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The principle drive for birds forming a pair bond is to produce offspring. For all birds, the odds of producing surviving offspring are increased with a strong, healthy mate, which is why birds have different courtship rituals to find the most suitable partner. Once they have found that partner, mating may or may not lead to a longer attachment between two birds, and in fact many bird species will mate with several partners during the same nesting season in an effort to spread their genes to as many resulting eggs as possible.
Different bird species remain in bonded pairs for different lengths of time. Some pair bonds, such as those for ruby-throated hummingbirds, last only as long as necessary for copulation, after which the male bird leaves and has no further role in building a nest, incubating the eggs or raising the hatchlings. Other birds, however, remain together throughout the nesting season with both partners working together to raise the brood, either by sharing duties or by one partner supporting the other by bringing extra food to the nest and deterring possible predators.
If a bird species can raise more than one brood in a nesting season, the same pair of partners may or may not work together on multiple broods. Some birds will stay monogamous only until the first eggs hatch, while others will remain together for the entire season but will go their separate ways after nesting season ends.
Birds that do form long term pair bonds may remain together for several breeding seasons without elaborate courtship renewals, though there may be some minor displays and other refreshing of their bond. Depending on the species, these birds may remain together until one partner dies, after which the other bird will seek another mate. Another common occurrence is that the birds stay together for several seasons, but they may find new, stronger partners at any time and could switch loyalties if they perceive that it would increase the chances of producing surviving offspring.
Birds that do stay together for several successive nesting seasons are often said to mate for life, even though those long term pair bonds may not, in fact, last the length of the birds' lives.
There are several benefits to long term pair bonds. While these benefits are not the same for every species, those that do appear to mate for life can take advantage of:
• Larger Territories: Birds that mate for several seasons tend to require larger territories. If they must make annual efforts to attract new mates, they would be unable to defend the amount of space they need for feeding. This is particularly true for birds of prey.
• Longer Youth Care: Larger birds require longer incubation periods for the young to fully form within the eggs, and after hatching the young birds require more extensive care or teaching from their parents. With long term bonds, the parent birds can mate earlier in the season and give their offspring the necessary time to develop fully before migration or harsh weather sets in. This is true for many large birds, including cranes, raptors and geese.
• Multiple Broods: While many birds that only mate for a single season also produce multiple broods, birds with long term bonds can often restart a brood if predators clean out a nest or if other circumstances destroy the eggs. This is another tactic birds can use to increase the odds of having viable offspring even in uncertain seasons. Birds of prey and many waterfowl have different nest threats that make long term bonds and multiple broods a necessity if their species are to survive.
There are a number of bird species known to form long term, strong pair bonds that could be defined as mating for life. While any of these birds may seek a new mate if the pair cannot produce eggs or if one partner is injured or dies, bird species that are considered life mates include:
While roughly 90 percent of bird species are monogamous, that doesn't mean they mate for life. Relatively few bird species form long term pair bonds that will last through multiple nesting seasons, but those that do use it as a tactic to increase their odds of producing surviving offspring that will be healthier and more adaptable to keep their species strong.


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Washington, PA
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About this pro
How does your business stand out?
I try to make each massage therapy experience unique to each client. I like to get to know my clients as much as possible whether it's on a personal level and/or medical level so that I can cater to their special needs. I like to let clients decide what they prefer in their massage experience, whether it's the techniques used, the essential oils used, the music played, and more. It's your massage, not mine.
What do you enjoy about the work you do?
I love the idea of healing and wellness in a natural way. I love the power of human contact and spending time with my clients. The world can be so fast-paced and stressful these days and I love being a part of a person's day where they get to relax and take time for themselves.
Washington, PA 15301
Massage Therapist - MSG008050
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10 Reviews
Ben T.
Jun 23, 2016
Massage Therapy
Verified Review
It's a great atmosphere & she is a great Therpist .
Abigail G.
Nov 9, 2015
I really like Sheena, she makes you feel so comfortable! She is highly knowledgeable and makes every effort to make your massage experience as enjoyable and relaxing as possible.
Charles W.
Sep 29, 2015
Sports Massage
Verified Review
I've received many massages, and this one was by far the best! Very professional and a great experience!
Jennifer P.
Jun 26, 2015
I recently started going to Sheena at Holistica for deep tissue therapeutic massages after feeling cheated on time (for the price) at bigger local establishments. I've been to her three times and each time, she has listened to my needs and specifically addressed them in a thorough and professional manner. One thing I appreciate is that she doesn't talk your ear off, which, in my opinion, adds to the relaxation of the massage. Sheena has a pleasant and caring disposition as well. The atmosphere at Holistica was quiet and relaxing and her use of aromatherapy, which the client can choose the scent, enhanced the therapeutic experience. Also, the location of Holistica is convenient to Washington, PA, being only a brief drive out of the city. I'm happy to patronize the small business that Holistica is and I highly recommend that you give Sheena your business, too. Jennifer
Lauren C.
Feb 9, 2015
Massage Therapy
Verified Review
I was very pleased with my experience I'm trying to relieve siatic nerve pain and her treatment is very effective. I would recommend her to others and I will return for future visits.
Andrea G.
Feb 6, 2015
In all honesty Sheena is a fantastic Masseuse. My husband and I will continue to see her every month as we both have had back and neck issues -- receiving monthly hour massages has definitely been beneficial for both of us. It is definitely worth it! Thank you Sheena ...
Tammie B.
Feb 1, 2015
Extreme professional, awesome disposition. Very attentive and personable. Sheena is one the best! She takes the time to work on the areas that need the additional attention. Never ever felt that my time was rushed... Always relaxing and beneficial. Great experience every time!
Missy W.
Sep 24, 2014
She is wonderful. Sheena listens to your concerns works on the areas you are having trouble or concern with. She constantly makes sure you are comfortable and doing ok. Very caring. I look forward to the months it's time to go see her. Highly Highly Highly recommend her.
Andrew G.
Sep 23, 2014
My experience with Sheena has been amazing. She is very professional and nice to talk to. Her skill level in my eyes is second to none. She hits every target point and also focuses more on areas that her client may have issues with. I know I wont go to anyone else.
Nicole A.
Sep 22, 2014
Sheena is an excellent massage therapist. She is also very professional and personable. I feel amazing after one of her massages.
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What should the customer know about your pricing (e.g., discounts, fees)?
I charge $65 an hour for my standard holistic massage, though, I also offer 30 and 90 minute massages. See my website for pricing on specialty services and limited time offers. I also send out coupons for birthdays and referrals!
What education and/or training do you have that relates to your work?
In order to keep my massage therapy license I must complete so much continuing education every two years, which I think is great! So far I've been certified as a Medical Massage Practitioner. It was 6 days of classes in which I learned very specific techniques to alleviate pain for specific ailments. I'm also certified in hot/cold stone therapy which is extremely therapeutic in a physical and emotional way. I've completed my Reiki training which focuses on meditation, energy clearing, and healing on a holistic level.
How did you get started doing this type of work?
I've always loved biology and anatomy/physiology. I've always had a love for people. Massage therapy lets me combine the two! I get to learn more and more interesting things about the body everyday and I get to spend quality time with people.
What advice would you give a customer looking to hire a provider in your area of work?
I'd advise to find a therapist you're comfortable with and that caters to what you need. Every therapist is different so if you don't find what you need right away, that's okay. Keep an open mind and when you find the right one, you're body and mind will thank you for it!
What questions should customers think through before talking to professionals about their project?
I wish that more people knew how beneficial massage is. It's beneficial on many levels whether it's physical, mental, or emotional. Everybody could use one!
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