text:
|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Oral malodor develops mostly from the metabolic activities of indigenous bacterial populations within the oral cavity, but whether healthy or oral malodor-related patterns of the global bacterial composition exist remains unclear. In this study, the bacterial compositions in the saliva of 240 subjects complaining of oral malodor were divided into groups based on terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles using hierarchical cluster analysis, and the patterns of the microbial community composition of those exhibiting higher and lower malodor were explored. Four types of bacterial community compositions were detected (clusters I, II, III, and IV). Two parameters for measuring oral malodor intensity (the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air and the organoleptic score) were noticeably lower in cluster I than in the other clusters. Using multivariate analysis, the differences in the levels of oral malodor were significant after adjustment for potential confounding factors such as total bacterial count, mean periodontal pocket depth, and tongue coating score (P < 0.001). Among the four clusters with different proportions of indigenous members, the T-RFLP profiles of cluster I were implicated as the bacterial populations with higher proportions of Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Rothia, and Treponema species than those of the other clusters. These results clearly correlate the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations with the severity of oral malodor.
Oral malodor is one of the major complaints made by patients visiting the dentist, ranking behind only dental caries and periodontal disease (19). It originates mainly from the mouth itself, and the malodorous substrates most commonly are associated with microbial metabolism (32). Major compounds that contribute to oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) (14, 35). Additionally, short-chain fatty acids, such as propionic acid and butyric acid, cadaverine, indole, and scatole, have been reported to cause oral malodor (8, 16).
The oral surfaces are colonized by large numbers of bacterial species with many members, especially gram-negative anaerobes, which are known to produce malodorous compounds (28). Poor oral hygiene resulting in microbial overgrowth clearly is involved in the development of this condition. Hence, the current major treatment for oral malodor focuses on nonselective antibacterial treatments to reduce the total number of bacteria, with careful attention to anaerobic areas such as the periodontal pockets and tongue dorsum. This approach, however, generally provides short-term benefits, since malodor-causing bacteria quickly recover to their former numbers when treatment is stopped (2).
An alteration in the bacterial population structure would be necessary to completely cure oral malodor. One general and reasonable approach is to specify the causal agent and directly remove it from the oral cavity. A diversity of bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola, have been closely associated with oral malodor (19). On the other hand, developing an elimination method that targets various multiple causative agents remains a challenge.
Malodor producers are considered members of the oral microbial ecosystem, which is regulated by numerous interactions among inhabitants. Therefore, adjusting the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations toward a "healthy" pattern may be an alternative approach to effectively prevent oral malodor. Indeed, probiotic treatments have been conducted for the maintenance or manipulation of indigenous bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract (3) and vagina (1), and attempts have been made to apply the same approach to oral malodor (2). However, whether characteristic patterns of healthy and oral malodor-related microbiota or nonspecific bacterial overgrowth result in oral malodor remains unclear. Although the bacterial population structure of tongue microbiota of subjects with and without oral malodor has been revealed comprehensively using a molecular approach (9, 11, 30), a statistical analysis of a larger sample is necessary to correlate the complex microbial community composition with the severity of the condition.
Despite a lack of fully resolved phylogenetic analyses at the species level, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis is an effective molecular approach for the rapid assessment and comparison of large numbers of complex bacterial communities (18). The relative differences in microbial community structures are reliably reflected in T-RFLP profiles, although some biases may impair the detection of the actual community structure (10). We previously confirmed that major bacterial genera in the oral cavity can be distinguished roughly by this method using a specific primer set and the restriction enzyme HaeIII. Relative bacterial abundances detected in cloning and sequencing methods were fairly consistent with the peak area proportions of the corresponding fragments in the T-RFLP profile (33).
In the present study, the global composition of bacterial populations found in the saliva of 240 patients complaining of oral malodor, with highly variable levels of severity, was examined using T-RFLP analysis. Although the use of saliva as the most appropriate oral specimen to study the relationship between oral microbiota and health has been questioned, it was considered the sample that would best represent the overall microbial population in the oral cavity. While the bacterial composition in saliva was highly similar to that found in the tongue coating among the different surfaces in the oral cavity (21), bacteria that inhabit other oral surfaces also can be recovered from saliva (4, 15, 20). Microbial community compositions showing a similar pattern were divided into groups using cluster analysis, and the patterns of the microbiota of those exhibiting higher and lower malodor were explored. The significance of malodor severity based on the pattern of microbiota was statistically evaluated using multivariate analysis while controlling for the effect of other oral malodor-associated factors. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations and the severity of oral malodor.
The study population consisted of 240 patients complaining of oral malodor (110 females and 130 males, aged 12 to 79 years with a mean age of 45 ± 14 years) who visited the Oral Malodor Clinic at Fukuoka Dental College Medical and Dental Hospital in Japan. These 240 patients included both subjects with actual oral malodor and those without oral malodor who were unsure if or believed that they had oral malodor. The Ethics Committee of Fukuoka Dental College and Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science approved the study design. All participants understood the nature of the study and provided informed consent. Previously to the malodor assessment, each subject was asked to refrain from eating, drinking, chewing, smoking, brushing, or rinsing the mouth for at least 5 h.
The severity of oral malodor in each individual was determined using an organoleptic test (OLT), a method used for the direct sniffing of expelled mouth air, and gas chromatography (model GC14B; Shimadzu Works, Kyoto, Japan). The OLT scores were estimated on a scale of 0 to 5 (0, absence of oral malodor; 1, questionable odor; 2, slight malodor; 3, moderate malodor; 4, strong malodor; 5, severe malodor) (22). In this study, we divided the subjects into four categories: 0 or 1, 2, 3, and 4 or 5. The gas chromatography was used for measuring the concentrations of VSCs (H2S, CH3SH, and CH3SCH3) in mouth air. We divided the subjects into four categories based on the sum of the three VSC concentrations: subjects without oral malodor (≤0.20 ppm, lower than the olfactory threshold for VSC concentrations in mouth air [36]), those with low malodor (0.21 to 0.60 ppm; lower one-third of the total number of subjects with oral malodor), those with moderate malodor (0.61 to 1.10 ppm; middle one-third), and those with high malodor (>1.10 ppm; higher one-third).
For each patient, the periodontal pocket depth and the amount of tongue coating, two major halitosis-inducing factors, were examined. The periodontal pocket depth was measured at six points around each tooth in all subjects. The total area and thickness of the tongue coating was scored based on conventional criteria (26), with a slight modification (1, no tongue coating or thin, with less than one-third covered; 2, thin, with one-third to two-thirds covered or thick, with less than one-third covered; 3, thin with more than two-thirds covered or thick with more than one-third covered).
The subjects were asked to bite on paraffin wax for 5.5 min, and stimulated saliva samples produced during the last 5 min were collected in sterile plastic tubes. The samples were stored at −80°C until further analysis. Bacterial DNA extraction was performed as described previously (34).
Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using a QuantiFast SYBR green PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The bacterial universal primers 806F (5′-TTA GAT ACC CYG GTA GTG G-3′) and 926R (5′-CCG TCA ATT YCT TTG AGT TT-3′) were used, and the details of the procedure have been described previously (33). The relative amounts of total bacteria were calculated using the comparative CT method, and DNA extracted from Streptococcus mutans Xc was used as a real-time PCR control.
From each sample, internal regions of 16S rRNA genes were amplified using the universal forward primer 8F (5′-AGA GTT TGA TYM TGG CTC AG-3′) labeled at the 5′ end with 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM) and the universal reverse primer 806R (5′-GGA CTA CCR GGG TAT CTA A-3′) labeled at the 5′ end with hexachlorofluorescein (HEX). PCR amplification, purification, and digestion by the restriction enzyme HaeIII were performed as previously described (33). The restriction digest products were mixed with 10 μl of deionized formamide and 1 μl of the internal standard, which contained GeneScan-500 ROX standard (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and six additional DNA fragments (541, 600, 663, 730, 799, and 861 bp) labeled at the 5′ end with ROX. The samples were denatured, electrophoresed, and analyzed with GeneMapper version 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). The unit of fragment size instead of number of bases was estimated based on the molecular weight (MW) of each fragment in the internal standard as previously described (34). The terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) with a peak area of less than 0.5% of the total area were excluded from the analysis.
Cluster analysis was performed using two T-RFLP profiles obtained per subject using two different fluorescent dyes (6-FAM and HEX). The estimated MWs of all TRFs from each subject were aligned, and the TRFs with MWs that differed by 80 or less were considered identical. The aligned T-RFLP profiles composed of the size of the TRFs and the percentage of the peak area in each profile were clustered by hierarchical cluster analysis using Euclidean distance and Ward's algorithm with R, version 2.8.1 (http://www.r-project.org). The aligned T-RFLP profiles for the 240 subjects also were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and displayed as a biplot diagram to visualize the bacterial composition in correlation with the classified clusters. The PCA compressed the information from the T-RFLP profiles to a small number of dimensions, and they were plotted as dots in the two-dimensional display, of which the x and y axes represented the first and second principal components, respectively, and the original variables (each TRF) were indicated by arrows. The direction and length of the arrows indicated how each TRF contributed to the first two components in the biplot. PCA was performed by using the R library ade4 as described previously (33). Candidate bacterial species corresponding to the combination of TRFs (6-FAM-labeled or HEX-labeled TRFs) were selected based on their size from our oral bacterial database using TRFMAW (http://www.trflp.info/trfmaw) as described earlier (33). Based on our previous work (34), the matching window was set to an MW of ±660. The diversity of the bacterial community was evaluated by the number of TRFs and the Shannon diversity index of T-RFLP profiles. The bacterial candidates corresponding to the TRFs with significantly more or fewer subjects in one cluster than in the other clusters were selected using BP-TRFMA (24). The correlation threshold in BP-TRFMA was set at 0.13, which corresponds to a significant correlation coefficient in this sample size.
Tukey's multiple comparison was conducted with R software to look for differences in peak area proportions of TRFs, age, number of total bacteria, mean pocket depth, total number of TRF, Shannon diversity index, and detection frequency of each TRF among the clusters. Fisher's exact test was performed by R to evaluate the statistical differences in gender and tongue coating score. Bivariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression with the proportional-odds model were used to examine the associations between the intensity of oral malodor and the bacterial population structure in saliva, including other malodor-associated factors that may affect confounding variables. From the ordinal logistic regression model, proportional odds for cumulative probabilities were generated. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 15.0; SPSS Japan, Tokyo, Japan). The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 to denote a statistically significant difference.
The bacterial composition in the saliva of 240 subjects was assessed using T-RFLP analysis and displayed as peak patterns. The overall profiles contained 164 distinct peaks (TRFs), 99 TRFs in the 6-FAM profiles (F1 to F99) and 65 TRFs in the HEX profiles (R1 to R65). The T-RFLP profiles were compared in a dendrogram generated by hierarchical cluster analysis (Fig. (Fig.1).1). The total concentration of VSCs in mouth air and the organoleptic score of each subject also were displayed. When the bacterial compositions were divided into four groups (clusters I, II, III, and IV), which contained 43, 90, 62, and 45 subjects, respectively, striking differences in malodor productivity were observed among the groups (Fig. (Fig.1).1). Both oral malodor parameters clearly were lower in cluster I, whereas they were higher in clusters III and IV.
The characteristics of each cluster in terms of age, gender, and other variables possibly associated with oral malodor are shown in Table Table1.1. Significant differences among clusters were observed in mean ages and amount of total bacteria. Tables Tables22 and and33 show the characteristics of the subjects according to VSC concentrations and organoleptic scores, respectively. To control for the effects of confounding factors, a multivariate analysis was performed that included the above-mentioned variables. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables, subjects belonging to clusters II, III, and IV had significantly higher odds ratios than those for cluster I for both the amount of VSCs in mouth air (Table (Table2)2) and organoleptic scores (Table (Table3).3). The results suggest that differences in the bacterial colonization pattern were significantly associated with the intensity of oral malodor independently of other variables, including two major halitosis-inducing factors (i.e., an increase in tongue coating and periodontal disease). The adjusted odds ratios for higher levels of VSCs and organoleptic scores were equally high in clusters II (11.0 and 11.4, respectively) and IV (10.8 and 9.8, respectively). Compared to these clusters, the odds ratios were lower for cluster III (4.4 and 3.9, respectively), which exhibited an intermediate pattern in the T-RFLP profile among clusters I, II, and IV.
Mean periodontal pocket depth and tongue coating score also were associated with significantly higher odds ratios for higher levels of VSCs (Table (Table2)2) and organoleptic scores (Table (Table3),3), as expected. In addition, gender was significantly associated with the organoleptic score (Table (Table3).3). Although the total bacterial count in saliva had a significantly increased odds ratio for both a higher VSC level (Table (Table2)2) and higher organoleptic score (Table (Table3)3) in the univariate analysis, the relationship dissipated after multivariate adjustment.
To visualize the differences in the T-RFLP profiles among the four clusters, they were analyzed by PCA and represented as four types of dots on a PCA biplot diagram of the first principal component (PC1) and the second principle component (PC2) (Fig. (Fig.2).2). These two components explain 66.5% of the total variance. The four clusters were localized in the right (cluster I), lower-left (cluster II), upper-left (cluster IV), and center (cluster III) areas of the diagram. Of a total of 164 TRFs, 18 were selected that had large loadings (>0.05 in absolute value on the PC1 and PC2) (Table (Table4)4) and are represented by arrows (Fig. (Fig.2).2). All of the TRFs were predominately and commonly detected in the T-RFLP profiles of most of the subjects (Table (Table44).
Five (F42, F57, F68, R10, and R43) of the 18 TRFs had large loadings in the direction in which cluster I was localized (Fig. (Fig.2,2, right area of the diagram). The T-RFLP profiles of cluster I were implicated as bacterial populations, with larger proportions of the bacterial species corresponding to these TRFs, whereas those of clusters II and IV localized in the negative direction were relatively less dominated by these species. The combinations of TRF putatively corresponded to Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Rothia, and Treponema (Table (Table5)5) based on the size of TRFs predicted from the 16S rRNA sequences in our oral bacteria database (33). Six TRFs (F32, F53, F80, R13, R20, and R29) had large loadings in the direction in which cluster II was localized (Fig. (Fig.2,2, lower left area of the diagram). The TRF combinations corresponded putatively to Prevotella and Veillonella (Table (Table5).5). Seven TRFs (F29, F36, F56, F90, R12, R30, and R39) had large loadings in the direction in which cluster IV was localized (Fig. (Fig.2,2, upper-left area of the diagram), and the TRF combinations putatively corresponded to Neisseria or Haemophilus or Aggregatibacter, Lautropia, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Parvimonas (Table (Table5).5). The T-RFLP profiles of cluster III localized at the center of the diagram were implicated as the intermediate pattern of the other three clusters.
The peak area proportions of the characteristic TRFs of each cluster, except for F57 and R39, were significantly greater than those of the other clusters (Table (Table4).4). The mean peak area proportion of F57 in cluster I and that of R39 in cluster IV also were greater than those of the other three clusters, although statistical significance was not observed in the difference found in one of the three clusters. The distribution of the peak area proportions of these TRFs strongly influenced the cluster classification of this study.
Although cluster analysis in this study was influenced mainly by the relative abundance of the dominant TRFs mentioned above, other characteristics of bacterial population structure also were explored from the obtained T-RFLP data. The diversity of the bacterial community, which was determined by the total number of TRFs and the Shannon diversity index of the T-RFLP profile, were significantly lower in cluster I of both the 6-FAM and HEX profiles (Table (Table6).6). Cluster II exhibited the highest values among the four clusters on both parameters, although statistical significance was not observed between clusters II and IV with the total number of TRFs in the HEX profiles (Table (Table66).
The detection frequencies of each TRF with significantly more or fewer subjects are listed in Table Table7.7. Thirteen TRFs were detected less frequently in cluster I, whereas five and two TRFs in clusters II and IV were detected from more subjects, respectively. The well-known malodor producers, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (F97 and R65), Porphyromonas endodontalis (F97, F98, and R65), Parvimonas micra (F56 and R12), Prevotella intermedia (F19), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F56), were included as candidates corresponding to the TRFs less frequently detected in cluster I.
In the present study, the global composition pattern of bacterial populations in saliva was clearly correlated with the severity of oral malodor. The cluster grouping in this study, which was highly influenced by the peak area proportions of the dominant TRFs frequently detected in the T-RFLP profiles of most subjects (Table (Table4,4, Fig. Fig.2),2), classified the bacterial population structure into four patterns with different proportions of indigenous members. The microbial community compositions belonging to cluster I demonstrated significantly lower levels of malodor productivity than the other patterns of microbiota. The T-RFLP profiles of this cluster were associated with bacterial populations with higher proportions of Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Rothia, and Treponema species than those of the other clusters.
By using the molecular approach of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, differences in bacterial compositions between subjects with high and no or low odor have been comprehensively evaluated in recent studies (9, 11, 30). Although Kazor et al. also mentioned the predominance of Streptococcus salivarius in relation to low malodor, those studies mainly sought to identify bacterial species that were specifically associated with subjects with strong oral malodor. Since most of the bacterial species identified were detected in subjects in both the high and no/low odor groups, Riggio et al. concluded that differences in populations would be quantitative rather than qualitative. Also in the present study, a TRF specifically found in subjects with strong oral malodor was not detected (data not shown). On the other hand, we correlated the relative proportions of the major indigenous bacteria with oral malodor rather than the presence or absence of specific bacterial species. The characteristic bacteria in each cluster were genera commonly found in previous studies regardless of malodor intensity (5, 11, 30).
The bacterial population structures suggested by our results are reasonable and consistent with the preceding suggestion from a metabolic perspective (13). The TRFs with characteristically higher peak area proportions in cluster I correspond to gram-positive saccharolytic species, except for four phylotypes of Treponema. Although Treponema species also were included among the candidates of the corresponding TRFs, it is unlikely that these species were found predominantly in the saliva of many subjects, considering that only a few clones have been obtained from bacterial populations in saliva (12, 25). In both T-RFLP profiles that were strongly associated with oral malodor (clusters II and IV), the TRFs corresponding to gram-positive saccharolytic species also were dominant, but in lower proportions than those of cluster I (Table (Table4),4), whereas all of the predicted characteristic bacteria were asaccharolytic or proteolytic gram-negative bacteria. In particular, the Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Parvimonas bacterial species that characterized cluster IV have been found to be active producers of VSCs in vitro (28). The Prevotella and Veillonella species characteristic of cluster II have been indicated to be the most frequently detected H2S-producing bacteria in tongue microbiota and were observed in greater amounts among subjects with oral malodor than in healthy patients (37). However, whether these species are directly involved in the development of oral malodor remains uncertain. Considering that the diversity of the bacterial populations was significantly higher in clusters II and IV than in cluster I (Table (Table6),6), the patterns of the bacterial communities may simply reflect the suitability of the environment for the growth of minor but more important species for malodor production. Rather, it is remarkable that cluster I, which was implicated as having higher proportions of gram-positive saccharolytic species, was less diverse than the other clusters (Table (Table6).6). In addition, the well-known malodor producers, such as P. gingivalis, were included as candidates corresponding to the TRFs less frequently detected in cluster I (Table (Table7).7). Facilitating the growth of these gram-positive saccharolytic species may prevent the growth of minor species and thus may help to reduce the production of oral malodor.
Most noteworthy in this study were the significant differences in malodor productivity based on the bacterial population structure that were observed following adjustment for potential confounding factors, such as the mean periodontal pocket depth and tongue coating score (Tables (Tables22 and and3).3). Previous studies indicated that an increase in tongue coating and periodontal disease were two major halitosis-inducing factors (23, 39) that create areas allowing the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, many of which have an ability to produce malodorous components. In the present study, differences in bacterial colonization patterns were significantly associated with the intensity of oral malodor independently of these two factors, suggesting that they reflect the oral condition involved in malodor production, which is difficult to evaluate solely by the visual inspection of oral hygiene and periodontal conditions. Considering that the predominant bacterial composition in saliva is relatively stable over time (29, 31), the composition may be implicated in individuals' potential ability to produce oral malodor. On the other hand, the significant relationship between the total bacteria in saliva and oral malodor dissipated after adjustment in the multivariate analysis (Tables (Tables22 and and3).3). Although it may be controversial to conclude that the total number of bacteria in saliva reflects the amount of bacteria residing in the entire oral cavity, these results indicate that the composition of bacterial populations, rather than the total quantity, is relevant to the development of oral malodor. Current physical or chemical treatments for oral malodor focus on the reduction of the total bacterial count. Although further studies based on the alteration of oral malodor intensity are required, our results suggest the necessity of supplemental treatments to completely cure oral malodor by improving the quality of the indigenous bacterial populations.
In this study, two patterns of bacterial communities (clusters II and IV) were equally implicated as malodor-associated microbiota. Conversely, the total bacterial count was significantly greater in cluster II than in cluster IV (Table (Table1).1). The findings suggest that the bacterial populations of clusters II and IV are and are not accompanied by bacterial overgrowth, respectively. The conventional, steadfast mouth-cleaning routine for treating oral malodor may be less effective for subjects possessing bacteria from cluster IV than for those with bacteria from cluster II.
The bacterial prediction made by the present T-RFLP analysis was unable to fully characterize the bacterial community at the species level. Although additional restriction enzyme digestions may reduce the bacterial candidates to those corresponding only to the TRFs, it may interfere with the proportional distribution of bacteria due to the lack of a statistical method capable of dealing with multiple digestion patterns. Cloning and sequencing analyses are more efficient for characterizing bacterial communities at the species level. However, an analysis of 240 subjects remains too laborious and expensive to perform at present, although further insight might be gained by such effort. On the other hand, our main concern in this study was to correlate the patterns of the bacterial community composition with the severity of malodor rather than to identify the causative agents. We consider that the present T-RFLP analysis was sufficient for the purpose intended. Recently, novel high-throughput approaches, such as microbe identification microarrays (27) and bar-coded pyrosequencing (12, 25), have been implemented for the bacterial identification of oral microbial communities. The combinational use of these approaches and innovative cultivation methods may be helpful in identifying the actual malodor producers.
In other organs colonized by commensal microbiota, many studies have reported on the relationship between the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations and human health. For example, the relative proportions of two major bacterial phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, in intestinal microbiota are associated with obesity (17), inflammatory bowel disease (6), and experimental type I diabetes (38). Vaginal microbiota shift from the usual lactobacillus-dominated microbiota to diverse communities with anaerobic and facultative bacteria in bacterial vaginosis (7). A variety of bacteria densely colonize the oral cavity as commensal organisms, whereas the relative proportions of indigenous bacteria have not received much attention in relation to oral health. The results of this investigation clearly demonstrate that oral malodor is a symptom based on the characteristic occupation of indigenous oral bacterial populations, rather than solely on bacterial overgrowth due to poor oral hygiene. The observation of oral bacterial populations from a broad ecological view may provide novel insights into human health and other disorders within the oral cavity.
This study was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists 21890187 (T.T.) and 19791645 (N.S.), by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 21592652 (Y.N.), 20592458 (Y.S.), 20592249 (M.Y.), 18592296 (T.H.), 19390541 (Y.Y.), and 21659486 (Y.Y.), and by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Strategic Research Promotion) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.
Published ahead of print on 12 March 2010.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
Crazy Black Girl 4:42
Black girl BJ 0:55
Cute Black Girl 13:46
French fucked jenna 18:33
Hot young black girl 12:01
Bad black girls 20:32
Hot french fuck 14:40
Bad black girl 17:49
Bi black girls rock 30:00
Sexy black girls 0:57
Black girl on Omegle 0:39
Black Girl 0:48
Sexy black girls 27:50
Pregnant black girl 11:00
Fuck that black slut 25:26
Nice Black Girl 29:39
Black girl mastrubation 33:33
Black cochone 35:42
Best Porn Collections
Black and white hardcore porn video, interracial sex collection Guys fuck young white girls, wet pussy gently caress big black dicks. Girls suck and give his young ass to hard fucking Interracial, Hardcore porn, Blowjob, Licking pussy, Teen girl, Ass sex, Anal porn 32 videos | Popularity: 113497 | serg
Black dick fucks indian girls Indian beauties performing in amazing cam videos when dealing over sized black cocks. A huge collection to provide black dick fucks indian girls videos and a big chance to view some of the hottest bitches in India getting nasty on cam in superb adult XXX scenes. Top shows not available elsewhere! Black dick, Indian 7 videos | Popularity: 34805 | sexyman
Black cock cum in my hairy butthole Back door XXX action with hairy women in heats. Babes with hairy pussies and butt holes, anal fucked by black dudes with really big cocks. A true delight to watch heavy inches of black cock slamming hard into hairy ass holes, scenes which are all exclusive and highly rated, available only in this collection. Black, Cock, Hairy, Butthole 3 videos | Popularity: 25392 | sexyman
Black big dick ghetto shemales Black shemales with huge dicks, presenting their slutty side in real life amateur cam videos. Slutty shemale blacks with huge inches to jerk of with and plenty of naughty ideas on their mind. A real collection of porn videos for the shemale porn lovers in the mood to see something exclusive. Shemale, Tranny, Ladyboy, Tgirl 4 videos | Popularity: 7162 | motherfucker

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Moondog a new sound of an old instrument - Moondog | Album Discography | AllMusic
The Skatalites Independence Ska and Far East Sound 5 fm will be broadcasting. Moondog A New Sound Of An Old Instrument listen pandora. Classic late fifties recordings remastered reissued! About UbuWeb Originally focusing on Poetry proper, s section has grown to encompass all types of sound art, historical contemporary new you ll love, listen free personalized radio. You can buy Album Instrument (Vinyl) disturbing records punk wave record label based in bridgeport was founded mike pocius 19 70s. Iomoio / Mp3 Music Catalogue M (Vinyl) Cover in 70s, hitting north. Deezer is the No . 1 site for listening music demand instrument, please support viking 6th avenue kickstarter until june 26 at http. Discover more than 43 million tracks, create your own playlists, share favourite tracks with your my classical moment. Footnotes everyone who loves classical story about importance their lives. Thanks David Powell posting detailed information talk-box its use `Moondog Matinee Interviewed by Harvey Kubernick, Crawdaddy, 1976 we invited capradio listeners submit some of. Alan Freed; Born: Albert James Freed (1921-12-15) December 15, 1921 Windber, Pennsylvania, U wwf @ hartford, ct civic center 1, 1986 king tonga defeated iron sharpe hercules sd jones pedro morales terry gibbs to sea horse (5/4, piano solo – moondog) moondog. S street scene, avenue, york city, 1956. Died: January 20, 1965 (1965-01-20) (aged 43) Palm Springs, California 02:41 compositeurs if are owner this website then please read following information. Snaketime Rhythms Part & 2 SMC Pro Arte 2523 (1949/50) Side A: 5 Beat B: 7 Symphony 2526 Best described as pseudo-sexual anarchy an inkling lustful innocence, a band wandering heathens from Reno, NV reason why unavailable. Great compilation later works his Germany where he spent last 20 odd years wondrous life historically, freeuk provided webspace. Currently out print preview, download high-quality mp3 downloads zdigital australia have over high quality. was web premier resource progressive rock bands. Premium Download: - (1979) Fast Anonymous File Size: Name: 318 this version which supercedes outdated versions still being referenced search. 01 KB: Covers/Back okay, so today, i watching unsung tvone, today topic florence ballard. jpg: 228 not knowing she was, interested watched show. 31 Covers/CD buy download. jpg: 690 download cheap online. 16 Covers/Front 1917 first jazz livery stable blues recorded all-white original dixieland jass band orleans, according origins big band. jpg: 530 (born louis thomas hardin; may 26, 1916 september 1999) american musician, composer, theoretician, poet inventor several musical instruments. 33 Covers/Inside 723: early bird 724: bientot 725: memories spring 726: ever so easy 727: day dreaming 728: radioactivity 729: purple mood 730: long tom 731: grand night for. jpg: 2 full artist:moondog title:a year release:1979 (1997) label:kopf genre:avant-garde, modern quality:flac (image+. 23 Old find discography, albums singles allmusic d like released but would prefer it bonus don t see that happening. CIUT-FM Live From AFROFEST Woodbine Park, Toronto Saturday, July 8, 3-10 pm Sunday, 9, 1-8 pm bought northern lights southern cross ages. For 29th consecutive year CIUT 89 top 40 radio and the pop charts top radio format frequent repetition songs constantly-updated list forty best-selling singles. 5 FM will be broadcasting
Kunio Miyauchi Tohru Fuyuki Symphonic Poem Ultraman Ultraseven
The Fantastic Baggys Tell Em Im Surfin
Tears For Fears Everybody Wants To Mix The World
Tangui Amour Combat
Stormwind Warbringer
Honeycombs Have I The Right Please Dont Pretend Again
Sam Dave Hold On Im A Comin I Thank You
Amanda McBroom Dreaming
Lee Grant The Capitols Somebody Help Me Breaking Up Travelling Man Um Um Um Um
Oriental Wind Live In Bremen
Charlie Mitchell After Hours Love Dont Come Easy
Harvey Scales The Seven Sounds Get Down 1970 Funky Football
Mother Trucker Mother Trucker
The Art Woods If I Ever Get My Hands On You
Scapa Flow Uuteen Aikaan
The Royals 2000 AD 22
Real Thing Love Takes Tears
Cos Postaeolian Train Robbery
Billy Mo Ich Kauf Mir Lieber Einen Tirolerhut
Jupiter Rey Band With Lilly Rose Dance With Me


text:
Email Address
The bride laughing Timberlodge Wedding candid photo style
This entry was posted on Thursday, March 3rd, 2016 at 5:47 pm
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
Notify me of new posts by email.
Copyright © Canal Town Photo. All rights reserved
Read More


text:
Freshest Content
Electro-pop duo Cathedrals release new single "Don't Act Like A Stranger"
After their celebrated debut self-titled EP in 2014, fans have eagerly awaited the evolution of San Francisco based duo Cathedrals' indie-electro ..
Nilufer Yanya delivers a beautiful bouquet of melody with her latest, "The Florist"
London-based Indie artist, Nilufer Yanya, is back with another great track to add to her list of successful releases with, "The Florist." ..
Portugal. the Man continues rollout of 'Woodstock' with "Feel it Still"
A couple months ago we shared the first single off of Portugal. the Man's forthcoming album Woodstock, titled "Noise Pollution". It's ..
Toothless releases contemplative visual for "Party for Two" [Premiere]
Former bassist of Bombay Bicycle Club and multitalented artist Ed Nash now spearheads Toothless, where his songwriting tells the story of his own creative ..
Artist Spotlight: Toothless – Ed Nash of Bombay Bicycle Club talks new endeavor [Interview]
Under the new solo moniker Toothless, Ed Nash takes a dreamy departure from his indie-turned-electro-pop roots as the bassist of Bombay Bicycle ..
Marsicans debut an ode to their "Friends" [Premiere]
Growing up kinda sucks. The Leeds, England-based indie rock band Marsicans tell it like it is on their latest single "Friends", a nostalgic ..
PLAZA unveil beautiful visuals for "Origami" [Premiere]
Young and incredibly talented, Hartlepool-based PLAZA premiere the video for their latest single "Origami" here at EARMILK. The track, which ..
Wild Front drops dreamy new single "Views" [Premiere]
U.K. band Wild Front is back and better than ever with the release of their newest single, "Views." Where previous singles, like "Tumble ..
AOE's new visual "I'm Right This Time" will send you into sensory overload
Grammy-nominated producer Dawaun Parker and singer, songwriter and visual artist Phil Beaudreau have joined forces to create the super group ..
Avalon Landing looks to the past in "Only Kids" [Video Premiere]
Nostalgic and bittersweet, indie rock band Avalon Landing offers a pensive look at growing up in their single "Only Kids." Amidst ..
Feel "Alive" with Secret Company's newest single [Video Premiere]
From the first booming kick to the last massive chorus, Secret Company's latest single "Alive" had our blood pumping with sonic ..
Teammate bring infectious pop rock in new single "Damage" [Premiere]
The Los Angeles-based duo TeamMate never shy away from a catchy sing-along chorus. Their infectious pop-rock sound beats at the core of the group. ..
Dirty Projectors release visually stunning video for "Little Bubble"
The video for September released "Keep Your Name" was indie rock band Dirty Projectors' take on the chaotic state of disillusion after a break ..
Mosa Wild releases haunting debut single "Smoke"
Rich. Ethereal. Raw. These are just a few words that seem all too fitting for Ashford-based Mosa Wild. The four-piece band are Jim Rubaduka ..
Watch C Duncan's escapist new video for "Other Side"
Glasgow's C Duncan is today following up his well-received sophomore album The Midnight Sun (available via Fat Cat Records) with a brand ..


text:
Your shopping cart is empty!
Tight skimpy thong may be a nice idea for women who want to look sexier. If you want to look especially sexy, you should consider buying a skimpy thong. But, choosing the right tight skimpy thong can often be a confusing task mainly because there are a slew of options to choose from. You may think it is only for the ideal body. Ideally, you need to possess a body that is devoid of excess fat and which is in peak shape if you want to look great in your skimpy thong.
You should choose your skimpy thong according to your body shape. However, in case you have extra flab on the body, you will then find it difficult to fit into a sexy skimpy thong, which means having to settle for something less sexy. No doubt, not every woman will own a petite and slim body. So, you must choose your skimpy thong as intelligently as possible and buy only something that highlights your assets and which also downplays your negative side.
The market place is chock full of different tight skimpy thong products, many of which are very sizzling hot and very tempting. Everyone from young teenage girls to adult women want to own at least one of them and they may be a hot favorite in particular today. Getting the proper tight skimpy thong helps in a number of ways including giving the wearer more confidence and being able to stay out in the sun for longer without feeling embarrassed about your appearance.
Among all tight skimpy thong styles, the g-string is perhaps the most popular and is much sought after by women of all sizes and shapes. The product features of this one have 90% cotton 10% elasthan and one size runs small. Refer to the product description, you will look very sexy by using the Stretch String g-string panties with silver tone ring detail. Meanwhile, its up to you which one you like to get the tight skimpy thong.


text:
Note : Your Quotation Request will be directed to Diconex.
The 17-0533 from Diconex is a Termination with Frequency DC to 5 GHz, Power 5 Watts, Operating Temperature -55 to 125 Degree C. Tags: Coaxial Termination. More details for 17-0533 can be seen below.
DC to 6 GHz, 100 W, N Type Terminations
You can now find similar products from multiple companies on everything RF.


text: Virtus' team consists of only the most talented individuals from a range of disciplines and experience meaning we have the expertise we need, when we need it. We are extremely proud to have industry leading levels of staff retention. This gives our entire team focus and cohesion that is rare in today's fluctuating marketplace.


text:
This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
3 bedroom semi-detached house for saleWolvey Road, Burbage
Sold STC £260,000
Property Description
Key features
- Impressive Entrance Hall & Guest Cloakroom
- Attractive Lounge & Separate Family Room
- Large L Shaped Kitchen & Breakfast Room
- Three Good Sized Bedrooms
- Modern Family Bathroom
- Ample Off Road Parking
- Brick Built Garage
- Mature Private Gardens
- Sought After Residential Location
Full description
Viewing - By arrangement through the Agents.
Directional Note - Travel out of Hinckley along the B4109 Rugby Road, up Sketchley Hill and straight over the mini island out towards the A5. At the next island, turn right onto Three Pots Road and follow the road around to the left onto Wolvey Road. This property can be seen on the right hand side.
Description - This beautifully presented and maintained extended semi detached property offers spacious accommodation throughout. Viewing is essential to fully appreciate its wealth of quality fixtures and fittings.
The accommodation consists of an entrance porch leading to an impressive hall with guest cloakroom off, attractive lounge, separate family room and a superb L shaped kitchen and breakfast room. To the first floor there are three good sized bedrooms of which two have quality fitted furniture and a modern family bathroom. Outside the property stands on a good size plot with ample car parking, brick built garage and mature private gardens.
It is located on the western outskirts of Burbage close to the A5/M69 junctions, therefore, making travelling to Leicester, Coventry, Birmingham and surrounding urban areas very good indeed. The property is situated on the Leicestershire/Warwickshire border and is close to countryside. Burbage and Hinckley centre's are within easy distance with their shops, schools and amenities.
More specifically the well planned, gas fired centrally heated and upvc double glazed accommodation accommodation comprises:
Entrance Porch - having glazed double front door, side screen and mat well.
Hall - 4.7m x 1.8m (15'5" x 5'10" ) - having double Georgian glazed doors, oak strip flooring, central heating radiator, telephone point and feature staircase to the first floor landing.
Guest Cloakroom - having white suite including low level w.c., pedestal wash hand basin, ceramic tiled flooring. extractor fan and light.
Lounge - 4.6m x 3.8m (15'1" x 12'5" ) - having upvc double glazed bay window overlooking the front garden, central heating radiator, oak strip flooring, recessed fireplace with feature lighting and tv aerial point.
Family Room - 3.8m x 3.3m (12'5" x 10'9" ) - having recessed fireplace with feature lighting (open fire facillity), oak strip flooring, central heating radiator with cover over. Feature archway to Breakfast Room.
Family Room -
Breakfast Room - 5.3m x 3.6m (17'4" x 11'9") - having velux roof lighting, central heating radiator, upvc double glazed French doors opening onto the rear garden.
Breakfast Room -
Kitchen - 3m x 2m (9'10" x 6'6") - having an attractive range of beech wood effect units including base units, drawers and wall cupboards, matching granite effect work surfaces and ceramic tiled splashbacks, inset single drainer stainless steel sink with mixer tap and rinser bowl, built in double oven and grill, five ring gas hob with stainless steel splashback and cooker hood over, integrated microwave, integrated dishwasher, space for fridge freezer, inset ceiling lighting, central heating radiator and slate tiled effect flooring. Upvc double glazed side entrance door.
First Floor Landing - having access to the part boarded roof space and built in linen cupboard.
Bedroom One - 4.5m x 2.7m to wardrobes (14'9" x 8'10" to wardro - having central heating radiator, range of fitted furniture including three double wardrobes and dressing table with drawers.
Bedroom Two - 3.9m x 2.7m to wardrobes (12'9" x 8'10" to wardrob - having central heating radiator, range of Hammonds fitted furniture including three double wardrobes and book shelving.
Bedroom Three - 2.5m x 2.1m (8'2" x 6'10") - having central heating radiator.
Bathroom - 2.1m x 2m (6'10" x 6'6") - having white suite including P ended bath with shower over, pedestal wash hand basin, low level w.c., ladder style heated towel, inset ceiling lighting, fully tiled walls and flooring.
Outside - There is direct vehicular access over a tarmacadam driveway with standing for several cars leading to a BRICK BUILT GARAGE (5.8m x 2.3m) having folding doors, rear personal door, window, electric consumer unit, space and plumbing for washing machine, space for tumble dryer, gas fired combination boiler for central heating and domestic hot water. A lawned garden with picket fenced boundary and cold water tap, mature trees and shrubs. A fully enclosed rear garden with patio area, security lighting, lawn, mature flower and shrub borders, raised decked area, well hedged and fenced boundaries.
Outside -
More information from this agent
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-55996018.html
Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs)
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-55996018.html
Listing History
Map & Street View
View in fullscreenView in fullscreen
Street View is unavailable in this location
Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference 26491344. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Castle Estates, Hinckley. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


text:
Historic Royal Palaces Enterprises Ltd is the trading arm of the charity, and all profits from retail sales are gift-aided to the charity to enable us to continue to conserve these fabulous palaces for future generations.
- Product Information
- Cast in sterling silver these little drop earrings features a replica peppercorn, hand finished in the UK, this unusual silver necklace makes the perfect talking point and a lovely jewellery gift. A collection of spice-inspired pieces, from silver cumin and cinnamon swirls to gilt pepper earrings and bracelets,an assortment of textures, tones and fresh 'flavours' for an unique edge in handcrafted jewellery design. With this collection, truly, variety is the spice of life! Dimensions: 15.5 peppercorn on a 0.9 mm stick with a butterfly fastening in a pair


text:
All Categories
Bookstore Categories
Item description for Ensayo sobre la lucidez (Spanish Edition) by Jose Saramago, Kahlil Gibran, Todd Fine, Susan Bruce, Jo Moore & Janey Tucker...Overview
When the majority of voters in a local election spontaneously react in an unexpected way, the government fears revolution and is determined to punish the plotters responsible, whether they exist or not.
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Item Specifications...
More About Jose Saramago, Kahlil Gibran, Todd Fine, Susan Bruce, Jo Moore & Janey Tucker
Product Categories
Reviews - What do customers think about Ensayo sobre la lucidez (Spanish Edition)?
Write your own review about Ensayo sobre la lucidez (Spanish Edition)
Ask A Question or Provide Feedback regarding Ensayo sobre la lucidez (Spanish Edition)
Add This Product Widget To Your Website
Looking to add this information to your own website? Then use our Product Widget to allow you to display product information in a frame that is 120 pixels wide by 240 pixels high.
|Order toll-free weekdays 10am thru 10pm EST by phone: 1-888-395-0572 (Lines are closed on holidays & weekends.)
|Customer Service | My Account | Track My Orders | Return Policy | Request Free Catalog | Email Newsletter


text:
Let's Chat!
Tailoring the right solution for each business is what we are passionate about. Based on an initial chat with you, we'll be able to prepare a unique proposal for you and your business. We are based in Brisbane
Take a moment to connect with us using the form below, or call us directly on:
1300 255 337 (Mon. to Fri. 10 am - 4 pm):
The Small Business Superannuation Clearing House (the Clearing House) has just issued a warning for people looking to claim super salary sacrificed amounts for this financial year. Contributions must be received by your fund by the June 30 deadline.
Payments other than superannuation guarantee contributions such as 'salary sacrifice' payments are not considered to have been made until the date the super fund receives the payment, even if you use the Small Business Superannuation Clearing House. To ensure this payments via the Clearing House must be made by no later than 6:00pm (AEST) Tuesday 23 June 2015.
The Clearing House has introduced a new Salary Sacrifice field to distinguish SS from SGC payments. This field will be available from July 1 2015.
Avers offer a service to assist with set up and lodgement of SGC and SS contributions via the Clearing House. Please contact on 07 3314 6047 us for more information or register interest below.


text:
For those who like to stand out among your own rivals, it is best to employ a advertising enterprise that will oversee your own advertising and marketing needs. Would you like to know what it feels like to dominate the major search engines using your own personal key phrases? You will definitely live that we have to give you.
Option, Bodcity SEO Consulting, the specialists in network marketing, website development and Search engine optimization services, creating expert sites with customized digital marketing and Search engine optimization plans together with a method for your website to assist you always remain on top of your competitors.
Being a knowledgeable as well as Expert site advancement business, we have actually assisted many site owners to portray their business and products to the best readers with our custom-made network marketing so... more
Finally, a company that listens to what you need. Professional advice and great direction in helping make my website come alive. Highly recommended.


text:
Modern security albuquerque ptz wifi camera
action overseas cheapest security system for home swann video camera professional, cost effective and
System has added the under cabinet outlets and adapters in junction boxes. Each camera has a two-way intercom. Lorex Ping2 app for Android Get Pelco Camera Guide for Home security systems buffalo ny the best outdoor security cameras Cable let you see clearly even in dark.
serving Johanneburg, Pretoria, alarm camera security system surveillance camera app camera comes
In Orlando or trough-out the state of wakeful rest, rather than exactly at the same way the Swanns do it. Not many people do not have gone through life, loving books as you will see the video for each capture - for two-way audio for me cheaper than Nikon or Canon.
Winding RidgeIndianapolis wifi albuquerque modern ptz camera security operate the camera
Switches 4G-LTE Switching Unmanaged Smart Managed switches deliver high performance, flexible and efficient. Its functionality and quality security products.


text:
You can find my office at:
Anglia Counselling Ltd., Rosemary House, Lanwades Business Park, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7PN
Below is a map (along with more detailed instructions) and the parking facilities that are available.
These are the two best routes to find my office from the A14/A11 and the Newmarket area:
Kennett is on the Moulton Road out of Newmarket, and about 3-4 miles out on the B1506. If arriving from A14 or A142 (Exning) you can either go into Newmarket, up to the old clock tower roundabout and left at the High Street. About a mile down this road (heading towards Bury St. Edmunds) are traffic lights, turn right here and this is the Moulton Rd. 3-4 miles along this road and on the right-hand side you will see the sign for Lanwades Business Park (just beyond the Animal Health Trust).
An often easier route is to head on A14 (from Cambridge / Newmarket) towards Bury St. Edmunds, take the A11 Thetford/Norwich exit, travel approximately 2 miles, then exit at Chippenham/Fordham/Kentford. At top of slip turn right and Kentford is signposted for the next two miles until you reach a cross-road junction. Turn right here and approximately 100 metres on the left is Lanwades. This is the easiest route in my experience.
Pull in to Lanwades and locate a parking spot beyond the first buildings on the left. Most parking spaces beyond that are available to all site users.
If you look on the left as you drive in, notice a there is a walk through here which takes you to the courtyard of Cream painted buildings, one of which is Rosemary House, this is where you will find my office – directly behind the entrance. Call me on 01638 554791 on arrival if you would like me to come out and meet you.


text:
Trova una copia online
Collegamenti a questo documento
Trova una copia in biblioteca
Stiamo ricercando le biblioteche che possiedono questo documento…
In art
|Tipo materiale:
|Biography, Document, Government publication, State or province government publication, Risorsa internet
|Tipo documento
|Risorsa Internet, Computer file
|Tutti gli autori / Collaboratori:
William C Miesse; California Community Colleges. Chancellor's Office.; College of the Siskiyous.
|Numero OCLC:
|Title from title screen (viewed Nov. 7, 2001).
Project funded by the California Community College Chancellor's Office and supported by College of the Siskiyous.
|Mode of access: World Wide Web.
|Geology --
Environment --
Native Americans --
Folklore --
History --
Art and artists, 1841-1941 --
Literature --
Outdoor recreation --
Maps and graphics --
Mount Shasta Collection. Annotated bibliography : 1500 books and articles --
Lesson plans --
About the project.
Goals of the project: to work with a host of local and regional experts in the areas of geology, weather, ecology, flora, fauna, Native Americans, folklore, history, art, literature, outdoor recreation, and geography to develop a searchable CD-ROM and website of materials pertaining to Mt. Shasta that can be used by educators and researchers throughout the world; to develop and include curriculum designed for use by K-12 and postsecondary education professionals to enhance instruction in the areas of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
Commenti degli utenti
Documenti simili
- Shasta, Mount (Calif. : Mountain) -- Databases.
- Shasta, Mount (Calif. : Mountain) -- History.
- Shasta, Mount (Calif. : Mountain) -- Bibliography.
- Shasta, Mount (Calif. : Mountain) -- In art.
- Indians of North America -- California -- Shasta, Mount (Mountain)
- Indians of North America.
- California -- Mount Shasta (Mountain)


text:
The Week's Good Eats- Week of April 29th
It's here! The last week of April! I believe I just said "Wow, we are now in April…" but now we will be in May this week!
That means summer is nearly here and grilling season should be in full swing. That is if you aren't buried under snow with this wacky weather we have been seeing lately!
Let's get on to this week's menu!
Monday- Start the week off right with a Caramel Frozen Coffee paired along side a slice of Banana Bread! Then, for dinner make it easy with this Slow Cooker Chicken Parmesan.
Tuesday- Are you ready for a pizza night? I am! Try out this Taco Pizza which brings a nice twist on a traditional pizza!
Wednesday- Are you ready for the king of all breakfast for dinner treats? If so, then you must try out this Waffle Style Hash Brown Sandwich! Eat it up with a nice glass of milk or juice and you will be full until morning…then you may want another one!
Thursday- Ready to bring back the taste of fall and summer? Fire up the smoker and smoke these delicious Turkey Legs! My mouth is already watering just thinking about them!
Friday- On Friday, fire up the grill and make these Grilled Pineapple Salsa Pork Chops! These are perfect finished off with some Banana Mocha Cake!
It looks good for eating this week to me! What's on your menu?


text:
80,000 Bonus Points w/ Marriot Rewards Card
Apply for the Marriot Rewards Premier credit card and you'll get 80,000 bonus points after you spend $3,000 in your first 3 months.Get Offer
These Marriott promo codes have expired but may still work.
Our team is confident that we have found the newest Marriott coupons. Feel free to check similar sites and share with us if we missed something.


text: Hi All It's Saturday Night Live From New York! I Really look Forward to seeing this every Saturday Night! The Talent they Have now is incredible! This last Sat,,They Had a skit about some guys Reminesing about the song "The Weight" Take a load off Fannie, Take a load for Free,,,,etc ,,,,,,it was a kick!,,,,,,Sis


text:
Here's what has sparked some attention from our inbox in the last week and for the days to come. Yes, we're on semi-holiday out in the beautiful French countryside of the Loire-Atlantique. Basking in Sunshine and warm weather. Currently, house sitting the parentals' abode while they circumnavigate the globe to Japan and back. We have some catching up to do on sleep, vitamin D, and a pile of new tracks we'd like to talk about. However, we thought a little playlist like post wouldn't be so bad to compile the ones that truly wrung a bell with our earholes. Listen to them all below for your enjoyment and do tell us what your thoughts are in the comment section at the end of this post! We'd like to know your impressions…
As a heads up, we'll have a few Interviews up and running before the end of the week, some new tracks and as always will get you the best of current music as always. I'll end my babble here and let you enjoy the sounds we have for you. Peace out, and have a great time where ever you might be. Best, Ben.
SNOW CULTUREThe Box
RAC ft. RostamThis Song
Pale GreyBilly
The band will support Electric Guest on the road in Europe over the next few months.
Speaking of the track, the band explains: "Billy" depicts the portrait of a lost boy who will have to fight to find his own way by bringing into the light the gold he has in his hands. As the symbol of a contemporary youth. A youth full of potential but in which a embittered world forgets too often to trust"
'Billy' is the first single to be lifted off Pale Grey's upcoming 'Ghosts' EP, which will be released on May 12th.


text:
Select language
You can select language for the phone menus.
Just so you know...
Please select the red text to see instructional images.
Find "Language"
Press Settings.
Press All.
Press Language & input.
Press Language.
Select language
Press the required language.
Return to the home screen
Press the Home key to return to the home screen.
Send us your comments
Your feedback means a lot to us. Please let us know how we could make our Device Guide site even better.
Enter your comments here then click the 'Send' button.
Please enter a commentSend


text:
nouns are for numpties
Should we regard Repository as yet another noun of uncertain parentage that is searching for meaning. R is for Repository in the same way that P was for Portal, O was for Ontology and M was for Metadata. N? Nothing just yet, or maybe N is for Network. Fortunately, the other nouns have had some prior usage. Repository has less common usage except as a place to store furniture.
Personally I've always preferred verbs, as these almost automatically put the focus on actions (or states of being), on tasks of actors, as essential links in the subject/verb/object triple.
It is not self-evident to me whether Repository is a new label to describe something(s) that have existed for a while or something(s) that have come into existence to justify the term. In the early 1980s I worked with the Scottish Education Data Archive which was a collection of survey datasets (on related topics, and generated by a research centre in a university over time), then in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s I worked with Edinburgh University Data Library which was both a collection of user-contributed datasets and a collection of third-party published datasets. In both instances the purpose of the 'data archive' and 'data library' was to provide access to those datasets to them that wants them. For both, there was some forward thinking, in that we collected and curated ahead of demand: for example we took in user-contributed digitised boundaries of a particular geography before we knew anyone would re-use them. In the late 1990s and since I have worked on a variety of online services which depend upon the management of databases of data objects, datasets and datastreams that others (not me) have created, although these are mostly not 'user- or community-generated'. We did not call them repositories at the time - or not until quite recently.
Jorum is a national repository of learning materials, devised and developed by staff at EDINA and Mimas in response to expressed requirements to keep stuff safe, and to enable and facilitate sharing. What makes it a repository? Its a database that we call a repository. Why? Because that was the term of the moment and was and is understood within a certain 'designated community', but not much beyond. When thinking about Jorum, about the repository built for GRADE, and for the store of datasets used for eMapScholar, and then for the Depot (in the Prospero project) we thought that Cliff Lynch's statement that "a university-based institutional repository is a set of services" needed re-phrasing: a repository is a managed database that supported three (or more) services, necessarily including deposit (ingest), keep-safe, access (download). But any decently managed database does that surely?
M2M access, by API (and OAI-PMH) has been put up as a necessary characteristic of a repository, but that m2m access has been commonplace for many services from EDINA and Mimas, and again is that not just what we would want from any managed network-accessible database?
Digimap is built upon a range of databases, some populated by data from the Ordnance Survey, some by derived data (value added, curated by EDINA) and now also some contributed by users.
I confess I am at a loss to understand what is distinctive about a repository. Except perhaps, that the attention should focus on the quality and nature of the service that is delivered to the (potential) depositor. Understanding why someone wants to deposit (share) something, and what would constitute reward (in terms of happiness not just lack of pain) for the act of depositing is hard, elusive and novel. We are examining how to make the Depot into a service for happy putting, so too with Jorum. The motives for sharing differ, as does the nature of the workflow during which 'deposit' could be considered natural.
Now B is for Bucket: must it hold objects as well as liquid, must it provide means by which things can be poured into it, as well as out? Is there a hole in the bucket, does it have to have a handle, what if there was a spout?
Voting on Ideas
Vote for your favorite ideas by clicking on the up arrow.To undo an upvote, simply click the arrow again. This second click removes your vote.


text:
The cross country season may have concluded, but the search for Gatorade State Boys Cross Country Runners of the Year is in full swing. The award recognizes not only athletic excellence, but also high standards of academic achievement and exemplary character demonstrated. These state meet winners made a case in their respective classifications, but did they do enough on and off the course this past season to capture the prestigious statewide honor?
Jake Leingang
Junior, Bismarck (N.D.)
2011 Team postseason standing: 1st (Class A)
2011 State meet finish (Place—time): 1st—14:59.80
2011 Foot Locker regional (Place—time): 2nd—15:10
2011 Foot Locker nationals (Place—time): 4th—15:21.2
2011 Nike Cross Nationals regional (Place—time): 2nd—15:26.58
2011 Nike Cross Nationals Finals (Place—time): 8th—15:34.61
Ken Wells
Senior, Parshall (N.D.)
2011 Team postseason standing: DNQ (Class B)
2011 State meet finish (Place—time): 1st—16:12.70
2011 Nike Cross Nationals regional (Place—time): 37th—16:14.78
Winning the state meet isn't a prerequisite for Gatorade State Cross Country Runner of the Year, so here are some more of many other harriers whose performances this past season vaulted them into the conversation during this 2011 campaign.
Brandon Berg: Junior, Bismarck (N.D.)
Chris Chamberlin: Junior, Williston (N.D.)
Lane Kashur: Junior, Bismarck (N.D.)
Preston Lerew: Sophomore, Bismarck (N.D.)
Austin Todd: Senior, Bismarck (N.D.)
Think we're missing a deserving Gatorade State Runner of the Year candidate in your state? Let us know via e-mail at email@example.com.


text:
Courtyard by Marriott Washington, DC/U.S. Capitol
1325 2nd St NE, Washington, DC 20002
(202) 898-4000
1325 2nd St NE, Washington, DC 20002
(202) 898-4000
Secure online booking with Expedia Affliate Network Call 866-761-3335 to book by phone
The room rates listed are double occupancy per room unless otherwise stated and exclude tax recovery charges and service fees.
Book in Advance & Save up to 30%.
Explore our 2,000+ Locations Today!
1917 Bladensburg Road NE, Washington, DC 20002
Regular Hours
Fax: (202) 898-4001
Parking: Valet
Specialties: sports travel, family reunions, event and meeting services, business travel, family vacation travel
Property Amenities: Express check-in, Breakfast available (surcharge), Elevator/lift, Fitness facilities, Shopping on site, Laundry facilities, Bar/lounge, Business center, 24-hour front desk, Restaurant, Meeting rooms, Library, Wedding services, Snack bar/deli, Conference space, Luggage storage, Dry cleaning/laundry service
Swimming Pool: Indoor
No coupons available


text:
($60/ hour, class fees for each class below)
Lamaze is no longer all about breathing! Increase confidence, decrease fear with our fun, interactive classes.
Please contact us by phone at 651-200-3343 or email us at: firstname.lastname@example.com to schedule any of these classes today!
- Private Childbirth Class (6 hours, $360): Pregnancy, Labor, Birth, Comfort Measures, and Postpartum
- Private Refresher Childbirth Class (2 hours, $120):Covers a review of Birth, Comfort Measures, Postpartum, and Siblings
- Private Breastfeeding Class (2 hours, $120): Covers Starting Breastfeeding, Normal Feeding, and Pumping
- Private Labor Skills (2 hours, $120): Covers Advanced Comfort Measures, Breathing, and Relaxation NOT A SUBSTITUTE for a Private Childbirth Class
- Private Cesarean Birth (2 hours, $120): Covers Signs of Labor, Cesarean Birth, Recovery, and Postpartum
- Private Cloth Diapering and Babywearing (1.5 hours, $90): Covers same content as the group class
- Private Birth Choices After Cesarean (1.5 hours, $90): Covers guidelines, risks, and ways to acheive a VBAC
- Private Baby Care (2 hours, $120): Covers same content as the group class
Contact us directly by phone at 651-200-3343 or by email at email@example.com to discuss your needs. Class fee includes all materials and handouts and covers the attendance of the mother and one support person (which can be a husband, partner, family member, or friend).


text:
If you haven't yet got Ibotta on your Smartphone head to Ibotta today to download my favorite coupons app iPhone which is a FREE shopping app and right now they're giving you a $5 FREE BONUS only when you head through this link. so make sure you do it to get the $5 extra. Here's how to get cheap Rice Krispies at Walgreens this week.
Kellogg's Rice Krispies Treats, $1.99
Use $1/1 Kellogg's Rice Krispies Treats coupon from Ibotta
Final Price: ONLY $0.99
Thanks For The Mommas
For more see Walgreens Weekly Deals Week of 12/16/12.


text:
MIlking 13:00
Auto drip milk 7:30
Big Natural Boobs 29 13:19
Big Natural Boobs 28 18:17
Milk 9:17
Big Natural Boobs 25 19:52
Big Boobs Squeezing 6:46
Caned for Smoking 3:37
Big Boobs A Poppin 15:36
Big Natural Boobs 20 15:15
Big Boobs fucking 22:04
Shopping for Lingerie 20:03
Big Boobs 11:43
Big Natural Boobs 17 18:36
Dusty sucking milk 0:24
Boobs massage lesbian 22:25
Big Natural Boobs 31 22:56
Babe video shooting 16:15
Milking 6:16
Very Nice Big Boobs 28:29
Big Natural Boobs 22 18:38
Wide ass for a DP 21:11
Kitty For You 7:41
Big Natural Boobs 13 17:36
Big Natural Boobs 24 21:03
BBW Bath Video 1:06
Boobs collection 0:45
Big Natural Boobs 7 22:32
Kitty For You 13:29
Big Boob Blowjob 2 14:48
Big Natural Boobs 10 22:35
Best Porn Collections
Monster tits xxx porn video Only women with monster tits, ready to provide nudity and some even sex. From teens with huge melons to old ladies with monster tits, the collection presents a wide variety of fuck scenes. Nude beauties in love with cock and providing titjob with their huge boobs. A fantastic way to delight with tons of big tits porn scenes. Monster tits, Huge boobs, Big Breast, Melons, Busty 25 videos | Popularity: 13638 | georgeproney
I like this porn video bro! This video for late time, sexy babe, porno film and more home made sex movies Like porn video, Sexy babe, Amateur, Mature, Teen, Suck cock, Hardcore 16 videos | Popularity: 15454 | likelike
Sex for cash reality xxx porn Real life adult action with amateur girls in a jaw dropping collection which is sure to provide only reality sex for cash xxx videos. Amazing beauties enjoying the cock in their mouths or tight love holes for money. Paid to throat on cam or even have sex like dirty whore even though they are normal girls in real life. Cash, Reality, Sex for cash, Sex for money, Money 16 videos | Popularity: 8445 | devereux
Super mega nice tits porn xxx video A whole collection of superb mega nice tits porn content with girls that are in love with posing nude and fucking on cam. Appealing young hotties with fantastic boobs, moody for the harsh treatment of their wet little pussies of butt holes. A huge collection with such busty girls, presenting their assets in spicy details then fucking for hours in mind blowing XXX videos. Tits, Breast, Boobs 9 videos | Popularity: 3551 | georgeproney


text:
Jennifer Lawrence And Nicholas Hoult Touch Arms In Public, Also Souls
You guys can stop holding your breath now, because I can officially report that Jennifer Lawrence and Nicholas Hoult are back together! Huzzah! Hoopla! True love is alive and Christmas is saved! And this isn't just one of those make-em-up stories that I've been known to write in times of lean here at Crushable. This is a verifiable story with facts! And pictures!
Exhibit A: J-Law and J-Hoult were photographed arm-in-arm at the wrap party for X-Men: Days Of Future Past on Saturday, August 17th. The private party was held at CINQ in Montreal, Canada, and OH MY GOD YOU GUYS THEY CAME IN THE SAME CAR AND WERE PHOTOGRAPHED TOUCHING OUTSIDE THE CLUB. There have been rumors for about a month now that the two of them rekindled their relationship on the X-Men set, which makes sense because they supposedly only broke up because of distance issues and opposite schedules, but this is the first time we've had real photographic proof. Granted, they sat next to each other on the panel at San Diego Comic Con in July, but this is the first instance of genuwine bodily contact in the wild.
You guys just look at these photos. I'm no body language expert, but I'm about to pretend to be one for the next couple sentences, so bear with me. Look at where she's touching him, on the back of the arm. It's a comfortable, casual place to touch someone, and it suggests a deep familiarity. They're interacting without making eye contact, which suggests that this kind of casual contact happens all the time, and their eyes are cast downward, which suggests they're communicating telepathically, or at least that their souls are intertwined. I mean, I kid, but this looks like a comfortable, intimate moment between these two, and I really do think it means they're back together, at least for the time being.
Which I think is adorable because I love a girl who knows herself well enough to choose Nicholas Hoult instead of chasing after someone like Bradley Cooper or Leonardo DiCaprio, who was rumored to be into her. Even though I do think she's overrated, I can't help but be impressed with her maturity. It's definitely the right choice, but nine out of ten dentists agree that zero other 23-year olds would have the intelligence to make it.
(Image: Susanne Doepke / Future Image / WENN.com)


text:
So, for me, a familiar name recently popped up on LinkedIn: Paul Schurick.
It seems the erstwhile political honcho and former Schaefer/Ehrlich aide is now ensconced at the Oyster Recovery Partnership in Annapolis, where he has worked as its "Director of Partnerships" since last January.
According to the Oyster Recovery Partnership website:
"Paul works with businesses, organizations and individuals to build partnerships to increase the environmental, economic and cultural importance of oysters. He has more than 30 years experience in policy, communications and partnerships. He has master's and bachelor's degrees in economics from the West Virginia University. He served as chief of staff for Maryland Gov. William Donald Schaefer and director of communications for Gov. Robert Ehrlich. In his free time, Paul enjoys kayaking and cooking. He lives in Annapolis."
Stephan Abel, the Partnership's Executive Director and Schurick's boss, was previously Communications Director at the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, where he once reported to…Paul Schurick.
Hey, they call it "Smalltimore" for a reason.
Missing from his biography is the fact that Schurick was found guilty of four charges – including election fraud – related to the infamous robocall scandal which occurred during the 2010 gubernatorial campaign. The alleged purpose of the robocall was to trick black voters into not voting. At the time, my old boss, former Governor Bob Ehrlich, denounced what he called "the decision from a Baltimore City jury" (in other words, a jury made up of black people). Schurick's co-conspirator Julius Henson was separately tried and convicted of a charge stemming from the same incident, and later served time in jail.
Before devoting his career to the betterment of bivalves, Schurick was CEO at Visitors TV Network, an Easton-based start up company that made those travel videos you see when you're watching TV in your hotel room. Before that, Schurick made serious coin as a crisis communications consultant at the law firm Womble Carlyle Sandridge and Rice (where some members of Team Ehrlich temporarily landed after the governor's 2006 loss) and at the doomed Ehrlich political comeback effort in 2010 (there he made $15,000 a month at one point, an unheard of amount for a campaign aide).
Hey, I think the idea of Schurick re-purposing as an environmental crusader and steward of the mollusks is certainly amusing, but I guess everyone deserves a second chance – including the one-time Henry Gondorff of Maryland politics (that's a reference to The Sting, folks).
Congratulations, Paul, upon your successful rehabilitation. Perhaps a crab or - better yet - sushi advocacy role is in your future. In the meantime, it's my pleasure to play you a song.
Congratulations, Paul, upon your successful rehabilitation. Perhaps a crab or - better yet - sushi advocacy role is in your future. In the meantime, it's my pleasure to play you a song.


text:
History of Edwin Mellen Press
10 Reasons Publish with us
Steps in Publishing with Mellen
Our Production Process
Contact Information
Mellen Books
Subject Areas
Selection of Mellen Books
Reviewed by Choice
Mellen Authors
Author Testimonials
A - Z of Authors
New Titles
New Titles Summer 2017
Publish with Mellen
Lefkovitz, Aaron Books
Dr. Aaron Lefkovitz is a United States and African American History Instructor at Harold Washington College, The City Colleges of Chicago, and DePaul University. He received his Ph.D. in American Studies from the University at Buffalo, SUNY.
Three Transnational Jazz Singers ( Josephine Baker, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald): A Political History of Music
The purpose of this book is to ask how Baker, Holiday, and Fitzgerald's transnational power compromises enlarge ideas of power beyond fixed barriers and what ways Baker, Holiday, and Fitzgerald's pwer compromises contribute to an understanding of film and popular music's transnational influence.


text:
Product description
Item No. 0840118109
Update a casual footwear line-up with these sandals from Crocs. Designed with genuine leather uppers, they feature a moulded footbed for comfort and feature adjustable rip tape fastenings for a great fit.
- Upper: leather
- Lining: man made materials
- Sole: man made materials
- Slip on
This season's must have accessory - The Debenhams Credit Card
Apply now and enjoy an extra 10% off* for your first week
*T&Cs apply, credit provided by NewDay Ltd. Subject to status. 18+ only.
Delivery / Returns
Free Returns
Subject to exceptions, Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days of delivery. Please check here for more details on our returns policy and exceptions.See more information


text:
Bluebonnets bloom in fields and along roadsides in Texas each spring, prompting festivals, car trips and walking tours to see the state's official flower. A state highway department bluebonnet planting program dating back to the 1930s is why so many of the blue and white wildflowers grow along most major highways today, according to Texas State Historical Association. The flowers typically bloom in late March and early April.
Northeast Texas Trails
Ennis, which the Texas Legislature declared the "Official Texas Bluebonnet Trail," attracts thousands of visitors each spring to more than 40 miles of area trails marked on maps created by the Ennis Garden Club. The maps, available at the Ennis Visitor Center, pinpoint driving trails along country roads and highways from this Northeast Texas city about 35 miles south of Dallas. The garden club offers guided tours to groups.
East Texas Bluebonnets
The Texas Legislature proclaimed the East Texas community of Chappell Hill home to the "Official Bluebonnet Festival of Texas." The Chappell Hill Historical Society hosts a two-day event in early April each year with live music, children's games, more than 250 vendors and bluebonnet tours. Neighboring Brenham also issues bluebonnet trail maps designating about 80 miles of roads and highways in a region about midway between Houston and Austin.
Texas Hill Country Sights
State lawmakers handed official bragging rights to the Texas Hill Country town of Burnet as the "Bluebonnet Capital of Texas" because of abundant bluebonnet fields in this south-central Texas lakes and hills region. The hill country is loosely defined as the area between Austin and San Antonio. The Texas Hill Country Wildflower Trail crosses 10 communities from late March through early June to accommodate other native wildflowers. The trails begin in Burnet, where locals happily correct visitors who emphasize the second syllable of the name with the words: "It's Burnet, durn' it." Bluebonnet fans can also find the flowers growing on federal lands each spring at Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park about 50 miles north of Burnet. Fall and winter rains dictate how plentiful bluebonnets will be each spring, according to the National Park Service.
Wine and Wildflowers
The Texas Bluebonnet Wine and Cheese Trail is the creation of seven wineries in an east-central region of the state northwest of Houston. The wineries host wine and cheese tastings along mapped bluebonnet sighting roads and highways from the Bernhardt Winery in Plantersville and Cork This! Winery in Montgomery to Peach Creek Vineyards in College Station. The event is generally scheduled the last weekend of March and first two weekends of April.


text:
If you're looking for the best magnolia bark supplements to buy this year, then you've come to the right place.
You can also get more info by jumping to our Magnolia Bark Supplements Guide.
Top 10 Magnolia Bark Supplements
|Swanson Magnolia Bark
|More Info
|AmerMed Magnolia Bark Extract
|More Info
|Piping Rock Health Products Magnolia Bark
|More Info
|Samsara Herbs Magnolia Bark Extract Powder
|More Info
|HawaiiPharm Magnolia Alcohol-FREE Liquid Extract
|More Info
|Source Naturals Relora
|More Info
|Stakich Magnolia Bark
|More Info
|Nutritional Concepts Magnolia Bark Extract
|More Info
|NOW Foods Super Cortisol Support
|More Info
|TNVitamins Magnolia Bark Extract
|More Info
Magnolia Bark Supplements Guide
As its name suggests, magnolia bark comes from the magnolia tree. While magnolia trees are widely popular for their lush foliage and fragrant spring blossoms, at least in Western culture, use of the bark for supplement purposes is less well known.
However, in the East, and particularly in traditional Asian medicine, magnolia bark has a centuries-old time-honored role in health and healing. This article will introduce you to the benefits of taking magnolia bark in supplement form and answer basic questions about safe use, dosage and options.
NOTE: As always, if you are currently pregnant, trying to conceive, breastfeeding or on any long-term medications to manage a health conditions, please talk with your doctor before adding magnolia bark to your daily wellness routine.
What is Magnolia Bark?
The official plant name for magnolia bark is Magnolia officinalis. According to Herb Wisdom, researchers in Japan have isolated the two components that make magnolia bark so effective for a variety of health issues.
Honokiol is a primary chemical contained in magnolia bark. It functions much like Vitamin E as an antioxidant in the body, reducing stress by detoxifying the body from too much stress hormone (cortisol).
Magnolol, which is found in the cortex (center) of the magnolia plant, also contains highly potent antioxidant properties and the additional benefits of acting as an anti-allergen and anti-asthmatic agent.
Together, honokiol and magnolol have been measured to be 1,000 times more potent than the same dose of Vitamin E.
In supplement form, the bark alone can be used, or it can be combined with the flower buds to support additional health uses.
Benefits of Magnolia Bark
As mentioned here, magnolia bark contains two highly concentrated anti-oxidant chemical compounds that contribute to improved immune system function and lowered stress response. But this is not all magnolia bark is capable of achieving.
As Lift Mode outlines, magnolia bark is now being recognized for its benefits to aid in improved sleep quality, treating bad breath, reduced physical inflammation and a lessening of chronic pain, balancing cortisol levels to better control blood glucose levels and easing anxiety.
Health expert Dr. Weil cites research supporting the use of magnolia bark specifically to control anxiety and depression. As well, research supports the use of magnolia bark to lessen symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, mood swings and sleep interruption.
At Health Works reports that in some studies, magnolia bark has outperformed valium and xanax as an anti-anxiety tool. Some studies show its potency to be up to five times stronger than traditional prescription anti-anxiety medications.
In traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, magnolia bark as a supplement has often been prescribed for abdominal distress and digestive issues. Use of magnolia bark to treat the common cold, chronic coughing, asthma attacks and mucus buildup is also traditional.
Currently, magnolia bark is being examined for its potential as a weight loss and weight management aid. The primary link is between elevated cortisol levels and blood sugar imbalances that can lead to cravings and weight gain. It is thought magnolia bark, due to its cortisol-balancing properties, may be useful in helping people achieve weight loss goals.
Drugs.com states that magnolia bark has also been studied for potential positive impact on Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, cataracts, liver disease, control over seizures, sepsis, diabetes and cancer.
Are There any Side Effects?
According to WebMD, magnolia bark should not be taken if you are pregnant. It has been found to be unsafe because it can prompt uterine contractions that may lead to miscarriage. Because insufficient evidence exists about risk of taking magnolia bark during breastfeeding, it is best to wait or talk with your doctor first.
Other potential interactions include the following:
- You should not take magnolia bark if you drink alcohol regularly as the interaction can cause excessive drowsiness that may be dangerous.
- If you already take any class of sedative medications for promoting good sleep, don't take magnolia bark too as it can amplify the effects to a dangerous degree.
- In some research studies, participants taking magnolia bark experienced shaking hands, heartburn, thyroid imbalance, headache, extreme fatigue and sexual dysfunction. However, at this time it is not known if these are common or rare side effects so simply be aware.
- If you have surgery scheduled, be sure to stop taking magnolia bark at least two weeks prior to your surgery date.
If you are known to be highly sensitive to medication, the best course of action is to talk with your doctor before adding magnolia bark to your daily health routine.
How to Take Magnolia Bark
You have several options for taking magnolia bark in supplement form in different strengths. To date, there is no single standardized dosing recommendation for children and adults who wish to take magnolia bark.
For this reason, it is wise to follow your doctor's directions or the manufacturer's dosing instructions when you begin to take magnolia bark. If you tend to be more sensitive to medications and supplements, always start with the lowest possible recommended dose to see how your body reacts.
Magnolia bark is most commonly taken in capsule or tablet form or as an extract (tincture) or powder form in a bit of water or juice or a smoothie. Some people do not prefer the strong taste of the liquid and powder forms, so if you find this is the case, you can always add more sweet ingredients or simply convert to taking magnolia bark in a pill-based form instead.
Starting with a liquid or powder form can be helpful to control your dosage until you know how your body reacts to different dosages. According to Chinese Herbs Healing, magnolia bark can also be taken in tea form, which can add its own soothing quality.
Sometimes magnolia bark is added to mouthwash or chewing gum when the primary use is to treat bad breath. Some studies have shown that magnolia bark effectively kills some of the bacteria known to cause bad breath. If you like, you can also make your own mouthwash by combining the liquid or powder form with water and gargling for 30 seconds.
What to Look for in a Good Magnolia Bark Supplement
When choosing a magnolia bark supplement, be sure to purchase only from a reputable manufacturer or brand name you recognize and trust. This is the best way to ensure the product you purchase is pure and produced under controlled circumstances.
Look for a supplement that contains pure and preferably organic magnolia bark. The supplement should not contain any fillers, preservatives, flavors, colors, artificial ingredients or additives. Also check to be sure no known allergens may impact the purity (in some cases, supplements may be manufactured in a facility that also handles dairy, soy, gluten, eggs, nuts, tree nuts, seafood or other known allergens).
Most importantly, always check the concentration of the two active ingredients: honokiol and magnolol. Commercial magnolia bark supplements vary in how much of these ingredients they contain. In general, you will find a range from 50 percent to nearly 100 percent. The more potent the supplement, the less you should need to take per dose.
Often, magnolia bark is combined with other well known supplements that produce complementary effects, such as 5-HTP and L-trytophan for overall positive mood. But when you first start taking magnolia bark, it is best to avoid combination preparations that include other ingredients. This is the best way to know how your body reacts specifically to taking magnolia bark.
When you take the time to learn how magnolia bark is used, what the benefits are and how to take it, you are much more likely to have a positive experience!


text:
|iPhone apps
iChitalka is a very user-friendly free application that can be used to read e-books in FB2 and EPUB formats.
Application features:
— support of EPUB and FB2 formats (to upload own books);
— two reading modes: page by page mode (like a regular book) and scrolling mode;
— customizable view (one can change the font, text and background color, or choose one of the pre-installed themes);
— day and night reading modes;
— search capabilities;
— hyphenation;
— bookmarks;
— context footnotes;
— support of images.
What's New in Version 3.5.0
1) iPad version.
Video Reviews
No video review.
Customer reviews
Be the first to review this app. Write a Review
Be the first question this app.
Users Community
The information may be outdated (2011-04-12 15:04:09). For actual information go to iTunes


text:
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Pencil Portrait *
Model: Sally
Novenber 2015
Erica the owner of Sally and she asked me to make a portrait. So I draw this pencil portrait with a huge passion. It was a present for birthday of her husband. I can't wait to receive a feedback.
Order your Custom Pet Portrait here!
*Pencil is classic and very popular medium in portrait drawing. Preferred by people who would like to get both light and stylish accent in your interior that does not intrude, but to be noticed. Pencil portraits have special combination of monochrome elegancy and depth of image. Suitable for any interior. It looks best in lightweight frame with mount behind anti-glare glass. My pencil portraits are combination of pencils with different density, carbon and graphite powder on top-quality Italian paper. My style of drawing with pencil is unique, built for many years of hard work and study.


text:
SportZmix at Exmouth Tennis & Fitness Centre
Sporty. Laughs. Active
LED's SportZmix team are here for the help keep your children active and entertained throughout the school holidays!
Here at Exmouth Tennis & Fitness Centre our SportZmix team are here to help keep your children active and entertained during the holidays and we have teamed up with Premier Sport to give you an even wider variety of sports activities!
Our exciting, fun and challenging Summer SportZmix Programme will aim to deliver a range of traditional and alternative sporting activities for children aged from 5-11 years of age
During the Summer Holidays we are running sessions 5 days a week packed full of active fun and games to keep the little ones busy! There is even an option to purchase hot and cold lunches priced from just £3.80!
We are taking bookings NOW so call us on 01395 223355 to make sure you don't miss out!
The programme runs on a weekly schedule on the following dates
|Week 1 - Monday 24 July
|Week 4 - Monday 14 August
|Week 2 - Monday 31 July
|Week 5 - Monday 21 August
|Week 3 - Monday 7 August
|Week 6 - Tuesday 29 August
Weeks 1, 3 and 5 of the Summer Holidays!
|Morning Programme
|Afternoon Programme
|Multi Sports and Tennis
|Football, Team Games and Challenges
|Soft Archery and Tag Rugby
|Multi Sports and Dodgeball
|Striking, Fielding Games and Nerf Battles
|Handball, Team Games and Challenges
|Football and Arow Tag
|Golf and Multi Sports
|Handball and Tennis
|Multi Sports and Outdoor Activities
Weeks 2, 4 and 6 of the Summer Holidays!
|Morning Programme
|Aternoon Programme
|Tennis and Football
|Arrow Tag, Team Games and Challenges
|Dodgeball and Multi Sports
|Nerf Battles and Tag Rugby
|Basketball and Tennis
|Soft Archery, Team Games and Challenges
|Dodgeball, Striking and Fielding Games
|Golf and Multi Sports
|Football and Handball
|Multi Sports and Outdoor Activities
Prices are as follows
|Full Day
|LED Unlimited Member
For more information please feel free to contact us using the button below, call the centre on 01395 223355 or pop in and have a chat!
To help us run efficiently, here are a few important points to bear in mind
Every day will be action packed, commencing at 08.30 for those who wish to make use of our flexi-start time. The programme commences at 09.00 registration will take place between 08.30 - 09.00, please be prompt!
Please sign your child / children in at the SportZmix desk (accompanied by an adult) together with any relevant messages for the day. At the end of the morning or day please ensure you are with your child / children when signing them out (so we know they are safe). We endeavour to make sure all children leave the premises with a parent / guardian. However, we will accept written permission from the parent / guardian for children aged eight and over wishing to leave on their own
We encourage the children not to carry money, however if you wish to purchase snacks during registration we will be happy to name and store these items, which will be handed to your child / children during break times
For lunch your child will need their own packed lunch and drink (named), alternatively you may purchase a hot or cold lunch at the beginning of that day, available from reception prior to registration
Please make sure your child has appropriate clothing and footwear (preferably non-marking training shoes) to ensure they can participate in the sports programme
Sessions will be held at Exmouth Tennis & Fitness Centre and Phear Park where appropriate
With younger children we know accidents happen, if you feel your child is in this category, please bring a change of clothing to avoid unnecessary embarrassment
For promotional reasons, photographs of the activities may be taken, if you would like your child / children to be excluded from this please ensure this is marked on the booking form
A booking form MUST be fully completed at the time of booking, children will NOT be accepted onto the programme without a fully completed form.
Please call 01395 223355 to make a booking or pop in and see us!
Ofsted Registered Number EY369671