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Okay, so while self-motivation isn't strictly about writing, I would argue that writing is almost entirely about self-motivation. I am definitely a list person, an efficiency-addict, and someone who consistently over-commits myself, so productivity and self-motivation are things I spend a lot of time striving for and thinking about. Like many overscheduled, optimistic people, when I don't achieve the high standards of productivity that I set for myself, I experience crushing guilt. What I've learned over the past few years is that while guilt and anxiety can function as motivators, they certainly don't motivate in a way that's sustainable or healthy. I realized that if I want to live my life doing as much stuff as I do, I need find a way to motivate myself through positive reinforcement.
positive v. negative reinforcement
There are lots of different camps on positive v. negative reinforcement based on which work better. And I'm not going to claim to know for sure whether one or the other motivates better. I am, however, pretty darn confident that positive reinforcement motivates more healthily.
Guilt or fear driving a last-minute essay in school is one thing, but consistently capitalizing on negative consequences to motivate your entire lifestyle is a surefire way to suddenly find yourself living an unhappy life. If you're the kind of person who optimistically sets high goals (I am), then you have to recognize that failing to meet these exaggerated benchmarks doesn't make you a failure.
Plus, if you're lucky enough to enjoy whatever it is you're working on, motivating that work with negativity is like being chased down the aisle at your wedding by a rabid bear. (Weird simile translation: It sucks to mar something you enjoy with a negative motivator.)
Here are some signs you might be motivating yourself with negative reinforcement:
- You work in order to avoid consequences (e.g. "If I don't complete this, then…")
- You punish yourself for failure (e.g. "I didn't finish this task, so I don't deserve to go to that movie with friends tonight.")
- You don't allow yourself to do things for personal enjoyment unless you meet certain criteria (e.g. "If I can finish my whole to-do list, I'm allowed to do some reading.")*
- You feel guilty or anxious while not completing tasks, tainting your enjoyment of other activities.
A good quick-check indicator is to figure out if you regularly reach the end of your day feeling disappointed that you didn't achieve more, or proud that you achieved what you did.
*For some this might be positive reinforcement, but if your criteria are set too high, this method can result in never allowing yourself to do anything "just for fun."
how to turn it around
What motivates you positively will be a little different for everyone, but here are some jumping-off points that I've found helpful in changing the way I think about productivity.
- Schedule it. Having an overall to-do list can be daunting, especially if it's way more work than can be completed in a single day or even a single week. Prioritize each task honestly and schedule those tasks into your life — the more specific, the better. By defining an achievable list of tasks for each day, you can complete only what's rational and feel a sense of accomplishment at the end of each day, rather than being haunted by the things you still have to get done.
- Have realistic expectations. This can be bizarrely difficult sometimes, so if you have a serious tendency to estimate a two-hour task at forty-five minutes, it might help to get some data rather than relying on your flawed estimation skills. Try timing certain tasks (I recommend the app Clocked, which allows you to "clock in" on named and categorized tasks of your choosing and even export logs) and keeping records. This will help prevent you from constructing to-do lists that are impossible to achieve in your intended time frame.
- Remember that for-fun stuff is important, too. When you have a lot to get done, it can be near impossible to justify doing something with the sole purpose of making you happy. But studies show that we're more productive when we're happy, so you should consider your mental and emotional health to be just as relevant to your achievement as your actual work. For me, this means actively scheduling in things like reading time, spending time with friends, drawing, playing piano, baking, bike rides, etc. Actually scheduling that leisure time can help lessen any guilt you might feel for abandoning work.
- Set limits. Are you the type to stay up until 3 am trying to finish something you thought you could finish earlier? Being exhausted is a surefire way to make a lot of mistakes, overlook issues, rush a task, and on top of that, spend your next day being less productive because you're falling asleep. Setting a limit means that you know there's a safe, stress-free space waiting for you, even if you're struggling to achieve something. Being willing and ready to take a step back and give a project space to preserve your physical and mental health is paramount.
And of course, if you can make any given task more fun to complete, you should do it! Some things are more fun to do with friends, or you can come up with clever ways to make something not so daunting (for instance, when I don't feel like cleaning, I set a 5- or 10-minute timer and race the clock. It makes the task itself more exciting, and it gets done and off my plate faster).
The most important thing is to be aware. You can lose years of your life into casual unhappiness by always assuming that anxiety over achievement is normal or temporary — I know this from personal experience. It's possible to load up your plate with things you want to do, and still not live every day in a state of high stress!
How do you motivate yourself with positive reinforcement? Let us in on your secrets in the comments!


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ON a proud evening at the Kensite Stadium, Mark Truffas' first half goal was enough to see off visitors Abbey Hey and clinch the Hallmark Security League Premier Division title for Michael Clegg's Atherton Collieries side.
With it they earn promotion to the Evo-Stik League First Division, marking a highest ever point for the Alder House club and a fitting end to the club's centenary season.
A bumper crowd of over 500 turned out on an unseasonably chilly evening with the heroes in black and white needing just two points from their final two games to seal the title ahead of rivals Bootle.
In the end they managed to finish the job with room to spare.
Having faced a tense start to the month with a 1-0 home defeat to Runcorn Linnets which left the title race wide open, Colls have since steamrollered their way through six successive victories, and a seventh always looked on the cards once Colls went in front shortly before the half hour mark, despite a dogged and well-organised performance from visitors Abbey Hey.
As has so often been the case this season, talismanic wide man Mark Truffas was the man to deliver the quality when Colls needed it most. Winning a free kick on the right angle of the penalty area, Truffas delivered an absolute beaut of a strike in the matter of fact style that he has made his own, with Abbey Hey goalkeeper Dean Williams merely a spectator as he watched the ball curl inside his right hand post.
While there was always the threat of the visitors gaining a foothold in the game, the entire Colls side did a tremendous job of keeping their opponents at arm's length and never really looking in any danger of having to take the title race to the final day.
It was much to Clegg's credit that he still demanded more and more from his players even as the clock ticked down. For a side enjoying only their second season of football at this level to hit the 100 point mark having already clocked up a century of goals is something that is truly remarkable and certainly something that the club will hold dear as they enter the record books next season in playing at the highest level in the club's history.
As the side were presented with the league championship on the field immediately after the game, it is moment that many of the club's countless volunteers would probably have never dreamed of until the success of recent seasons has almost made it seem an inevitability with such a sense of desire and invincibility running through the club, with no challenge too bit or insurmountable.
It's certainly a spirit that they will need in bundles next season when taking on established non-league names such as Hyde United, Kendal Town, Droylsden, Clitheroe and Scarborough Athletic, but it's a challenge that Clegg and his side will be sure to relish.
Colls finished their campaign on Saturday with a home game against Runcorn Town who came away with a 2-1 victory. On 72 minutes an accurate Darryl Mason cross set up Jordan Cover to fire home. Another 1-0 home victory looked odds on until the visitors scored in the 88th and 89th minutes through Craig Cairns and Joe Holt respectively to finish in 3rd place.
This did not stop the party mind as Colls were then presented with the Hallmark Security League Premier Division Championship Trophy again before the celebrations went on long into the night. Michael Clegg's team had dared to dream!


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Pilot Test for a Newly Developed Nutrition Screening Method: Pediatric Subjective Global Assessment
This study has been completed.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: April 22, 2008
Last updated: April 24, 2017
Last verified: June 2011
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Detailed Description:
Researchers are studying ways to predict if cancer patients are at risk for poor nutrition during their chemotherapy treatment. They hope to identify children with nutrition problems early in treatment. This may help prevent weight loss and other nutrition problems later in treatment.
|Compare Two Nutrition Screening Tools
|Other: Nutritional Screening Tools
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Other
Time Perspective: Other
|Official Title:
|Pilot Test for a Newly Developed Nutrition Screening Method: Pediatric Subjective Global Assessment
Further study details as provided by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- To compare the ability of two nutrition screening tools to identify nutritionally at risk patients [ Time Frame: Within 90 days of study completion ]
|Study Start Date:
|September 2003
|Study Completion Date:
|July 2010
|Primary Completion Date:
|July 2010 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Other: Nutritional Screening Tools
To compare the nutrition risk identification abilities of two nutrition screening tools: PEDSGA tool and the standard assessment tool.
Detailed Description:
The PEDSGA is a newly developed nutrition tool that includes a training manual that be used to teach health care professionals to identify at-risk patients by doing a nutrition physical exam. The PEDSGA also includes questions that the patient/caregiver answers regarding appetite, recent treatment, and activity level. This method of screening is new and may be able to identify at-risk patients better than the standard method. This study will use both methods and evaluate the two, in hope of determining which method works best to identify at-risk patients.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|2 Years to 16 Years (Child)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
|Sampling Method:
|Probability Sample
Study Population
Participant is between 2 and 16 years of age and receiving treatment for a hematologic or solid malignancy at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
Inclusion Criteria:
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital patient between 2 and 16 years of age who is actively receiving treatment for a hematologic or solid tumor malignancy
- Patient is not admitted to the transplant service
- Patient is able to read English or Spanish
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00665691
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00665691
|United States, Tennessee
|St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
|Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38105
Sponsors and Collaborators
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
|Principal Investigator:
|Karen Smith, RD, MS, LDN
|St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
More Information
Additional Information:
Keywords provided by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017
Additional Information:
|Responsible Party:
|St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00665691 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|April 22, 2008
|Last Updated:
|April 24, 2017
Keywords provided by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital:
All Malignancies
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017


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Although it has been suggested that individuals with an Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process faces less holistically than typically developing controls, there are few direct investigations of this hypothesis. This question was addressed before using the composite paradigm (Teunisse & de Gelder, 2003). The results had revealed that adolescents with ASDs were less sensitive than controls to the misalignment of face parts and it was concluded their face processing was less holistic. However, because of shortcomings of the design, it was not possible to distinguish whether individuals with Autism processed both aligned and misaligned composites in a part-based fashion, or both in a holistic fashion. We compared adolescents with ASDs to controls matched on sex, age and IQ on a more complete version of the composite paradigm. The results indicate that individuals with ASDs, like controls, experience interference from facial features that they are told to ignore. However, while such interference is released for controls if parts of face composites are misaligned, individuals with ASDs show comparable interference from irrelevant parts regardless of alignment. Two different interpretations are discussed, both compatible with the idea that perceptual and or attentional abnormalities in ASDs result in a diminished level of expertise for faces.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) suffer from multifaceted impairments including deficits in language and communication skills, repetitive behaviors and restricted interests and difficulties with social interactions. Both fMRI and ERP studies suggest abnormal processing of faces in the brain of people with ASDs relative to typically developing controls (Grice et al., 2001; Pierce et al., 2001; Schultz et al., 2000; Webb & Aggarwal, 1981). Behavioral evidence also suggests that faces are processed by individuals with ASDs using an abnormal strategy (Klin et al., 2002; Langdell, 1978; Rutherford et al., 2007). Yet studies on this issue paint a somewhat confusing picture from which it is difficult to extract the exact nature of the behavioral deficit.
One proposal has been that individuals with ASDs process faces in a more part-based fashion than typically developing controls. The idea that faces are perceived more holistically than other objects is a theme that pervades the literature on typical adult face processing (Diamond & Carey, 1986; Farah et al., 1998; Tanaka & Farah, 1993). There are several definitions of holistic processing in the literature but they commonly refer to the facilitatory effect that the context of a whole upright face has on judgments about its parts and their relations (Farah, Wilson, Drain & Tanaka, 1998). Holistic processing was not directly measured in ASD until a study by Joseph and Tanaka (2003). Using a task called the whole-part paradigm (Tanaka & Farah, 1993), these authors reported that children with ASDs processed faces holistically only when recognition depended on the mouth. That is, controls always recognized face parts better in the context of the whole faces in which the parts had been studied (a whole-part advantage) and also recognized whole faces better upright than inverted (an inversion effect). In contrast, children with Autism showed both whole-part and inversion effects when recognition depended on the mouth, whereas these effects were not obtained when recognition depended on the eyes, in which case their performance was very poor. These findings are generally consistent with prior studies that found a reduced, non-existent, or even reversed face inversion effect (Hobson et al., 1988; Langdell, 1978; Tantam et al., 1989) as well as abnormally high attention to the mouth area relative to the eyes in individuals with ASDs (Klin et al., 2002). A recent study measuring the ability to detect small displacements of the eyes and mouth found that while a subgroup of young adults with ASDs (those with lower verbal IQ) showed poor performance with eyes, no deficit or advantage was observed in ASD in the detection of mouth changes (Rutherford, Clements & Sekuler, 2007). Another study argued for a non-specific configural deficit in ASD and reported a correlation between performance on configural tasks with non-face objects and performance on face tasks (Behrmann et al., 2006). However, that study did not assess configural or holistic processing with faces.
At the same time, other studies have failed to replicate some of these effects. One study suggested that once floor effects are controlled for, a normal face inversion effect is obtained in individuals with ASDs (Teunisse & de Gelder, 2003, see also Lahaie et al., 2006). Another study (Lopez et al., 2004) measured the whole-part advantage under two different conditions: without cueing the participants as to the part relevant for recognition (as was done originally by Joseph and Tanaka, 2003) or cueing them to attend to the relevant part. While cueing had little effect on controls, it affected the performance of adolescents with ASDs: uncued trials led to abnormal performance (no whole advantage) while cued trials led to a normal whole-part advantage. Besides suggesting a role for attentional mechanisms in face processing deficits in ASDs, Lopez and colleagues also failed to replicate Joseph and Tanaka's finding that mouth processing is normal in ASD when parts are not cued. Whether participants need to distribute their attention to all face parts to solve a given task may be an important factor in interpreting the results of other studies, but that factor alone may not explain all the results.
One problem concerning the partly discrepant results of Joseph and Tanaka (2003) and Lopez et al. (2004) resides in the use of the whole-part paradigm. First, it has been suggested that this task does not measure an effect unique to face perception, despite what was originally reported by Tanaka and Farah (1993). For instance, a whole-part advantage for non-face objects has been observed (Gauthier & Tarr, 1997, 2002; Tanaka et al., 1996). Second, in expertise training paradigms where other hallmarks of configural and holistic processing can be obtained for non-face objects following extensive practice at individuating objects, the whole-part advantage is comparable in novice and expert participants even when other measures of holistic processing increase with perceptual expertise (Gauthier & Tarr, 1997, 2002; Gauthier et al., 1998). Moreover, Leder & Carbon (2005) have shown that the whole-part advantage depends on participants initially studying whole faces: when parts are studied instead, part recognition is superior to whole recognition, consistent with the general predictions of the encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973). As a whole, this suggests that the whole-part advantage may be at best a problematic index of holistic processing and may greatly depend on domain-general principles of memory.
In contrast, the composite paradigm is a different task that offers a better measure of the holistic processing strategy that is specific to faces (Young et al., 1987). In the matching version of the composite paradigm, face halves are combined to create new composite faces, and participants are asked to selectively attend to only the top or bottom half of a study face, which they are asked to match to the equivalent part in a test composite. Specifically, in the design used in this work, congruent trials refer to trials where the relevant (attended) and irrelevant parts are both the same, or both different, between study and test. In contrast, on incongruent trials, the relationship between the study and test irrelevant is opposite to the relationship for the relevant part. For instance, if the relevant parts are identical, then the irrelevant parts are different from each other (see Figure 1). In this task, holistic processing is characterized as a failure of selective attention measured by a congruency effect: performance that is better on congruent than incongruent trials reveals that participants have difficulty ignoring the irrelevant part (Cheung et al., in press; Farah et al., 1998; Richler et al., 2008; in press-b). Typically developing adults process upright faces holistically according to this measure (Boutet et al., 2002; Cheung et al., in press; Gauthier et al., 2003; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Hole, 1994; Richler et al., 2008; in press-b; Young et al., 1987). Holistic processing is reduced when the two parts of the faces are inverted (Hole, 1994) or misaligned (Cheung et al., in press; Richler et al., 2008; Young et al., 1987). This alignment effect suggests that when the meaningful configuration of the face is disrupted, so is holistic processing (see also Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Hole, 1994; Hole, George & Dunsmore, 1999; Le Grand, Mondloch, Maurer & Brent, 2004; Michel, Rossion, Han, Chung, & Caldara, 2006; Robbins & McKone, 2007; Young, Hellawell & Hay, 1987). Note that the alignment effect is a relatively crude measure of the sensitivity of the perception of upright faces to configural information. In other tasks, configural processing translates into exquisite sensitivity to much smaller disruptions of the metric relations between parts (e.g., Le Grand, Mondloch, Maurer & Brent, 2004; Tanaka & Sengco, 1997).
In summary, the composite paradigm allows the measurement of failures of selective attention to parts that result from a holistic processing strategy, and the specificity of this holistic strategy to the normal face configuration. In a typical adult population, both phenomena (holistic processing and its specificity to the normal face configuration) are more important for faces than for other objects (Farah et al., 1998; Gauthier et al., 2003; Richler et al., in press-a) and both increase with expertise (Gauthier et al., 2003). In addition, holistic processing as measured in this task correlates with activity in the FFA (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002), an area that is hypoactive during face perception in ASD (Schultz et al., 2000).
Only one study to date has tested individuals with ASDs using a composite task (Teunisse & de Gelder, 2003). Adolescents with a clinical diagnostic of Autism (mean age 19.5) were compared to typically developing children (age 9 and 10) and to typical undergraduate controls. In addition to differing in chronological age, the groups were not compared on IQ, although only high-functioning individuals with Autism were included. Participants were presented with a three quarter front view target composite face for 1 s (for undergraduate subjects) or 3 s (for the two younger groups), and after a 3 s delay, two probes were shown. Both probes used an identical (and novel) bottom half, but only one probe had the same top half as the studied face. Participants made speeded matching judgments on the top half. In different blocks, the probes were shown upright/aligned, upright/misaligned, inverted/aligned and inverted/misaligned. The undergraduate controls showed the expected pattern of results: better performance for misaligned than aligned trials, but only in the upright orientation. In contrast, the Autism group showed no effect of alignment on either upright or inverted trials. However, typical children also failed to show the expected adult pattern.
On the basis of these results, Teunisse and de Gelder concluded that adolescents with Autism are less susceptible to contextual information in a task where facial features need to be matched. Several aspects of this study limit its interpretation and the current study was designed to address them. First, there was no control group matched in either chronological age or IQ to the participants with Autism. Second, the study only assessed judgments for the top half of faces, so it is not possible to assess differences between mouths and eyes. Third, the inspection time for the adolescents with Autism was three times longer than for the adult group, making any comparison difficult. Fourth, no direct group comparison was performed, to ascertain whether the individuals with Autism really performed differently from the two control groups. Fifth, Autism diagnoses were not confirmed with gold standard research procedures, such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI, Lord et al., 1994) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 1999). Sixth, the irrelevant part in both probe faces was always different from that in the target face. Although this is similar to the original design used by Young et al. (1987), other recent studies have introduced a new version of the composite task (Boutet et al., 2002; Farah et al., 1998; Gauthier et al., 2003; Richler et al., in press-a). This variant has been called the "complete composite paradigm" because it includes the conditions where the irrelevant parts of the study and test faces are identical, in addition to the standard conditions where these irrelevant parts differ from each other (Cheung et al., in press; Richler et al., submitted; Richler et al., in press-a). It has been argued that analysis of sensitivity in the complete composite design can measure holistic effects without a confounding contribution of the considerable response biases that are often observed in this task (Cheung et al., in press; Richler et al., in press-a; Wenger & Ingvalson, 2002).
To address all of these limitations and revisit the question of whether people with ASD process faces less holistically, we used the complete composite paradigm in adolescents with ASDs and age- and IQ-matched controls.
Twenty-four adolescent males with an ASD participated in the experiment as well as 17 typically developing adolescent male controls. Five of the participants (3 in the ASD group, 2 in the control group) were later excluded on the basis of chance performance in the experiment. The resulting two groups did not differ in chronological age (ASD: mean 12.84, SD 3.92; Controls: mean 12.01, SD 1.97; t34=.84, p= .41), or in full-scale IQ (ASD: mean 93.14, SD 20.0; Controls: mean 101.6, SD 15.1; t34=1.48, p= .16). Healthy controls were recruited from the local community and were screened for a history of current or lifetime psychiatric and neurological disorder using in house parent report questionnaires. None of the control participants had ever been diagnosed or suspected of having a DSM IV Axis 1 disorder. None had a first or second degree relative with an ASD, each reported good peer relationships, and none displayed any signs of social disability during informal interviews by licensed clinical psychologists experienced in the diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders.
Individuals with an ASD were diagnosed using standardized research diagnostic procedures involving (1) careful interviewing of a primary care taker on early development using the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI; Lord et al., 1994); (2) a careful clinical interview of the patient using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 1999); and (3) a consensus clinical diagnostic process among 2 or more experienced clinicians, weighing all of the available evidence. These are the gold standard diagnostic procedures endorsed by the NIH Collaborative Programs for Excellence in Autism (CPEA) network. Of the 21 individuals with an ASD who successfully completed the paradigm, 11 were diagnosed with Autistic disorder, 7 with Asperger syndrome and 3 with Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified. The mean on the ADOS social algorithm for the individuals with Autism was 11.1 (SD=2.38), for Asperger's syndrome was 6.67 (SD = 3.08) and for PDD-NOS was 5.33 (SD= 4.04). The ADI social totals for each group respectively were 22.11 (SD=6.29), 18.6 (SD=7.06) and 16.67 (7.02)
All participants were assessed with a battery of clinical and neuropsychological measures as part of a larger project, and provided informed consent. The IQ scores were obtained with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WISC III, Wechsler, 1992) or WAIS III (Wechsler, 1997). None of the ASD participants had a known genetic disorder such as fragile × disorder. All were in good health and had normal or corrected 20-20 vision. The face perception tasks were completed in a single session; other testing was completed on a different day.
The stimuli were created from twelve digital images of male faces without hair, beard or other salient diagnostic features (from the face database provided by the Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tuebingen, Germany). Each face was approximately 200 × 160 pixels in size and transformed to grayscale. The top and bottom halves of each face were saved as separate images and reorganized to create 24 composites. Parts were paired systematically so that each top or bottom appeared in two composites. A misaligned version was created for each composite by moving the bottom part towards the right approximately 70 pixels (so that the edge of the bottom half fell on the centre of the top half). A 3 pixel thick black line was positioned at the seam between the two halves of each stimulus (or in the same position for isolated parts). This is done to make it completely clear where the top half starts and the bottom half ends, if anything facilitating selective attention to the cued parts. Thus, any holistic processing we measure cannot be attributed to participants being unclear about the regions of the face to which they were supposed to attend. A 256 × 256 pixel nonsense texture mask was also created.
The experiment was conducted on Mac OS9 computers using RSVP software (Williams & Tarr, no date). Participants were tested in a quiet room, free from distractions, on a MacIntosh laptop with a 15" monitor. Participants were positioned at a comfortable viewing distance, not strictly controlled but approximately 100 cm from the screen. After administering the instructions and guiding the participants through the practice trials, the experimenter remained in the testing room to monitor performance, encourage on-task compliance and to handle any other issues that might arise. There were 240 experimental trials and their order was randomized for each participant, with the constraint that they were blocked by cued part: 4 blocks of 30 trials each for the top or bottom cued conditions were alternated, with the order counterbalanced across subjects. Each block began with a prompt "Are the TOPS the same? (ignore the bottom)" or "Are the BOTTOMS the same? (ignore the top)." The isolated trials (48) showed each of the 24 isolated parts twice, once on a same trial, once on a different trial. Note that isolated parts were shown on the screen in their natural position in the original face, rather than centered on the screen. The remaining trials (192) consisted of a combination of 12 stimuli × 2 cued parts (top, bottom) × 2 configurations (aligned, misaligned) × 2 levels of congruency (congruent, incongruent) × 2 correct response (same, different). Eight practice trials, randomly selected for each participant among all conditions, were not analyzed.
Each trial began with the message 'press the space bar', followed by a study face which was shown for 700 ms, a flashing mask (4 identical masks shown each for 120 ms, alternating with 50 ms blanks for a total of 630 ms), a rectangular bracket cueing top or bottom judgments, shown for 800 ms, which remained on the screen when the test face appeared (Figure 2). The cue appeared before the test face and remained present thereafter to ensure that participants were very clear on which part to attend and which to ignore: any holistic processing we measure is unlikely to be due to participants forgetting which part was relevant on any trial. In addition, trials were blocked by cued part, so that participants did not have to switch their attention constantly. Participants indicated by button press whether the cued part was the same at study and test. The test stimulus stayed on the screen until the participant responded using the '1' = same and '2' = different keys on the numerical keypad, or for 5000 ms. Participants were instructed to respond as rapidly as possible once they had made up their mind. Reaction times were measured from the appearance of the test stimulus and trials timed out after 5000 ms. A 500 ms break followed each response, before the start of the next trial. No feedback was given regarding performance. For consistency with previously published composite paradigms, fixation was not controlled. Participants were given frequent breaks. Following each break, participants were reminded again of the instructions and told which of the top or bottom they were then going to respond to for the following block of trials.
First, to assess holistic and configural processing we analyzed discriminability (d-prime) results (shown in Figure 3) in the whole face conditions (aligned and misaligned trials) in a 2 (Part) × 2 (Alignment) × 2 (Congruency) × 2 (Group) mixed-design ANOVA with group as the only between-subjects factor. Remember that holistic processing is defined as a congruency effect (better performance on congruent vs. incongruent trials; see Figure 1). Sensitivity to configuration in this task is measured by the alignment effect: the typical pattern in this paradigm is for congruency effects to be reduced as the face parts are misaligned, producing an interaction between congruency and alignment. Our analyzes revealed main effects of Group, F(1, 34) = 12.26, p =.001, cued Part F(1, 34) = 20.96, p < .0001 and Congruency F(1, 34) = 26.76, p <.0001. That is, controls performed better than individuals with ASDs, top judgments were better than bottom judgments and performance was better on congruent than incongruent trials. As expected, there was also an interaction between Congruency and Alignment, F(1, 34) = 11.30, p =.002.
Of particular interest for our hypothesis, we found a significant three-way interaction between Group, Congruency and Alignment, F(1, 34) = 3.64, p =.04, illustrated in Figure 4. This interaction was further explored in separate ANOVAs for each group. The control group showed the expected interaction between congruency and configuration, F(1, 14) = 16.82, p =.001, with a larger congruency effect for aligned than misaligned trials. In contrast, and despite the added power of a larger group, this interaction was not significant in the Autism group (F < 1), who only showed a main effect of congruency F(1, 20) = 16.67, p =.0006).
In sum, controls processed faces holistically, with the typical congruency effect with aligned faces, and they were also sensitive to configuration, as revealed by a reduction of the congruency effect when parts were misaligned. While individuals with ASDs also showed a congruency effect, it was observed equally for aligned and misaligned faces. Thus, the ASD group showed no sensitivity to configuration. As can been appreciated in Figure 3, the congruency effect was relatively reduced for the ASD group matching the tops of faces. This was suggested by a trend for an interaction between Group, Part and Congruency, F(1, 34) = 2.93, p = .10. This effect was further investigated with an ANOVA limited to the aligned trials, which carry the congruency effect in control participants. However, the 3-way interaction still did not reach significance, F(1, 34) = 2.93, p = .12, and therefore the best summary of the group differences we observe in sensitivity remains the Group × Congruency × Alignment interaction illustrated in Figure 4.
Performance in the ASD group was very poor in some conditions. In particular, there is a potential floor effect in two conditions where the ASD group's performance was not significantly different from 0, for incongruent bottom trials with both aligned and misaligned configurations (see Table 1). While this floor effect makes it difficult to describe the exact pattern of performance for bottom trials in the ASD group, even if these incongruent trials were not at floor and performance could get worse in these two cells of the design, we would still be left with an abnormal pattern of performance because of the significant congruency effect in the misaligned condition. In other words, we must be cautious in interpreting the absence of a difference in magnitude of the congruency effect between the two configurations, but the presence of a congruency effect in the misaligned condition is robust and qualitatively different from the Control pattern. To further test whether the group difference could be attributed to the overall poor performance in the ASD group, we performed two additional analyses on the ASD data alone. First, we calculated the correlation between overall performance in the whole face conditions and the magnitude of the congruency effect in the critical misaligned condition. Contrary to the idea that participants in the ASD group who perform the best are the most likely to perform like controls, the correlation was non-significant and even in the opposite direction (r = .32, p=.16). Second, we calculated the correlation between overall performance in the whole face conditions and the difference in the congruency effect between the aligned and misaligned condition (i.e. the magnitude of the interaction between congruency and alignment). The concern was that the higher the overall performance, the larger this difference would be. There was, however, no clear relationship between the interaction and performance (r = .08, p=.73). In sum, there is no evidence that the absence of an interaction between congruency and alignment obtained in the ASD group is attributable to poor performance.
However, because of the high error rate, the pattern of correct response times may be unreliable and we report it here only for the sake of completeness. We submitted median response times for correct responses (shown in Figure 3) to the same omnibus 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA as we had done for d-prime. Responses faster than 200 ms or slower than 4000 ms were excluded, removing only 2% of the trials. There were significant main effects of Part, F(1, 34) = 4.32, p =.05 and Congruency, F(1, 34) = 5.56, p =.02. Participants were faster for top cued trials and for congruent trials. There was a significant interaction between Congruency and Alignment, F(1, 34) = 6.03, p =.02. Post hoc tests (Scheffé's, alpha = .05) revealed a congruency effect for aligned but not misaligned trials. In addition, we found a significant Part × Group interaction, F(1, 34) = 5.09, p =.03. Post hoc tests (Scheffé's, alpha = .05) revealed that the two groups were not different on the bottom part, but the ASD group was slower than the control group on top judgments. However, this pattern is difficult to interpret because participants in the ASD group were mainly guessing on incongruent bottom judgment trials. We conducted a different ANOVA with Part and Alignment as within-subject factors and Group as a between-subject factor, but using only the congruent trials for which performance was above floor in all conditions. The Part × Group interaction was still observed, F(1, 34) = 5.28, p =.03, suggesting a relative disadvantage in speed for top judgments in the ASD group.
One use for isolated trials in this task is as a baseline to assess whether congruency effects are due to facilitation from congruent parts or to interference from incongruent parts. Here, none of the whole face conditions was statistically different than the isolated parts baseline, so the congruency effects are best conceived as a combination of both type of influences. However, analyzing the isolated trials on their own, comparing across groups, can also be informative.
Although the analyses on whole face composite trials showed no group difference in overall performance for top and bottom parts in sensitivity (both groups performed better with tops), response times revealed that individuals with ASDs were relatively slower when matching top parts. It is unclear whether this is because they found the top parts more difficult to discriminate or whether they looked longer at them for some other reason. Fortunately, because our design includes both whole face trials and isolated parts, we can test whether there is a performance deficit for the top parts that are shown in isolation. That is, if individuals with ASDs really have more difficulty discriminating tops, this should also hold when the tops are shown in isolation and when the two parts do not compete for attention. As can be appreciated in Figure 3 (focusing on the isolated baseline trials), controls performed equally well on top and bottom trials t(14) = .15, p = .88. In contrast, adolescents with ASDs performed better on top than on bottom trials, t(20) = 2.81, p = .01. However, a 2 × 2 ANOVA failed to show a significant interaction between Group and Part, F(1, 34) = 2.35, p =.13, but there clearly was a main effect of Group F(1, 34) = 7.87, p =.008. Analyses on response times showed no significant differences between conditions.
Therefore, contrary to results when parts were presented together, when face parts were shown in isolation there was no indication of a Part × Group interaction in speed (F=.006). This result allows us to reject the hypothesis that the ASD group has more difficulty discriminating the top half of our face stimuli relative to control subjects. The deficit in speed for top judgments when the parts are presented together requires a different explanation. For instance, given all parts of a face, participants in the ASD group may choose to favor the mouth region.
The finding that participants with ASDs were better at matching top than bottom halves of faces seem to conflict with prior reports of an advantage for processing mouths over eyes (Joseph & Tanaka, 2003; Klin et al., 2002). However, other work suggests that a mouth advantage is not always found. One study found the eyes to be relatively more efficient primes than other parts for individuals with ASDs than for controls (Lahaie et al., 2006). In addition and similar to our findings, Joseph & Tanaka (2003) found less of a difference between performance on eyes and mouths in their Autism group when these parts were recognized in isolation compared to when they were recognized in the context of a whole face.
It may be important to distinguish situations in which participants are presented with several features competing for their attention, which appears to increase attention to the mouth in ASD (Joseph & Tanaka 2003 whole face condition; Klin et al., 2002 but see Lopez et al., 2004 uncued condition) and those situations in which attention is directed to a specific feature or in which isolated features are presented, and where there does not seem to be a mouth advantage (this study, Lopez et al., 2004 cued condition, Joseph & Tanaka isolated part condition). The top advantage in discrimination of isolated parts found here could be partially explained by the top halves being more diagnostic than the bottom halves in our stimuli, something that could drive a group difference if the ASD participants are struggling to find diagnostic features. It is also important to note that the entire face halves were used and provided potentially diagnostic information, so it is impossible to know whether participants focused on the eyes or mouth per se, or if they used other areas such as the forehead and chin.
We considered the possibility that the group differences we observed could be due to IQ differences (despite the fact that the groups were statistically matched in IQ, there is always the possibility that a small difference, undetectable with our sample sizes, may nonetheless have an important effect on performance). Within each group separately, we correlated FSIQ with the three performance measures that represent the most important group differences: the congruency effect in sensitivity with misaligned faces (Cong-Mis), reaction times for top judgments on whole composites (Top-Whole) and sensitivity for top judgments with isolated parts (Top-Iso). In the ASD group, these correlations were not significant (Cong-Mis: p = .24; Top-Whole: p = .11 ; Top-Iso: p = .94) and the same was true of the controls (Cong-Mis: p = .59; Top-Whole: p = .26 ; Top-Iso: p = .24). Similarly, none of the correlations with performance IQ or verbal IQ were significant. Therefore, we find no evidence that IQ is responsible for these group differences.
In this study, even after matching the groups for age and IQ, we found that individuals with ASDs were impaired at matching face parts. We also replicated the result previously obtained in the partial design version of the composite paradigm (Teunisse & de Gelder, 2003): while controls show the expected effect of alignment, individuals with ASDs do not. These results were originally interpreted to show that individuals with ASDs process faces less holistically than controls. However, because the prior study used the partial composite design, it was impossible to know whether this was due to their experiencing less interference in the aligned condition (which was assumed) or more interference in the misaligned condition. Our results using the complete composite paradigm reveal that when making a judgment about aligned face parts, adolescents with ASDs, although worse overall, experienced as much interference from the irrelevant parts as controls. Surprisingly, the interaction between group and alignment arises from the fact that, although misalignment reduces holistic processing in controls, it does not reduce holistic processing in the ASD group.
What do these results suggest about the nature of face processing difficulties in individuals with ASDs? For readers more familiar with the literature on ASD than with that on holistic processing of faces, it may be useful to note that psychologists are still debating the nature and processing locus of holistic processing. For instance, while most authors using this paradigm have assumed that the effect reflects perceptual mechanisms, recent work suggests that it may have a more decisional source (Wenger & Ingvalson, 2002, 2003; Richler et al., 2008; in press-b). This is not an uncommon situation: tasks that yield very robust effects in the typical population are often used with atypical populations in the hope that we can "understand the deficit", but a robust effect is not necessarily one that is fully understood. Therefore, it is expected that both literatures will benefit from future developments in the other field, and for the moment, from tempering their interpretations by acknowledging current limitations.
With such caveats in mind, an important question is whether the normal congruency pattern for aligned faces obtained for children with ASDs can be assumed to be supported by the same mechanisms (whatever they may be) as in controls. Indeed, one straightforward interpretation is that the aligned congruency effect in ASD participants reflects intact holistic processing of upright aligned faces. By this account, children with ASDs might simply perform worse because of a general impairment that may not be face specific (Behrmann et al., 2006; Boucher & Lewis, 1992; Klin et al., 1999; Ozonoff et al., 1990; Teunisse & de Gelder, 2003) but they would be using a normal strategy. This conclusion would be consistent with the suggestion that global face processing is not affected in ASD (Jemel et al., 2006). However, recent work offers strong evidence that the face processing deficits in ASD are not due to a general local processing bias, but reflect a category-specific impairment (Wolf et al., in press).
There is however a different possible interpretation of our results, whereby similar congruency effects for aligned faces in the ASD and control groups may be obtained for different reasons. By this account, a congruency effect that is not modulated by alignment is qualitatively different and stems from abnormal face processing mechanisms. This idea is supported by the results of a recent study using the same composite task, but with composites of artificial novel objects (Greebles) in control individuals who had no prior experience with these objects (Richler et al., in press-a). As might be expected, no holistic processing (no congruency effect) was observed with non-face objects in novice observers, consistent with the idea that the effect is face-specific. But surprisingly, a congruency effect was obtained in one condition, when the study object in each trial was shown in a misaligned configuration. Similar to the congruency effect we observed here in the ASD group, this "contextual" congruency effect was not diminished by misaligning the parts of the test stimulus. It was proposed that having to encode both parts of a misaligned object may encourage an attentional strategy that conflicts with selective attention. Moreover, in a second experiment where only half of the trials showed a misaligned object at study and the other trials used an aligned object at study, a congruency effect was obtained on all trials (even in trials where both objects compared were shown in an aligned configuration). What this suggests is that there are conditions where the context of the experiment can lead novices to process objects holistically. This contextual holistic processing is distinguished from the more automatic holistic processing strategy observed regardless of context with faces by the lack of sensitivity to configuration (i.e. equivalent congruency effects regardless of the alignment of parts at test).
It is possible that the pattern we observe for faces in ASD participants is not unlike that seen when novice observers process objects. Indeed, in the present design, some of the faces were studied in a misaligned configuration. This was originally chosen because for typically developing adults, this does not change the result for faces – face experts may have developed automatic perceptual routines that are less easily influenced by context. But if individuals with ASDs process faces more like novices (Schultz, 2005), then we might expect them to show a contextual congruency effect with faces, because of the presence of misaligned study faces in the experiment. This conjecture could be tested in future work in a modified experiment including only aligned faces at study. This modified design should considerably reduce the face congruency effect in individuals with ASDs, if indeed they can be described as face novices, while it should have little influence in controls.
Importantly, this admittedly speculative account could explain the current disconnect between general theories of perceptual processing in ASDs and empirical results in face perception. For instance, in a review of several empirical studies, Happe and Frith (2006) discuss the Weak Coherence Account of Autism according to which several aspects of perception in Autism are explained by a superiority in local (rather than global) processing. To address the fact that some of the research on face perception in Autism reveals holistic effects, as exemplified by the present work, these authors suggest that it is because faces "may be so special in terms of evolutionary significance and developmental expertise that findings from face studies cannot be generalized to other stimulus classes" (p.13, Happe, 2006). However, if the face holistic findings in ASD were context driven rather than indexing expertise, they could be reconciled with other results that reveal face deficits in ASD participants. The recent findings distinguishing expertise driven and context driven holistic processing (Richler et al., in press-a) suggests that normal holistic processing of faces should only be claimed when there is a modulation of holistic effects by configuration.
To conclude, the present work is consistent with the suggestion that individuals with ASDs may lack expertise with faces, which could result both in abnormal holistic processing of faces and hypoactivity of the fusiform face area (Schultz et al., 2000). A review of face processing in Autism (Jemel et al., 2006) has misrepresented the conclusions we have drawn from our prior work: It was stated that because of recent evidence that a boy with Autism who was expert with the Digimon cartoon characters activated the fusiform gyrus for these objects (Grelotti et al., 2005), we abandoned the hypothesis that participants with ASDs may lack face expertise. On the contrary, we believe that this result only strengthens the notion that interest and experience (which is deficient for face perception in ASD participants) can specialize the fusiform gyrus for an object category. This conclusion is not entirely incompatible with the existence of more general configural deficits in ASD (Behrmann et al., 2006), which could be a factor in limiting their perceptual expertise with faces in the first place. Because perceptual expertise appears to rely on hyperspecific representations (that do not generalize across many transformations such as inversion or changes in configuration), a host of different anomalies affecting visual processing could perturb its acquisition. These may include a local processing bias, as has been reported in ASD participants. The effects of a general impairment could lead to more important deficits in the domain of face processing compared to most other domains because the comparison is with typically developing individuals who have acquired exquisite perceptual skills with faces.
This research was supported by the James S. McDonnell Foundation (to I.G. and R.T.S), the National Eye Institute and the National Science Foundation (to I.G.) and the Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center (NSF Science of Learning Center SBE-0542013). The authors would like to thank the members of the Perceptual Expertise Network for helpful discussions.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Ever wonder what goes into a lockdown on "Ghost Adventures" or even what happens after the guys have been scaring up spirits all night? Well, here's your chance to find out as we have an exclusive excerpt from Zak Bagans' book I Am Haunted (review) right here for ya!
This is only a small teaser of what's in store for you guys when the book comes out on February 10th. Check it out!
Lockdown Hangover
It's way worse than
a regular one.
Just about everyone has experienced a hangover. You go out, you have fun, you drink too much, and the next day you wake up in pain and make a list of the people you need to apologize to. The day after a lockdown is no different… except for the lack of booze.
I've evolved as an investigator, and as time goes by I release more and more of myself to the spirits I come in contact with. I let them use my body however they need to, opening the door to the spirit world wider and wider. This has resulted in deeper and deeper connections, but it comes at a price. The more I allow spirits in, the more sensitive I become to them and the more damage they can do, even long after a lockdown is over. Early on, when I had only a few investigations under my belt, I learned how important it is to trust what your body is telling you. Some of us are like tuning forks or lightning rods for the paranormal, but like anyone who abuses his body in any way, I start feeling the consequences of that abuse over time.
I'm very much in tune with myself. I can recognize a skipped heartbeat, a wheeze in the lungs, a sudden attack of goosebumps, or a powerful wave of sorrow, and I know what they all mean during a paranormal environment. I don't do this once in a while as a hobby in my free time; I do it all the time for a living. I'm frequently on an emotional, empathetic level with spirits, and I'm sure they know that I'm in tune with their world. It's almost like a part of me has already passed over, and the spirits can sense that and reach out to me as a result. I truly believe that I'm connected to the afterlife in some small way, but it's taken its toll on me. After a lockdown I'm always in pain, and some lockdowns are worse than others.
Our investigation of the Sorrel Weed House in Savannah, Georgia, gave me a three-alarm hangover. It was very similar to a real one—headache, nausea, dizziness, throbbing, memory loss—but weirder. I can usually gauge how bad my hangover is going to be by the interactions I have with spirits during a lockdown, but this one threw me for a loop. It was an incredible connection, sure, but the lasting impression it left on me was disproportionately huge.
At the house, I came into contact with a powerful spirit in the slave quarters that I'll never forget. This spirit wasn't just strong; it reached inside me and let me feel its emotions, connecting us like a cross-dimensional umbilical cord. Moments like this are always strange and unpredictable, but I've long since thrown caution to the wind, so I opened myself up and allowed it in. What did I get for that? I was paralyzed. I stood motionless and frozen in time, unaware of my surroundings for several moments. You lose all sense of time and space when a spirit takes a hold of you like that. You don't recognize the people around you. You don't know what time it is. Nothing is familiar, and your head swims until you fall into a trancelike state.
It's this moment, when the spirit is drawing your energy from you and you are feeling the spirit's emotions, that really drains your body. There's a scene in Bram Stoker's Dracula where Keanu Reeves' character is being held hostage by female vampires. They continuously suck his blood, but they leave a tiny bit so he's barely alive. That's exactly what a lockdown hangover feels like. That's how deep I get into these experiences. These hangovers are the worst because it can take days to get my body working properly again.
I love these intimate interactions and ethereal moments with spirits, but the next day kicks me in the gut. It took me five days to get over that investigation in Savannah. I was nauseated, dizzy, and just plain off. And it shook me up not only because it took me so long to get over it, but also because I was so irritated with everyone afterward. We all go our separate ways the day after a lockdown, and I usually ride to the airport with Billy and Aaron. This is when we're most on edge with each other because the residue of an evil spirit takes time to wear off. When we have an emotional moment during a spirit interaction, channeling, or possession, we end up carrying the residue of that spirit, and it takes a little while to get ourselves back to normal.
We know this now and have learned to stay quiet until we're home because no one wants to say something he'll regret. We even keep the joking to a minimum. We can turn on a dime, and we usually try to talk as little as possible so we don't. On the way home from Savannah, though, Billy and I got into it because my connection with the spirit stuck with me and changed me for a while. But in the end, it was worth it to me. I'm convinced that the longer and stronger the hangover, the deeper the connection was with the spirit.


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Anne Ireland grew up near New York City and, after graduating from Bowdoin College, she returned to work for CBS NEWS. While in New York, she took painting classes at the Brooklyn Museum of Art and after moving to Maine in 1985, she earned a BFA with honors from the Maine College of Art. Ireland has had solo and group show all over Maine, and in 2010 and 2013 her work graced the cover of the spring and summer L.L.Bean's catalogues. In 2012, she was awarded a residency at The Studios of a Key West, Florida. Ireland's work is represented by Thos.Moser Gallery in Freeport, Maine, The Gallery at Somes Sound in Somesville (Southwest Harbor) Maine and Collier West Gallery in Brooklyn, New York.
My paintings are the result of observation informed by imagination--a place where the iconic is seen in the emotional context of mystery and surprise. There is a powerful energy when sky meets ground. To intensify that connection I strive to create a psychologically-nuanced atmosphere of unexpected color, giving it depth and consequence.
BFA with honors, Maine College of Art
BA, Bowdoin College
2015 20th Annual Juried Show, juror, Britta Konau, Harlow Gallery, Hallowell, Maine
2015 "Maine As they see it", Maine Art Gallery invitational, Kennebunkport, Maine
2015 "Paint the Farm", Maine Farmland Trust Gallery invitational , Belfast, Maine
2014 Solo Exhibition, The Gallery at Somes Sound, Somesville, Maine.
2013 "Anne Ireland: New Work", Charles Thomas Gallery, Maine College of Art, Portland
2013 "Anne Ireland and Susan Williams: New Work", Thos.Moser Gallery, Freeport, Maine
2013 "Maine, as I see it", Maine Art Gallery, Kennebunkport, Maine
2013 "Spring", featured artist, Gleason Fine Art, Portland, Maine
2013 Invitational, State House, Augusta, Maine Arts Commission
2012 "Setting the Table", Center for Furniture Craftsmanship, Rockport, Maine
July, 2012 Deer Isle Artists Association 40th Anniversary Invitation Exhibition, Deer Isle, Maine
2012 "Choice," Maine Art Gallery, Kennebunkport, Maine
2012 Solo Show, Flat Iron Gallery, Portland, Maine
2012 "Bates, Bowdoin & Colby College Alumni Art Show," Thos.Moser Gallery, Freeport, Maine
2011 "Celebrating Women Artists in Maine" Thos. Moser, Freeport, Maine
2011 "My Maine Imagined," solo exhibition, LaMarche Gallery, Bowdoin College
2010 "Women Artists in Maine," Thos. Moser, Freeport, Maine
2009 "December Show," Elizabeth Moss Fine Art, Falmouth, Maine
2009 "Black Frame Invitational," Portland, Maine
2009 "Inspiration Italy," Cygnet Gallery, Portland, Maine
2008 "Anne Ireland and Dennis Rafferty: New Works," Cygnet Gallery, Portland, Maine
2008 "Anne Ireland and Holly Ready," Cygnet Gallery, Northeast Harbor, Maine
2008 "Three MECA Women," Cape Cottage Gallery, South Portland, Maine
2008 "Black Frame Invitational"
2007 "Anne Ireland and Dennis Rafferty: New Works," Cygnet Gallery, Portland, Maine
2007 "Three Points of View," Slade-Hill Gallery, Yarmouth, Maine
2007 "Black Frame Invitational"
2005 Solo Exhibition, Cygnet Gallery, Bar Harbor, Maine
2005 "Crossroads," Galeyrie Fine Art, Falmouth, Maine
2004 "Ten Years After," June Fitzpatrick Gallery, Portland, Maine
2016, Chalk Hill Artist Residency, Healdsburg, CA
2013 Stephen S. Pace Residency, Stonington, Maine
2012 Residency Fellowship at The Studios of Key West
1993 Harley Flaws Merit Scholarship
1991 Payson Scholarship Competition, Honorable Mention
2014 Summer Cover Art, LLBean catalog 2010 Spring Cover Art, LLBean catalog
2010 Cover Painting, LL Bean Spring Catalog, January
For commission work, please contact the artist.
Konau, Britta, "Atmospheric Abstraction,"Maine Home + Design, June 2013
2009 Phil Isaacson, "Inspiration Italy," Portland Press Herald/Sunday Telegram, June 21
2009 "Ones to Watch," Maine Home + Design, May, p. 83
Thos. Moser Gallery, Freeport, Maine
The Gallery at Somes Sound, Somesville, Maine
Inquiries may be made by contacting the artist.


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Complementing the Oracle range, this table is ideal for your reception, waiting room and breakout areas.
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Rise and Read
Rise and Read is our brand new scheme, which will be launched in September to Year 7, where students will spend 30 minutes at the start of the school day being involved in reading activities.
The aim behind the scheme is to allow student's access to engaging storytelling and explorative literature, which they may not experience, elsewhere in the school curriculum. During this, students will become engaged in reading through teacher and pupil discussion and also by experiencing the stories in a live interactive way, thus promoting a love of reading and improving their literacy levels. An essential building block in securing their future educational outcomes.
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Our latest visit of only two nights was as enjoyable as ever but we felt the hotel had lost a bit of its 'Wow' factor. Great service from the mainly Hungarian Staff. Some issues with our room which should have had a bath but when...More
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Dr. Jingwen Liao, Prof. Chengyun Ning, Zhaoyi Yin, Dr. Guoxin Tan, Dr. Shishu Huang, Dr. Zhengnan Zhou, Junqi Chen and Dr. Haobo Pan Nanostructured Conducting Polymers as Intelligent Implant Surface: Fabricated on Biomedical Titanium with a Potential-Induced Reversible Switch in Wettability ChemPhysChem 14
Version of Record online: 21 OCT 2013 | DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300746
Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) nanotube arrays, nanotube networks and irregular films are deposited on biomedical titanium. By in situ application of weak periodic potentials, the nanostructured conducting polymers undergo a reversible switch in wettability, which is a redox process of dopant molecules (as hydrophilic groups) immobilized and de-immobilized on the surface of the conducting polymers.
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Morgan County System of Services, Inc.
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WhyTry: The WhyTry Program utilizes 10 visual analogies to teach life skills to help youth thrive. Using relevant multimedia resources (video, music and literature) as well as physical learning activities, teens can easily see how each analogy applies to their lives. The program is designed to give students hope and guidance in overcoming the challenges they face and to answer the question "Why try in life?" when they are frustrated, confused or angry with life's pressures. Participants learn that trying hard and putting effort into challenges at home, school and with peers is worth it and can lead to more opportunity, freedom and self-respect. Classes are held on Thursdays from 4:15-6:15 p.m. For more information or to enroll, contact Kim Gully at (256) 350-8434, ext. 208.
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With the camping season around the corner, I was inspired to create these Mini S'mores Pies. There is nothing like relaxing by the campfire while telling stories and making s'mores! Unfortunately, the black flies in upstate New York keep us from going camping till July and August. Till then these mini s'mores pies are definitely a great alternative!
My mom has been making these for years. They are so good, aren't they?
Ah I do love smores. This is nice though because they're small portions, great for the little kids and the moms!
S ' mores is one of my favorite camping treats. I might have to try these pies, they look good. I usually make sugar free pudding pies and top with whipped cream. This would give us a new option.
That is all kinds of awesome! I'm gonna have to give this a try this summer.
We love Smores and that looks delicious. Will try this out. Thanks for the recipe.
Yummy! Now I'm craving for something sweet, and it's almost midnight in this part of the planet. 😀
I haven't even taken a bit yet and I'm already happy. They look delicious and I want one so much!
This looks amazing. I will try this recipe with little one as i am sure she will love it
What a clever idea! And these look so yummy. I'll have to make these with my kids.
That looks so tasty. Love how easy to make.
Omg! I love smores! Those pies look amazing!
Those look amazing! I can't wait to try them!


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gun policy, firearms, second amendment, mental illness, mental defective, gun control
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|Current Age
|Date of Birth
|February 16
|Current Status
|Main Weapon(s)
|First Appearance
|General's Journey
Physical Description
Oshelia is the second-shortest person in the group besides Scotch, standing at 5'4". She wears a white-and-blue striped sea dress and has yellow hair flowing down the sides of her head. She wears a blue beret and has a valuable red scarf around her neck. She can transform into a mermaid or morph into water. In the case of the former, she gains a long, scaly green tail in place of her legs.
Out of everyone in the Vinegar Troops, Oshelia is outright the most caring and thoughtful person in the group, rarely showing signs of malevolence or anger, generally being a happy-go-lucky person. At first she appeared to be child-like and refused to engage in battle at all, but has grown a strong sense of maturity over the course of General's Journey and is a fearless woman, although she still displays extreme fear towards spiders and prefers to not go near any of them.
Oshelia can create water from the palms of her hands and fire it in strong pulses or as high-pressure blasts. Her water is always purified and clean, making it safe for human contact/consumption. She can control the temperature of her body freely thanks to her physical make-up, which can have her fire water of different temperatures. If she is angered, her water jets are extremely hot and hurt to touch, but if she's sad, she fires beams of ice instead.
Relationship with Other Characters
The two were initially the best of friends despite differing personalities, and they both matured together over the course of General's Journey. Oshelia thinks Scotch is incredibly charismatic and knows how to handle the tides of battle very well, and is satisfied with the fact that Scotch only does wars to end wars. In turn, Scotch sees Oshelia as a fine young lady and protects her with all her can, always getting really angry when she gets hurt. If Scotch in turn is hurt in any way by someone she knows, she will send off his attacker with jets of boiling water.
Even though she's aware of Snickers' softer side, she still displays pure hatred towards him and does not enjoy his presence. She trusts him the least out of anyone in the entire group, and always does the opposite of what Snickers wants to do. Because of how she treats him, Snickers does not like her either and has threatened constantly to destroy her and take her life. Oshelia prefers to not clash with him, but it just tends to happen sometimes. The way these two act are one of many reasons why Scotch and Snickers have an on-going rivalry and a really heated history.
- Her name was originally Oshian, but the creator changed it because he though Oshelia sounded a lot better.
- Oshelia is only one of two in the gang of ten that does not consider herself to be part of the team, the other being Xtise.
- Oshelia's favorite candy flavor is caramel. By coincidence, caramel also happens to be the last name of her boyfriend, Scotch. Whether or not this is intentional has yet to be known by mankind.
- If you remove Oshelia's cap, it is revealed that she has spiky hair.


text: 48x Belton Premium All deal pack include, extra free caps, latex gloves and a magazine. Colors are selected by the bench staff. This will include a black and white and gradients of the remainders. (Online deal only) Old Price : £ 177.60 Price : £ 159.85 You save : £ 17.75! (9.99%) Add to cart


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Are you getting digital or a physical copy of Destiny? I understand the advantage of preloading, but I'm going with a physical copy of Destiny. I prefer to have something hard that I can touch and insert into the slot.
Posting in language:
"Hard or Hard." [spoiler]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_PoPIvKPe4[/spoiler]
Posting in language:


text:
Astronaut Drawing
In this coloring worksheet, students examine a black line drawing of a child dressed as an astronaut. Students color the picture.
3 Views 4 Downloads
Resource Details
The Science of Sleep and Daily Rhythms: Sleeping in Space
Students write about strange places that they have slept. For this sleep science lesson students read about astronauts sleeping experience in space. They reflect on unusual places that they have slept and write about it.
1st - 6th English Language Arts
Take Five: Writing a Color-Coded Paragraph
Use a traffic light to model a very basic paragraph plan. The Go, or topic sentence, is written in green and expresses an opinion about the topic. Information that supports the opinion of the Go sentence is written in yellow and the...
K - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
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Save time and discover engaging curriculum for your classroom. Reviewed and rated by trusted, credentialed teachers.Try It Free


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Why the greenway?
Why is the Northend Greenway important for Harrisonburg to develop now? There are so many reasons! Here are few:
- It develops Harrisonburg's bike and pedestrian infrastructure.
- It provides access to public green space in areas without nearby city parks.
- It connects neighborhoods with downtown businesses.
- It supports healthy and safe transportation choices.
- It gives children and families safe and naturally beautiful spaces for recreation.
- It's proven to increase neighborhood safety and build relationships between residents.
- It encourages appreciation of the natural world.
- Large sections of the path are undeveloped, making this a good time to create community infrastructure.
- It will model effective alternative transportation infrastructure for Harrisonburg.
Tell us why you think Harrisonburg needs the Northend Greenway with the form in the sidebar. We'd love to hear why you're excited about the greenway! We might even post it here on the website…
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text: We are excited to announce the launching of the nine episode webseries Pre-Production: The Webseries. Written by the Captains' own Vicki Syal, and produced by Vicki, Michael Busalacchi (and several other talented individuals), their Dirty Laundry Collective will be releasing a new episode every week. We have the pilot episode below, but don't miss out on catching each of the members of the Captains sprinkled throughout the episodes for the next nine weeks. Enjoy – we certainly enjoyed making it!


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Website Publishing
Create, customize, and update your home page. Design your homepage with custom widgets, pages, pictures, and more. Upload pictures to your banner, logo, and avatar to further personalize your home page. Distinguish yourselves with a website that includes photos, banners, logos, custom colors and dynamic content that matches the spirit of your Organization – no two are alike!
Web Publishing Training Video (click here)
This online training course covers several tools available to admins set up, manage and add content to their Korrio websites.
To start building your website, use the admin navigator and go to Web >> Edit Home Page.
Photo Carousel
The photo carousel allows you to showcase upcoming programs, share content and engage your members. Simply upload an image and link to a blog post or external site! To add or edit a photo:
- Click Add an Image under Banner Image
- Click +Add Files to search your computer for a file, or drag and drop a photo into the window.
Size: Photo should be 620 width x 225 height.
- Select uploadand continue
- Once added, click the link button to link the photo to a blog post, program page, or other external website.
Headline and Team Info Text
The headline is where you can create a title that supports the text that is displayed front and center of your page. Here are a couple of examples:
a) Headline: Welcome to Kickers FC!
a) Text = friendly statement about Kickers FC
b) Headline: Our mission is to serve you!
b) Text = Mission statement
c) Headline: Serving soccer since 1980
c) Text = history of Organization
Sponsor Logos (or branding images)
You can upload up to two sponsor logos, or any other logo for the branding of your site:
- Click Add a Logo under Sponsor Logos
- Click +Add Files to search your computer for a file, or drag and drop a photo into the window.
NOTE: Photo should be 180 width x 108 height.
- Select uploadand continue
- Once added, click the link button to link the photo to a sponsor page.
News Module
You can highlight one blog post on the right hand side of your website. Use the dropdown to select any post from your top 5 most-recent blogs or you can click the block that says automatically update with the latest news. Be sure to give the blog post a Title that will draw your members in (it can be the same as the actual post or something new).
Social Links
Promote your social pages! Add links for Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, Pinterest or an RSS Feed from an external blog. Simple copy and paste your social URL's into the fields provided – you'll notice the icons take on color once your URL has been added!
Homepage Widgets
- Click the Schedule check-box to add the weekly Organization schedule on the homepage (stretches width of the screen)
- Click the Highlights check-box to add the Highlights photo album to the homepage (stretches width of the screen)
- You can enable custom widgets if you'd like more information on your Homepage.
- Click Add Custom Widget
- Describe the widget with a Title
- Choose ½ screen width (390w x 200h) or full screen width (800w x 200h)
- Include plain text or photos
- Click Add
Custom Pages
You can highlight important pages under the About Club tab on the left hand menu. You must first add the pages (see Pages help guide) before you can add them to your About Club menu.
- Check the box next to The Club
- Use the dropdown to pick the page you want to add
- Click Add Page To Sidebar
- You can rearrange the order in which they're displayed by clicking next to the Page name and dragging and dropping it into place
- To remove a page from the About Club menu, simply uncheck the box
Custom Footer
To make it easy for your members to get in touch with you, access your mission statement or locate field information, be sure to set up your footer. Examples are footer links are: Contact Us, Fields, Address, Leadership, About
- Check the box next to Footer
- Use the dropdown to pick the page you want to add
- Click Add Page To Footer
- You can rearrange the order in which they're displayed by clicking next to the Page name and dragging and dropping it into place
- To remove a page from the Footer, simply uncheck the box
**Select Publish to save your changes!**
The last piece of the puzzle is to add your logo to your homepage! Your logo will automatically push down to your program and team pages.
To add your avatar, use the admin navigator and go to Club >> Settings >> Club Settings.
- Open the Themes accordion and select Add Club Avatar
- Click +Add File
- Upload a Logo to these specifics:
- 130w x 130h or 300w x 300h (jpeg/png)
- make background gray (RGB is 53,53,53)
4. Select Upload
Korrio Website Examples: Below are some current customers that have utilized the Korrio Webhosting platform to its fullest potential:
- darienyouthclub.org
- hamptonroadsstrikers.com
- wfbsoccer.com
- eastlakell.org


text: Home > Imran Series > Action Group (Imran Series) Action Group (Imran Series) Read New Urdu Story from Imran Series by Mazhar Kaleem M.A, Action Group. Hope you will enjoy by reading this action, thrill, suspense and interesting story of Imran and his partners. Read Online OR Download Here Category of This Article= Imran Series at Monday, August 18, 2014 Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook


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It was registered by Donka Willison , who can be reached at . Registration details show that it was registered on 10 Jan 2016 through namesilo, llc and will expire on 10 Jan 2017.
The site returns a status code of 200. The site is being served through Apache.
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Germany has stopped a major deal to provide a fully equipped training camp to Russian forces due to the crisis in Ukraine, the government said Monday.
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SageRave of Get Custom Content's curator insight, April 8, 2015 1:30 PM
The GOP should not run ads on MSNBC, in my opinion. They have their own network for spreading the lies and bigotry they use to get their base out to vote!


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Hello, everyone! Thank you so much for stopping by to check out the learning activities that other bloggers are sharing… and if you're a blogger, please link up your creative fun and learning ideas for kids ages 5 and up! Each week I pick some favorites or create a themed collection of posts from past linkups.
Yesterday (Sunday) was a day to focus on housework. I nearly caught up on all the laundry (after putting away six loads!) and did something I have been meaning to do for a long time… caught up on my children's baby books. I have to write these things down before I forget them!
Because I spent so much time catching up on things at home, I just picked one post to highlight. It's my favorite. 🙂
If you want to find creative ways to build on what your child is learning at school, you should absolutely follow Planet Smarty Pants! I'm always learning something from Natalie, especially in science and math. This week she recommended a kids' history book about inventions… from the very first inventions all the way to the iPad.
She challenged her daughter to pick the world's most important inventions, using the book as a reference. What a great critical thinking activity! Pop on by to get the book's title and see a list comparing what Natalie and her daughter chose as the most notable inventions in history.
© 2014 – 2016, Anna G. All rights reserved.


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Mediterranean-Style Home with Sport Court
5 bedroom 3 bath Mediterranean-style home in the Tonaquint Terrace subdivision. Nice open floor plan with granite counter tops, double ovens, stainless steel appliances, tile, travertine and so much more! Great location with block wall, RV pad and sport court.
Click HERE for the virtual Tour!
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Weekend Report - 26/28th August 2017
Cole, Coppard and McAllister Head Weekend Performances
A very warm and windless Bank Holiday weekend helped some excellent performances from Club members.
On Saturday Greg Cole produced an extraordinary performance at the South Downs Challenge, winning the 100 kilometre event in 10 hours 16 minutes and 41 seconds. Cole was having his first real taste of an ultra marathon event and won by 72 minutes, also breaking the course record by more than an hour, over the extremely undulating route. He is due to race the Berlin Marathon in a few weeks time.
Simon Coppard who finished second in the National under 17 men's 800 metres
Simon Coppard's second place in the under 17 men's 800 metres, was the only medal winning performance, from Tonbridge AC, at the National under 15 and 17 championships, held at Bedford over the weekend. Coppard qualified comfortably through his heat on Saturday in 1.59.89. Then in Sunday's final he made a real breakthrough, taking almost three seconds from his personal best to record 1.51.97, to capture the silver medal.
Asha Root finished 5th in the under 17 women's 300 metres, running 40.51 in the final, whilst in the under 15 event, over the same distance, Maisie Rixon was 6th in 41.70, having run a pb of 41.39 in the heat. Rebekah O'Brien was 5th in the under 15 High Hump with 1.56m and was unlucky not to make the 800 metres final, having run a pb of 2.19.52 in her heat. Guy White placed 5th in the under 15 Shot Putt, with a personal best throw of 13.09 metres, whilst Matthew Hughes was 8th in the under 17 men's Long Jump, with 6.29 metres.
Mark McAllister who broke two club sprint records at the weekend
Mark McAllister hit his best sprint form of the season on Saturday, at Kingston, in the Southern Counties Veterans Championships. He placed second in both the over 45 age group 100 and 200 metres, recording times of 12.3 and 25.40. Both were club age records, breaking those set by Gerry Le Roy, back in 1983.
On Monday Dan Watt was 3rd in the Sevenoaks 7 mile event at Knole Park, whilst Harry Paton was 4th in the Dartford 10k road race in 35.10, a timed slowed by the lead group going off course at one stage.
Tonbridge AC hosted their traditional Bank Holiday Monday Open Meeting, at Tonbridge School and witnessed an excellent turnout from both their own members and other clubs.
Kieran Eland won the 400 metres in a personal best of 50.09, whilst the other top track performances came from the veterans squad. Maria Heslop set an outright personal best and lowered her own club, over 45, age record in the 3000 metres, with 10.36.40. Then the club's over 35 sprint relay squad warmed up for this weekends Southern Counties Veterans League final with a club age record. Anthony Bickley, Simon Fraser, Mark McAllister and Steve Tester ran 49.34.
Alan Marriott set new V80 men's records in the 100m and 200m sprints in 21.38s and 48.37s respectively and Richard Christian set a new M50 100mH record in 18.10s.
In the field maybe the best performances came from the club's young female athletes. Maisie Rixon (under 15) set a big personal best of 5.00 metres in the Long Jump, whilst Kirsty-Anne Ebbage (U17) was also on form throwing the Hammer 43.26m, Discus 34.03m and Shot 10.84m. Photographs from the day can be viewed hereThis weekend sees the veteran's squad compete in the Southern Counties League final, at Ashford, on Sunday 3rd September.
KCAA Pentathlon - 28th August 2017
The Kent pentathlon for U13 Girls and Boys was held at Tonbridge School track on Monday, where 42 young athletes from a range of Counties competed against each other in sprint hurdles, high jump, long jump, and shot put finishing with the 800m.
Lucinda White from the Club came third overall in the girls pentathlon with a new Club record score of 2188, which put her into first place in Kent having achieved PBs in the 800m, long jump and shot put.Olivia Breed came fourth in Kent, and in the boys pentathlon George Thomas came fourth in Kent, with Robert Tune in ninth place followed by Felic Gollan tenth and Sebastien Thomson thirteenth.


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The Simpsons: The Twelfth Season by Twentieth Century Fox
The Simpsons: The Twelfth Season by Twentieth Century Fox
$18.10 $14.49
As of 2017-09-23 18:05:45 UTC (more info)
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Description of The Simpsons: The Twelfth Season by Twentieth Century Fox
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Manufacturer Description
The Simpsons" The Complete Twelfth Season is loaded with special features including an introduction from Matt Groening; audio commentaries on every episode with Groening and "The Simpsons" Executive Producers, Writers, Actors and Directors; deleted scenes; animation showcases; original sketches; special language feature; featurettes and more. As an added bonus, the set comes in collectible packaging modeled after the overweight and over opinionated retailer Comic Book Guy.]]0]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
Stills from The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season (Click for larger image)
Product Features
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