menna, Simona; Cassano, Enrico; Cubeddu, Rinaldo
Breast density is a recognized strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer. We propose the use of time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy to estimate breast tissue density and potentially provide even more direct information on breast cancer risk. Time-resolved optical mammography at seven wavelengths (635 to 1060 nm) is performed on 49 subjects. Average information on breast tissue of each subject is obtained on oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, water, lipids, and collagen content, as well as scattering amplitude and power. All parameters, except for blood volume and oxygenation, correlate with mammographic breast density, even if not to the same extent. A synthetic optical index proves to be quite effective in separating different breast density categories. Finally, the estimate of collagen content as a more direct means for the assessment of breast cancer risk is discussed.
Resolved Sideband Spectroscopy and Cooling of Strontium in a 532-nm Optical Lattice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aman, James; Hill, Joshua; Killian, T. C.
Resolved sideband cooling is a powerful and well established technique for driving ultracold atoms in optical lattices to the motional ground state of individual lattice sites. Here we present spectroscopy of the narrow 5s21S0 --> 5 s 5 p3P1 transition for neutral strontium-84 in a 532nm optical lattice. Resolved red- and blue-detuned sidebands are observed corresponding to changes in the motional state in the lattice sites. Driving the red sideband, we demonstrate cooling into the ground state, which increases the initial phase-space density before forced evaporative cooling. This is a promising technique for improving the production of strontium quantum degenerate gases. Research supported by the Robert A, Welch Foundation under Grant No. C-1844.
Observation of the Interference Effect in Vibrationally Resolved Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of H2
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Zhe; Shan, Xu; Wang, Tian; Wang, Enliang; Chen, Xiangjun
We report the first measurement on vibrationally resolved electron momentum spectroscopy of H2 by using a high-resolution (e, 2e) spectrometer. The vibrational-specific experimental momentum profiles have been obtained and shown to be in agreement with calculations of (e, 2e) ionization cross sections taking into account the vibrational wave functions. Distinct deviations from Franck-Condon predictions have been observed in vibrational ratios of cross sections, which can readily be ascribed to the Young-type two-center interference. Unlike previous (e, 2e) work, the present observation of an interference effect does not rely on the comparison with the one-center atomic cross section.
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for clinical diagnosis of actinic cheilitis.
Cosci, Alessandro; Nogueira, Marcelo Saito; Pratavieira, Sebastião; Takahama, Ademar; Azevedo, Rebeca de Souza; Kurachi, Cristina
Actinic cheilitis is a potentially malignant disorder of the lips. Its first cause is believed to be UV sun radiation. The lesion is highly heterogeneous, making the choice of area to be biopsied difficult. This study exploits the capabilities of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the identification of the most representative area to be biopsied. A preliminary study was performed on fourteen patients. A classification algorithm was used on data acquired on nine different biopsies. The algorithm discriminated between absent, mild, and moderate dysplasia with a sensitivity of 92.9%, 90.0%, and 80.0%, respectively. The false positive rate for healthy tissue (specificity) was 88.8%.
Comparison of organic phantom recipes and characterization by time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Quarto, G.; Pifferi, A.; Bargigia, I.; Farina, A.; Cubeddu, R.; Taroni, P.
Three recipes for tissue constituent-equivalent phantoms of water and lipids are presented. Nature phantoms are made using no emulsifying agent, but just a professional disperser, instead Agar and Triton phantoms are made using agar or Triton X-100, respectively, as agents to emulsify water and lipids. Different water-to-lipid ratios ranging from 30 to 70 percent by mass are proposed and tested. Optical characterization by time-resolved spectroscopy was performed in terms of optical properties, homogeneity, reproducibility and composition retrieval.
Hydrogen tracer diffusion in LiBH4 measured by spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy.
Borgschulte, A; Gremaud, R; Łodziana, Z; Züttel, A
The hydrogen tracer diffusion in LiBH(4) has been determined by spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy. The measurements give direct evidence of a macroscopic diffusion of BH ions as well as atomic exchange of hydrogen between the anions. An effective tracer diffusion coefficient of deuterium in LiBH(4) of D approximately 7 x 10(-14) m(2) s(-1) at 473 K is derived. The direct exchange rate of hydrogen between BH(4) units is 10 orders of magnitude slower, i.e. the relatively fast effective hydrogen diffusion has its origin in the fast diffusion of BH(4) units.
Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of shock compressed single crystal HMX
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Scharff, R. J.; Whitley, V. H.; Stahl, D. B.; Dattelbaum, D. M.
Shock initiation of an energetic organic solid is generally considered to proceed via a mechanism through which low frequency acoustic phonons are upconverted to higher frequency bond stretching vibrations in the crystal. To elucidate changes in molecular structure under shock loading, a series of well defined gas gun driven plate impact experiments coupled to time-resolved Raman spectroscopy were performed on single crystal β-HMX. We will also present progress in obtaining temperature measurements in the shocked material using a Stokes/anti-Stokes intensity ratio method.
Femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of coherent vibrational and electronic excitations in solids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Williams*, Leah Ruby; Nelson, Keith A.
``Impulsive'' stimulated scattering (ISS) of femtosecond laser pulses was used to coherently excite and probe a low-lying (61-cm-1) electronic excitation in the cooperative Jahn-Teller crystal, terbium vanadate. Coherent terahertz oscillations and their dephasing were observed in the time domain. ISS is a general aspect of ultrashort-pulse interactions with matter, through which coherent excitations are produced whenever a sufficiently short laser pulse enters a Raman-active medium. Its use for measurement of vibrational and electronic dephasing and lifetimes, and for time-resolved spectroscopy of vibrationally distorted crystals and molecules, is discussed.
Time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy of intraband absorption by a semiconductor nanorod
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Leonov, Mikhail Y.; Rukhlenko, Ivan D.; Baranov, Alexander V.; Fedorov, Anatoly V.
We develop a theory of time-resolved pump-probe optical spectroscopy of intraband absorption of a probe pulse inside an anisotropic semiconductor nanorod. The absorption is preceded by the absorption of the pump pulse resonant to an interband transition. It is assumed that the resonantly exited states of the nanorod are interrelated via the relaxation induced by their interaction with a bath. We reveal the conditions for which the absorption of the probe's pulse is governed by a simple formula regardless of the pulse's shape. This formula is useful for the analysis of the experimental data containing information on the relaxation parameters of the nanorod's electronic subsystem.
A versatile apparatus for time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy via femtosecond pump-probe experiments.
Carpene, E; Mancini, E; Dallera, C; Ghiringhelli, G; Manzoni, C; Cerullo, G; De Silvestri, S
A laser-based system for time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using up to 6.2 eV photons is presented. The versatility of the laser source permits several combinations of pump and probe photon energies with pulse durations of 50-100 fs. The ultrahigh vacuum system, equipped with evaporators, a low energy electron diffraction system and an Auger spectrometer, grants the possibility to grow and characterize thin films in situ. The electron energy analyzer is a time-of-flight spectrometer with a multianode detector allowing high count rates. The performance of the whole experimental setup is investigated on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Ag(111) single crystals.
Angular-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy on a split-ring resonator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
von Cube, F.; Niegemann, J.; Irsen, S.; Bell, D. C.; Linden, S.
We investigate the plasmonic near field of a lithographically defined split-ring resonator with angular-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. By tilting the sample, different electric field components of the plasmonic modes can be probed with the electron beam. The electron energy loss spectra recorded under oblique incidence can feature plasmonic resonances that are not observable under normal incidence. Our experimental findings are supported by full numerical calculations based on the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method.
Nonlinear Raman Techniques in Femtosecond Time Resolved Spectroscopy for the Analysis and Control of Molecular Dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Materny, Arnulf; Konradi, Jakow; Namboodiri, Vinu; Namboodiri, Mahesh; Scaria, Abraham
The use of four-wave mixing techniques in femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy has considerable advantages. Due to the many degrees of freedom offered e.g. by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), the dynamics even of complex systems can be analyzed in detail. Using pulse shaping techniques in combination with a self-learning loop approach, molecular mode excitation can be controlled very efficiently in a multi-photon excitation process. Results obtained from the optimal control of CARS on β-carotene are discussed.
Nonlinear Raman Techniques in Femtosecond Time Resolved Spectroscopy for the Analysis and Control of Molecular Dynamics
Materny, Arnulf; Konradi, Jakow; Namboodiri, Vinu; Namboodiri, Mahesh; Scaria, Abraham
The use of four-wave mixing techniques in femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy has considerable advantages. Due to the many degrees of freedom offered e.g. by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), the dynamics even of complex systems can be analyzed in detail. Using pulse shaping techniques in combination with a self-learning loop approach, molecular mode excitation can be controlled very efficiently in a multi-photon excitation process. Results obtained from the optimal control of CARS on {beta}-carotene are discussed.
Bogoliubov Angle, Particle-Hole Mixture and Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy in Superconductors
Balatsky, A.
Superconducting excitations - Bogoliubov quasiparticles - are the quantum mechanical mixture of negatively charged electron (-e) and positively charged hole (+e). We propose a new observable for Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) studies that is the manifestation of the particle-hole entanglement of the superconducting quasiparticles. We call this observable a Bogoliubov angle. This angle measures the relative weight of particle and hole amplitude in the superconducting (Bogoliubov) quasiparticle. We show how this quantity can be measured by comparing the ratio of spectral intensities at positive and negative energies.
Ordering of PCDTBT revealed by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of its triplet excitons.
Biskup, Till; Sommer, Michael; Rein, Stephan; Meyer, Deborah L; Kohlstädt, Markus; Würfel, Uli; Weber, Stefan
Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy is shown to be a powerful tool to characterize triplet excitons of conjugated polymers. The resulting spectra are highly sensitive to the orientation of the molecule. In thin films cast on PET film, the molecules' orientation with respect to the surface plane can be determined, providing access to sample morphology on a microscopic scale. Surprisingly, the conjugated polymer investigated here, a promising material for organic photovoltaics, exhibits ordering even in bulk samples. Orientation effects may significantly influence the efficiency of solar cells, thus rendering proper control of sample morphology highly important.
Spatially resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy on friction stir weld induced defects
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hain, Karin; Hugenschmidt, Christoph; Pikart, Philip; Böni, Peter
A friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloy sample was investigated by Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of the positron annihilation line. The spatially resolved defect distribution showed that the material in the joint zone becomes completely annealed during the welding process at the shoulder of the FSW tool, whereas at the tip, annealing is prevailed by the deterioration of the material due to the tool movement. This might be responsible for the increased probability of cracking in the heat affected zone of friction stir welds. Examination of a material pairing of steel S235 and the Al alloy Silafont36 by coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS) indicates the formation of annealed steel clusters in the Al alloy component of the sample. The clear visibility of Fe in the CDB spectra is explained by the very efficient trapping at the interface between steel cluster and bulk.
Spatially resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy on friction stir weld induced defects
Hain, Karin; Hugenschmidt, Christoph; Pikart, Philip; Böni, Peter
A friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloy sample was investigated by Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of the positron annihilation line. The spatially resolved defect distribution showed that the material in the joint zone becomes completely annealed during the welding process at the shoulder of the FSW tool, whereas at the tip, annealing is prevailed by the deterioration of the material due to the tool movement. This might be responsible for the increased probability of cracking in the heat affected zone of friction stir welds. Examination of a material pairing of steel S235 and the Al alloy Silafont36 by coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS) indicates the formation of annealed steel clusters in the Al alloy component of the sample. The clear visibility of Fe in the CDB spectra is explained by the very efficient trapping at the interface between steel cluster and bulk. PMID:27877329
Spatially resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy on friction stir weld induced defects.
Hain, Karin; Hugenschmidt, Christoph; Pikart, Philip; Böni, Peter
A friction stir welded (FSW) Al alloy sample was investigated by Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of the positron annihilation line. The spatially resolved defect distribution showed that the material in the joint zone becomes completely annealed during the welding process at the shoulder of the FSW tool, whereas at the tip, annealing is prevailed by the deterioration of the material due to the tool movement. This might be responsible for the increased probability of cracking in the heat affected zone of friction stir welds. Examination of a material pairing of steel S235 and the Al alloy Silafont36 by coincident Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS) indicates the formation of annealed steel clusters in the Al alloy component of the sample. The clear visibility of Fe in the CDB spectra is explained by the very efficient trapping at the interface between steel cluster and bulk.
ULTRAFAST CHEMISTRY: Using Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy for Interrogation of Structural Dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nibbering, Erik T. J.; Fidder, Henk; Pines, Ehud
Time-resolved infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy elucidates molecular structure evolution during ultrafast chemical reactions. Following vibrational marker modes in real time provides direct insight into the structural dynamics, as is evidenced in studies on intramolecular hydrogen transfer, bimolecular proton transfer, electron transfer, hydrogen bonding during solvation dynamics, bond fission in organometallic compounds and heme proteins, cis-trans isomerization in retinal proteins, and transformations in photochromic switch pairs. Femtosecond IR spectroscopy monitors the site-specific interactions in hydrogen bonds. Conversion between excited electronic states can be followed for intramolecular electron transfer by inspection of the fingerprint IR- or Raman-active vibrations in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. Excess internal vibrational energy, generated either by optical excitation or by internal conversion from the electronic excited state to the ground state, is observable through transient frequency shifts of IR-active vibrations and through nonequilibrium populations as deduced by Raman resonances.
Multiple spatially resolved reflection spectroscopy for in vivo determination of carotenoids in human skin and blood
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Darvin, Maxim E.; Magnussen, Björn; Lademann, Juergen; Köcher, Wolfgang
Non-invasive measurement of carotenoid antioxidants in human skin is one of the important tasks to investigate the skin physiology in vivo. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and reflection spectroscopy are the most frequently used non-invasive techniques in dermatology and skin physiology. In the present study, an improved method based on multiple spatially resolved reflection spectroscopy (MSRRS) was introduced. The results obtained were compared with those obtained using the 'gold standard' resonance Raman spectroscopy method and showed strong correlations for the total carotenoid concentration (R = 0.83) as well as for lycopene (R = 0.80). The measurement stability was confirmed to be better than 10% within the total temperature range from 5 °C to + 30 °C and pressure contact between the skin and the MSRRS sensor from 800 Pa to 18 000 Pa. In addition, blood samples taken from the subjects were analyzed for carotenoid concentrations. The MSRRS sensor was calibrated on the blood carotenoid concentrations resulting in being able to predict with a correlation of R = 0.79. On the basis of blood carotenoids it could be demonstrated that the MSRRS cutaneous measurements are not influenced by Fitzpatrick skin types I-VI. The MSRRS sensor is commercially available under the brand name biozoom.
Dual time-resolved temperature-jump fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy for the study of fast protein dynamics.
Davis, Caitlin M; Reddish, Michael J; Dyer, R Brian
Time-resolved temperature-jump (T-jump) coupled with fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for monitoring protein dynamics. Although IR spectroscopy of the polypeptide amide I mode is more technically challenging, it offers complementary information because it directly probes changes in the protein backbone, whereas, fluorescence spectroscopy is sensitive to the environment of specific side chains. With the advent of widely tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCL) it is possible to efficiently probe multiple IR frequencies with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Here we describe a dual time-resolved T-jump fluorescence and IR spectrometer and its application to study protein folding dynamics. A Q-switched Ho:YAG laser provides the T-jump source for both time-resolved IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, which are probed by a QCL and Ti:Sapphire laser, respectively. The Ho:YAG laser simultaneously pumps the time-resolved IR and fluorescence spectrometers. The instrument has high sensitivity, with an IR absorbance detection limit of <0.2mOD and a fluorescence sensitivity of 2% of the overall fluorescence intensity. Using a computer controlled QCL to rapidly tune the IR frequency it is possible to create a T-jump induced difference spectrum from 50ns to 0.5ms. This study demonstrates the power of the dual time-resolved T-jump fluorescence and IR spectroscopy to resolve complex folding mechanisms by complementary IR absorbance and fluorescence measurements of protein dynamics.
Efficiency estimates and practical aspects of an optical Kerr gate for time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dmitruk, I.; Shynkarenko, Ye; Dmytruk, A.; Aleksiuk, D.; Kadan, V.; Korenyuk, P.; Zubrilin, N.; Blonskiy, I.
We report experience of assembling an optical Kerr gate setup at the Femtosecond Laser Center for collective use at the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. This offers an inexpensive solution to the problem of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. Practical aspects of its design and alignment are discussed and its main characteristics are evaluated. Theoretical analysis and numerical estimates are performed to evaluate the efficiency and the response time of an optical Kerr gate setup for fluorescence spectroscopy with subpicosecond time resolution. The theoretically calculated efficiency is compared with the experimentally measured one of ~12% for Crown 5 glass and ~2% for fused silica. Other characteristics of the Kerr gate are analyzed and ways to improve them are discussed. A method of compensation for the refractive index dispersion in a Kerr gate medium is suggested. Examples of the application of the optical Kerr gate setup for measurements of the time-resolved luminescence of Astra Phloxine and Coumarin 30 dyes and both linear and nonlinear chirp parameters of a supercontinuum are presented.
Resolving the band structure of topological insulators and point-contact spectroscopy analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shibayev, Pavel
This study concerns a comprehensive quantitative analysis of topological insulators (TIs), a new quantum state of matter, namely Bi2Se3. The first stage is observing the proximity-induced superconductivity effect via point-contact spectroscopy (PCS). Differential conductance of the superconducting NbSe2 crystal was measured at approximately 4 K, cooled with liquid helium. Through the analysis of I-V characteristics, it was possible to observe an expected behavior of differential conductance for voltages higher than 1 mV, and the ongoing work is to observe this effect at lower voltage. Subsequently, this method will be used to induce superconductivity in Bi2Se3 by combining it with NbSe2. The second stage is a first-principles calculation of band structure of the TI crystal based on the density functional theory, DFT, performed on Bi2Se3 using the ABINIT program. The third stage is resolving the band structure of the crystal via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) at a synchrotron facility and comparing with the above calculation. It is expected to be completed in February 2014. Group led by Professor Zahid Hasan.
Cofactor-specific photochemical function resolved by ultrafast spectroscopy in photosynthetic reaction center crystals.
Huang, Libai; Ponomarenko, Nina; Wiederrecht, Gary P; Tiede, David M
High-resolution mapping of cofactor-specific photochemistry in photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was achieved by polarization selective ultrafast spectroscopy in single crystals at cryogenic temperature. By exploiting the fixed orientation of cofactors within crystals, we isolated a single transition within the multicofactor manifold, and elucidated the site-specific photochemical functions of the cofactors associated with the symmetry-related active A and inactive B branches. Transient spectra associated with the initial excited states were found to involve a set of cofactors that differ depending upon whether the monomeric bacteriochlorophylls, BChl(A), BChl(B), or the special pair bacteriochlorophyll dimer, P, was chosen for excitation. Proceeding from these initial excited states, characteristic photochemical functions were resolved. Specifically, our measurements provide direct evidence for an alternative charge separation pathway initiated by excitation of BChl(A) that does not involve P*. Conversely, the initial excited state produced by excitation of BChl(B) was found to decay by energy transfer to P. A clear sequential kinetic resolution of BChl(A) and the A-side bacteriopheophytin, BPh(A), in the electron transfer proceeding from P* was achieved. These experiments demonstrate the opportunity to resolve photochemical function of individual cofactors within the multicofactor RC complexes using single crystal spectroscopy.
The analysis of time-resolved optical waveguide absorption spectroscopy based on positive matrix factorization.
Liu, Ping; Li, Zhu; Li, Bo; Shi, Guolong; Li, Minqiang; Yu, Daoyang; Liu, Jinhuai
Time-resolved optical waveguide absorption spectroscopy (OWAS) makes use of an evanescent field to detect the polarized absorption spectra of sub-monomolecular adlayers. This technique is suitable for the investigation of kinetics at the solid/liquid interface of dyes, pigments, fluorescent molecules, quantum dots, metallic nanoparticles, and proteins with chromophores. In this work, we demonstrate the application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to analyze time-resolved OWAS for the first time. Meanwhile, PCA is researched to compare with PMF. The absorption/desorption kinetics of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) onto a hydrophilic glass surface and the dynamic process of Meisenheimer complex between Cysteine and TNT are selected as samples to verify experimental system and analytical methods. The results are shown that time-resolved OWAS can well record the absorption/desorption of R6G onto a hydrophilic glass surface and the dynamic formation process of Meisenheimer complexes. The feature of OWAS extracted by PMF is dynamic and consistent with the results analyzed by the traditional function of time/wavelength-absorbance. Moreover, PMF prevents the negative factors from occurring, avoids contradicting physical reality, and makes factors more easily interpretable. Therefore, we believe that PMF will provide a valuable analysis route to allow processing of increasingly large and complex data sets.
Frame-Transfer Gating Raman Spectroscopy for Time-Resolved Multiscalar Combustion Diagnostics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nguyen, Quang-Viet; Fischer, David G.; Kojima, Jun
Accurate experimental measurement of spatially and temporally resolved variations in chemical composition (species concentrations) and temperature in turbulent flames is vital for characterizing the complex phenomena occurring in most practical combustion systems. These diagnostic measurements are called multiscalar because they are capable of acquiring multiple scalar quantities simultaneously. Multiscalar diagnostics also play a critical role in the area of computational code validation. In order to improve the design of combustion devices, computational codes for modeling turbulent combustion are often used to speed up and optimize the development process. The experimental validation of these codes is a critical step in accepting their predictions for engine performance in the absence of cost-prohibitive testing. One of the most critical aspects of setting up a time-resolved stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) diagnostic system is the temporal optical gating scheme. A short optical gate is necessary in order for weak SRS signals to be detected with a good signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of strong background optical emissions. This time-synchronized optical gating is a classical problem even to other spectroscopic techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Traditionally, experimenters have had basically two options for gating: (1) an electronic means of gating using an image intensifier before the charge-coupled-device (CCD), or (2) a mechanical optical shutter (a rotary chopper/mechanical shutter combination). A new diagnostic technology has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center that utilizes a frame-transfer CCD sensor, in conjunction with a pulsed laser and multiplex optical fiber collection, to realize time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of turbulent flames that is free from optical background noise (interference). The technology permits not only shorter temporal optical gating (down
Quantifying the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy.
Verdecchia, Kyle; Diop, Mamadou; Lee, Ting-Yim; St Lawrence, Keith
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to ischemic brain injury; consequently, continuous bedside monitoring to detect ischemia before irreversible damage occurs would improve patient outcome. In addition to monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), assessing the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) would be beneficial considering that metabolic thresholds can be used to evaluate tissue viability. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that changes in absolute CMRO2 could be measured by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) with time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS). Absolute CBF was determined using bolus-tracking TR-NIRS to calibrate the DCS measurements. Cerebral venous blood oxygenation (SvO2) was determined by multiwavelength TR-NIRS measurements, the accuracy of which was assessed by directly measuring the oxygenation of sagittal sinus blood. In eight newborn piglets, CMRO2 was manipulated by varying the anesthetics and by injecting sodium cyanide. No significant differences were found between the two sets of SvO2 measurements obtained by TR-NIRS or sagittal sinus blood samples and the corresponding CMRO2 measurements. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean CMRO2 difference of 0.0268 ± 0.8340 mLO2/100 g/min between the two techniques over a range from 0.3 to 4 mL O2/100 g/min.
Quantifying the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Verdecchia, Kyle; Diop, Mamadou; Lee, Ting-Yim; St. Lawrence, Keith
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to ischemic brain injury; consequently, continuous bedside monitoring to detect ischemia before irreversible damage occurs would improve patient outcome. In addition to monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), assessing the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) would be beneficial considering that metabolic thresholds can be used to evaluate tissue viability. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that changes in absolute CMRO2 could be measured by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) with time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS). Absolute CBF was determined using bolus-tracking TR-NIRS to calibrate the DCS measurements. Cerebral venous blood oxygenation (SvO2) was determined by multiwavelength TR-NIRS measurements, the accuracy of which was assessed by directly measuring the oxygenation of sagittal sinus blood. In eight newborn piglets, CMRO2 was manipulated by varying the anesthetics and by injecting sodium cyanide. No significant differences were found between the two sets of SvO2 measurements obtained by TR-NIRS or sagittal sinus blood samples and the corresponding CMRO2 measurements. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean CMRO2 difference of 0.0268±0.8340 mL O2/100 g/min between the two techniques over a range from 0.3 to 4 mL O2/100 g/min.
Accessing Phonon Polaritons in Hyperbolic Crystals by Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.
Tomadin, Andrea; Principi, Alessandro; Song, Justin C W; Levitov, Leonid S; Polini, Marco
Recently studied hyperbolic materials host unique phonon-polariton (PP) modes. The ultrashort wavelengths of these modes, as well as their low damping, hold promise for extreme subdiffraction nanophotonics schemes. Polar hyperbolic materials such as hexagonal boron nitride can be used to realize long-range coupling between PP modes and extraneous charge degrees of freedom. The latter, in turn, can be used to control and probe PP modes. Here we analyze coupling between PP modes and plasmons in an adjacent graphene sheet, which opens the door to accessing PP modes by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). A rich structure in the graphene ARPES spectrum due to PP modes is predicted, providing a new probe of PP modes and their coupling to graphene plasmons.
Angle resolved photo-emission spectroscopy signature of the resonant excitonic state
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Montiel, X.; Kloss, T.; Pépin, C.
We calculate the angle resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES) signature of the resonant excitonic state (RES) that was proposed as the pseudo-gap state of cuprate superconductors (Kloss T. et al., arXiv:1510.03038 (2015)). This new state can be described as a set of excitonic (particle-hole) patches with an internal checkerboard modulation. Here, we modelize the RES as a charge order with 2\\textbf{p}F wave vectors, where 2\\textbf{p}F is the ordering vector connecting two opposite sides of the Fermi surface. We calculate the spectral weight and the density of states in the RES and we find that our model correctly reproduces the opening of the PG in Bi-2201.
Lasing dynamics study by femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wei, Dang; Qing, Liao; Peng-Cheng, Mao; Hong-Bing, Fu; Yu-Xiang, Weng
Femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy (FNOPAS) is a versatile technique with advantages of high sensitivity, broad detection bandwidth, and intrinsic spectrum correction function. These advantages should benefit the study of coherent emission, such as measurement of lasing dynamics. In this letter, the FNOPAS was used to trace the lasing process in Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solution and organic semiconductor nano-wires. High-quality transient emission spectra and lasing dynamic traces were acquired, which demonstrates the applicability of FNOPAS in the study of lasing dynamics. Our work extends the application scope of the FNOPAS technique. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20925313 and 21503066), the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJCX2-YW-W25), the Postdoctoral Project of Hebei University, China, and the Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Baoding City, China (Grant No. 15ZG029).
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for clinical diagnosis of actinic cheilitis
Cosci, Alessandro; Nogueira, Marcelo Saito; Pratavieira, Sebastião; Takahama, Ademar; Azevedo, Rebeca de Souza; Kurachi, Cristina
Actinic cheilitis is a potentially malignant disorder of the lips. Its first cause is believed to be UV sun radiation. The lesion is highly heterogeneous, making the choice of area to be biopsied difficult. This study exploits the capabilities of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the identification of the most representative area to be biopsied. A preliminary study was performed on fourteen patients. A classification algorithm was used on data acquired on nine different biopsies. The algorithm discriminated between absent, mild, and moderate dysplasia with a sensitivity of 92.9%, 90.0%, and 80.0%, respectively. The false positive rate for healthy tissue (specificity) was 88.8%. PMID:27867726
Resonant interaction between two Cu quantum wells investigated by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wu, Y. Z.; Won, C.; Rotenberg, E.; Zhao, H. W.; Xue, Qi-Kun; Kim, W.; Owens, T. L.; Smith, N. V.; Qiu, Z. Q.
Double quantum wells (QWs) of Cu thin films were investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The thickness ratio of the two Cu QW films was chosen to be 1:1 and 2:1 to purposely group the QW states of the two Cu films into degenerate and nondegenerate states. The energy spectra of the valence band show that only the degenerate QW states interact resonantly to split each degenerate state into two separate states. Furthermore, by investigating the interaction of two Cu films across a Ni/Cu [14 monolayer (ML)]/Ni QW, we show clearly that resonant splitting occurs at the quantized energy levels of the middle 14 ML Cu QW film.
Time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for chemical kinetics.
Sheps, Leonid; Chandler, David W.
Experimental measurements of elementary reaction rate coefficients and product branching ratios are essential to our understanding of many fundamentally important processes in Combustion Chemistry. However, such measurements are often impossible because of a lack of adequate detection techniques. Some of the largest gaps in our knowledge concern some of the most important radical species, because their short lifetimes and low steady-state concentrations make them particularly difficult to detect. To address this challenge, we propose a novel general detection method for gas-phase chemical kinetics: time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TR-BB-CEAS). This all-optical, non-intrusive, multiplexed method enables sensitive direct probing of transient reaction intermediates in a simple, inexpensive, and robust experimental package.
Vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy with time-dependent density functional based tight binding.
Rüger, Robert; Niehaus, Thomas; van Lenthe, Erik; Heine, Thomas; Visscher, Lucas
We report a time-dependent density functional based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) scheme for the calculation of UV/Vis spectra, explicitly taking into account the excitation of nuclear vibrations via the adiabatic Hessian Franck-Condon method with a harmonic approximation for the nuclear wavefunction. The theory of vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy is first summarized from the viewpoint of TD-DFTB. The method is benchmarked against time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations for strongly dipole allowed excitations in various aromatic and polar molecules. Using the recent 3ob:freq parameter set of Elstner's group, very good agreement with TD-DFT calculations using local functionals was achieved.
Substrate interactions with suspended and supported monolayer MoS2: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Jin, Wencan; Yeh, Po -Chun; Zaki, Nader; ...
We report the directly measured electronic structure of exfoliated monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) using micrometer-scale angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Measurements of both suspended and supported monolayer MoS₂ elucidate the effects of interaction with a substrate. Thus, a suggested relaxation of the in-plane lattice constant is found for both suspended and supported monolayer MoS₂ crystals. For suspended MoS₂, a careful investigation of the measured uppermost valence band gives an effective mass at Γ¯ and Κ¯ of 2.00m₀ and 0.43m₀, respectively. We also measure an increase in the band linewidth from the midpoint of Γ¯Κ¯ to the vicinity of Κ¯ and briefly discussmore » its possible origin.« less
Spatially resolved spectroscopy analysis of the XMM-Newton large program on SN1006
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Jiang-Tao; Decourchelle, Anne; Miceli, Marco; Vink, Jacco; Bocchino, Fabrizio
We perform analysis of the XMM-Newton large program on SN1006 based on our newly developed methods of spatially resolved spectroscopy analysis. We extract spectra from low and high resolution meshes. The former (3596 meshes) is used to roughly decompose the thermal and non-thermal components and characterize the spatial distributions of different parameters, such as temperature, abundances of different elements, ionization age, and electron density of the thermal component, as well as photon index and cutoff frequency of the non-thermal component. On the other hand, the low resolution meshes (583 meshes) focus on the interior region dominated by the thermal emission and have enough counts to well characterize the Si lines. We fit the spectra from the low resolution meshes with different models, in order to decompose the multiple plasma components at different thermal and ionization states and compare their spatial distributions. In this poster, we will present the initial results of this project.
The Fossil Record of Black Hole Seeds, with Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Trump, Jonathan R.; CANDELS, 3D-HST
I will present the first robust measurement of black hole occupation over a wide range of host galaxy mass (8
Development of Micron-Resolved Electron Spectroscopy to Study Organic Thin Films in Real Devices
Wang, C.-H.; Fan, L.-J.; Yang, Y.-W.; Su, J.-W.; Chan, S.-W.; Chen, M.-C.
A straightforward application of an electron energy analyzer equipped with an image detector to micron-resolved electron spectroscopic studies of organic thin film devices is reported. The electron spectroscopies implemented include synchrotron-based UPS, XPS, and Auger yield NEXAFS. Along the non-energy-dispersion direction of the analyzer, a spatial resolution of {approx}40 {mu}m is obtained through the employment of entrance slits, electrostatic lenses and segmented CCD detector. One significant benefit offered by the technique is that the electronic transport and electronic structure of the same micron-sized sample can be directly examined. The example illustrated is a top-contact organic field effect transistor (OFET) fabricated from semiconducting triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene and gold electrodes. It is found that an extensive out-diffusion of gold atoms to adjacent conduction channels takes place, presumably due to the inability of soft organic materials in dissipating the excess energy with which gaseous Au atoms possess.
Imaging buried organic islands by spatially resolved ballistic electron emission spectroscopy.
Goh, Kuan Eng J; Bannani, A; Troadec, C
The well-known Au/n-Si(111) Schottky interface is modified by a discontinuous pentacene film (∼1.5 nm thick) and studied using spatially resolved ballistic electron emission spectroscopy (BEES). The pentacene film introduced subtle changes to the interface which cannot be definitively detected by current-voltage measurements or a standard BEES analysis of the barrier height. In contrast, analyzing the BEES results in a dual-parameter (transmission attenuation and barrier height) space allows the effect of the pentacene film on the Au/n-Si(111) interface to be clearly demonstrated. We found that the pentacene film behaves like a tunneling barrier and increases the distribution of local barrier heights with a tendency toward lower values. Our results highlight the potential of the dual-parameter BEES analysis for understanding local interface modification by molecules.
A high-order harmonic generation apparatus for time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Frietsch, B.; Gahl, C.; Teichmann, M.; Weinelt, M.; Carley, R.; Döbrich, K.; Schwarzkopf, O.; Wernet, Ph.
We present a table top setup for time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate band structure dynamics of correlated materials driven far from equilibrium by femtosecond laser pulse excitation. With the electron-phonon equilibration time being in the order of 1–2 ps it is necessary to achieve sub-picosecond time resolution. Few techniques provide both the necessary time and energy resolution to map non-equilibrium states of the band structure. Laser-driven high-order harmonic generation is such a technique. In our experiment, a grating monochromator delivers tunable photon energies up to 40 eV. A photon energy bandwidth of 150 meV and a pulse duration of 100 fs FWHM allow us to cover the k-space necessary to map valence bands at different k{sub z} and detect outer core states.
Orientation-resolved domain mapping in tetragonal SrTiO3 using polarized Raman spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gray, Dodd J.; Merz, Tyler A.; Hikita, Yasuyuki; Hwang, Harold Y.; Mabuchi, Hideo
We present microscopically resolved, polarized spectroscopy of Raman scattering collected from tetragonal SrTiO3. The anisotropic response of first-order Raman peaks within a single tetragonal domain has been measured. From these data, we assign symmetries to the phonons seen in the first-order Raman spectrum which is normally complicated by uncontrolled domain structure. Using a translation stage, we map the local domain orientation of a 3 -μ m3 crystal volume near the laser focus and compare it to wide-field polarized images. This technique can be performed with readily available instruments and is relevant to the study of a wide range of related materials, interfaces, and devices.
Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy with a water window high-harmonic source
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pertot, Yoann; Schmidt, Cédric; Matthews, Mary; Chauvet, Adrien; Huppert, Martin; Svoboda, Vit; von Conta, Aaron; Tehlar, Andres; Baykusheva, Denitsa; Wolf, Jean-Pierre; Wörner, Hans Jakob
Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) has so far practically been limited to large-scale facilities, to subpicosecond temporal resolution, and to the condensed phase. We report the realization of TR-XAS with a temporal resolution in the low femtosecond range by developing a tabletop high-harmonic source reaching up to 350 electron volts, thus partially covering the spectral region of 280 to 530 electron volts, where water is transmissive. We used this source to follow previously unexamined light-induced chemical reactions in the lowest electronic states of isolated CF4+ and SF6+ molecules in the gas phase. By probing element-specific core-to-valence transitions at the carbon K-edge or the sulfur L-edges, we characterized their reaction paths and observed the effect of symmetry breaking through the splitting of absorption bands and Rydberg-valence mixing induced by the geometry changes.
Muscle oxygenation during exercise under hypoxic conditions assessed by spatially resolved broadband NIR spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Geraskin, Dmitri; Platen, Petra; Franke, Julia; Andre, Christiane; Bloch, Wilhelm; Kohl-Bareis, Matthias
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used for the non-invasive measurement of muscle oxygenation during an incremental cycle test in healthy volunteers. A broad band spatially resolved system is used that allows the reliability of current algorithms to be inspected with the main emphasis on tissue oxygen saturation (SO2) and oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentrations. Physiological conditions were modulated by changing oxygen supply from normal (21 % O2 in inspired air) to conditions corresponding to 2000 and 4000 m altitude above sea level (15.4 and 11.9 % O2). Under these hypoxic conditions the decrease in SO2 with increased exercise power is highly correlated with the oxygen content of the inspired air. There is a clear correlation with physiological parameters (heart rate, pulse oxymetry, blood gas, lactate, spirometric data). Skin oxygenation parameters are compared to those of muscle.
Two-dimensional space-resolved emission spectroscopy of laser ablation plasma in water
Matsumoto, Ayumu; Tamura, Ayaka; Fukami, Kazuhiro; Ogata, Yukio H.; Sakka, Tetsuo
We developed a method for two-dimensional space-resolved emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma in water to investigate the spatial distribution of atomic species involved in the plasma. Using this method, the laser ablation plasma produced on a Cu target in 5 mM NaCl aqueous solution was examined. The emission spectrum varied considerably depending on the detecting position. The temperature and the atomic density ratio N{sub Na}/N{sub Cu} at various detecting positions were evaluated by fitting emission spectra to a theoretical model based on the Boltzmann distribution. We are successful in observing even a small difference between the distributions of the plasma parameters along the directions vertical and horizontal to the surface. The present approach gives direct information for sound understanding of the behavior of laser ablation plasma produced on a solid surface in water.
Vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy with time-dependent density functional based tight binding
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rüger, Robert; Niehaus, Thomas; van Lenthe, Erik; Heine, Thomas; Visscher, Lucas
We report a time-dependent density functional based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) scheme for the calculation of UV/Vis spectra, explicitly taking into account the excitation of nuclear vibrations via the adiabatic Hessian Franck-Condon method with a harmonic approximation for the nuclear wavefunction. The theory of vibrationally resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy is first summarized from the viewpoint of TD-DFTB. The method is benchmarked against time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations for strongly dipole allowed excitations in various aromatic and polar molecules. Using the recent 3ob:freq parameter set of Elstner's group, very good agreement with TD-DFT calculations using local functionals was achieved.
Femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy using sub-7-fs pulses: Apparatus and applications.
Kuramochi, Hikaru; Takeuchi, Satoshi; Tahara, Tahei
We describe details of the setup for time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy (TR-ISRS). In this method, snapshot molecular vibrational spectra of the photoreaction transients are captured via time-domain Raman probing using ultrashort pulses. Our instrument features transform-limited sub-7-fs pulses to impulsively excite and probe coherent nuclear wavepacket motions, allowing us to observe vibrational fingerprints of transient species from the terahertz to 3000-cm(-1) region with high sensitivity. Key optical components for the best spectroscopic performance are discussed. The TR-ISRS measurements for the excited states of diphenylacetylene in cyclohexane are demonstrated, highlighting the capability of our setup to track femtosecond dynamics of all the Raman-active fundamental molecular vibrations.
Femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy using sub-7-fs pulses: Apparatus and applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kuramochi, Hikaru; Takeuchi, Satoshi; Tahara, Tahei
We describe details of the setup for time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy (TR-ISRS). In this method, snapshot molecular vibrational spectra of the photoreaction transients are captured via time-domain Raman probing using ultrashort pulses. Our instrument features transform-limited sub-7-fs pulses to impulsively excite and probe coherent nuclear wavepacket motions, allowing us to observe vibrational fingerprints of transient species from the terahertz to 3000-cm-1 region with high sensitivity. Key optical components for the best spectroscopic performance are discussed. The TR-ISRS measurements for the excited states of diphenylacetylene in cyclohexane are demonstrated, highlighting the capability of our setup to track femtosecond dynamics of all the Raman-active fundamental molecular vibrations.
Imaging buried organic islands by spatially resolved ballistic electron emission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Goh, Kuan Eng J.; Bannani, A.; Troadec, C.
The well-known Au/n-Si(111) Schottky interface is modified by a discontinuous pentacene film (~1.5 nm thick) and studied using spatially resolved ballistic electron emission spectroscopy (BEES). The pentacene film introduced subtle changes to the interface which cannot be definitively detected by current-voltage measurements or a standard BEES analysis of the barrier height. In contrast, analyzing the BEES results in a dual-parameter (transmission attenuation and barrier height) space allows the effect of the pentacene film on the Au/n-Si(111) interface to be clearly demonstrated. We found that the pentacene film behaves like a tunneling barrier and increases the distribution of local barrier heights with a tendency toward lower values. Our results highlight the potential of the dual-parameter BEES analysis for understanding local interface modification by molecules.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water at 29.5 eV
Nishitani, Junichi; West, Christopher W.; Suzuki, Toshinori
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water was performed using extreme ultraviolet radiation at 29.5 eV and a time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer. SiC/Mg coated mirrors were employed to select the single-order 19th harmonic from laser high harmonics, which provided a constant photon flux for different laser polarizations. The instrument was tested by measuring photoemission anisotropy for rare gases and water molecules and applied to a microjet of an aqueous NaI solution. The solute concentration was adjusted to eliminate an electric field gradient around the microjet. The observed photoelectron spectra were analyzed considering contributions from liquid water, water vapor, and an isotropic background. The anisotropy parameters of the valence bands (1b1, 3a1, and 1b2) of liquid water are considerably smaller than those of gaseous water, which is primarily attributed to electron scattering in liquid water.
Fluorescence Instrument Response Standards in Two-Photon Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
We studied the fluorescence properties of several potential picosecond lifetime standards suitable for two-photon excitation from a Ti : sapphire femtosecond laser. The fluorescence emission of the selected fluorophores (rose bengal, pyridine 1, and LDS 798) covered the visible to near-infrared wavelength range from 550 to 850 nm. We suggest that these compounds can be used to measure the appropriate instrument response functions needed for accurate deconvolution of fluorescence lifetime data. Lifetime measurements with multiphoton excitation that use scatterers as a reference may fail to properly resolve fluorescence intensity decays. This is because of the different sensitivities of photodetectors in different spectral regions. Also, detectors often lose sensitivity in the near-infrared region. We demonstrate that the proposed references allow a proper reconvolution of measured lifetimes. We believe that picosecond lifetime standards for two-photon excitation will find broad applications in multiphoton spectroscopy and in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). PMID:20719056
Preparation of layered thin film samples for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Harrison, S. E.; Zhou, B.; Huo, Y.; Harris, J. S.; Pushp, A.; Kellock, A. J.; Parkin, S. S. P.; Chen, Y.; Hesjedal, T.
Materials with layered van der Waals crystal structures are exciting research topics in condensed matter physics and materials science due to outstanding physical properties associated with their strong two dimensional nature. Prominent examples include bismuth tritelluride and triselenide topological insulators (TIs), which are characterized by a bulk bandgap and pairwise counter-propagating spin-polarized electronic surface states. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of ex-situ grown thin film samples has been limited by the lack of suitable surface preparation techniques. We demonstrate the shortcomings of previously successful conventional surface preparation techniques when applied to ternary TI systems which are susceptible to severe oxidation. We show that in-situ cleaving is a simple and effective technique for preparation of clean surfaces on ex-situ grown thin films for high quality ARPES measurements. The method presented here is universally applicable to other layered van der Waals systems as well.
Angularly resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of PTFE after prolonged space exposure
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dalins, I.; Karimi, M.
Monochromatized angularly resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) was used to study PTFE (Teflon) that had been exposed to an earth orbital environment for approximately six years. The primary interest of the research is on a very reactive component of this environment (atomic oxygen) which, because of the typical orbital velocities of a spacecraft, impinge on exposed surfaces with 5 eV energy. This presentation deals with the method of analysis, the findings as they pertain to a rather complex carbon, oxygen, and fluorine XPS peak analysis, and the character of the valence bands. An improved bias referencing method, based on ARXPS, is also demonstrated for evaluating specimen charging effects. It was found that the polymer molecule tends to resist the atomic oxygen attack by reorienting itself, so that the most electronegative CF3 groups are facing the incoming hyperthermal oxygen atoms. The implications of these findings to ground-based laboratory studies are discussed.
Electron Temperature Measurement of Buried Layer Targets Using Time Resolved K-shell Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marley, Edward; Foord, M. E.; Shepherd, R.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Brown, G.; Chen, H.; Emig, J.; Schneider, M.; Widmann, K.; Scott, H.; London, R.; Martin, M.; Wilson, B.; Iglesias, C.; Mauche, C.; Whitley, H.; Nilsen, J.; Hoarty, D.; James, S.; Brown, C. R. D.; Hill, M.; Allan, P.; Hobbs, L.
Short pulse laser-heated buried layer experiments have been performed with the goal of creating plasmas with mass densities >= 1 g/cm3 and electron temperatures >= 500 eV. The buried layer geometry has the advantage of rapid energy deposition before significant hydrodynamic expansion occurs. For brief periods (< 40 ps) this provides a low gradient, high density platform for studying emission characteristics under extreme plasma conditions. A study of plasma conditions achievable using the Orion laser facility has been performed. Time resolved K-shell spectroscopy was used to determine the temperature evolution of buried layer aluminum foil targets. The measured evolution is compared to a 2-D PIC simulation done using LSP, which shows late time heating from the non-thermal electron population. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: An Exact Condition
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fuks, Johanna I.; Luo, Kai; Sandoval, Ernesto D.; Maitra, Neepa T.
A fundamental property of a quantum system driven by an external field is that when the field is turned off the positions of its response frequencies are independent of the time at which the field is turned off. We show that this leads to an exact condition for the exchange-correlation potential of time-dependent density functional theory. The Kohn-Sham potential typically continues to evolve after the field is turned off, which leads to time dependence in the response frequencies of the Kohn-Sham response function. The exchange-correlation kernel must cancel out this time dependence. The condition is typically violated by approximations currently in use, as we demonstrate by several examples, which has severe consequences for their predictions of time-resolved spectroscopy.
Rotationally resolved IR spectroscopy of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) C6N4H12
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pirali, O.; Boudon, V.; Carrasco, N.; Dartois, E.
Context. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) appears to be a potential constituent of several objects in space, including comets or Titan's atmosphere and, as an organic residue of ice irradiation in the laboratory, it may be present in the interstellar medium. Aims: We performed a laboratory study of rotationally resolved intense IR bands of HMT to provide accurate line positions and synthetic spectra to be used for potential astronomical detections. Methods: We used synchrotron-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to record the experimental data. A formalism and programs dedicated to the assignment, analysis, and simulation of absorption spectra of tetrahedral molecules were used to exploit the spectra. Results: Infrared spectra of gas phase HMT were recorded and accurate wavenumbers and molecular parameters for four intense bands located in the 1000-1500 cm-1 spectral range suitable for astronomical searches were derived.
Design and evaluation of a device for fast multispectral time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging
Yankelevich, Diego R.; Ma, Dinglong; Liu, Jing; Sun, Yang; Sun, Yinghua; Bec, Julien; Elson, Daniel S.; Marcu, Laura
The application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) to in vivo tissue diagnosis requires a method for fast acquisition of fluorescence decay profiles in multiple spectral bands. This study focusses on development of a clinically compatible fiber-optic based multispectral TRFS (ms-TRFS) system together with validation of its accuracy and precision for fluorescence lifetime measurements. It also presents the expansion of this technique into an imaging spectroscopy method. A tandem array of dichroic beamsplitters and filters was used to record TRFS decay profiles at four distinct spectral bands where biological tissue typically presents fluorescence emission maxima, namely, 390, 452, 542, and 629 nm. Each emission channel was temporally separated by using transmission delays through 200 μm diameter multimode optical fibers of 1, 10, 19, and 28 m lengths. A Laguerre-expansion deconvolution algorithm was used to compensate for modal dispersion inherent to large diameter optical fibers and the finite bandwidth of detectors and digitizers. The system was found to be highly efficient and fast requiring a few nano-Joule of laser pulse energy and <1 ms per point measurement, respectively, for the detection of tissue autofluorescent components. Organic and biological chromophores with lifetimes that spanned a 0.8–7 ns range were used for system validation, and the measured lifetimes from the organic fluorophores deviated by less than 10% from values reported in the literature. Multi-spectral lifetime images of organic dye solutions contained in glass capillary tubes were recorded by raster scanning the single fiber probe in a 2D plane to validate the system as an imaging tool. The lifetime measurement variability was measured indicating that the system provides reproducible results with a standard deviation smaller than 50 ps. The ms-TRFS is a compact apparatus that makes possible the fast, accurate, and precise multispectral time-resolved fluorescence
Field-resolved measurement of reaction-induced spectral densities by polarizability response spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moran, Andrew M.; Nome, Rene A.; Scherer, Norbert F.
The experimental design and theoretical description of a novel five-pulse laser spectroscopy is presented with an application to a pyridinium charge transfer complex in acetonitrile and methanol. In field-resolved polarizability response spectroscopy (PORS), an electronically resonant laser pulse first excites a solvated chromophore (reactant) and off-resonant Raman spectra of the resulting nuclear motions are measured as a function of the reaction time. The present apparatus differs from our earlier design by performing the Raman probe measurement (with fixed pulse delays) in the frequency domain. In addition, the full electric fields of the signals are measured by spectral interferometry to separate nonresonant and Raman responses. Our theoretical model shows how the PORS signal arises from nuclear motions that are displaced/driven by the photoinduced reaction. The field-resolved off-resonant (of the solute's electronic transitions) probing favors detection of solvent (as opposed to solute) dynamics coupled to the reaction. The sign of the signal represents the relative strengths of polarization responses associated with the ground and photoexcited solutions. Signatures of nonresonant and PORS signal contributions to the experimental results are analyzed with numerical calculations based on a theoretical model we have developed for reaction-induced PORS. Our model identifies two mechanisms of PORS signal generation: (i) structural relaxation induced resonance; (ii) dephasing induced resonance. In the charge transfer reaction investigated, the solvent-dependent and time-evolving (solvent) polarizability spectral density (PSD) is readily obtained. The general trend of an initial broadband inertial nuclear response followed by a decrease in the linewidth of the PSD establishes that the measured PSD is inconsistent with the approximation of a linear response. Furthermore, the explicit time evolution of the PSD is important for properly describing solvent control of
Design and evaluation of a device for fast multispectral time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging
Yankelevich, Diego R.; Ma, Dinglong; Liu, Jing; Sun, Yang; Sun, Yinghua; Bec, Julien; Marcu, Laura; Elson, Daniel S.
The application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) to in vivo tissue diagnosis requires a method for fast acquisition of fluorescence decay profiles in multiple spectral bands. This study focusses on development of a clinically compatible fiber-optic based multispectral TRFS (ms-TRFS) system together with validation of its accuracy and precision for fluorescence lifetime measurements. It also presents the expansion of this technique into an imaging spectroscopy method. A tandem array of dichroic beamsplitters and filters was used to record TRFS decay profiles at four distinct spectral bands where biological tissue typically presents fluorescence emission maxima, namely, 390, 452, 542, and 629 nm. Each emission channel was temporally separated by using transmission delays through 200 μm diameter multimode optical fibers of 1, 10, 19, and 28 m lengths. A Laguerre-expansion deconvolution algorithm was used to compensate for modal dispersion inherent to large diameter optical fibers and the finite bandwidth of detectors and digitizers. The system was found to be highly efficient and fast requiring a few nano-Joule of laser pulse energy and <1 ms per point measurement, respectively, for the detection of tissue autofluorescent components. Organic and biological chromophores with lifetimes that spanned a 0.8–7 ns range were used for system validation, and the measured lifetimes from the organic fluorophores deviated by less than 10% from values reported in the literature. Multi-spectral lifetime images of organic dye solutions contained in glass capillary tubes were recorded by raster scanning the single fiber probe in a 2D plane to validate the system as an imaging tool. The lifetime measurement variability was measured indicating that the system provides reproducible results with a standard deviation smaller than 50 ps. The ms-TRFS is a compact apparatus that makes possible the fast, accurate, and precise multispectral time-resolved fluorescence
Use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate diagnostic value of collagen degradation products.
Sikora, Joanna; Cyrankiewicz, Michał; Wybranowski, Tomasz; Ziomkowska, Blanka; Ośmiałowski, Borys; Obońska, Ewa; Augustyńska, Beata; Kruszewski, Stefan; Kubica, Jacek
The concentration of collagen degradation products (CDPs) may reflect the process of left ventricular remodeling (LVR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic usefulness of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) in assessment of CDPs. The preliminary experiment was designed to establish if CDPs' characteristics might be visible by mean fluorescence lifetime (FLT) in determined conditions. The in vitro model of CDPs was prepared by conducting the hydrolysis of type III collagen. The FLT of samples was measured by the time-resolved spectrometer Life Spec II with the subnanosecond pulsed 360-nm EPLED diode. The FLTs were obtained by deconvolution analysis of the data using a multiexponential model of fluorescence decay. In order to determine the limit of traceability of CDPs, a comparison of different collagen/plasma ratio in samples was performed. The results of our study showed that the increase of added plasma to hydrolyzed collagen extended the mean FLT. Thus, the diagnosis of LVR based on measurements using TRFS is possible. However, it is important to point out the experiment was preliminary and further investigation in this field of research is crucial.
Scanning photoelectron microscope for nanoscale three-dimensional spatial-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Horiba, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Nagamura, N.; Toyoda, S.; Kumigashira, H.; Oshima, M.; Amemiya, K.; Senba, Y.; Ohashi, H.
In order to achieve nondestructive observation of the three-dimensional spatially resolved electronic structure of solids, we have developed a scanning photoelectron microscope system with the capability of depth profiling in electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). We call this system 3D nano-ESCA. For focusing the x-ray, a Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 200 μm and an outermost zone width of 35 nm is used. In order to obtain the angular dependence of the photoelectron spectra for the depth-profile analysis without rotating the sample, we adopted a modified VG Scienta R3000 analyzer with an acceptance angle of 60° as a high-resolution angle-resolved electron spectrometer. The system has been installed at the University-of-Tokyo Materials Science Outstation beamline, BL07LSU, at SPring-8. From the results of the line-scan profiles of the poly-Si/high-k gate patterns, we achieved a total spatial resolution better than 70 nm. The capability of our system for pinpoint depth-profile analysis and high-resolution chemical state analysis is demonstrated.
Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals spin charge separation in metallic MoSe2 grain boundary
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ma, Yujing; Diaz, Horacio Coy; Avila, José; Chen, Chaoyu; Kalappattil, Vijaysankar; Das, Raja; Phan, Manh-Huong; Čadež, Tilen; Carmelo, José M. P.; Asensio, Maria C.; Batzill, Matthias
Material line defects are one-dimensional structures but the search and proof of electron behaviour consistent with the reduced dimension of such defects has been so far unsuccessful. Here we show using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy that twin-grain boundaries in the layered semiconductor MoSe2 exhibit parabolic metallic bands. The one-dimensional nature is evident from a charge density wave transition, whose periodicity is given by kF/π, consistent with scanning tunnelling microscopy and angle resolved photoemission measurements. Most importantly, we provide evidence for spin- and charge-separation, the hallmark of one-dimensional quantum liquids. Our studies show that the spectral line splits into distinctive spinon and holon excitations whose dispersions exactly follow the energy-momentum dependence calculated by a Hubbard model with suitable finite-range interactions. Our results also imply that quantum wires and junctions can be isolated in line defects of other transition metal dichalcogenides, which may enable quantum transport measurements and devices.
Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals spin charge separation in metallic MoSe2 grain boundary
Ma, Yujing; Diaz, Horacio Coy; Avila, José; Chen, Chaoyu; Kalappattil, Vijaysankar; Das, Raja; Phan, Manh-Huong; Čadež, Tilen; Carmelo, José M. P.; Asensio, Maria C.; Batzill, Matthias
Material line defects are one-dimensional structures but the search and proof of electron behaviour consistent with the reduced dimension of such defects has been so far unsuccessful. Here we show using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy that twin-grain boundaries in the layered semiconductor MoSe2 exhibit parabolic metallic bands. The one-dimensional nature is evident from a charge density wave transition, whose periodicity is given by kF/π, consistent with scanning tunnelling microscopy and angle resolved photoemission measurements. Most importantly, we provide evidence for spin- and charge-separation, the hallmark of one-dimensional quantum liquids. Our studies show that the spectral line splits into distinctive spinon and holon excitations whose dispersions exactly follow the energy-momentum dependence calculated by a Hubbard model with suitable finite-range interactions. Our results also imply that quantum wires and junctions can be isolated in line defects of other transition metal dichalcogenides, which may enable quantum transport measurements and devices. PMID:28165445
Scanning photoelectron microscope for nanoscale three-dimensional spatial-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
Horiba, K.; Oshima, M.; Nakamura, Y.; Nagamura, N.; Toyoda, S.; Kumigashira, H.; Amemiya, K.; Senba, Y.; Ohashi, H.
In order to achieve nondestructive observation of the three-dimensional spatially resolved electronic structure of solids, we have developed a scanning photoelectron microscope system with the capability of depth profiling in electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). We call this system 3D nano-ESCA. For focusing the x-ray, a Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 200 {mu}m and an outermost zone width of 35 nm is used. In order to obtain the angular dependence of the photoelectron spectra for the depth-profile analysis without rotating the sample, we adopted a modified VG Scienta R3000 analyzer with an acceptance angle of 60 deg. as a high-resolution angle-resolved electron spectrometer. The system has been installed at the University-of-Tokyo Materials Science Outstation beamline, BL07LSU, at SPring-8. From the results of the line-scan profiles of the poly-Si/high-k gate patterns, we achieved a total spatial resolution better than 70 nm. The capability of our system for pinpoint depth-profile analysis and high-resolution chemical state analysis is demonstrated.
Classical description of the dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy of nonadiabatic cis- trans photoisomerization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uspenskiy, Igor; Strodel, Birgit; Stock, Gerhard
The mapping formulation of nonadiabatic quantum dynamics is applied to obtain a classical description of the ultrafast dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy of a photochemical reaction. Adopting a previously studied dissipative two-state two-mode model of nonadiabatic cis-trans photoisomerization, classical mapping simulations are compared to quantum-mechanical reduced density matrix calculations. Overall, the simple classical method is found to reproduce the quantum reference calculations quite well. In particular, it is studied if the classical approach yields the correct long-time cis/trans localization of the wave packet and therefore the correct quantum yield of the photoreaction. As the long-time behavior of the classical mapping formulation suffers from the well-known zero point energy problem of classical mechanics, a new practical method is proposed to determine a zero point energy correction. Employing a second-order Franck-Condon-type approximation, the capability of the classical method to simulate time- and frequency-resolved pump-probe spectra of the nonadiabatic photoreaction is studied. The potential of the classical approach as a practical method to describe condensed-phase photoreactions is discussed.
Quantum state-resolved gas/surface reaction dynamics probed by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy
Chen Li; Ueta, Hirokazu; Beck, Rainer D.; Bisson, Regis
We report the design and characterization of a new molecular-beam/surface-science apparatus for quantum state-resolved studies of gas/surface reaction dynamics combining optical state-specific reactant preparation in a molecular beam by rapid adiabatic passage with detection of surface-bound reaction products by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). RAIRS is a non-invasive infrared spectroscopic detection technique that enables online monitoring of the buildup of reaction products on the target surface during reactant deposition by a molecular beam. The product uptake rate obtained by calibrated RAIRS detection yields the coverage dependent state-resolved reaction probability S({theta}). Furthermore, the infrared absorption spectra of the adsorbed products obtained by the RAIRS technique provide structural information, which help to identify nascent reaction products, investigate reaction pathways, and determine branching ratios for different pathways of a chemisorption reaction. Measurements of the dissociative chemisorption of methane on Pt(111) with this new apparatus are presented to illustrate the utility of RAIRS detection for highly detailed studies of chemical reactions at the gas/surface interface.
Use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate diagnostic value of collagen degradation products
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sikora, Joanna; Cyrankiewicz, Michał; Wybranowski, Tomasz; Ziomkowska, Blanka; Ośmiałowski, Borys; Obońska, Ewa; Augustyńska, Beata; Kruszewski, Stefan; Kubica, Jacek
The concentration of collagen degradation products (CDPs) may reflect the process of left ventricular remodeling (LVR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic usefulness of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) in assessment of CDPs. The preliminary experiment was designed to establish if CDPs' characteristics might be visible by mean fluorescence lifetime (FLT) in determined conditions. The in vitro model of CDPs was prepared by conducting the hydrolysis of type III collagen. The FLT of samples was measured by the time-resolved spectrometer Life Spec II with the subnanosecond pulsed 360-nm EPLED diode. The FLTs were obtained by deconvolution analysis of the data using a multiexponential model of fluorescence decay. In order to determine the limit of traceability of CDPs, a comparison of different collagen/plasma ratio in samples was performed. The results of our study showed that the increase of added plasma to hydrolyzed collagen extended the mean FLT. Thus, the diagnosis of LVR based on measurements using TRFS is possible. However, it is important to point out the experiment was preliminary and further investigation in this field of research is crucial.
Quantum state-resolved gas/surface reaction dynamics probed by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy.
Chen, Li; Ueta, Hirokazu; Bisson, Régis; Beck, Rainer D
We report the design and characterization of a new molecular-beam/surface-science apparatus for quantum state-resolved studies of gas/surface reaction dynamics combining optical state-specific reactant preparation in a molecular beam by rapid adiabatic passage with detection of surface-bound reaction products by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). RAIRS is a non-invasive infrared spectroscopic detection technique that enables online monitoring of the buildup of reaction products on the target surface during reactant deposition by a molecular beam. The product uptake rate obtained by calibrated RAIRS detection yields the coverage dependent state-resolved reaction probability S(θ). Furthermore, the infrared absorption spectra of the adsorbed products obtained by the RAIRS technique provide structural information, which help to identify nascent reaction products, investigate reaction pathways, and determine branching ratios for different pathways of a chemisorption reaction. Measurements of the dissociative chemisorption of methane on Pt(111) with this new apparatus are presented to illustrate the utility of RAIRS detection for highly detailed studies of chemical reactions at the gas/surface interface.
Microcontroller based resonance tracking unit for time resolved continuous wave cavity-ringdown spectroscopy measurements.
Votava, Ondrej; Mašát, Milan; Parker, Alexander E; Jain, Chaithania; Fittschen, Christa
We present in this work a new tracking servoloop electronics for continuous wave cavity-ringdown absorption spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) and its application to time resolved cw-CRDS measurements by coupling the system with a pulsed laser photolysis set-up. The tracking unit significantly increases the repetition rate of the CRDS events and thus improves effective time resolution (and/or the signal-to-noise ratio) in kinetics studies with cw-CRDS in given data acquisition time. The tracking servoloop uses novel strategy to track the cavity resonances that result in a fast relocking (few ms) after the loss of tracking due to an external disturbance. The microcontroller based design is highly flexible and thus advanced tracking strategies are easy to implement by the firmware modification without the need to modify the hardware. We believe that the performance of many existing cw-CRDS experiments, not only time-resolved, can be improved with such tracking unit without any additional modification to the experiment.
Frequency-resolved nonlinear interferometry with incoherent light and applications to coherent Raman spectroscopies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stimson, Michael Jay
Demonstrations of several frequency resolved incoherent field non-linear interferometric spectroscopies are presented with emphasis on applications to coherent Raman scattering (two incoherent field actions- I(2)CRS). The properties of the incoherent (noisy) laser sources used for time resolution of ultrafast dynamics are explored in detail theoretically and experimentally. A new technique for the measurement of noisy light correlation functions (I(2)FROG-two incoherent field actions in frequency resolved optical gating) is developed theoretically and used for experimental explorations of the nature of noisy optical fields and their relation to coherent short pulsed optical fields. I(2)FROG and I(2)CRS signals are frequency dispersed and multichannel detected, which when combined with interferometric time resolution allows the creation of two-dimensional representations of these signals (spectrally resolved interferograms, or spectrograms). Spectrograms offer a large redundancy in the sampling of signals, thus allowing great precision in the measurement of observable parameters. In I(2)FROG, the observable parameters characterize the noisy light in the form of the intensity and phase of cross correlation functions between beams of broadband light. In I(2)CRS, the observable parameters quantify material properties such as lineshape parameters, transition frequencies and ratios of resonant to non-resonant contributions to molecular hyperpolarizability tensor elements. Algorithms for the recovery of the observable parameters are developed and applied to the spectrograms derived from many condensed phase materials. Systems explored via spectrogram representation include pure substances and non-reactive mixtures. A novel modification of the original I(2)CRS experiment is presented in which spectrally tailored fields are used to control the properties of the I(2)CRS signals. Newly predicted fifth order signals (I(3)FOOCRS-three incoherent field actions in fifth order
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy: I. Semimetals and Semiconductors. I. Atom-Resolved Imaging of DNA.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Driscoll, Robert James
The topographic and electronic structure of semimetal and semiconductor surfaces were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), respectively. The long-range morphology and atomic -scale characteristics of cleaved materials, including highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG), boronated pyrolitic graphite (BPG), titanium disulfide, and gallium arsenide (GaAs), were revealed by STM performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Atom-resolved constant current topographs and current -imaging data, as well as barrier height information, are presented. Both point and line defects were observed on these surfaces. Visual evidence of coulombic screening caused by adsorption of charged species on n-GaAs(110) is provided. On BPG samples, containing up to 0.5% boron, boron substituent atoms appeared as protrusions approximately 3 A in diameter, with a density consistent with the known concentration. The BPG surface contained numerous line defects, including large-angle grain boundaries, and monolayer -deep etch pits. The effects of stress on the morphology of an annealed vicinal Si(111) wafer were explored. The height and orientation of step bunches, as well as terrace widths, on the (7 x 7) surface were determined. Line fault defects at step kinks were observed; theories for the origin and structure of these features based on stress relief are proposed. Current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) revealed differences between the adatom sites of the (7 x 7) surface. Atom-resolved barrier height images were also obtained. The measured barrier height was seen to depend strongly on the "cleanliness" of the STM tip. In addition, atom-resolved STM images of duplex DNA supported on a HOPG surface were obtained in UHV. These images revealed double-helical structure, major and minor groove alternation, base pairs, and atomic-scale substructure. The DNA dimensions derived from the STM data were in agreement with dimensions from x
Peacock, Mark B.; Zepf, Stephen E.; Kundu, Arunav; Maccarone, Thomas J.; Rhode, Katherine L.; Salzer, John J.; Waters, Christopher Z.; Ciardullo, Robin; Gronwall, Caryl; Stern, Daniel
We present optical Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) spectroscopy of RZ 2109, a globular cluster (GC) in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4472. This GC is notable for hosting an ultraluminous X-ray source as well as associated strong and broad [O III] {lambda}{lambda}4959, 5007 emission. We show that the HST/STIS spectroscopy spatially resolves the [O III] emission in RZ 2109. While we are unable to make a precise determination of the morphology of the emission-line nebula, the best-fitting models all require that the [O III] {lambda}5007 emission has a half-light radius in the range 3-7 pc. The extended nature of the [O III] {lambda}5007 emission is inconsistent with published models that invoke an intermediate-mass black hole origin. It is also inconsistent with the ionization of ejecta from a nova in the cluster. The spatial scale of the nebula could be produced via the photoionization of a strong wind driven from a stellar mass black hole accreting at roughly its Eddington rate.
Energy resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for electronic structure mapping in organic semiconductors
Nádaždy, V. Gmucová, K.; Schauer, F.
We introduce an energy resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method to map the electronic density of states (DOS) in organic semiconductor materials. The method consists in measurement of the charge transfer resistance of a semiconductor/electrolyte interface at a frequency where the redox reactions determine the real component of the impedance. The charge transfer resistance value provides direct information about the electronic DOS at the energy given by the electrochemical potential of the electrolyte, which can be adjusted using an external voltage. A simple theory for experimental data evaluation is proposed, along with an explanation of the corresponding experimental conditions. The method allows mapping over unprecedentedly wide energy and DOS ranges. Also, important DOS parameters can be determined directly from the raw experimental data without the lengthy analysis required in other techniques. The potential of the proposed method is illustrated by tracing weak bond defect states induced by ultraviolet treatment above the highest occupied molecular orbital in a prototypical σ-conjugated polymer, poly[methyl(phenyl)silylene]. The results agree well with those of our previous DOS reconstruction by post-transient space-charge-limited-current spectroscopy, which was, however, limited to a narrow energy range. In addition, good agreement of the DOS values measured on two common π-conjugated organic polymer semiconductors, polyphenylene vinylene and poly(3-hexylthiophene), with the rather rare previously published data demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.
Time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies of chemical systems: New perspectives.
Chergui, Majed
The past 3-5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the horizon.
Time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies of chemical systems: New perspectives
Chergui, Majed
The past 3–5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the horizon. PMID:27376102
Time resolved metal line profile by near-ultraviolet tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vitelaru, C.; de Poucques, L.; Minea, T. M.; Popa, G.
Pulsed systems are extensively used to produce active species such as atoms, radicals, excited states, etc. The tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TD-LAS) is successfully used to quantify the density of absorbing species, but especially for stationary or slow changing systems. The time resolved-direct absorption profile (TR-DAP) measurement method by TD-LAS, with time resolution of μs is proposed here as an extension of the regular use of diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The spectral narrowness of laser diodes, especially in the blue range (˜0.01 pm), combined with the nanosecond fast trigger of the magnetron pulsed plasma and long trace recording on the oscilloscope (period of second scale) permit the detection of the sputtered titanium metal evolution in the afterglow (˜ms). TR-DAP method can follow the time-dependence of the temperature (Doppler profile) and the density (deduced from the absorbance) of any medium and heavy species in a pulsed system.
Time-Resolved Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy behind Shock Waves.
Matsugi, Akira; Shiina, Hiroumi; Oguchi, Tatsuo; Takahashi, Kazuo
A fast and sensitive broadband absorption technique for measurements of high-temperature chemical kinetics and spectroscopy has been developed by applying broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (BBCEAS) in a shock tube. The developed method has effective absorption path lengths of 60-200 cm, or cavity enhancement factors of 12-40, over a wavelength range of 280-420 nm, and is capable of simultaneously recording absorption time profiles over an ∼32 nm spectral bandpass in a single experiment with temporal and spectral resolutions of 5 μs and 2 nm, respectively. The accuracy of the kinetic and spectroscopic measurements was examined by investigating high-temperature reactions and absorption spectra of formaldehyde behind reflected shock waves using 1,3,5-trioxane as a precursor. The rate constants obtained for the thermal decomposition reactions of 1,3,5-trioxane (to three formaldehyde molecules) and formaldehyde (to HCO + H) agreed well with the literature data. High-temperature absorption cross sections of formaldehyde between 280 and 410 nm have been determined at the post-reflected-shock temperatures of 955, 1265, and 1708 K. The results demonstrate the applicability of the BBCEAS technique to time- and wavelength-resolved sensitive absorption measurements at high temperatures.
Spatially Resolved Imaging and Spectroscopy of Candidate Dual Active Galactic Nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McGurk, R. C.; Max, C. E.; Medling, A. M.; Shields, G. A.; Comerford, J. M.
When galaxies merge, both central supermassive black holes are immersed in a dense and chaotic environment. If there is sufficient gas in the nuclear regions, one expects to see close pairs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), or dual AGNs, in a fraction of galaxy mergers. However, finding them remains a challenge. The presence of double-peaked [O iii] emission lines has been proposed as a technique to select dual AGNs efficiently. We studied a sample of double-peaked narrow [O iii] emitting AGNs from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7. By obtaining new and archival high spatial resolution images taken with the Keck II Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics system and the near-infrared camera NIRC2, we show that 30% of 140 double-peaked [O iii] emission line SDSS AGNs have two spatial components within a 3″ radius. However, spatially resolved spectroscopy or X-ray observations are needed to confirm these galaxy pairs as systems containing two AGNs. We followed up three spatially double candidate dual AGNs with integral field spectroscopy from Keck OSIRIS and 10 candidates with long-slit spectroscopy from the Shane Kast Double Spectrograph at Lick Observatory. We find that the double-peaked emission lines in our sample of 12 candidates are caused by: one dual AGN (SDSS J114642.47+511029.6), one confirmed outflow and four likely outflows, two pairs of star-forming galaxies, one candidate indeterminate due to sky line interference, and three AGNs with spatially coincident double [O iii] peaks, likely due to unresolved complex narrow line kinematics, outflows, binary AGN, or small-scale jets.
McGurk, R. C.; Max, C. E.; Medling, A. M.; Shields, G. A.; Comerford, J. M. E-mail: email@example.com E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
When galaxies merge, both central supermassive black holes are immersed in a dense and chaotic environment. If there is sufficient gas in the nuclear regions, one expects to see close pairs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), or dual AGNs, in a fraction of galaxy mergers. However, finding them remains a challenge. The presence of double-peaked [O iii] emission lines has been proposed as a technique to select dual AGNs efficiently. We studied a sample of double-peaked narrow [O iii] emitting AGNs from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7. By obtaining new and archival high spatial resolution images taken with the Keck II Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics system and the near-infrared camera NIRC2, we show that 30% of 140 double-peaked [O iii] emission line SDSS AGNs have two spatial components within a 3″ radius. However, spatially resolved spectroscopy or X-ray observations are needed to confirm these galaxy pairs as systems containing two AGNs. We followed up three spatially double candidate dual AGNs with integral field spectroscopy from Keck OSIRIS and 10 candidates with long-slit spectroscopy from the Shane Kast Double Spectrograph at Lick Observatory. We find that the double-peaked emission lines in our sample of 12 candidates are caused by: one dual AGN (SDSS J114642.47+511029.6), one confirmed outflow and four likely outflows, two pairs of star-forming galaxies, one candidate indeterminate due to sky line interference, and three AGNs with spatially coincident double [O iii] peaks, likely due to unresolved complex narrow line kinematics, outflows, binary AGN, or small-scale jets.
Gauge invariance in the theoretical description of time-resolved angle-resolved pump/probe photoemission spectroscopy
Freericks, J. K.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Sentef, M. A.; Devereaux, T. P.
Nonequilibrium calculations in the presence of an electric field are usually performed in a gauge, and need to be transformed to reveal the gauge-invariant observables. In this work, we discuss the issue of gauge invariance in the context of time-resolved angle-resolved pump/probe photoemission. If the probe is applied while the pump is still on, one must ensure that the calculations of the observed photocurrent are gauge invariant. We also discuss the requirement of the photoemission signal to be positive and the relationship of this constraint to gauge invariance. We end by discussing some technical details related to the perturbative derivation of the photoemission spectra, which involve processes where the pump pulse photoexcites electrons due to nonequilibrium effects.
Studies of Minerals, Organic and Biogenic Materials through Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, Christopher S.; Abedin, M. Nurul; Ismail, Syed; Sharma, Shiv K.; Misra, Anupam K.; Nyugen, Trac; Elsayed-Ali, hani
A compact remote Raman spectroscopy system was developed at NASA Langley Research center and was previously demonstrated for its ability to identify chemical composition of various rocks and minerals. In this study, the Raman sensor was utilized to perform time-resolved Raman studies of various samples such as minerals and rocks, Azalea leaves and a few fossil samples. The Raman sensor utilizes a pulsed 532 nm Nd:YAG laser as excitation source, a 4-inch telescope to collect the Raman-scattered signal from a sample several meters away, a spectrograph equipped with a holographic grating, and a gated intensified CCD (ICCD) camera system. Time resolved Raman measurements were carried out by varying the gate delay with fixed short gate width of the ICCD camera, allowing measurement of both Raman signals and fluorescence signals. Rocks and mineral samples were characterized including marble, which contain CaCO3. Analysis of the results reveals the short (approx.10-13 s) lifetime of the Raman process, and shows that Raman spectra of some mineral samples contain fluorescence emission due to organic impurities. Also analyzed were a green (pristine) and a yellow (decayed) sample of Gardenia leaves. It was observed that the fluorescence signals from the green and yellow leaf samples showed stronger signals compared to the Raman lines. Moreover, it was also observed that the fluorescence of the green leaf was more intense and had a shorter lifetime than that of the yellow leaf. For the fossil samples, Raman shifted lines could not be observed due the presence of very strong short-lived fluorescence.
Detection of Rupture-Prone Atherosclerotic Plaques by Time-Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Marcu, Laura; Jo, Javier A.; Fang, Qiyin; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Reil, Todd; Qiao, Jian-Hua; Baker, J. Dennis; Freischlag, Julie A.; Fishbein, Michael C.
Objective Plaque with dense inflammatory cells, including macrophages, thin fibrous cap and superficial necrotic/lipid core is thought to be prone-to-rupture. We report a time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) technique for detection of such markers of plaque vulnerability in human plaques. Methods The autofluorescence of carotid plaques (65 endarterectomy patients) induced by a pulsed laser (337 nm, 0.7 ns) was measured from 831 distinct areas. The emission was resolved spectrally- (360–550 nm range) and temporally- (0.3 ns resolution) using a prototype fiber-optic TR-LIFS apparatus. Lesions were evaluated microscopically and quantified as to the % of different components (fibrous cap, necrotic core, inflammatory cells, foam cells, mature and degraded collagen, elastic fibers, calcification, and smooth muscle cell of the vessel wall). Results We determined that the spectral intensities and time-dependent parameters at discrete emission wavelengths 1) allow for discrimination (sensitivity >81%, specificity >94%) of various compositional and pathological features associated with plaque vulnerability including infiltration of macrophages into intima and necrotic/lipid core under a thin fibrous cap, and 2) show a linear correlation with plaque biochemical content: elastin (P<0.008), collagen (P<0.02), inflammatory cells (P<0.003), necrosis (P<0.004). Conclusion Our results demonstrate the feasibility of TR-LIFS as a method for the identification of markers of plaque vulnerability. Current findings enable future development of TR-LIFS based clinical devices for rapid investigation of atherosclerotic plaques and detection of those at high-risk. PMID:18926540
Catalysts at work: From integral to spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Grunwaldt, Jan-Dierk; Kimmerle, Bertram; Baiker, Alfons; Boye, Pit; Schroer, Christian G.; Glatzel, Pieter; Borca, Camelia N.; Beckmann, Felix
Spectroscopic studies on heterogeneous catalysts have mostly been done in an integral mode. However, in many cases spatial variations in catalyst structure can occur, e.g. during impregnation of pre-shaped particles, during reaction in a catalytic reactor, or in microstructured reactors as the present overview shows. Therefore, spatially resolved molecular information on a microscale is required for a comprehensive understanding of theses systems, partly in ex situ studies, partly under stationary reaction conditions and in some cases even under dynamic reaction conditions. Among the different available techniques, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a well-suited tool for this purpose as the different selected examples highlight. Two different techniques, scanning and full-field X-ray microscopy/tomography, are described and compared. At first, the tomographic structure of impregnated alumina pellets is presented using full-field transmission microtomography and compared to the results obtained with a scanning X-ray microbeam technique to analyse the catalyst bed inside a catalytic quartz glass reactor. On the other hand, by using XAS in scanning microtomography, the structure and the distribution of Cu(0), Cu(I), Cu(II) species in a Cu/ZnO catalyst loaded in a quartz capillary microreactor could be reconstructed quantitatively on a virtual section through the reactor. An illustrating example for spatially resolved XAS under reaction conditions is the partial oxidation of methane over noble metal-based catalysts. In order to obtain spectroscopic information on the spatial variation of the oxidation state of the catalyst inside the reactor XAS spectra were recorded by scanning with a micro-focussed beam along the catalyst bed. Alternatively, full-field transmission imaging was used to efficiently determine the distribution of the oxidation state of a catalyst inside a reactor under reaction conditions. The new technical approaches together with quantitative data
Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Miaja-Avila, L.; O'Neil, G. C.; Uhlig, J.; ...
We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 μm FWHM x-ray spot size, containing ~106 photons/s, by focusing the produced x-rays with a polycapillary optic. Since the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra requires the averaging of measurements from >107 laser pulses, we also presentmore » data on the source stability, including single pulse measurements of the x-ray yield and the x-ray spectral shape. In single pulse measurements, the x-ray flux has a measured standard deviation of 8%, where the laser pointing is the main cause of variability. Further, we show that the variability in x-ray spectral shape from single pulses is low, thus justifying the combining of x-rays obtained from different laser pulses into a single spectrum. Finally, we show a static x-ray absorption spectrum of a ferrioxalate solution as detected by a microcalorimeter array. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this water-jet based plasma source is a suitable candidate for laboratory-based time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments.« less
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring during cardiac bypass surgery in infants with broad band spatially resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Soschinski, Jan; Ben Mine, Lofti; Geraskin, Dmitri; Bennink, Gerardus; Kohl-Bareis, Matthias
Neurological impairments following cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) during open heart surgery can result from microembolism and ischaemia. Here we present results from monitoring cerebral haemodynamics during CPB with near infrared spatially resolved broadband spectroscopy. In particular, the study has the objective (a) to monitor oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations (oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb) and their changes as well as oxygen saturation during CPB surgery and (b) to develop and test algorithms for the calculation of these parameters from broad band spectroscopy. For this purpose a detection system was developed based on an especially designed lens imaging spectrograph with optimised sensitivity of recorded reflectance spectra for wavelengths between 600 and 1000 nm. The high f/#-number of 1:1.2 of the system results in about a factor of 10 higher light throughput combined with a lower astigmatism and crosstalk between channels when compared with a commercial mirror spectrometers (f/# = 1:4). For both hemispheres two independent channels each with three source-detector distances (ρ = 25 . 35 mm) were used resulting in six spectra. The broad band approach allows to investigate the influence of the wavelength range on the calculated haemoglobin concentrations and their changes and oxygen saturation when the attenuation A(λ) and its slope ΔA(λ)/Δρ are evaluated. Furthermore, the different depth sensitivities of these measurement parameters are estimated from Monte Carlo simulations and exploited for an optimization of the cerebral signals. It is demonstrated that the system does record cerebral oxygenation parameters during CPB in infants. In particular, the correlation of haemoglobin concentrations with blood supply (flow, pressure) by the heart-lung machine and the significant decreases in oxygen saturation during cardiac arrest is discussed.
Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Miaja-Avila, L.; O'Neil, G. C.; Uhlig, J.; Cromer, C. L.; Dowell, M. L.; Jimenez, R.; Hoover, A. S.; Silverman, K. L.; Ullom, J. N.
We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 μm FWHM x-ray spot size, containing ∼106 photons/s, by focusing the produced x-rays with a polycapillary optic. Since the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra requires the averaging of measurements from >107 laser pulses, we also present data on the source stability, including single pulse measurements of the x-ray yield and the x-ray spectral shape. In single pulse measurements, the x-ray flux has a measured standard deviation of 8%, where the laser pointing is the main cause of variability. Further, we show that the variability in x-ray spectral shape from single pulses is low, thus justifying the combining of x-rays obtained from different laser pulses into a single spectrum. Finally, we show a static x-ray absorption spectrum of a ferrioxalate solution as detected by a microcalorimeter array. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this water-jet based plasma source is a suitable candidate for laboratory-based time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments. PMID:26798792
Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Miaja-Avila, L.; O'Neil, G. C.; Uhlig, J.; Cromer, C. L.; Dowell, M. L.; Jimenez, R.; Hoover, A. S.; Silverman, K. L.; Ullom, J. N.
We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 μm FWHM x-ray spot size, containing ~106 photons/s, by focusing the produced x-rays with a polycapillary optic. Since the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra requires the averaging of measurements from >107 laser pulses, we also present data on the source stability, including single pulse measurements of the x-ray yield and the x-ray spectral shape. In single pulse measurements, the x-ray flux has a measured standard deviation of 8%, where the laser pointing is the main cause of variability. Further, we show that the variability in x-ray spectral shape from single pulses is low, thus justifying the combining of x-rays obtained from different laser pulses into a single spectrum. Finally, we show a static x-ray absorption spectrum of a ferrioxalate solution as detected by a microcalorimeter array. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this water-jet based plasma source is a suitable candidate for laboratory-based time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments.
Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Miaja-Avila, L; O'Neil, G C; Uhlig, J; Cromer, C L; Dowell, M L; Jimenez, R; Hoover, A S; Silverman, K L; Ullom, J N
We describe a laser-driven x-ray plasma source designed for ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The source is comprised of a 1 kHz, 20 W, femtosecond pulsed infrared laser and a water target. We present the x-ray spectra as a function of laser energy and pulse duration. Additionally, we investigate the plasma temperature and photon flux as we vary the laser energy. We obtain a 75 μm FWHM x-ray spot size, containing ∼10(6) photons/s, by focusing the produced x-rays with a polycapillary optic. Since the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra requires the averaging of measurements from >10(7) laser pulses, we also present data on the source stability, including single pulse measurements of the x-ray yield and the x-ray spectral shape. In single pulse measurements, the x-ray flux has a measured standard deviation of 8%, where the laser pointing is the main cause of variability. Further, we show that the variability in x-ray spectral shape from single pulses is low, thus justifying the combining of x-rays obtained from different laser pulses into a single spectrum. Finally, we show a static x-ray absorption spectrum of a ferrioxalate solution as detected by a microcalorimeter array. Altogether, our results demonstrate that this water-jet based plasma source is a suitable candidate for laboratory-based time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments.
Fast, deep record length, time-resolved visible spectroscopy of plasmas using fiber grids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brockington, Samuel; Case, Andrew; Cruz, Edward; Witherspoon, F. Douglas; Horton, Robert; Klauser, Ruth; Hwang, D. Q.
HyperV Technologies is developing a fiber-coupled, deep-record-length, low-light camera head for performing high time resolution spectroscopy on visible emission from plasma events. New solid-state Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM) chips are capable of single photon event detection and high speed data acquisition. By coupling the output of a spectrometer to an imaging fiber bundle connected to a bank of amplified SiPMs, time-resolved spectroscopic imagers of 100 to 1,000 pixels can be constructed. Target pixel performance is 10 Megaframes/sec with record lengths of up to 256,000 frames yielding 25.6 milliseconds of record at10 Megasamples/sec resolution. Pixel resolutions of 8 to 12 bits are pos- sible. Pixel pitch can be refined by using grids of 100 μm to 1000 μm diameter fibers. A prototype 32-pixel spectroscopic imager employing this technique was constructed and successfully tested at the University of California at Davis Compact Toroid Injection Experiment (CTIX) as a full demonstration of the concept. Experimental results will be dis-cussed, along with future plans for the Phase 2 project, and potential applications to plasma experiments . Work supported by USDOE SBIR Grant DE-SC0013801.
Investigation of microstructure in additive manufactured Inconel 625 by spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy
Tremsin, Anton S.; Gao, Yan; Dial, Laura C.; Grazzi, Francesco; Shinohara, Takenao
Non-destructive testing techniques based on neutron imaging and diffraction can provide information on the internal structure of relatively thick metal samples (up to several cm), which are opaque to other conventional non-destructive methods. Spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy is an extension of traditional neutron radiography, where multiple images are acquired simultaneously, each corresponding to a narrow range of energy. The analysis of transmission spectra enables studies of bulk microstructures at the spatial resolution comparable to the detector pixel. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of imaging (with ~100 μm resolution) distribution of some microstructure properties, such as residual strain, texture, voids and impurities in Inconel 625 samples manufactured with an additive manufacturing method called direct metal laser melting (DMLM). Although this imaging technique can be implemented only in a few large-scale facilities, it can be a valuable tool for optimization of additive manufacturing techniques and materials and for correlating bulk microstructure properties to manufacturing process parameters. Additionally, the experimental strain distribution can help validate finite element models which many industries use to predict the residual stress distributions in additive manufactured components.
Electronic structure dynamics in a low bandgap polymer studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Cappel, Ute B; Plogmaker, Stefan; Terschlüsen, Joachim A; Leitner, Torsten; Johansson, Erik M J; Edvinsson, Tomas; Sandell, Anders; Karis, Olof; Siegbahn, Hans; Svensson, Svante; Mårtensson, Nils; Rensmo, Håkan; Söderström, Johan
Means to measure the temporal evolution following a photo-excitation in conjugated polymers are a key for the understanding and optimization of their function in applications such as organic solar cells. In this paper we study the electronic structure dynamics by direct pump-probe measurements of the excited electrons in such materials. Specifically, we carried out a time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) study of the polymer PCPDTBT by combining an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) high harmonic generation source with a time-of-flight spectrometer. After excitation to either the 1st excited state or to a higher excited state, we follow how the electronic structure develops and relaxes on the electron binding energy scale. Specifically, we follow a less than 50 fs relaxation of the higher exited state and a 10 times slower relaxation of the 1st excited state. We corroborate the results using DFT calculations. Our study demonstrates the power of TRPES for studying photo-excited electron energetics and dynamics of solar cell materials.
Real time optical Biopsy: Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy instrumentation and validation
Kittle, David S.; Vasefi, Fartash; Patil, Chirag G.; Mamelak, Adam; Black, Keith L.; Butte, Pramod V.
The Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-FS) has the potential to differentiate tumor and normal tissue in real time during surgical excision. In this manuscript, we describe the design of a novel TR-FS device, along with preliminary data on detection accuracy for fluorophores in a mixture. The instrument is capable of near real-time fluorescence lifetime acquisition in multiple spectral bands and analysis. It is also able to recover fluorescence lifetime with sub-20ps accuracy as validated with individual organic fluorescence dyes and dye mixtures yielding lifetime values for standard fluorescence dyes that closely match with published data. We also show that TR-FS is able to quantify the relative concentration of fluorescence dyes in a mixture by the unmixing of lifetime decays. We show that the TR-FS prototype is able to identify in near-real time the concentrations of dyes in a complex mixture based on previously trained data. As a result, we demonstrate that in complex mixtures of fluorophores, the relative concentration information is encoded in the fluorescence lifetime across multiple spectral bands. We show for the first time the temporal and spectral measurements of a mixture of fluorochromes and the ability to differentiate relative concentrations of each fluorochrome mixture in real time. PMID:27929039
Nonadiabatic Dynamics May Be Probed through Electronic Coherence in Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Bennett, Kochise; Kowalewski, Markus; Mukamel, Shaul
We present a hierarchy of Fermi golden rules (FGRs) that incorporate strongly coupled electronic/nuclear dynamics in time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) signals at different levels of theory. Expansion in the joint electronic and nuclear eigenbasis yields the numerically most challenging exact FGR (eFGR). The quasistatic Fermi Golden Rule (qsFGR) neglects nuclear motion during the photoionization process but takes into account electronic coherences as well as populations initially present in the pumped matter as well as those generated internally by coupling between electronic surfaces. The standard semiclassical Fermi Golden Rule (scFGR) neglects the electronic coherences and the nuclear kinetic energy during the ionizing pulse altogether, yielding the classical Condon approximation. The coherence contributions depend on the phase-profile of the ionizing field, allowing coherent control of TRPES signals. The photoelectron spectrum from model systems is simulated using these three levels of theory. The eFGR and the qsFGR show temporal oscillations originating from the electronic or vibrational coherences generated as the nuclear wave packet traverses a conical intersection. These oscillations, which are missed by the scFGR, directly reveal the time-evolving splitting between electronic states of the neutral molecule in the curve-crossing regime.
Fast Pyrolysis of Wood for Biofuels: Spatiotemporally Resolved Diffuse Reflectance In situ Spectroscopy of Particles.
Paulsen, Alex D; Hough, Blake R; Williams, C Luke; Teixeira, Andrew R; Schwartz, Daniel T; Pfaendtner, Jim; Dauenhauer, Paul J
Fast pyrolysis of woody biomass is a promising process capable of producing renewable transportation fuels to replace gasoline, diesel, and chemicals currently derived from nonrenewable sources. However, biomass pyrolysis is not yet economically viable and requires significant optimization before it can contribute to the existing oil-based transportation system. One method of optimization uses detailed kinetic models for predicting the products of biomass fast pyrolysis, which serve as the basis for the design of pyrolysis reactors capable of producing the highest value products. The goal of this work is to improve upon current pyrolysis models, usually derived from experiments with low heating rates and temperatures, by developing models that account for both transport and pyrolysis decomposition kinetics at high heating rates and high temperatures (>400 °C). A new experimental technique is proposed herein: spatiotemporally resolved diffuse reflectance in situ spectroscopy of particles (STR-DRiSP), which is capable of measuring biomass composition during fast pyrolysis with high spatial (10 μm) and temporal (1 ms) resolution. Compositional data were compared with a comprehensive 2D single-particle model, which incorporated a multistep, semiglobal reaction mechanism, prescribed particle shrinkage, and thermophysical properties that varied with temperature, composition, and orientation. The STR-DRiSP technique can be used to determine the transport-limited kinetic parameters of biomass decomposition for a wide variety of biomass feedstocks.
Light adaptation of the unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, probed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
Ueno, Yoshifumi; Aikawa, Shimpei; Kondo, Akihiko; Akimoto, Seiji
Photosynthetic organisms change the quantity and/or quality of their pigment-protein complexes and the interactions among these complexes in response to light conditions. In the present study, we analyzed light adaptation of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, whose pigment composition is similar to that of cyanobacteria because its phycobilisomes (PBS) lack phycoerythrin. C. merolae were grown under different light qualities, and their responses were measured by steady-state absorption, steady-state fluorescence, and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. Cells were cultivated under four monochromatic light-emitting diodes (blue, green, yellow, and red), and changes in pigment composition and energy transfer were observed. Cells grown under blue and green light increased their relative phycocyanin levels compared with cells cultured under white light. Energy-transfer processes to photosystem I (PSI) were sensitive to yellow and red light. The contribution of direct energy transfer from PBS to PSI increased only under yellow light, while red light induced a reduction in energy transfer from photosystem II to PSI and an increase in energy transfer from light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex I to PSI. Differences in pigment composition, growth, and energy transfer under different light qualities are discussed.
Initial processes of proton transfer in salicylideneaniline studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Sekikawa, Taro; Schalk, Oliver; Wu, Guorong; Boguslavskiy, Andrey E; Stolow, Albert
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in salicylideneaniline (SA) and selected derivatives substituted in the para position of the anilino group have been investigated by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). SA has a twisted structure at the energetic minimum of the ground state, but ESIPT is assumed to take place through a planar structure, although this has not been fully established. The TRPES studies revealed that the excited-state dynamics within the S1 band varied significantly with excitation wavelength. At finite temperatures, the ground state was found to sample a broad range of torsional angles, from planar to twisted. At lower photon energies (370 nm), only the planar ground-state molecules were excited, and the excited-state reaction took place within 50 fs. At higher energies (350 and 330 nm), predominantly twisted ground-state molecules were excited: they had to planarize before ESIPT could occur. This process was found to be slower in methylated SA but did not change significantly in the brominated and nitrated SAs. These substitution effects on the decay dynamics can be explained by modifications of the potential barriers, as predicted by the TDDFT calculations, and support the mechanism of a twisting motion of the anilino ring prior to ESIPT. The contribution of another pathway leading to internal conversion within the enol form was found to be minor at the excitation wavelengths considered here.
Investigation of microstructure in additive manufactured Inconel 625 by spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy.
Tremsin, Anton S; Gao, Yan; Dial, Laura C; Grazzi, Francesco; Shinohara, Takenao
Non-destructive testing techniques based on neutron imaging and diffraction can provide information on the internal structure of relatively thick metal samples (up to several cm), which are opaque to other conventional non-destructive methods. Spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy is an extension of traditional neutron radiography, where multiple images are acquired simultaneously, each corresponding to a narrow range of energy. The analysis of transmission spectra enables studies of bulk microstructures at the spatial resolution comparable to the detector pixel. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of imaging (with ~100 μm resolution) distribution of some microstructure properties, such as residual strain, texture, voids and impurities in Inconel 625 samples manufactured with an additive manufacturing method called direct metal laser melting (DMLM). Although this imaging technique can be implemented only in a few large-scale facilities, it can be a valuable tool for optimization of additive manufacturing techniques and materials and for correlating bulk microstructure properties to manufacturing process parameters. In addition, the experimental strain distribution can help validate finite element models which many industries use to predict the residual stress distributions in additive manufactured components.
Real time optical Biopsy: Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy instrumentation and validation.
Kittle, David S; Vasefi, Fartash; Patil, Chirag G; Mamelak, Adam; Black, Keith L; Butte, Pramod V
The Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-FS) has the potential to differentiate tumor and normal tissue in real time during surgical excision. In this manuscript, we describe the design of a novel TR-FS device, along with preliminary data on detection accuracy for fluorophores in a mixture. The instrument is capable of near real-time fluorescence lifetime acquisition in multiple spectral bands and analysis. It is also able to recover fluorescence lifetime with sub-20ps accuracy as validated with individual organic fluorescence dyes and dye mixtures yielding lifetime values for standard fluorescence dyes that closely match with published data. We also show that TR-FS is able to quantify the relative concentration of fluorescence dyes in a mixture by the unmixing of lifetime decays. We show that the TR-FS prototype is able to identify in near-real time the concentrations of dyes in a complex mixture based on previously trained data. As a result, we demonstrate that in complex mixtures of fluorophores, the relative concentration information is encoded in the fluorescence lifetime across multiple spectral bands. We show for the first time the temporal and spectral measurements of a mixture of fluorochromes and the ability to differentiate relative concentrations of each fluorochrome mixture in real time.
Monitoring brain temperature by time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy: pilot study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bakhsheshi, Mohammad Fazel; Diop, Mamadou; St. Lawrence, Keith; Lee, Ting-Yim
Mild hypothermia (HT) is an effective neuroprotective strategy for a variety of acute brain injuries. However, the wide clinical adaptation of HT has been hampered by the lack of a reliable noninvasive method for measuring brain temperature, since core measurements have been shown to not always reflect brain temperature. The goal of this work was to develop a noninvasive optical technique for measuring brain temperature that exploits both the temperature dependency of water absorption and the high concentration of water in brain (80%-90%). Specifically, we demonstrate the potential of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS) to measure temperature in tissue-mimicking phantoms (in vitro) and deep brain tissue (in vivo) during heating and cooling, respectively. For deep brain tissue temperature monitoring, experiments were conducted on newborn piglets wherein hypothermia was induced by gradual whole body cooling. Brain temperature was concomitantly measured by TR-NIRS and a thermocouple probe implanted in the brain. Our proposed TR-NIRS method was able to measure the temperature of tissue-mimicking phantoms and brain tissues with a correlation of 0.82 and 0.66 to temperature measured with a thermometer, respectively. The mean difference between the TR-NIRS and thermometer measurements was 0.15°C±1.1°C for the in vitro experiments and 0.5°C±1.6°C for the in vivo measurements.
Time-resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Electron Transport Study in Warm Dense Gold
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Jong-Won; Bae, Leejin; Engelhorn, Kyle; Heimann, Philip; Ping, Yuan; Barbrel, Ben; Fernandez, Amalia; Beckwith, Martha Anne; Cho, Byoung-Ick; GIST Team; IBS Team; LBNL Collaboration; SLAC Collaboration; LLNL Collaboration
The warm dense Matter represents states of which the temperature is comparable to Fermi energy and ions are strongly coupled. One of the experimental techniques to create such state in the laboratory condition is the isochoric heating of thin metal foil with femtosecond laser pulses. This concept largely relies on the ballistic transport of electrons near the Fermi-level, which were mainly studied for the metals in ambient conditions. However, they were barely investigated in warm dense conditions. We present a time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy measured for the Au/Cu dual layered sample. The front Au layer was isochorically heated with a femtosecond laser pulse, and the x-ray absorption changes around L-edge of Cu, which was attached on the backside of Au, was measured with a picosecond resolution. Time delays between the heating of the `front surface' of Au layer and the alternation of x-ray spectrum of Cu attached on the `rear surface' of Au indicate the energetic electron transport mechanism through Au in the warm dense conditions. IBS (IBS-R012-D1) and the NRF (No. 2013R1A1A1007084) of Korea.
Resolving dual binding conformations of cellulosome cohesin-dockerin complexes using single-molecule force spectroscopy.
Jobst, Markus A; Milles, Lukas F; Schoeler, Constantin; Ott, Wolfgang; Fried, Daniel B; Bayer, Edward A; Gaub, Hermann E; Nash, Michael A
Receptor-ligand pairs are ordinarily thought to interact through a lock and key mechanism, where a unique molecular conformation is formed upon binding. Contrary to this paradigm, cellulosomal cohesin-dockerin (Coh-Doc) pairs are believed to interact through redundant dual binding modes consisting of two distinct conformations. Here, we combined site-directed mutagenesis and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to study the unbinding of Coh:Doc complexes under force. We designed Doc mutations to knock out each binding mode, and compared their single-molecule unfolding patterns as they were dissociated from Coh using an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever. Although average bulk measurements were unable to resolve the differences in Doc binding modes due to the similarity of the interactions, with a single-molecule method we were able to discriminate the two modes based on distinct differences in their mechanical properties. We conclude that under native conditions wild-type Doc from Clostridium thermocellum exocellulase Cel48S populates both binding modes with similar probabilities. Given the vast number of Doc domains with predicted dual binding modes across multiple bacterial species, our approach opens up new possibilities for understanding assembly and catalytic properties of a broad range of multi-enzyme complexes.
Ultrafast electron dynamics in epitaxial graphene investigated with time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ulstrup, Søren; Johannsen, Jens Christian; Crepaldi, Alberto; Cilento, Federico; Zacchigna, Michele; Cacho, Cephise; Chapman, Richard T.; Springate, Emma; Fromm, Felix; Raidel, Christian; Seyller, Thomas; Parmigiani, Fulvio; Grioni, Marco; Hofmann, Philip
In order to exploit the intriguing optical properties of graphene it is essential to gain a better understanding of the light-matter interaction in the material on ultrashort timescales. Exciting the Dirac fermions with intense ultrafast laser pulses triggers a series of processes involving interactions between electrons, phonons and impurities. Here we study these interactions in epitaxial graphene supported on silicon carbide (semiconducting) and iridium (metallic) substrates using ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) based on high harmonic generation. For the semiconducting substrate we reveal a complex hot carrier dynamics that manifests itself in an elevated electronic temperature and an increase in linewidth of the π band. By analyzing these effects we are able to disentangle electron relaxation channels in graphene. On the metal substrate this hot carrier dynamics is found to be severely perturbed by the presence of the metal, and we find that the electronic system is much harder to heat up than on the semiconductor due to screening of the laser field by the metal.
Time Resolved Spectroscopy: Dynamic Study of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gucker, Sarah; García, Maria; Yee, Benjamin; Foster, John
Atmospheric pressure plasmas have prompted strong interest due to their potential application to a wide range of fields and technologies (such as materials processing and medical applications). When these atmospheric discharges are created within a gas bubble and liquid water medium, vast quantities of short-lived, highly oxidative particles are produced. These plasmas have been shown to possess the capacity to decompose aromatic compounds and other contaminants, thereby leading to the sterilization of the water. Here, the results from a dielectric barrier discharge plasma jet in liquid water operating on a variety of gases are presented. These plasmas display several distinct physical characteristic over a power cycle; therefore, the chemical dynamics taking place in the liquid is also expected to have a similar time dependence. Non-evasive, dynamic methods are necessary to probe these dynamic systems. Presented here are time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy measurements aimed at quantifying the fundamental characteristics of the plasma such as temperature and density- and how they evolve throughout the discharge cycle.
The layered resolved microstructure and spectroscopy of mouse oral mucosa using multiphoton microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhuo, Shuangmu; Chen, Jianxin; Jiang, Xingshan; Xie, Shusen; Chen, Rong; Cao, Ning; Zou, Qilian; Xiong, Shuyuan
The layered-resolved microstructure and spectroscopy of mouse oral mucosa are obtained using a combination of multiphoton imaging and spectral analysis with different excitation wavelengths. In the keratinizing layer, the keratinocytes microstructure can be characterized and the keratinizing thickness can be measured. The keratin fluorescence signal can be further characterized by emission maxima at 510 nm. In the epithelium, the cellular microstructure can be quantitatively visualized with depth and the epithelium thickness can be determined by multiphoton imaging excited at 730 nm. The study also shows that the epithelial spectra excited at 810 nm, showing a combination of NADH and FAD fluorescence, can be used for the estimation of the metabolic state in epithelium. Interestingly, a second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal from DNA was observed for the first time within the epithelial layer in backscattering geometry and provides the possibility of analyzing the chromatin structure. In the stroma, the combination of multiphoton imaging and spectral analysis excited at 850 nm in tandem can obtain quantitative information regarding the biomorphology and biochemistry of stroma. Specifically, the microstructure of collagen, minor salivary glands and elastic fibers, and the optical property of the stroma can be quantitatively displayed. Overall, these results suggest that the combination of multiphoton imaging and spectral analysis with different excitation wavelengths has the potential to provide important and comprehensive information for early diagnosis of oral cancer.
Investigation of microstructure in additive manufactured Inconel 625 by spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy
Tremsin, Anton S.; Gao, Yan; Dial, Laura C.; ...
Non-destructive testing techniques based on neutron imaging and diffraction can provide information on the internal structure of relatively thick metal samples (up to several cm), which are opaque to other conventional non-destructive methods. Spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy is an extension of traditional neutron radiography, where multiple images are acquired simultaneously, each corresponding to a narrow range of energy. The analysis of transmission spectra enables studies of bulk microstructures at the spatial resolution comparable to the detector pixel. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of imaging (with ~100 μm resolution) distribution of some microstructure properties, such as residual strain,more » texture, voids and impurities in Inconel 625 samples manufactured with an additive manufacturing method called direct metal laser melting (DMLM). Although this imaging technique can be implemented only in a few large-scale facilities, it can be a valuable tool for optimization of additive manufacturing techniques and materials and for correlating bulk microstructure properties to manufacturing process parameters. Additionally, the experimental strain distribution can help validate finite element models which many industries use to predict the residual stress distributions in additive manufactured components.« less
High resolution spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for 3D spin vectorial analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Okuda, Taichi; Miyamoto, Koji; Kimura, Akio; Namatame, Hirofumi; Taniguchi, Masaki
Spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (SARPES) is the excellent tool which can directly observe the band structure of crystals with separating spin-up and -down states. Recent findings of new class of materials possessing strong spin orbit interaction such as Rashba spin splitting systems or topological insulators stimulate to develop new SARPES apparatuses and many sophisticated techniques have been reported recently. Here we report our newly developed a SARPES apparatus for spin vectorial analysis with high precision at Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center. Highly efficient spin polarimeter utilizing very low energy electron diffraction (VLEED) makes high resolution (ΔE < 10 meV, Δθ ~ +/- 0.2 °) compatible with the SARPES measurement. By placing two VLEED spin detectors orthogonally we have realized the polarization measurement of all spin components (x, y and z) with the high resolution. Some examples of the three-dimensional spin observation will be presented. This work is supported by KAKENHI (23244066), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
[Photodissociation of Acetylene and Acetone using Step-Scan Time-Resolved FTIR Emission Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
McLaren, Ian A.; Wrobel, Jacek D.
The photodissociation of acetylene and acetone was investigated as a function of added quenching gas pressures using step-scan time-resolved FTIR emission spectroscopy. Its main components consist of Bruker IFS88, step-scan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled to a flow cell equipped with Welsh collection optics. Vibrationally excited C2H radicals were produced from the photodissociation of acetylene in the unfocused experiments. The infrared (IR) emission from these excited C2H radicals was investigated as a function of added argon pressure. Argon quenching rate constants for all C2H emission bands are of the order of 10(exp -13)cc/molecule.sec. Quenching of these radicals by acetylene is efficient, with a rate constant in the range of 10(exp -11) cc/molecule.sec. The relative intensity of the different C2H emission bands did not change with the increasing argon or acetylene pressure. However, the overall IR emission intensity decreased, for example, by more than 50% when the argon partial pressure was raised from 0.2 to 2 Torr at fixed precursor pressure of 160mTorr. These observations provide evidence for the formation of a metastable C2H2 species, which are collisionally quenched by argon or acetylene. Problems encountered in the course of the experimental work are also described.
A split imaging spectrometer for temporally and spatially resolved titanium absorption spectroscopy
Hager, J. D. Lanier, N. E.; Kline, J. L.; Flippo, K. A.; Bruns, H. C.; Schneider, M.; Saculla, M.; McCarville, T.
We present a temporally and a spatially resolved spectrometer for titanium x-ray absorption spectroscopy along 2 axial symmetric lines-of-sight. Each line-of-sight of the instrument uses an elliptical crystal to acquire both the 2p and 3p Ti absorption lines on a single, time gated channel of the instrument. The 2 axial symmetric lines-of-sight allow the 2p and 3p absorption features to be measured through the same point in space using both channels of the instrument. The spatially dependent material temperature can be inferred by observing the 2p and the 3p Ti absorption features. The data are recorded on a two strip framing camera with each strip collecting data from a single line-of-sight. The design is compatible for use at both the OMEGA laser and the National Ignition Facility. The spectrometer is intended to measure the material temperature behind a Marshak wave in a radiatively driven SiO{sub 2} foam with a Ti foam tracer. In this configuration, a broad band CsI backlighter will be used for a source and the Ti absorption spectrum measured.
Improvement of photomask CD uniformity using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jung, Junhwa; Kim, Youngkeun; Jang, Il-Yong; Kim, Byung-Gook; Jeon, Chan-Uk; Kang, Minwook; Lee, Changmin; Hahn, Jae W.
According to the design rule shrinkage, more precise control of mask CD, including mean to target and uniformity, is required in lithography process. Since dry etching is one of the most critical processes to determine CD qualities in photomask, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to monitor plasma status during dry etching process could be useful. However, it is not possible to obtain distributional information of plasma with a conventional OES tool because the OES acquires totally integrated signals of light from the chamber. To overcome the limit of OES, we set up a spatially resolved (SR)-OES tool and measure the distribution of radicals in plasma during dry etch process. The SR-OES consists of a series of lenses, apertures, and a pinhole as a spatial filter which enable us to focus on certain area in the chamber, to extract the emitted light from plasma, and to perform the spectroscopic analysis. The Argon based actinometry combined with SR-OES shows spatially distinguished peaks related to the etch rate of Chromium on photomask. In this paper, we present experimental results of SR-OES installed on a commercial photomask dry etcher and discuss its practical effectiveness by correlation of the results with chamber etch rate.
Comparison of grain to grain orientation and stiffness mapping by spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy and EBSD.
Mark, A F; Li, W; Sharples, S; Withers, P J
Our aim was to establish the capability of spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) to map grain orientations and the anisotropy in stiffness at the sub-mm to micron scale by comparing the method with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) undertaken within a scanning electron microscope. In the former the grain orientations are deduced by measuring the spatial variation in elastic modulus; conversely, in EBSD the elastic anisotropy is deduced from direct measurements of the crystal orientations. The two test-cases comprise mapping the fusion zones for large TIG and MMA welds in thick power plant austenitic and ferritic steels, respectively; these are technologically important because, among other things, elastic anisotropy can cause ultrasonic weld inspection methods to become inaccurate because it causes bending in the paths of sound waves. The spatial resolution of SRAS is not as good as that for EBSD (∼100 μm vs. ∼a few nm), nor is the angular resolution (∼1.5° vs. ∼0.5°). However the method can be applied to much larger areas (currently on the order of 300 mm square), is much faster (∼5 times), is cheaper and easier to perform, and it could be undertaken on the manufacturing floor. Given these advantages, particularly to industrial users, and the on-going improvements to the method, SRAS has the potential to become a standard method for orientation mapping, particularly in cases where the elastic anisotropy is important over macroscopic/component length scales.
Spatially Resolved Elemental Analysis, Spectroscopy and Diffraction at the GSECARS Sector at the Advanced Photon Source
Sutton, Stephen R.; Lanzirotti, Antonio; Newville, Matthew; Rivers, Mark L.; Eng, Peter; Lefticariu, Liliana
X-ray microprobes (XRM) coupled with high-brightness synchrotron X-ray facilities are powerful tools for environmental biogeochemistry research. One such instrument, the XRM at the Geo Soil Enviro Center for Advanced Radiation Sources Sector 13 at the Advanced Photon Source (APS; Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL) was recently improved as part of a canted undulator geometry upgrade of the insertion device port, effectively doubling the available undulator beam time and extending the operating energy of the branch supporting the XRM down to the sulfur K edge (2.3 keV). Capabilities include rapid, high-resolution, elemental imaging including fluorescence microtomography, microscale X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy including sulfur K edge capability, and microscale X-ray diffraction. These capabilities are advantageous for (i) two-dimensional elemental mapping of relatively large samples at high resolution, with the dwell times typically limited only by the count times needed to obtain usable counting statistics for low concentration elements, (ii) three-dimensional imaging of internal elemental distributions in fragile hydrated specimens, such as biological tissues, avoiding the need for physical slicing, (iii) spatially resolved speciation determinations of contaminants in environmental materials, and (iv) identification of contaminant host phases. In this paper, we describe the XRM instrumentation, techniques, applications demonstrating these capabilities, and prospects for further improvements associated with the proposed upgrade of the APS.
Spatially resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy of single-layer steps on Si(100) surfaces
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Xiqiao; Namboodiri, Pradeep; Li, Kai; Deng, Xiao; Silver, Richard
Single-layer steps at Si(100) surfaces/interfaces present significant challenges to the quantitative characterization of buried dopant devices as well as the accurate imaging and relocation of fabricated quantum structures. We demonstrate the detailed spatially resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy study across monolayer step edges on Si(100) surfaces and quantitative determination of the local density of state distributions and behavior of the band gap at step edges. The influence on the local electrostatic environment due to step edge states has been quantified while accounting for the effects of scanning tunneling measurement conditions. The dangling bond states on Si(100) surfaces are utilized as a fingerprint to quantify the local band bending landscape and to make corrections to the experimentally observed surface state energy levels and band gap values at the step edge regions. We observe a significant band gap narrowing behavior along a rebonded single-layer type B step edge on a degenerately boron-doped p -type Si substrate.
Burgasser, Adam J.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.
We report resolved near-infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of the T8.5 binary WISEP J045853.90+643452.6AB obtained with Keck/NIRC2, Keck/OSIRIS, and the Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics system. These data confirm common proper and radial motion for the two components, and we see the first indications of orbital motion (mostly radial) for this system. H-band spectroscopy identifies both components as very late type brown dwarfs with strong H{sub 2}O and CH{sub 4} absorption. The spectrum of WISE J0458+6434B also exhibits a compelling signature of NH{sub 3} absorption over 1.52-1.54 {mu}m when compared to the T9 dwarf UGPS J072227.51-054031.2. Comparison to T8-Y0 spectral standards and H-band spectral indices indicate classifications of T8.5 and T9.5 for these two components, approaching the boundary between the T dwarf and Y dwarf spectral classes.
Multiple regimes of carrier cooling in photoexcited graphene probed by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frenzel, A. J.; Gabor, N. M.; Herring, P. K.; Fang, W.; Kong, J.; Jarillo-Herrero, P.; Gedik, N.
Energy relaxation and cooling of photoexcited charge carriers in graphene has recently attracted significant attention due to possible hot carrier effects, large quantum efficiencies, and photovoltaic applications. However, the details of these processes remain poorly understood, with many conflicting interpretations reported. Here we use time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy to explore multiple relaxation and cooling regimes in graphene in order to elucidate the fundamental physical processes which occur upon photoexcitation of charge carriers. We observe a novel negative terahertz photoconductivity that results from the unique linear dispersion and allows us to measure the electron temperature with ultrafast time resolution. Additionally, we present measurements of the relaxation dynamics over a wide range of excitation fluence. By varying the pump photon energy, we demonstrate that cooling dynamics of photoexcited carriers depend on the amount of energy deposited in the graphene system by the pump pulse, not the number of absorbed photons. The data suggest that fundamentally different regimes are encountered for different excitation fluences. These results may provide a unifying framework for reconciling various measurements of energy relaxation and cooling in graphene.
Applications of time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy to the environmental biogeochemistry of actinides.
Collins, Richard N; Saito, Takumi; Aoyagi, Noboru; Payne, Timothy E; Kimura, Takaumi; Waite, T David
Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) is a useful means of identifying certain actinide species resulting from various biogeochemical processes. In general, TRLFS differentiates chemical species of a fluorescent metal ion through analysis of different excitation and emission spectra and decay lifetimes. Although this spectroscopic technique has largely been applied to the analysis of actinide and lanthanide ions having fluorescence decay lifetimes on the order of microseconds, such as UO , Cm, and Eu, continuing development of ultra-fast and cryogenic TRLFS systems offers the possibility to obtain speciation information on metal ions having room-temperature fluorescence decay lifetimes on the order of nanoseconds to picoseconds. The main advantage of TRLFS over other advanced spectroscopic techniques is the ability to determine in situ metal speciation at environmentally relevant micromolar to picomolar concentrations. In the context of environmental biogeochemistry, TRLFS has principally been applied to studies of (i) metal speciation in aqueous and solid phases and (ii) the coordination environment of metal ions sorbed to mineral and bacterial surfaces. In this review, the principles of TRLFS are described, and the literature reporting the application of this methodology to the speciation of actinides in systems of biogeochemical interest is assessed. Significant developments in TRLFS methodology and advanced data analysis are highlighted, and we outline how these developments have the potential to further our mechanistic understanding of actinide biogeochemistry.
Toward reliable retrieval of functional information of papillary dermis using spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
Chen, Yu-Wen; Guo, Jun-Yen; Tzeng, Shih-Yu; Chou, Ting-Chun; Lin, Ming-Jen; Huang, Lynn Ling-Huei; Yang, Chao-Chun; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Tseng, Sheng-Hao
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) has been employed to quantify tissue optical properties and its interrogation volume is majorly controlled by the source-to-detector separations (SDSs). To noninvasively quantify properties of dermis, a SRDRS setup that includes SDS shorter than 1 mm is required. It will be demonstrated in this study that Monte Carlo simulations employing the Henyey-Greenstein phase function cannot always precisely predict experimentally measured diffuse reflectance at such short SDSs, and we speculated this could be caused by the non-negligible backward light scattering at short SDSs that cannot be properly modeled by the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. To accurately recover the optical properties and functional information of dermis using SRDRS, we proposed the use of the modified two-layer (MTL) geometry. Monte Carlo simulations and phantom experiment results revealed that the MTL probing geometry was capable of faithfully recovering the optical properties of upper dermis. The capability of the MTL geometry in probing the upper dermis properties was further verified through a swine study, and it was found that the measurement results were reasonably linked to histological findings. Finally, the MTL probe was utilized to study psoriatic lesions. Our results showed that the MTL probe was sensitive to the physiological condition of tissue volumes within the papillary dermis and could be used in studying the physiology of psoriasis.
Toward reliable retrieval of functional information of papillary dermis using spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Chen, Yu-Wen; Guo, Jun-Yen; Tzeng, Shih-Yu; Chou, Ting-Chun; Lin, Ming-Jen; Huang, Lynn Ling-Huei; Yang, Chao-Chun; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Tseng, Sheng-Hao
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) has been employed to quantify tissue optical properties and its interrogation volume is majorly controlled by the source-to-detector separations (SDSs). To noninvasively quantify properties of dermis, a SRDRS setup that includes SDS shorter than 1 mm is required. It will be demonstrated in this study that Monte Carlo simulations employing the Henyey-Greenstein phase function cannot always precisely predict experimentally measured diffuse reflectance at such short SDSs, and we speculated this could be caused by the non-negligible backward light scattering at short SDSs that cannot be properly modeled by the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. To accurately recover the optical properties and functional information of dermis using SRDRS, we proposed the use of the modified two-layer (MTL) geometry. Monte Carlo simulations and phantom experiment results revealed that the MTL probing geometry was capable of faithfully recovering the optical properties of upper dermis. The capability of the MTL geometry in probing the upper dermis properties was further verified through a swine study, and it was found that the measurement results were reasonably linked to histological findings. Finally, the MTL probe was utilized to study psoriatic lesions. Our results showed that the MTL probe was sensitive to the physiological condition of tissue volumes within the papillary dermis and could be used in studying the physiology of psoriasis. PMID:26977361
Optical analysis of cirrhotic liver by near infrared time resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nishio, Toshihiro; Kitai, Toshiyuki; Miwa, Mitsuharu; Takahashi, Rei; Yamaoka, Yoshio
The severity of liver cirrhosis was related with the optical properties of liver tissue. Various grades of liver cirrhosis were produced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) for different periods: 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks. Optical properties of the liver, absorption, coefficient ((mu) a) and scattering coefficient (microsecond(s) '), were measured by near-infrared time- resolved spectroscopy. Histological examination confirmed cirrhotic changes in the liver, which were more severe in rats with TAA administration for longer periods. The (mu) a increased in 4- and 8-week rats, and then decreased in 12- and 16-week rats. The (mu) a of blood-free liver decreased as liver cirrhosis progressed. The hemoglobin content in the liver calculated from the (mu) a values increased in 4- and 8-week rats and decreased in 12- and 16-week rats. The microsecond(s) ' decreased in the cirrhotic liver, probably reflecting the decrease in the mitochondria content. It was shown that (mu) a and microsecond(s) ' determination is useful to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis.
Measurement of the optical properties of rat brain tissue using contact spatially resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gysbrechts, Barbara; Nguyen Do Trong, Nghia; Wang, Ling; Cabral, Henrique; Navratilova, Zaneta; Battaglia, Francesco P.; Saeys, Wouter; Bartic, Carmen
Nowadays, biophotonics is widely used in neuroscience. The effectiveness of biophotonic techniques, such as fluorescence imaging and optogenetics, is affected by the optical properties of the examined tissue. Therefore, knowledge of these properties is essential to carefully plan experiments. Mice and rats are widely used in neuroscience studies. However, reports about optical properties of their brains are very rare. We measured optical absorption μa and reduced scattering μ's coefficients of native rat brain in the visible and near-infrared wavelength region, using contact spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS). In this study, we estimate μa and μ's for the rat cortex and discuss their stability in time. Additionally, variations in optical properties within and between samples were characterized. The results extend the range of known optical properties for the rat cortex, especially in the visible range, relevant to optogenetics. μa and μ's are stable within a time span of four hours, and show low variation in and between brain samples. This indicates that a suitable protocol was used to estimate optical properties of rodent brain tissue. Since contact SRS is a non-destructive method, this technique could be used also to measure μa and μ's in living animals. Moreover, the probe has small dimensions, allowing the characterization of optical properties in different structures of the brain.
Noninvasive detection of concealed explosives: depth profiling through opaque plastics by time-resolved Raman spectroscopy.
Petterson, Ingeborg E Iping; López-López, María; García-Ruiz, Carmen; Gooijer, Cees; Buijs, Joost B; Ariese, Freek
The detection of explosives concealed behind opaque, diffusely scattering materials is a challenge that requires noninvasive analytical techniques for identification without having to manipulate the package. In this context, this study focuses on the application of time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (TRRS) with a picosecond pulsed laser and an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector for the noninvasive identification of explosive materials through several millimeters of opaque polymers or plastic packaging materials. By means of a short (250 ps) gate which can be delayed several hundred picoseconds after the laser pulse, the ICCD detector allows for the temporal discrimination between photons from the surface of a sample and those from deeper layers. TRRS was applied for the detection of the two main isomers of dinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene as well as for various other components of explosive mixtures, including akardite II, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite. Spectra were obtained through different diffuse scattering white polymer materials: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyoxymethylene (POM), and polyethylene (PE). Common packaging materials of various thicknesses were also selected, including polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). With the demonstration of the ability to detect concealed, explosives-related compounds through an opaque first layer, this study may have important applications in the security and forensic fields.
Circumstellar Variations and Microflaring in FK Comae Berenices: Time-Resolved Balmer Line Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Oliveira, J. M.; Foing, B. H.; Gondoin, Ph.; Stempels, H. C.; Sonnentrucker, P.; Le Poole, R. S.; Ehrenfreund, P.; de Jong, J. A.; Schrijvers, C.; Henrichs, H.; ESA-MUSICOS Collaboration
We present results from the analysis of spectra of the fast rotating giant FK Comae Berenices, obtained with the recently commissioned ESA-MUSICOS spectrograph at the INT and with the Aurelie spectrograph at the OHP. The Balmer lines broad emission is modelled as arising from structures extending up to 4 stellar radii. The absorption is modelled due to the presence of a shell of cold and dense gas (solar-like filaments), near the corotation radius, covering about 20% of the stellar disc. The extended emission is believed to arise in giant structures reminiscent of active loops or prominences. Time resolved Hα emission spectroscopy indicates that these structures undergo continuous microflaring. Based on data sets from May and November 1996 and May and June 1997, we describe different time scales for variability, from yearly rise of activity to hourly microflares. Based on observations with the ESA-MUSICOS spectrograph at the 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope, ING Observatory, Spain and with the Aurelie spectrograph at the 1.52 m Coude Telescope, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France
Hemodynamic measurements in deep brain tissues of humans by near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Suzuki, Hiroaki; Oda, Motoki; Yamaki, Etsuko; Suzuki, Toshihiko; Yamashita, Daisuke; Yoshimoto, Kenji; Homma, Shu; Yamashita, Yutaka
Using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS), we measured the human head in transmittance mode to obtain the optical properties, tissue oxygenation, and hemodynamics of deep brain tissues in 50 healthy adult volunteers. The right ear canal was irradiated with 3-wavelengths of pulsed light (760, 795, and 835nm), and the photons passing through the human head were collected at the left ear canal. Optical signals with sufficient intensity could be obtained from 46 of the 50 volunteers. By analyzing the temporal profiles based on the photon diffusion theory, we successfully obtained absorption coefficients for each wavelength. The levels of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb), total hemoglobin (tHb), and tissue oxygen saturation (SO2) were then determined by referring to the hemoglobin spectroscopic data. Compared with the SO2 values for the forehead measurements in reflectance mode, the SO2 values of the transmittance measurements of the human head were approximately 10% lower, and tHb values of the transmittance measurements were always lower than those of the forehead reflectance measurements. Moreover, the level of hemoglobin and the SO2 were strongly correlated between the human head measurements in transmittance mode and the forehead measurements in the reflectance mode, respectively. These results demonstrated a potential application of this TRS system in examining deep brain tissues of humans.
Gas-phase diagnostic by time-resolved rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seeger, Thomas; Leipertz, A.
Dual-broadband pure rotational CARS (RCARS) is nowadays a well-developed gas phase measurement technique. Nevertheless there are challenges for technical applications due to stray light interference, soot emission or droplets. Beside this for diffusion flames also a strong, unknown and varying non-resonant background signal is contributing to the CARS signal. Possible applications of time-resolved pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for different applications are demonstrated and its potential of for gas-phase thermometry is investigated. The field of application covers studies on flame research especially sooting flames as well as its use in technical combustion systems e.g., for the determination of the gas-phase temperature in the vaporizing spray of a GDI injector. A new advantageous approach by using picosecond (ps) laser sources as a diagnostic tool is also demonstrated. By time-delaying the ps probe laser beam problems due to stray light interference, soot emission or droplets can be reduced tremendously of even eliminated.
Time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy of visible and near infrared dyes in picosecond dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pu, Yang; Alfano, Robert R.
Near-infrared (NIR) dyes absorb and emit light within the range from 700 to 900 nm have several benefits in biological studies for one- and/or two-photon excitation for deeper penetration of tissues. These molecules undergo vibrational and rotational motion in the relaxation of the excited electronic states, Due to the less than ideal anisotropy behavior of NIR dyes stemming from the fluorophores elongated structures and short fluorescence lifetime in picosecond range, no significant efforts have been made to recognize the theory of these dyes in time-resolved polarization dynamics. In this study, the depolarization of the fluorescence due to emission from rotational deactivation in solution will be measured with the excitation of a linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulse and a streak camera. The theory, experiment and application of the ultrafast fluorescence polarization dynamics and anisotropy are illustrated with examples of two of the most important medical based dyes. One is NIR dye, namely Indocyanine Green (ICG) and is compared with Fluorescein which is in visible range with much longer lifetime. A set of first-order linear differential equations was developed to model fluorescence polarization dynamics of NIR dye in picosecond range. Using this model, the important parameters of ultrafast polarization spectroscopy were identified: risetime, initial time, fluorescence lifetime, and rotation times.
Real time optical Biopsy: Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy instrumentation and validation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kittle, David S.; Vasefi, Fartash; Patil, Chirag G.; Mamelak, Adam; Black, Keith L.; Butte, Pramod V.
The Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-FS) has the potential to differentiate tumor and normal tissue in real time during surgical excision. In this manuscript, we describe the design of a novel TR-FS device, along with preliminary data on detection accuracy for fluorophores in a mixture. The instrument is capable of near real-time fluorescence lifetime acquisition in multiple spectral bands and analysis. It is also able to recover fluorescence lifetime with sub-20ps accuracy as validated with individual organic fluorescence dyes and dye mixtures yielding lifetime values for standard fluorescence dyes that closely match with published data. We also show that TR-FS is able to quantify the relative concentration of fluorescence dyes in a mixture by the unmixing of lifetime decays. We show that the TR-FS prototype is able to identify in near-real time the concentrations of dyes in a complex mixture based on previously trained data. As a result, we demonstrate that in complex mixtures of fluorophores, the relative concentration information is encoded in the fluorescence lifetime across multiple spectral bands. We show for the first time the temporal and spectral measurements of a mixture of fluorochromes and the ability to differentiate relative concentrations of each fluorochrome mixture in real time.
Investigation of microstructure in additive manufactured Inconel 625 by spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy
Tremsin, Anton S.; Gao, Yan; Dial, Laura C.; Grazzi, Francesco; Shinohara, Takenao
Abstract Non-destructive testing techniques based on neutron imaging and diffraction can provide information on the internal structure of relatively thick metal samples (up to several cm), which are opaque to other conventional non-destructive methods. Spatially resolved neutron transmission spectroscopy is an extension of traditional neutron radiography, where multiple images are acquired simultaneously, each corresponding to a narrow range of energy. The analysis of transmission spectra enables studies of bulk microstructures at the spatial resolution comparable to the detector pixel. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of imaging (with ~100 μm resolution) distribution of some microstructure properties, such as residual strain, texture, voids and impurities in Inconel 625 samples manufactured with an additive manufacturing method called direct metal laser melting (DMLM). Although this imaging technique can be implemented only in a few large-scale facilities, it can be a valuable tool for optimization of additive manufacturing techniques and materials and for correlating bulk microstructure properties to manufacturing process parameters. In addition, the experimental strain distribution can help validate finite element models which many industries use to predict the residual stress distributions in additive manufactured components. PMID:27877885
Standoff Time-Resolved Laser-Based Spectroscopy Tools for Sample Characterization and Biosignature Detection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gasda, P. J.; Acosta-Maeda, T.; Lucey, P. G.; Misra, A. K.; Sharma, S. K.; Taylor, J.
The NASA Mars2020 rover will be searching for signs of past habitability and past life on Mars. Additionally, the rover mission will prepare a cache of highly significant samples for a future sample return mission. NASA requires these samples to be well characterized; the instruments on the rover must be capable of fine-scale in situ mineralogical or elemental analysis with emphasis on biosignature detection or characterization. We have been developing multiple standoff laser-based instruments at the University of Hawaii, Manoa that are capable of fine-scale in situ chemical analysis and biosignatures detection. By employing a time-resolved spectroscopy, we can perform elemental analysis with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), mineral and organic analysis with Raman spectroscopy, and biosignature detection with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). Each of these techniques share the same optics and detection equipment, allowing us to integrate them into a single, compact instrument. High time-resolution (~100 ns/pulse) is the key to this instrument; with it, the detector only records data when the signal is the brightest. Spectra can be taken during the day, LIBS can be measured without a plasma light background, and the Raman signal can be separated from the mineral fluorescence signal. Since bio-organics have very short fluorescence lifetimes, the new instrument can be used to unambiguously detect bio-organics. The prototype uses a low power (0.5 mJ/pulse) 532 nm laser with a detection limit of < 30 ppm of organics in a sample of Antarctica Dry Valley soil measured from 8 m. Another LIF instrument under development in our lab, called the Biofinder, takes advantage of the extremely intense fluorescence signal produced by organics by using a wide laser spot and a camera to produce LIF images of wide area (25 cm area from 2 m distance with 2 mm/pixel resolution). The Biofinder can quickly assess the area around the rover (at 10 frames/s) by imaging sample
Identifying Fossil Biosignatures and Minerals in Mars Analog Materials Using Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shkolyar, S.; Farmer, J.; Alerstam, E.; Maruyama, Y.; Blacksberg, J.
Mars sample return has been identified as a top priority in the planetary science decadal survey. A Mars sample selection and caching mission would be the likely first step in this endeavor. Such a mission would aim to select and prioritize for return to Earth aqueously formed geological samples present at a selected site on Mars, based upon their potential for biosignature capture and preservation. If evidence of past life exists and is found, it is likely to come via the identification of fossilized carbonaceous matter of biological origin (kerogen) found in the selected samples analyzed in laboratories after return to Earth. Raman spectroscopy is considered one of the primary techniques for analyzing materials in situ and selecting the most promising samples for Earth return. We have previously performed a pilot study to better understand the complexities of identifying kerogen using Raman spectroscopy. For the study, we examined a variety of Mars analog materials representing a broad range of mineral compositions and kerogen maturities. The study revealed that kerogen identification in many of the most promising lithologies is often impeded by background fluorescence that originates from long (>10 ns to ms) and short (<1 ns) lifetime fluorophores in both the mineral matrixes and preserved organic matter in the samples. This work explores the potential for time-gated Raman spectroscopy to enable clear kerogen and mineral identifications in such samples. The JPL time-resolved Raman system uses time gating to reduce background fluorescence. It uses a custom-built SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) detector, featuring a 1-ns time-gate, and electronically variable gate delay. Results for a range of fluorescent samples show that the JPL system reduces fluorescence, allowing the identification of both kerogen and mineral components more successfully than with conventional Raman systems. In some of the most challenging samples, the detection of organic matter is
Direct angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy and superconductivity of strained high-Tc films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pavuna, Davor; Ariosa, Daniel; Cloetta, Dominique; Cancellieri, Claudia; Abrecht, Mike
Since 1997 we systematically perform direct angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on in-situ grown thin (<30 nm) cuprate films. Specifically, we probe low-energy electronic structure and properties of high-T_{c} superconductors (HTSC) under different degrees of epitaxial ({compressive vs. tensile}) strain. In overdoped and underdoped in-plane compressed (the strain is induced by the choice of substrate) ≈15 nm thin La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4} (LSCO) films we almost double T_{c} to 40 K, from 20 K and 24 K, respectively. Yet the Fermi surface (FS) remains essentially two-dimensional. In contrast, ARPES data under {tensile} strain exhibit the dispersion that is three-dimensional, yet T_{c} drastically decreases. It seems that the in-plane compressive strain tends to push the apical oxygen far away from the CuO_{2} plane, enhances the two-dimensional character of the dispersion and increases T_{c}, while the tensile strain acts in the opposite direction and the resulting dispersion is three-dimensional. We have established the shape of the FS for both cases, and all our data are consistent with other ongoing studies, like EXAFS. As the actual lattice of cuprates is like a `Napoleon-cake', i.e. rigid CuO_{2 } planes alternating with softer `reservoir', that distort differently under strain, our data rule out all oversimplified two-dimensional (rigid lattice) mean field models. The work is still in progress on optimized La-doped Bi-2201 films with enhanced T_{c}.
Tubulin equilibrium unfolding followed by time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Sánchez, Susana A.; Brunet, Juan E.; Jameson, David M.; Lagos, Rosalba; Monasterio, Octavio
The pathway for the in vitro equilibrium unfolding of the tubulin heterodimer by guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) has been studied using several spectroscopic techniques, specifically circular dichroism (CD), two-photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), and time-resolved fluorescence, including lifetime and dynamic polarization. The results show that tubulin unfolding is characterized by distinct processes that occur in different GdmCl concentration ranges. From 0 to 0.5 M GdmCl, a slight alteration of the tubulin heterodimer occurs, as evidenced by a small, but reproducible increase in the rotational correlation time of the protein and a sharp decrease in the secondary structure monitored by CD. In the range 0.5–1.5 M GdmCl, significant decreases in the steady-state anisotropy and average lifetime of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence occur, as well as a decrease in the rotational correlation time, from 48 to 26 nsec. In the same GdmCl range, the number of protein molecules (labeled with Alexa 488), as determined by two-photon FCS measurements, increases by a factor of two, indicating dissociation of the tubulin dimer into monomers. From 1.5 to 4 M GdmCl, these monomers unfold, as evidenced by the continual decrease in the tryptophan steady-state anisotropy, average lifetime, and rotational correlation time, concomitant with secondary structural changes. These results help to elucidate the unfolding pathway of the tubulin heterodimer and demonstrate the value of FCS measurements in studies on oligomeric protein systems. PMID:14691224
Computational optimization of the configuration of a spatially resolved spectroscopy sensor for milk analysis.
Watté, Rodrigo; Aernouts, Ben; Van Beers, Robbe; Postelmans, Annelies; Saeys, Wouter
A global optimizer has been developed, capable of computing the optimal configuration in a probe for spatially resolved reflectance spectroscopy (SRS). The main objective is to minimize the number of detection fibers, while maintaining an accurate estimation of both absorption and scattering profiles. Multiple fibers are necessary to robustify the estimation of optical properties against noise, which is typically present in the measured signals and influences the accuracy of the inverse estimation. The optimizer is based on a robust metamodel-based inverse estimation of the absorption coefficient and a reduced scattering coefficient from the acquired SRS signals. A genetic algorithm is used to evaluate the effect of the fiber placement on the performance of the inverse estimator to find the bulk optical properties of raw milk. The algorithm to find the optimal fiber placement was repeatedly executed for cases with a different number of detection fibers, ranging from 3 to 30. Afterwards, the optimal designs for each considered number of fibers were compared based on their performance in separating the absorption and scattering properties, and the significance of the differences was tested. A sensor configuration with 13 detection fibers was found to be the combination with the lowest number of fibers which provided an estimation performance which was not significantly worse than the one obtained with the best design (30 detection fibers). This design resulted in the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.411 cm(-1) (R(2) = 0.965) for the estimation of the bulk absorption coefficient values, and 0.382 cm(-1) (R(2) = 0.996) for the reduced scattering coefficient values.
Time-resolved stand-off UV-Raman spectroscopy for planetary exploration
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Skulinova, M.; Lefebvre, C.; Sobron, P.; Eshelman, E.; Daly, M.; Gravel, J.-F.; Cormier, J.-F.; Châteauneuf, F.; Slater, G.; Zheng, W.; Koujelev, A.; Léveillé, R.
The exploration of Mars, Europa and Enceladus has provided evidence that support the existence of present or past potentially habitable environments, which may shelter signatures of extinct or extant life. A search for further evidence for habitability or for life requires the development of sophisticated instruments and techniques that enable detailed investigations of locations, which are of great interest to planetary scientists and astrobiologists. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique; a rover based Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) operating at 532 nm excitation wavelength has been selected for the 2018 ExoMars mission. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of the utilisation of a time-resolved stand-off UV-Raman prototype for the detection and identification of pure organics, organics mixed in a quartz matrix and minerals that have been selected based on their potential relevance to astrobiology and planetary exploration. The samples of organics (β-carotene, L-ascorbic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, L-alanine, L-serine, thymine), carbonates (calcite, dolomite), sulfates (gypsum), silicates (quartz), and natural rock (an altered meta-volcanic rock featuring quartz inclusions) were analyzed at a distance of 6 m using a 355 nm excitation source and a gated intensified charged-coupled device (ICCD) as the detector. We were able to obtain spectra with clear Raman signals enabling unequivocal identification of all selected samples. We assert for the first time, that such an instrument can effectively identify minerals and a wide range of organics that may serve as geo- and biomarkers thus showing great potential for the exploration of planets and astrobiology.
Investigations of suspension stability of iron oxide nanoparticles using time-resolved UV-visible spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vikram, S.; Vasanthakumari, R.; Tsuzuki, Takuya; Rangarajan, Murali
This study examines the suspension stability of iron oxide nanoparticles of different sizes, magnetic susceptibility, and saturation magnetization over long time scales in dilute systems using time-resolved UV-visible spectroscopy. The effects of citric acid as a chelating agent and applied external magnetic field are also studied. UV-visible spectra are obtained at different times for citric-acid-stabilized nanoparticles dispersed in water, and the peak absorbance is tracked with time, in the presence and absence of external magnetic fields. It is seen that the nanoparticles sediment slowly even in the absence of chain formation, with the phenomenon occurring in two-to-three regimes for the systems studied. Sedimentation exhibits either exponential or power-law behavior of maximum absorbance with time. In the dilute dispersions studied, thermal dispersion is about two orders of magnitude stronger than van der Waals interactions, and chain formation is not easy. Yet, it is likely that local anisotropic structures of the nanoparticles form, through which the attractive interactions result in sedimentation. Citric acid gradually stabilizes the aggregating particles; after an initial faster sedimentation, electrostatic repulsion causes the particles to segregate, as observed by a linear increase in the concentration of the nanoparticles at long times. In the presence of magnetic field, stabilization effects are significantly reduced. It is seen that though the attractive force between the nanoparticles and the external field is smaller than Brownian forces, together with van der Waals interactions, these attractive forces likely act as directing agents facilitating sedimentation. This study demonstrates that aggregation-induced sedimentation of magnetic nanoparticles is likely to play a significant role in magnetic drug targeting even when the particles are stabilized with chelating agents.
Ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy of the light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) from the photosynthetic bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum
Niedzwiedzki, Dariusz M.; Fuciman, Marcel; Kobayashi, Masayuki; Frank, Harry A.; Blankenship, Robert E.
The light-harvesting complex 2 from the thermophilic purple bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum was purified and studied by steady-state absorption and fluorescence, sub-nanosecond-time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The measurements were performed at room temperature and at 10 K. The combination of both ultrafast and steady-state optical spectroscopy methods at ambient and cryogenic temperatures allowed the detailed study of carotenoid (Car)-to-bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) as well BChl-to-BChl excitation energy transfer in the complex. The studies show that the dominant Cars rhodopin (N = 11) and spirilloxanthin (N = 13) do not play a significant role as supportive energy donors for BChl a. This is related with their photophysical properties regulated by long π-electron conjugation. On the other hand, such properties favor some of the Cars, particularly spirilloxanthin (N = 13) to play the role of the direct quencher of the excited singlet state of BChl.
Sensitive monitoring of photocarrier densities in the active layer of a photovoltaic device with time-resolved terahertz reflection spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yamashita, Genki; Matsubara, Eiichi; Nagai, Masaya; Kim, Changsu; Akiyama, Hidefumi; Kanemitsu, Yoshihiko; Ashida, Masaaki
We demonstrate the sensitive measurement of photocarriers in an active layer of a GaAs-based photovoltaic device using time-resolved terahertz reflection spectroscopy. We found that the reflection dip caused by Fabry-Pérot interference is strongly affected by the carrier profile in the active layer of the p-i-n structure. The experimental results show that this method is suitable for quantitative evaluation of carrier dynamics in active layers of solar cells under operating conditions.
Synchrotron-based rotationally resolved high-resolution FTIR spectroscopy of azulene and the unidentified infrared bands of astronomy.
Albert, Sieghard; Lerch, Philippe; Quack, Martin
Chasing the unidentified IR bands: The first rotationally resolved high-resolution infrared spectrum of azulene is reported using synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy including a rovibrational analysis of the out-of-plane fundamental ν44. Comparison of azulene, naphthalene, indole, and biphenyl infrared bands leads to coincidences with UIR bands at 12.8 μm with naphthalene and at 13.55 and 14.6 μm with biphenyl bands, but excluding azulene as a strong absorber.
Quantification of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy and tracer kinetic modeling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ioussoufovitch, Seva; Morrison, Laura B.; Lee, Ting-Yim; St. Lawrence, Keith; Diop, Mamadou
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, which can cause progressive joint damage and disability. Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and imaging have the potential to become potent monitoring tools for RA. We devised a method that combined time-resolved DOS and tracer kinetics modeling to rapidly and reliably quantify blood flow in the joint. Preliminary results obtained from two animals show that the technique can detect joint inflammation as early as 5 days after onset.
Early Results from the VENGA Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey: Current and Past Spatially-Resolved Star Formation in NGC2903
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Song, Mimi; Gebhardt, K.; Jogee, S.; VENGA
We present spatially-resolved integral field spectroscopy of the nearby isolated spiral galaxy NGC 2903 from the VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Spiral Galaxies (VENGA) survey. Among science goals that the survey aims at, here we focus on its star formation activity, stellar population modeling and constraining its star formation history. We acknowledge support from the Norman Hackerman Advanced Research Program (NHARP) ARP-03658-0234-2009.
Development of time-resolved electron momentum spectroscopy: a tool for visualizing the motion of electrons during a chemical reaction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yamazaki, M.; Kasai, Y.; Oishi, K.; Nakazawa, H.; Takahashi, M.
An electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) apparatus has been developed, which employs an ultrashort-pulsed incident electron beam with a repetition rate of 5 kHz and a pulse duration in the order of picoseconds. Its instrumental design and technical details are reported, involving demonstration of a new method for finding time-zero. Furthermore, a preliminary time-resolved EMS study on the photodissociation dynamics of acetone at 195 nm is presented.
High-pressure-low-temperature cryostat designed for use with fourier transform infrared spectrometers and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.
Calladine, James A; Love, Ashley; Fields, Peter A; Wilson, Richard G M; George, Michael W
The design for a new high-pressure-low-temperature infrared (IR) cell for performing experiments using conventional Fourier transform infrared or fast laser-based time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, in a range of solvents, is described. The design builds upon a commercially available compressor and cold end (Polycold PCC(®) and CryoTiger(®)), which enables almost vibration-free operation, ideal for use with sensitive instrumentation. The design of our cell and cryostat allows for the study of systems at temperatures from 77 to 310 K and at pressures up to 250 bar. The CaF2 windows pass light from the mid-IR to the ultraviolet (UV), enabling a number of experiments to be performed, such as Raman, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and time-resolved techniques where sample excitation/probing using continuous wave or pulsed lasers is required. We demonstrate the capabilities of this cell by detailing two different applications: (i) the reactivity of a range of Group V-VII organometallic alkane complexes using time-resolved spectroscopy on the millisecond timescale and (ii) the gas-to-liquid phase transition of CO2 at low temperature, which is applicable to measurements associated with transportation issues related to carbon capture and storage.
Time resolved single molecule spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum dot/conjugated organic hybrid nanostructures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Odoi, Michael Yemoh
Single molecule studies on CdSe quantum dots functionalized with oligo-phenylene vinylene ligands (CdSe-OPV) provide evidence of strong electronic communication that facilitate charge and energy transport between the OPV ligands and the CdSe quantum dot core. This electronic interaction greatly modify, the photoluminescence properties of both bulk and single CdSe-OPV nanostructure thin film samples. Size-correlated wide-field fluorescence imaging show that blinking suppression in single CdSe-OPV is linked to the degree of OPV coverage (inferred from AFM height scans) on the quantum dot surface. The effect of the complex electronic environment presented by photoexcited OPV ligands on the excited state property of CdSe-OPV is measured with single photon counting and photon-pair correlation spectroscopy techniques. Time-tagged-time-resolved (TTTR) single photon counting measurements from individual CdSe-OPV nanostructures, show excited state lifetimes an order of magnitude shorter relative to conventional ZnS/CdSe quantum dots. Second-order intensity correlation measurements g(2)(tau) from individual CdSe-OPV nanostructures point to a weak multi-excitonic character with a strong wavelength dependent modulation depth. By tuning in and out of the absorption of the OPV ligands we observe changes in modulation depth from g(2) (0) ≈ 0.2 to 0.05 under 405 and 514 nm excitation respectively. Defocused images and polarization anisotropy measurements also reveal a well-defined linear dipole emission pattern in single CdSe-OPV nanostructures. These results provide new insights into to the mechanism behind the electronic interactions in composite quantum dot/conjugated organic composite systems at the single molecule level. The observed intensity flickering , blinking suppression and associated lifetime/count rate and antibunching behaviour is well explained by a Stark interaction model. Charge transfer from photo-excitation of the OPV ligands to the surface of the Cd
Band structures of 4f and 5f materials studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fujimori, Shin-ichi
Recent remarkable progress in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) has enabled the direct observation of the band structures of 4f and 5f materials. In particular, ARPES with various light sources such as lasers (hν ∼ 7~\\text{eV} ) or high-energy synchrotron radiations (hν ≳ 400~\\text{eV} ) has shed light on the bulk band structures of strongly correlated materials with energy scales of a few millielectronvolts to several electronvolts. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the behaviors of 4f and 5f band structures of various rare-earth and actinide materials observed by modern ARPES techniques, and understand how they can be described using various theoretical frameworks. For 4f-electron materials, ARPES studies of \\text{Ce}M\\text{I}{{\\text{n}}5} (M=\\text{Rh} , \\text{Ir} , and \\text{Co} ) and \\text{YbR}{{\\text{h}}2}\\text{S}{{\\text{i}}2} with various incident photon energies are summarized. We demonstrate that their 4f electronic structures are essentially described within the framework of the periodic Anderson model, and that the band-structure calculation based on the local density approximation cannot explain their low-energy electronic structures. Meanwhile, electronic structures of 5f materials exhibit wide varieties ranging from itinerant to localized states. For itinerant \\text{U}~5f compounds such as \\text{UFeG}{{\\text{a}}5} , their electronic structures can be well-described by the band-structure calculation assuming that all \\text{U}~5f electrons are itinerant. In contrast, the band structures of localized \\text{U}~5f compounds such as \\text{UP}{{\\text{d}}3} and \\text{U}{{\\text{O}}2} are essentially explained by the localized model that treats \\text{U}~5f electrons as localized core states. In regards to heavy fermion \\text{U} -based compounds such as the hidden-order compound \\text{UR}{{\\text{u}}2}\\text{S}{{\\text{i}}2} , their electronic structures exhibit complex behaviors. Their overall band structures
Band structures of 4f and 5f materials studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Fujimori, Shin-ichi
Recent remarkable progress in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) has enabled the direct observation of the band structures of 4f and 5f materials. In particular, ARPES with various light sources such as lasers (hν ~ 7 eV) or high-energy synchrotron radiations (hν >/~ 400 eV) has shed light on the bulk band structures of strongly correlated materials with energy scales of a few millielectronvolts to several electronvolts. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the behaviors of 4f and 5f band structures of various rare-earth and actinide materials observed by modern ARPES techniques, and understand how they can be described using various theoretical frameworks. For 4f-electron materials, ARPES studies of CeMIn5(M = Rh, Ir, and Co) and YbRh2Si2 with various incident photon energies are summarized. We demonstrate that their 4f electronic structures are essentially described within the framework of the periodic Anderson model, and that the band-structure calculation based on the local density approximation cannot explain their low-energy electronic structures. Meanwhile, electronic structures of 5f materials exhibit wide varieties ranging from itinerant to localized states. For itinerant U5f compounds such as UFeGa5, their electronic structures can be well-described by the band-structure calculation assuming that all U5f electrons are itinerant. In contrast, the band structures of localized U5f compounds such as UPd3 and UO2 are essentially explained by the localized model that treats U5f electrons as localized core states. In regards to heavy fermion U-based compounds such as the hidden-order compound URu2Si2, their electronic structures exhibit complex behaviors. Their overall band structures are generally well-explained by the band-structure calculation, whereas the states in the vicinity of EF show some deviations due to electron correlation effects. Furthermore, the electronic structures of URu2Si2 in the paramagnetic and hidden-order phases are
Detection of rhodopsin dimerization in situ by PIE-FCCS, a time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
Smith, Adam W
Rhodopsin self-associates in the plasma membrane. At low concentrations, the interactions are consistent with a monomer-dimer equilibrium (Comar et al., J Am Chem Soc 136(23):8342-8349, 2014). At high concentrations in native tissue, higher-order clusters have been observed (Fotiadis et al., Nature 421:127-128, 2003). The physiological role of rhodopsin dimerization is still being investigated, but it is clear that a quantitative assessment is essential to determining the function of rhodopsin clusters in vision. To quantify rhodopsin interactions, I will outline the theory and methodology of a specialized time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring membrane protein-protein interactions called pulsed-interleaved excitation fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (PIE-FCCS). The strength of this technique is its ability to quantify rhodopsin interactions in situ (i.e., a live cell plasma membrane). There are two reasons for restricting the scope to live cell membranes. First, the compositional heterogeneity of the plasma membrane creates a complex milieu with thousands of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate species. This makes it difficult to infer quaternary interactions from detergent solubilized samples or construct a model phospholipid bilayer that recapitulates all of the interactions present in native membranes. Second, organizational structure and dynamics is a key feature of the plasma membrane, and fixation techniques like formaldehyde cross-linking and vitrification will modulate the interactions. PIE-FCCS is based on two-color fluorescence imaging with time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) (Becker et al., Rev Sci Instrum 70:1835-1841, 1999). By time-tagging every detected photon, the data can be analyzed as a fluorescence intensity distribution, fluorescence lifetime histogram, or fluorescence (cross-)correlation spectra (FCS/FCCS) (Becker, Advanced time-correlated single-photon counting techniques, Springer, Berlin, 2005). These
Characterization of type I, II, III, IV, and V collagens by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marcu, Laura; Cohen, David; Maarek, Jean-Michel I.; Grundfest, Warren S.
The relative proportions of genetically distinct collagen types in connective tissues vary with tissue type and change during disease progression, development, wound healing, aging. This study aims to 1) characterize the spectro- temporal fluorescence emission of fiber different types of collagen and 2) assess the ability of time-resolved laser- induced fluorescence spectroscopy to distinguish between collagen types. Fluorescence emission of commercially available purified samples was induced with nitrogen laser excitation pulses and detected with a MCP-PMT connected to a digital storage oscilloscope. The recorded time-resolved emission spectra displayed distinct fluorescence emission characteristics for each collagen type. The time domain information complemented the spectral domain intensity data for improved discrimination between different collagen types. Our results reveal that analysis of the fluorescence emission can be used to characterize different species of collagen. Also, the results suggest that time-resolved spectroscopy can be used for monitoring of connective tissue matrix composition changes due to various pathological and non-pathological conditions.
System for time-resolved laser absorption spectroscopy and its application to high-power impulse magnetron sputtering
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Adámek, P.; Olejníček, J.; Hubička, Z.; Čada, M.; Kment, Š.; Kohout, M.; Do, H. T.
This paper deals with the development and construction of an apparatus for time-resolved tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) for the diagnostics of pulsed plasma. A detailed description of the extension of a progressive method of laser absorption spectroscopy in continuous regime to a direct triggering method of the time-resolved laser absorption spectroscopy (TR-LAS) is presented. The main advantage of the developed method is its capability to measure the time evolution of the whole absorption profile with a preset time resolution, which can be less than 1 μs. Therefore, the presented method of repetitive sampling applied on LAS in plasma processes is capable of simultaneous measurement of the density and kinetic temperature of selected particles. Its appropriate applications are to periodical processes in technological plasma, namely pulsed plasma discharges. The developed method of TR-LAS was applied to measurements of the temporal evolution of density and kinetic temperature of argon metastable species during high-power impulse magnetron sputtering of titanium and titanium dioxide thin films.
System for time-resolved laser absorption spectroscopy and its application to high-power impulse magnetron sputtering.
Adámek, P; Olejníček, J; Hubička, Z; Čada, M; Kment, Š; Kohout, M; Do, H T
This paper deals with the development and construction of an apparatus for time-resolved tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) for the diagnostics of pulsed plasma. A detailed description of the extension of a progressive method of laser absorption spectroscopy in continuous regime to a direct triggering method of the time-resolved laser absorption spectroscopy (TR-LAS) is presented. The main advantage of the developed method is its capability to measure the time evolution of the whole absorption profile with a preset time resolution, which can be less than 1 μs. Therefore, the presented method of repetitive sampling applied on LAS in plasma processes is capable of simultaneous measurement of the density and kinetic temperature of selected particles. Its appropriate applications are to periodical processes in technological plasma, namely pulsed plasma discharges. The developed method of TR-LAS was applied to measurements of the temporal evolution of density and kinetic temperature of argon metastable species during high-power impulse magnetron sputtering of titanium and titanium dioxide thin films.
Experimental station for laser-based picosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dorchies, F.; Fedorov, N.; Lecherbourg, L.
We present an experimental station designed for time-resolved X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). It is based on ultrashort laser-plasma x-ray pulses generated from a table-top 100 mJ-class laser at 10 Hz repetition rate. A high transmission (10%-20%) x-ray beam line transport using polycapillary optics allows us to set the sample in an independent vacuum chamber, providing high flexibility over a wide spectral range from 0.5 up to 4 keV. Some XANES spectra are presented, demonstrating 1% noise level in only ˜1 mn and ˜100 cumulated laser shots. Time-resolved measurements are reported, indicating that the time resolution of the entire experimental station is 3.3 ± 0.6 ps rms.
Chiral-index resolved length mapping of carbon nanotubes in solution using electric-field induced differential absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Wenshan; Hennrich, Frank; Flavel, Benjamin S.; Kappes, Manfred M.; Krupke, Ralph
The length of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is an important metric for the integration of SWCNTs into devices and for the performance of SWCNT-based electronic or optoelectronic applications. In this work we propose a rather simple method based on electric-field induced differential absorption spectroscopy to measure the chiral-index-resolved average length of SWCNTs in dispersions. The method takes advantage of the electric-field induced length-dependent dipole moment of nanotubes and has been verified and calibrated by atomic force microscopy. This method not only provides a low cost, in situ approach for length measurements of SWCNTs in dispersion, but due to the sensitivity of the method to the SWCNT chiral index, the chiral index dependent average length of fractions obtained by chromatographic sorting can also be derived. Also, the determination of the chiral-index resolved length distribution seems to be possible using this method.
High-Resolving-Power, Streaked X-Ray Spectroscopy on the OMEGA EP Laser System
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nilson, P. M.; Ehrne, F.; Mileham, C.; Mastrosimone, D.; Jungquist, R. K.; Taylor, C.; Boni, R.; Hassett, J.; Stillman, C. R.; Ivancic, S. T.; Lonobile, D. J.; Kidder, R. W.; Shoup, M. J., III; Solodov, A. A.; Stoeckl, C.; Theobald, W.; Froula, D. H.; Hill, K. W.; Gao, L.; Bitter, M.; Efthimion, P.; Meyerhofer, D. D.
A high-resolving-power, streaked x-ray spectrometer is being developed and tested on the OMEGA EP Laser System to study temperature-equilibration dynamics in rapidly heated solid matter. Temporal spectral shifts of the Cu Kα line in isochorically heated solid targets provide a fairly simple system where the spectrometer performance will be validated. The goal is to achieve a resolving power of several thousand and 2-ps temporal resolution. A time-integrating survey spectrometer has been developed and deployed on OMEGA EP to evaluate the throughput, focusing fidelity, and spectral resolution of two different crystal geometries. The results from these measurements will be presented and used to justify the down-selected time-resolved spectrometer design. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0001944.
Nonlinear spectroscopy in the near-field: time resolved spectroscopy and subwavelength resolution non-invasive imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Namboodiri, Mahesh; Khan, Tahirzeb; Karki, Khadga; Kazemi, Mehdi Mohammad; Bom, Sidhant; Flachenecker, Günter; Namboodiri, Vinu; Materny, Arnulf
The combination of near-field microscopy along with nonlinear optical spectroscopic techniques is presented here. The scanning near-field imaging technique can be integrated with nonlinear spectroscopic techniques to improve spatial and axial resolution of the images. Additionally, ultrafast dynamics can be probed down to nano-scale dimension. The review shows some examples for this combination, which resulted in an exciton map and vibrational contrast images with sub-wavelength resolution. Results of two-color femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) on thin films of the organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10 Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) are presented. While nonlinear Raman techniques have been used to obtain highly resolved images in combination with near-field microscopy, the use of femtosecond laser pulses in electronic resonance still constitutes a big challenge. Here, we present our first results on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) with femtosecond laser pulses detected in the near-field using SNOM. We demonstrate that highly spatially resolved images can be obtained from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nano-structures where the fs-CARS process was in resonance with the P3HT absorption and with characteristic P3HT vibrational modes without destruction of the samples. Sub-diffraction limited lateral resolution is achieved. Especially the height resolution clearly surpasses that obtained with standard microCARS. These results will be the basis for future investigations of mode-selective dynamics in the near-field.
Ultrahigh-throughput single-molecule spectroscopy and spectrally resolved super-resolution microscopy.
Zhang, Zhengyang; Kenny, Samuel J; Hauser, Margaret; Li, Wan; Xu, Ke
By developing a wide-field scheme for spectral measurement and implementing photoswitching, we synchronously obtained the fluorescence spectra and positions of ∼10(6) single molecules in labeled cells in minutes, which consequently enabled spectrally resolved, 'true-color' super-resolution microscopy. The method, called spectrally resolved stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (SR-STORM), achieved cross-talk-free three-dimensional (3D) imaging for four dyes 10 nm apart in emission spectrum. Excellent resolution was obtained for every channel, and 3D localizations of all molecules were automatically aligned within one imaging path.
Measuring molecular reorientation at liquid surfaces with time-resolved sum-frequency spectroscopy: a theoretical framework.
Nienhuys, Han-Kwang; Bonn, Mischa
A theoretical framework is presented for the design and analysis of ultrafast time- and polarization-resolved surface vibrational spectroscopy, aimed at elucidating surface molecular reorientational motion in real time. Vibrational excitation with linearly polarized light lifts the azimuthal symmetry of the surface transition-dipole distribution, causing marked, time-dependent changes in the surface sum-frequency generation (SFG) intensity. The subsequent recovery of the SFG signal generally reflects both vibrational relaxation and reorientational motion of surface molecules. We present experimental schemes that allow direct quantification of the time scale of surface molecular reorientational diffusive motion.
Highly polarized emission in spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of alpha-Fe(001)/GaAs(001)
Tobin, James; Yu, Sung Woo; Morton, Simon; Waddill, George; Thompson, Jamie; Neal, James; Spangenberg, Matthais; Shen, T.H.
Highly spin-polarized sources of electrons, Integrated into device design, remain of great interest to the spintronic and magneto-electronic device community Here, the growth of Fe upon GaAs(001) has been studied with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), including Spin Resolved PES. Despite evidence of atomic level disorder such as intermixing, an over-layer with the spectroscopic signature of alpha-Fe(001), with a bcc real space ordering, Is obtained The results will be discussed in light of the possibility of using such films as a spin-polarized source in device applications.
Hydrogenic Rydberg States of Molecular van der Waals Complexes: Resolved Rydberg Spectroscopy of DABCO-N2
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cockett, Martin C.; Watkins, Mark J.
The complementary threshold ionization techniques of MATI and ZEKE spectroscopy have been used to reveal well-resolved, long-lived (>10 μs) hydrogenic Rydberg series (50≤n≤98) in a van der Waals complex formed between a polyatomic molecule and a diatomic molecule for the first time. The series are observed within 50 cm-1 of the adiabatic ionization threshold as well as two core-excited thresholds corresponding to excitation of up to two quanta in the van der Waals vibrational mode.
Band splitting and Weyl nodes in trigonal tellurium studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nakayama, K.; Kuno, M.; Yamauchi, K.; Souma, S.; Sugawara, K.; Oguchi, T.; Sato, T.; Takahashi, T.
We have performed high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on trigonal tellurium consisting of helical chains in the crystal. Through the band-structure mapping in the three-dimensional Brillouin zone, we found a definitive evidence for the band splitting originating from the chiral nature of crystal. A direct comparison of the band dispersion between the ARPES results and the first-principles band-structure calculations suggests the presence of Weyl nodes and tiny spin-polarized hole pockets around the H point. The present result opens a pathway toward studying the interplay among crystal symmetry, band structure, and exotic physical properties in chiral crystals.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of the insulating NaxWO3: Anderson localization, polaron formation, and remnant Fermi surface.
Raj, S; Hashimoto, D; Matsui, H; Souma, S; Sato, T; Takahashi, T; Sarma, D D; Mahadevan, Priya; Oishi, S
The electronic structure of the insulating sodium tungsten bronze, Na(0.025)WO(3), is investigated by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We find that near-E(F) states are localized due to the strong disorder arising from random distribution of Na+ ions in the WO(3) lattice, which makes the system insulating. The temperature dependence of photoemission spectra provides direct evidence for polaron formation. The remnant Fermi surface of the insulator is found to be the replica of the real Fermi surface in the metallic system.
Multicomponent Analysis Using Synchronous-Excitation Phase-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy.
Excitation", APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY , 41, 395-399 (1987). Vitense, K. R. and McGown, L. B., "Simultaneous Two-Component Determination of Metals with 5-Sulfo-8...34, APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY , 41, 1080-1082 (1987). Vitense, K. R. and McGown, L. B., "Simultaneous Determination of A1(I1I) and Ga(III) with Lumogallion by Using
Resolving a Long-Standing Ambiguity: the Non-Planarity of gauche-1,3-BUTADIENE Revealed by Microwave Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martin-Drumel, Marie-Aline; McCarthy, Michael C.; Patterson, David; Eibenberger, Sandra; Buckingham, Grant; Baraban, Joshua H.; Ellison, Barney; Stanton, John F.
The preferred conformation of cis-1,3-butadiene (CH_2=CH-CH=CH_2) has been of long-standing importance in organic chemistry because of its role in Diels-Alder transition states. The molecule could adopt a planar s-cis conformation, in favor of conjugations in the carbon chain, or a non-planar gauche conformation, as a result of steric interactions between the terminal H atoms. To resolve this ambiguity, we have now measured the pure rotational spectrum of this isomer in the microwave region, unambiguously establishing a significant inertial defect, and therefore a gauche conformation. Experimental measurements of gauche-1,3-butadiene and several of its isotopologues using cavity Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy in a supersonic expansion and chirped-pulse FTMW spectroscopy in a 4 K buffer gas cell will be summarized, as will new quantum chemical calculations.
Time-resolved Spectroscopy of a Sheared Flow Stabilized Z-pinch Plasma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Forbes, Eleanor
The ZaP Flow Z-pinch Project investigates the use of sheared-axial flows to stabilize an otherwise unstable plasma configuration. Diagnostics with sub-microsecond resolution are required to obtain accurate time-resolved data since the plasma pulse is approximately 100 μs. Analyzing the Doppler shift of impurity line radiation from the pinch provides a measure of the velocity profile and is a reliable method of determining the plasma sheared flow. The velocity profile is spatially resolved through the use of a 20-chord fiber bundle. The ZaP-HD experiment has used a PI-MAX intensified CCD array to record a single time-resolved spectrum per plasma pulse. Obtaining the evolution of the velocity profile using this method required spectra acquired over hundreds of pulses with identical initial parameters and varying acquisition times. The use of a Kirana 05M ultra-fast framing camera is investigated for recording time-resolved velocity profiles during a single pulse. The Kirana utilizes an ultraviolet intensifier to record 180 frames of UV light at up to 2 million frames per second. An ultraviolet optics system is designed to couple the exit port of an Acton SP-500i spectrometer to the Kirana UV intensifier and focus spectra at the camera detector plane. This work is supported by US DoE FES, NNSA, and ARPA-E ALPHA.
Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy on Electronic Structure and Electron-Phonon Coupling in Cuprate Superconductors
Zhou, X.J.
In addition to the record high superconducting transition temperature (T{sub c}), high temperature cuprate superconductors are characterized by their unusual superconducting properties below T{sub c}, and anomalous normal state properties above T{sub c}. In the superconducting state, although it has long been realized that superconductivity still involves Cooper pairs, as in the traditional BCS theory, the experimentally determined d-wave pairing is different from the usual s-wave pairing found in conventional superconductors. The identification of the pairing mechanism in cuprate superconductors remains an outstanding issue. The normal state properties, particularly in the underdoped region, have been found to be at odd with conventional metals which is usually described by Fermi liquid theory; instead, the normal state at optimal doping fits better with the marginal Fermi liquid phenomenology. Most notable is the observation of the pseudogap state in the underdoped region above T{sub c}. As in other strongly correlated electrons systems, these unusual properties stem from the interplay between electronic, magnetic, lattice and orbital degrees of freedom. Understanding the microscopic process involved in these materials and the interaction of electrons with other entities is essential to understand the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity. Since the discovery of high-T{sub c} superconductivity in cuprates, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has provided key experimental insights in revealing the electronic structure of high temperature superconductors. These include, among others, the earliest identification of dispersion and a large Fermi surface, an anisotropic superconducting gap suggestive of a d-wave order parameter, and an observation of the pseudogap in underdoped samples. In the mean time, this technique itself has experienced a dramatic improvement in its energy and momentum resolutions, leading to a series of new discoveries not
Quantitative measurement of optical parameters in normal breasts using time-resolved spectroscopy: in vivo results of 30 Japanese women
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Suzuki, Kazunori; Yamashita, Yutaka; Ohta, Kazuyoshi; Kaneko, Masao; Yoshida, Masayuki; Chance, Britton
Previous investigation has proved time-resolved spectroscopy to be applicable to measurement of optical parameters in the human breast. To increase knowledge of these properties in vivo, the optical parameters of healthy breasts were measured using time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy. A time-correlated single-photon counting method was used to obtain time-response curves for the breasts of 30 Japanese women. Values of (mu) a and (mu) s$' were analyzed by fitting the curves to the diffusion equation. The relationships of optical parameters to age, body mass index, thickness of the breast, number of pregnancies, and menstrual status were examined. The (mu) a and (mu) s' ranged from 0.0024 to 0.0078/mm and from 0.63 to 1.08/mm, respectively. The values of (mu) a and (mu) s' showed a high correlation with properties may be strongly influenced by changes in tissue components related to aging, menstrual status, and so on. This optical information will contribute to the investigation of photon migration in the human breast.
Distortion dependent intersystem crossing: A femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene
Stephansen, Anne B.; Sølling, Theis I.
The competition between ultrafast intersystem crossing and internal conversion in benzene, toluene, and p-xylene is investigated with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. By exciting to S2 out-of-plane symmetry breaking, distortions are activated at early times whereupon spin-forbidden intersystem crossing becomes (partly) allowed. Natural bond orbital analysis suggests that the pinnacle carbon atoms distorting from the aromatic plane change hybridization between the planar Franck-Condon geometry and the deformed (boat-shaped) S2 equilibrium geometry. The effect is observed to increase in the presence of methyl-groups on the pinnacle carbon-atoms, where largest extents of σ and π orbital-mixing are observed. This is fully consistent with the time-resolved spectroscopy data: Toluene and p-xylene show evidence for ultrafast triplet formation competing with internal conversion, while benzene appears to only decay via internal conversion within the singlet manifold. For toluene and p-xylene, internal conversion to S1 and intersystem crossing to T3 occur within the time-resolution of our instrument. The receiver triplet state (T3) is found to undergo internal conversion in the triplet manifold within ≈100–150 fs (toluene) or ≈180–200 fs (p-xylene) as demonstrated by matching rise and decay components of upper and lower triplet states. Overall, the effect of methylation is found to both increase the intersystem crossing probability and direct the molecular axis of the excited state dynamics. PMID:28345010
Time-Resolved Emission Spectra Of Tryptophan And Proteins From Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Szmacineki, Henryk; Lakowicz, Joseph R.; Johnson, Michael L.
We report measurements of time-resolved emission spectra of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide (NATA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, residues 1-24), and of S. Nuclease. These spectra were calculated from the frequency-response of the emission, measured at several wavelengths across the emission spectra. Measurements were performed on samples not quenched and quenched by acrylamide, the latter providing additional information on the short time events. The time-resolved center-of-gravity does not decay as a single exponential. At least two spectral relaxation times are needed to account for the present data. NATA and ACTH each display relaxation times near 50 and 800 ps, which may be characteristic of exposed tryptophan residues. S. nuclease displayed slower relaxation times near 0.5 and 10 ns, which probably reflect the dynamic protein matrix which surrounds the residue.
Angle-resolved scattering spectroscopy of explosives using an external cavity quantum cascade laser
Suter, Jonathan D.; Bernacki, Bruce E.; Phillips, Mark C.
Investigation of angle-resolved scattering from solid explosives residues on a car door for non-contact sensing geometries. Illumination with a mid-infrared external cavity quantum cascade laser tuning between 7 and 8 microns was detected both with a sensitive single point detector and a hyperspectral imaging camera. Spectral scattering phenomena were discussed and possibilities for hyperspectral imaging at large scattering angles were outlined.
Semiconductors Investigated by Time Resolved Raman Absorption and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Using Femtosecond and Picosecond Laser Techniques.
if necessary and identify by block number) Picosecond Lasers, Femtosecond Lasers, Ring Cavity, Mode Locked Dye and Glass Lasers, Time-resolved...conductor processes. In addition, we have improved the stabil ity and shortened the pulse duration emitted from a mode - locked glass laser by at...pulse duration emitted from a mode -locked glass laser by at least a factor of two, by using heptamethine pyrylium #5 - a new saturable absorber. In the
Development of soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system with a two-dimensional angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer at SPring-8 BL07LSU
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogawa, Manami; Yamamoto, Susumu; Kousa, Yuka; Nakamura, Fumitaka; Yukawa, Ryu; Fukushima, Akiko; Harasawa, Ayumi; Kondoh, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Yoshihito; Kakizaki, Akito; Matsuda, Iwao
We have developed a soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system using synchrotron radiation (SR) at SPring-8 BL07LSU and an ultrashort pulse laser system. Two-dimensional angle-resolved measurements were performed with a time-of-flight-type analyzer. The photoemission spectroscopy system is synchronized to light pulses of SR and laser using a time control unit. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by mapping the band structure of a Si(111) crystal over the surface Brillouin zones and observing relaxation of the surface photo-voltage effect using the pump (laser) and probe (SR) method.
In vivo detection of macrophages in a rabbit atherosclerotic model by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
Marcu, Laura; Fang, Qiyin; Jo, Javier A.; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Dorafshar, Amir; Reil, Todd; Qiao, Jian-Hua; Baker, J. Dennis; Freischlag, Julie A.; Fishbein, Michael C.
Accumulation of numerous macrophages in the fibrous cap is a key identifying feature of plaque inflammation and vulnerability. This study investigates the use of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) as a potential tool for detection of macrophage foam cells in the intima of atherosclerotic plaques. Experiments were conducted in vivo on 14 New Zealand rabbits (6 control, 8 hypercholesterolemic) following aortotomy to expose the intimal luminal surface of the aorta. Tissue autofluorescence was induced with a nitrogen pulse laser (337 nm, 1 ns). Lesions were histologically classified by the percent of collagen or macrophage foam cells as well as thickness of the intima. Using parameters derived from the time-resolved fluorescence emission of plaques, we determined that intima rich in macrophage foam cells can be distinguished from intima rich in collagen with high sensitivity (>85%) and specificity (>95%). This study demonstrates, for the first time, that a time-resolved fluorescence-based technique can differentiate and demark macrophage content versus collagen content in vivo. Our results suggest that TR-LIFS technique can be used in clinical applications for identification of inflammatory cells important in plaque formation and rupture. PMID:16039283
A high-efficiency spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer combining time-of-flight spectroscopy with exchange-scattering polarimetry
Jozwiak, Chris M.; Graff, Jeff; Lebedev, Gennadi; Andresen, Nord; Schmid, Andreas; Fedorov, Alexei; El Gabaly, Farid; Wan, Weishi; Lanzara, Alessandra; Hussain, Zahid
We describe a spin-resolved electron spectrometer capable of uniquely efficient and high energy resolution measurements. Spin analysis is obtained through polarimetry based on low-energy exchange scattering from a ferromagnetic thin-film target. This approach can achieve a similar analyzing power (Sherman function) as state-of-the-art Mott scattering polarimeters, but with as much as 100 times improved efficiency due to increased reflectivity. Performance is further enhanced by integrating the polarimeter into a time-of-flight (TOF) based energy analysis scheme with a precise and flexible electrostatic lens system. The parallel acquisition of a range of electron kinetic energies afforded by the TOF approach results in an order of magnitude (or more) increase in efficiency compared to hemispherical analyzers. The lens system additionally features a 90 degrees bandpass filter, which by removing unwanted parts of the photoelectron distribution allows the TOF technique to be performed at low electron drift energy and high energy resolution within a wide range of experimental parameters. The spectrometer is ideally suited for high-resolution spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES), and initial results are shown. The TOF approach makes the spectrometer especially ideal for time-resolved spin-ARPES experiments.
Time-resolved spectroscopy of the Mercury 6 3P1 state
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Halstead, J. A.; Reeves, R. R.
The time-resolved fluorescence was observed from the Hg 6 3P1 state under the influence of the earth's magnetic field and with applied fields of up to 14 G. Modulation of the fluorescence decay signal was observed as a function of both time and space and can be interpreted in terms of a classical precession of the excited atom about the magnetic field or as quantum beats resulting from interference between coherently populated Zeeman sublevels. This modulation was studied for each of the five resolvable components of the hyperfine structure separately. The fluorescence from the even isotopes was determined to be almost completely modulated while the fluorescence from the odd isotopes was only partially modulated. The frequency of modulation of the fluorescence from the mercury-202 isotope was observed as a function of the applied magnetic field and a value for the Lande factor of 1.46 + or - 0.03 was obtained. This is within experimental error of the accepted value of 1.486. In addition, the frequency of modulation as a function of applied magnetic field was determined for each of the three resolvable components with more than one contributing isotopic hyperfine line. An investigation of the effect of radiation trapping on the degree modulation was also made.
New time-resolved micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy of natural and synthetic analogue minerals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Panczer, G.; Ollier, N.; Champagnon, B.; Gaft, M.
Minerals as well as geomaterials often present light emissions under UV or visible excitations. This property called photoluminescence is due to low concentration impurities such as the rare earths, the transition elements and the lanthanides. The induced color is used for ore prospection but only spectroscopic analyses indicate the nature of the emitted centers. However natural samples contained numerous luminescent centers simultaneously and with regular steady-state measurements (such as in cathodoluminescence) all the emissions are often over lapping. In order to record the contributions of each separate center, it is possible to use time-resolved measurements based on the decay time of the emissions and using pulsed laser excitation. Some characteristic examples will be presented on apatites, zircons as well as gemstones. Geomaterials present as well micro scale heterogeneities (growth zoning, inclusions, devitrification, microphases...). Precise identification and optical effects of such heterogeneities have to be taken into account. To reach the microscale using photo luminescence studies, a microscope has be modified to allowed pulsed laser injection (from UV to visible), beam focus with micro scale resolution on the sample (<10 μm), as well as time resolved collection of micro fluorescence. Such equipment allows now undertaking time-resolved measurements of microphases. Applications on geomaterials will be presented.
Influence of the boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in frequency-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Le Pommellec, Jean-Yves J.; L'Huillier, Jean-Pierre
A detailed investigation of the use of time-resolved reflectance and frequency-resolved reflectance for the optical characterization of scattering medium such as breast tissues based on the diffusion equation has been performed. Two different boundary conditions were imposed at the air-tissue interface : the first use the" zero real surface" (ZRS) , the second refers to the " zero extrapolated surface" (ZES). To simplify the preliminary analysis, the tissues have been assimilated to a semi-infinite geometry or a slab sufficiently thick. Among the results, the computation showed that at low frequency approximation, the determination of the phase angle shift is independent of whatever boundary conditions is applied. Consequently breast tissue optical properties would be retrieved by means of frequency resolved data (modulation and phase) recorded at two different radial distances. For modulated light at f~20 MHz, and using a model accounting for simple ZRS formulation. Under thes approximations discrepancies are within 3% for a μa and 0.5% for μ's.
Hyperfast time-resolved spectroscopy of electron correlation in excited states
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nicolaides, Cleanthes A.
As a consequence of continuing developments in the science and technology of techniques that produce and control electromagnetic pulses with frequencies that are found in a broad part of the spectrum, from the ir to the soft X-rays, it is possible to have hyperfast pump-probe time delay spectroscopic techniques capable of time resolving the dynamics of various atomic and molecular systems involving excited states. In this context, it has been demonstrated via first principles solution of the time-dependent Schr"odinger equation (TDSE), that effects which are caused by strong electron correlations in excited states, including the process of autoionization and the formation of resonances, can be time-resolved on a time scale of attoseconds [1-3]. By extending the investigations to polyelectronic atoms, we have obtained new results for various time resolved processes associated with the photo-ejection of inner (2s) electrons and of two electrons (LM) from the thirteen electron atom of Aluminum and with the electron correlation beats in bound and autoionizind states of N^+3 and Al. The theory and computations account for the interference of direct double ionization, inner hole states and Auger decay [4]. [1] C. A. Nicolaides et al, J. Phys. B 35, L271 (2002). [2] Th. Mercouris et al, Phys. Rev. A 69, 032502 (2004). [3] Th. Mercouris, et al, Phys. Rev. A 75, 013407 (2007). [4] Th. Mercouris, Y. Komninos and C. A. Nicolaides, unpublished.
Highly Resolved Sub-Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biological Macromolecules and Bacteria Cells
TR-1385 Waleed Maswadeh Richard Vanderbeek Raphael Moon RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATE Ashish Tripathi LEIDOS, INC. Gunpowder, MD...0022 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Maswadeh, Waleed; Vanderbeek, Richard; Moon , Raphael (ECBC); Tripathi, Ashish...Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) Spectroscopy Branch RDCB-DRI-S ATTN: Maswadeh, W. Vanderbeek, R. Moon , R
Development of time resolved x-ray spectroscopy in high intensity laser-plasma interactions
Notley, M. M.; Weber, R. L.; Fell, B.; Jeffries, J.; Freeman, R. R.; Mackinnon, A. J.; Dickson, R.; Hey, D.; Khattak, F.; Saiz, E. Garcia; Gregori, G.
This article discusses the design of a novel time resolved von Hamos Bragg spectrometer to provide spectra in the region around the titanium K-{alpha} and He-{alpha} lines. The instrument consists of a highly oriented pyrolitic graphite mosaic crystal coupled to a picosecond x-ray streak camera. Measurements of the time dependent behavior from Ti foils illuminated with intense laser pulses can be used to improve the understanding of recombination dynamics, electron transport, and phase transitions in strongly coupled dense plasma. This is important for the modeling of the compression phase in inertial confinement fusion research and the study of astrophysical environments.
Interlayer Interaction and Electronic Screening in Multilayer Graphene Investigated with Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ohta, Taisuke; Bostwick, Aaron; McChesney, J. L.; Seyller, Thomas; Horn, Karsten; Rotenberg, Eli
The unusual transport properties of graphene are the direct consequence of a peculiar band structure near the Dirac point. We determine the shape of the π bands and their characteristic splitting, and find the transition from two-dimensional to bulk character for 1 to 4 layers of graphene by angle-resolved photoemission. By detailed measurements of the π bands we derive the stacking order, layer-dependent electron potential, screening length, and strength of interlayer interaction by comparison with tight binding calculations, yielding a comprehensive description of multilayer graphene's electronic structure.
Radiative lifetime measurements of some Gd I levels by time-resolved laser spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shang, Xue; Zhou, Chunxiao; Dai, Zhenwen
Natural radiative lifetimes for 27 excited levels of Gd I in the energy range from 28215.140 to 43963.900 cm-1 were measured using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (TR-LIF) technique in an atom beam produced by laser-induced plasma. All the lifetimes obtained in this paper range from 8.4 to 833 ns with the uncertainties within ten percent. A comparison with a few previously reported values was performed and good agreement between them was achieved. To our best knowledge, 18 lifetimes of Gd I are reported for the first time.
Time-resolved study of formate on Ni( 1 1 1 ) by picosecond SFG spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kusafuka, K.; Noguchi, H.; Onda, K.; Kubota, J.; Domen, K.; Hirose, C.; Wada, A.
Time-resolved vibrational measurements were carried out on formate (HCOO) adsorbed on Ni(1 1 1) surface by combining the sum-frequency generation method and picosecond laser system (time resolution of 6 ps). Rapid intensity decrease (within the time resolution) followed by intensity recovery (time constant of several tens of ps) of CH stretching signal was observed when picosecond 800 nm pulse was irradiated on the sample surface. From the results of temperature and pump fluence dependences of temporal behaviour of signal intensity, we concluded that the observed intensity change was induced by non-thermal process. Mechanism of the temporal intensity change was discussed.
Harrison, Thomas E.; Campbell, Randy D.; Lyke, James E. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
We present phase-resolved near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of the classical nova (CN) V1500 Cyg to explore whether cyclotron emission is present in this system. While the spectroscopy do not indicate the presence of discrete cyclotron harmonic emission, the light curves suggest that a sizable fraction of its near-infrared fluxes are due to this component. The light curves of V1500 Cyg appear to remain dominated by emission from the heated face of the secondary star in this system. We have used infrared spectroscopy and photometry to search for other potential magnetic systems among old CNe. We have found that the infrared light curves of V1974 Cyg superficially resemble those of V1500 Cyg, suggesting a highly irradiated companion. The old novae V446 Her and QV Vul have light curves with large amplitude variations like those seen in polars, suggesting they might have magnetic primaries. We extract photometry for 79 old novae from the Two Micron All Sky Survey Point Source Catalog and use those data to derive the mean, un-reddened infrared colors of quiescent novae. We also extract WISE data for these objects and find that 45 of them were detected. Surprisingly, a number of these systems were detected in the WISE 22 {mu}m band. While two of those objects produced significant dust shells (V705 Cas and V445 Pup), the others did not. It appears that line emission from their ionized ejected shells is the most likely explanation for those detections.
Phase-Resolved Heterodyne-Detected Transient Grating Enhances the Capabilities of 2D IR Echo Spectroscopy.
Jin, Geun Young; Kim, Yung Sam
2D IR echo spectroscopy, with high sensitivity and femtosecond time resolution, enables us to understand structure and ultrafast dynamics of molecular systems. Application of this experimental technique on weakly absorbing samples, however, had been limited by the precise and unambiguous phase determination of the echo signals. In this study, we propose a new experimental scheme that significantly increases the phase stability of the involved IR pulses. We have demonstrated that the incorporation of phase-resolved heterodyne-detected transient grating (PR-HDTG) spectroscopy greatly enhances the capabilities of 2D IR spectroscopy. The new experimental scheme has been used to obtain 2D IR spectra on weakly absorbing azide ions (N3(-)) in H2O (absorbance ∼0.025), free of phase ambiguity even at large waiting times. We report the estimated spectral diffusion time scale (1.056 ps) of azide ions in aqueous solution from the 2D IR spectra and the vibrational lifetime (750 ± 3 fs) and the reorientation time (1108 ± 24 fs) from the PR-HDTG spectra.
Spatially resolved optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of I Zw 18
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Skillman, Evan D.; Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.
Long-slit optical and near-IR spectroscopy are presented for the bright NW and faint SE components of the oxygen-poor H II galaxy I Zw 18, yielding physical conditions and O, N, S, and He abundances for these components. All of the elemental abundances for the two components of I Zw 18 are equal (within errors), thereby placing constraints on evolutionary theories for this system.
Time-Resolved Spectroscopy and Near Infrared Imaging for Prostate Cancer Detection: Receptor-targeted and Native Biomarker
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pu, Yang
Optical spectroscopy and imaging using near-infrared (NIR) light provides powerful tools for non-invasive detection of cancer in tissue. Optical techniques are capable of quantitative reconstructions maps of tissue absorption and scattering properties, thus can map in vivo the differences in the content of certain marker chromophores and/or fluorophores in normal and cancerous tissues (for example: water, tryptophan, collagen and NADH contents). Potential clinical applications of optical spectroscopy and imaging include functional tumor detection and photothermal therapeutics. Optical spectroscopy and imaging apply contrasts from intrinsic tissue chromophores such as water, collagen and NADH, and extrinsic optical contrast agents such as Indocyanine Green (ICG) to distinguish disease tissue from the normal one. Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging also gives high sensitivity and specificity for biomedical diagnosis. Recent developments on specific-targeting fluorophores such as small receptor-targeted dye-peptide conjugate contrast agent offer high contrast between normal and cancerous tissues hence provide promising future for early tumour detection. This thesis focus on a study to distinguish the cancerous prostate tissue from the normal prostate tissues with enhancement of specific receptor-targeted prostate cancer contrast agents using optical spectroscopy and imaging techniques. The scattering and absorption coefficients, and anisotropy factor of cancerous and normal prostate tissues were investigated first as the basis for the biomedical diagnostic and optical imaging. Understanding the receptors over-expressed prostate cancer cells and molecular target mechanism of ligand, two small ICG-derivative dye-peptides, namely Cypate-Bombesin Peptide Analogue Conjugate (Cybesin) and Cypate-Octreotate Peptide Conjugate (Cytate), were applied to study their clinical potential for human prostate cancer detection. In this work, the steady-state and time-resolved
Wavelength-resolved emission spectroscopy of the alkoxy and alkylthio radicals in a supersonic jet
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Misra, Prabhakar; Zhu, Xinming; Hsueh, Ching-Yu; Kamal, Mohammed M.
Wavelength-resolved emission spectra of methoxy (CH3O) and methylthio (CH3S) radicals have been obtained in a supersonic jet environment with a resolution of 0.3 nm by dispersing the total laser-induced fluorescence with a 0.6 m monochromator. A detailed analysis of the single vibronic level dispersed fluorescence spectra yields the following vibrational frequencies for CH3O in the X(2)E state; nu(sub 1 double prime) = 2953/cm, nu(sub 2 double prime) = 1375/cm, nu(sub 3 double prime) = 1062/cm, nu(sub 4 double prime) = 2869/cm, nu(sub 5 double prime) = 1528/cm and nu(sub 6 double prime) = 688/cm. A similar analysis of the wavelength-resolved emission spectra of CH3S provides the following ground state vibrational frequencies: nu(sub 2 double prime) = 1329/cm, nu(sub 3 double prime) = 739/cm and nu(sub 6 double prime) = 601/cm. An experimental uncertainty of 20/cm is estimated for the assigned frequencies.
Time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy from bacteria subjected to bactericidal agents
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Katz, Alvin; Alimova, Alexandra; Siddique, Masood; Savage, Howard E.; Shah, Mahendra; Rosen, Richard; Alfano, Robert
The time-resolved and steady-state changes in fluorescence were investigated from one spore-forming (Bacillus subtilis) and four non-spore forming (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria subjected to different bactericidal agents. The bactericidal agents were sodium hypochlorite (bleach) hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and UV light exposure. Application of sodium hypochlorite resulted in an almost total lose of fluorescence signal and large decrease in the optical density of the bacterial suspension. Addition of hydrogen peroxide resulted in a 35% decrease in emission intensity fom the Sa and an 85-95% decrease for the other bacteria. Ultraviolet light exposure resulted in a 5-35% decrease in the emission intensity of the tryptophan band. The addition of formaldehyde to the bacteria did not result in significant changes in the steady-state emission intensity, but did shift the tryptophan emission peak position to shorter wavelengths by 3 to 5 nm. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed that the fluorescence lifetime of tryptophan in the bacteria could not be described by a single exponential decay, and was similar to that of tryptophan in neutral aqueous solution. Upon addition of formaldehyde to the Gram positive bacteria (Bs and Sa) the strength of the short lifetime component increased dramatically, while for the Gram negative bacteria, a smaller increase was observed. These fluorescence changes reflect the different mechanisms of the bactericidal agents and may provide a useful tool to monitor the effectiveness of disinfectants.
Time-resolved Optical Spectroscopy of the Cataclysmic Variable PG 0859+415
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hoard, D. W.; Szkody, Paula
We present time-resolved, high-resolution (2 Å) spectra of the nova-like cataclysmic variable (CV) PG 0859+415. The average optical spectrum of this star displays a continuum slope that is steeper than expected for a steady state accretion disk this is attributed to the presence of a hot spot with T ˜ 12,000 K at the impact site of the accretion stream. As first observed by Grauer et al., the time- resolved spectra exhibit a transient central absorption feature in the Balmer lines that appears near φ = 0.6 and lasts into the (partial) eclipse, and the radial velocity solution of the Balmer lines shows a phase offset of Δφ = -0.1 from the photometric phasing. System parameters are estimated from the radial velocity solution to the He II lines (which is consistent with an origin close to the white dwarf primary star). Doppler tomograms constructed from the Balmer emission lines reveal the presence of a region of enhanced emission at a location consistent with the expected impact site of the accretion stream with the edge of the disk. Finally, the similarities between PG 0859+415 and the recently identified SW Sextantis subclass of CV is discussed, and a qualitative model for the system is proposed to explain the observational results.
In-situ determination of dispersion and resolving power in simultaneous multiple-angle XUV spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zastrau, U.; Hilbert, V.; Brown, C.; Döppner, T.; Dziarzhytski, S.; Förster, E.; Glenzer, S. H.; Göde, S.; Gregori, G.; Harmand, M.; Hochhaus, D.; Laarmann, T.; Lee, H. J.; Meiwes-Broer, K.-H.; Neumayer, P.; Przystawik, A.; Radcliffe, P.; Schulz, M.; Skruszewicz, S.; Tavella, F.; Tiggesbäumker, J.; Toleikis, S.; White, T.
We report on the simultaneous determination of non-linear dispersion functions and resolving power of three flat-field XUV grating spectrometers. A moderate-intense short-pulse infrared laser is focused onto technical aluminum which is commonly present as part of the experimental setup. In the XUV wavelength range of 10-19 nm, the spectrometers are calibrated using Al-Mg plasma emission lines. This cross-calibration is performed in-situ in the very same setup as the actual main experiment. The results are in excellent agreement with ray-tracing simulations. We show that our method allows for precise relative and absolute calibration of three different XUV spectrometers.
Rotationally-resolved excitation spectroscopy of the alkoxy and alkylthio radicals in a supersonic jet
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Misra, Prabhakar; Zhu, Xinming; Bryant, Hosie L.; Kamal, Mohammed M.
Rotationally-resolved laser excitation spectra have been obtained for the alkoxy radicals (CH3O, C2H5O, i-C3H7O) and the alkylthio radicals (CH3S, C2H5S, i-C3H7S) in a supersonic jet expansion. Low resolution (0.2/cm) excitation spectra have helped identify several vibronic bands belonging to the A-X electronic system for these jet-cooled free radicals. High resolution (0.07/cm) laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra have aided the unraveling of the associated rotational structure and in certain cases (CH3O and CH3S, for example) enabled explicit rotational (J,K) assignments of the transitions.
Rotationally Resolved Electronic Spectroscopy of Biomolecules in the Gas Phase. Melatonin.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yi, John T.; Pratt, David W.; Brand, Christian; Wollenhaupt, Miriam; Schmitt, Michael; Meerts, W. Leo
Rotationally resolved electronic spectra of the A and B bands of melatonin have been analyzed using an evolutionary strategy approach. From a comparison of the ab initio calculated structures of energy selected conformers to the experimental rotational constants, the A band could be shown to be due to a gauche structure of the side chain, while the B band is an anti structure. Both bands show a complicated pattern due to a splitting from the three-fold internal rotation of the methyl rotor in the N-acetyl group of the molecules. From a torsional analysis we additionally were able to determine the barriers of the methyl torsion in both electronic states. The electronic nature of the lowest excited singlet state could be determined to be 1LB (as in the chromophore indole) from comparison to the results of ab initio calculations.
Rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy of biomolecules in the gas phase. Melatonin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yi, John T.; Brand, Christian; Wollenhaupt, Miriam; Pratt, David W.; Leo Meerts, W.; Schmitt, Michael
Rotationally resolved electronic spectra of the A and B bands of melatonin have been analyzed using an evolutionary strategy approach. From a comparison of the ab initio calculated structures of energy selected conformers to the experimental rotational constants, the A band could be shown to be due to a gauche structure of the side chain, while the B band is an anti structure. Both bands show a complicated pattern due to a splitting from the threefold internal rotation of the methyl rotor in the N-acetyl group of the molecules. From a torsional analysis we additionally were able to determine the barriers of the methyl torsion in both electronic states of melatonin B and give an estimate for the change of the barrier upon electronic excitation in melatonin A. The electronic nature of the lowest excited singlet state could be determined to be 1Lb (as in the chromophore indole) from comparison to the results of ab initio calculations.
Time-resolved IR laser-assisted XUV photoelectron spectroscopy of metal surfaces
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, C.-H.; Thumm, U.
Photoemission of localized and delocalized electrons from an (adsorbate-covered) metal surface by an XUV pulse of length τX into the field of a delayed IR laser pulse with carrier period TL allows for the time-resolved observation of surface and adsorbate electronic processes. For τX ≪ TL, the energy of the emitted photoelectrons (PEs) oscillates with period TL as a function of the XUV-IR pulse delay, leading to streaked PE spectra. In contrast, for τX ≳ TL, the PE spectrum is characterized by a satellite structure of sideband peaks located at integer multiples of the IR photon energy from the main photoemission peak. We present a theoretical model that allows us to discuss both, streaked and sideband photoemission spectra in comparison with recent experiments.
Chandra Phase-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Crab Pulsar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Weisskopf, Martin C.; ODell, Stephen L.; Paerels, Frits; Elsner, Ronald F.; Becker, Werner E.; Tennant, Allyn F.; Swartz, Douglas A.
We present here the first phase-resolved study of the X-ray spectral properties of the Crab Pulsar that covers all pulse phases. The superb angular resolution of the Chandra X-ray Observatory enables distinguishing the pulsar from the surrounding nebulosity, even at pulse minimum. Analysis of the pulse-averaged spectrum measures interstellar photoelectric absorption and scattering by dust grains in the direction of the Crab Nebula. Analysis of the spectrum as a function of pulse phase measures the low-energy X-ray spectral index even at pulse minimum - albeit with large statistical uncertainty. The data are used to set a new upper limit to any thermal component.
Tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser based spectrometer for angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Rui; Mou, Daixiang; Wu, Yun; Huang, Lunan; McMillen, Colin D.; Kolis, Joseph; Giesber, Henry G.; Egan, John J.; Kaminski, Adam
We have developed an angle-resolved photoemission spectrometer with tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser as a photon source. The photon source is based on the fourth harmonic generation of a near IR beam from a Ti:sapphire laser pumped by a CW green laser and tunable between 5.3 eV and 7 eV. The most important part of the set-up is a compact, vacuum enclosed fourth harmonic generator based on potassium beryllium fluoroborate crystals, grown hydrothermally in the US. This source can deliver a photon flux of over 1014 photon/s. We demonstrate that this energy range is sufficient to measure the kz dispersion in an iron arsenic high temperature superconductor, which was previously only possible at synchrotron facilities.
Theory of spatiotemporally resolved spectroscopy for phase-separation dynamics in electron-hole systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ishikawa, Akira
Phase separation such as the formation of electron-hole droplets has been observed in semiconductor electron-hole systems. In such conventional experiments, the information averaged in real space was obtained. However, in recent years, optical-near-field techniques have enabled us to acquire spatial information. In this study, I propose a theoretical formulation of spatiotemporal dynamics and spatiotemporally resolved optical response of the gas-liquid phase separation in electron-hole systems. In addition, the nature of the nonequilibrium open system is an essential point in electron-hole systems. Therefore, I investigate the effect of the finite lifetime of electron-hole pairs on phase-separation dynamics. Contribution to the Topical Issue "Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter, Nanostructured and Molecular Materials", edited by Maria Antonietta Loi, Jasper Knoester and Paul H. M. van Loosdrecht.
Drug/protein interactions studied by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gustavsson, Thomas; Markovitsi, Dimitra; Vayá, Ignacio; Bonancía, Paula; Jiménez, M. C.; Miranda, Miguel A.
We report here on a recent time-resolved fluorescence study [1] of the interaction between flurbiprofen (FBP), a chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and human serum albumin (HSA), the main transport protein in the human body. We compare the results obtained for the drug-protein complex with those of various covalently linked flurbiprofentryptophan dyads having well-defined geometries. In all cases stereoselective dynamic fluorescence quenching is observed, varying greatly from one system to another. In addition, the fluorescence anisotropy decays also display a clear stereoselectivity. For the drug-protein complexes, this can be interpreted in terms of the protein microenvironment playing a significant role in the conformational relaxation of FBP, which is more restricted in the case of the (R)- enantiomer.
Time-resolved spectroscopy of self-assembly of CCMV protein capsids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moore, Jelyn; Aronzon, Dina; Manoharan, V. N.
In order to gain a deeper understanding of the process a virus undergoes to assemble; the purpose of this study to time resolve the self-assembly of a virus. Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle virus (CCMV), an icosahedral type virus, can assemble without its genetic code (RNA) depending on its chemical and physical surroundings. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of colloidal gold particles is known to display a shift when the gold interacts with the proteins of a virus. Surface plasmon resonance is the free electron oscillation occurring at the surface of the gold particle resulting in a characteristic peak location at maximal absorbance and peak width. The shift results from the change in the refractive index of the particles as induced by the presence of the proteins. We hope to detect this shift through total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM). The accomplishments of this research are the completion of the TIR setup and the purification of the virus and its proteins.
Tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser based spectrometer for angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Jiang, Rui; Mou, Daixiang; Wu, Yun; Huang, Lunan; Kaminski, Adam; McMillen, Colin D.; Kolis, Joseph; Giesber, Henry G.; Egan, John J.
We have developed an angle-resolved photoemission spectrometer with tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser as a photon source. The photon source is based on the fourth harmonic generation of a near IR beam from a Ti:sapphire laser pumped by a CW green laser and tunable between 5.3 eV and 7 eV. The most important part of the set-up is a compact, vacuum enclosed fourth harmonic generator based on potassium beryllium fluoroborate crystals, grown hydrothermally in the US. This source can deliver a photon flux of over 10{sup 14} photon/s. We demonstrate that this energy range is sufficient to measure the k{sub z} dispersion in an iron arsenic high temperature superconductor, which was previously only possible at synchrotron facilities.
In Situ Planetary Mineralogy Using Simultaneous Time Resolved Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Blacksberg, J.; Rossman , G.R.
Micro-Raman spectroscopy is one of the primary methods of mineralogical analysis in the laboratory, and more recently in the field. Because of its versatility and ability to interrogate rocks in their natural form it is one of the front runners for the next generation of in situ instruments designed to explore adverse set of solar system bodies (e.g. Mars, Venus, the Moon, and other primitive bodies such as asteroids and the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos), as well as for pre-selection of rock and soil samples for potential cache and return missions.
Static and time-resolved spectroscopy of carbazole-based oligomers with phenylene/thiophene/furan
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Xiangjie; Liu, Yingliang; Meng, Kang; Zeng, Qi; Wang, Shufeng; Gong, Qihuang
Steady-state and picosecond transient spectroscopy measurements are applied to study the photo-physics of three carbazolenevinylene derivatives: alternatively conjugated oligomer of alkylated carbazole and phenylene/thiophene/furan (PBC/PBT/PBF), bridged by vinyl group. Their fluorescence spectra show a bathochromic phenomenon towards solvent polarity. The fluorescence decays of PBF are found to be bi-exponential, while those of PBT and PBC are simple single exponential. It is suggested that PBF is non-planar conformation at ground state and twists to planar conformation after excitation. This chain twisting process of PBF is verified by viscosity dependent fluorescence decay.
Time-resolved energy transfer spectroscopy for measuring mitochondrial metabolism in living cells
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schneckenburger, Herbert; Gschwend, Michael H.; Strauss, Wolfgang S. L.; Sailer, Reinhard; Bauer, Manfred; Steiner, Rudolf W.
Energy transfer from NADH to the mitochondrial marker rhodamine 123 (R123) was used to probe mitochondrial malfunction of cultivated endothelial cells incubated with various inhibitors of specific enzyme complexes of the respiratory chain. Pronounced differences of 'energy transfer efficacy' of incubated cells as compared to controls were deduced from the ratio of fluorescence intensity and intracellular amount of the acceptor. A combination of cw and time-gated (nanosecond) fluorescence spectroscopy appeared to be an appropriate tool for probing mitochondrial malfunction in various kinds of diseases.
Time resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy with geometrically accurate models for bulk parameter recovery
Guggenheim, James A.; Bargigia, Ilaria; Farina, Andrea; Pifferi, Antonio; Dehghani, Hamid
A novel straightforward, accessible and efficient approach is presented for performing hyperspectral time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy to determine the optical properties of samples accurately using geometry specific models. To allow bulk parameter recovery from measured spectra, a set of libraries based on a numerical model of the domain being investigated is developed as opposed to the conventional approach of using an analytical semi-infinite slab approximation, which is known and shown to introduce boundary effects. Results demonstrate that the method improves the accuracy of derived spectrally varying optical properties over the use of the semi-infinite approximation. PMID:27699137
Transient bond scission of polytetrafluoroethylene under laser-induced shock compression studied by nanosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nakamura, Kazutaka; Wakabayashi, Kunihiko; Konodo, Ken-Ichi
Nanosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy has been performed to study polymer films, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), under laser driven shock compression at laser power density of 4.0 GW/cm^2. The overtone-mode line of PTFE showed red shift (18 cm-1) at delay time of 9.3 ns due to the shock compression and corresponding pressure was estimated to be approximately 2.7 GPa by analyzing static and shock compression data. The estimated pressure was in good agreement with that estimated by ablation pressure in glass-confined geometry. A new vibrational line at 1900 cm-1 appeared only under shock compression and was assigned to the C=C streching in transient species such as a monomer (C_2F_4) produced by the shock-induced bond scission. Intensity of the new line increased with increasing delay time along propagation of the shock compression with a shock velocity of 2.5 km/s.
Quantifying electronic band interactions in van der Waals materials using angle-resolved reflected-electron spectroscopy
Jobst, Johannes; van der Torren, Alexander J. H.; Krasovskii, Eugene E.; Balgley, Jesse; Dean, Cory R.; Tromp, Rudolf M.; van der Molen, Sense Jan
High electron mobility is one of graphene's key properties, exploited for applications and fundamental research alike. Highest mobility values are found in heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, which consequently are widely used. However, surprisingly little is known about the interaction between the electronic states of these layered systems. Rather pragmatically, it is assumed that these do not couple significantly. Here we study the unoccupied band structure of graphite, boron nitride and their heterostructures using angle-resolved reflected-electron spectroscopy. We demonstrate that graphene and boron nitride bands do not interact over a wide energy range, despite their very similar dispersions. The method we use can be generally applied to study interactions in van der Waals systems, that is, artificial stacks of layered materials. With this we can quantitatively understand the 'chemistry of layers' by which novel materials are created via electronic coupling between the layers they are composed of. PMID:27897180
Modified diglycol-amides for actinide separation: solvent extraction and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy complexation studies
Wilden, A.; Modolo, G.; Lange, S.; Sadowski, F.; Bosbach, D.; Beele, B.B.; Panak, P.J.; Skerencak-Frech, A.; Geist, A.; Iqbal, M.; Verboom, W.
In this work, the back-bone of the diglycolamide-structure of the TODGA extractant was modified by adding one or two methyl groups to the central methylene carbon-atoms. The influence of these structural modifications on the extraction behavior of trivalent actinides and lanthanides and other fission products was studied in solvent extraction experiments. The addition of methyl groups to the central methylene carbon atoms leads to reduced distribution ratios, also for Sr(II). This reduced extraction efficiency for Sr(II) is beneficial for process applications, as the co-extraction of Sr(II) can be avoided, resulting in an easier process design. The use of these modified diglycol-amides in solvent extraction processes is discussed. Furthermore, the complexation of Cm(III) and Eu(III) to the ligands was studied using Time-Resolved-Laser-Fluorescence-Spectroscopy (TRLFS). The complexes were characterized by slope analysis and conditional stability constants were determined.
π-plasmon dispersion in free-standing graphene by momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liou, S. C.; Shie, C.-S.; Chen, C. H.; Breitwieser, R.; Pai, W. W.; Guo, G. Y.; Chu, M.-W.
The π-plasmon dispersion in graphene was scrutinized by momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy with an improved momentum q resolution and was found to display the square root of the q dispersion characteristic of the collective excitation of two-dimensional electron systems, in contrast to previous experimental and theoretical studies which reported a linear q dispersion. Our theoretical elaborations on the q -dependent spectra affirm this square root of q relation and further unveil an in-plane electronic anisotropy. The physical property of the π plasmon is thoroughly compared to that of the two-dimensional plasmon due to carriers of the Dirac fermions. A clear distinction between the π plasmon and the two-dimensional Dirac plasmon is demonstrated, clarifying the common notion about correlating the linearly dispersed Dirac cones with the linear dispersion of the π plasmon previously reported.
π-Plasmon Dispersion in Free-Standing Monolayer Graphene Investigated by Momentum-Resolved Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liou, S. C.; Breitwieser, R.; Chen, C. H.; Pai, W. W.; Guo, G. Y.; Chu, M. W.
The {\\pi}-plasmon dispersion in graphene was scrutinized by momentum(q)-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy with an improved q resolution and found to display the square root of q dispersion characteristic of the collective excitation of two-dimensional electron systems, in contrast with previous experimental and theoretical studies which reported a linear q dispersion. Our theoretical elaborations on the q-dependent spectra affirm this square root of q relation and further unveil an in-plane electronic anisotropy. The physical property of the {\\pi} plasmon is thoroughly compared to that of the two-dimensional plasmon due to carriers of the Dirac fermions. A clear distinction between the {\\pi} plasmon and the two-dimensional Dirac plasmon was demonstrated, clarifying the common notion on correlating the linearly-dispersed Dirac cones to the linear dispersion of the {\\pi} plasmon previously reported.
Quantifying electronic band interactions in van der Waals materials using angle-resolved reflected-electron spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jobst, Johannes; van der Torren, Alexander J. H.; Krasovskii, Eugene E.; Balgley, Jesse; Dean, Cory R.; Tromp, Rudolf M.; van der Molen, Sense Jan
High electron mobility is one of graphene's key properties, exploited for applications and fundamental research alike. Highest mobility values are found in heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, which consequently are widely used. However, surprisingly little is known about the interaction between the electronic states of these layered systems. Rather pragmatically, it is assumed that these do not couple significantly. Here we study the unoccupied band structure of graphite, boron nitride and their heterostructures using angle-resolved reflected-electron spectroscopy. We demonstrate that graphene and boron nitride bands do not interact over a wide energy range, despite their very similar dispersions. The method we use can be generally applied to study interactions in van der Waals systems, that is, artificial stacks of layered materials. With this we can quantitatively understand the `chemistry of layers' by which novel materials are created via electronic coupling between the layers they are composed of.
Sol-to-Gel Transition in Fast Evaporating Systems Observed by in Situ Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy.
Innocenzi, Plinio; Malfatti, Luca; Carboni, Davide; Takahashi, Masahide
The in situ observation of a sol-to-gel transition in fast evaporating systems is a challenging task and the lack of a suitable experimental design, which includes the chemistry and the analytical method, has limited the observations. We synthesise an acidic sol, employing only tetraethylorthosilicate, SiCl4 as catalyst and deuterated water; the absence of water added to the sol allows us to follow the absorption from the external environment and the evaporation of deuterated water. The time-resolved data, obtained by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy on an evaporating droplet, enables us to identify four different stages during evaporation. They are linked to specific hydrolysis and condensation rates that affect the uptake of water from external environment. The second stage is characterized by a decrease in hydroxyl content, a fast rise of condensation rate and an almost stationary absorption of water. This stage has been associated with the sol-to-gel transition.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy for Characterization of Dendritic Polymer Nanoparticles and Applications in Nanomedicine.
Boreham, Alexander; Brodwolf, Robert; Walker, Karolina; Haag, Rainer; Alexiev, Ulrike
The emerging field of nanomedicine provides new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, for symptom relief and for monitoring of disease progression. One route of realizing this approach is through carefully constructed nanoparticles. Due to the small size inherent to the nanoparticles a proper characterization is not trivial. This review highlights the application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for the analysis of nanoparticles, covering aspects ranging from molecular properties to particle detection in tissue samples. The latter technique is particularly important as FLIM allows for distinguishing of target molecules from the autofluorescent background and, due to the environmental sensitivity of the fluorescence lifetime, also offers insights into the local environment of the nanoparticle or its interactions with other biomolecules. Thus, these techniques offer highly suitable tools in the fields of particle development, such as organic chemistry, and in the fields of particle application, such as in experimental dermatology or pharmaceutical research.
Space-resolved analysis of trace elements in fresh vegetables using ultraviolet nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Juvé, Vincent; Portelli, Richard; Boueri, Myriam; Baudelet, Matthieu; Yu, Jin
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to analyze trace elements contained in fresh vegetables. A quadrupled Nd:YAG laser is used in the experiments for ablation. Analyzed samples come from local markets and represent frequently consumed vegetables. For a typical root vegetable, such as potato, spectral analysis of the plasma emission reveals more than 400 lines emitted by 27 elements and 2 molecules, C 2 and CN. Among these species, one can find trace as well as ultra-trace elements. A space-resolved analysis of several trace elements with strong emissions is then applied to typical root, stem and fruit vegetables. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of an interesting tool for botanical and agricultural studies as well for food quality/safety and environment pollution assessment and control.
Substrate interactions with suspended and supported monolayer MoS2: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Jin, Wencan; Yeh, Po -Chun; Zaki, Nader; Zhang, Datong; Liou, Jonathan T.; Dadap, Jerry I.; Barinov, Alexey; Yablonskikh, Mikhail; Sadowski, Jerzy T.; Sutter, Peter; Herman, Irving P.; Osgood, Jr., Richard M.
We report the directly measured electronic structure of exfoliated monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) using micrometer-scale angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Measurements of both suspended and supported monolayer MoS₂ elucidate the effects of interaction with a substrate. Thus, a suggested relaxation of the in-plane lattice constant is found for both suspended and supported monolayer MoS₂ crystals. For suspended MoS₂, a careful investigation of the measured uppermost valence band gives an effective mass at Γ¯ and Κ¯ of 2.00m₀ and 0.43m₀, respectively. We also measure an increase in the band linewidth from the midpoint of Γ¯Κ¯ to the vicinity of Κ¯ and briefly discuss its possible origin.
Solvation dynamics of coumarin 153 embedded in AOT + phenol organogels studied by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nishiyama, Katsura; Takata, Kei; Watanabe, Keiichi; Shigematsu, Hirotake
We investigate solvation dynamics of organogel utilizing ps-ns fluorescence spectroscopy. The organogel studied in this Letter comprises bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and p-chlorophenol in the m-xylene solvent, that produce an organogel architecture with self-assembly. Within the organogel, an emitting probe, coumarin 153 (C153), is embedded. We then obtain dynamic response functions of solvation derived from the time-resolved fluorescence spectra of C153. We propose that total energy of the C153-organogel system relaxes with a relaxation time of 3.9 ns, whereas the entire rearrangement of the organogel structure around C153 is achieved with that of 6.1 ns, respectively.
Time-resolved spectroscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the study of excimer laser damage of chromatin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Radu, L.; Mihailescu, I.; Radu, S.; Gazdaru, D.
The analysis of chromatin damage produced by a 248 nm excimer laser radiation, for doses of 0.3-3 MJ/m 2 was carried out by time-resolved spectroscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The chromatin was extracted from a normal and a tumoral tissue of Wistar rats. The decrease with laser dose of the relative contribution of the excited state lifetimes of ethidium bromide (EtBr) bounded to chromatin constitutes an evidence of the reduction of chromatin deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand structure. FRET was performed from dansyl chloride to acridine orange, both coupled to chromatin. The increase of the average distance between these ligands, under the action of laser radiation, reflects a loosening of the chromatin structure. The radiosensitivity of tumor tissue chromatin is higher than that of a normal tissue. The determination of the chromatin structure modification in an excimer laser field can be of interest in laser therapy.
Ultrafast terahertz modulation characteristic of tungsten doped vanadium dioxide nanogranular film revealed by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
Xiao, Yang; Zhai, Zhao-Hui; Zhu, Li-Guo E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Li, Jun; Peng, Qi-Xian; Li, Ze-Ren; Shi, Qi-Wu; Huang, Wan-Xia E-mail: email@example.com; Yue, Fang; Hu, Yan-Yan
The ultrafast terahertz (THz) modulation characteristic during photo-induced insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) of undoped and tungsten (W)-doped VO{sub 2} film was investigated at picoseconds time scale using time-resolved THz spectroscopy. W-doping slows down the photo-induced IMT dynamic processes (both the fast non-thermal process and the slow metallic phase propagation process) in VO{sub 2} film and also reduces the pump fluence threshold of photo-induced IMT in VO{sub 2} film. Along with the observed broadening of phase transition temperature window of IMT in W-doped VO{sub 2}, we conclude that W-doping prevents metallic phase domains from percolation. By further extracting carrier properties from photo-induced THz conductivity at several phase transition times, we found that the electron-electron correlation during IMT is enhanced in W-doped VO{sub 2}.
Si(111)(\\sqrt{3}× \\sqrt{3})-Al Surface Studied by Angle-Resolved Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Sung-Te; Hasegawa, Shigehiko; Nakamura, Shogo; Nakashima, Hisao
The surface electronic structures of Si(111)(\\sqrt{3}× \\sqrt{3})-Al are investigated with the use of angle-resolved electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. Three new surface one-electron transitions (in specular reflection) are found at 1.8, 7.2, and 13.1 eV. Compared with the surface state band structures calculated by Northrup and STM results by Hamers and Demuth, the loss peak at 1.8 eV is ascribed to the one-electron transition between the occupied and unoccupied surface state bands which originate from the Al adatoms. The other two peaks are considered to be due to the Si-Si strained back bonds.
Bulk and surface electronic structure of hexagonal structured PtBi2 studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yao, Q.; Du, Y. P.; Yang, X. J.; Zheng, Y.; Xu, D. F.; Niu, X. H.; Shen, X. P.; Yang, H. F.; Dudin, P.; Kim, T. K.; Hoesch, M.; Vobornik, I.; Xu, Z.-A.; Wan, X. G.; Feng, D. L.; Shen, D. W.
PtBi2 with a layered hexagonal crystal structure was recently reported to exhibit an unconventional large linear magnetoresistance, while the mechanism involved is still elusive. Using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we present a systematic study on its bulk and surface electronic structure. Through careful comparison with first-principle calculations, our experiment distinguishes the low-lying bulk bands from entangled surface states, allowing the estimation of the real composition of samples. We find significant electron doping in PtBi2, implying a substantial Bi-deficiency-induced disorder therein. Intriguingly, we discover a Dirac-cone-like surface state on the boundary of the Brillouin zone, which is identified as an accidental Dirac band without topological protection. Our findings exclude linear band dispersion in the quantum limit as the cause of the unconventional large linear magnetoresistance but give support to the classical disorder model from the perspective of the electronic structure.
Time Resolved Spectroscopy, High Sensitivity Power Spectrum & a Search for the X-Ray QPO in NGC 5548
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yaqoob, Tahir
Controversy surrounds the EXOSAT discovery of a QPO (period ~500 s) in NGC 5548 due to the data being plagued by high background and instrumental systematics. If the NGC 5548 QPO is real, the implications for the physics of the X-ray emission mechanism and inner-most disk/black-hole system are enormous. AXAF provides the first opportunity to settle the issue, capable of yielding power spectra with unprecedented sensitivity, pushing the limit on finding new features. Using HETG/ACIS we will also perform time-resolved spectroscopy of the ionized absorption features and Fe-K emission line, search for energy-dependent time lags in the continuum, between the continuum and spectral features, and between the spectral features. These data will provide powerful constraints on models of AGN.
Evolution of electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of black phosphorous
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ehlen, N.; Senkovskiy, B. V.; Fedorov, A. V.; Perucchi, A.; Di Pietro, P.; Sanna, A.; Profeta, G.; Petaccia, L.; Grüneis, A.
A complete set of tight-binding parameters for the description of the quasiparticle dispersion relations of black phosphorous (BP) and N -layer phosphorene with N =1 ...∞ is presented. The parameters, which describe valence and conduction bands, are fit to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data of pristine and lithium doped BP. We show that zone-folding of the experimental three-dimensional electronic band structure of BP is a simple and intuitive method to obtain the layer-dependent two-dimensional electronic structure of few-layer phosphorene. Zone folding yields the band gap of N -layer phosphorene in excellent quantitative agreement to experiments and ab initio calculations. A combined analysis of optical absorption and ARPES spectra of pristine and doped BP is used to estimate a value for the exciton binding energy of BP.
Wide-field time-resolved luminescence imaging and spectroscopy to decipher obliterated documents in forensic science
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Suzuki, Mototsugu; Akiba, Norimitsu; Kurosawa, Kenji; Kuroki, Kenro; Akao, Yoshinori; Higashikawa, Yoshiyasu
We applied a wide-field time-resolved luminescence (TRL) method with a pulsed laser and a gated intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) for deciphering obliterated documents for use in forensic science. The TRL method can nondestructively measure the dynamics of luminescence, including fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes, which prove to be useful parameters for image detection. First, we measured the TRL spectra of four brands of black porous-tip pen inks on paper to estimate their luminescence lifetimes. Next, we acquired the TRL images of 12 obliterated documents at various delay times and gate times of the ICCD. The obliterated contents were revealed in the TRL images because of the difference in the luminescence lifetimes of the inks. This method requires no pretreatment, is nondestructive, and has the advantage of wide-field imaging, which makes it is easy to control the gate timing. This demonstration proves that TRL imaging and spectroscopy are powerful tools for forensic document examination.
Single-State Electronic Structure Measurements Using Time-Resolved X-Ray Laser Induced Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Nelson, A J; Dunn, J; van Buuren, T; Hunter, J
We demonstrate single-shot x-ray laser induced time-of-flight photoelectron spectroscopy on semiconductor and metal surfaces with picosecond time resolution. The LLNL COMET compact tabletop x-ray laser source provides the necessary high photon flux (>10{sup 12}/pulse), monochromaticity, picosecond pulse duration, and coherence for probing ultrafast changes in the city, chemical and electronic structure of these materials. Static valence band and shallow core-level photoemission spectra are presented for ambient temperature Ge(100) and polycrystalline Cu foils. Surface contamination was removed by UV ozone cleaning prior to analysis. In addition, the ultrafast nature of this technique lends itself to true single-state measurements of shocked and heated materials. Time-resolved electron time-of-flight photoemission results for ultra-thin Cu will be presented.
Temporally resolved characterization of shock-heated foam target with Al absorption spectroscopy for fast electron transport study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yabuuchi, T.; Sawada, H.; Regan, S. P.; Anderson, K.; Wei, M. S.; Betti, R.; Hund, J.; Key, M. H.; Mackinnon, A. J.; McLean, H. S.; Paguio, R. R.; Patel, P. K.; Saito, K. M.; Stephens, R. B.; Wilks, S. C.; Beg, F. N.
The CH foam plasma produced by a laser-driven shock wave has been characterized by a temporally resolved Al 1s-2p absorption spectroscopy technique. A 200 mg/cm3 foam target with Al dopant was developed for this experiment, which used an OMEGA EP [D. D. Meyerhofer et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 244, 032010 (2010)] long pulse beam with an energy of 1.2 kJ and 3.5 ns pulselength. The plasma temperatures were inferred with the accuracy of 5 eV from the fits to the measurements using an atomic physics code. The results show that the inferred temperature is sustained at 40-45 eV between 6 and 7 ns and decreases to 25 eV at 8 ns. 2-D radiation hydrodynamic simulations show a good agreement with the measurements. Application of the shock-heated foam plasma platform toward fast electron transport experiments is discussed.
Electronic structure of the iron chalcogenide KFeAgTe2 revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ang, R.; Nakayama, K.; Yin, W.-G.; Sato, T.; Lei, Hechang; Petrovic, C.; Takahashi, T.
We have performed angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of KFeAgTe2, and revealed the absence of band crossing at the Fermi level (EF) indicative of the unconventional insulating nature of this material. Comparison of the ARPES-derived band dispersions with the first-principles calculations based on local density approximation and the inclusion of electron correlation U demonstrated that the ground state of KFeAgTe2 is not a simple band insulator. And also, our fitting result on the ARPES experimental density of states near EF plausibly excludes the possibility of Anderson insulator. We suggest that KFeAgTe2 is most likely a Mott insulator or a Hund insulator, providing a deep insight into the insulating ground state.
High-energy angle resolved reflection spectroscopy on three-dimensional photonic crystals of self-organized polymeric nanospheres.
Schutzmann, S; Venditti, I; Prosposito, P; Casalboni, M; Russo, M V
We report on the optical characterization of three-dimensional opal-like photonic crystals made by self-organized nanospheres of poly[styrene-(co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] having a face centred cubic (fcc) structure oriented along the [111] direction. A detailed optical characterization of the samples is presented using angle resolved reflection spectroscopy in specular geometry. The investigated energies are between a/lambda=0.5 and a/lambda=1.5 (where a is the lattice parameter and lambda is the light wavelength), a region in which both first and second-order Bragg diffraction are expected. Some interesting features as branching of the Bragg peak dispersion and high energy reflection peaks are revealed. We compare the experimental data with theoretical calculations using both Bragg diffraction and band structure approach. A comparison with recent results reported in the literature is also presented.
Time-resolved detection of temperature, concentration, and pressure in a shock tube by intracavity absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fjodorow, Peter; Fikri, Mustapha; Schulz, Christof; Hellmig, Ortwin; Baev, Valery M.
In this paper, we demonstrate the first application of intracavity absorption spectroscopy (ICAS) for monitoring species concentration, total pressure, and temperature in shock-tube experiments. ICAS with a broadband Er3+-doped fiber laser is applied to time-resolved measurements of absorption spectra of shock-heated C2H2. The measurements are performed in a spectral range between 6512 and 6542 cm-1, including many absorption lines of C2H2, with a time resolution of 100 µs and an effective absorption path length of 15 m. Up to 18-times increase of the total pressure and a temperature rise of up to 1200 K have been monitored. Due to the ability of simultaneously recording many absorption lines in a broad spectral range, the presented technique can also be applied to multi-component analysis of transient single-shot processes in reactive gas mixtures in shock tubes, pulse detonation engines, or explosions.
Spatially resolved spectroscopy of AG Carinae, and direct evidence for stellar evolution: The central star of NGC 2392
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Altner, Bruce; Shore, Steven N.
We have performed spatially-resolved low dispersion long-slit spectroscopy for the circumstellar shell of the luminous blue variable AG Carinae with IUE between lambda lambda 1200 - 3200 A. At all positions a strong dust-scattered stellar continuum is detected. Only a few emission lines, FE II 2600 and O I (?) 1304, have been detected; the emission is stronger on the southern side of the shell. The UV surface brightness and derived dust properties are completely consistent with the groundbased and KAO FIR observations: the grains are large (0.1 - 1 micron), warm (45 - 100 K depending on composition), highly reflecting (C(sub sca)/C(sub abs) approximately equal to 1), and tie up about 10(exp -4) to 10(exp -3) solar mass of material. We also observe similarities of the results for HR Car and LBV's to those reported here.
Aqueous solutions of uranium(VI) as studied by time-resolved emission spectroscopy: a round-robin test.
Billard, Isabelle; Ansoborlo, Eric; Apperson, Kathleen; Arpigny, Sylvie; Azenha, M Emilia; Birch, David; Bros, Pascal; Burrows, Hugh D; Choppin, Gregory; Couston, Laurent; Dubois, Veronique; Fanghänel, Thomas; Geipel, Gerhard; Hubert, Solange; Kim, Jae I; Kimura, Takaumi; Klenze, Reinhardt; Kronenberg, Andreas; Kumke, Michael; Lagarde, Gerard; Lamarque, Gerard; Lis, Stefan; Madic, Charles; Meinrath, Gunther; Moulin, Christophe; Nagaishi, Ryuji; Parker, David; Plancque, Gabriel; Scherbaum, Franz; Simoni, Eric; Sinkov, Sergei; Viallesoubranne, Carole
Results of an inter-laboratory round-robin study of the application of time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) to the speciation of uranium(VI) in aqueous media are presented. The round-robin study involved 13 independent laboratories, using various instrumentation and data analysis methods. Samples were prepared based on appropriate speciation diagrams and, in general, were found to be chemically stable for at least six months. Four different types of aqueous uranyl solutions were studied: (1) acidic medium where UO2(2+)aq is the single emitting species, (2) uranyl in the presence of fluoride ions, (3) uranyl in the presence of sulfate ions, and (4) uranyl in aqueous solutions at different pH, promoting the formation of hydrolyzed species. Results between the laboratories are compared in terms of the number of decay components, luminescence lifetimes, and spectral band positions. The successes and limitations of TRES in uranyl analysis and speciation in aqueous solutions are discussed.
Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging: New Approaches to the Analysis of Cultural Heritage and Its Degradation
Nevin, Austin; Cesaratto, Anna; Bellei, Sara; D'Andrea, Cosimo; Toniolo, Lucia; Valentini, Gianluca; Comelli, Daniela
Applications of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to the analysis of cultural heritage are presented. Examples range from historic wall paintings and stone sculptures to 20th century iconic design objects. A detailed description of the instrumentation developed and employed for analysis in the laboratory or in situ is given. Both instruments rely on a pulsed laser source coupled to a gated detection system, but differ in the type of information they provide. Applications of FLIM to the analysis of model samples and for the in-situ monitoring of works of art range from the analysis of organic materials and pigments in wall paintings, the detection of trace organic substances on stone sculptures, to the mapping of luminescence in late 19th century paintings. TRPL and FLIM are employed as sensors for the detection of the degradation of design objects made in plastic. Applications and avenues for future research are suggested. PMID:24699285
Space-resolved diffusing wave spectroscopy measurements of the macroscopic deformation and the microscopic dynamics in tensile strain tests
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nagazi, Med-Yassine; Brambilla, Giovanni; Meunier, Gérard; Marguerès, Philippe; Périé, Jean-Noël; Cipelletti, Luca
We couple a laser-based, space-resolved dynamic light scattering apparatus to a universal traction machine for mechanical extensional tests. We perform simultaneous optical and mechanical measurements on polyether ether ketone, a semi-crystalline polymer widely used in the industry. Due to the high turbidity of the sample, light is multiply scattered by the sample and the diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) formalism is used to interpret the data. Space-resolved DWS yields spatial maps of the sample strain and of the microscopic dynamics. An excellent agreement is found between the strain maps thus obtained and those measured by a conventional stereo-digital image correlation technique. The microscopic dynamics reveals both affine motion and plastic rearrangements. Thanks to the extreme sensitivity of DWS to displacements as small as 1 nm, plastic activity and its spatial localization can be detected at an early stage of the sample strain, making the technique presented here a valuable complement to existing material characterization methods.
Resolving Losses at the Negative Electrode in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Sun, Che Nan; Delnick, Frank M; Aaron, D; Mench, Matthew M; Zawodzinski, Thomas A
We present an in situ electrochemical technique for the quantitative measurement and resolution of the ohmic, charge transfer and diffusion overvoltages at the negative electrode of an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The mathematics describing the complex impedance of the V+2/V+3 redox reaction is derived and matches the experimental data. The voltage losses contributed by each process have been resolved and quantified at various flow rates and electrode thicknesses as a function of current density during anodic and cathodic polarization. The diffusion overvoltage was affected strongly by flow rate while the charge transfer and ohmic losses were invariant. On the other hand, adopting a thicker electrode significantly changed both the charge transfer and diffusion losses due to increased surface area. Furthermore, the Tafel plot obtained from the impedance resolved charge transfer overvoltage yielded the geometric exchange current density, anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes (135 5 and 121 5 mV/decade respectively) and corresponding transfer coefficients = 0.45 0.02 and = 0.50 0.02 in an operating cell.
A multi-analytical investigation of semi-conductor pigments with time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nevin, A.; Cesaratto, A.; D'Andrea, C.; Valentini, Gianluca; Comelli, D.
We present the non-invasive study of historical and modern Zn- and Cd-based pigments with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence multispectral imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Zinc oxide and Zinc sulphide are semiconductors which have been used as white pigments in paintings, and the luminescence of these pigments from trapped states is strongly dependent on the presence of impurities and crystal defects. Cadmium sulphoselenide pigments vary in hue from yellow to deep red based on their composition, and are another class of semiconductor pigments which emit both in the visible and the near infrared. The Fluorescence lifetime of historical and modern pigments has been measured using both an Optical Multichannel Analyser (OMA) coupled with a Nd:YAG nslaser, and a streak camera coupled with a ps-laser for spectrally-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements. For Znbased pigments we have also employed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) for the measurement of luminescence. A case study of FLIM applied to the analysis of the painting by Vincent Van Gogh on paper - "Les Bretonnes et le pardon de Pont-Aven" (1888) is presented. Through the integration of complementary, portable and non-invasive spectroscopic techniques, new insights into the optical properties of Zn- and Cd-based pigments have been gained which will inform future analysis of late 19th] and early 20th C. paintings.
Artifact Free and Detection Profile Independent Higher Order Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Microsecond Resolved Kinetics. 2. Mixtures and Reactions.
Abdollah-Nia, Farshad; Gelfand, Martin P; Van Orden, Alan K
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a primary tool in the time-resolved analysis of non-reacting or reacting molecules in solution, based on fluorescence intensity fluctuations. However, conventional FCS alone is insufficient for complete determination of reaction or mixture parameters. In an accompanying article, a technique for computation of artifact-free higher-order correlations with microsecond time resolution was described. Here, we demonstrate applications of the technique to analyze systems of fast and slow reactions. As an example of slow- or non-reacting systems, the technique is applied to resolve two-component mixtures of labeled oligonucleotides. Next, the protonation reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in phosphate buffer is analyzed as an example of fast reactions (relaxation time <1 μs ). By reference to an (apparent) non-reacting system, the simple factorized form of cumulant-based higher-order correlations is exploited to remove the dependence on the molecular detection function (MDF). Therefore, there is no need to model and characterize the experimental MDF, and the precision and the accuracy of the technique are enhanced. It is verified that higher-order correlation analysis enables complete and simultaneous determination of number and brightness parameters of mixing or reacting molecules, the reaction relaxation time, and forward and reverse reaction rates.
Site-specific structural dynamics of α-Synuclein revealed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy: a review.
Sahay, Shruti; Krishnamoorthy, G; Maji, Samir K
Aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) into amyloid fibrils is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several missense mutations of the α-Syn gene have been associated with rare, early onset familial forms of PD. Despite several studies done so far, the local/residue-level structure and dynamics of α-Syn in its soluble and aggregated fibril form and how these are affected by the familial PD associated mutations are still not clearly understood. Here, we review studies performed by our group as well as other research groups, where time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to understand the site-specific structure and dynamics of α-Syn under physiological conditions as well as under conditions that alter the aggregation properties of the protein such as low pH, high temperature, presence of membrane mimics and familial PD associated mutations. These studies have provided important insights into the critical structural properties of α-Syn that may govern its aggregation. The review also highlights time-resolved fluorescence as a promising tool to study the critical conformational transitions associated with early oligomerization of α-Syn, which are otherwise not accessible using other commonly used techniques such as thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay.
The study of polyplex formation and stability by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of SYBR Green I-stained DNA.
D'Andrea, Cosimo; Pezzoli, Daniele; Malloggi, Chiara; Candeo, Alessia; Capelli, Giulio; Bassi, Andrea; Volonterio, Alessandro; Taroni, Paola; Candiani, Gabriele
Polyplexes are nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly of DNA/RNA and cationic polymers specifically designed to deliver exogenous genetic material to cells by a process called transfection. There is a general consensus that a subtle balance between sufficient extracellular protection and intracellular release of nucleic acids is a key factor for successful gene delivery. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop suitable tools and techniques for enabling the monitoring of the stability of polyplexes in the biological environment they face during transfection. In this work we propose time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with SYBR Green I-DNA dye as a reliable tool for the in-depth characterization of the DNA/vector complexation state. As a proof of concept, we provide essential information on the assembly and disassembly of complexes formed between DNA and each of three cationic polymers, namely a novel promising chitosan-graft-branched polyethylenimine copolymer (Chi-g-bPEI), one of its building block 2 kDa bPEI and the gold standard transfectant 25 kDa bPEI. Our results highlight the higher information content provided by the time-resolved studies of SYBR Green I/DNA, as compared to conventional steady state measurements of ethidium bromide/DNA that enabled us to draw relationships among fluorescence lifetime, polyplex structural changes and transfection efficiency.
Broadband ultrafast photoluminescence spectroscopy resolves charge photogeneration via delocalized hot excitons in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends.
Chen, Kai; Barker, Alex J; Reish, Matthew E; Gordon, Keith C; Hodgkiss, Justin M
Conventional descriptions of excitons in semiconducting polymers do not account for several important observations in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends, including the ultrafast time scale of charge photogeneration in phase separated blends and the intermediate role of delocalized charge transfer states. We investigate the nature of excitons in thin films of polymers and polymer:fullerene blends by using broadband ultrafast photoluminescence spectroscopy. Our technique enables us to resolve energetic relaxation, as well as the volume of excitons and population dynamics on ultrafast time scales. We resolve substantial high-energy emission from hot excitons prior to energetic relaxation, which occurs predominantly on a subpicosecond time scale. Consistent with quantum chemical calculations, ultrafast annihilation measurements show that excitons initially extend along a substantial chain length prior to localization induced by structural relaxation. Moreover, we see that hot excitons are initially highly mobile and the subsequent rapid decay in mobility is correlated with energetic relaxation. The relevance of these measurements to charge photogeneration is confirmed by our measurements in blends. We find that charge photogeneration occurs predominately via these delocalized hot exciton states in competition with relaxation and independently of temperature. As well as accounting for the ultrafast time scale of charge generation across large polymer phases, delocalized hot excitons may also account for the crucial requirement that primary charge pairs are well separated in efficient organic photovoltaic blends.
Elucidating low-frequency vibrational dynamics in calcite and water with time-resolved third-harmonic generation spectroscopy.
Wang, Liang; Liu, Weimin; Fang, Chong
Low-frequency vibrations are foundational for material properties including thermal conductivity and chemical reactivity. To resolve the intrinsic molecular conformational dynamics in condensed phase, we implement time-resolved third-harmonic generation (TRTHG) spectroscopy to unravel collective skeletal motions in calcite, water, and aqueous salt solution in situ. The lifetime of three Raman-active modes in polycrystalline calcite at 155, 282 and 703 cm(-1) is found to be ca. 1.6 ps, 1.3 ps and 250 fs, respectively. The lifetime difference is due to crystallographic defects and anharmonic effects. By incorporating a home-built wire-guided liquid jet, we apply TRTHG to investigate pure water and ZnCl2 aqueous solution, revealing ultrafast dynamics of water intermolecular stretching and librational bands below 500 cm(-1) and a characteristic 280 cm(-1) vibrational mode in the ZnCl4(H2O)2(2-) complex. TRTHG proves to be a compact and versatile technique that directly uses the 800 nm fundamental laser pulse output to capture ultrafast low-frequency vibrational motion snapshots in condensed-phase materials including the omnipresent water, which provides the important time dimension to spectral characterization of molecular structure-function relationships.
Site-specific structural dynamics of α-Synuclein revealed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy: a review
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sahay, Shruti; Krishnamoorthy, G.; Maji, Samir K.
Aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) into amyloid fibrils is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several missense mutations of the α-Syn gene have been associated with rare, early onset familial forms of PD. Despite several studies done so far, the local/residue-level structure and dynamics of α-Syn in its soluble and aggregated fibril form and how these are affected by the familial PD associated mutations are still not clearly understood. Here, we review studies performed by our group as well as other research groups, where time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to understand the site-specific structure and dynamics of α-Syn under physiological conditions as well as under conditions that alter the aggregation properties of the protein such as low pH, high temperature, presence of membrane mimics and familial PD associated mutations. These studies have provided important insights into the critical structural properties of α-Syn that may govern its aggregation. The review also highlights time-resolved fluorescence as a promising tool to study the critical conformational transitions associated with early oligomerization of α-Syn, which are otherwise not accessible using other commonly used techniques such as thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay.
Triplet excimer formation of dibromocarbazole chromophores in methacrylate copolymer films measured by time-resolved phosphorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy
Ito, Shinzaburo; Yamamoto, Masahide ); Liebe, W.R.; Burkhart, R.D. ); Wada, Yoshio )
Time-resolved phosphorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy have been carried out for studying the triplet states of the 3,6-dibromocarbazole (DBCz) chromophore in a solid matrix of methacrylate copolymer. poly[2-(3,6-dibromo-9-carbazoyl)ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate]. The sample film containing 10% DBCz units showed critical behavior in the time-resolved phosphorescence spectra which altered the shape from the monomer state [sup 3]M* to two kinds of excimer states: E1 and E2 (460 and 510 nm at the maximum intensity, respectively). These excimeric species have identical profiles with those reported for poly(3,6-dibromo-9-vinylcarbazole), although the polymer structures are totally different. This result shows that the DBCz chromophores tend to take some preferential geometry which results in the formation of two distinct excimer sites in the polymer film. The spectral alteration with time was drastically accelerated by thermal activation in the temperature range 25-77 K. Iterative trapping and detrapping processes determine the rate of relaxation to the deeper traps, E1 and E2. 15 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
Depth-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy by Means of Grazing Emission X-ray Fluorescence.
Kayser, Yves; Sá, Jacinto; Szlachetko, Jakub
Grazing emission X-ray fluorescence (GEXRF) is well suited for nondestructive elemental-sensitive depth-profiling measurements on samples with nanometer-sized features. By varying the grazing emission angle under which the X-ray fluorescence signal is detected, the probed depth range can be tuned from a few to several hundred nanometers. The dependence of the XRF intensity on the grazing emission angle can be assessed in a sequence of measurements or in a scanning-free approach using a position-sensitive area detector. Hereafter, we will show that the combination of scanning-free GEXRF and fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) allows for depth-resolved chemical speciation measurements with nanometer-scale accuracy. While the conventional grazing emission geometry is advantageous to minimize self-absorption effects, the use of a scanning-free setup makes the sequential scanning of the grazing emission angles obsolete and paves the way toward time-resolved depth-sensitive XAS measurements. The presented experimental approach was applied to study the surface oxidation of an Fe layer on the top of bulk Si and of a Ge bulk sample. Thanks to the penetrating properties and the insensitivity toward the electric conduction properties of the incident and emitted X-rays, the presented experimental approach is well suited for in situ sample surface studies in the nanometer regime.
The H + OCS hot atom reaction - CO state distributions and translational energy from time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nickolaisen, Scott L.; Cartland, Harry E.
Time-resolved infrared diode laser spectroscopy has been used to probe CO internal and translational excitation from the reaction of hot H atoms with OCS. Product distributions should be strongly biased toward the maximum 1.4 eV collision energy obtained from 278 nm pulsed photolysis of HI. Rotations and vibrations are both colder than predicted by statistical density of states theory, as evidenced by large positive surprisal parameters. The bias against rotation is stronger than that against vibration, with measurable population as high as v = 4. The average CO internal excitation is 1920/cm, accounting for only 13 percent of the available energy. Of the energy balance, time-resolved sub-Doppler line shape measurements show that more than 38 percent appears as relative translation of the separating CO and SH fragments. Studies of the relaxation kinetics indicate that some rotational energy transfer occurs on the time scale of our measurements, but the distributions do not relax sufficiently to alter our conclusions. Vibrational distributions are nascent, though vibrational relaxation of excited CO is unusually fast in the OCS bath, with rates approaching 3 percent of gas kinetic for v = 1.
Time- and frequency-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy with sub-25 fs laser pulses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lausten, Rune; Smirnova, Olga; Sussman, Benjamin J.; Gräfe, Stefanie; Mouritzen, Anders S.; Stolow, Albert
In general, many different diagrams can contribute to the signal measured in broadband four-wave mixing experiments. Care must therefore be taken when designing an experiment to be sensitive to only the desired diagram by taking advantage of phase matching, pulse timing, sequence, and the wavelengths employed. We use sub-25 fs pulses to create and monitor vibrational wavepackets in gaseous iodine, bromine, and iodine bromide through time- and frequency-resolved femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy. We experimentally illustrate this using iodine, where the broad bandwidths of our pulses, and Boltzmann population in the lower three vibrational levels conspire to make a single diagram dominant in one spectral region of the signal spectrum. In another spectral region, however, the signal is the sum of two almost equally contributing diagrams, making it difficult to directly extract information about the molecular dynamics. We derive simple analytical expressions for the time- and frequency-resolved CARS signal to study the interplay of different diagrams. Expressions are given for all five diagrams which can contribute to the CARS signal in our case.
Ultrafast scattering processes of hot electrons in InSb studied by time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tanimura, H.; Kanasaki, J.; Tanimura, K.
Ultrafast scattering processes of hot electrons photoinjected into the conduction band of InSb have been studied using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The nascent distributions of hot-electron packets are captured directly in energy and momentum spaces, and their ultrafast scattering processes are traced at femtosecond temporal resolution on a state-resolved basis. Hot electrons injected in the Γ valley with excess energies above the minimum of the L valley show ultrafast intervalley scattering, with transition times of the order of 40 fs. The relaxation processes in the L valley are resolved in energy and momentum spaces, including their backscattering into the Γ valley during relaxation. In contrast, relaxation of hot electrons with excess energy below the minimum of the L valley is governed by the direct impact ionization (IMP). We reveal state-selective features of the IMP process, and we have determined the direct IMP rate to be 7 ×1012s-1 for hot electrons with excess energy in the range of 0.35 to 0.6 eV. The direct IMP process results in a rapid increase, within 300 fs after excitation, of the electron density at the conduction band minimum (CBM), and phonon-assisted IMP by hot electrons scattered in the L valley and those backscattered into the Γ valley persistently enhances the electron density up to 8 ps after excitation. By analyzing correlations between the IMP rates of hot electrons and the electron densities near the CBM, an important role of a transient Auger recombination is proposed to quantify the yield of low-energy electrons generated in the IMP process.
Determination of glucose concentration in tissue-like material using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hjalmarsson, Pär; Thennadil, Suresh N.
An important parameter in medical diagnostic and one of the most frequently determined analyte in the hospitals is blood glucose. Fast and accurate methods of measuring blood glucose concentrations could therefore be significant. We will in this paper investigate the feasibility of using a spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength region 1000-1700nm, where glucose has two absorption peaks at around 1250nm and 1600nm, to quickly determine the concentration of glucose in tissue-like material. This method could later be transferred to estimate the amount of glucose in blood both in vivo e.g. the forearm and in vitro e.g. on blood samples. The novel spatially resolved system that is used for this study is based around a 2D InGaAs detector and a fibre probe with 10 fibres, one as a source and 9 to collect the diffuse reflected light at distances between 0.3-2.7mm from the source. An inversion method using Monte Carlo generated diffuse reflectance profiles is used to estimate the absolute absorption coefficient (μ a) and reduced scattering coefficient (μ s') which could be used to estimate the glucose concentration in the tissue-like phantoms. The method was investigated by performing spatially resolved measurements on turbid gelatin phantoms containing mixtures of water and D IIO as absorbers, Intralipid as a scatterer and glucose. The phantoms were made with four different glucose concentrations spanning the range of 0-5000 mg/dl.
Real-Time Probing of Electron Dynamics Using Attosecond Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ramasesha, Krupa; Leone, Stephen R.; Neumark, Daniel M.
Attosecond science has paved the way for direct probing of electron dynamics in gases and solids. This review provides an overview of recent attosecond measurements, focusing on the wealth of knowledge obtained by the application of isolated attosecond pulses in studying dynamics in gases and solid-state systems. Attosecond photoelectron and photoion measurements in atoms reveal strong-field tunneling ionization and a delay in the photoemission from different electronic states. These measurements applied to molecules have shed light on ultrafast intramolecular charge migration. Similar approaches are used to understand photoemission processes from core and delocalized electronic states in metal surfaces. Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to follow the real-time motion of valence electrons and to measure the lifetimes of autoionizing channels in atoms. In solids, it provides the first measurements of bulk electron dynamics, revealing important phenomena such as the timescales governing the switching from an insulator to a metallic state and carrier-carrier interactions.
Improved instrumentation for intensity-, wavelength-, temperature-, and magnetic field-resolved photoconductivity spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cottingham, Patrick; Morey, Jennifer R.; Lemire, Amanda; Lemire, Penny; McQueen, Tyrel M.
We report instrumentation for photovoltage and photocurrent spectroscopy over a larger continuous range of wavelengths, temperatures, and applied magnetic fields than other instruments described in the literature: 350 nm≤λ≤1700 nm, 1.8 K≤T≤300 K, and B≤9 T. This instrument uses a modulated monochromated incoherent light source with total power<30 μW in combination with an LED in order to probe selected regions of non-linear responses while maintaining low temperatures and avoiding thermal artifacts. The instrument may also be used to measure a related property, the photomagnetoresistance. We demonstrate the importance of normalizing measured responses for variations in light power and describe a rigorous process for performing these normalizations. We discuss several circuits suited to measuring different types of samples and provide analysis for converting measured values into physically relevant properties. Uniform approaches to measurement of these photoproperties are essential for reliable quantitative comparisons between emerging new materials with energy applications.
Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions
Parigger, Christian G.; Dackman, Matthew; Hornkohl, James O
Hydrogen emission spectroscopy results are reported following laser-induced optical breakdown with infrared Nd:YAG laser radiation focused into a pulsed methane flow. Measurements of Stark-broadened atomic hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma lines show electron number densities of 0.3 to 4x10{sup 17} cm{sup -3} for time delays of 2.1 to 0.4 {mu}s after laser-induced optical breakdown. In methane flow, recombination molecular spectra of the {delta}{nu}=+2 progression of the C2 Swan system are discernable in the H{beta} and H{gamma} plasma emissions within the first few microseconds. The recorded atomic spectra indicate the occurrence of hydrogen self-absorption for pulsed CH4 flow pressures of 2.7x10{sup 5} Pa (25 psig) and 6.5x10{sup 5} Pa (80 psig)
Spatially resolved optical-emission spectroscopy of a radio-frequency driven iodine plasma source
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dedrick, James; Doyle, Scott; Grondein, Pascaline; Aanesland, Ane
Iodine is of interest for potential use as a propellant for spacecraft propulsion, and has become attractive as a replacement to xenon due to its similar mass and ionisation potential. Optical emission spectroscopy has been undertaken to characterise the emission from a low-pressure, radio-frequency driven inductively coupled plasma source operating in iodine with respect to axial distance across its transverse magnetic filter. The results are compared with axial profiles of the electron temperature and density for identical source conditions, and the spatial distribution of the emission intensity is observed to be closely correlated with the electron temperature. This work has been done within the LABEX Plas@Par project, and received financial state aid managed by the ``Agence Nationale de la Recherche'', as part of the ``Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir'' under the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
Resolving fine spectral features in lattice vibrational modes using femtosecond coherent spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Card, A.; Mokim, M.; Ganikhanov, F.
We show resolution of fine spectral features within several Raman active vibrational modes in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) crystal. Measurements are performed using a femtosecond time-domain coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy technique that is capable of delivering equivalent spectral resolution of 0.1 cm-1. The Raman spectra retrieved from our measurements show several spectral components corresponding to vibrations of different symmetry with distinctly different damping rates. In particular, linewidths for unassigned optical phonon mode triplet centered at around 820 cm-1 are found to be 7.5 ± 0.2 cm-1, 9.1 ± 0.3 cm-1, and 11.2 ± 0.3 cm-1. Results of our experiments will ultimately help to design an all-solid-state source for sub-optical-wavelength waveform generation that is based on stimulated Raman scattering.
Development of Multi-Color Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Methods for Investigating Molecular Systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Larsen, Kirk; Champenois, Elio; Wright, Travis; Cryan, James; Shivaram, Niranjan; Ray, Dipanwita; Troy, Tyler; Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit; Kostko, Oleg; Rude, Bruce; Ahmed, Musa; Belkacem, Ali; Slaughter, Dan
Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy facilitates the study of a system's electronic excited state dynamics. Employing a multi-color technique, the time evolution of excited states of a given target can be investigated in great detail. We have developed methods for performing multi-color experiments using a femtosecond UV (266nm) pulse obtained from a frequency tripled IR (800nm) pulse, in conjunction with soft x-rays from the synchrotron at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). We are additionally working towards developing similar techniques with multi-color, multi-pulse schemes using extreme ultraviolet light from a high harmonic generation (HHG) source as a probe. We also present reflectivity measurements of different mirror coatings, that allow us to select relevant energies from the HHG source. Work supported by Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences division of BES/DOE.
Spatially Resolved HST Grism Spectroscopy of a Lensed Emission Line Galaxy at z ~ 1
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frye, Brenda L.; Hurley, Mairead; Bowen, David V.; Meurer, Gerhardt; Sharon, Keren; Straughn, Amber; Coe, Dan; Broadhurst, Tom; Guhathakurta, Puragra
We take advantage of gravitational lensing amplification by A1689 (z = 0.187) to undertake the first space-based census of emission line galaxies (ELGs) in the field of a massive lensing cluster. Forty-three ELGs are identified to a flux of i 775 = 27.3 via slitless grism spectroscopy. One ELG (at z = 0.7895) is very bright owing to lensing magnification by a factor of ≈4.5. Several Balmer emission lines (ELs) detected from ground-based follow-up spectroscopy signal the onset of a major starburst for this low-mass galaxy (M * ≈ 2 × 109 M ⊙) with a high specific star formation rate (≈20 Gyr-1). From the blue ELs we measure a gas-phase oxygen abundance consistent with solar (12+log(O/H) = 8.8 ± 0.2). We break the continuous line-emitting region of this giant arc into seven ~1 kpc bins (intrinsic size) and measure a variety of metallicity-dependent line ratios. A weak trend of increasing metal fraction is seen toward the dynamical center of the galaxy. Interestingly, the metal line ratios in a region offset from the center by ~1 kpc have a placement on the blue H II region excitation diagram with f ([O III])/f (Hβ) and f ([Ne III])/f (Hβ) that can be fitted by an active galactic nucleus (AGN). This asymmetrical AGN-like behavior is interpreted as a product of shocks in the direction of the galaxy's extended tail, possibly instigated by a recent galaxy interaction. Based, in part, on data obtained with the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA, and was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
Determination of Iron in Water Solution by Time-Resolved Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sergey, S. Golik; Alexey, A. Ilyin; Michael, Yu. Babiy; Yulia, S. Biryukova; Vladimir, V. Lisitsa; Oleg, A. Bukin
The influence of the energy of femtosecond laser pulses on the intensity of Fe I (371.99 nm) emission line and the continuous spectrum of the plasma generated on the surface of Fe3+ water solution by a Ti: sapphire laser radiation with pulse duration < 45 fs and energies up to 7 mJ is determined. A calibration curve was obtained for Fe3+ concentration range from 0.5 g/L to the limit of detection in water solution, and its saturation was detected for concentrations above 0.25 g/L, which is ascribed to self-absorption. The 3σ- limit of detection obtained for Fe in water solution is 2.6 mg/L in the case of 7 mJ laser pulse energy. It is found that an increase of laser pulse energy insignificantly affects on LOD in the time-resolved LIBS and leads to a slight improvement of the limit of detection. supported by the Russian Science Foundation (agreement #14-50-00034) (measurements of limit of detection), Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NK 15-32-20878/15) obtained in the frame of "Organization of Scientific Research" in the Far Eastern Federal University supported by Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation
Multiplexed measurements by time resolved spectroscopy using colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots
Kaiser, U.; Jimenez de Aberasturi, D.; Malinowski, R.; Amin, F.; Parak, W. J.; Heimbrodt, W.
Multiplexed measurements of analytes in parallel is a topical demand in bioanalysis and bioimaging. An interesting alternative to commonly performed spectral multiplexing is lifetime multiplexing. In this Letter, we present a proof of principle of single-color lifetime multiplexing by coupling the same fluorophore to different nanoparticles. The effective lifetime of the fluorophores can be tuned by more than one order of magnitude due to resonance energy transfer from donor states. Measurements have been done on a model systems consisting of ATTO-590 dye molecules linked to either gold particles or to CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. Both systems show the same luminescence spectrum of ATTO-590 dye emission in continuous wave excitation, but can be distinguished by means of time resolved measurements. The dye molecules bound to gold particles exhibit a mono-exponential decay with a lifetime of 4.5 ns, whereas the dye molecules bound to CdSe/ZnS dots show a nonexponential decay with a slow component of about 135 ns due to the energy transfer from the quantum dots. We demonstrate the fundamental possibility to determine the mixing ratio for dyes with equal luminescence spectra but very different transients. This opens up a pathway independent of the standard optical multiplexing with many different fluorophores emitting from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared spectral region.
Multiplexed measurements by time resolved spectroscopy using colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kaiser, U.; Jimenez de Aberasturi, D.; Malinowski, R.; Amin, F.; Parak, W. J.; Heimbrodt, W.
Multiplexed measurements of analytes in parallel is a topical demand in bioanalysis and bioimaging. An interesting alternative to commonly performed spectral multiplexing is lifetime multiplexing. In this Letter, we present a proof of principle of single-color lifetime multiplexing by coupling the same fluorophore to different nanoparticles. The effective lifetime of the fluorophores can be tuned by more than one order of magnitude due to resonance energy transfer from donor states. Measurements have been done on a model systems consisting of ATTO-590 dye molecules linked to either gold particles or to CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. Both systems show the same luminescence spectrum of ATTO-590 dye emission in continuous wave excitation, but can be distinguished by means of time resolved measurements. The dye molecules bound to gold particles exhibit a mono-exponential decay with a lifetime of 4.5 ns, whereas the dye molecules bound to CdSe/ZnS dots show a nonexponential decay with a slow component of about 135 ns due to the energy transfer from the quantum dots. We demonstrate the fundamental possibility to determine the mixing ratio for dyes with equal luminescence spectra but very different transients. This opens up a pathway independent of the standard optical multiplexing with many different fluorophores emitting from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared spectral region.
Estimation of optical properties by spatially resolved reflectance spectroscopy in the subdiffusive regime
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Naglič, Peter; Pernuš, Franjo; Likar, Boštjan; Bürmen, Miran
We propose and objectively evaluate an inverse Monte Carlo model for estimation of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients and similarity parameter γ from spatially resolved reflectance (SRR) profiles in the subdiffusive regime. The similarity parameter γ carries additional information on the phase function that governs the angular properties of scattering in turbid media. The SRR profiles at five source-detector separations were acquired with an optical fiber probe. The inverse Monte Carlo model was based on a cost function that enabled robust estimation of optical properties from a few SRR measurements without a priori knowledge about spectral dependencies of the optical properties. Validation of the inverse Monte Carlo model was performed on synthetic datasets and measured SRR profiles of turbid phantoms comprising molecular dye and polystyrene microspheres. We observed that the additional similarity parameter γ substantially reduced the reflectance variability arising from the phase function properties and significantly improved the accuracy of the inverse Monte Carlo model. However, the observed improvement of the extended inverse Monte Carlo model was limited to reduced scattering coefficients exceeding ˜15 cm-1, where the relative root-mean-square errors of the estimated optical properties were well within 10%.
Time-resolved spectroscopy and photometry of the eclipsing AM Herculis binary EXO 033319 - 2554. 2
Allen, R.G.; Berriman, G.; Smith, P.S.; Schmidt, G.D. )
Time-resolved optical observations of the eclipsing AM Herculis binary EXO 033319 - 2554.2 are presented. High-speed photometry of an eclipse is presented and used to derive a new ephemeris for the system and to estimate the size of the region responsible for the cyclotron emission. Optical spectra that span the orbital cycle are presented, the cyclotron emission in these spectra is discussed, and the flux and radial velocity variations of H-beta, H-gamma, and He II 4686 A are examined. Models of the flux and radial velocity variations of the emission lines indicate that about half the line emission comes from low-velocity material that is about 1.4 x 10 to the 10th cm from the white dwarf. The rest comes from high-velocity material that is about 10 to the 10th cm from the white dwarf and is moving toward it at about 600 km/s. 13 refs.
Microstructure Imaging Using Frequency Spectrum Spatially Resolved Acoustic Spectroscopy F-Sras
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sharples, S. D.; Li, W.; Clark, M.; Somekh, M. G.
Material microstructure can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of a component, such as strength and resistance to creep and fatigue. SRAS—spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy—is a laser ultrasonic technique which can image microstructure using highly localized surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity as a contrast mechanism, as this is sensitive to crystallographic orientation. The technique is noncontact, nondestructive, rapid, can be used on large components, and is highly tolerant of acoustic aberrations. Previously, the SRAS technique has been demonstrated using a fixed frequency excitation laser and a variable grating period (к-vector) to determine the most efficiently generated SAWs, and hence the velocity. Here, we demonstrate an implementation which uses a fixed grating period with a broadband laser excitation source. The velocity is determined by analyzing the measured frequency spectrum. Experimental results using this "frequency spectrum SRAS" (f-SRAS) method are presented. Images of microstructure on an industrially relevant material are compared to those obtained using the previous SRAS method ("k-SRAS"), excellent agreement is observed. Moreover, f-SRAS is much simpler and potentially much more rapid than k-SRAS as the velocity can be determined at each sample point in one single laser shot, rather than scanning the grating period.
Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the lowest triplet state of thymine and thymidine
Hare, Patrick M.; Middleton, Chris T.; Mertel, Kristin I.
Vibrational spectra of the lowest energy triplet states of thymine and its 2'-deoxyribonucleoside, thymidine, are reported for the first time. Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) difference spectra were recorded over seven decades of time from 300 fs – 3 µs using femtosecond and nanosecond pump-probe techniques. The carbonyl stretch bands in the triplet state are seen at 1603 and ~1700 cm−1 in room-temperature acetonitrile-d3 solution. These bands and additional ones observed between 1300 and 1450 cm−1 are quenched by dissolved oxygen on a nanosecond time scale. Density-functional calculations accurately predict the difference spectrum between triplet and singlet IR absorption cross sections, confirming the peak assignments and elucidating the nature of the vibrational modes. In the triplet state, the C4=O carbonyl exhibits substantial single-bond character, explaining the large (~70 cm−1) red shift in this vibration, relative to the singlet ground state. Femtosecond TRIR measurements unambiguously demonstrate that the triplet state is fully formed within the first 10 ps after excitation, ruling out a relaxed 1nπ* state as the triplet precursor. PMID:19936322
Fourier resolved spectroscopy of 4U 1543-47 during the 2002 outburst
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Reig, P.; Papadakis, I. E.; Shrader, C. R.; Kazanas, D.
We have obtained Fourier-resolved spectra of the black-hole binary 4U 1543-47 in the canonical states (high/soft, very high, intermediate and low/hard) observed in this source during the decay of an outburst that took place in 2002. Our objective is to investigate the variability of the spectral components generally used to describe the energy spectra of black-hole systems, namely a disk component, a power-law component attributed to Comptonization by a hot corona and the contribution of the iron line due to reprocessing of the high energy (E greater than or approx, equal to 7 keV) radiation. We find that i) the disk component is not variable on time scales shorter than approx. 100 seconds, ii) the reprocessing emission as manifest by the variability of the Fe K(alpha) line responds to the primary radiation variations down to time scales of approx. 70 ms in the high and very-high states, but longer than 2 s in the low state, iii) the low-frequency QPOs are associated with variations of the X-ray power law spectral component and not to the disk component and iv) the spectra corresponding to the highest Fourier frequency are the hardest (show the flatter spectra) at a given spectral state. These results questions the models that explain the observed power spectra as due to modulations of the accretion rate only.
Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the lowest triplet state of thymine and thymidine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hare, Patrick M.; Middleton, Chris T.; Mertel, Kristin I.; Herbert, John M.; Kohler, Bern
Vibrational spectra of the lowest energy triplet states of thymine and its 2'-deoxyribonucleoside, thymidine, are reported for the first time. Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) difference spectra were recorded over seven decades of time from 300 fs to 3 μs using femtosecond and nanosecond pump-probe techniques. The carbonyl stretch bands in the triplet state are seen at 1603 and ˜1700 cm -1 in room-temperature acetonitrile- d3 solution. These bands and additional ones observed between 1300 and 1450 cm -1 are quenched by dissolved oxygen on a nanosecond time scale. Density-functional calculations accurately predict the difference spectrum between triplet and singlet IR absorption cross sections, confirming the peak assignments and elucidating the nature of the vibrational modes. In the triplet state, the C4 dbnd O carbonyl exhibits substantial single-bond character, explaining the large (˜70 cm -1) red shift in this vibration, relative to the singlet ground state. Femtosecond TRIR measurements unambiguously demonstrate that the triplet state is fully formed within the first 10 ps after excitation, ruling out a relaxed 1nπ ∗ state as the triplet precursor.
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for intraoperative assistance of thyroid surgery
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bachmann, L.; Brandao, M. P.; Iwakura, R.; Basilio, F. S.; Haleplian, K.; Ito, A. S.; Conti de Freitas, L. C.
Searching for new methods to provide information of biochemical composition and structure is critical to improve the prognosis of thyroid diseases. The use of time-resolved fluorescence techniques to detect biochemical composition and tissue structure alterations could help develop a portable, minimally invasive, and non-destructive method to assist during surgical procedures. This research looks for employ a fluorescence technique based on lifetime measurements to differentiate healthy and benign lesions from malignant thyroid tissue. We employ a wide range of excitation and chose a more appropriate region for this work: 298-300 nm; and the fluorescence decay was measured at 340-450 nm. We observed fluorescence lifetimes at 340 nm emission of 0.80+/-0.26 and 3.94+/-0.47 ns for healthy tissue; 0.90+/-0.24 and 4.05+/-0.46 ns for benign lesions; and 1.21+/-0.14 and 4.63+/-0.25 ns for malignant lesions. For 450 nm emissions, we obtain lifetimes of 0.25+/-0.18 and 3.99+/-0.39 ns for healthy tissue, 0.24+/-0.17 and 4.20+/-0.48 ns for benign lesions, 0.33+/-0.32 and 4.55+/-0.55 ns for malignant lesions. We successfully demonstrated that fluorescence lifetimes at 340 nm emission can differentiate between thyroid malignant and healthy/benign tissues.
Fischer, P. D.; Brown, M. E.; Hand, K. P.
We present a comprehensive analysis of spatially resolved moderate spectral resolution near-infrared spectra obtained with the adaptive optics system at the Keck Observatory. We identify three compositionally distinct end member regions: the trailing hemisphere bullseye, the leading hemisphere upper latitudes, and a third component associated with leading hemisphere chaos units. We interpret the composition of the three end member regions to be dominated by irradiation products, water ice, and evaporite deposits or salt brines, respectively. The third component is associated with geological features and distinct from the geography of irradiation, suggesting an endogenous identity. Identifying the endogenous composition is of particular interest for revealing the subsurface composition. However, its spectrum is not consistent with linear mixtures of the salt minerals previously considered relevant to Europa. The spectrum of this component is distinguished by distorted hydration features rather than distinct spectral features, indicating hydrated minerals but making unique identification difficult. In particular, it lacks features common to hydrated sulfate minerals, challenging the traditional view of an endogenous salty component dominated by Mg-sulfates. Chloride evaporite deposits are one possible alternative.
Time resolved laser absorption spectroscopy in a self-pulsed microplasma.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aubert, X.; Rousseau, A.; Lagrange, J. F.; Sadeghi, N.
It was recently shown that microplasmas of the microhollow cathode type geometry may operate in a self-pulsing regime for intermediate current (0.1-1 mA) [1]. At lower current (< 0.1 mA) the plasma is stable and located inside the hole; at higher current (> 1 mA) , the plasma is also stable but expands outside the hole on the cathode backside region. The self pulsing was attributed to the breakdown of the gas, outside the micro-hole, on the cathode backside. However, the mechanisms of the plasma ignition on the cathode backside are not understood and metastable atoms may play a major role. In the present work, time resolved diode laser absorption measurements have been performed through the micro-hole in the self-pulsing regime; the plasma hole ranges is in the range of 100 μm and the gas pressure ranges from 50 to 300 Torr; the feed gas is argon and the transition studied is 772.376 nm (Paschen notation 1s5-2p7). The objective is i) to measure the time evolution of the 1s5 metastable density, ii) deduce the gas temperature and plasma density from the absorption line profile. Similar results are performed in 3 electrodes configuration [1] A. Rousseau and X. Aubert J. Phys.D : Appl. Phys. 39 (2006) 1619--1622.
In vivo time-resolved spectroscopy of the human bronchial early cancer autofluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uehlinger, Pascal; Gabrecht, Tanja; Glanzmann, Thomas; Ballini, Jean-Pierre; Radu, Alexandre; Andrejevic, Snezana; Monnier, Philippe; Wagnières, Georges
Time-resolved measurements of tissue autofluorescence (AF) excited at 405 nm were carried out with an optical-fiber-based spectrometer in the bronchi of 11 patients. The objectives consisted of assessing the lifetime as a new tumor/normal (T/N) tissue contrast parameter and trying to explain the origin of the contrasts observed when using AF-based cancer detection imaging systems. No significant change in the AF lifetimes was found. AF bronchoscopy performed in parallel with an imaging device revealed both intensity and spectral contrasts. Our results suggest that the spectral contrast might be due to an enhanced blood concentration just below the epithelial layers of the lesion. The intensity contrast probably results from the thickening of the epithelium in the lesions. The absence of T/N lifetime contrast indicates that the quenching is not at the origin of the fluorescence intensity and spectral contrasts. These lifetimes (6.9 ns, 2.0 ns, and 0.2 ns) were consistent for all the examined sites. The fact that these lifetimes are the same for different emission domains ranging between 430 and 680 nm indicates that there is probably only one dominant fluorophore involved. The measured lifetimes suggest that this fluorophore is elastin.
Channel-resolved photo- and Auger-electron spectroscopy of halogenated hydrocarbons
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ablikim, Utuq; Kaderiya, B.; Kumarapan, V.; Kushawaha, R.; Rudenko, A.; Rolles, D.; Xiong, H.; Berrah, N.; Bomme, C.; Savelyev, E.; Kilcoyne, D.
Inner-shell photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of polyatomic molecules such as halogenated hydrocarbons are typically hard to interpret and assign due to many overlapping states that form broad bands even in high-resolution measurements. With the help of electron-ion-ion coincidence measurements performed using the velocity map imaging technique, we are able to detect high-energy (<= 150 eV) photo- and Auger electrons in coincidence with two- or many-body ionic fragmentation channels. Such channel-resolved measurements allow disentangling the overlapping electronic structures and help assigning individual components of the electron spectra to specific potential surfaces and final states. In this work, we present measurements on CH3 I, CH2 IBr, and CH2 ICl molecules in the gas-phase using soft x-ray light provided by the Advanced Light Source at LBNL. This project is supported by the DOE, Office of Science, BES, Division of Chemical, Geological and Biological Sciences under Award Number DE-FG02-86ER13491 (U.A., B.K., V.K., A.R., D.R.) and Award Number DE-SC0012376 (H.X., N.B.).
Ascertaining free histidine from mixtures with histidine-containing proteins using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Huang, Kewei; Jiang, Chengmin; Martí, Angel A
The use of photoluminescent probes for differentiating free amino acids from biomolecules containing the same amino acids is challenging. Photoluminescent probes generally present similar emission spectra when in the presence of either free-amino acids or protein containing those same amino acids. Probes based on cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes Ir(L)2(sol)2 (where L is 2-phenylpyridine, 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, or benzo[h]quinolone, and sol is a solvent molecule) present long-lived emission when bound to histidine. This emission is tuned by the microenvironment around the complex and therefore its lifetime is different for free histidine (487 ns) than from histidine-containing proteins such as bovine serum albumin (average lifetime > 700 ns). As a proof-of-concept we demonstrate that free histidine can be discerned from a mixture with histidine-containing proteins by using time-resolved photoluminescence decays. In the presence of multiple sources of histidine, iridium(III) probes display a multiexponential decay, which can be fitted by nonlinear least-squares methods to separate the different components. Because the pre-exponential factor of the 487 ns lifetime is proportional to the concentration of free histidine, we can use it to assess the amount of free histidine in solution even in the presence of proteins such as bovine serum albumin. We also show that iridium(III) probes displaying different photoluminescence maxima can be produced by modifying the ancillary ligands of the metal complex.
Structural recovery in plastic crystals by time-resolved non-linear dielectric spectroscopy.
Riechers, Birte; Samwer, Konrad; Richert, Ranko
The dielectric relaxation of several different plastic crystals has been examined at high amplitudes of the ac electric fields, with the aim of exploring possible differences with respect to supercooled liquids. In all cases, the steady state high field loss spectrum appears to be widened, compared with its low field limit counterpart, whereas peak position and peak amplitude remain almost unchanged. This field induced change in the loss profile is explained on the basis of two distinct effects: an increased relaxation time due to reduced configurational entropy at high fields which affects the low frequency part of the spectrum, and accelerated dynamics at frequencies above the loss peak position resulting from the added energy that the sample absorbs from the external electric field. From the time-resolved assessment of the field induced changes in fictive temperatures at relatively high frequencies, we find that this structural recovery is slaved to the average rather than mode specific structural relaxation time. In other words, the very fast relaxation modes in the plastic crystal cannot adjust their fictive temperatures faster than the slower modes, the equivalent of time aging-time superposition. As a result, an explanation for this single fictive temperature must be consistent with positional order, i.e., translational motion or local density fluctuations do not govern the persistence time of local time constants.
A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rossi, D. M.; Minamisono, K.; Barquest, B. R.; Bollen, G.; Cooper, K.; Davis, M.; Hammerton, K.; Hughes, M.; Mantica, P. F.; Morrissey, D. J.; Ringle, R.; Rodriguez, J. A.; Ryder, C. A.; Schwarz, S.; Strum, R.; Sumithrarachchi, C.; Tarazona, D.; Zhao, S.
A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive 37K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 μs bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 105 in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of 37K and its isotope shift relative to the stable 39K were determined using 5 × 104 s-1 37K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A(2S1/2) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A(2P1/2) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A(2P3/2) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift δν39, 37 = -264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available.
A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams
Rossi, D. M. Davis, M.; Ringle, R.; Rodriguez, J. A.; Ryder, C. A.; Schwarz, S.; Sumithrarachchi, C.; Zhao, S.; Minamisono, K. Barquest, B. R.; Bollen, G.; Hughes, M.; Strum, R.; Tarazona, D.; Cooper, K.; Hammerton, K.; Mantica, P. F.; Morrissey, D. J.
A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive {sup 37}K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 μs bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 10{sup 5} in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of {sup 37}K and its isotope shift relative to the stable {sup 39}K were determined using 5 × 10{sup 4} s{sup −1} {sup 37}K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A({sup 2}S{sub 1/2}) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A({sup 2}P{sub 1/2}) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A({sup 2}P{sub 3/2}) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift δν{sup 39,} {sup 37} = −264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available.
Predicted electronic markers for polytypes of LaOBi S2 examined via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhou, Xiaoqing; Liu, Qihang; Waugh, J. A.; Li, Haoxiang; Nummy, T.; Zhang, Xiuwen; Zhu, Xiangde; Cao, Gang; Zunger, Alex; Dessau, D. S.
The natural periodic stacking of symmetry-inequivalent planes in layered compounds can lead to the formation of natural superlattices; albeit close in total energy, (thus in their thermodynamic stability), such polytype superlattices can exhibit different structural symmetries, thus have markedly different electronic properties which can in turn be used as "structural markers". We illustrate this general principle on the layered LaOBi S2 compound where density-functional theory (DFT) calculations on the (Bi S2 )/(LaO)/(Bi S2 ) polytype superlattices reveal both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct electronic structure markers associated with the Rashba physics, yet the total energies are only ˜ 0.1 meV apart. This opens the exciting possibility of identifying subtle structural features via electronic markers. We show that the pattern of removal of band degeneracies in different polytypes by the different forms of symmetry breaking leads to Rashba "minigaps" with characteristic Rashba parameters that can be determined from spectroscopy, thereby narrowing down the physically possible polytypes. By identifying these distinct DFT-predicted fingerprints via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements on LaBiO S2 we found the dominant polytype with small amounts of mixtures of other polytypes. This conclusion, consistent with neutron scattering results, establishes ARPES detection of theoretically established electronic markers as a powerful tool to delineate energetically quasidegenerate polytypes.
Probing the hydrogen-bond network of water via time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy
Huse, Nils; Wen, Haidan; Nordlund, Dennis; Szilagyi, Erzsi; Daranciang, Dan; Miller, Timothy A.; Nilsson, Anders; Schoenlein, Robert W.; Lindenberg, Aaron M.
We report time-resolved studies of hydrogen bonding in liquid H2O, in response to direct excitation of the O-H stretch mode at 3 mu m, probed via soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge. This approach employs a newly developed nanofluidic cell for transient soft x-ray spectroscopy in liquid phase. Distinct changes in the near-edge spectral region (XANES) are observed, and are indicative of a transient temperature rise of 10K following transient laser excitation and rapid thermalization of vibrational energy. The rapid heating occurs at constant volume and the associated increase in internal pressure, estimated to be 8MPa, is manifest by distinct spectral changes that differ from those induced by temperature alone. We conclude that the near-edge spectral shape of the oxygen K-edge is a sensitive probe of internal pressure, opening new possibilities for testing the validity of water models and providing new insight into the nature of hydrogen bonding in water.
Noninvasive observation of skeletal muscle contraction using near-infrared time-resolved reflectance and diffusing-wave spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Belau, Markus; Ninck, Markus; Hering, Gernot; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Contini, Davide; Torricelli, Alessandro; Gisler, Thomas
We introduce a method for noninvasively measuring muscle contraction in vivo, based on near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS). The method exploits the information about time-dependent shear motions within the contracting muscle that are contained in the temporal autocorrelation function g(1)(τ,t) of the multiply scattered light field measured as a function of lag time, τ, and time after stimulus, t. The analysis of g(1)(τ,t) measured on the human M. biceps brachii during repetitive electrical stimulation, using optical properties measured with time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy, shows that the tissue dynamics giving rise to the speckle fluctuations can be described by a combination of diffusion and shearing. The evolution of the tissue Cauchy strain e(t) shows a strong correlation with the force, indicating that a significant part of the shear observed with DWS is due to muscle contraction. The evolution of the DWS decay time shows quantitative differences between the M. biceps brachii and the M. gastrocnemius, suggesting that DWS allows to discriminate contraction of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
Multi-Object Spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope's Near Infrared Spectrograph: Observing Resolved Stellar Populations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gilbert, Karoline; Karakla, Diane M.; Beck, Tracy
The James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) will provide a multi-object spectroscopy mode through the four Micro-Shutter Arrays (MSAs). Each MSA is a grid of contiguous shutters that can be configured to form slits on more than 100 astronomical targets simultaneously. The combination of JWST's sensitivity and superb resolution in the infrared and NIRSpec's full wavelength coverage from 0.6 to 5 μm will open new parameter space for studies of galaxies and resolved stellar populations alike. We describe a NIRSpec MSA observing scenario for obtaining spectroscopy of individual stars in an external galaxy, and investigate the technical challenges posed by this scenario. We examine the multiplexing capability of the MSA as a function of the possible MSA configuration design choices, and investigate the primary sources of error in velocity measurements and the prospects for minimizing them. We give examples of how this and other use cases are guiding development of the NIRSpec user interfaces, including proposal planning and pipeline calibrations.
Quantum theory of time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy: direct versus cascade processes and application to CDCl3.
Zhao, Bin; Sun, Zhigang; Lee, Soo-Y
We present a quantum mechanical wave packet treatment of time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), or two-dimensional (2D) FSRS, where a vibrational coherence is initiated with an impulsive Raman pump which is subsequently probed by FSRS. It complements the recent classical treatment by Mehlenbacher et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 131, 244512 (2009)]. In this 2D-FSRS, two processes can occur concurrently but with different intensities: a direct fifth-order process taking place on one molecule, and a cascade process comprising two third-order processes on two different molecules. The cascade process comprises a parallel and a sequential cascade. The theory is applied to the 2D-FSRS of CDCl(3) where calculations showed that: (a) the cascade process is stronger than the direct fifth-order process by one order of magnitude, (b) the sidebands assigned to C-Cl E and A(1) bends, observed on both sides of the Stokes C-D stretch frequency, are not due to anharmonic coupling between the C-D stretch and the C-Cl bends, but are instead due to the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS) fields produced in the first step of the cascade process, (c) for each delay time between the femtosecond impulsive pump and FSRS probe pulses, the line shape of the sidebands shows an inversion symmetry about the C-D stretch frequency, and this is due to the 180(∘) phase difference between the CARS and CSRS fields that produced the left and right sidebands, and (d) for each sideband, the line shape changes from positive Lorentzian to dispersive to negative Lorentzian, then to negative dispersive and back to positive Lorentzian with the period of the bending vibration, and it is correlated with the momentum of the wave packet prepared on the ground-state surface by the impulsive pump along the sideband normal coordinate.
Ultrafast XUV Pulses at High Repetition Rate for Time Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Surface Dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Corder, Christopher; Zhao, Peng; Li, Xinlong; Muraca, Amanda R.; Kershis, Matthew D.; White, Michael G.; Allison, Thomas K.
Ultrafast photoelectron studies of surface dynamics are often limited by low repetition rates. At Stony Brook we have built a cavity-enhanced high-harmonic generation XUV source that delivers ultrafast pulses to a surface science apparatus for photoelectron spectroscopy. We begin with a Ytterbium fiber laser at a repetition rate of 78 MHz and up to 90 W of average power. After compression the pulses have μJ's of energy with < 180 fs pulse width. We then use an enhancement cavity with a finesse of a few hundred to build up to the peak intensity required for high harmonic generation. The enhancement cavity is a six mirror double folded bow-tie geometry with a focus of 15 μm at a Krypton gas jet, followed by a Sapphire crystal at Brewster's angle for the fundamental to allow outcoupling of the harmonics. A single harmonic is selected using a time-preserving monochromator to maintain the short pulses, and is sent to an ultra high vacuum chamber with sample preparation and diagnostic tools as well as an electron energy spectrometer. This allows us to study the electronic dynamics of semiconductor surfaces and their interfaces with adsorbed molecules which enable various charge transfer effects. Supported by AFOSR.
Spatially resolved localized vibrational mode spectroscopy of carbon in liquid encapsulated Czochralski grown gallium arsenide wafers
Yau, Waifan.
Substitutional carbon on an arsenic lattice site is the shallowest and one of the most dominant acceptors in semi-insulating Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) GaAs. However, the role of this acceptor in determining the well known W'' shape spatial variation of neutral EL2 concentration along the diameter of a LEC wafer is not known. In this thesis, we attempt to clarify the issue of the carbon acceptor's effect on this W'' shaped variation by measuring spatial profiles of this acceptor along the radius of three different as-grown LEC GaAs wafers. With localized vibrational mode absorption spectroscopy, we find that the profile of the carbon acceptor is relatively constant along the radius of each wafer. Average values of concentration are 8 {times} 10E15 cm{sup -3}, 1.1 {times} 10E15 cm{sup -3}, and 2.2 {times} 10E15 cm{sup -3}, respectively. In addition, these carbon acceptor LVM measurements indicate that a residual donor with concentration comparable to carbon exists in these wafers and it is a good candidate for the observed neutral EL2 concentration variation. 22 refs., 39 figs.
Spectral watermarking in femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy: resolving the nature of the carotenoid S* state.
Kloz, Miroslav; Weißenborn, Jörn; Polívka, Tomáš; Frank, Harry A; Kennis, John T M
A new method for recording femtosecond stimulated Raman spectra was developed that dramatically improves and automatizes baseline problems. Instead of using a narrowband Raman source, the experiment is performed using shaping of a broadband source. This allows locking the signal into carefully crafted watermarks that can be recovered from measured data with high fidelity. The approach uses unique properties of Raman scattering, thus allowing a direct recording of stimulated Raman signals with robust rejection of baselines and fixed-pattern-noise. Low cost technology for generating required pulse-shapes was developed and demonstrated. The methodology is applicable to any Raman experiment but primarily targets Femtosecond Stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) where a lack of robust methods for parasitic signal rejection has been a major obstacle in the practical development of the field in the last decade. The delivered improvement in FSRS experiments was demonstrated by recording evidence that the so-called S* state of carotenoids in solution corresponds to the optically forbidden S1 state of a sparsely populated carotenoid conformation.
Ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy of geometric isomers of xanthophylls
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Niedzwiedzki, Dariusz M.; Enriquez, Miriam M.; LaFountain, Amy M.; Frank, Harry A.
This paper presents an ultrafast optical spectroscopic investigation of the excited state energies, lifetimes and spectra of specific geometric isomers of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. All- trans- and 15,15'- cis-β-carotene were also examined. The spectroscopy was done on molecules purified by HPLC frozen immediately to inhibit isomerization. The spectra were taken at 77 K to maintain the configurations and to provide better spectral resolution than seen at room temperature. The kinetics reveal that for all of the molecules except neoxanthin, the S 1 state lifetime of the cis isomers is shorter than that of the all- trans isomers. The S 1 excited state energies of all the isomers were determined by recording S 1 → S 2 transient absorption spectra. The results obtained in this manner at cryogenic temperatures provide an unprecedented level of precision in the measurement of the S 1 energies of these xanthophylls, which are critical components in light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes of green plants.
Spatially resolved integral field spectroscopy of the ionized gas in IZw18
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kehrig, C.; Vílchez, J. M.; Pérez-Montero, E.; Iglesias-Páramo, J.; Hernández-Fernández, J. D.; Duarte Puertas, S.; Brinchmann, J.; Durret, F.; Kunth, D.
We present a detailed 2D study of the ionized ionized interstellar medium (ISM) of IZw18 using new Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrophotometer-integral field unit (PMAS-IFU) optical observations. IZw18 is a high-ionization galaxy which is among the most metal-poor starbursts in the local Universe. This makes IZw18 a local benchmark for understanding the properties most closely resembling those prevailing at distant starbursts. Our IFU aperture (˜1.4 × 1.4 kpc2) samples the entire IZw18 main body and an extended region of its ionized gas. Maps of relevant emission lines and emission line ratios show that higher-excitation gas is preferentially located close to the north-west knot and thereabouts. We detect a Wolf-Rayet feature near the north-west knot. We derive spatially resolved and integrated physical-chemical properties for the ionized gas in IZw18. We find no dependence between the metallicity indicator R23 and the ionization parameter (as traced by [O III]/[O II]) across IZw18. Over ˜0.30 kpc2, using the [O III] λ4363 line, we compute Te[O III] values (˜15 000-25 000 K), and oxygen abundances are derived from the direct determinations of Te[O III]. More than 70 per cent of the higher-Te[O III] (≳22 000 K) spaxels are He IIλ4686-emitting spaxels too. From a statistical analysis, we study the presence of variations in the ISM physical-chemical properties. A galaxy-wide homogeneity, across hundreds of parsecs, is seen in O/H. Based on spaxel-by-spaxel measurements, the error-weighted mean of 12 + log(O/H) = 7.11 ± 0.01 is taken as the representative O/H for IZw18. Aperture effects on the derivation of O/H are discussed. Using our IFU data we obtain, for the first time, the IZw18 integrated spectrum.
Spacially-resolved STIS spectroscopy of young H-deficient central stars of PN.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
De Marco, O.; Cohen, M.; Barlow, M. J.
Hydrogen-deficient central stars of planetary nebula (PN) present a mystery and a challenge in the evolution of low mass stars after they ascend the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB). This class represents about 20% of all known central stars and seems to evolve as a result of an outburst event early in the life of the post-AGB star. During this event, which is thought to be similar to a helium shell outburst, ALL the hydrogen is burned or ejected, leaving a central star made of helium and carbon, which can later develop strong mass-loss. SwSt1 is one such star. It has a very young PN, with high density and a very small apparent radius. Its star is hot (35000K) and has a substantial mass-loss. Because of its youth, this object, together with a handful of central stars, can be used to trace the evolution of this class back to their AGB ancestry and to the event that made them different from H-rich central stars. Recently-acquired spacially-resolved STIS observations, show density and abundance layering in the PN gas, which can be used to trace the object's history. In this paper, the HST observations are analyzed with stellar non-LTE codes, to determine the stellar parameters and hence the stellar evolutionary status (effective temperature and radius). Nebular photo-ionization codes, which use the synthetic stellar atmosphere as input, are then used to model the nebular emission as a function of radius. Probing into as little as the last 500 years in the life of this class of objects using their young PN, can characterize the event that is responsible for their hydrogen-deficient nature. Mass-loss on and after the AGB is still one of the least understood events in stellar astrophysics. Progress in understanding the super-efficient mass-loss that leads to central stars stripped of hydrogen would constitute a significant advance in characterizing AGB mass-loss in general.
Exciton dynamics in conjugated polymer photovoltaics: Steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chasteen, Stephanie V.
The performance of organic photovoltaics is severely limited by poor exciton dissociation and charge transport due in part to high rates of exciton recombination and low charge mobilities in polymers. This challenge can be partially overcome through the use of blended and layered heterojunctions. Such morphologies offer multiple exciton dissociation sites and separate charge pathways, thus limiting exciton recombination, and allowing for thicker, more absorbing, polymer films. I have performed photovoltaic device characterization and time-resolved and steady-state photoluminescence on a variety of donor-acceptor heterojunction. I have used these methods to understand excited state dynamics and how they affect device performance. As hole-transporters I use a derivative of poly-phenylene-vinylene (M3EH-PPV) and poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). As electron-transporters I use the metal oxide titanium dioxide (TiO2), the electron-transporter CN-PPV, and a fullerene derivative (PCBM). These materials are layered and blended together to form donor-acceptor heterojunctions. All heterojunctions result in enhanced device performance, and 1:4 M3EH-PPV:PCBM resulted in the highest efficiencies. M3EH-PPV emission is characterized by single-chain excitations, and the decay is dominated by short components of 0.20 and 0.45 ns. CN-ether-PPV is dominated by interchain excited state species---ie., excimers---with a decay time of 14.0 ns. The broken conjugation imposed by the ether group affect the excited state, resulting in an excited state species that is particularly vulnerable to quenching. This has important ramifications for material design. Hole-transporting polymers blended and layered with CN-ether-PPV have high currents (Jsc up to 3.3 mA/cm2) and good quenching relative to CN-ether-PPV (˜90%) due to charge separation and generation, respectively. Hole-transporters blended with PCBM result in efficient devices (Jsc up to 14 mA/cm2) due to rapid charge transfer and the
Absolute calibration method for nanosecond-resolved, time-streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Johnston, Mark D.; Oliver, Bryan V.; Droemer, Darryl W.; Frogget, Brent; Crain, Marlon D.; Maron, Yitzhak
This paper describes a convenient and accurate method to calibrate fast (<1 ns resolution) streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems. Such systems are inherently difficult to calibrate due to the lack of sufficiently intense, calibrated light sources. Such a system is used to collect spectral data on plasmas generated in electron beam diodes fielded on the RITS-6 accelerator (8-12MV, 140-200kA) at Sandia National Laboratories. On RITS, plasma light is collected through a small diameter (200 μm) optical fiber and recorded on a fast streak camera at the output of a 1 meter Czerny-Turner monochromator. For this paper, a 300 W xenon short arc lamp (Oriel Model 6258) was used as the calibration source. Since the radiance of the xenon arc varies from cathode to anode, just the area around the tip of the cathode ("hotspot") was imaged onto the fiber, to produce the highest intensity output. To compensate for chromatic aberrations, the signal was optimized at each wavelength measured. Output power was measured using 10 nm bandpass interference filters and a calibrated photodetector. These measurements give power at discrete wavelengths across the spectrum, and when linearly interpolated, provide a calibration curve for the lamp. The shape of the spectrum is determined by the collective response of the optics, monochromator, and streak tube across the spectral region of interest. The ratio of the spectral curve to the measured bandpass filter curve at each wavelength produces a correction factor (Q) curve. This curve is then applied to the experimental data and the resultant spectra are given in absolute intensity units (photons/sec/cm2/steradian/nm). Error analysis shows this method to be accurate to within +/- 20%, which represents a high level of accuracy for this type of measurement.
Time-Resolved Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of The M-Dwarf GJ 876 Exoplanetary System
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
France, Kevin; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Tian, Feng; Froning, Cynthia S.; Roberge, Aki
Extrasolar planets orbiting M-stars may represent our best chance to discover habitable worlds in the coming decade. The ultraviolet spectrum incident upon both Earth-like and Jovian planets is critically important for proper modeling of their atmospheric heating and chemistry. In order to provide more realistic inputs for atmospheric models of planets orbiting low-mass stars, we present new near- and far-ultraviolet (NUV and FUV) spectroscopy of the M-dwarf exoplanet host GJ 876 (M4V). Using the COS and STIS spectrographs on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we have measured the 1150-3140 A spectrum of GJ 876. We have reconstructed the stellar H1 Ly alpha emission line profile, and find that the integrated Ly alpha flux is roughly equal to the rest of the integrated flux (1150-1210 A + 1220-3140 A) in the entire ultraviolet bandpass (F(Ly alpha)/F(FUV+NUV) equals approximately 0.7). This ratio is approximately 2500x greater than the solar value. We describe the ultraviolet line spectrum and report surprisingly strong fluorescent emission from hot H2 (T(H2) greater than 2000 K). We show the light curve of a chromospheric + transition region flare observed in several far-UV emission lines, with flare/quiescent flux ratios greater than or equal to 10. The strong FUV radiation field of an M-star (and specifically Ly alpha) is important for determining the abundance of O2--and the formation of biomarkers-in the lower atmospheres of Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of low-mass stars.
France, Kevin; Froning, Cynthia S.; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Tian, Feng; Roberge, Aki
Extrasolar planets orbiting M-stars may represent our best chance to discover habitable worlds in the coming decade. The ultraviolet spectrum incident upon both Earth-like and Jovian planets is critically important for proper modeling of their atmospheric heating and chemistry. In order to provide more realistic inputs for atmospheric models of planets orbiting low-mass stars, we present new near- and far-ultraviolet (NUV and FUV) spectroscopy of the M-dwarf exoplanet host GJ 876 (M4V). Using the COS and STIS spectrographs on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we have measured the 1150-3140 A spectrum of GJ 876. We have reconstructed the stellar H I Ly{alpha} emission line profile, and find that the integrated Ly{alpha} flux is roughly equal to the rest of the integrated flux (1150-1210 A + 1220-3140 A) in the entire ultraviolet bandpass (F(Ly{alpha})/F(FUV+NUV) Almost-Equal-To 0.7). This ratio is {approx}2500 Multiplication-Sign greater than the solar value. We describe the ultraviolet line spectrum and report surprisingly strong fluorescent emission from hot H{sub 2} (T(H{sub 2}) > 2000 K). We show the light curve of a chromospheric + transition region flare observed in several far-UV emission lines, with flare/quiescent flux ratios {>=}10. The strong FUV radiation field of an M-star (and specifically Ly{alpha}) is important for determining the abundance of O{sub 2}-and the formation of biomarkers-in the lower atmospheres of Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of low-mass stars.
Orbital phase-resolved spectroscopy of 4U 1538-52 with MAXI
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rodes-Roca, J. J.; Mihara, T.; Nakahira, S.; Torrejón, J. M.; Giménez-García, Á.; Bernabéu, G.
Context. 4U 1538-52, an absorbed high mass X-ray binary with an orbital period of ~3.73 days, shows moderate orbital intensity modulations with a low level of counts during the eclipse. Several models have been proposed to explain the accretion at different orbital phases by a spherically symmetric stellar wind from the companion. Aims: The aim of this work is to study both the light curve and orbital phase spectroscopy of this source in the long term. In particular, we study the folded light curve and the changes in the spectral parameters with orbital phase to analyse the stellar wind of QV Nor, the mass donor of this binary system. Methods: We used all the observations made from the Gas Slit Camera on board MAXI of 4U 1538-52 covering many orbits continuously. We obtained the good interval times for all orbital phase ranges, which were the input for extracting our data. We estimated the orbital period of the system and then folded the light curves, and we fitted the X-ray spectra with the same model for every orbital phase spectrum. We also extracted the averaged spectrum of all the MAXI data available. Results: The MAXI spectra in the 2-20 keV energy range were fitted with an absorbed Comptonisation of cool photons on hot electrons. We found a strong orbital dependence of the absorption column density but neither the fluorescence iron emission line nor low energy excess were needed to fit the MAXI spectra. The variation in the spectral parameters over the binary orbit were used to examine the mode of accretion onto the neutron star in 4U 1538-52. We deduce a best value of Ṁ/v∞ = 0.65 × 10-9M⊙ yr-1/ (km s-1) for QV Nor.
Spatially resolved optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the low-metallicity galaxy UGC 4483
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Skillman, Evan D.; Televich, Roberto J.; Kennicutt, Robert C., Jr.; Garnett, Donald R.; Terlevich, Elena
UGC 4483 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the M81 group. Narrow-band imaging has revealed an H II region in UGC 4483 with an H alpha flux approximately = 1 x 10 (exp - 13) ergs/sq cm/s. Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of this H ll region yields He, N, O, Ne, and S abundances for the interstellar matter (ISM) in this galaxy. The spectra were acquired with several different telescope/instrument combinations in order to assess the quality of the derived uncertainties. With oxygen abundance of 3.3 x 10 (exp -5) (12 + log (O/H) = 7.5), this galaxy is similar to GR 8 and among the most metal poor dwarf irregulars known to date. However, the H II region in UGC 4483 has high excitation and higher surface brightness than GR 8, allowing very accurate abundance estimates. The N/O ratio is 3%, in good agreement with other low-metallicity dwarf galaxies. The S/O abundance ratio in UGC 4483 is close to the solar ratio, consistent with results for I Zw 18 and other low-metallicity dwarf irregulars. A He/H abundance of 0.079 +/- 0.002 is derived from observations of the lambda 6678 He ll emission line. A comparison of observations obtained with different telescopes and with the same telescope on different nights supports our relatively small estimated uncertainty in this measurement. We determine that the neutral helium fraction is insignificant through both direct observations of the He(+)/H(+) ratio across the nebula and through photoionization modeling. This results in a helium mass fraction of 0.239 +/- 0.006, consistent with the most recent theoretical and observational determinations of the primordial helium abundance. We also discuss remaining systematic uncertainties in the calculation of the primordial helium abundance
Temperature-dependent downhill unfolding of ubiquitin. I. Nanosecond-to-millisecond resolved nonlinear infrared spectroscopy.
Chung, Hoi Sung; Tokmakoff, Andrei
Transient thermal unfolding of ubiquitin is investigated using nonlinear infrared spectroscopy after a nanosecond laser temperature jump (T-jump). The abrupt change in the unfolding free energy surface and the ns time resolution allow us to observe a fast response on ns to micros time-scales, which we attribute to downhill unfolding, before a cross-over to ms kinetics. The downhill unfolding by a sub-population of folded proteins is induced through a shift of the barrier toward the native state. By adjusting the T-jump width, the effect of the initial (T(i)) and final (T(f)) temperature on the unfolding dynamics can be separated. From the amplitude of the fast downhill unfolding, the fractional population prepared at the unfolding transition state is obtained. This population increases with both T(i) and with T(f). A two-state kinetic analysis of the ms refolding provides thermodynamic information about the barrier height. By a combination of the fast and slow unfolding and folding parameters, a quasi-two-state kinetic analysis is performed to calculate the time-dependent population changes of the folded state. This calculation coincides with the experimentally obtained population changes at low temperature but deviations are found in the T-jump from 67 to 78 degrees C. Using temperature-dependent barrier height changes, a temperature Phi value analysis is performed. The result shows a decreasing trend of Phi(T) with temperature, which indicates an increase of the heterogeneity of the transition state. We conclude that ubiquitin unfolds along a well-defined pathway at low temperature which expands with increasing temperature to include multiple routes.
Absolute calibration method for nanosecond-resolved, time-streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems.
Johnston, Mark D; Oliver, Bryan V; Droemer, Darryl W; Frogget, Brent; Crain, Marlon D; Maron, Yitzhak
This paper describes a convenient and accurate method to calibrate fast (<1 ns resolution) streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems. Such systems are inherently difficult to calibrate due to the lack of sufficiently intense, calibrated light sources. Such a system is used to collect spectral data on plasmas generated in electron beam diodes fielded on the RITS-6 accelerator (8-12MV, 140-200kA) at Sandia National Laboratories. On RITS, plasma light is collected through a small diameter (200 μm) optical fiber and recorded on a fast streak camera at the output of a 1 meter Czerny-Turner monochromator. For this paper, a 300 W xenon short arc lamp (Oriel Model 6258) was used as the calibration source. Since the radiance of the xenon arc varies from cathode to anode, just the area around the tip of the cathode ("hotspot") was imaged onto the fiber, to produce the highest intensity output. To compensate for chromatic aberrations, the signal was optimized at each wavelength measured. Output power was measured using 10 nm bandpass interference filters and a calibrated photodetector. These measurements give power at discrete wavelengths across the spectrum, and when linearly interpolated, provide a calibration curve for the lamp. The shape of the spectrum is determined by the collective response of the optics, monochromator, and streak tube across the spectral region of interest. The ratio of the spectral curve to the measured bandpass filter curve at each wavelength produces a correction factor (Q) curve. This curve is then applied to the experimental data and the resultant spectra are given in absolute intensity units (photons/sec/cm(2)/steradian/nm). Error analysis shows this method to be accurate to within +∕- 20%, which represents a high level of accuracy for this type of measurement.
Near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy of (136108) Haumea's multiple system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gourgeot, F.; Carry, B.; Dumas, C.; Vachier, F.; Merlin, F.; Lacerda, P.; Barucci, M. A.; Berthier, J.
Context. The transneptunian region of the solar system is populated by a wide variety of icy bodies showing great diversity in orbital behavior, size, surface color, and composition. Aims: The dwarf planet (136108) Haumea is among the largest transneptunian objects (TNOs) and is a very fast rotator (~3.9 h). This dwarf planet displays a highly elongated shape and hosts two small moons that are covered with crystalline water ice, similar to their central body. A particular region of interest is the Dark Red Spot (DRS) identified on the surface of Haumea from multiband light-curve analysis (Lacerda et al. 2008). Haumea is also known to be the largest member of the sole TNO family known to date, and an outcome of a catastrophic collision that is likely responsible for the unique characteristics of Haumea. Methods: We report here on the analysis of a new set of near-infrared Laser Guide Star assisted observations of Haumea obtained with the Integral Field Unit (IFU) Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (SINFONI) at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) Observatory. Combined with previous data published by Dumas et al. (2011), and using light-curve measurements in the optical and far infrared to associate each spectrum with its corresponding rotational phase, we were able to carry out a rotationally resolved spectroscopic study of the surface of Haumea. Results: We describe the physical characteristics of the crystalline water ice present on the surface of Haumea for both regions, in and out of the DRS, and analyze the differences obtained for each individual spectrum. The presence of crystalline water ice is confirmed over more than half of the surface of Haumea. Our measurements of the average spectral slope (1.45 ± 0.82% by 100 nm) confirm the redder characteristic of the spot region. Detailed analysis of the crystalline water-ice absorption bands do not show significant differences between the DRS and the
Time-resolved spectroscopy of energy and electron transfer processes in the photosynthetic bacterium Heliobacillus mobilis.
Lin, S; Chiou, H C; Kleinherenbrink, F A; Blankenship, R E
The kinetics of excitation energy transfer and electron transfer processes within the membrane of Heliobacillus mobilis were investigated using femtosecond transient absorption difference spectroscopy at room temperature. The kinetics in the 725- to 865-nm region, upon excitation at 590 and 670 nm, were fit using global analysis. The fits returned three kinetic components with lifetimes of 1-2 ps and 27-30 ps, and a component that does not decay within several nanoseconds. The 1- to 2-ps component is attributed to excitation equilibration to form a thermally relaxed excited state. The 27- to 30-ps phase corresponds to the decay of the relaxed excited state to form a charge-separated state. The intrinsic energy and electron transfer rates were estimated using the experimental results and theoretical models for excitation migration and trapping dynamics. Taking into account the number of antenna pigments and their spectral distribution, an upper limit of 1.2 ps for the intrinsic time constant for charge separation in the reaction center is calculated. This upper limit corresponds with the trapping-limited case for excitation migration and trapping. Reduction of the primary electron acceptor A0 was observed in the 640 to 700 nm region using excitation at 780 nm. An instantaneous absorbance increase followed by a decay of about 30 ps was observed over a broad wavelength region due to the excited state absorption and decay of BChl g molecules in the antenna. In addition, a narrow bleaching band centered at 670 nm grows in with an apparent time constant of about 1.0 ps, superimposed on the 30-ps absorbance increase due to excited state absorption. Measurements on a longer time scale showed that besides the 670 nm pigment a BChl g molecule absorbing near 785 nm may be involved in the primary charge separation, and that this pigment may be in equilibrium with the 670 nm pigment. The bleaching bands at 670 nm and 785nm recovered with a time constant of about 600 ps, due to
Holographic Spectroscopy for Rapid Electron Bunch Analysis: Development of an Instrument with THZ Resolved Optical Gating
Sievers, Albert
The main thrust of our project was to apply the concepts of holographic spectroscopy, developed earlier in the visible and near IR spectral regions for satellite mapping, to the THz region in order to measure the spectral signature of the coherent radiation emanating from a relativistic electron bunch to obtain the bunch length itself. There were four major discoveries. (1) In the course of this ground-breaking work we developed and built the first static THz interferometer suitable for the realization of such a holographic Fourier transform spectrometer. Experimental tests and analysis of the observed results have provided the necessary foundation for future development of THz detector arrays optimized for spectroscopic applications. (2) Since such detectors do not exist at the present time our next effort was to find an alternative approach. We explored the electro-optic (EO) detection of the THz pulse using the short pulse of a visible diode laser synchronized to the bunch with the long-term goal aimed at single bunch measurement capability. The main hurdle was found to be the parasitic scattering of the diode radiation in the EO medium. By using the optical Fourier transform of the THz interference pattern the effects of this background were suppressed enough to obtain the spectrum using multiple shot acquisition. During our experiments at the FLASH facility at DESY we determined that for single bunch measurement capability the diode laser has to be able to produce sub 100 ps pulses with peak power of at least 1 W. Since these parameters are quite feasible at the current stage of diode laser science this combination of techniques can be used for single shot measurement of a short electron bunch. (3) In carrying out the above effort a simpler measurement possibility was uncovered involving the visible/nearIR pulse of incoherent radiation produced by the same bunch. This observation made possible the cross-correlation of the THz coherent and visible incoherent
Tunable All Reflective Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy, A Technique For High Resolving Power Observation OI Defused Emission Line Sources
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hosseini, Seyedeh Sona
The solar system presents a challenge to spectroscopic observers, because it is an astrophysically low energy environment populated with often angularly extended targets (e.g, interplanetary medium, comets, planetary upper atmospheres, and planet and satellite near space environments). Spectroscopy is a proven tool for determining compositional and other properties of remote objects. Narrow band imaging and low resolving spectroscopic measurements provide information about composition, photochemical evolution, energy distribution and density. The extension to high resolving power provides further access to temperature, velocity, isotopic ratios, separation of blended sources, and opacity effects. The drawback of high-resolution spectroscopy comes from the instrumental limitations of lower throughput, the necessity of small entrance apertures, sensitivity, field of view, and large physical instrumental size. These limitations quickly become definitive for faint and/or extended targets and for spacecraft encounters. An emerging technique with promise for the study of faint, extended sources at high resolving power is the all-reflective form of the Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer (SHS). SHS instruments are compact and naturally possess both high etendue and high resolving power. To achieve similar spectral grasp, grating spectrometers require big telescopes. SHS is a common-path beam Fourier transform interferometer that produces Fizeau fringe pattern for all other wavelengths except the tuned wavelength. Compared to similar Fourier transform Spectrometers (FTS), SHS has considerably relaxed optical tolerances that make it easier to use in the visible and UV spectral ranges. The large etendue of SHS instruments makes them ideal for observations of extended, low surface brightness, isolated emission line sources, while their intrinsically high spectral resolution enables the study of the dynamical and spectral characteristics described above. SHS also combines very
Excited state non-adiabatic dynamics of pyrrole: A time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum dynamics study
Wu, Guorong; Neville, Simon P.; Worth, Graham A.; Schalk, Oliver; Sekikawa, Taro; Ashfold, Michael N. R.; Stolow, Albert
The dynamics of pyrrole excited at wavelengths in the range 242-217 nm are studied using a combination of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and wavepacket propagations performed using the multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree method. Excitation close to the origin of pyrrole's electronic spectrum, at 242 and 236 nm, is found to result in an ultrafast decay of the system from the ionization window on a single timescale of less than 20 fs. This behaviour is explained fully by assuming the system to be excited to the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state, in accord with previous experimental and theoretical studies. Excitation at shorter wavelengths has previously been assumed to result predominantly in population of the bright A{sub 1}(ππ{sup ∗}) and B{sub 2}(ππ{sup ∗}) states. We here present time-resolved photoelectron spectra at a pump wavelength of 217 nm alongside detailed quantum dynamics calculations that, together with a recent reinterpretation of pyrrole's electronic spectrum [S. P. Neville and G. A. Worth, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 034317 (2014)], suggest that population of the B{sub 1}(πσ{sup ∗}) state (hitherto assumed to be optically dark) may occur directly when pyrrole is excited at energies in the near UV part of its electronic spectrum. The B{sub 1}(πσ{sup ∗}) state is found to decay on a timescale of less than 20 fs by both N-H dissociation and internal conversion to the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state.
Time-resolved diode laser infrared absorption spectroscopy of the nascent HCl in the infrared laser chemistry of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dietrich, Peter; Quack, Martin; Seyfang, George
The IR multiphoton excitation and the frequency, fluence and intensity dependence of the IR-laser chemical yields of CF 2ClCH 2Cl have been studied in the fluence range of 1 to 10 J cm -2 yielding a steady-state constant k(st)/ I=0.74×10 6 s -1 MW -1 cm 2 which is approximately independent of intensity. Time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy with diode laser sources has been used to observe the nascent HCl during the first few 100 ns indicating a population inversion between the levels ν=1, J=4 and ν=2, J=5. At low reactant pressures ( p⩽10 Pa) the time-resolved measurement gives a steady-state rate constant consistent with the theoretical result adjusted to the static yield measurements. The capability of state-selective and time-resolved IR spectroscopy is thus demonstrated, giving real-time determinations of rate constants.
Time-resolved photometry and spectroscopy of the new deeply-eclipsing SW Sextantis star HS 0728+6738
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Barwig, H.; Hagen, H.-J.; Engels, D.
We present time-resolved optical spectroscopy and photometry, and far-ultraviolet spectroscopy of HS 0728+6738, a cataclysmic variable discovered in the Hamburg Quasar Survey. We show that the system is a new eclipsing member of the SW Sex class of CVs with an orbital period of 3.21 h. We derive an orbital inclination of ˜ 85 ± 4° from the average eclipse profile, making HS 0728+6738 the highest inclination SW Sex star known. The optical and far-ultraviolet emission lines are not or only weakly occulted during the eclipse, indicating the presence of line-emission sites either far outside the Roche lobe of the primary or, more likely, above the orbital plane of the binary. The photometric light curves exhibit fast variability with a period of ˜7 min, which might be related to the spin of the white dwarf. Based in part on observations obtained at the German-Spanish Astronomical Center, Calar Alto, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, jointly with the Spanish National Commission for Astronomy, on observations made with the IAC80 telescope, operated on the island of Tenerife by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) at the Spanish Observatorio del Teide, on observations made at the Wendelstein Observatory, operated by the Universitäts-Sternwarte München, and on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.
Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy of electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks doped with redox active species
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alberding, Brian G.; Heilweil, Edwin J.
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are three-dimensional coordination polymers that are well known for large pore surface area and their ability to adsorb molecules from both the gaseous and solution phases. In general, MOFs are electrically insulating, but promising opportunities for tuning the electronic structure exist because MOFs possess synthetic versatility; the metal and organic ligand subunits can be exchanged or dopant molecules can be introduced into the pore space. Two such MOFs with demonstrated electrical conductivity are Cu3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2, a.k.a HKUST-1, and Cu[Ni(pyrazine-2,3-dithiolate)2]. Herein, these two MOFs have been infiltrated with the redox active species 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and iodine under solution phase conditions and shown to produce redox products within the MOF pore space. Vibrational bands assignable to TCNQ anion and triiodide anion have been observed in the Mid-IR and Terahertz ranges using FTIR Spectroscopy. The MOF samples have been further investigated by Time-Resolved Terehertz Spectroscopy (TRTS). Using this technique, the charge mobility, separation, and recombination dynamics have been followed on the picosecond time scale following photoexcitation with visible radiation. The preliminary results show that the MOF samples have small inherent photoconductivity with charge separation lifetimes on the order of a few picoseconds. In the case of HKUST-1, the MOF can also be supported by a TiO2 film and initial results show that charge injection into the TiO2 layer occurs with a comparable efficiency to the dye sensitizer N3, [cis-Bis(isothiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato ruthenium(II)], and therefore this MOF has potential as a new light absorbing and charge conducting material in photovoltaic devices.
Influence of cutaneous and muscular circulation on spatially resolved versus standard Beer-Lambert near-infrared spectroscopy.
Messere, Alessandro; Roatta, Silvestro
The potential interference of cutaneous circulation on muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) remains an important limitation of this technique. Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) was reported to minimize the contribution of superficial tissue layers in cerebral monitoring but this characteristic has never been documented in muscle tissue monitoring. This study aims to compare SRS with the standard Beer-Lambert (BL) technique in detecting blood volume changes selectively induced in muscle and skin. In 16 healthy subjects, the biceps brachii was investigated during isometric elbow flexion at 70% of the maximum voluntary contractions lasting 10 sec, performed before and after exposure of the upper arm to warm air flow. From probes applied over the muscle belly the following variables were recorded: total hemoglobin index (THI, SRS-based), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb, BL-based), tissue oxygenation index (TOI, SRS-based), and skin blood flow (SBF), using laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood volume indices exhibited similar changes during muscle contraction but only tHb significantly increased during warming (+5.2 ± 0.7 μmol/L·cm, an effect comparable to the increase occurring in postcontraction hyperemia), accompanying a 10-fold increase in SBF. Contraction-induced changes in tHb and THI were not substantially affected by warming, although the tHb tracing was shifted upward by (5.2 ± 3.5 μmol/L·cm, P < 0.01). TOI was not affected by cutaneous warming. In conclusion, SRS appears to effectively reject interference by SBF in both muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring. Instead, BL-based parameters should be interpreted with caution, whenever changes in cutaneous perfusion cannot be excluded.
Influence of cutaneous and muscular circulation on spatially resolved versus standard Beer–Lambert near‐infrared spectroscopy
Messere, Alessandro; Roatta, Silvestro
Abstract The potential interference of cutaneous circulation on muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) remains an important limitation of this technique. Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) was reported to minimize the contribution of superficial tissue layers in cerebral monitoring but this characteristic has never been documented in muscle tissue monitoring. This study aims to compare SRS with the standard Beer–Lambert (BL) technique in detecting blood volume changes selectively induced in muscle and skin. In 16 healthy subjects, the biceps brachii was investigated during isometric elbow flexion at 70% of the maximum voluntary contractions lasting 10 sec, performed before and after exposure of the upper arm to warm air flow. From probes applied over the muscle belly the following variables were recorded: total hemoglobin index (THI, SRS‐based), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb, BL‐based), tissue oxygenation index (TOI, SRS‐based), and skin blood flow (SBF), using laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood volume indices exhibited similar changes during muscle contraction but only tHb significantly increased during warming (+5.2 ± 0.7 μmol/L·cm, an effect comparable to the increase occurring in postcontraction hyperemia), accompanying a 10‐fold increase in SBF. Contraction‐induced changes in tHb and THI were not substantially affected by warming, although the tHb tracing was shifted upward by (5.2 ± 3.5 μmol/L·cm, P < 0.01). TOI was not affected by cutaneous warming. In conclusion, SRS appears to effectively reject interference by SBF in both muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring. Instead, BL‐based parameters should be interpreted with caution, whenever changes in cutaneous perfusion cannot be excluded. PMID:24744858
HELIOS—A laboratory based on high-order harmonic generation of extreme ultraviolet photons for time-resolved spectroscopy
Plogmaker, S. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Terschlüsen, J. A. E-mail: email@example.com Krebs, N.; Svanqvist, M.; Forsberg, J.; Cappel, U. B.; Rubensson, J.-E.; Siegbahn, H.; Söderström, J. E-mail: email@example.com
In this paper, we present the HELIOS (High Energy Laser Induced Overtone Source) laboratory, an in-house high-order harmonic generation facility which generates extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photon pulses in the range of 15-70 eV with monochromatized XUV pulse lengths below 35 fs. HELIOS is a source for time-resolved pump-probe/two-color spectroscopy in the sub-50 fs range, which can be operated at 5 kHz or 10 kHz. An optical parametric amplifier is available for pump-probe experiments with wavelengths ranging from 240 nm to 20 000 nm. The produced XUV radiation is monochromatized by a grating in the so-called off-plane mount. Together with overall design parameters, first monochromatized spectra are shown with an intensity of 2 ⋅ 10{sup 10} photons/s (at 5 kHz) in the 29th harmonic, after the monochromator. The XUV pulse duration is measured to be <25 fs after monochromatization.
Atomic Auger decay in core-excited HBr by angle-resolved two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy
Feng, Ximao; Wills, Antony A.; Wiedenhoeft, Marco; Berrah, Nora; Sokell, Emma
Angle-resolved two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study HBr in the vicinity of the Br 3d ionization thresholds. The energy positions of the two 3d{sub 5/2,3/2}{yields}{sigma}{sup *} resonances have been measured directly and found to be at 70.89(6) eV and 71.92(6) eV, respectively, giving a spin-orbit splitting of 1.03(3) eV for the two Br 3d components. Br Auger lines (26 eV
Communication: Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) anion and accurate determination of the electron affinity of TCNQ
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhu, Guo-Zhu; Wang, Lai-Sheng
Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is widely used as an electron acceptor to form highly conducting organic charge-transfer solids. Surprisingly, the electron affinity (EA) of TCNQ is not well known and has never been directly measured. Here, we report vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of the TCNQ- anion produced using electrospray and cooled in a cryogenic ion trap. Photoelectron spectrum taken at 354.7 nm represents the detachment transition from the ground state of TCNQ- to that of neutral TCNQ with a short vibrational progression. The EA of TCNQ is measured accurately to be 3.383 ± 0.001 eV (27 289 ± 8 cm-1), compared to the 2.8 ± 0.1 eV value known in the literature and measured previously using collisional ionization technique. In addition, six vibrational peaks are observed in the photoelectron spectrum, yielding vibrational frequencies for three totally symmetric modes of TCNQ. Two-photon PES via a bound electronic excited state of TCNQ- at 3.100 eV yields a broad low kinetic energy peak due to fast internal conversion to vibrationally excited levels of the anion ground electronic state. The high EA measured for TCNQ underlies its ability as a good electron acceptor.
Communication: Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) anion and accurate determination of the electron affinity of TCNQ
Zhu, Guo-Zhu; Wang, Lai-Sheng
Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is widely used as an electron acceptor to form highly conducting organic charge-transfer solids. Surprisingly, the electron affinity (EA) of TCNQ is not well known and has never been directly measured. Here, we report vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of the TCNQ{sup −} anion produced using electrospray and cooled in a cryogenic ion trap. Photoelectron spectrum taken at 354.7 nm represents the detachment transition from the ground state of TCNQ{sup −} to that of neutral TCNQ with a short vibrational progression. The EA of TCNQ is measured accurately to be 3.383 ± 0.001 eV (27 289 ± 8 cm{sup −1}), compared to the 2.8 ± 0.1 eV value known in the literature and measured previously using collisional ionization technique. In addition, six vibrational peaks are observed in the photoelectron spectrum, yielding vibrational frequencies for three totally symmetric modes of TCNQ. Two-photon PES via a bound electronic excited state of TCNQ{sup −} at 3.100 eV yields a broad low kinetic energy peak due to fast internal conversion to vibrationally excited levels of the anion ground electronic state. The high EA measured for TCNQ underlies its ability as a good electron acceptor.
Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Transient Free Radicals in the Mid-Infrared Spectral Region
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bjork, Bryce J.; Fleisher, Adam J.; Changala, Bryan; Bui, Thinh Quoc; Cossel, Kevin; Okumura, Mitchio; Ye, Jun
The chemical kinetics of transient free radicals, such as HOCO and Criegee intermediates, play important roles in combustion and atmospheric processes. Establishing accurate kinetics models for these complex systems require knowledge of the reaction rates and lifetimes of all molecules along a particular reaction pathway. However, standard spectroscopic techniques lack a combination of sensitivity, frequency resolution, and adequate temporal resolution to survey these reactions on the μs timescale. To answer this challenge, we have developed time-resolved frequency comb spectroscopy (TRFCS). This novel technique allows for the detection of transient intermediates with high time-resolution and sensitivity while also permitting the direct determination of rotational state distributions of all relevant molecules. We demonstrate this technique in the mid-infrared spectral region, at 3.7 μm, by studying the photolysis of deuterated acrylic acid. We simultaneously observe the time-dependent concentrations of photoproducts trans-DOCO, HOD, and D_2O, identified through their unique rovibrational structure, with 5 × 1010 molecules cm-3 sensitivity, and with a time resolution of 25 μs. We aim to apply this technique to detect directly the formation of the DOCO intermediate in the OD + CO chemical reaction at atmospherically relevant pressures, in order to validate statistical rate models of this reaction.
Non-equilibrium Dirac carrier dynamics in graphene investigated with time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Gierz, Isabella; Link, Stefan; Starke, Ulrich; Cavalleri, Andrea
We have used time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES) to assess the influence of many-body interactions on the Dirac carrier dynamics in graphene. From the energy-dependence of the measured scattering rates we directly determine the imaginary part of the self-energy, visualizing the existence of a relaxation bottleneck associated with electron-phonon coupling. A comparison with static line widths obtained by high-resolution ARPES indicates that the dynamics of photo-excited carriers in graphene are solely determined by the equilibrium self-energy. Furthermore, the subtle interplay of different many-body interactions in graphene may allow for carrier multiplication, where the absorption of a single photon generates more than one electron-hole pair via impact ionization. We find that, after photo-excitation, the number of carriers in the conduction band along the ΓK-direction keeps increasing for about 40 fs after the pump pulse is gone. A definite proof of carrier multiplication in graphene, however, requires a more systematic study, carefully taking into account the contribution of momentum relaxation on the measured rise time.
Time-resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of a Cobalt-Based Hydrogen Evolution System for Artificial Photosynthesis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moonshiram, Dooshaye; Gimbert, Carolina; Lehmann, Carl; Southworth, Stephen; Llobet, Antoni; Argonne National Laboratory Team; Institut Català d'Investigació Química Collaboration
Production of cost-effective hydrogen gas through solar power is an important challenge of the Department of Energy among other global industry initiatives. In natural photosynthesis, the oxygen evolving complex(OEC) can carry out four-electron water splitting to hydrogen with an efficiency of around 60%. Although, much progress has been carried out in determining mechanistic pathways of the OEC, biomimetic approaches have not duplicated Nature's efficiency in function. Over the past years, we have witnessed progress in developments of light harvesting modules, so called chromophore/catalytic assemblies. In spite of reportedly high catalytic activity of these systems, quantum yields of hydrogen production are below 40 % when using monochromatic light. Proper understanding of kinetics and bond making/breaking steps has to be achieved to improve efficiency of hydrogen evolution systems. This project shows the timing implementation of ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy to visualize in ``real time'' the photo-induced kinetics accompanying a sequence of redox reactions in a cobalt-based molecular photocatalytic system. Formation of a Co(I) species followed by a Co(III) hydride species all the way towards hydrogen evolution is shown through time-resolved XANES.
Dynamics of cortical neurovascular coupling analyzed by simultaneous DC-magnetoencephalography and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy.
Mackert, Bruno-Marcel; Leistner, Stefanie; Sander, Tilmann; Liebert, Adam; Wabnitz, Heidrun; Burghoff, Martin; Trahms, Lutz; Macdonald, Rainer; Curio, Gabriel
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) visualizes activated brain areas with a high spatial resolution. The activation signal is determined by the local change of cerebral blood oxygenation, blood volume and blood flow which serve as surrogate marker for the neuronal signal itself. Here, the complex coupling between these parameters and the electrophysiologic activity is characterized non-invasively in humans during a simple motor task using simultaneously DC-magnetoencephalography (DC-MEG), for the detection of neuronal signals, and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (trNIRS), for cortical metabolic/vascular responses: over the left primary motor cortex hand area of healthy subjects DC-fields and trNIRS parameters followed closely the 30 s motor task cycles, i.e., finger movements of the right hand alternating with rest. In subjects showing a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio the analysis of variance of photon time of flight proved that the task-related trNIRS changes originated from the cortex. While onset and relaxation started simultaneously, trNIRS signals reached 50% of the maximum level 1-4 s later than the DC-MEG-signals. The non-invasive 'dual' setup helps to characterize simultaneously the two complementary aspects of the 'hemodynamic inverse problem', i.e., the coupling of neuronal and vascular/metabolic signals, in healthy subjects and provides a new analysis perspective for pathophysiological coupling concepts in diverse diseases, e.g., in stroke, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.
Excited state non-adiabatic dynamics of N-methylpyrrole: A time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum dynamics study
Wu, Guorong; Neville, Simon P.; Schalk, Oliver; Sekikawa, Taro; Ashfold, Michael N. R.; Worth, Graham A.; Stolow, Albert
The dynamics of N-methylpyrrole following excitation at wavelengths in the range 241.5-217.0 nm were studied using a combination of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES), ab initio quantum dynamics calculations using the multi-layer multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree method, as well as high-level photoionization cross section calculations. Excitation at 241.5 and 236.2 nm results in population of the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state, in agreement with previous studies. Excitation at 217.0 nm prepares the previously neglected B{sub 1}(π3p{sub y}) Rydberg state, followed by prompt internal conversion to the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state. In contrast with the photoinduced dynamics of pyrrole, the lifetime of the wavepacket in the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state was found to vary with excitation wavelength, decreasing by one order of magnitude upon tuning from 241.5 nm to 236.2 nm and by more than three orders of magnitude when excited at 217.0 nm. The order of magnitude difference in lifetimes measured at the longer excitation wavelengths is attributed to vibrational excitation in the A{sub 2}(πσ{sup ∗}) state, facilitating wavepacket motion around the potential barrier in the N–CH{sub 3} dissociation coordinate.
Method for depth-resolved quantitation of optical properties in layered media using spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy.
Saager, Rolf B; Truong, Alex; Cuccia, David J; Durkin, Anthony J
We have demonstrated that spatially modulated quantitative spectroscopy (SMoQS) is capable of extracting absolute optical properties from homogeneous tissue simulating phantoms that span both the visible and near-infrared wavelength regimes. However, biological tissue, such as skin, is highly structured, presenting challenges to quantitative spectroscopic techniques based on homogeneous models. In order to more accurately address the challenges associated with skin, we present a method for depth-resolved optical property quantitation based on a two layer model. Layered Monte Carlo simulations and layered tissue simulating phantoms are used to determine the efficacy and accuracy of SMoQS to quantify layer specific optical properties of layered media. Initial results from both the simulation and experiment show that this empirical method is capable of determining top layer thickness within tens of microns across a physiological range for skin. Layer specific chromophore concentration can be determined to <±10% the actual values, on average, whereas bulk quantitation in either visible or near infrared spectroscopic regimes significantly underestimates the layer specific chromophore concentration and can be confounded by top layer thickness.
Continuous monitoring of absolute cerebral blood flow by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared technology
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Diop, Mamadou; Lee, Ting-Yim; St. Lawrence, Keith
Continuous bedside monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients recovering from brain injury could improve the detection of impaired substrate delivery, which can exacerbate injury and worsen outcome. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) provides the ability to monitor perfusion changes continuously, but it is difficult to quantify absolute blood flow - leading to uncertainties as to whether or not CBF has fallen to ischemic levels. To continuously measure CBF, we propose to calibrate DCS data using a single time-point, time-resolved near-infrared (TR-NIR) technique for measuring absolute CBF. Experiments were conducted on newborn piglets in which CBF was increased by raising the arterial tension of CO2 (40-62 mmHg) and decreased by carotid occlusion. For validation, values of CBF measured by TR-NIR were converted into blood flow changes and compared to CBF changes measured by DCS. A strong correlation between perfusion changes from the two techniques was revealed (slope = 0.98 and R2 = 0.96), suggesting that a single time-point CBF measurement by TR-NIR can be used to convert continuous DCS data into units of CBF (ml/100g/min).
Spatially resolved bimodal spectroscopy for classification/evaluation of mouse skin inflammatory and pre-cancerous stages
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Díaz-Ayil, Gilberto; Amouroux, Marine; Clanché, Fabien; Granjon, Yves; Blondel, Walter C. P. M.
Spatially-resolved bimodal spectroscopy (multiple AutoFluorescence AF excitation and Diffuse Reflectance DR), was used in vivo to discriminate various healthy and precancerous skin stages in a pre-clinical model (UV-irradiated mouse): Compensatory Hyperplasia CH, Atypical Hyperplasia AH and Dysplasia D. A specific data preprocessing scheme was applied to intensity spectra (filtering, spectral correction and intensity normalization), and several sets of spectral characteristics were automatically extracted and selected based on their discrimination power, statistically tested for every pair-wise comparison of histological classes. Data reduction with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed and 3 classification methods were implemented (k-NN, LDA and SVM), in order to compare diagnostic performance of each method. Diagnostic performance was studied and assessed in terms of Sensibility (Se) and Specificity (Sp) as a function of the selected features, of the combinations of 3 different inter-fibres distances and of the numbers of principal components, such that: Se and Sp ~ 100% when discriminating CH vs. others; Sp ~ 100% and Se > 95% when discriminating Healthy vs. AH or D; Sp ~ 74% and Se ~ 63% for AH vs. D.
Vectorial spin polarization detection in multichannel spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using an Ir(001) imaging spin filter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schaefer, Erik D.; Borek, Stephan; Braun, Jürgen; Minár, Ján; Ebert, Hubert; Medjanik, Katerina; Kutnyakhov, Dmytro; Schönhense, Gerd; Elmers, Hans-Joachim
We report on spin- and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using a high-resolution imaging spin filter based on a large Ir(001) crystal enhancing the effective figure of merit for spin detection by a factor of over 103 compared to standard single-channel detectors. Furthermore, we review the spin filter preparation and its lifetime. The spin filter efficiency is mapped on a broad range of scattering energies and azimuthal angles. Large spin filter efficiencies are observed for the spin component perpendicular as well as parallel to the scattering plane depending on the azimuthal orientation of the spin filter crystal. A spin rotator capable of manipulating the spin direction prior to detection complements the measurement of three observables, thus allowing for a derivation of all three components of the spin polarization vector in multichannel spin polarimetry. The experimental results nicely agree with spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction calculations based on a fully relativistic multiple scattering method in the framework of spin-polarized density functional theory.
Spatially and spectrally resolved particle swarm optimization for precise optical property estimation using diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy.
Kholodtsova, Maria N; Daul, Christian; Loschenov, Victor B; Blondel, Walter C P M
This paper presents a new approach to estimate optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients µa and µs) of biological tissues from spatially-resolved spectroscopy measurements. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based algorithm was implemented and firstly modified to deal with spatial and spectral resolutions of the data, and to solve the corresponding inverse problem. Secondly, the optimization was improved by fitting exponential decays to the two best points among all clusters of the "particles" randomly distributed all over the parameter space (µs, µa) of possible solutions. The consequent acceleration of all the groups of particles to the "best" curve leads to significant error decrease in the optical property estimation. The study analyzes the estimated optical property error as a function of the various PSO parameter combinations, and several performance criteria such as the cost-function error and the number of iterations in the algorithms proposed. The final one led to error values between ground truth and estimated values of µs and µa less than 6%.
Single-shot Raman spectroscopy and time-resolved reflectivity of a shocked TATB-based explosive
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hebert, Philippe; Saint-Amans, Charles; Doucet, Michel; de Resseguier, Thibaut
Single-shot Raman spectroscopy experiments under shockwave loading were performed in order to get information on the initiation mechanisms that can lead to sustained detonation of a TATB-based explosive. Shocks up to 30 GPa were generated using a two-stage laser-driven flyer plate generator. The samples were confined by an optical window and shock pressure was maintained for at least 30 ns. Photon Doppler Velocimetry measurements were performed at the explosive/window interface to determine the shock pressure profile. Raman spectra were recorded as a function of shock pressure and the shifts of the principal modes were compared to static high-pressure measurements performed in a diamond anvil cell. Our shock data indicate the role of temperature effects on the H-bonding network present in TATB. Our Raman spectra also show a progressive extinction of the signal which disappears around 9 GPa. High-speed photography images reveal a simultaneous progressive darkening of the sample surface up to total opacity at 9 GPa. Time-resolved reflectivity measurements under shock compression seem to indicate that this opacity is due to a broadening of the absorption spectrum over the entire visible region.
HELIOS--A laboratory based on high-order harmonic generation of extreme ultraviolet photons for time-resolved spectroscopy.
Plogmaker, S; Terschlüsen, J A; Krebs, N; Svanqvist, M; Forsberg, J; Cappel, U B; Rubensson, J-E; Siegbahn, H; Söderström, J
In this paper, we present the HELIOS (High Energy Laser Induced Overtone Source) laboratory, an in-house high-order harmonic generation facility which generates extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photon pulses in the range of 15-70 eV with monochromatized XUV pulse lengths below 35 fs. HELIOS is a source for time-resolved pump-probe/two-color spectroscopy in the sub-50 fs range, which can be operated at 5 kHz or 10 kHz. An optical parametric amplifier is available for pump-probe experiments with wavelengths ranging from 240 nm to 20,000 nm. The produced XUV radiation is monochromatized by a grating in the so-called off-plane mount. Together with overall design parameters, first monochromatized spectra are shown with an intensity of 2 ⋅ 10(10) photons/s (at 5 kHz) in the 29th harmonic, after the monochromator. The XUV pulse duration is measured to be <25 fs after monochromatization.
Communication: Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) anion and accurate determination of the electron affinity of TCNQ.
Zhu, Guo-Zhu; Wang, Lai-Sheng
Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is widely used as an electron acceptor to form highly conducting organic charge-transfer solids. Surprisingly, the electron affinity (EA) of TCNQ is not well known and has never been directly measured. Here, we report vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of the TCNQ(-) anion produced using electrospray and cooled in a cryogenic ion trap. Photoelectron spectrum taken at 354.7 nm represents the detachment transition from the ground state of TCNQ(-) to that of neutral TCNQ with a short vibrational progression. The EA of TCNQ is measured accurately to be 3.383 ± 0.001 eV (27,289 ± 8 cm(-1)), compared to the 2.8 ± 0.1 eV value known in the literature and measured previously using collisional ionization technique. In addition, six vibrational peaks are observed in the photoelectron spectrum, yielding vibrational frequencies for three totally symmetric modes of TCNQ. Two-photon PES via a bound electronic excited state of TCNQ(-) at 3.100 eV yields a broad low kinetic energy peak due to fast internal conversion to vibrationally excited levels of the anion ground electronic state. The high EA measured for TCNQ underlies its ability as a good electron acceptor.
Communication: Ultrafast time-resolved ion photofragmentation spectroscopy of photoionization-induced proton transfer in phenol-ammonia complex
Shen, Ching-Chi; Tsai, Tsung-Ting; Ho, Jr-Wei; Chen, Yi-Wei; Cheng, Po-Yuan
Photoionization-induced proton transfer (PT) in phenol-ammonia (PhOH-NH{sub 3}) complex has been studied using ultrafast time-resolved ion photofragmentation spectroscopy. Neutral PhOH-NH{sub 3} complexes prepared in a free jet are photoionized by femtosecond [1+1] resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization via the S{sub 1} state, and the subsequent dynamics occurring in the cations is probed by delayed pulses that result in ion fragmentation. The observed temporal evolutions of the photofragmentation spectra are consistent with an intracomplex PT reaction. The experiments revealed that PT in [PhOH-NH{sub 3}]{sup +} cation proceeds in two distinct steps: an initial impulsive wave-packet motion in ∼70 fs followed by a slower relaxation of about 1 ps that stabilizes the system into the final PT configuration. These results indicate that for a barrierless PT system, even though the initial PT motions are impulsive and ultrafast, the reaction may take a much longer time scale to complete.
Analysis of Al and Fe transport coefficients in LHD core plasmas based on space-resolved EUV spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huang, Xianli; Morita, Shigeru; Oishi, Tetsutarou; Murakami, Izumi; Goto, Motoshi; Zhang, Hongming; Liu, Yang
With impurity pellet injection and a one-dimensional transport code, the transport of Al and Fe ions has been analyzed in the Large Helical Device (LHD) based on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) space-resolved spectroscopy. The total density of Fe ions in the plasma core has been analyzed from the radial profiles of the Fe n =3-2 Lα emissions. When the ne profile is peaked or hollow, the Fe density also exhibits a peaked or hollow profile, respectively. Fe transport analysis shows that the convective velocity (V) is outward in the plasma core and inward near the edge when the ne profile is hollow. On the other hand, the V takes negative value over the whole radial range in the peaked ne profile. Therefore, the different Fe density profiles between peaked and hollow ne profiles can be explained by the significant difference in the V profile. Comparison of the transport coefficients between Al and Fe shows the magnitude of V for Al ions seems to be smaller than that for Fe ions while the difference in the diffusion coefficient profile is not significant. The difference in the decay time of line emissions between the two speices is attributed to the weaker convection for the Al.
Time-Resolved Frequency Comb Spectroscopy for Studying the Kinetics and Branching Ratio of OD+CO
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bui, Thinh Quoc; Bjork, Bryce J.; Heckl, Oliver H.; Changala, Bryan; Spaun, Ben; Okumura, Mitchio; Ye, Jun
The chemical kinetics of the OH+CO reaction plays important roles in combustion and atmospheric processes. OH+CO has two product channels, H+CO_2 and the stabilized HOCO intermediate, with a branching ratio that is highly pressure dependent. Therefore, establishing an accurate kinetic model for this chemical system requires knowledge of the reaction rates and product yields, and the lifetimes of all molecules along a particular reaction pathway. We report the application of time-resolved frequency comb spectroscopy (TRFCS) in the mid-infrared (3.7 μm) spectral region to address the complex reaction kinetics of OD+CO at room temperature. We use the deuterated forms to avoid atmospheric water interference. This technique allows us to detect the lowest energy conformer trans-DOCO intermediate with high time-resolution and sensitivity while also permitting the direct determination of rotational state distributions of all relevant molecules. We simultaneously observe the time-dependent concentrations of trans-DOCO, OD, and D_2O which are used in conjunction with kinetics modeling to obtain the pressure- and collision partner-dependent branching ratio of OD+CO.
Direct Observation of Localized Spin Antiferromagnetic Transition in PdCrO2 by Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Noh, Han-Jin; Jeong, Jinwon; Chang, Bin; Jeong, Dahee; Moon, Hyun Sook; Cho, En-Jin; Ok, Jong Mok; Kim, Jun Sung; Kim, Kyoo; Min, B. I.; Lee, Han-Koo; Kim, Jae-Young; Park, Byeong-Gyu; Kim, Hyeong-Do; Lee, Seongsu
We report the first case of the successful measurements of a localized spin antiferromagnetic transition in delafossite-type PdCrO2 by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). This demonstrates how to circumvent the shortcomings of ARPES for investigation of magnetism involved with localized spins in limited size of two-dimensional crystals or multi-layer thin films that neutron scattering can hardly study due to lack of bulk compared to surface. Also, our observations give direct evidence for the spin ordering pattern of Cr3+ ions in PdCrO2 suggested by neutron diffraction and quantum oscillation measurements, and provide a strong constraint that has to be satisfied by a microscopic mechanism for the unconventional anomalous Hall effect recently reported in this system. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (Nos. 2010-0010771 and 2012M2B2A4029607). K.K. and B.I.M. acknowledge the support of NRF (Nos. 2009-0079947 and 2011-0025237) and KISTI.
Structural evolution during evaporation of a 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane film studied in situ by time resolved infrared spectroscopy.
Innocenzi, Plinio; Figus, Cristiana; Takahashi, Masahide; Piccinini, Massimo; Malfatti, Luca
Time resolved infrared spectroscopy has been applied to study in situ the evaporation process of a 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane hybrid sol by casting a droplet on a ZnSe substrate; the analysis has been performed in the middle-infrared range and in the near-infrared range. The experiment has allowed following the structural changes induced by water evaporation and the formation of ordered structures within the cast film; the CH(2) scissoring bands have been used as a fingerprint for the disorder to order transition of the hybrid. The experiment has been done using both a fresh sol and an aged sol which produce respectively an amorphous material and a crystalline hybrid material. The analysis has shown that the epoxy groups do not react during the evaporation while the silica structure shows only a slight condensation and an increase in open cage-like species. At the end of evaporation the hybrid has a "soft-like" state which allows structural rearrangements to self-order.
Two-photon resonances in femtosecond time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy: {beta}-carotene
Namboodiri, V.; Namboodiri, M.; Flachenecker, G.; Materny, A.
Femtosecond time-resolved pump-degenerate four-wave mixing (pump-DFWM) spectroscopy has been used to study the ultrafast dynamics of {beta}-carotene involving several electronic and vibrational states. An initial pump pulse, resonant with the S{sub 0}-to-S{sub 2} transition, excites the molecular system and a DFWM process, resonant with the S{sub 1}-to-S{sub n} transition, is used to probe the relaxation pathways. The transient shows a peculiar decay behavior, which is due to the contributions of resonant DFWM signal of the excited S{sub 1} state, nonresonant DFWM signal of the ground S{sub 0} state and vibrational hot S{sub 0}{sup *} state, and the two-photon resonant DFWM signal of the ground S{sub 0} state. We have used a kinetic model including all the signal contributions to successfully fit the transient. The time constants extracted are in very good agreement with the known values for {beta}-carotene. For comparison, a two-pulse pump-probe experiment was performed measuring the transient absorption at the wavelength of the DFWM experiment.
Optical studies of the X-ray transient XTE J2123-058 - II. Phase-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hynes, R. I.; Charles, P. A.; Haswell, C. A.; Casares, J.; Zurita, C.; Serra-Ricart, M.
We present time-resolved spectroscopy of the soft X-ray transient XTEJ2123-058 in outburst. A useful spectral coverage of 3700-6700Å was achieved spanning two orbits of the binary, with single-epoch coverage extending to ~9000Å. The optical spectrum approximates a steep blue power law, consistent with emission on the Rayleigh-Jeans tail of a hot blackbody spectrum. The strongest spectral lines are Heii 4686Å and Ciii/Niii 4640Å (Bowen blend) in emission. Their relative strengths suggest that XTEJ2123-058 was formed in the Galactic plane, not in the halo. Other weak emission lines of Heii and Civ are present, and Balmer lines show a complex structure, blended with Heii. Heii 4686-Å profiles show a complex multiple S-wave structure, with the strongest component appearing at low velocities in the lower-left quadrant of a Doppler tomogram. Hα shows transient absorption between phases 0.35 and 0.55. Both of these effects appear to be analogous to similar behaviour in SW Sex type cataclysmic variables. We therefore consider whether the spectral line behaviour of XTEJ2123-058 can be explained by the same models invoked for those systems.
Spatially resolved measurement of Ar excited species in magnetized inductively coupled plasma using multi-port optical emission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Yun-Gi; Ha, Chang-Seung; Han, Moon-Ki; Seo, Kwon-Sang; Kim, Dong-Hyun; Lee, Hae June; Lee, Ho-Jun; Koo, Il Gyo; Lee, Soojin; Seong, Hyo-Seong
Optical emission spectrometry (OES), which is the spectral analysis of the light emanating from plasma, is probably the most widely used method for monitoring and diagnosis of plasma processes. This technique has the advantage of being external to the reactor and vacuum system. However, the OES method is limited to measure spatial distribution of species accurately. In this work, multi-port optical emission spectroscopy system was developed to improve the space-resolved ability. This multi-port OES system consists of Si wafers, optical fibers, prisms and windows. The Si wafers are used for making the same condition while this device is put in the etching or deposition reactor. The emission light from plasma is collected and transferred through the optical fibers. The spatial distribution of Ar excited species is measured using this device in inductively coupled plasma with and without external axial magnetic field. The off-axis density profile of electron, Ar ion and excited species are appeared in weakly magnetized inductively coupled plasma. Also the emission intensity was changed in this experimental condition. Two-dimensional simulation was studied to verify this experimental result. This was supported by SEMES cooperative research project.
Fast CCD camera for x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved x-ray scattering and imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Falus, P.; Borthwick, M. A.; Mochrie, S. G. J.
A new, fast x-ray detector system is presented for high-throughput, high-sensitivity, time-resolved, x-ray scattering and imaging experiments, most especially x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). After a review of the architectures of different CCD chips and a critical examination of their suitability for use in a fast x-ray detector, the new detector hardware is described. In brief, its principal component is an inexpensive, commercial camera—the SMD1M60—originally designed for optical applications, and modified for use as a direct-illumination x-ray detector. The remainder of the system consists of two Coreco Imaging PC-DIG frame grabber boards, located inside a Dell Power-edge 6400 server. Each frame grabber sits on its own PCI bus and handles data from 2 of the CCD's 4 taps. The SMD1M60 is based on a fast, frame-transfer, 4-tap CCD chip, read out at12-bit resolution at frame rates of up to 62 Hz for full frame readout and up to 500 Hz for one-sixteenth frame readout. Experiments to characterize the camera's suitability for XPCS and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) are presented. These experiments show that single photon events are readily identified, and localized to within a pixel index or so. This is a sufficiently fine spatial resolution to maintain the speckle contrast at an acceptable value for XPCS measurements. The detective quantum efficiency of the SMD1M60 is 49% for directly-detected 6.3 keV x rays. The effects of data acquisition strategies that permit near-real-time data compression are also determined and discussed. Overall, the SMD1M60 detector system represents a major improvement in the technology for time-resolved x-ray experiments, that require an area detector with time-resolutions in few-milliseconds-to-few-seconds range, and it should have wide applications, extending beyond XPCS.
Revealing the nature of the QPO and its harmonic in GX 339-4 using frequency-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Axelsson, Magnus; Done, Chris
We use frequency-resolved spectroscopy to examine the energy spectra of the prominent low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) and its harmonic in GX 339-4. We track the evolution of these spectra as the source makes a transition from a bright low/hard to hard intermediate state. In the hard/intermediate states, the QPO and time-averaged spectra are similar and the harmonic is either undetected or similar to the QPO. By contrast, in the softer states, the harmonic is dramatically softer than the QPO spectrum and the time-averaged spectrum, and the QPO spectrum is dramatically harder than the time-averaged spectrum. Clearly, the existence of these very different spectral shaped components mean that the time-averaged spectra are complex, as also seen by the fact that the softer spectra cannot be well described by a disc, Comptonization and its reflection. We use the frequency-resolved spectra to better constrain the model components, and find that the data are consistent with a time-averaged spectrum which has an additional low-temperature, optically thick Comptonization component. The harmonic can be described by this additional component alone, while the QPO spectrum is similar to that of the hard Comptonization and its reflection. Neither QPO nor harmonic shows signs of the disc component even when it is strong in the time-averaged spectrum. This adds to the growing evidence for inhomogeneous Comptonization in black hole binaries. While the similarity between the harmonic and QPO spectra in the intermediate state can be produced from the angular dependence of Compton scattering in a single region, this cannot explain the dramatic differences seen in the soft state. Instead, we propose that the soft Compton region is located predominantly above the disc while the hard Compton is from the hotter inner flow. Our results therefore point to multiple possible mechanisms for producing harmonic features in the power spectrum. The dominant mechanism in a given
Progress in (e, 2e) electron momentum spectroscopy: from the static to the time-resolved regime
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Takahashi, Masahiko
Electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) is a kinematically-complete electron-impact ionization experiment performed under the high-energy Bethe ridge conditions, where the collision kinematics can be described by electron Compton scattering that most nearly corresponds to the collision of two free electrons with the residual ion acting as a spectator. The remarkable feature of this technique is its ability to measure momentum distributions of each electron bound in matter or to look at molecular orbitals in momentum space. We have been exploring atomic and molecular science using EMS, such as 3D orbital imaging for a stable gaseous molecule [Takahashi et al., PRL 2005], observation of the giant resonance phenomenon in the 2nd order projectile-target interactions [Takahashi et al., PRL 2007], and determination of spatial orientation of the constituent atomic orbitals in molecular orbitals [Watanabe et al., PRL 2012]. Recently, we have started to direct our efforts also towards expanding frontiers of EMS, through development of time-resolved EMS (TR-EMS) that employs ultrashort laser (120 fs) and electron (1 ps) pulses in a pump-probe scheme [Yamazaki et al., RSI 2013]. In spite of the low data statistics as well as of the limited time-resolution due to velocity mismatch, our experimental results on the deuterated acetone molecule in its second excited singlet state with a lifetime of 13.5 ps [Yamazaki et al., PRL 2015] have represented the first time that EMS measurements of short lived transient species are feasible, opening the door to time-resolved orbital imaging in momentum space. With further technical development, TR-EMS could eventually enable one to take a series of snapshots of molecular orbitals changing rapidly during chemical reaction, thereby making it possible to exploit a new area for studies of ultrafast molecular dynamics as well as the nature of molecular excited states; it is electrons that bind atoms into molecules, and chemical reactions are all
Development and demonstration of table-top synchronized fast-scan femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy system by single-shot scan photo detector array
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yabushita, Atsushi; Kao, Chih-Hsien; Lee, Yu-Hsien; Kobayashi, Takayoshi
Ultrafast dynamics is generally studied by pump-probe method with laser pulse, which scans optical delay by motorized stage step by step. Using ultrashort laser pulse shorter than typical molecular vibration periods, the pump-probe measurement can study both of electronic dynamics and vibration dynamics simultaneously. The probe wavelength dependence of the ultrafast electronic and vibration dynamics (UEVD) helps us to distinguish the signal contributions from the dynamics of the electronic ground state and that of the electronic excited states, which elucidates primary reaction mechanism after photoexcitation. Meanwhile, the measurement time of UEVD spectroscopy takes too long time to be used in realistic application. In our previous work, we have developed multi-channel lock-in amplifying (MLA) detectors to study UEVD at all probe wavelengths simultaneously, and synchronized it with laser and fast-scan delay stage to scan the data in five seconds. It enabled us to study UEVD spectroscopy even for photo-fragile materials. However, the home-made MLA detectors required for the measurement is expensive and massive in size and weight, thus not suitable for general researchers in the field of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. In the present work, we have developed a table-top synchronized fast-scan femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy system using single shot scan line CCD. This system measures time-resolved trace at all probe wavelengths simultaneously in five seconds. The CCD-based fast-scan time-resolved spectroscopy system enables us to study ultrafast dynamics of various materials even biomaterials, which have been thought to be hard or even impossible to be studied in previous methods.
Co-localized confocal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (CRS-OCT) for depth-resolved analyte detection in tissue
Maher, Jason R.; Chuchuen, Oranat; Henderson, Marcus H.; Kim, Sanghoon; Rinehart, Matthew T.; Kashuba, Angela D. M.; Wax, Adam; Katz, David F.
We report the development of a combined confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) instrument (CRS-OCT) capable of measuring analytes in targeted biological tissues with sub-100-micron spatial resolution. The OCT subsystem was used to measure depth-resolved tissue morphology and guide the acquisition of chemically-specific Raman spectra. To demonstrate its utility, the instrument was used to accurately measure depth-resolved, physiologically-relevant concentrations of Tenofovir, a microbicide drug used to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV, in ex vivo tissue samples. PMID:26114026
Electron-hole recombination on ZnO(0001) single-crystal surface studied by time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Yukawa, R.; Yamamoto, S.; Ogawa, M.; Yamamoto, Sh.; Fujikawa, K.; Hobara, R.; Matsuda, I.; Ozawa, K.; Emori, M.; Sakama, H.; Kitagawa, S.; Daimon, H.
Time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) experiments were performed with time scales from picoseconds to nanoseconds to trace relaxation of surface photovoltage on the ZnO(0001) single crystal surface in real time. The band diagram of the surface has been obtained numerically using PES data, showing a depletion layer which extends to 1 μm. Temporal evolution of the photovoltage effect is well explained by a recombination process of a thermionic model, giving the photoexcited carrier lifetime of about 1 ps at the surface under the flat band condition. This lifetime agrees with a temporal range reported by the previous time-resolved optical experiments.
Measuring the electronic structure of atomically uniform silver films grown on silicon using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Speer, Nathan James
Electronic structures derived from Valence electrons in thin films and at surfaces are often much different from those of their bulk counter parts. When the film thickness is less than the electron-coherence length, the boundary conditions at the surface and interface can give rise to standing-wave-like quantum-well states. Electrons in these states are often described as particles in a box. Confinement in the perpendicular direction gives rise to a quantized band structure along the same direction, where the energy spacing is determined by the film thickness. Changing the film by a single atomic layer can cause properties derived from the band structure to vary like ˜ 1/N , where N is the number of monolayers. Recent advances in thin film techniques have made it possible to fabricate films with atomically uniform thickness. Because the electronic structure is a function of film thickness, such techniques are crucial to efforts for a comprehensive understanding of thin films. In this thesis, the electronic properties of atomically uniform Ag films grown on Si(111) substrates are studied using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) deposition at low temperatures, we are able to fabricate atomically uniform, ultra-thin Ag films on Si substrates for the first time, and the electronic structures are measured using ARPES. The electrons in these uniform film systems have very long coherence lengths and occupy standing-wave-like quantum-well states that propagate through the film and, surprisingly, can reach deep into the substrate despite a lattice mismatched, incommensurate interface. This interaction with the substrate is so strong that it can produce an electronic interference pattern in the photoemission spectra. As the film thickness increases, the electronic structure evolves to form the bulk band continuum plus separates surfaces states. A careful analysis of this evolution allows us to separate surface from bulk
Coherent photon interference elimination and spectral correction in femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy.
Dang, Wei; Mao, Pengcheng; Weng, Yuxiang
We report an improved setup of femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy (FNOPAS) with a 210 fs temporal response. The system employs a Cassegrain objective to collect and focus fluorescence photons, which eliminates the interference from the coherent photons in the fluorescence amplification by temporal separation of the coherent photons and the fluorescence photons. The gain factor of the Cassegrain objective-assisted FNOPAS is characterized as 1.24 × 10(5) for Rhodamine 6G. Spectral corrections have been performed on the transient fluorescence spectra of Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 640 in ethanol by using an intrinsic calibration curve derived from the spectrum of superfluorescence, which is generated from the amplification of the vacuum quantum noise. The validity of spectral correction is illustrated by comparisons of spectral shape and peak wavelength between the corrected transient fluorescence spectra of these two dyes acquired by FNOPAS and their corresponding standard reference spectra collected by the commercial streak camera. The transient fluorescence spectra of the Rhodamine 6G were acquired in an optimized phase match condition, which gives a deviation in the peak wavelength between the retrieved spectrum and the reference spectrum of 1.0 nm, while those of Rhodamine 640 were collected in a non-optimized phase match condition, leading to a deviation in a range of 1.0-3.0 nm. Our results indicate that the improved FNOPAS can be a reliable tool in the measurement of transient fluorescence spectrum for its high temporal resolution and faithfully corrected spectrum.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy and Chemical History of Star-forming Galaxies in the Hercules Cluster: The Effects of the Environment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Petropoulou, V.; Vílchez, J.; Iglesias-Páramo, J.; Papaderos, P.; Magrini, L.; Cedrés, B.; Reverte, D.
Spatially resolved spectroscopy has been obtained for a sample of 27 star-forming (SF) galaxies selected from our deep Hα survey of the Hercules cluster. We have applied spectral synthesis models to all emission-line spectra of this sample using the population synthesis code STARLIGHT and have obtained fundamental parameters of stellar components such as mean metallicity and age. The emission-line spectra were corrected for underlying stellar absorption using these spectral synthesis models. Line fluxes were measured and O/H and N/O gas chemical abundances were obtained using the latest empirical calibrations. We have derived the masses and total luminosities of the galaxies using available Sloan Digital Sky Survey broadband photometry. The effects of cluster environment on the chemical evolution of galaxies and on their mass-metallicity (MZ) and luminosity-metallicity (LZ) relations were studied by combining the derived gas metallicities, the mean stellar metallicities and ages, the masses and luminosities of the galaxies, and their existing H I data. Our Hercules SF galaxies are divided into three main subgroups: (1) chemically evolved spirals with truncated ionized-gas disks and nearly flat oxygen gradients, demonstrating the effect of ram-pressure stripping; (2) chemically evolved dwarfs/irregulars populating the highest local densities, possible products of tidal interactions in preprocessing events; and (3) less metallic dwarf galaxies that appear to be "newcomers" to the cluster and are experiencing pressure-triggered star formation. Most Hercules SF galaxies follow well-defined MZ and LZ sequences (for both O/H and N/O), though the dwarf/irregular galaxies located at the densest regions appear to be outliers to these global relations, suggesting a physical reason for the dispersion in these fundamental relations. The Hercules cluster appears to be currently assembling via the merger of smaller substructures, providing an ideal laboratory where the local
Vibrational cooling dynamics of a [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimic probed by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.
Caplins, Benjamin W; Lomont, Justin P; Nguyen, Son C; Harris, Charles B
Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) was performed for the first time on a dithiolate bridged binuclear iron(I) hexacarbonyl complex ([Fe₂(μ-bdt)(CO)₆], bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate) which is a structural mimic of the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme. As these model active sites are increasingly being studied for their potential in photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production, understanding their excited and ground state dynamics is critical. In n-heptane, absorption of 400 nm light causes carbonyl loss with low quantum yield (<10%), while the majority (ca. 90%) of the parent complex is regenerated with biexponential kinetics (τ₁ = 21 ps and τ₂ = 134 ps). In order to understand the mechanism of picosecond bleach recovery, a series of UV-pump TRIR experiments were performed in different solvents. The long time decay (τ₂) of the transient spectra is seen to change substantially as a function of solvent, from 95 ps in THF to 262 ps in CCl₄. Broadband IR-pump TRIR experiments were performed for comparison. The measured vibrational lifetimes (T₁(avg)) of the carbonyl stretches were found to be in excellent correspondence to the observed τ₂ decays in the UV-pump experiments, signifying that vibrationally excited carbonyl stretches are responsible for the observed longtime decays. The fast spectral evolution (τ₁) was determined to be due to vibrational cooling of low frequency modes anharmonically coupled to the carbonyl stretches that were excited after electronic internal conversion. The results show that cooling of both low and high frequency vibrational modes on the electronic ground state give rise to the observed picosecond TRIR transient spectra of this compound, without the need to invoke electronically excited states.
Temporally and spatially resolved plasma spectroscopy in pulsed laser deposition of ultra-thin boron nitride films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Glavin, Nicholas R.; Muratore, Christopher; Jespersen, Michael L.; Hu, Jianjun; Fisher, Timothy S.; Voevodin, Andrey A.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) has recently been investigated as a viable, alternative growth technique for two-dimensional materials with multiple benefits over other vapor deposition synthesis methods. The high kinetic energies and chemical reactivities of the condensing species formed from PVD processes can facilitate growth over large areas and at reduced substrate temperatures. In this study, chemistry, kinetic energies, time of flight data, and spatial distributions within a PVD plasma plume ablated from a boron nitride (BN) target by a KrF laser at different pressures of nitrogen gas were investigated. Time resolved spectroscopy and wavelength specific imaging were used to identify and track atomic neutral and ionized species including B+, B*, N+, N*, and molecular species including N2*, N2+, and BN. Formation and decay of these species formed both from ablation of the target and from interactions with the background gas were investigated and provided insights into fundamental growth mechanisms of continuous, amorphous boron nitride thin films. The correlation of the plasma diagnostic results with film chemical composition and thickness uniformity studies helped to identify that a predominant mechanism for BN film formation is condensation surface recombination of boron ions and neutral atomic nitrogen species. These species arrive nearly simultaneously to the substrate location, and BN formation occurs microseconds before arrival of majority of N+ ions generated by plume collisions with background molecular nitrogen. The energetic nature and extended dwelling time of incident N+ ions at the substrate location was found to negatively impact resulting BN film stoichiometry and thickness. Growth of stoichiometric films was optimized at enriched concentrations of ionized boron and neutral atomic nitrogen in plasma near the condensation surface, providing few nanometer thick films with 1:1 BN stoichiometry and good thicknesses uniformity over macroscopic areas.
Visualizing chemical states and defects induced magnetism of graphene oxide by spatially-resolved-X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy.
Wang, Y F; Singh, Shashi B; Limaye, Mukta V; Shao, Y C; Hsieh, S H; Chen, L Y; Hsueh, H C; Wang, H T; Chiou, J W; Yeh, Y C; Chen, C W; Chen, C H; Ray, Sekhar C; Wang, J; Pong, W F; Takagi, Y; Ohigashi, T; Yokoyama, T; Kosugi, N
This investigation studies the various magnetic behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) and elucidates the relationship between the chemical states that involve defects therein and their magnetic behaviors in GO sheets. Magnetic hysteresis loop reveals that the GO is ferromagnetic whereas photo-thermal moderately reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) and heavily reduced graphene oxide (H-rGO) gradually become paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and corresponding X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy were utilized to investigate thoroughly the variation of the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups, as well as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states in flat and wrinkle regions to clarify the relationship between the spatially-resolved chemical states and the magnetism of GO, M-rGO and H-rGO. The results of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism further support the finding that C 2p(σ*)-derived states are the main origin of the magnetism of GO. Based on experimental results and first-principles calculations, the variation in magnetic behavior from GO to M-rGO and to H-rGO is interpreted, and the origin of ferromagnetism is identified as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states that involve defects/vacancies rather than the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups on GO sheets.
Angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) analysis of lanthanum oxide for micro-flexography printing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hassan, S.; Yusof, M. S.; Embong, Z.; Maksud, M. I.
Micro-flexography printing was developed in patterning technique from micron to nano scale range to be used for graphic, electronic and bio-medical device on variable substrates. In this work, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) has been used as a rare earth metal candidate as depositing agent. This metal deposit was embedded on Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) wafer substrate using Magnetron Sputtering technique. The choose of Lanthanum as a target is due to its wide application in producing electronic devices such as thin film battery and printed circuit board. The La2O3 deposited on the surface of Si wafer substrate was then analyzed using Angle Resolve X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARXPS). The position for each synthetic component in the narrow scan of Lanthanum (La) 3d and O 1s are referred to the electron binding energy (eV). The La 3d narrow scan revealed that the oxide species of this particular metal is mainly contributed by La2O3 and La(OH)3. The information of oxygen species, O2- component from O 1s narrow scan indicated that there are four types of species which are contributed from the bulk (O2-), two chemisorb component (La2O3) and La(OH)3 and physisorp component (OH). Here, it is proposed that from the adhesive and surface chemical properties of La, it is suitable as an alternative medium for micro-flexography printing technique in printing multiple fine solid lines at nano scale. Hence, this paper will describe the capability of this particular metal as rare earth metal for use in of micro-flexography printing practice. The review of other parameters contributing to print fine lines will also be described later.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies of the Mott insulator to superconductor evolution in calcium-sodium-copper-chloride
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shen, Kyle Michael
The parent compounds of the high-temperature cuprate superconductors are antiferromagnetic Mott insulators. To explain the microscopic mechanism behind high-temperature superconductivity, it is first necessary to understand how the electronic states evolve from the parent Mott insulator into the superconducting compounds. This dissertation presents angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) studies of one particular family of the cuprate superconductors, Ca 2-xNaxCuO 2Cl2, to investigate how the single-electron excitations develop throughout momentum space as the system is hole doped from the Mott insulator into a superconductor with a transition temperature of 22 K. These measurements indicate that, due to very strong electron-boson interactions, the quasiparticle residue, Z, approaches zero in the parent Mott insulator due to the formation of small lattice polarons. As a result, many fundamental quantities such as the chemical potential, quasiparticle excitations, and the Fermi surface evolve in manners wholly unexpected from conventional weakly-interacting theories. In addition, highly anisotropic interactions have been observed in momentum space where quasiparticle-like excitations persist to low doping levels along the nodal direction of the d-wave super-conducting gap, in contrast to the unusual excitations near the d-wave antinode. This anisotropy may reflect the propensity of the lightly doped cuprates towards forming a competing, charge-ordered state. These results provide a novel and logically consistent explanation of the hole doping evolution of the lineshape, spectral weight, chemical potential, quasiparticle dispersion, and Fermi surface as Ca2- xNaxCuO2Cl2 evolves from the parent Mott insulator into a high-temperature superconductor.
Angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) analysis of lanthanum oxide for micro-flexography printing
Hassan, S. Yusof, M. S. Maksud, M. I.; Embong, Z.
Micro-flexography printing was developed in patterning technique from micron to nano scale range to be used for graphic, electronic and bio-medical device on variable substrates. In this work, lanthanum oxide (La{sub 2}O{sub 3}) has been used as a rare earth metal candidate as depositing agent. This metal deposit was embedded on Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) wafer substrate using Magnetron Sputtering technique. The choose of Lanthanum as a target is due to its wide application in producing electronic devices such as thin film battery and printed circuit board. The La{sub 2}O{sub 3} deposited on the surface of Si wafer substrate was then analyzed using Angle Resolve X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARXPS). The position for each synthetic component in the narrow scan of Lanthanum (La) 3d and O 1s are referred to the electron binding energy (eV). The La 3d narrow scan revealed that the oxide species of this particular metal is mainly contributed by La{sub 2}O{sub 3} and La(OH){sub 3}. The information of oxygen species, O{sup 2-} component from O 1s narrow scan indicated that there are four types of species which are contributed from the bulk (O{sup 2−}), two chemisorb component (La{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and La(OH){sub 3} and physisorp component (OH). Here, it is proposed that from the adhesive and surface chemical properties of La, it is suitable as an alternative medium for micro-flexography printing technique in printing multiple fine solid lines at nano scale. Hence, this paper will describe the capability of this particular metal as rare earth metal for use in of micro-flexography printing practice. The review of other parameters contributing to print fine lines will also be described later.
Development of spatially resolved high resolution x-ray spectroscopy for fusion and light-source research
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lu, J.; Hill, K. W.; Bitter, M.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; Pablant, N. A.; Efthimion, P.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Chen, H.; Widmann, K.; Sanchez del Rio, M.
One dimensional spatially resolved high resolution x-ray spectroscopy with spherically bent crystals and 2D pixelated detectors is an established technique on magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) experiments world wide for Doppler measurements of spatial profiles of plasma ion temperature and flow velocity. This technique is being further developed for diagnosis of High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) plasmas at laser-plasma facilities and synchrotron/x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) facilities. Useful spatial resolution (micron scale) of such small-scale plasma sources requires magnification, because of the finite pixel size of x-ray CCD detectors (13.5 μm). A von-Hamos like spectrometer using spherical crystals is capable of magnification, as well as uniform sagittal focusing across the full x-ray spectrum, and is being tested in laboratory experiments using a tungsten-target microfocus (5-10 μm) x-ray tube and 13-μm pixel x-ray CCD. A spatial resolution better than 10 μm has been demonstrated. Good spectral resolution is indicated by small differences (0.02 - 0.1 eV) of measured line widths with best available published natural line widths. Progress and status of HEDP measurements and the physics basis for these diagnostics are presented. A new type of x-ray crystal spectrometer with a convex spherically bent crystal is also reported. The status of testing of a 2D imaging microscope using matched pairs of spherical crystals with x rays will also be presented. The use of computational x-ray optics codes in development of these instrumental concepts is addressed.
Reduction of O2 slow component by priming exercise: novel mechanistic insights from time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy
Fukuoka, Yoshiyuki; Poole, David C; Barstow, Thomas J; Kondo, Narihiko; Nishiwaki, Masato; Okushima, Dai; Koga, Shunsaku
Novel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS), with adipose tissue thickness correction, was used to test the hypotheses that heavy priming exercise reduces the V̇O2 slow component (V̇O2SC) (1) by elevating microvascular [Hb] volume at multiple sites within the quadriceps femoris (2) rather than reducing the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics. Twelve subjects completed two 6-min bouts of heavy work rate exercise, separated by 6 min of unloaded cycling. Priming exercise induced faster overall V̇O2 kinetics consequent to a substantial reduction in the V̇O2SC (0.27 ± 0.12 vs. 0.11 ± 0.09 L·min−1, P < 0.05) with an unchanged primary V̇O2 time constant. An increased baseline for the primed bout [total (Hb + Mb)] (197.5 ± 21.6 vs. 210.7 ± 22.5 μmol L−1, P < 0.01), reflecting increased microvascular [Hb] volume, correlated significantly with the V̇O2SC reduction. At multiple sites within the quadriceps femoris, priming exercise reduced the baseline and slowed the increase in [deoxy (Hb + Mb)]. Changes in the intersite coefficient of variation in the time delay and time constant of [deoxy (Hb + Mb)] during the second bout were not correlated with the V̇O2SC reduction. These results support a mechanistic link between priming exercise-induced increase in muscle [Hb] volume and the reduced V̇O2SC that serves to speed overall V̇O2 kinetics. However, reduction in the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics does not appear to be an obligatory feature of the priming response. PMID:26109190
Elucidating light-induced charge accumulation in an artificial analogue of methane monooxygenase enzymes using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Moonshiram, Dooshaye; Picón, Antonio; Vazquez-Mayagoitia, Alvaro; Zhang, Xiaoyi; Tu, Ming-Feng; Garrido-Barros, Pablo; Mahy, Jean-Pierre; Avenier, Frédéric; Aukauloo, Ally
We report the use of time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the ns-μs time scale to track the light induced two electron transfer processes in a multi-component photocatalytic system, consisting of [Ru(bpy)3](2+)/ a diiron(iii,iii) model/triethylamine. EXAFS analysis with DFT calculations confirms the structural configurations of the diiron(iii,iii) and reduced diiron(ii,ii) states.
Angle-resolved environmental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: A new laboratory setup for photoemission studies at pressures up to 0.4 Torr
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mangolini, F.; Åhlund, J.; Wabiszewski, G. E.; Adiga, V. P.; Egberts, P.; Streller, F.; Backlund, K.; Karlsson, P. G.; Wannberg, B.; Carpick, R. W.
The paper presents the development and demonstrates the capabilities of a new laboratory-based environmental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system incorporating an electrostatic lens and able to acquire spectra up to 0.4 Torr. The incorporation of a two-dimensional detector provides imaging capabilities and allows the acquisition of angle-resolved data in parallel mode over an angular range of 14° without tilting the sample. The sensitivity and energy resolution of the spectrometer have been investigated by analyzing a standard Ag foil both under high vacuum (10-8 Torr) conditions and at elevated pressures of N2 (0.4 Torr). The possibility of acquiring angle-resolved data at different pressures has been demonstrated by analyzing a silicon/silicon dioxide (Si/SiO2) sample. The collected angle-resolved spectra could be effectively used for the determination of the thickness of the native silicon oxide layer.
The initial oxidation of Al-Mg alloys: Depth-resolved quantitative analysis by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and real-time in situ ellipsometry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Panda, E.; Jeurgens, L. P. H.; Mittemeijer, E. J.
Real-time in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and in situ, angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) have been applied to establish the relationships between the growth kinetics and the developing microstructure of ultrathin (<3 nm) oxide films grown on clean Al-1.12 at. % Mg alloy surfaces by thermal oxidation in the temperature range T =300-485 K. To this end, procedures for the depth-resolved quantitative AR-XPS analysis of ultrathin, multiple-element, and/or multiphase oxide overgrowths on binary alloy surfaces were developed. As a result, the relationships between the relative depth distributions of Al and Mg in the developing oxide films, the oxide-film growth kinetics, and the oxidation-induced compositional changes in the AlMg alloy substrate could be established as a function of the oxidation conditions.
Effect of ouabain on metabolic oxidative state in living cardiomyocytes evaluated by time-resolved spectroscopy of endogenous NAD(P)H fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chorvatova, Alzbeta; Elzwiei, Fathia; Mateasik, Anton; Chorvat, Dusan
Time-resolved spectrometry of endogenous nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] fluorescence is a useful method to evaluate metabolic oxidative state in living cells. Ouabain is a well-known pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the effects of which on myocardial metabolism were recently demonstrated. Mechanisms implicated in these actions are still poorly understood. We investigate the effect of ouabain on the metabolic oxidative state of living cardiac cells identified by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of mitochondrial NAD(P)H. Spectral unmixing is used to resolve individual NAD(P)H fluorescence components. Ouabain decreased the integral intensity of NAD(P)H fluorescence, leading to a reduced component amplitudes ratio corresponding to a change in metabolic state. We also noted that lactate/pyruvate, affecting the cytosolic NADH gradient, increased the effect of ouabain on the component amplitudes ratio. Cell oxidation levels, evaluated as the percentage of oxidized NAD(P)H, decreased exponentially with rising concentrations of the cardiac glycoside. Ouabain also stimulated the mitochondrial NADH production. Our study sheds a new light on the role that ouabain plays in the regulation of metabolic state, and presents perspective on a noninvasive, pharmaceutical approach for testing the effect of drugs on the mitochondrial metabolism by means of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in living cells.
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the polarizable proton continua and the proton pump mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin.
Wang, J; El-Sayed, M A
Nanosecond-to-microsecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the 3000-1000-cm(-1) region has been used to examine the polarizable proton continua observed in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) during its photocycle. The difference in the transient FTIR spectra in the time domain between 20 ns and 1 ms shows a broad absorption continuum band in the 2100-1800-cm(-1) region, a bleach continuum band in the 2500-2150-cm(-1) region, and a bleach continuum band above 2700 cm(-1). According to Zundel (G., J. Mol. Struct. 322:33-42), these continua appear in systems capable of forming polarizable hydrogen bonds. The formation of a bleach continuum suggests the presence of a polarizable proton in the ground state that changes during the photocycle. The appearance of a transient absorption continuum suggests a change in the polarizable proton or the appearance of new ones. It is found that each continuum has a rise time of less than 80 ns and a decay time component of approximately 300 micros. In addition, it is found that the absorption continuum in the 2100-1800-cm(-1) region has a slow rise component of 190 ns and a fast decay component of approximately 60 micros. Using these results and those of the recent x-ray structural studies of bR(570) and M(412) (H. Luecke, B. Schobert, H.T. Richter, J.-P. Cartailler, and J. K., Science 286:255-260), together with the already known spectroscopic properties of the different intermediates in the photocycle, the possible origins of the polarizable protons giving rise to these continua during the bR photocycle are proposed. Models of the proton pump are discussed in terms of the changes in these polarizable protons and the hydrogen-bonded chains and in terms of previously known results such as the simultaneous deprotonation of the protonated Schiff base (PSB) and Tyr185 and the disappearance of water molecules in the proton release channel during the proton pump process. PMID:11159463
Phase-resolved spectroscopy and Kepler photometry of the ultracompact AM CVn binary SDSS J190817.07+394036.4
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kupfer, T.; Groot, P. J.; Bloemen, S.; Levitan, D.; Steeghs, D.; Marsh, T. R.; Rutten, R. G. M.; Nelemans, G.; Prince, T. A.; Fürst, F.; Geier, S.
Kepler satellite photometry and phase-resolved spectroscopy of the ultracompact AM CVn type binary SDSS J190817.07+394036.4 are presented. The average spectra reveal a variety of weak metal lines of different species, including silicon, sulphur and magnesium as well as many lines of nitrogen, beside the strong absorption lines of neutral helium. The phase-folded spectra and the Doppler tomograms reveal an S-wave in emission in the core of the He I 4471 Å absorption line at a period of Porb = 1085.7 ± 2.8 s identifying this as the orbital period of the system. The Si II, Mg II and the core of some He I lines show an S-wave in absorption with a phase offset of 170° ± 15° compared to the S-wave in emission. The N II, Si III and some helium lines do not show any phase variability at all. The spectroscopic orbital period is in excellent agreement with a period at Porb = 1085.108(9) s detected in the 3 yr Kepler light curve. A Fourier analysis of the Q6-Q17 short-cadence data obtained by Kepler revealed a large number of frequencies above the noise level where the majority shows a large variability in frequency and amplitude. In an Observed-minus-computed analysis, we measured a \\vert dot{P}\\vert ˜ 1.0 × 10-8 s s-1 for some of the strongest variations and set a limit for the orbital period to be \\vert dot{P}\\vert <10^{-10} s s-1. The shape of the phase-folded light curve on the orbital period indicates the motion of the bright-spot. Models of the system were constructed to see whether the phases of the radial velocity curves and the light-curve variation can be combined to a coherent picture. However, from the measured phases neither the absorption nor the emission can be explained to originate in the bright-spot.
Time resolved spectroscopy of SGR J1550–5418 bursts detected with Fermi/gamma-ray burst monitor
Younes, G.; Kouveliotou, C.; Collazzi, A.; Van der Horst, A. J.; Watts, A. L.; Huppenkothen, D.; Van der Klis, M.; Van Putten, T.; Baring, M. G.; Granot, J.; Bhat, P. N.; Gorgone, N.; Gehrels, N.; Mcenery, J.; Göğüş, E.; Kaneko, Y.; Lin, L.; Gruber, D.; Von Kienlin, A.; Grunblatt, S.; and others
We report on a time-resolved spectroscopy of the 63 brightest bursts of SGR J1550–5418, detected with the Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor during its 2008-2009 intense bursting episode. We performed spectral analysis down to 4 ms timescales to characterize the spectral evolution of the bursts. Using a Comptonized model, we find that the peak energy, E {sub peak}, anti-correlates with flux, while the low-energy photon index remains constant at ∼ – 0.8 up to a flux limit F ≈ 10{sup –5} erg s{sup –1} cm{sup –2}. Above this flux value, the E {sub peak}–flux correlation changes sign, and the index positively correlates with the flux reaching ∼1 at the highest fluxes. Using a two blackbody model, we find that the areas and fluxes of the two emitting regions correlate positively. Further, we study here for the first time the evolution of the temperatures and areas as a function of flux. We find that the area–kT relation follows the lines of constant luminosity at the lowest fluxes, R {sup 2}∝kT {sup –4}, with a break at the higher fluxes (F > 10{sup –5.5} erg s{sup –1} cm{sup –2}). The area of the high-kT component increases with the flux while its temperature decreases, which we interpret as being due to an adiabatic cooling process. The area of the low-kT component, on the other hand, appears to saturate at the highest fluxes, toward R {sub max} ≈ 30 km. Assuming that crust quakes are responsible for soft gamma repeater (SGR) bursts and considering R {sub max} as the maximum radius of the emitting photon-pair plasma fireball, we relate this saturation radius to a minimum excitation radius of the magnetosphere, and we put a lower limit on the internal magnetic field of SGR J1550–5418, B {sub int} ≳ 4.5 × 10{sup 15} G.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of strontium lanthanum copper oxide thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Harter, John Wallace
Among the multitude of known cuprate material families and associated structures, the archetype is "infinite-layer" ACuO2, where perfectly square and flat CuO2 planes are separated by layers of alkaline earth atoms. The infinite-layer structure is free of magnetic rare earth ions, oxygen chains, orthorhombic distortions, incommensurate superstructures, ordered vacancies, and other complications that abound among the other material families. Furthermore, it is the only cuprate that can be made superconducting by both electron and hole doping, making it a potential platform for decoding the complex many-body interactions responsible for high-temperature superconductivity. Research on the infinite-layer compound has been severely hindered by the inability to synthesize bulk single crystals, but recent progress has led to high-quality superconducting thin film samples. Here we report in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements of epitaxially-stabilized Sr1-chiLa chiCuO2 thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. At low doping, the material exhibits a dispersive lower Hubbard band typical of other cuprate parent compounds. As carriers are added to the system, a continuous evolution from Mott insulator to superconducting metal is observed as a coherent low-energy band develops on top of a concomitant remnant lower Hubbard band, gradually filling in the Mott gap. For chi = 0.10, our results reveal a strong coupling between electrons and (pi,pi) anti-ferromagnetism, inducing a Fermi surface reconstruction that pushes the nodal states below the Fermi level and realizing nodeless superconductivity. Electron diffraction measurements indicate the presence of a surface reconstruction that is consistent with the polar nature of Sr1-chiLachiCuO2. Most knowledge about the electron-doped side of the cuprate phase diagram has been deduced by generalizing from a single material family, Re2-chi CechiCuO4, where robust antiferromagnetism has been observed past chi �
Electron-Electron Interaction in Ion-Atom Collisions Studied by Projectile State-Resolved Auger Electron Spectroscopy.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Do-Hyung
This dissertation addresses the problem of dynamic electron-electron interactions in fast ion-atom collisions using projectile Auger electron spectroscopy. The study was carried out by measuring high-resolution projectile KLL Auger electron spectra as a function of projectile energy for the various collision systems of 0.25-2 MeV/u O^{q+} and F^ {q+} incident on H_2 and He targets. The electrons were detected in the beam direction, where the kinematic broadening is minimized. A zero-degree tandem electron spectrometer system was developed and showed the versatility of zero-degree measurements of collisionally-produced atomic states. The zero-degree binary encounter electrons (BEe), quasifree target electrons ionized by the projectiles in head-on collisions, were observed as a strong background in the KLL Auger electron spectrum. They were studied by treating the target ionization as 180^circ Rutherford elastic scattering in the projectile frame, and resulted in a validity test of the impulse approximation (IA) and a way to determine the spectrometer efficiency. An anomalous q-dependence, in which the zero-degree BEe yields increase with decreasing projectile charge state (q), was observed. State-resolved KLL Auger cross sections were determined by using the BEe normalization and thus the cross sections of the electron -electron interactions such as resonant transfer-excitation (RTE), electron-electron excitation (eeE), and electron -electron ionization (eeI) were determined. Projectile 2l capture with 1s to 2p excitation by the captured target electron was observed as an RTE process with Li-like and He-like projectiles and the measured RTEA (RTE followed by Auger decay) cross sections showed good agreement with an RTE-IA treatment and RTE alignment theory. Projectile 1s to 2p excitation by a target electron was observed an an eeE process with Li-like projectiles. Projectile 1s ionization by a target electron was observed as an eeI process with Be-like projectiles
Rapid high-resolution spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with pulsed laser source and time-of-flight spectrometer
Gotlieb, K.; Hussain, Z.; Bostwick, A.; Jozwiak, C.; Lanzara, A.
A high-efficiency spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES) spectrometer is coupled with a laboratory-based laser for rapid high-resolution measurements. The spectrometer combines time-of-flight (TOF) energy measurements with low-energy exchange scattering spin polarimetry for high detection efficiencies. Samples are irradiated with fourth harmonic photons generated from a cavity-dumped Ti:sapphire laser that provides high photon flux in a narrow bandwidth, with a pulse timing structure ideally matched to the needs of the TOF spectrometer. The overall efficiency of the combined system results in near-E{sub F} spin-resolved ARPES measurements with an unprecedented combination of energy resolution and acquisition speed. This allows high-resolution spin measurements with a large number of data points spanning multiple dimensions of interest (energy, momentum, photon polarization, etc.) and thus enables experiments not otherwise possible. The system is demonstrated with spin-resolved energy and momentum mapping of the L-gap Au(111) surface states, a prototypical Rashba system. The successful integration of the spectrometer with the pulsed laser system demonstrates its potential for simultaneous spin- and time-resolved ARPES with pump-probe based measurements.
Employing time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy to analyze carrier dynamics in thin-film Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S,Se){sub 4} absorber layers
Guglietta, Glenn W.; Baxter, Jason B.; Choudhury, Kaushik Roy; Caspar, Jonathan V.
We report the application of time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS) to measure photoexcited carrier lifetimes and mobility, and to determine recombination mechanisms in Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S,Se){sub 4} (CZTSSe) thin films fabricated from nanocrystal inks. Ultrafast time resolution permits tracking the evolution of carrier density to determine recombination rates and mechanisms. The carrier generation profile was manipulated by varying the photoexcitation wavelength and fluence to distinguish between surface, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), radiative, and Auger recombination mechanisms and determine rate constants. Surface and SRH recombination are the dominant mechanisms for the air/CZTSSe/SiO{sub 2}/Si film stack. Diffusion to, and then recombination at, the air-CZTSSe interface occurred on the order of 100 picoseconds, while SRH recombination lifetimes were 1–2 nanoseconds. TRTS measurements can provide information that is complementary to conventional time-resolved photoluminescence measurements and can direct the design of efficient thin film photovoltaics.
Time-resolved Kα spectroscopy measurements of hot-electron equilibration dynamics in thin-foil solid targets: Collisional and collective effects
Nilson, P. M.; Solodov, A. A.; Davies, J. R.; Theobald, W.; Mileham, C.; Stoeckl, C.; Begishev, I. A.; Zuegel, J. D.; Froula, D. H.; Betti, R.; Meyerhofer, D. D.
Time-resolved Kα spectroscopy measurements from high-intensity laser interactions with thin-foil solid targets are reviewed. Thin Cu foils were irradiated with 1- to 10-J, 1-ps pulses at focused intensities from 1018 to 1019 W/cm2. The experimental data show Kα-emission pulse widths from 3 to 6 ps, increasing with laser intensity. The time-resolved Kα-emission data are compared to a hot-electron transport and Kα-production model that includes collisional electron-energy coupling, resistive heating, and electromagnetic field effects. The experimental data show good agreement with the model when a reduced ponderomotive scaling is used to describe the initial mean hot-electron energy over the relevant intensity range.
Time-resolved Kα spectroscopy measurements of hot-electron equilibration dynamics in thin-foil solid targets: Collisional and collective effects
Nilson, P. M.; Solodov, A. A.; Davies, J. R.; ...
Time-resolved Kα spectroscopy measurements from high-intensity laser interactions with thin-foil solid targets are reviewed. Thin Cu foils were irradiated with 1- to 10-J, 1-ps pulses at focused intensities from 1018 to 1019 W/cm2. The experimental data show Kα-emission pulse widths from 3 to 6 ps, increasing with laser intensity. The time-resolved Kα-emission data are compared to a hot-electron transport and Kα-production model that includes collisional electron-energy coupling, resistive heating, and electromagnetic field effects. The experimental data show good agreement with the model when a reduced ponderomotive scaling is used to describe the initial mean hot-electron energy over the relevant intensitymore » range.« less
Time-resolved K α spectroscopy measurements of hot-electron equilibration dynamics in thin-foil solid targets: collisional and collective effects
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nilson, P. M.; Solodov, A. A.; Davies, J. R.; Theobald, W.; Mileham, C.; Stoeckl, C.; Begishev, I. A.; Zuegel, J. D.; Froula, D. H.; Betti, R.; Meyerhofer, D. D.
Time-resolved K α spectroscopy measurements from high-intensity laser interactions with thin-foil solid targets are reviewed. Thin Cu foils were irradiated with 1-10 J, 1 ps pulses at focused intensities from 1018 to 1019 W cm-2. The experimental data show K α -emission pulse widths from 3 to 6 ps, increasing with laser intensity. The time-resolved K α -emission data are compared to a hot-electron transport and K α -production model that includes collisional electron-energy coupling, resistive heating, and electromagnetic field effects. The experimental data show good agreement with the model when a reduced ponderomotive scaling is used to describe the initial mean hot-electron energy over the relevant intensity range.
Time-and-state resolved spectroscopy, diffraction, and circular dichroism in core photoelectron emission from clean and oxygen-covered W(110)
Ynzunza, Ramon Xavier
Several aspects of core-level photoelectron emission fi-om solid surfaces as excited by high-brightness variable-polarization synchrotrons radiation have been studied with a new beamline and experimental station at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley. These include: resolution of different chemical states and site types via high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (PS), the use of state-resolved photoelectron difllaction (PD) to determine local atomic geometries, and the observation and analysis of circular dichroism (CD) effects in photoelectron diffraction. These methods have been applied to clean and oxygen-exposed surfaces of W(110). Full-solid-angle photoelectron diffraction from clean W(110) was measured, with the surface and bulk atoms being clearly resolved.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with 9-eV photon-energy pulses generated in a gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber
Bromberger, H. Liu, H.; Chávez-Cervantes, M.; Gierz, I.; Ermolov, A.; Belli, F.; Abdolvand, A.; Russell, P. St. J.; Travers, J. C.; Calegari, F.; Li, M. T.; Lin, C. T.; Cavalleri, A.
A recently developed source of ultraviolet radiation, based on optical soliton propagation in a gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber, is applied here to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Near-infrared femtosecond pulses of only few μJ energy generate vacuum ultraviolet radiation between 5.5 and 9 eV inside the gas-filled fiber. These pulses are used to measure the band structure of the topological insulator Bi{sub 2}Se{sub 3} with a signal to noise ratio comparable to that obtained with high order harmonics from a gas jet. The two-order-of-magnitude gain in efficiency promises time-resolved ARPES measurements at repetition rates of hundreds of kHz or even MHz, with photon energies that cover the first Brillouin zone of most materials.
Time-Resolved Surface-Enhanced IR-Absorption Spectroscopy of Direct Electron Transfer to Cytochrome c Oxidase from R. sphaeroides
Schwaighofer, Andreas; Steininger, Christoph; Hildenbrandt, David M.; Srajer, Johannes; Nowak, Christoph; Knoll, Wolfgang; Naumann, Renate L.C.
Time-resolved surface-enhanced IR-absorption spectroscopy triggered by electrochemical modulation has been performed on cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Single bands isolated from a broad band in the amide I region using phase-sensitive detection were attributed to different redox centers. Their absorbances changing on the millisecond timescale could be fitted to a model based on protonation-dependent chemical reaction kinetics established previously. Substantial conformational changes of secondary structures coupled to redox transitions were revealed. PMID:24359742
Fast time-resolved i.r. spectroscopy of biological molecules in aqueous solution: The reaction kinetics of myoglobin with carbon monoxide
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dixon, Andrew J.; Glyn, Paul; Healy, Michael A.; Hodges, P. Michael; Jenkins, Timothy; Poliakoff, Martyn; Turner, James J.
The recombination of myoglobin (Mb) and CO, generated by the u.v. flash photolysis of carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) is monitored by time-resolved i.r. spectroscopy (TRIR) on a microsecond timescale. The TRIR measurements are made on the ν(CO) i.r. band of MbCO centered at 1945 cm -1. Experiments have been performed over a wide range of concentrations of both Mb and CO and the rate constants derived are in excellent agreement with those obtained by conventional flash photolysis. The results represent a significant improvement in sensitivity over previous i.r. experiments of this type.
Time-Resolved IR-Absorption Spectroscopy of Hot-Electron Dynamics in Satellite and Upper Conduction Bands in GaP
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cavicchia, M. A.; Alfano, R. R.
The relaxation dynamics of hot electrons in the X6 and X7 satellite and upper conduction bands in GaP was directly measured by femtosecond UV-pump-IR-probe absorption spectroscopy. From a fit to the induced IR-absorption spectra the dominant scattering mechanism giving rise to the absorption at early delay times was determined to be intervalley scattering of electrons out of the X7 upper conduction-band valley. For long delay times the dominant scattering mechanism is electron-hole scattering. Electron transport dynamics of the upper conduction band of GaP has been time resolved.
Reflectance spectroscopy for diagnosis of epithelial precancer: model-based analysis of fiber-optic probe designs to resolve spectral information from epithelium and stroma
Arifler, Dizem; Schwarz, Richard A.; Chang, Sung K.; Richards-Kortum, Rebecca
Reflectance spectroscopy is a promising technology for detection of epithelial precancer. Fiber-optic probes that selectively collect scattered light from both the epithelium and the underlying stroma are likely to improve diagnostic performance of in vivo reflectance spectroscopy by revealing diagnostic features unique to each layer. We present Monte Carlo models with which to evaluate fiber-optic probe geometries with respect to sampling depth and depth resolution. We propose a probe design that utilizes half-ball lens coupled source and detector fibers to isolate epithelial scattering from stromal scattering and hence to resolve spectral information from the two layers. The probe is extremely compact and can provide easy access to different organ sites. PMID:16045217
Multi-channel lock-in amplifier assisted femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy with efficient rejection of superfluorescence background
Mao, Pengcheng; Wang, Zhuan; Dang, Wei; Weng, Yuxiang
Superfluorescence appears as an intense background in femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence noncollinear optical parametric amplification spectroscopy, which severely interferes the reliable acquisition of the time-resolved fluorescence spectra especially for an optically dilute sample. Superfluorescence originates from the optical amplification of the vacuum quantum noise, which would be inevitably concomitant with the amplified fluorescence photons during the optical parametric amplification process. Here, we report the development of a femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence non-collinear optical parametric amplification spectrometer assisted with a 32-channel lock-in amplifier for efficient rejection of the superfluorescence background. With this spectrometer, the superfluorescence background signal can be significantly reduced to 1/300–1/100 when the seeding fluorescence is modulated. An integrated 32-bundle optical fiber is used as a linear array light receiver connected to 32 photodiodes in one-to-one mode, and the photodiodes are further coupled to a home-built 32-channel synchronous digital lock-in amplifier. As an implementation, time-resolved fluorescence spectra for rhodamine 6G dye in ethanol solution at an optically dilute concentration of 10{sup −5}M excited at 510 nm with an excitation intensity of 70 nJ/pulse have been successfully recorded, and the detection limit at a pump intensity of 60 μJ/pulse was determined as about 13 photons/pulse. Concentration dependent redshift starting at 30 ps after the excitation in time-resolved fluorescence spectra of this dye has also been observed, which can be attributed to the formation of the excimer at a higher concentration, while the blueshift in the earlier time within 10 ps is attributed to the solvation process.
Fluorescence-suppressed time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of pharmaceuticals using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector.
Rojalin, Tatu; Kurki, Lauri; Laaksonen, Timo; Viitala, Tapani; Kostamovaara, Juha; Gordon, Keith C; Galvis, Leonardo; Wachsmann-Hogiu, Sebastian; Strachan, Clare J; Yliperttula, Marjo
In this work, we utilize a short-wavelength, 532-nm picosecond pulsed laser coupled with a time-gated complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector to acquire Raman spectra of several drugs of interest. With this approach, we are able to reveal previously unseen Raman features and suppress the fluorescence background of these drugs. Compared to traditional Raman setups, the present time-resolved technique has two major improvements. First, it is possible to overcome the strong fluorescence background that usually interferes with the much weaker Raman spectra. Second, using the high photon energy excitation light source, we are able to generate a stronger Raman signal compared to traditional instruments. In addition, observations in the time domain can be performed, thus enabling new capabilities in the field of Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. With this system, we demonstrate for the first time the possibility of recording fluorescence-suppressed Raman spectra of solid, amorphous and crystalline, and non-photoluminescent and photoluminescent drugs such as caffeine, ranitidine hydrochloride, and indomethacin (amorphous and crystalline forms). The raw data acquired by utilizing only the picosecond pulsed laser and a CMOS SPAD detector could be used for identifying the compounds directly without any data processing. Moreover, to validate the accuracy of this time-resolved technique, we present density functional theory (DFT) calculations for a widely used gastric acid inhibitor, ranitidine hydrochloride. The obtained time-resolved Raman peaks were identified based on the calculations and existing literature. Raman spectra using non-time-resolved setups with continuous-wave 785- and 532-nm excitation lasers were used as reference data. Overall, this demonstration of time-resolved Raman and fluorescence measurements with a CMOS SPAD detector shows promise in diverse areas, including fundamental chemical research, the
Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation.
Wernet, Philippe; Gaudin, Jérôme; Godehusen, Kai; Schwarzkopf, Olaf; Eberhardt, Wolfgang
A laser-based tabletop approach to femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with photons in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) energy range is described. The femtosecond VUV pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Two generations of the same setup and results from photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase are discussed. In both generations, a toroidal grating monochromator was used to select one harmonic in the photon energy range of 20-30 eV. The first generation of the setup was used to perform photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase to determine the bandwidth of the source. We find that our HHG source has a bandwidth of 140 ± 40 meV. The second and current generation is optimized for femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy with high flux and a small spot size at the sample of the femtosecond probe pulses. The VUV radiation is focused into the interaction region with a toroidal mirror to a spot smaller than 100 × 100 μm(2) and the flux amounts to 10(10) photons/s at the sample at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The duration of the monochromatized VUV pulses is determined to be 120 fs resulting in an overall pump-probe time resolution of 135 ± 5 fs. We show how this setup can be used to map the transient valence electronic structure in molecular dissociation.
Photoinduced electron transfer between 2-methylanthraquinone and triethylamine in an ionic liquid: Time-resolved EPR and transient absorption spectroscopy study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhu, Guanglai; Wang, Yu; Fu, Haiying; Xu, Xinsheng; Cui, Zhifeng; Ji, Xuehan; Wu, Guozhong
Photoinduced electron transfer between 2-methylanthraquinone (MeAQ) and triethylamine (TEA) in a room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]), was investigated by comparing the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR-EPR) spectroscopy and the transient absorption spectroscopy. The results of TR-EPR spectroscopy, in which MeAQ was 8 mmol L-1 and TEA was 150 mmol L-1, indicated that the transient radical would exist longer time in [bmim][PF6] than in acetonitrile. At the delay time of 8 μs after laser excitation, the TR-EPR signal transformed from an emissive peak into an absorptive peak when the experiment was performed in [bmim][PF6]. The results of the transient absorption spectroscopy, in which MeAQ was 0.1 mmol L-1 and TEA was 2.2 mmol L-1, showed that the efficiency and the rate of the photoinduced electron transfer reaction in [bmim][PF6] were obviously lower than that in acetonitrile. It was concluded that various factors, such as concentration, viscosity and local structural transformation of the solution, have an influence on the process of photoinduced electron transfer in [bmim][PF6].
Time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques for real-time studies of interfacial charge transfer dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shavorskiy, Andrey; Cordones, Amy; Vura-Weis, Josh; Siefermann, Katrin; Slaughter, Daniel; Sturm, Felix; Weise, Fabian; Bluhm, Hendrik; Strader, Matthew; Cho, Hana; Lin, Ming-Fu; Bacellar, Camila; Khurmi, Champak; Hertlein, Marcus; Guo, Jinghua; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Prendergast, David; Coslovich, Giacomo; Robinson, Joseph; Kaindl, Robert A.; Schoenlein, Robert W.; Belkacem, Ali; Weber, Thorsten; Neumark, Daniel M.; Leone, Stephen R.; Nordlund, Dennis; Ogasawara, Hirohito; Nilsson, Anders R.; Krupin, Oleg; Turner, Joshua J.; Schlotter, William F.; Holmes, Michael R.; Heimann, Philip A.; Messerschmidt, Marc; Minitti, Michael P.; Beye, Martin; Gul, Sheraz; Zhang, Jin Z.; Huse, Nils; Gessner, Oliver
X-ray based spectroscopy techniques are particularly well suited to gain access to local oxidation states and electronic dynamics in complex systems with atomic pinpoint accuracy. Traditionally, these techniques are applied in a quasi-static fashion that usually highlights the steady-state properties of a system rather than the fast dynamics that often define the system function on a molecular level. Novel x-ray spectroscopy techniques enabled by free electron lasers (FELs) and synchrotron based pump-probe schemes provide the opportunity to monitor intramolecular and interfacial charge transfer processes in real-time and with element and chemical specificity. Two complementary time-domain xray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques are presented that are applied at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS) to study charge transfer processes in N3 dye-sensitized ZnO semiconductor nanocrystals, which are at the heart of emerging light-harvesting technologies.
Time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques for real-time studies of interfacial charge transfer dynamics
Shavorskiy, Andrey; Hertlein, Marcus; Guo Jinghua; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Cordones, Amy; Vura-Weis, Josh; Siefermann, Katrin; Slaughter, Daniel; Sturm, Felix; Weise, Fabian; Khurmi, Champak; Belkacem, Ali; Weber, Thorsten; Gessner, Oliver; Bluhm, Hendrik; Strader, Matthew; Cho, Hana; Coslovich, Giacomo; Kaindl, Robert A.; Lin, Ming-Fu; and others
X-ray based spectroscopy techniques are particularly well suited to gain access to local oxidation states and electronic dynamics in complex systems with atomic pinpoint accuracy. Traditionally, these techniques are applied in a quasi-static fashion that usually highlights the steady-state properties of a system rather than the fast dynamics that often define the system function on a molecular level. Novel x-ray spectroscopy techniques enabled by free electron lasers (FELs) and synchrotron based pump-probe schemes provide the opportunity to monitor intramolecular and interfacial charge transfer processes in real-time and with element and chemical specificity. Two complementary time-domain xray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques are presented that are applied at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS) to study charge transfer processes in N3 dye-sensitized ZnO semiconductor nanocrystals, which are at the heart of emerging light-harvesting technologies.
A Q-switched Ho:YAG laser assisted nanosecond time-resolved T-jump transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity
Li, Deyong; Li, Yunliang; Li, Hao; Weng, Yuxiang; Wu, Xianyou; Yu, Qingxu
Knowledge of dynamical structure of protein is an important clue to understand its biological function in vivo. Temperature-jump (T-jump) time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy is a powerful tool in elucidating the protein dynamical structures and the folding/unfolding kinetics of proteins in solution. A home-built setup of T-jump time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity is developed, which is composed of a Q-switched Cr, Tm, Ho:YAG laser with an output wavelength at 2.09 μm as the T-jump heating source, and a continuous working CO laser tunable from 1580 to 1980 cm{sup −1} as the IR probe. The results demonstrate that this system has a sensitivity of 1 × 10{sup −4} ΔOD for a single wavelength detection, and 2 × 10{sup −4} ΔOD for spectral detection in amide I′ region, as well as a temporal resolution of 20 ns. Moreover, the data quality coming from the CO laser is comparable to the one using the commercial quantum cascade laser.
Resolving the build-up of femtosecond mode-locking with single-shot spectroscopy at 90 MHz frame rate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Herink, G.; Jalali, B.; Ropers, C.; Solli, D. R.
Mode-locked lasers have enabled some of the most precise measurements ever performed, from attosecond time-domain spectroscopy to metrology with frequency combs. However, such extreme precision belies the complexity of the underlying mode-locking dynamics. This complexity is particularly evident in the emergence of the mode-locked state, an intrinsically singular, non-repetitive transition. Many details of mode-locking are well understood, yet conventional spectroscopy cannot resolve the nascent dynamics in passive mode-locking on their natural nanosecond timescale, the single pulse period. Here, we capture the pulse-resolved spectral evolution of a femtosecond pulse train from the initial fluctuations, recording ∼900,000 consecutive periods. We directly observe critical phenomena on timescales from tens to thousands of roundtrips, including the birth of the broadband spectrum, accompanying wavelength shifts and transient interference dynamics described as auxiliary-pulse mode-locking. Enabled by the time-stretch transform, the results may impact laser design, ultrafast diagnostics and nonlinear optics.
3D localized 2D ultrafast J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy: in vitro study on a 7 T imaging system.
Roussel, T; Giraudeau, P; Ratiney, H; Akoka, S; Cavassila, S
2D Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a well known tool for the analysis of complicated and overlapped MR spectra and was therefore originally used for structural analysis. It also presents a potential for biomedical applications as shown by an increasing number of works related to localized in vivo experiments. However, 2D MRS suffers from long acquisition times due to the necessary collection of numerous increments in the indirect dimension (t(1)). This paper presents the first 3D localized 2D ultrafast J-resolved MRS sequence, developed on a small animal imaging system, allowing the acquisition of a 3D localized 2D J-resolved MRS spectrum in a single scan. Sequence parameters were optimized regarding Signal-to-Noise ratio and spectral resolution. Sensitivity and spatial localization properties were characterized and discussed. An automatic post-processing method allowing the reduction of artifacts inherent to ultrafast excitation is also presented. This sequence offers an efficient signal localization and shows a great potential for in vivo dynamic spectroscopy.
Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose level by time-resolved transmission spectroscopy: A feasibility study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Meixiu; Chen, Nanguang
An optical spectroscopic method is investigated theoretically for in vivo measurement of blood glucose concentration. This method is based on dynamic dual wavelength (610 nm and 810 nm) time-resolved measurements under a condition of artificial blood flow kinetics in a human finger. The influence of glucose concentration on absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the whole blood is simulated using the T-matrix method. The scattering centers, RBC aggregation, under the artificial — kinetics condition are modeled as spheroid. The modified parametric slopes were derived from the Laplace transformed data of the time-resolved transmittance. The results show that an appropriate selection of the Laplace parameter can lead to enhanced sensitivity for glucose measurement.
Exploration of CdTe quantum dots as mesoscale pressure sensors via time-resolved shock-compression photoluminescent emission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kang, Zhitao; Banishev, Alexandr A.; Lee, Gyuhyon; Scripka, David A.; Breidenich, Jennifer; Xiao, Pan; Christensen, James; Zhou, Min; Summers, Christopher J.; Dlott, Dana D.; Thadhani, Naresh N.
The nanometer size of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and their unique optical properties, including size-tunable narrow photoluminescent emission, broad absorption, fast photoluminescence decay, and negligible light scattering, are ideal features for spectrally tagging the shock response of localized regions in highly heterogeneous materials such as particulate media. In this work, the time-resolved laser-excited photoluminescence response of QDs to shock-compression was investigated to explore their utilization as mesoscale sensors for pressure measurements and in situ diagnostics during shock loading experiments. Laser-driven shock-compression experiments with steady-state shock pressures ranging from 2.0 to 13 GPa were performed on nanocomposite films of CdTe QDs dispersed in a soft polyvinyl alcohol polymer matrix and in a hard inorganic sodium silicate glass matrix. Time-resolved photoluminescent emission spectroscopy was used to correlate photoluminescence changes with the history of shock pressure and the dynamics of the matrix material surrounding the QDs. The results revealed pressure-induced blueshifts in emitted wavelength, decreases in photoluminescent emission intensity, reductions in peak width, and matrix-dependent response times. Data obtained for these QD response characteristics serve as indicators for their use as possible time-resolved diagnostics of the dynamic shock-compression response of matrix materials in which such QDs are embedded as in situ sensors.
Intrinsic spin polarized electronic structure of CrO{sub 2} epitaxial film revealed by bulk-sensitive spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Fujiwara, Hirokazu; Sunagawa, Masanori; Kittaka, Tomoko; Terashima, Kensei; Wakita, Takanori; Muraoka, Yuji; Yokoya, Takayoshi
We have performed bulk-sensitive spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in order to clarify the intrinsic spin-resolved electronic states of half-metallic ferromagnet CrO{sub 2}. We used CrO{sub 2} epitaxial films on TiO{sub 2}(100), which shows a peak at 1 eV with a clear Fermi edge, consistent with the bulk-sensitive PES spectrum for CrO{sub 2}. In spin-resolved spectra at 40 K, while the Fermi edge was observed in the spin up (majority spin) state, no states at the Fermi level (E{sub F}) with an energy gap of 0.5 eV below E{sub F} were observed in the spin down (minority spin) state. At 300 K, the gap in the spin down state closes. These results are consistent with resistivity measurements and magnetic hysteresis curves of the fabricated CrO{sub 2} film, constituting spectroscopic evidence for the half-metallicity of CrO{sub 2} at low temperature and reducing the spin polarization at room temperature. We also discuss the electron correlation effects of Cr 3d.
Reference optical phantoms for diffuse optical spectroscopy. Part 1--Error analysis of a time resolved transmittance characterization method.
Bouchard, Jean-Pierre; Veilleux, Israël; Jedidi, Rym; Noiseux, Isabelle; Fortin, Michel; Mermut, Ozzy
Development, production quality control and calibration of optical tissue-mimicking phantoms require a convenient and robust characterization method with known absolute accuracy. We present a solid phantom characterization technique based on time resolved transmittance measurement of light through a relatively small phantom sample. The small size of the sample enables characterization of every material batch produced in a routine phantoms production. Time resolved transmittance data are pre-processed to correct for dark noise, sample thickness and instrument response function. Pre-processed data are then compared to a forward model based on the radiative transfer equation solved through Monte Carlo simulations accurately taking into account the finite geometry of the sample. The computational burden of the Monte-Carlo technique was alleviated by building a lookup table of pre-computed results and using interpolation to obtain modeled transmittance traces at intermediate values of the optical properties. Near perfect fit residuals are obtained with a fit window using all data above 1% of the maximum value of the time resolved transmittance trace. Absolute accuracy of the method is estimated through a thorough error analysis which takes into account the following contributions: measurement noise, system repeatability, instrument response function stability, sample thickness variation refractive index inaccuracy, time correlated single photon counting system time based inaccuracy and forward model inaccuracy. Two sigma absolute error estimates of 0.01 cm(-1) (11.3%) and 0.67 cm(-1) (6.8%) are obtained for the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient respectively.
Mapping of calf muscle oxygenation and haemoglobin content during dynamic plantar flexion exercise by multi-channel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Torricelli, Alessandro; Quaresima, Valentina; Pifferi, Antonio; Biscotti, Giovanni; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Taroni, Paola; Ferrari, Marco; Cubeddu, Rinaldo
A compact and fast multi-channel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy system for tissue oximetry was developed. It employs semiconductor laser and fibre optics for delivery of optical signals. Photons are collected by eight 1 mm fibres and detected by a multianode photomultiplier. A time-correlated single photon counting board is used for the parallel acquisition of time-resolved reflectance curves. Estimate of the reduced scattering coefficient is achieved by fitting with a standard model of diffusion theory, while the modified Lambert-Beer law is used to assess the absorption coefficient. In vivo measurements were performed on five healthy volunteers to monitor spatial changes in calf muscle (medial and lateral gastrocnemius; MG, LG) oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total haemoglobin concentration (tHb) during dynamic plantar flexion exercise performed at 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. At rest SmO2 was 73.0 ± 0.9 and 70.5 ± 1.7% in MG and LG, respectively (P = 0.045). At the end of the exercise, SmO2 decreased (69.1 ± 1.8 and 63.8 ± 2.1% in MG and LG, respectively; P < 0.01). The LG desaturation was greater than the MG desaturation (P < 0.02). These results strengthen the role of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy as a powerful tool for investigating the spatial and temporal features of muscle SmO2 and tHb.
Probing and Manipulating Protein Conformation Changes by Time-Resolved Single-Molecule Spectroscopy and Site-Specific Ultramicroscopy
Biomolecular Recognition with Single Molecule Dynamics," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 128105 (2007). 4. V. Biju, D. Pan, Yuri A. Gorby , Jim Fredrickson, J. Mclean, D...Protein Interactions of Calmodulin by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 10034-10042 ( 2006 ).
Highly resolved two-dimensional ¹H spectroscopy of the human brain using ISIS CT-PRESS with resolution enhancement.
Watanabe, Hidehiro; Takaya, Nobuhiro; Mitsumori, Fumiyuki
In constant time (CT) point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS), echo centers shift with the fast decay of short T₂* on two-dimensional (2D) time domain (TD) data under inhomogeneous B₀ field like in vivo conditions. Though ¹H decoupling along the F₁ direction is a feature of this method, the tilted and broadened peak pattern on the F₁-F₂ plane after reconstruction causes the peaks to overlap. To enhance resolution to achieve highly resolved 2D CT-PRESS spectra in the human brain, we propose a 2-part window function that comprises an enhancement part for shifting echoes with fast decay and a conventional part, such as Lorentzian, Gaussian, or sine-bell function. We obtained 2D spectra from human brains at 4.7T. The 3 diagonal peaks of C4H of glutamate (Glu C4H) at 2.35 ppm, C2H of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA C2H) at 2.28 ppm, and C4H of glutamine (Gln C4H) at 2.44 ppm-overlapped on the spectra processed with the conventional window but clearly resolved on the spectra using the proposed enhancement window. The signal-to-noise ratio per unit measurement time of Glu C4H on a CT-PRESS spectrum of the human brain was 1.7 times higher than that on a spectrum obtained by CT-correlation spectroscopic (COSY). In conclusion, 2D CT-PRESS spectra processed with the proposed window function to enhance resolution can resolve peaks of coupled ¹H spins with higher accuracy and sensitivity.
Comparison of beetroot extracts originating from several sites using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rabasović, M. S.; Šević, D.; Terzić, M.; Marinković, B. P.
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) juice contains a large number of fluorophores which can fluoresce. There is a growing interest in beetroot extracts analysis. In contrast, there is only limited information about beetroot obtained without sample preparation and/or extraction of components from the sample. In this work, we continue our previous study (Rabasović et al 2009 Acta Phys. Pol. A 116 570-2), analyzing and comparing beetroot extracts from several sites, using the time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence technique to measure the fluorescence of samples at different excitation wavelengths (340-470 nm) and for different sample dilutions.
Multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound imaging and spectroscopy with custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detector.
Smith, Richard J; Light, Roger A; Sharples, Steve D; Johnston, Nicholas S; Pitter, Mark C; Somekh, Mike G
This paper presents a multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound system that uses a custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor linear array detector. This novel sensor allows parallel phase-sensitive detection of very low contrast modulated signals with performance in each channel comparable to that of a discrete photodiode and a lock-in amplifier. Application of the instrument is demonstrated by parallelizing spatial measurements to produce two-dimensional thickness maps on a layered sample, and spectroscopic parallelization is demonstrated by presenting the measured Brillouin oscillations from a gallium arsenide wafer. This paper demonstrates the significant advantages of our approach to pump probe systems, especially picosecond ultrasonics.
Multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound imaging and spectroscopy with custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detector
Smith, Richard J.; Light, Roger A.; Johnston, Nicholas S.; Pitter, Mark C.; Somekh, Mike G.; Sharples, Steve D.
This paper presents a multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound system that uses a custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor linear array detector. This novel sensor allows parallel phase-sensitive detection of very low contrast modulated signals with performance in each channel comparable to that of a discrete photodiode and a lock-in amplifier. Application of the instrument is demonstrated by parallelizing spatial measurements to produce two-dimensional thickness maps on a layered sample, and spectroscopic parallelization is demonstrated by presenting the measured Brillouin oscillations from a gallium arsenide wafer. This paper demonstrates the significant advantages of our approach to pump probe systems, especially picosecond ultrasonics.
Enhancement of the high-order harmonic generation from the gold plume using the time-resolved plasma spectroscopy
Ganeev, Rashid A.; Elouga Bom, Luc B.; Ozaki, Tsuneyuki
We present systematic time-resolved investigations of plasma conditions for achieving the maximum cutoff and maximum conversion efficiency of high-order harmonic generation from gold plasma within the plateau. We analyzed harmonic generation under different laser-plasma conditions. We also performed simulations to calculate the ionization state of the gold plasma, the free electron density, and singly charged ion density at different prepulse intensities. By optimizing the plasma conditions, we observed a harmonic cutoff at the 53rd order ({lambda}=15.09 nm). We estimate the conversion efficiency of the harmonics within the plateau region to be 2x10{sup -6}.
Quantum state resolved inelastic and reactive scattering dynamics in molecular systems via high resolution IR laser spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chapman, William Brewster
This thesis describes a series of experiments undertaken to investigate inelastic and reactive molecular collision dynamics at the quantum-state resolved level of detail. First, time- and frequency-resolved infrared laser absorption is used to probe state-resolved collisional energy transfer in scattering of fast C1(2P3/2) radicals with room temperature HCl molecules. Final state distributions of HCl are monitored via transient infrared laser absorption yielding absolute integral collisional cross sections for energy transfer into final rotational states. Analysis of translational distributions inferred from high-resolution infrared Dopplerimetry leads to state-resolved differential scattering cross sections, which exhibit forward scattering into all observed levels. Results are compared with quasiclassical trajectory calculations on a recently proposed potential surface. Second, absolute state-to-state cross sections are reported for rotationally inelastic scattering of HF, CH4, and H2O with rare gases in crossed supersonic jets. Column-integrated densities of HF, CH4, and H2O in initial and final scattering states are probed in the jet intersection region via direct infrared laser absorption. Total inelastic cross sections for loss out of rotational ground states and excitation into higher states are determined in absolute units from the dependence of infrared absorption signals on collider gas concentration. Comparison is made with close coupling calculations performed on best available potential energy surfaces for each of the scattering systems. Finally, fluorine radicals from a pulsed discharge source are crossed with supersonically cooled hydrogen molecules to study the F + H2 /to HF(v,J) + H reaction under single collision conditions. HF(v,J) product states are probed with complete rovibrational state resolution via direct infrared laser absorption. The nascent HF(v,J) state distribution is measured for all populated vibrational manifolds at a collision
Room temperature spectrally resolved single-molecule spectroscopy reveals new spectral forms and photophysical versatility of aequorea green fluorescent protein variants.
Blum, Christian; Meixner, Alfred J; Subramaniam, Vinod
It is known from ensemble spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures that variants of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GFP) occur in interconvertible spectroscopically distinct forms which are obscured in ensemble room temperature spectroscopy. By analyzing the fluorescence of the GFP variants EYFP and EGFP by spectrally resolved single-molecule spectroscopy we were able to observe spectroscopically different forms of the proteins and to dynamically monitor transitions between these forms at room temperature. In addition to the predominant EYFP B-form we have observed the blue-shifted I-form thus far only seen at cryogenic temperatures and have followed transitions between these forms. Further we have identified for EYFP and for EGFP three more, so far unknown, forms with red-shifted fluorescence. Transitions between the predominant forms and the red-shifted forms show a dark time which indicates the existence of a nonfluorescent intermediate. The spectral position of the newly-identified red-shifted forms and their formation via a nonfluorescent intermediate hint that these states may account for the possible photoactivation observed in bulk experiments. The comparison of the single-protein spectra of the red-shifted EYFP and EGFP forms with single-molecule fluorescence spectra of DsRed suggest that these new forms possibly originate from an extended chromophoric pi-system analogous to the DsRed chromophore.
Development of a polarization-modulation spectroscopy system for the temporally resolved measurement of linear polarization in plasma emission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yasui, Kenji; Shikama, Taiichi; Higashi, Takanori; Hasuo, Masahiro
A system to measure linear polarization in the HeI 21P-31D emission line (667.8 nm) was developed for application to plasma polarization spectroscopy. To verify the system performance, the normalized Stokes parameters were evaluated. A measurement error of less than 1% with a time resolution of 1 ms was achieved for monochromatic light in the state of complete linear polarization.
Spatially-Resolved Temperature Diagnostic for Supersonic Flow Using Cross-Beam Doppler-Limited Laser Saturation Spectroscopy
58 Cross-Beam Inter-Modulated Fluorescence Spectroscopy .................................... 61 B. Spectral Profiles for I2 Ro...intensity of the i th I2 hyperfine spectral line ( )νg spectral profile (in general) ( )νg lineshape normalized to unity at line center, i.e...L C I L CS ν νννα ναν (132) for a single Doppler-broadened transition. B. Spectral Profiles for I2 Ro-vibrational Lines To represent
Time-resolved characterization of a filamentary argon discharge at atmospheric pressure in a capillary using emission and absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schröter, Sandra; Pothiraja, Ramasamy; Awakowicz, Peter; Bibinov, Nikita; Böke, Marc; Niermann, Benedikt; Winter, Jörg
An argon/nitrogen (0.999/0.001) filamentary pulsed discharge operated at atmospheric pressure in a quartz tube is characterized using voltage-current measurements, microphotography, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and absorption spectroscopy. Nitrogen is applied as a sensor gas for the purpose of OES diagnostic. The density of argon metastable atoms Ar(3P2) is determined using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). Using a plasma chemical model the measured OES data are applied for the characterization of the plasma conditions. Between intense positive pulses the discharge current oscillates with a damped amplitude. It is established that an electric current flows in this discharge not only through a thin plasma filament that is observed in the discharge image but also through the whole cross section of the quartz tube. A diffuse plasma fills the quartz tube during a time between intense current pulses. Ionization waves are propagating in this plasma between the spike and the grounded area of the tube producing thin plasma channels. The diameter of these channels increases during the pause between the propagation of ionization waves probably because of thermal expansion and diffusion. Inside the channels electron densities of ˜2 × 1013 cm-3, argon metastable densities ˜1014 cm-3 and a reduced electric field about 10 Td are determined.
Fast Spatially Resolved Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Distribution Measurements in an Internal Combustion Engine Using Absorption Spectroscopy
Yoo, Jihyung; Prikhodko, Vitaly; Parks, James E.; Perfetto, Anthony; Geckler, Sam; Partridge, William P.
One effective method of reducing NOx emissions while improving efficiency is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in internal combustion engines. But, insufficient mixing between fresh air and exhaust gas can lead to cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder nonuniform charge gas mixtures of a multi-cylinder engine, which can in turn reduce engine performance and efficiency. Furthermore, a sensor packaged into a compact probe was designed, built and applied to measure spatiotemporal EGR distributions in the intake manifold of an operating engine. The probe promotes the development of more efficient and higher-performance engines by resolving high-speed in situ CO2 concentration at various locations in the intake manifold. Our study employed mid-infrared light sources tuned to an absorption band of CO2 near 4.3 μm, an industry standard species for determining EGR fraction. The calibrated probe was used to map spatial EGR distributions in an intake manifold with high accuracy and monitor cycle-resolved cylinder-specific EGR fluctuations at a rate of up to 1 kHz.
Fast spatially resolved exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) distribution measurements in an internal combustion engine using absorption spectroscopy.
Yoo, Jihyung; Prikhodko, Vitaly; Parks, James E; Perfetto, Anthony; Geckler, Sam; Partridge, William P
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in internal combustion engines is an effective method of reducing NOx emissions while improving efficiency. However, insufficient mixing between fresh air and exhaust gas can lead to cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder non-uniform charge gas mixtures of a multi-cylinder engine, which can in turn reduce engine performance and efficiency. A sensor packaged into a compact probe was designed, built and applied to measure spatiotemporal EGR distributions in the intake manifold of an operating engine. The probe promotes the development of more efficient and higher-performance engines by resolving high-speed in situ CO2 concentration at various locations in the intake manifold. The study employed mid-infrared light sources tuned to an absorption band of CO2 near 4.3 μm, an industry standard species for determining EGR fraction. The calibrated probe was used to map spatial EGR distributions in an intake manifold with high accuracy and monitor cycle-resolved cylinder-specific EGR fluctuations at a rate of up to 1 kHz.
Recent progress in space- and time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas (abstract)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Young, B. K. F.
New diagnostic techniques have provided measurement of relatively gradient-free x-ray spectra from high-powered laser-produced plasmas. Simultaneously space- and time-resolved x-ray spectra were measured from a variety of microdot plasmas using an array of multiframe, imaging, electronically gated x-ray crystal spectrometers with 100 ps time resolution. A multiframed, multicolored gated x-ray pinhole camera provided measurement of the plasma uniformity. A four-frame holographic interferometer was used to measure the electron density profile. Conventional x-ray streaked crystal spectrographs, spatially resolved x-ray (film) spectrometer, and pinhole cameras supplemented these new diagnostics. The instruments allow detailed studies of both the population kinetics of highly charged ions in dense plasmas and the hydrodynamics of laser-produced plasmas for the first time. The new diagnostics are described including data from ongoing experiments. Work was performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Dept. of Energy by LLNL under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.
Fast Spatially Resolved Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Distribution Measurements in an Internal Combustion Engine Using Absorption Spectroscopy
Yoo, Jihyung; Prikhodko, Vitaly; Parks, James E.; ...
One effective method of reducing NOx emissions while improving efficiency is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in internal combustion engines. But, insufficient mixing between fresh air and exhaust gas can lead to cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder nonuniform charge gas mixtures of a multi-cylinder engine, which can in turn reduce engine performance and efficiency. Furthermore, a sensor packaged into a compact probe was designed, built and applied to measure spatiotemporal EGR distributions in the intake manifold of an operating engine. The probe promotes the development of more efficient and higher-performance engines by resolving high-speed in situ CO2 concentration at various locations in themore » intake manifold. Our study employed mid-infrared light sources tuned to an absorption band of CO2 near 4.3 μm, an industry standard species for determining EGR fraction. The calibrated probe was used to map spatial EGR distributions in an intake manifold with high accuracy and monitor cycle-resolved cylinder-specific EGR fluctuations at a rate of up to 1 kHz.« less
Ultrafast nuclear dynamics in halomethanes studied with time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging and channel-selective Fourier spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Malakar, Y.; Kaderiya, B.; Pearson, W. L.; Ziaee, F.; Kanaka Raju, P.; Zohrabi, M.; Jensen, K.; Rajput, J.; Ben-Itzhak, I.; Rolles, D.; Rudenko, A.
Halomethanes have recently attracted considerable attention since they often serve as prototype systems for laser-controlled chemistry (e.g., selective bond breaking or concerted elimination reactions), and are important molecules in atmospheric chemistry. Here we combine a femtosecond laser pump-probe setup with coincident 3D ion momentum imaging apparatus to study strong-field induced nuclear dynamics in methane and several of its halogenated derivatives (CH3 I, CH2 I2, CH2 ICl). We apply a time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging technique to map the nuclear motion on both, bound and continuum potential surfaces, disentangle different fragmentation pathways and, for halogenated molecules, observe clear signatures of vibrational wave packets in neutral or ionized states. Channel-selective and kinetic-energy resolved Fourier analysis of these data allows for unique identification of different electronic states and vibrational modes responsible for a particular structure. Supported by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U. S. DOE. K. R. P. and W. L. P. supported by NSF Award No. IIA-143049. K.J. supported by the NSF-REU Grant No. PHYS-1461251.
Probing organometallic reactions by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state using quantum cascade lasers.
Calladine, James A; Horvath, Raphael; Davies, Andrew J; Wriglesworth, Alisdair; Sun, Xue-Zhong; George, Michael W
The photochemistry and photophysics of metal carbonyl compounds (W(CO)6, Cp*Rh(CO)2 (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5), and fac-[Re(CO)3(4,4'-bpy)2Br] [bpy = bipyridine]) have been examined on the nanosecond timescale using a time-resolved infrared spectrometer with an external cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) as the infrared source. We show the photochemistry of W(CO)6 in alkane solution is easily monitored, and very sensitive measurements are possible with this approach, meaning it can monitor small transients with absorbance changes less than 10(-6) ΔOD. The C-H activation of Cp*Rh(CO)(C6H12) to form Cp*Rh(CO)(C6H11)H occurs within the first few tens of nanoseconds following photolysis, and we demonstrate that kinetics obtained following deconvolution are in excellent agreement with those measured using an ultrafast laser-based spectrometer. We also show that the high flux and tunability of QCLs makes them suited for solid-state and time-resolved measurements.
Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy of Tetragonal CuO: Evidence for Intralayer Coupling Between Cupratelike Sublattices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moser, S.; Moreschini, L.; Yang, H.-Y.; Innocenti, D.; Fuchs, F.; Hansen, N. H.; Chang, Y. J.; Kim, K. S.; Walter, A. L.; Bostwick, A.; Rotenberg, E.; Mila, F.; Grioni, M.
We investigate by angle-resolved photoemission the electronic structure of in situ grown tetragonal CuO, a synthetic quasi-two-dimensional edge-sharing cuprate. We show that, in spite of the very different nature of the copper oxide layers, with twice as many Cu in the CuO layers of tetragonal CuO as compared to the CuO2 layers of the high-Tc cuprates, the low-energy electronic excitations are surprisingly similar, with a Zhang-Rice singlet dispersing on weakly coupled cupratelike sublattices. This system should thus be considered as a member of the high-Tc cuprate family, with, however, interesting differences due to the intralayer coupling between the cupratelike sublattices.
Charge separation in subcells of triple-junction solar cells revealed by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Tex, David M; Imaizumi, Mitsuru; Kanemitsu, Yoshihiko
We measure the excitation-wavelength and power dependence of time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) from the top InGaP subcell in a InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell. The wavelength-dependent data reveals that the PL decays are governed by charge separation. A fast single-exponential PL decay is observed at low excitation power densities, which is the charge separation under short-circuit condition. Under strong excitation a bi-exponential PL decay is observed. Its slow component appears at early times, followed by a faster component at late times. The slow decay is the carrier recombination of the subcell. The following fast component is the charge separation process under reduced built-in potential near the operating point. The subcells electrical conversion efficiency close to the operating point is evaluated using this decay time constant.
Picosecond-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at low signal contrast using a hard X-ray streak camera
Adams, Bernhard W.; Rose-Petruck, Christoph; Jiao, Yishuo
A picosecond-resolving hard-X-ray streak camera has been in operation for several years at Sector 7 of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Several upgrades have been implemented over the past few years to optimize integration into the beamline, reduce the timing jitter, and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. These include the development of X-ray optics for focusing the X-rays into the sample and the entrance slit of the streak camera, and measures to minimize the amount of laser light needed to generate the deflection-voltage ramp. For the latter, the photoconductive switch generating the deflection ramp was replaced with microwave power electronics. With these, the streak camera operates routinely at 88 MHz repetition rate, thus making it compatible with all of the APS fill patterns including use of all the X-rays in the 324-bunch mode. Sample data are shown to demonstrate the performance.
Optical emission spectroscopy of metal-halide lamps: Radially resolved atomic state distribution functions of Dy and Hg
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nimalasuriya, T.; Flikweert, A. J.; Stoffels, W. W.; Haverlag, M.; van der Mullen, J. J. A. M.; Pupat, N. B. M.
Absolute line intensity measurements are performed on a metal-halide lamp. Several transitions of atomic and ionic Dy and atomic Hg are measured at different radial positions from which we obtain absolute atomic and ionic Dy intensity profiles. From these profiles we construct the radially resolved atomic state distribution function (ASDF) of the atomic and ionic Dy and the atomic Hg. From these ASDFs several quantities are determined as functions of radial position, such as the (excitation) temperature, the ion ratio Hg+/Dy+, the electron density, the ground state, and the total density of Dy atoms and ions. Moreover, these ASDFs give us insight about the departure from equilibrium. The measurements show a hollow density profile for the atoms and the ionization of atoms in the center. In the outer parts of the lamp molecules dominate.
Observations of a mode transition in a hydrogen hollow cathode discharge using phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy
Dixon, Sam Charles, Christine; Dedrick, James; Boswell, Rod; Gans, Timo; O'Connell, Deborah
Two distinct operational modes are observed in a radio frequency (rf) low pressure hydrogen hollow cathode discharge. The mode transition is characterised by a change in total light emission and differing expansion structures. An intensified CCD camera is used to make phase resolved images of Balmer α emission from the discharge. The low emission mode is consistent with a typical γ discharge, and appears to be driven by secondary electrons ejected from the cathode surface. The bright mode displays characteristics common to an inductive discharge, including increased optical emission, power factor, and temperature of the H{sub 2} gas. The bright mode precipitates the formation of a stationary shock in the expansion, observed as a dark region adjacent to the source-chamber interface.
Layer-Resolved Evolution of Organic Thin Films Monitored by Photoelectron Emission Microscopy and Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy
Photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) and differential (optical) reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) have proven independently to be versatile analytical tools for monitoring the evolution of organic thin films during growth. In this paper, we present the first experiment in which both techniques have been applied simultaneously and synchronously. We illustrate how the combined PEEM and DRS results can be correlated to obtain an extended perspective on the electronic and optical properties of a molecular film dependent on the film thickness and morphology. As an example, we studied the deposition of the organic molecule α-sexithiophene on Ag(111) in the thickness range from submonolayers up to several monolayers. PMID:26523159
Time-resolved postdischarge absolute silicon monoxide density measurement by resonant absorption spectroscopy in a nonthermal atmospheric plasma
Motret, Olivier; Coursimault, Fabien; Pouvesle, Jean-Michel
In this study we present the technique of resonant absorption spectroscopy diagnostic developed to estimate the density of silicon monoxide (SiO) molecules during the postdischarge of an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The ultraviolet (0,0) rovibrational band of the SiO(A {sup 1}{pi}-X {sup 1}{sigma}{sup +}) electronic transition was investigated. Effective values of absorption coefficient and absorption cross section for the rotational transitions under consideration were calculated. The SiO concentration was estimated by comparison between experimental and computed spectra. The self-absorption in the probe reactor was taken into account in the computed spectra.
Photocycles of bacteriorhodopsin in light- and dark-adapted purple membrane studied by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy.
Hofrichter, J; Henry, E R; Lozier, R H
Nanosecond time-resolved absorption spectra have been measured throughout the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin in both light-adapted and dark-adapted purple membrane (PM). The data from dark-adapted samples are interpretable as the superposition of two photocycles arising independently from the all-trans and 13-cis retinal isomers that coexist in the dark-adapted state. The presence of a photocycle in dark-adapted PM which is indistinguishable from that observed for light-adapted PM under the same experimental conditions is demonstrated by the observation of the same five relaxation rates associated with essentially identical changes in the photoproduct spectra. This cycle is attributed to the all-trans component. The cycle of the 13-cis component is revealed by scaling the data measured for the light-adapted sample and subtracting it from the data on the dark-adapted mixture. At times less than 1 ms, the resulting difference spectra are nearly time-independent. The peak of the difference spectrum is near 600 nm, although there appears to be a slight (approximately 2 nm) blue-shift in the first few microseconds. Subsequently the amplitude of this spectrum decays and the peak of the difference spectrum shifts in two relaxations. Most of the amplitude of the photoproduct difference spectrum (approximately 80%) decays in a single relaxation having a time constant of approximately 35 ms. The difference spectrum remaining after this relaxation peaks at approximately 590 nm and is indistinguishable from the classical light-dark difference spectrum, which we find, in experiments performed on a much longer time scale, to peak at 588 nm. The decay of this remaining photo-product is not resolvable in the nanosecond kinetic experiments, but dark adaptation of a completely light-adapted sample is found to occur exponentially with a relaxation time of approximately 2,000 s under the conditions of our experiments. PMID:2819234
Investigation of verbal and visual working memory by multi-channel time-resolved functional near-infrared spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Contini, D.; Caffini, M.; Re, R.; Zucchelli, L.; Spinelli, L.; Basso Moro, S.; Bisconti, S.; Ferrari, M.; Quaresima, V.; Cutini, S.; Torricelli, A.
Working memory (WM) is fundamental for a number of cognitive processes, such as comprehension, reasoning and learning. WM allows the short-term maintenance and manipulation of the information selected by attentional processes. The goal of this study was to examine by time-resolved fNIRS neural correlates of the verbal and visual WM during forward and backward digit span (DF and DB, respectively) tasks, and symbol span (SS) task. A neural dissociation was hypothesised between the maintenance and manipulation processes. In particular, a dorsolateral/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC/VLPFC) recruitment was expected during the DB task, whilst a lateralised involvement of Brodmann Area (BA) 10 was expected during the execution of the DF task. Thirteen subjects were monitored by a multi-channel, dual-wavelength (690 and 829 nm) time-resolved fNIRS system during 3 minutes long DF and DB tasks and 4 minutes long SS task. The participants' mean memory span was calculated for each task: DF: 6.46+/-1.05 digits; DB: 5.62+/-1.26 digits; SS: 4.69+/-1.32 symbols. No correlation was found between the span level and the heart rate data (measured by pulse oximeter). As expected, DB elicited a broad activated area, in the bilateral VLPFC and the right DLPFC, whereas a more localised activation was observed over the right hemisphere during either DF (BA 10) or SS (BA 10 and 44). The robust involvement of the DLPFC during DB, compared to DF, is compatible with previous findings and with the key role of the central executive subserving in manipulating processes.
Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Ternary Semiconductors GALLIUM(X)-INDIUM(1-X) Phosphide and GALLIUM-ARSENIDE(1 - Under Picosecond Laser Pulse Excitation.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zarrabi, Hassan J.
In the thesis, the ultrafast physics of carriers in two ternary semiconductors GA(,x)In(,1-x)P and GaAs(,1 -x)P(,x) were studied under picosecond Laser Pulse Excitation. The dynamics of hot carriers In Ga(,.5)In(,.5)P, were studied by means of time resolved spectroscopy. The effect of high pump intensity on the temporal behavior of the emission at different wavelengths were investigated. At high excitation power fluence, the temporal profile at short wavelengths (high energy portion of the photoluminescence spectra) were exponential similar to the low excitation power fluence. However the temporal profiles at long wavelengths (low energy portion of the photoluminescence spectra close to band edge) exhibited an unusual and complex profile. The time resolved profiles at long wavelength acquired a district tail as excitation power increased even to the point of developing a second peak. A model is proposed to explain the temporal behavior of the emission at different wavelengths. The rate equations describing the time dependence of dynamical variables (n(,e), T(,c), (phi)((nu))) were solved numerically by computer to simulate the temporal behavior of the emission at different wavelengths under different excitation power fluence. The time resolved photoluminescence spectra in Ga(,.56)In(,.44)P was measured with 10 ps time resolution using the streak camera as a detection system. From the theoretical fitting of the photoluminescence spectra we have determined the time evolution of carrier density and carrier temperature. We found that the carrier energy loss rate to be slower than predicted from a simple model assuming a Maxwell Boltzmann distribution function. This is attributed to the screening of the hot carrier energy relaxation under high carrier densities. Integro-differential equations describing the time dependence of carrier temperature have been solved and the results are compared with the experimental data. The time resolved photoluminescence kinetics in Ga
Atomic Resolution Mapping of the Excited-State Electronic Structure of Cu2O with Time-Resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Hillyard, Patrick B.; Kuchibhatla, Satyanarayana V N T; Glover, T. E.; Hertlein, M. P.; Huse, N.; Nachimuthu, Ponnusamy; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Thevuthasan, Suntharampillai; Gaffney, Kelly J.
We have used time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of optically excited cuprous oxide at the O K-edge and the Cu L3-edge. The 400 nm optical excitation shifts the Cu and O absorptions to lower energy, but does not change the integrated x-ray absorption significantly for either edge. The constant integrated x-ray absorption cross-section indicates that that the conduction band and valence band edges have very similar Cu 3d and O 2p orbital contributions. The 2.1 eV optical band gap of Cu2O significantly exceeds the one eV shift in the Cu L3- and O K-edges absorption edges induced by optical excitation, demonstrating the importance of core-hole excitonic effects and valence electron screening in the x-ray absorption process.
Atomic resolution mapping of the excited-state electronic structure of Cu2O with time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hillyard, P. W.; Kuchibhatla, S. V. N. T.; Glover, T. E.; Hertlein, M. P.; Huse, N.; Nachimuthu, P.; Saraf, L. V.; Thevuthasan, S.; Gaffney, K. J.
We have used time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of optically excited cuprous oxide at the OK edge and the CuL3 edge. The 400 nm optical excitation shifts the Cu and O absorptions to lower energy, but does not change the integrated x-ray absorption significantly for either edge. The constant integrated x-ray absorption cross-section indicates that the conduction-band and valence-band edges have very similar Cu3d and O2p orbital contributions. The 2.1 eV optical band gap of Cu2O significantly exceeds the one eV shift in the CuL3 - and OK -edges absorption edges induced by optical excitation, demonstrating the importance of core-hole excitonic effects and valence electron screening in the x-ray absorption process.
Atomic resolution mapping of the excited-state electronic structure of Cu2O with time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Hillyard, P. W.; Kuchibhatla, S. V. N. T.; Glover, T. E.; Hertlein, M. P.; Huse, Nils; Nachimuthu, P.; Saraf, L. V.; Thevuthasan, S.; Gaffney, K. J.
We have used time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of optically excited cuprous oxide at the O K-edge and the Cu L3-edge. The 400 nm optical excitation shifts the Cu and O absorptions to lower energy, but does not change the integrated x-ray absorption significantly for either edge. The constant integrated x-ray absorption cross-section indicates that the conduction-band and valence-band edges have very similar Cu 3d and O 2p orbital contributions. The 2.1 eV optical band gap of Cu2O significantly exceeds the one eV shift in the Cu L3- and O K-edges absorption edges induced by optical excitation, demonstrating the importance of core-hole excitonic effects and valence electron screening in the x-ray absorption process.
Europium(III) complexed by HPSEC size-fractions of a vertisol humic acid: small differences evidenced by time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy.
Reiller, Pascal E; Brevet, Julien; Nebbioso, Antonio; Piccolo, Alessandro
The size fractionation of a humic acid (HA) by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used as a proxy for the filtration effect during HA transport through a porous medium with minimum specific chemical interactions. The modification of the Eu(III)-HA complexes' formation with the different size-fractions, as compared to the bulk HA, was studied in time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy (TRLS). Clear modifications in Eu(III)-HA complexes' structures were shown and related to the molecular characteristics of the separated size-fractions. The properties of most of size-fractions did not induce a major alteration of the affinity towards Eu(III). Only the most hydrophilic fractions eluted in the tail of the chromatographic peak, representing about 11% of total fractions-weight, gave some significantly different parameters. Using a simplistic complexation model, it was found that the available complexation sites decreased with the size reduction of humic fractions.
Direct Observation of the Surface Segregation of Cu in Pd by Time-Resolved Positron-Annihilation-Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Mayer, J.; Hugenschmidt, C.; Schreckenbach, K.
Density functional theory calculations predict the surface segregation of Cu in the second atomic layer of Pd which has not been unambiguously confirmed by experiment so far. We report measurements on Pd surfaces covered with three and six monolayers of Cu using element selective positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) which is sensitive to the topmost atomic layer. Moreover, time-resolved PAES, which was applied for the first time, enables the investigation of the dynamics of surface atoms and hence the observation of the segregation process. The time constant for segregation was experimentally determined to {tau}=1.38(0.21) h, and the final segregated configuration was found to be consistent with calculations. Time-dependent PAES is demonstrated to be a novel element selective technique applicable for the investigation of, e.g., heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, or surface alloying.
Exploring the Electronic Structure and Chemical Homogeneity of Individual Bi2Te3 Nanowires by Nano-Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy.
Krieg, Janina; Chen, Chaoyu; Avila, José; Zhang, Zeying; Sigle, Wilfried; Zhang, Hongbin; Trautmann, Christina; Asensio, Maria Carmen; Toimil-Molares, Maria Eugenia
Due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, cylindrical Bi2Te3 nanowires are employed as model systems to investigate the chemistry and the unique conductive surface states of topological insulator nanomaterials. We report on nanoangle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (nano-ARPES) characterization of individual cylindrical Bi2Te3 nanowires with a diameter of 100 nm. The nanowires are synthesized by electrochemical deposition inside channels of ion-track etched polymer membranes. Core level spectra recorded with submicron resolution indicate a homogeneous chemical composition along individual nanowires, while nano-ARPES intensity maps reveal the valence band structure at the single nanowire level. First-principles electronic structure calculations for chosen crystallographic orientations are in good agreement with those revealed by nano-ARPES. The successful application of nano-ARPES on single one-dimensional nanostructures constitutes a new avenue to achieve a better understanding of the electronic structure of topological insulator nanomaterials.
Hyperfine Resolved Pure Rotational Spectroscopy of ScN, yn, and BaNH (X1σ+): Insight Into Metal-Nitrogen Bonding
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zack, Lindsay N.; Bucchino, Matthew; Young, Justin; Binns, Marshall; Sheridan, Phillip M.; Ziurys, Lucy M.
Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy coupled with a discharge-assisted laser ablation source (DALAS) has been used to record the J = 1 → 0 pure rotational transitions of Sc14N, Sc15N, Y14N, Y15N, and Ba14NH (X1σ+). Each species was synthesized by the reaction of the ablated metal with either NH3 or 15NH3 in the presence of a DC discharge. For each species hyperfine structure was resolved. In the case of ScN and YN hyperfine parameters (quadrupole and nuclear spin-rotation) for the metal and nitrogen were determined and for BaNH the nitrogen quadrupole coupling constant was measured. These hyperfine constants are interpreted to gain insight into the metal-nitrogen bonding in each species. In addition, DFT calculations were performed to assist with the assignment of each spectrum and the characterization of the metal-nitrogen bond.
Role of Coherent Low-Frequency Motion in Excited-State Proton Transfer of Green Fluorescent Protein Studied by Time-Resolved Impulsive Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy.
Fujisawa, Tomotsumi; Kuramochi, Hikaru; Hosoi, Haruko; Takeuchi, Satoshi; Tahara, Tahei
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish Aequorea victoria, an essential bioimaging tool, luminesces via excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) in which the phenolic proton of the p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone chromophore is transferred to Glu222 through a hydrogen-bond network. In this process, the ESPT mediated by the low-frequency motion of the chromophore has been proposed. We address this issue using femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy. After coherently exciting low-frequency modes (<300 cm(-1)) in the excited state of GFP, we examined the excited-state structural evolution and the ESPT dynamics within the dephasing time of the low-frequency vibration. A clear anharmonic vibrational coupling is found between one high-frequency mode of the chromophore (phenolic CH bend) and a low-frequency mode at ∼104 cm(-1). However, the data show that this low-frequency motion does not substantially affect the ESPT dynamics.
An attempt at a product vibrational analysis of a photo-induced chemical reaction by means of time-resolved (e, 2e) electron momentum spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yamazaki, M.; Nakazawa, H.; Zhu, C. Y.; Takahashi, M.
We report on a new attempt at an analysis of the vibrational state distributions in the products of a photo-induced chemical reaction. The experiment was performed by using time- resolved electron momentum spectroscopy (TR-EMS) for the products produced by the three- body photodissociation dynamics of the deuterated acetone molecule at 195 nm. It has been found from a comparison between the experiment and associated theoretical calculations that future TR-EMS measurements with improved statistics could be useful for the vibrational analysis of reaction products, in cases when effects of molecular vibration on their electron momentum densities are large enough so as to be noticeable in the binding energy spectra.
Bulk Electronic Structure of Superconducting LaRu2P2 Single Crystals Measured by Soft-X-Ray Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Razzoli, E.; Kobayashi, M.; Strocov, V. N.; Delley, B.; Bukowski, Z.; Karpinski, J.; Plumb, N. C.; Radovic, M.; Chang, J.; Schmitt, T.; Patthey, L.; Mesot, J.; Shi, M.
We present a soft x-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SX-ARPES) study of the stoichiometric pnictide superconductor LaRu2P2. The observed electronic structure is in good agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. However, it is significantly different from its counterpart in high-temperature superconducting Fe pnictides. In particular, the bandwidth renormalization present in the Fe pnictides (˜2-3) is negligible in LaRu2P2 even though the mass enhancement is similar in both systems. Our results suggest that the superconductivity in LaRu2P2 has a different origin with respect to the iron pnictides. Finally, we demonstrate that the increased probing depth of SX-ARPES, compared to the widely used ultraviolet ARPES, is essential in determining the bulk electronic structure in the experiment.
Anomalous asymmetry in the Fermi surface of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu4O8 revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kondo, Takeshi; Khasanov, R.; Sassa, Y.; Bendounan, A.; Pailhes, S.; Chang, J.; Mesot, J.; Keller, H.; Zhigadlo, N. D.; Shi, M.; Bukowski, Z.; Karpinski, J.; Kaminski, A.
We use microprobe angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the Fermi surface and band dispersion of the CuO2 planes in the high-temperature superconductor, YBa2Cu4O8 . We find a strong in-plane asymmetry of the electronic structure between directions along a and b axes. The saddle point of the antibonding band lies at a significantly higher energy in the a direction (π,0) than the b direction (0,π) , whereas the bonding band displays the opposite behavior. We demonstrate that the abnormal band shape is due to a strong asymmetry of the bilayer band splitting, likely caused by a nontrivial hybridization between the planes and chains. This asymmetry has an important implication for interpreting key properties of the Y-Ba-Cu-O family, especially the superconducting gap, transport, and results of inelastic neutron scattering.
Time-resolved soft-x-ray spectroscopy of a magnetic octupole transition in nickel-like xenon, cesium, and barium ions
Trabert, E; Beiersdorfer, P; Brown, G V; Boyce, K; Kelley, R L; Kilbourne, C A; Porter, F S; Szymkowiak, A
A microcalorimeter with event mode capability for time-resolved soft-x-ray spectroscopy, and a high-resolution flat-field EUV spectrometer have been employed at the Livermore EBIT-I electron beam ion trap for observations and wavelength measurements of M1, E2, and M3 decays of long-lived levels in the Ni-like ions Xe{sup 26+}, Cs{sup 27+}, and Ba{sup 28+}. Of particular interest is the lowest excited level, 3d{sup 9}4s {sup 3}D{sub 3}, which can only decay via a magnetic octupole (M3) transition. For this level in Xe an excitation energy of (590.40 {+-} 0.03eV) and a level lifetime of (11.5 {+-} 0.5 ms) have been determined.
The CO oxidation kinetics on supported Pd model catalysts: A molecular beam/in situ time-resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Libuda, J.; Meusel, I.; Hoffmann, J.; Hartmann, J.; Piccolo, L.; Henry, C. R.; Freund, H.-J.
Combining molecular beam techniques and time-resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (TR-IRAS) we have studied the kinetics of the CO oxidation reaction on an alumina-supported Pd model catalyst. The Pd particles are deposited by metal evaporation under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions onto a well-ordered alumina film, prepared on a NiAl(110) single crystal. Particle size, density and structure of the Pd deposits have been characterized in previous studies. In the low temperature region, transient and steady-state experiments have been performed over a wide range of CO and oxygen fluxes by crossing two effusive molecular beams on the sample surface. We determine the steady-state CO2 production rate as a function of the CO fraction in the impinging gas flux. Simultaneously, the occupation of CO adsorption sites under steady-state conditions is monitored by in situ IR spectroscopy. The origin of different types of CO2 transients is discussed. In particular we focus on the transient CO2 production after switching off the CO beam. For the model catalyst investigated, detailed reaction rate measurements in combination with time-resolved IRAS show that the origin of the particular transient behavior of the supported model system is not due to the presence of specific adsorption sites on small particles, as has been proposed previously. Instead, we show that the transient behavior can be semiquantitatively simulated on the basis of a simple kinetic model considering a homogeneous surface, and accounting for the inhibition of the dissociative adsorption of O2 at high CO coverage. Moreover, it is discussed how the inherent heterogeneity of the supported particle system can additionally enhance the observed effect.
In vivo validation of a bimodal technique combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy for diagnosis of oral carcinoma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Yang; Xie, Hongtao; Liu, Jing; Lam, Matthew; Chaudhari, Abhijit J.; Zhou, Feifei; Bec, Julien; Yankelevich, Diego R.; Dobbie, Allison; Tinling, Steven L.; Gandour-Edwards, Regina F.; Monsky, Wayne L.; Gregory Farwell, D.; Marcu, Laura
Tissue diagnostic features generated by a bimodal technique integrating scanning time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy (UBM) are investigated in an in vivo hamster oral carcinoma model. Tissue fluorescence is excited by a pulsed nitrogen laser and spectrally and temporally resolved using a set of filters/dichroic mirrors and a fast digitizer, respectively. A 41-MHz focused transducer (37-μm axial, 65-μm lateral resolution) is used for UBM scanning. Representative lesions of the different stages of carcinogenesis show that fluorescence characteristics complement ultrasonic features, and both correlate with histological findings. These results demonstrate that TRFS-UBM provide a wealth of co-registered, complementary data concerning tissue composition and structure as it relates to disease status. The direct co-registration of the TRFS data (sensitive to surface molecular changes) with the UBM data (sensitive to cross-sectional structural changes and depth of tumor invasion) is expected to play an important role in pre-operative diagnosis and intra-operative determination of tumor margins.
Time-resolved visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy data obtained using photosystem I particles with non-native quinones incorporated into the A1 binding site.
Makita, Hiroki; Hastings, Gary
Time-resolved visible and infrared absorption difference spectroscopy data at both 298 and 77 K were obtained using cyanobacterial menB (-) mutant photosystem I particles with several non-native quinones incorporated into the A1 binding site. Data was obtained for photosystem I particles with phylloquinone (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 9,10-anthraquinone incorporated. Transient absorption data were obtained at 487 and 703 nm in the visible spectral range, and 1950-1100 cm(-1) in the infrared region. Time constants obtained from fitting the time-resolved infrared and visible data are in good agreement. The measured time constants are crucial for the development of appropriate kinetic models that can describe electron transfer processes in photosystem I, "Modeling Electron Transfer in Photosystem I" Makita and Hastings (2016) [1].
Burgasser, Adam J.; Dhital, Saurav; West, Andrew A.
We report the identification of 2MASS J15500845+1455180 as a 0.''9 L dwarf visual binary. This source is resolved in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images and in near-infrared imaging with the Infrared Telescope Facility SpeX imager/spectrometer. The two components, oriented along a north-south axis, have similar brightnesses in the near-infrared ({delta}K {approx} 0.2 mag), although the fainter northern component is redder in J-K color. Resolved near-infrared spectroscopy indicates spectral types of L3.5 and L4, consistent with its L3 combined-light optical classification based on the SDSS data. Physical association is confirmed through common proper motion, common spectrophotometric distances and low probability of chance alignment. The projected physical separation of 2MASS J1550+1455AB, 30 {+-} 3 AU at an estimated distance of 33 {+-} 3 pc, makes it the widest L dwarf-L dwarf pair identified to date, although such a separation is not unusual among very low mass field binaries. The angular separation and spectral composition of this system makes it an excellent target for obtaining a precise lithium depletion age and a potential age standard for low-temperature atmosphere studies.
Implementation of Time-Resolved Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy Using a kHz Repetition Rate Pump Laser
Time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has been shown to be invaluable for studying excited-state structures and dynamics in both biological and inorganic systems. Despite the established utility of this method, technical challenges continue to limit the data quality and more wide ranging applications. A critical problem has been the low laser repetition rate and interferometer stepping rate (both are typically 10 Hz) used for data acquisition. Here we demonstrate significant improvement in the quality of time-resolved spectra through the use of a kHz repetition rate laser to achieve kHz excitation and data collection rates while stepping the spectrometer at 200 Hz. We have studied the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited state of Ru(bipyridine)3Cl2 in deuterated acetonitrile to test and optimize high repetition rate data collection. Comparison of different interferometer stepping rates reveals an optimum rate of 200 Hz due to minimization of long-term baseline drift. With the improved collection efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio, better assignments of the MLCT excited-state bands can be made. Using optimized parameters, carbonmonoxy myoglobin in deuterated buffer is also studied by observing the infrared signatures of carbon monoxide photolysis upon excitation of the heme. We conclude from these studies that a substantial increase in performance of ss-FT-IR instrumentation is achieved by coupling commercial infrared benches with kHz repetition rate lasers. PMID:21513597
Evolution of cobalt nanocluster and electronic structure deposited on stepped Cu(7 5 5) studied by angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogawa, Koji; Nakanishi, Koji; Namba, Hidetoshi
Using Cu(7 5 5) stepped surface as a template, we prepared nanoclusters of Co and investigated their electronic structure by angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. From 0.28 to 1.6-ML Co coverage one broad peak is observed at 0.7 eV below the Fermi level. On the other hand, from 0.02 to 0.14-ML coverages non-dispersing two peaks are clearly resolved at 0.3 and 1.1 eV, respectively. The existence of the other peaks and the natures of these peaks are discussed based on the angular, step-orientation, and polarization dependences. The detailed assignments of each peak are done by the comparison with the literature. The spectral change dependent on the coverage was due to the shifts of these peaks. The peak shifts are explained by the enhanced exchange splitting at the low coverages due to both energetic and spatial localization which is consistent with the nanocluster model.
Time-resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleotide-binding Domain from the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter MsbA
Syberg, Falk; Suveyzdis, Yan; Kötting, Carsten; Gerwert, Klaus; Hofmann, Eckhard
MsbA is an essential Escherichia coli ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter involved in the flipping of lipid A across the cytoplasmic membrane. It is a close homologue of human P-glycoprotein involved in multidrug resistance, and it similarly accepts a variety of small hydrophobic xenobiotics as transport substrates. X-ray structures of three full-length ABC multidrug exporters (including MsbA) have been published recently and reveal large conformational changes during the transport cycle. However, how ATP hydrolysis couples to these conformational changes and finally the transport is still an open question. We employed time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy, a powerful method to elucidate molecular reaction mechanisms of soluble and membrane proteins, to address this question with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we monitored the hydrolysis reaction in the nucleotide-binding domain of MsbA at the atomic level. The isolated MsbA nucleotide-binding domain hydrolyzed ATP with Vmax = 45 nmol mg−1 min−1, similar to the full-length transporter. A Hill coefficient of 1.49 demonstrates positive cooperativity between the two catalytic sites formed upon dimerization. Global fit analysis of time-resolved FTIR data revealed two apparent rate constants of ∼1 and 0.01 s−1, which were assigned to formation of the catalytic site and hydrolysis, respectively. Using isotopically labeled ATP, we identified specific marker bands for protein-bound ATP (1245 cm−1), ADP (1101 and 1205 cm−1), and free phosphate (1078 cm−1). Cleavage of the β-phosphate–γ-phosphate bond was found to be the rate-limiting step; no protein-bound phosphate intermediate was resolved. PMID:22593573
A display-type analyzer with an image-processing system for angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rieger, D.; Schnell, R. D.; Steinmann, W.; Saile, V.
A two-dimensional, multi-angle energy analyzer for photoemission spectroscopy has been developed which consists of an ellipsoidal mirror low pass filter, a retarding field high pass filter, CEMA plates as an area detector and a rapid image processing system for data acquisition. With this analyzer, angular distribution pictures within a cone of 88° at a fixed energy ( ΔE=0.28 eV resolution) can be taken with an angular resolution of δθ=±1.5° and a signal-to-noise ratio of 50-100 in a time of 9s. First results of Ag(111) and GeS(100) are reported.
Resolving Vibrational from Electronic Coherences in Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy: The Role of the Laser Spectrum
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
de A. Camargo, Franco V.; Grimmelsmann, Lena; Anderson, Harry L.; Meech, Stephen R.; Heisler, Ismael A.
The observation of coherent quantum effects in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes prompted the question whether quantum coherence could be exploited to improve the efficiency in new energy materials. The detailed characterization of coherent effects relies on sensitive methods such as two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D-ES). However, the interpretation of the results produced by 2D-ES is challenging due to the many possible couplings present in complex molecular structures. In this work, we demonstrate how the laser spectral profile can induce electronic coherencelike signals in monomeric chromophores, potentially leading to data misinterpretation. We argue that the laser spectrum acts as a filter for certain coherence pathways and thus propose a general method to differentiate vibrational from electronic coherences.
Space Resolved XUV Spectroscopy and Shearing Interferometry from a 10 ps KrF Laser-Produced-Plasma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Iglesias, E. J.; Griem, H. R.; Elton, R. C.; Scott, H. A.; Moreno, J. C.
We produced a plasma using 50 mJ, 10 ps pulses from a KrF laser on boron-carbide targets, with a focal spot size of ≈. 30 μm. We achieved an ≈ 30 μm spatial resolution (along the plasma axis) on spectra obtained using a crossed slit equipped 1 m grazing-incidence spectrograph. We added also a shearing interferometer with an air wedge [Sarkisov, G. S Instruments and Experimental Techniques Vol39, Iss. 5 ,727, 1996] to produce interferograms of the plasma with an ≈ 45 μm background fringe spacing. Correlations between estimated electron densities using both methods: interferometry and emission spectroscopy of Hidrogen and Helium-like Boron and Carbon, will be presented. We will also discuss comparisons between experimental spectra and predicted results using the atomic physics postprocessor CRETIN integrated with TOTAL, a line broadening code.
Suppression of inter-device variation for component analysis of turbid liquids based on spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Shengzhao; Zhang, Linna; Li, Gang; Lin, Ling
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a useful tool for obtaining quantitative information in turbid media, which is always achieved by developing a multivariate regression model that links the spectral signal to the component concentrations. However, in most cases, variations between the actual measurement and the modeling process of the device may cause errors in predicting a component's concentration. In this paper, we propose a data-processing method to resist these variations. The method involves performing a curve fitting of the multiple-position diffuse reflectance spectral data. One of the parameters in the fitting function was found to be insensitive to inter-device variations and sensitive to the component concentrations. The parameter of the fitted equation was used in the modeling instead of directly using the spectral signal. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method and its resistance to errors induced by inter-device variations.
In-situ analysis of fruit anthocyanins by means of total internal reflectance, continuous wave and time-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zude, Manuela; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Dosche, Carsten; Torricelli, Alessandro
In sweet cherry (Prunus avium), the red pigmentation is correlated with the fruit maturity stage and can be measured by non-invasive spectroscopy. In the present study, the influence of varying fruit scattering coefficients on the fruit remittance spectrum (cw) were corrected with the effective pathlength and refractive index in the fruit tissue obtained with distribution of time-of-flight (DTOF) readings and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) analysis, respectively. The approach was validated on fruits providing variation in the scattering coefficient outside the calibration sample set. In the validation, the measuring uncertainty when non-invasively analyzing fruits with cw method in comparison with combined application of cw, DTOF, and TIRF measurements showed an increase in r2 up to 22.7 % with, however, high errors in all approaches.
Kinetics of the laser-induced solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon-Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy and computer simulations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Očenášek, J.; Novák, P.; Prušáková, L.
This study demonstrates that a laser-induced crystallization instrumented with Raman spectroscopy is, in general, an effective tool to study the thermally activated crystallization kinetics. It is shown, for the solid phase crystallization of an amorphous silicon thin film, that the integral intensity of Raman spectra corresponding to the crystalline phase grows linearly in the time-logarithmic scale. A mathematical model, which assumes random nucleation and crystal growth, was designed to simulate the crystallization process in the non-uniform temperature field induced by laser. The model is based on solving the Eikonal equation and the Arhenius temperature dependence of the crystal nucleation and the growth rate. These computer simulations successfully approximate the crystallization process kinetics and suggest that laser-induced crystallization is primarily thermally activated.
Spatially resolved measurements of nitrogen dioxide in an urban environment using concurrent multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Leigh, R. J.; Corlett, G. K.; Frieß, U.; Monks, P. S.
A novel system using the technique of concurrent multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy system has been developed and applied to the measurement of nitrogen dioxide in an urban environment. Using five fixed telescopes, slant columns of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, water vapour, and the oxygen dimer, O4, are simultaneously retrieved in five vertically separated viewing directions. The application of this remote sensing technique in the urban environment is explored. Through, the application of several simplifying assumptions a tropospheric concentration of NO2 is derived and compared with an urban background in-situ chemiluminescence detector. The remote sensing and in-situ techniques show good agreement. Owing to the high time resolution of the measurements, the ability to image and quantify plumes within the urban environment is demonstrated. The CMAX-DOAS measurements provide a useful measure of overall NO2 concentrations on a city-wide scale.