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3 bedroom semi-detached house for sale
Greece - Nafplio, Argolis, Peloponnese
like this property?Call: 03339 390773
Key features:
- 350 meters from the sea
- Panoramic view sea
- 850 sq.m of plot with a swimming pool
- Safe area
- Protected area by security
- Small beaches with crystal clear waters
- 3 bedrooms
- 2 klm from the shops
- 17 klm from Nafplio
Full description:
This lovely house consists of three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a w.c, an open plan kitchen living area and terraces with a nice view at the sea.
Other special features include a fireplace in the living room, trellis on the balconies, air conditioning, available parking area, landscaped plot area with stone floors and stone fences.
It is worth mentioning that there is the possibility of building an additional room - guest area.
This unique property has a picturesque unobstructed and panoramic view at the sea.
In terms of location it is 20 km from the historic city of Nafplio, and 150 km from Athens.
The area features small scenic beaches with crystal clear waters, ideal for water sports, exploring, fishing or just a relaxing holiday in a quiet landscape that perfectly combines the mountain and sea.
More information from this agent
Nearest Airports*
- Kalamata (International), 55.6 miles
- Spata (Eleftherios Venizelos) (International), 65.6 miles
- Athens (International), 67.1 miles
*Distances are straight line measurements. This feature is currently in beta.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Baku. 12 February. REPORT.AZ/ IV session of the Intergovernmental commission on cooperation of Azerbaijan-India will be held on April 6-7 in Baku.
Report informs, Ambassador of India to Azerbaijan Sanjay Rana told reporters Friday.
A delegation led by the Minister of Commerce and Industry of India Nirmala Sitharaman will arrive in Baku to participate in the meeting.
"Delegation led by Ms. Sitharaman will meet with the Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources Huseyngulu Bagirov. The prospects of bilateral cooperation in trade, culture, transport and other spheres will be discussed at the meeting", the ambassador added.


text:
Tom Slot
Burnt-out psychologist Dr. Henley knows crazy, but when he's confronted by the ghost of a whaling ship captain from 1863, Henley embarks on an insane adventure that could cost him his license to practice, his sanity, and his life.
The Mayor of Anderson, South Carolina is in the political fight of his life when a sexual harassment scandal breaks in the middle of his reelection campaign: so why did the Governor just offer to make him a US Senator?
In this dark comedy, a prostitute and a botanist are stuck in a room they can't escape, an aging cop and a Trekkie have a chance encounter on a bus, bodies are piling up on Conner Beach, and there's a serial killer on the loose.
On the one-year anniversary of their father's death, three sisters return to their childhood home to scatter his ashes.
Tom Slot was born in Washington DC and raised in Maryland. He received his MFA in theater from Columbia University where he studied with Kristin Linklater, Anne Bogart, and Andrei Serban. Tom is the co-founder and artistic director of Original Binding Productions, a New York City based Theater Company that focuses on producing original work and community service projects. He has been actively working as a playwright, actor, and director in NYC since 2006. When not on stage, he teaches acting at Queens College and The Queens School of Inquiry.
New York Productions: Graceless (The Paradise Factory - 2014 Planet Connections Festivity, nominated for best playwright), My Father's Ashes (Theater 54, NYIT awards nominee), Farewell to Sanity and Other Irrational Constructs (Gene Frankel Theater – 2013 Planet Connections Festivity, nine award nominations, winner of four including Best Actor for David Stallings), Killing Time (Payan Theater, 2012 Princess Grace Playwright Fellowship finalist), the rock opera The Father of Songs (Off-Broadway Theater at Roy Arias), two children's musicals My Cousin From The Moon and Where In The World Is Whally The Whale (Grace Theater), and the educational theater piece Step Up To The Plate. Published work: Tom's one act play Reimagining Oedipus can be found in The Freshwater Goes To High School Anthology available on Amazon.com.
More About Tom Slot
Playwright's theater company


text:
Don't miss this great visualization of World Cup Cricket-Schedule.
Click the Title or link below to visualization
Cricket-schedule ICC World Cup 2011
World Cup Cricket-Schedule Visualization
5 comments:
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cricket schedule
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Sequel is Simpson College's literary and visual arts magazine. The annual publication serves as a forum for students, faculty and staff to share their literary and artistic talents. Students can earn academic credit by serving on the editorial staff of the magazine, gaining valuable professional development experience in the process.
Read the current edition of Sequel, and learn about other experiential learning opportunities in publishing at Simpson.


text:
Power consumption question?
For a nation wide (or even international as in Europe) power grid, the situation is much different.
1. The generators do NOT run constantly. Whole power plants get switched on and off during the day to adapt the power generation to the demand.
2. Unused available electricity is stored in different ways and can be recalled when needed without burning up more oil, coal etc.
3. Even a running generator does not generate an amount X of power all the time. In fact, a generator will only produce as much electricity as is used. (Where should the unused current go, anyway?)
So, yes, it does matter, if you switch unused stuff off or not.
Not so much really, I can think of a few pumped storage systems, but that's about it. There's a fuel cell trial or two as well.
We really NEED storage systems.
they were stored in batteries long ago. now they run proportionally to power demand
It takes twice ( 2X ) as much energy to charge a battery as you get ( 1X ) out of it later.
Confusing ?
How about, you can only get back 1/2 of the energy you store in a battery.
Even vacuum flywheel storage can do better.
I recall your country had some flywheel busses and the passengers were unnerved that the bus would rev the engine when approaching a stop.
It can only supply its rated, 1.3GW output for five hours. Though there are bigger ones, Dinorwig is the world's fastest, and can go from spinning in air, on standby, to full 1.3 GW, in TWELVE SECONDS.
I've been there, when its been turned on like that. Its something I won't ever forget.
It's true, the wont fire up a nuclear power plan just because you leave a light on or two, but if a few thousand people leave their appliances run unused, that might make a difference.
Anyway, I don't know where 7654321 lives, but I have to pay for electricity. So, it will not only be wasting energy , but it's wasting your (or your parents) money.
Confusing ?
Two identical generators A & B with full gas tanks.
Generator A will power 1 old style 60W lamp for a 60 Watt total load.
Generator B will power 5 old style 100W lamps for a 500 Watt total load.
Start both generators and walk away..
Which generator will run the longest ?
If they're on then they are using energy.
If they are not being used for a useful purpose then the energy they use is wasted.


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PAWTUCKET, R.I. — Police in Rhode Island have charged a Pawtucket school social worker with molesting a student.
WJAR-TV (http://bit.ly/2xLZUSQ ) reports that 65-year-old Clifton Kelly has been charged with one count of second-degree child molestation. Kelly was arraigned on Saturday and later released.
According to a statement by Pawtucket school superintendent Patricia DiCenso, Kelly is no longer employed with the department. She says the department reported the situation to the state Department of Children, Youth and Families and police.
Kelly, of Warwick, previously served as an assistant principal and principal in Providence and South Kingstown respectively before working at Cunningham Elementary School in Pawtucket. He also owned an alternative school in Warwick.
Kelly did not return a reporter's phone call.


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Mithya - Notepad
The tongue-in-cheek, sharp humor might not make you roll on the floor but surely makes you laugh out loud. Unfortunately this is only in the first half. The crisp plot withers away and the acting wanes as the climax approaches.
17405 views
Click on the tabs below for wogma review, external reviews, user reviews, and twitter verdict
This page has additional observations, other than the ones noted in the main review.
Plot Summary
VK (Ranvir Shorey) is a struggling actor who gets mixed up in a gang war due to no fault of his. Mithya is about how he gets out of the mess, if at all.
What Worked
- The dream/nightmare sequence - brilliant picturization.
- Ranveer Shorey's make-up towards the end of the movie.
What did not
- The shot in which VK is trying to fight the heavy wind while it is raining. Looked pretty unconvincing.
- The sharp cut from the barber shop to the airport scene. Too abrupt and thus disorienting.
- The water special effect used in one scene with Neha Dhupia and Naseeruddin Shah was visually intriguing but the use itself felt rather random.
- Dubbing of the little boy who brought tea to their room - voice of an adult was used and seemed rather off.


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Is it safe to have sex as my placenta is on the anterior side covering the canal ?
hello doctor ,i am 26 yrs old,157cm,63kg.its my 11th week nw.during my 7th week my us scan said placenta on the anterior side covering the canal.wil that lead to any major problems later?is it safe to have sex nw?
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Tue, 7 Jun 2011
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General & Family Physician
Dr. Pragnesh Vachharajani
Hi,thanks for query.I do not see any reason to worry.just exercise some caution.In most of the cases the placenta will migrate and shift upwards.Keep regular follow up with your doctor.Please avoid sex at present as this can lead to problems like bleeding at times.bye.
Answered: Tue, 7 Jun 2011
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Hi,thanks for query.I do not see any reason to worry.just exercise some caution.In most of the cases the placenta will migrate and shift upwards.Keep regular follow up with your doctor.Please avoid sex at present as this can lead to problems like bleeding at times.bye.
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Posted: Thursday, 18 May 2006
People try their best. Why shouldnt a local bussiness have the best value for money? There are numerous examples of mainlanders out sourcing their products to foreign fields. While we're on the subject - its different living ones life on a fairly isolated area - its a different matter living on an island knowing or having lived elsewhere. One view things/feels things differently.
Neave from WORKING abroad but back every year
The Gazette is printed on the mainland? When did that happen?
Norseman from Central Scotland
rate of money
win from myanmar


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Twisted X Red 17" Buckaroo Cowboy Boots - Square Toe
Detailshttp://www.countryoutfitter.com/twisted-x-red-17-buckaroo-cowboy-boots---square-toe-/036S76.html MBKL009
- Twisted X Red 17" Buckaroo Cowboy Boots - Square Toe
- Item # 036S76
This Item is Currently Out of StockPlease shop these categories below:
$277.99 Original Price
We are not able to ship this product to the following countries at this time:
Australia , New Zealand
Additional Information
Features & Description
- Genuine bullhide leather
- Bold lime green shaft with decorative stitching
- Pull loops
- SD footbed is moisture-wicking and antimicrobial
- XSD composite shank insole
- Oiled leather outsole
- Rubber heel cap
- 17" upper shaft
- Square toe
The latest technology and modern designs are just a couple of reasons Twisted X boots are a great fit for you. These Buckaroo Cowboy Boots are made for the working cowboy and are crafted from genuine leather and have bold, colorful stitching along upper shaft. These striking men's boots are also built to be lasting and comfortable with Twisted X Technology Cowboy Comfort footbeds, which are moisture-wicking and antibacterial. Look awesome when you step out onto the ranch or out on the town in these Twisted X Boots.


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Thomas Deans Fine Art presents the works of David Kidd from Friday, November 7th through Saturday, December 13th. The Opening Reception will take place on Friday, November 7th from 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
David Kidd's beautiful exhibit, aptly named "Light and Shadow," showcases the meditative dialogue between the artist and his paintings with an emphasis on the elements of nature. The physical act of applying paint has had a strong influence on the direction of David's paintings throughout the processes of layering, editing, and re-editing.
An Atlanta native, David Kidd attended Memphis College of Art in Memphis, Tennessee but credits the development of his talent to a combination of trial and error alongside self-exploration. He views the act of painting as a journey of discovery, which allows his paintings to develop free of restraint to create a visual road map as his art come to life.
The Thomas Deans Fine Art Gallery was established in 1983 and is located on Miami Circle in the heart of Atlanta's art and design district. The gallery works regularly with private and corporate collectors, casual buyers, designers, and consultants. Since 2001, it has continually expanded its inventory and exhibitions to include everything from modern to contemporary,in a variety of mediums, from well-known artists to up-and-comers.
For more information about the exhibit and the opening reception, visit Thomas Deans Fine Art online and connect on Facebook!


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Cheyney University math major degree requirements
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Find information about Cheyney University math major degree requirements, and registering for discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Are you are considering an associates degree in electronics engineering, or a bachelor of science in mechanical or civil engineering? Concentrating on Cheyney University math major degree requirements, for example, you may gain an advantage in job recruiting on-campus. Check with the mathematics department for course registration deadlines, and math placement testing program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Cheyney University.
While a math degree may not seem like a path to wealth at first glance, the many fields are based almost entirely on a math foundation. For instance, both physics as well as engineering make use of algebraic formulas to determine motion and forces on objects, and the stress on materials. In business, financial accounting and stock investing count on the mathematical principle compound interest over time. Math classes may be refocused toward practical applications, such as numerical analytics of big data online or statistical interpretation of scientific research results.Further, financial engineers or 'quants' may be called upon to prepare math-based reports for financial management, in order to develop high-speed, stock investment algorithms.
Finally, there is a lot of mathematical calculation behind complex decisions such as whether a business should raise money by issuing stock directly to the public as in the case of Google, or seek long-term loan financing? Both decisions involve quantification of risk and substantial probability analysis. A discount rate is used to determine the present value of the expected returns, and if a business anticipates being highly profitable in the short-term, it may be wiser to take out a bank loan, rather than dilute ownership via exanding the number of shares outstanding. Beyond major requirements within the mathematics department, you may consider Loyola University New Orleans hydrology as an adjunct to your primary course of study.
Project Engineer
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The Production Engineer leads safety walks, safety and housekeeping inspections, shift safety meetings, and provides safety leadership to Operators..
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We are seeking a full-time *Electrical Engineer*. As a key team member you will be responsible for the creation of electrical systems within our multi-company..
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The engineer will analyze and troubleshoot performance and reporting related issues as reported by the Operational Excellence reporting team.
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Coordinate requirements and progress with structural design engineers or other consultants. Assist field engineers with job duties requirements such as timecard..
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Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
Seeks an operating engineer. The Plant Operations Department at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM)..
5 days ago


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Northampton Memorial Day Services
This event occurred in the past.
The Northampton Joint Veterans will hold services at 11 a.m. at Memorial Park, 14th and Washington streets, Northampton. Members of Fred A. Snyder, American Legion Post 353, Catholic War Veterans Post 454 and Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 4714 will lead the service. Also participating are members of the Northampton Area High School Band, Celtic United Pipes and Drums, more.


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|Reviews for Riddles
| Eurus Rantipole chapter 1 . 11/18/2016
OK, I had to take a break, just to say - your riddles are FANTASTIC. It's like something out of a Gaiman book, it's wonderful. Not overly fond of the pairing, just saying, but I knew full well what I was getting into, so I'm not complaining. :)
| omg chapter 1 . 1/27/2013
that was hot
| Lunar Fox 19 chapter 1 . 7/26/2012
I really like this fanfic, and I personally enjoy this Riddler more than all the others for some reason. Needless to say, I have faved this.
| Bashlei chapter 1 . 3/1/2012
I really enjoyed this fic. I loved the ending and how it seems that Bruce is interested in pursuing Eddie.
I hope you continue to write more with The Riddler. He needs more love~!
| CampionSayn chapter 1 . 2/29/2012
Well, this was a little...something. I liked it though, don't worry, people will like it. It's just that, if you don't mind my saying, if this belonged in THE Batman universe, you really should put it in that catagory. It lacks much to do with Eddie and he needs attention over there. Good job on the rest of this lot, though.


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(no subject)Dec. 13th, 2008 11:13 pm
Draco was not drowning in paperwork, but he was tempted to whine to any in earshot that he was. It was blasted annoying, and how could there be so much of it with Mia and Nash gone? He was also getting ready for the ceremony where he could, and trying to get more headache potion for Mia's mum. It had been a very trying week and he looked forward to Mia's safe return in more ways than one.


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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
4 bedroom detached house for saleMoss Lane, Hesketh Bank
Withdrawn from Market £525,000
Property Description
Key features
- Outstanding Detached Property
- Circa 2500 Square Feet
- Four Bedrooms
- Three Receptions
- Conservatory
- Approx One Acre Plot
- Double Garage
Full description
Constructed in1997 to exacting standards this outstanding home provides elegant family living spaces with remarkable quality and workmanship throughout. The home occupies a plot extending to approximately one acre and borders green belt farmland. The floor plan spans an opulent 2500sq feet and was designed with daily living in mind, highlights include entrance hallway, lounge, dining room, family room, dining kitchen, conservatory, utility room, four bedrooms, two en-suites and a family bathroom. Outside the property has beautiful gardens, extensive parking and an attached double garage, there is also a paddock to the rear and a large container shed which is ideal for storage or a workshop, the gardens offer privacy and have open aspects. Other benefits include central heating and double glazing.
Once inside guests are greeted by a gorgeous staircase which forms the centre piece of the property, quality touches are evident at every turn with real wood flooring, oak doors and attractive fixtures and fittings. The ground floor offers three beautiful reception rooms, with the main lounge to the front of the property - a lovely light and bright room due to its dual aspects, the focal point is the feature brick wall with fireplace and open living flames gas fire. From the lounge double doors open through into the dining room creating a fabulous space in which to entertain in style. The sitting room is to the rear of the home and combines with the kitchen and conservatory to create magnificent family living space. The kitchen itself is appointed with a comprehensive array of fitted units with contrasting granite work surfaces and a central island, integrated appliances include a range oven, extractor, dishwasher, fridge and freezer. The downstairs living spaces are completed with a practical utility room which also gives access through to the garage.
On the first floor there are four delightful bedrooms, three of them being good sized doubles. The master suite provides a range of fitted furniture and includes a four piece en-suite finished in white with low level wc, pedestal wash hand basin, corner shower and a corner bath. The second bedroom also has fitted furniture and a three piece en- suite. The two further bedrooms are served by the family bathroom which offers a five piece suite with a shower unit and stand-alone bath.
Outside the property resides on an excellent plot extending to approximately one acre with stunning landscaped gardens and a terraced patio which is just perfect for outdoor entertaining. Also to the rear is a separate gated paddock - perfect for a pony! And a variety of other multifunctional purposes. There is ample parking, an attached double garage and a long driveway leading to a storage unit/workshop.
The area in general is noted for its strong agricultural traditions and its proximity to Tarleton with its excellent village amenities. The A565 (Southport Rd) is also on hand for easy access to Southport and Preston.
More information from this agent
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-42270786.html
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Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference 6700662. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Arnold & Phillips, Chorley. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


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Sep 4, 2008
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text:
How much visipaque effect for angioplasty surgery?
- Asked
- 19 Oct 2011 by bhumi9519
- Active
- 19 Oct 2011
- Topics
- visipaque, surgery
Responses (1)
Hi bhum, I am not sure I understand your question. Visipaque is a radiopaque solution, meaning that when injected into a blood vessel, the vessel or organ can be seen clearly with an X-Ray or CT scan. It contains"iodixanol" that contains iodine. It is a contrast medium only. If you are allergic to Iodine you must tell your doctor. Some one will ask you that I am sure. As to the amount used it will vary on the procedure you are having done. It is readily excreted from your body by your kidneys and liver. If you have impaired renal function , tell the doctor. You should not have any effects at all from Visipaque Good Luck Dave
Further Information
- Visipaque Information for Consumers
- Visipaque Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Visipaque (detailed)
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Posted 8 Aug 2013 • 2 answers
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Trulicity - I did an angioplasty and had two Stents put in two months ago can I use this?
Posted 24 Aug 2016 • 0 answers


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Winnie Fratkin won the Sheila Kleiman Congeniality Trophy at the May meeting. However, it was finally engraved and presented to her on Friday, August 8. Winnie is friendly and polite to to everyone at the table, including her huband, Barry. She enjoys baking treats for the players, and almost always brings a cake or some cookies to share. She is truly deserving of this honorable trophy, and Richmond is lucky to know such a wonderful lady.
The Congeniality Trophy has been a part of Richmond bridge since 1972. It was renamed the Sheila Kleiman Congeniality trophy in 2006, in honor of its 1992 recipient, the late Sheila Kleiman.
Click here to see past recipients of the Congeniality Trophy.


text:
4711 North Dixie Hwy, Suite A
Fort Lauderdale,
Gregg L. Wessler, DC
8600 West State Road 84 Suite C Fort Lauderdale, FL
Broward Medical & Urgent Care
500 S.E. 17th St Suite 100 Fort Lauderdale, FL
If you've been to or used
Chiropractor Fort Lauderdale Florida, leave a review.
It's easy, only takes a couple of minutes and you'll help thousands make an informed decision.


text:
Booking Start For Gaur Yamuna City Flats
Category : Property for sale Posted : 26/11/2015 Price : 2229000.00 INR Location : Noida(Uttar Pradesh)
Gaur Yamuna City, Inside the ads is group is coming to promote their project which is seen in celebrities and big banners who have seen on the road. The person can search the project if the ads is seen by him and its a first point to sold your project then ad in the newspapers, though banner and FM helps because these is the most important thing which is read and listen by people. The curious person can definitely follow and search it to know there project details and what kind of facilities are given in this project. The separate BHK are developed in this residence to make a stander living apartment to the peoples.


text:
Cyclops' & Conclaves [ 14:32 ] Play Now | Play in Popup | Download
|Gospel – Luke 4: 1 – 13
|And Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit
|for forty days in the wilderness, tempted by the devil. And he ate nothing in those days; and when they were ended, he was hungry.
|The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become bread."
|And Jesus answered him, "It is written, `Man shall not live by bread alone.'"
|And the devil took him up, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time,
|and said to him, "To you I will give all this authority and their glory; for it has been delivered to me, and I give it to whom I will.
|If you, then, will worship me, it shall all be yours."
|And Jesus answered him, "It is written, `You shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall you serve.'"
|And he took him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here;
|for it is written, `He will give his angels charge of you, to guard you,'
|and `On their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone.'"
|And Jesus answered him, "It is said, `You shall not tempt the Lord your God.'"
|And when the devil had ended every temptation, he departed from him until an opportune time.


text:
Scarlet (cloth)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Look up scarlet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Scarlet was a type of fine and expensive woollen cloth common in Medieval Europe. The word "scarlet" is derived from Old French "escarlate" (itself derived from Low Latin and Persian).[1]
Scarlet cloth was produced in red, white, blue, green, and brown colors, among others. The most common color was carmine red, though, which resulted in the double meaning of the word as a color designation.
It is probable that name of the character Will Scarlett in the Robin Hood legends referred to this type of cloth, similarly to the common occupational surnames (e.g. Weaver, Cooper, Fletcher, etc.).
- ^ Davidson, Thomas, ed. (1901) Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. & R. Chambers; p. 849


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The ability to discriminate between mature and immature fruits is very important both for fruit customers as well as for the fruit dealers. If the fruits are immature or overmature, the structure and taste are compromised and the value is reduced. Maturity signifies a quality stage where the fruits are acceptable for purchase but not necessarily ripe and in an optimal status for consumption.1,2 Clearly, it is important to find the ripening stage when the fruits are considered to be of the desired quality. Many kinds of fruits can be harvested when considered mature but not ripe—ripeness will follow after some storage time, and is then followed by decay processes. Generally speaking, skin color, firmness, and size are the most used maturity indices for fruits,1,3 and are often used by customers when purchasing the fruits. However, such assessments lack a fully reliable identification of the fruit ripening stage. Therefore, other biochemical and physiological parameters should be considered to determine the optimal fruit harvesting/consumption time. Sugar concentration, acidity, and starch content are the customary indices used to determine fruit ripening.1,4 However, they cannot provide all the information needed to accurately identify the fruit ripening stage. Moreover, invasive methods are generally used to analyze these parameters to evaluate the fruit ripening.
In recent years, visible-near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising, nondestructive method to evaluate fruit ripening, since it provides reliable information on internal characteristics of various fruit species.56.–7 However, this approach requires a very complex processing of data to build up calibration and prediction models.8 Based on the vis-NIR spectroscopy, a simple and easy to perform measurement method, the "index of absorbance difference ()" technique that strongly correlates with the chlorophyll content and the ethylene production of fruits, was introduced for nectarine and peach fruits.910.–11 However, this method cannot provide the precise days for the fruit ripening stage. Furthermore, it cannot differentiate the ripeness stage from the maturity of the fruits. In the present article, we demonstrate a noninvasive combination optical method based on reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies together with the gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) technique, to study the ripening period of tropical fruits. The study focuses on measuring the changes of chlorophyll content using reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies, and the changes of oxygen content using the GASMAS technique.
Chlorophyll is an essential pigment of fruits and is involved in fruit coloration, influencing the variations of color from green to yellow or red, when additional pigments are formed. For most fruits, the color will change during the ripening process. Therefore, the chlorophyll concentration is a major indicator of the physiology in fruit maturation/ripening. Usually, chlorophyll analysis is performed with spectrometry, including reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies.1213.–14 Thus, such techniques could be attractive tools to qualitatively estimate the changes of chlorophyll content in the fruit ripening process.
Molecular oxygen is a biologically active gas, and the oxygen concentration in fruits is of crucial importance for the ripening process and the quality of the fruits. Oxygen availability influences metabolic respiration, which leads to the synthesis of organic matter and the energy generation needed for the life processes. A common way to analyze gases in situ is to use absorption spectroscopy, which employs a narrow-band light source interrogating a fixed-length gas cell in combination with the use of the Beer-Lambert law. However, in porous materials such as fruits, the light is heavily scattered, which results in an undefined absorption path length. To handle this problem, the nonintrusive and easily implemented technique GASMAS was introduced, which is based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy combined with wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) techniques.15 GASMAS has already been applied to the study of gas exchange in fruits.16,17 We have now extended the use of the GASMAS technique to study the changes of oxygen content during the fruit ripening process.
Materials and Methods
Four kinds of tropical fruits were selected for the experimental measurements: nectarine (NE), mango (MG), papaya (PA), and guava (GU). All these fruits belong to a class referred to as climacteric fruits.18 The fruits were acquired from a local market in South China, and visually nonripe samples were chosen. Each type of fruit was represented by a group of six fruits from the same batch. Representative fruits are depicted in Fig. 1(a). Each fruit was marked with a prefix and a number (e.g., NE1, NE2 etc.). This identification mark was written on a small piece of paper, which was attached to the fruit far away from the measurement location, to avoid interaction with the skin surface to be investigated. In the fluorescence monitoring, possible photobleaching had to be considered. If photobleaching occurs, the intensity of the fluorescence will be gradually reduced.19 In order to fully eliminate residual effects of photobleaching, reflectance and fluorescence measurements were performed on the fruit, successively employing new locations as marked in the left side of Fig. 1(b). A area on the "equator" was selected, which appeared completely uniform with little structure on visual inspection. Within the area, nine individual measurement spots were selected. The locations for reflectance and fluorescence measurements were shifted every day to avoid "memory" from earlier measurements. The right-hand part of Fig. 1(b) shows the GASMAS injection and detection locations. It was ascertained that the distance from the injection fiber to the center of the detection was kept constant. The six fruits were divided into two groups, among which one group (such as, NE1, NE2, and NE3) was placed in an ambient temperature of 20°C and another group (such as, NE4, NE5, and NE6) at a temperature of 30°C.
Broadband light reflectance spectroscopy
Schematic drawings of the experimental setups used in the study are shown in Fig. 2. The setup illustrated in Fig. 2(a) was used for measurements of the reflectance spectra. Broadband light from a tungsten lamp with 130 mW output was guided to the sample with a fiber. Reflected light was captured with a reflectance probe and then transmitted to the slit of a portable miniature spectrometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, Florida). Before the measurements, the system was calibrated with regard to intensity using a calibrated lamp (IES 1000, Labsphere, North Sutton, New Hampshire) and regarding wavelength using a low-pressure mercury lamp.
Light emitting diode-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
The fluorescence spectra were recorded with the same equipment as shown in Fig. 2(a). A 385 nm fiber-coupled UV light emitting diode was used as an excitation source and the fluorescence induced in the sample was conducted by the same fiber as employed in the reflectance measurements. The fluorescence radiation was focused on to the spectrometer entrance slit. A colored-glass filter (455 nm, Edmund, Barrington, New Jersey) was mounted in front of the spectrometer to block out the excitation light. Before the measurements, the system was again calibrated for intensity using the calibration lamp, since the presence of the colored-glass filter changed the intensity calibration.
Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy
The setup illustrated in Fig. 2(b) was used to attain the second-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy (2f WMS) signal of oxygen. A 760 nm distributed feed-back diode laser (LD-0760-0100, Toptica, Munich, Germany) was used as the light source. Laser current and temperature controllers (LCD201C and TED 200C, Thorlabs, Newton, New Jersey) were used to control the drive current and temperature of the diode laser. The laser was spectrally scanned with a 5-Hz ramp wave over an absorption line of at 760.445 nm (vacuum wavelength), meanwhile a 10,295 Hz sinusoidal modulation was superimposed on the diode laser injection current to get a wavelength modulation of the light for sensitive modulation spectroscopy using lock-in amplification techniques. The light was then guided to the fruits through a 600 μm-core diameter optical fiber delivering an output power of 1.5 mW. A photomultiplier tube (H10722-01, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan) was used to collect the diffusely emerging light, which contains a weak absorption imprint due to oxygen. The light injection and collection locations were at positions on the fruit placed on the equator and 90 deg apart, as also indicated in Fig. 1(b). The signal received was then amplified by a current-to-voltage amplifier (DLPCA-200, Femto, Berlin, Germany) to yield a voltage signal. The voltage signal was fed to the same data acquisition card that was used to generate the modulation frequencies for the laser. The data were stored in a computer. The lock-in procedure and signal processing of the 2f WMS signal were digitally performed with a MATLAB® program, with a detailed calculating process described in Ref. 20.
Results and Discussion
Reflectance and Fluorescence Measurements
Before the spectroscopic measurements, the system was calibrated for intensity using a calibration lamp, as mentioned above. Spectral reflectance curves obtained from different stages of ripeness for each kind of fruit (NE1, MG6, GU2, and PA6) are shown in Fig. 3 (top). We observed a strong absorption at 670 to 690 nm as evidenced from the spectral shape. This is the absorption of chlorophyll which changes with the stage of ripeness. At wavelengths higher than 720 nm, the spectral shapes are almost structure-less. The chlorophyll fluorescence seen with high intensity in the red/NIR spectral region with peaks at about 685 and 740 nm was excited with UV light at 385 nm (Fig. 3, bottom). With increasing ripeness, these two fluorescence peaks change in absolute intensities, and the ratio of peak intensities was also influenced. This is related to the fact that while the 690 nm peak is reabsorbed by the chlorophyll pigment itself, this is not the case for the 740 nm peak. Thus, the latter peak grows more than the first one when the pigment concentration increases.
From the facts above, for all four kinds of fruits, the reflectance and fluorescence intensities and spectral shapes are clearly sensitive to chlorophyll content, so the reflectance and fluorescence spectra can be used as indicators to estimate the changes of chlorophyll in fruit ripening.
For getting further spectral information, more than one spectral band was studied. Thus, contrast functions were constructed to compress the multispectral information. By choosing the contrast functions to be dimensionless quantities, intensity fluctuations and other variations in the spectral measurements can be eliminated.21 Here, we define a function to show the changes of reflectance spectral shape with , where and are the reflectance at 670 and 720 nm, respectively. For nectarines (NE) in the two different temperature groups, the changes of with time are shown in Fig. 4. Similarly, a function was formed to express the changes of the fluorescence spectral shape. is calculated as: , where and are the fluorescence intensity values at 685 and 740 nm, respectively.22 As discussed earlier, is quite sensitive to the chlorophyll concentration. The time evolutions of for NE are shown in Fig. 5.
It can be seen in Figs. 4 and 5 that the changes of and for NE have a similar tendency for the two temperatures (20°C and 30°C). Both functions, and , decrease rapidly to very low values and then stabilize. It can also be noted that the average value of and for the 20°C and 30°C groups have very small differences for reflectance and fluorescence, respectively [Figs. 4(b) and 5(b)]. Considering the error bars in these two figures, for most of the values of and , the temporal displacement of the fall-off for the two temperatures is not more than 1 day, meaning that the time for passing a chosen threshold, related to ripeness, is not more than 1 day. Although small differences are observed, we combine both temperature groups to gain higher statistical significance. The observations made for NE are also made for the three other types of fruits. The average values of and for the four fruit types are shown in Fig. 6. We note that while approaches zero (the disappearance of the fluorescence peak at 740 nm), the minimum of has a finite value since the reduction in reflectance at 670 nm due to chlorophyll [Fig. 3(a)] never becomes negligible.
The time evolution of and is seen to be decreasing and then arriving at a basically constant value for all the kinds of fruits, which indicates that the chlorophyll content gradually decreases to a minimum (Fig. 6). As discussed, the influence of temperature was small, but it still has some effects, which is reflected in the error bars seen in Fig. 6. Moreover, the measurement results for each fruit show some spread which is included in the error bars. The four kinds of fruits in this study are climacteric fruits. Such fruits continue to ripen after harvesting, accompanied by a color change. The skin color of all kinds of fruits in this study does change (e.g., mango skin will change from green to yellow) when the fruits ripen gradually, which is induced by the breakdown of chlorophyll and the formation of additional pigments. With the visual appearance of the fruits and our experience, the fruits are ripe when and begin stabilizing, which means that the fruit quality will be acceptable to the consumer at this point. Here, we set a threshold value for each kind of fruit, which is indicated by the dashed lines in Fig. 6. It is clear that the change of skin color in fruit ripening must be reflected in a change in the values of and . The transition process combined with the threshold value is used to determine the time when the fruits are ripe. Due to some uncertainty and the statistical spread, there is clearly an uncertainty in the determination of the full ripeness day for different fruits. The time of ripeness can be inferred from the curves and the selected threshold values for all the fruits, as shown in Table 1. It should be noted that the absolute number of days does not have any significance here, since the prehistory of the fruits in the fruit dealers shop was unknown. The important aspect is that the ripeness of each kind of fruit can be assessed objectively with a quite small uncertainty using the function values and the set individual thresholds.
Table 1
Day of onset of full ripeness for four kinds of fruits assessed with reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies.
|Nectarine (NE)
|Mango (MG)
|Guava (GU)
|Papaya (PA)
|Day of onset of full ripeness
Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements
Since the injected laser power from the fiber was quite low in this study, a limited useful light propagation path resulted considering the reduction of light intensity due to absorption and scattering. Thus, rather than using transmission, the measurements were performed in a backscattering-like geometry with an injection-detection angular separation of 90°C, as can be seen in Fig. 1(b). Typical examples of acquired 2f signals of the four kinds of fruits are given in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the 2f signals for the fruits are quite good, so it is feasible to study changes of gas content inside the intact fruits during the fruit ripening.
As a result of the strong scattering of light in fruits, the optical path length that the light travelled through the fruits is unknown, so straight-forward quantification of the oxygen concentration using the Beer–Lambert law is not applicable.15 Instead, the equivalent mean path length, , is used to express the gas content. The value is the distance light would need to travel in normal air (21% oxygen) to result in the same fractional absorptive imprint on the received light intensity. is proportional to the normalized WMS signal (i.e., the 2f WMS signal amplitude divided by the light intensity received by the detector). Thus, is used to estimate the changes of oxygen content in fruits ripening in this study. Each sample was monitored five times consecutively every day, and the average derived was presented. The was measured as a function of time for the different fruits; see Fig. 8.
The time evolution of the oxygen equivalent mean path length shows a similar tendency for all fruits as seen in the figure. During the first days, the value of is found to decrease gradually to a minimum value, and then rise to a second peak. Eventually, it decreases to a very low value. In this process, the fruits are subjected to a series of physiological and biochemical changes. It should be noted that the changes in can be attributed to changes in oxygen concentration or in the path length through the gas, or both phenomena. A reason for the initial reduction of could be attributed to the changes of respiratory rate during fruit ripening. Because the four kinds of fruits are climacteric, the respiratory rate rapidly increases to a peak value (i.e., the climacteric point which is a stage of fruit ripening associated with maximum respiration rate and ethylene production) and then returns to or below the point before the event.23,24 For the climacteric fruits, the climacteric point can be seen as the end point of the fruit ripening period. Then, the fruits are more susceptible to fungal invasion and begin to degrade, ultimately leading to cell death. It can be seen (Fig. 8) that the rises to a secondary peak and then decreases to a very low value after the climacteric point. This can be interpreted as due to the fact that the membrane structure is destroyed and the increasing membrane permeability makes the ambient air penetrate inside the aging fruits. Eventually, the fruits are decaying seriously and are filled with liquid replacing the air.25 We note that the characteristic temporal variation of is useful for assessment of ripeness, regardless of detailed exploration. The day of full ripeness can be inferred from the time evolutions of the oxygen for the fruits, and can be associated with the occurrence of the initial minimum in the GASMAS signal. Also, considering the standard deviation errors, the results are shown in Table 2. We should note that from a practical point of view, on a particular measurement occasion it is not possible to locate the minimum of the curves shown in Fig. 8. However, again, since the GASMAS signal is monotonously falling in the interesting phase of the ripening process, we can again define individual threshold values for each kind of fruit, defining the initiation of full ripeness.
Table 2
Day of onset of full ripening for four kinds of fruits as assessed from the minimum of the gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy signal.
|Nectarine (NE)
|Mango (MG)
|Guava (GU)
|Papaya (PA)
|Day of onset of full ripeness
Combining Tables 1 and 2, the time duration during which the fruits can be considered to be progressing to full ripeness is estimated in Table 3 for each fruit type, using the combination of reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies, as well as the GASMAS technique.
Table 3
The estimated number of days to the onset of full ripeness using a combination of the three spectroscopic techniques.
|Nectarine (NE)
|Mango (MG)
|Guava (GU)
|Papaya (PA)
|Number of days to onset of full ripeness
|6 to 9
|8 to 9
|4 to 6
|4 to 6
From Table 3, we note that the width in the period indicated becomes larger when combining the data. However, by setting thresholds more correctly based on experience of factual maturity these intervals could be narrowed down. What we have demonstrated is that the spectroscopic signals from all three methods are useful for estimating the degree of ripeness. Clearly, to get agreement with subjective maturity, the thresholds for individual kinds of fruits need to be firmly established. It seems that each of the spectroscopic techniques, or to gain more certainty, a combination thereof, could be quite useful to study fruit ripening and fruit quality. Useful shelf life might extend by a few days beyond the given time for the onset of full ripeness with basically nonimpaired quality.
Ethylene, a gaseous organic compound in fruits and widely known to be involved in the ripening process, is not considered in our study. Especially for the climacteric fruits, large quantities of ethylene are produced during fruit ripening with a sharp increase of ethylene concentration occurring in connection with the reaching of the climacteric point for respiration.24,26 The increasing ethylene level causes an increase in the respiration rate, accompanied by biochemical and physiological transformations during the ripening process. Therefore, the ethylene content together with oxygen can also be used as an indicator for fruit ripening.
The present results clearly show that it is possible to study the process of fruit ripening using nonintrusive optical methods. For fruit harvest and marketing, it is very important to know the maturity and full ripeness stages of the fruits. In this study, the changes of chlorophyll content were measured by reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies, and the changes of oxygen concentration induced by respiration and other physiological processes were measured indirectly by the GASMAS technique. Analyzing the changes of these two parameters, the stage of fruit ripening could be obtained.
The authors are grateful to Liang Mei and Yuan Fu for assistance in setting up the GASMAS equipment. We are also grateful to Prof. Sailing He for kind support. This work was supported by the Guangdong Innovation Research Team Program (No. 201001D0104799318).
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Hao Zhang received his bachelor's degree in physics from East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, in 2011. His major field was optical engineering. He is now a PhD student at the Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research at South China Normal University, Guangzhou. His current research interests concern applications of laser spectroscopy to the biophotonics field.
Jing Huang received her bachelor's degree at the Guangdong University of Technology in Guangzhou in 2012. She is now a master's student at the Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research at South China Normal University, Guangzhou. Her research interests include laser spectroscopy applied to food safety and biomedical topics.
Tianqi Li received her bachelor's degree in applied physics at Hefei University of Technology in 2013. She is now a master's student at the Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research at the South China Normal University, Guangzhou. Her research interests include laser spectroscopy applied to food safety and biomedical topics.
Xiuxiang Wu received his bachelor's degree in optical information science and technology from the University of Jinan in 2011. His major field was optical engineering. He is now a master's student at the Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research at South China Normal University, Guangzhou. His current research interests concern applications of laser spectroscopy to the environmental and biophotonics fields.
Sune Svanberg obtained his PhD from University of Gothenburg in 1972 and is since 1980 professor of physics at Lund University, Lund, Sweden. During 30 years, he was head of the Atomic Physics Division, and during 20 years director of the Lund Laser Centre. Since 2011, he is also a distinguished professor at the South China Normal University, Guangzhou. His research interests include laser spectroscopic applications to the environmental, food safety, and biomedical fields.
Katarina Svanberg obtained her PhD from Lund University in 1989 and is affiliated with the Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, where she has been active as chief consultant and professor of oncology for more than 25 years. Since 2011, she is also a distinguished professor at the South China Normal University, Guangzhou. She served as SPIE President in 2011. Her research interests concern applications of laser spectroscopy to the biomedical and biophotonics fields.


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In the event you ought to find you've got all of a sudden run out of paper and have to order some quickly then going online can get it delivered in subsequent to no time and ensure you're stocked up. In contrast to bank cards issued by some banks, these Visa and MasterCard-branded debit cards don't characteristic EMV chips, therefore they'll solely be learn by the machines by way of swiping. Lenders may have their own methods of arriving at credit scores. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on the inforjation in your credit score reports and are generally made from 5 key parts. To maintain balances low, postpone big purchases, keep card use id a minimal, and pay down as a lot debt as attainable. L'opйration de regroupement de crйdit permet d'inclure des anciens prкts, un йventuel dйcouvert bancaire et un montant de liquiditйs qui peut кtre justifiй par la rйalisation de travaux. 50,000 ThankYou points are price 800 of American Airways journey or 665 on other airways by way of Citi Journey center repport you possibly can transfer to award companions. Overdraft Fee: Should you by what personal information is on your credit report cost higher than the obtainable stability, you may be charged an overdraft cost. There are limits for how many times you may load oersonal twice per day, four instances per week and 10 occasions per thirty days. A 20 ratio may be nice for a credit score score, however 3000 is plenty of bank card debt to hold around if you can't afford to pay it off each month, or at least inside a couple of months. You simply wish to present the employment proof and the essential paper what personal information is on your credit report like filling out the form for the what personal information is on your credit report you want to, there are not any additional sorts or paper work you will need to bear. For transactions processed over twin-message networks the same old interchange value per exempt transaction was significantly elevated than that for lined transactions (zero. If anything is wrong, simply tell us oyur we'll assist. Fraud and purchase protection come with this card, and no credit score check is required. This triggered folks to get into serious debt they could not escape from. You can simply handle your account online as well as entry cash at ATMs worldwide persinal per your comfort. From right here, the less your score the larger the drain on credi pockets. Accounts tat pedsonal preserve a detrimental stability are called unfavourable bank credit proposal or Credit score accounts, and they normally receive credit. Further, most collectors don't love to supply credit to consumers who have utilized for numerous new accounts. That is named 'skimming'. Another problem: Shoppers might discover it troublesome to compare month-to-month charges among card. I already tried too much repirt and enquaried regis university accreditation for mba it. However what for individuals who do not want a bank card.More...
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Ask a Lawyer and Get Answers to Your Legal Questions
Thank you for using Just Answer. I want to provide you the best service I can. Please feel free to ask any follow up questions you have.I am an attorney with 30 years of experience; I hope to provide you information that will help you in resolving your question.
Sadly, some lenders offer loans with pre-payment penalties. It is lawful to loan money with pre-payment penalties included in the loan agreement. These penalties are designed so that the lender gets a certain assured amount of profit on the money that is loaned. It is a bad deal for consumers who are not aware of the provision.
The provision should have been pointed out to you at the time of the loan. If it was not you can make a complaint to the Texas Attorney General Office of Consumer Protection:
Here is a link to the Texas law:
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text: 8/20/14 8/18/14 POPSUGAR Fashion Celebrity Style Heidi Klum Dress at Creative Arts Emmy Awards 2014 Is Heidi Klum Having TOO Much Fun in That Dress?! August 18, 2014 by Kate Schweitzer 1K Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View On One Page Photo 4 of 12 ADVERTISEMENT () Start Slideshow Share This Link Copy What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! ← Use Arrows Keys → 4 We even took a peek at the open back. 0 previous images -19 more images Previous Next Start Slideshow Fashion PollRed CarpetCelebrity StyleTim GunnProject RunwayEmmy AwardsHeidi Klum


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The traffic light is a useless accessory to the Chinese road. Imagine hundreds of Vespas carrying women with their children through an intersection at once. I watched as they were hurled at each other, from four different directions, alongside buses and homicidal taxis. How did they manage to survive without a helmet? Was this endless […]
February 17, 2015 After the Asian Cup, will Australia fall for the Beautiful Game?
After the Socceroos' victory at the AFC Asian Cup, Tim Cahill remarked that "It's just a sweet feeling to know people are going to have to jump on the bandwagon." He also mentioned that he and his mates knew all the people who didn't like football, and we're pretty sure that he's coming for them. […]
This year Sydney's Corroboree featured a talk with Adam Goodes, hosted in the foyer of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (which you can listen to right here). Frankly, I've never seen a room of people so hysterical. Every woman in the room was giggling (and a fair few of the blokes too), and […]
November 20, 2014 5 weird sports from across the globe
Sport is inherently weird, right? I know it might not necessarily seem like it when you're in the middle of a game of backyard cricket with some of your mates, but it's pretty strange when you get down to it. After all, although the rules help you play the game, it's not always clear why […]
November 14, 2014 Gamers are role-playing their way to fitness
In an increasingly health conscious world, it seems everyone is getting on the diet and exercise bandwagon. Now it appears, it's gamers' turn to step up to the plate. With smart device apps now able to track more health related data than ever before, the gaming community has begun to put their own spin on […]


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Music Gear News
Musikmesse 2010: Roland introduce the Gaia SH-01 Synthesizer
Roland introduces the Gaia SH-01 Synthesizer combining high performance with old school charm, being released at Musikmesse 2010.
With its massive sound, hands on ease-of-play, and affordable price, Roland's GAIA SH-01 is high-performance value with old-school charm.
Borrowing the name from the goddess of earth in Greek mythology, GAIA goes back to the origins of synthesis by using today's most advanced technology.
The triple-stacked engine puts potent virtual analogue synthesis under your fingertips, yet the control panel is so fun, friendly, and inviting, even first-timers can create great sounds.
The signal flow is simple to grasp, with logically arranged knobs, sliders, and buttons.
Get your teeth into the new triple-stacked virtual analogue engine, comprising three complete synths for incredibly thick, powerful sound.
Unleash the three oscillators that drive a trio of multimode, resonant filters, multi-shape LFOs, and amplifiers, plus nine envelope generators, and a complete multi-effects system.
It's like having three synthesizers in one! With 64 polyphonic voices onboard, GAIA makes it possible to play massive sounds without experiencing note drop-out.
From the silkiest reverb to the grittiest growl, GAIA's instantly selectable multi-effects will catapult your sounds into another spatial dimension.
You can layer up to five simultaneous effects for dozens of variations.
The onboard effects include reverb, distortion, fuzz, bit crash, flanger, phaser, pitch shifter, low boost, and delay with panning and tempo sync. Dedicated control knobs are provided for tweaking the effects in real time.
The front panel puts every control directly under your fingertips.
There are no hidden menus, no nonsense. Just play and move the knobs and sliders, or wave your hands over the invisible D Beam for dramatic effects.
The logically designed front panel shows the signal path from left to right.
It helps beginners understand synthesis, while experienced players will love the instant gratification of hands-on control during performance.
Hold a note or chord and let the arpeggiator create musical magic automatically for you.
The tempo can be set via cursor or tap tempo.
In addition, the onboard Phrase Recorder lets you record what you play on the keyboard as well as the movements of the knobs and sliders.
The controller data can also be played back independently to complement the notes you play in real time.
Connect directly to a computer (Mac or PC) with one simple USB cable, and stream audio directly to the software of your choice.
GAIA's USB port can also be used to transmit and receive MIDI data, and to store your patches and phrases (recorded with the Phrase Recorder) to a USB memory stick.
And for integrating with other external devices, the EXT input lets you connect external audio sources such as an MP3-player to play along with your favourite songs or backing tracks.
Manipulate the incoming audio with three Centre Cancel modes, which let you minimise pre-recorded vocals, guitars, or bass.
At less than 10 pounds, GAIA is lightweight, compact, and great for musicians on the go. The 37-note keyboard is full size, so performers can play naturally and comfortably.
The synth can be powered via AC or batteries for the ultimate in portable convenience.
A battery-life indicator ensures that you won't lose power unexpectedly.
When used in conjunction with a battery-powered amp such as Roland's CUBE Street, MOBILE CUBE, BA-330 or KC-110, GAIA can be played and heard anywhere.
Hands-on control and fat sound make this little powerhouse a joy for music students, songwriters, session players, and live performers of all styles and skill levels.Posted on 24 Mar 2010 09:07 to category : Instruments News
Related Music News
Ideal for fitting in places which other mics can't, the Hummingbird Small Diaphragm Mic is part of a two for one offer that runs until 30th of November.
Taking inspiration from the coveted NSX2 Mixer, the Pioneer DJ XDJ-RX2 All-In-One DJ Controller promises, even more, functionality and practical applications.
A hybrid that combines digital functionality and auditory magnificence of traditional pianos, the Roland HP603 is a dream come true for the modern musician.
A premium grade instrument that helps the intermediate player develop to the next level, the HP601 Digital Piano expresses unprecedented tonal clarity.
A great choice for those pianists looking to invest in a compact and cost efficient piano, the Roland RP-102 Digital Piano is the ultimate hybrid instrument.
Combining a strong projection with a varied selection of tones and sounds, the FP-60 offers itself as the quintessential piano for the gigging musician.
Recent Music News
The TC Electronic Unitune Tuner is the latest tuning accessory developed by the Denmark based innovators. Modern, and wildly practical, the Unitune has it all.
Ever wanted to experience the full glory of your tube amp a low, house-friendly volume? Now you can with the revolutionary Two Notes Torpedo Captor unit.
A new take on a modern-day classic, the Pioneer DJ DJM-900NXS2-W Controller presents all of your favourite functionality in a striking, bold new finish.
Available for a strictly limited time only, the Pioneer DJ CDJ-2000NXS2 Controller comes available in a striking white finish and unique custom plaque
After an image of Yamaha's Genos Workstation made its way on to the web, the new workstation has set the internet alight with speculation as to its final form.
The Fender '64 Custom Deluxe Reverb Amp takes all of the vintage tonality of 1960's Fender amps and reiterates them into a completely new modern format.


text: Association Affairs Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club See allHide authors and affiliations Science 11 May 1962:Vol. 136, Issue 3515, pp. 546DOI: 10.1126/science.136.3515.546 A. W. F. BanfieldFind this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Article Info & Metrics eLetters PDF This is a PDF-only article. The first page of the PDF of this article appears below.