text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 1, 1994
|Filing date
|Sep 4, 1992
|Priority date
|Apr 4, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David Koo, Craig B. Greenberg, Takashi Sato
|Original Assignee
|North American Philips Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (5), Classifications (10), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 676,927, filed on Mar. 8, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,017 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 831,600, filed on Feb. 5, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,444 which is a continuation of 698,521, filed May 10, 1991 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,211. The contents of these applications are incorporated by reference herein.
In 1979, the IEEE published an article which has become a basic reference in the field of television echo (or "ghost") elimination. The article is entitled "A Tutorial On Ghost Cancellation In Television Systems" and was written by Walter Ciciora, Gary Sgrignoli and William Thomas and it is incorporated by reference herein.
Although the Ciciora article described the fundamental principles, apparatus and algorithms applicable to ghost cancellation, the state of the art has only recently progressed to the point of providing practical ways to implement and improve these basic concepts.
There are two main steps to the ghost cancellation process. First the characteristics of the communications path or channel (which include the echo artifacts, if any) must be determined at the receiver. Once the channel characteristics are calculated, filters are used to implement the inverse channel characteristics to substantially eliminate the ghosts.
A straight forward approach to determining the characteristics of a transmission path is to transmit a ghost cancellation reference signal (GCR) over the path. The originally transmitted GCR signal is compared with the received, and "ghosted", GCR signal, and a model of the characteristics of the communications path is developed based on the comparison.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,211 describes an improved ghost cancellation reference signal and a system utilizing such a signal for cancelling ghosts. The GCR signal described in the '211 patent is transmitted on a single line of the vertical blanking interval of the television signal. One feature of this GCR signal is that it has a higher energy level with peaks more evenly distributed in time than other GCR signals which have been proposed such as the BTA GCR signal. The '211 GCR thus provides the flat, wide frequency spectrum necessary to fully characterize the path and has a high energy level (amplitude) and a more even distribution of energy over a time interval.
Parent application '927, describes an improved ghost cancellation circuit which comprises FIR and IIR filters which operate at a higher speed by reducing the time in which it takes to generate the appropriate filter coefficients. As discussed in that application, proposals have been made to transmit a GCR signal in one line of each field in an eight field sequence. The received GCR signals from the eight fields are averaged at the receiver and the average value of the received GCR is then compared with the stored reference GCR in the receiver's ghost cancellation circuit in order to derive the necessary filter coefficients for characterizing the channel. By using a value avereaged over a given number of fields, variations which take place within each individual field are minimized and a more accurate representation of the channel can be provided.
The path characterization process can be hindered due to the presence of sync and color burst signals present on a television line in close proximity to the GCR signal. Ghosted versions of these signals can overlap the portion of the received television line containing the GCR. DC level shifts can cause further distortion to the received GCR signal. The BTA of Japan has developed a method which seeks to eliminate the effects of these signals and their ghosts on the received GCR signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,799 describes a system and method for ghost cancellation using this type of eight field sequence.
Since the color burst signal changes phase by 180� from frame to frame, the color burst signal will be at the same phase in lines four fields, or two frames, apart. The BTA method suggests using an eight field sequence wherein four fields are transmitted with a television line comprising a GCR signal, and four fields are transmitted with a television line without the GCR signal. At the receiver, lines of the sequence received four fields apart, and having color burst signals of opposite phase, are subtracted from each other. This combination yields a GCR signal value averaged over the eight fields, unaffected for the most part by the ghosts caused by the color burst signal. In addition, this subtraction eliminates the DC drift, sync signals and other types of pair-wise constant reference or test signals present on one or more lines adjacent to the line chosen to provide the GCR signal. The term "pair-wise constant" will be used herein to refer to signals which are constant on lines a fixed number of fields apart, for example four fields apart.
In accordance with the BTA sequence, the GCR signal is actually transmitted only in four of the eight television lines of the sequence and thus the average GCR signal value which is used to characterize the path at the receiver is limited somewhat in robustness. In addition, the sequence and apparatus described by the '799 patent is not useful in cancelling the effects of test signals which are not pair-wise constant, in otherwords signals which change in between fields, or signals which do not appear in pairs of lines within the sequence, for example teletext and SID signals.
It is therefore an object of the instant invention to provide a method and apparatus for minimizing or eliminating the effects of pair-wise constant television line signals as well as those non-pair-wise line signals which may appear in within each sequence of fields.
Another object of the invention is to provide a more robust GCR signal thus improving the signal to noise ratio of the ghost cancellation system.
The instant invention comprises a method and apparatus for transmitting and processing at a receiver, a multifield sequence of television lines, each field comprising a GCR signal. The use of all of the fields of the eight field sequence of the preferred embodiment to transmit the GCR signal described in the '211 patent, yields as a net result at the receiver or decoder, a received GCR signal value with at least about a 26 dB improvement in robustness over the average GCR value calculated using the four field BTA approach.
A feature of one embodiment of the instant invention is that the sequence utilizes a pattern whereby GCR signals on different television lines are encoded and/or are transmitted with different respective polarities, and that at the receiver, the television lines are combined with each other so that the effects of pair-wise constant line signals are minimized.
Another feature of one embodiment of the invention is that at the receiver, selected television lines carrying the effects of ghosted non pair-wise test signals, such as teletext or SID, can be ignored in calculating the received GCR value thus minimizing their effects on the GCR signal valve.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an encoder which can be used to insert the GCR within each of a sequence of television lines in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a decoder incorporating the invention.
Unlike the sequence proposed by BTA and described above, one preferred embodiment of the instant invention proposes encoding each television line of an eight field sequence of lines with a GCR signal, and reversing the polarity of the GCR signals selectively prior to inserting them in respective television lines, so that at a decoder or TV receiver, they can be processed further in accordance with the invention, as described below.
FIG. 1 describes an apparatus which can be used to encode an eight field sequence of television lines in accordance with the invention. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a selected line (for example line nineteen) of each field of a television signal is digitized in analog to digital converter 15 and the GCR signal described in the '600 parent application and the '211 patent, with either a positive polarity (GCR+), or a negative polarity (GCR-) is placed on the television line by multiplexer 30. The positive and negative GCR signals are stored, in digital form, in memory means 20, for example ROMs 20a and 20b respectively.
Table I illustrates an example where two pair-wise constant line signals A and B cause ghosts which interfere with (i.e. overlap with) the ghosted GCR in the television line of each field of the eight field sequence of television lines. As shown in column 2, in field numbers 1,3,6 and 8 the GCR-signal is multiplexed as part of each respective nineteenth television line, and in field numbers 2,4,5, and 7 the GCR+ signal is multiplexed as part of each respective nineteenth television line. CPU 40 can be programmed to select either 20a or 20b to be combined with the appropriate television line of the sequence using the counter within the CPU 40. The sync signal detector 16, is used in conjunction with the CPU to detect the appropriate line of each field (i.e. line nineteen). The output of multiplexer 30 is then converted to an analog signal in digital to analog converter 50 and transmitted as the television line signal.
It is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the programming art to provide the CPU 40 with the necessary microcode to perform the above described operations.
At the transmitter, only the polarity of the GCR signal itself, of each selected line is subject to change prior to transmission of the line. All pair-wise constant line signals (i.e. sync or color burst signals or DC level shifts) present on the television line retain their normal polarity
TABLE I______________________________________col. 1 col. 2 col. 3 col. 4 col. 5Field Transmitted Processed Test signal Processednumber GCR polarity GCR polarity (received) test signal______________________________________1 - + A -A2 + + B B3 - + A -A4 + + B B5 + + A A6 - + B -B7 + + A A8 - + B -BSUM values 8* GCR 0______________________________________
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portion of a decoder comprising the invention which can be used, for example in a television receiver or a CATV or DBS headend (not shown). As described by column 3 of Table I, before performing the path characterization and cancellation functions utilizing FIR/IIR filters 85 as described more completely in the references incorporated herein, the decoder combines the received selected television lines of each field of the sequence to provide a GCR signal value which is then compared to a GCR reference value stored in ROM, for example within the CPU 80. The deghosted video is converted back to an analog signal in digital to analog converter 90 and is then provided as video out to the balance of the receiver circuitry for display or recording. The manner in which the eight selected television lines are combined also serves to cancel the effects of the pair-wise constant test signals present within the sequence.
As will be described below, the eight selected lines are combined so that those television lines having a first polarity GCR signal (i.e. GCR+) are added to form a SUM value, and those television lines having a GCR signal with the opposite polarity (i.e. GCR-) are subtracted from the SUM value. The combination will result in a SUM GCR value of 8 * GCR (column 3 of Table I) and the cancellation of the effects of pair-wise constant test signals (labelled A and B) present on these lines and/or causing ghosting to the respective received GCR signals (as shown in columns 4 and 5 of Table I). In otherwords, and for example, each received line having a GCR signal GCR+ is added to the SUM value (which is reset to zero every eight fields) and each received line having a GCR signal GCR- is subtracted from the SUM value. Those television lines having pair-wise constant test signal effects of opposite polarity to their respective GCR signal are thus effectively reversed in polarity when combined.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, memory 75 is divided into seven arrays labelled ARRAY1, ARRAY2, ARRAY3, ARRAY4, ARRAY5, ARRAY6 and ARRAY7. Under the control of the CPU 80, each nth line of each field of an m field sequence is sent via multiplexer 72 to the sequentially addressed arrays, after it has been digitized in analog to digital converter 70. In a preferred embodiment, n and m are integers and m is equal to eight and n is equal to nineteen.
The multiplexer adds each 19th television line of fields 1,2,3,and 4 to arrays ARRAY1 - ARRAY4 respectively, and subtracts each 19th television line of fields 5,6,7,and 8 from arrays ARRAY1-ARRAY4 respectively. The pair-wise constant line signals appearing on the television lines respectively combined in each array are thus subtracted and are effectively eliminated from the total line value of each respective array. On the other hand, the respective GCR values of each line are accumulated as follows. For example, GCR- from field 1 is added to ARRAY1 and four fields later GCR+ from field 5 is subtracted from ARRAY1, thus ARRAY1=(GCR-)field 1 -(GCR+)field 5 =2GCR-. Similarly, ARRAY2=(GCR+)field 2 -(GCR-)field 6 =2 GCR+; ARRAY3=(GCR-)field 3 -(GCR+)field 7 =2GCR-; and ARRAY4=(GCR+)field 4 -(GCR-)field 8 =2GCR+.
The four arrays are then combined to form two further arrays, ARRAY5 and ARRAY6. Although any pair of arrays can be combined, for this example we will combine ARRAY1 and ARRAY3 to form ARRAY5, and ARRAY2 and ARRAY4 to form ARRAY6.
Since each of arrays, ARRAY1-ARRAY4 will have a total GCR value which is either positive or negative, the values in each respective array must be further processed to determine whether to add them together (if their polarities are the same) or subtract them (if their polarities are opposite). Subtracting array values which are of opposite polarity results in their addition thus avoiding the undesired cancelling out of both values.
Sum and difference power values are calculated for each pair of arrays to be combined. For example, in determining ARRAY5, a power value (PA) is calculated for arrays ARRAY1 and ARRAY3 according to the following formula:
PA=Σ (ARRAY1j -ARRAY3j)2
where j=1 to n of the n elements in each array (where n is an integer); and a power value (PB) is calculated for arrays ARRAY1 and ARRAY3 according to the following formula:
PB=Σ (ARRAY1j -ARRAY3j)2
where j=1 to n of the n elements in each array.
If PA is greater then PB, than ARRAY5=ARRAY1+ARRAY3. If on the otherhand PB is greater than PA, than ARRAY5=ARRAY1-ARRAY3).
In determining ARRAY6, a power value (PC) is calculated for arrays ARRAY2 and ARRAY4 according to the following formula:
PC=Σ (ARRAY2j +ARRAY4j)2
where j=1 to n of the n elements in each array;
and a power value (PD) is calculated for arrays ARRAY2 and ARRAY4 according to the following formula:
PD=Σ (ARRAY2j -ARRAY4j)2
where j=1-n of the n elements in each array.
If PC is greater then PD, than ARRAY6=ARRAY2+ARRAY4. If on the otherhand PD is greater than PC, than ARRAY6=ARRAY2-ARRAY4).
ARRAY5 and ARRAY6 are then combined to form a single ARRAY7 in the same manner that arrays ARRAY1 and ARRAY3, and ARRAY2 and ARRAY4 are combined. Power values PE and PF, for the sum and difference of their respective array elements are calculated as described above. If PE is greater than PF, then ARRAY7=ARRAY5+ARRAY6. If PF is greater than PE, then ARRAY7=ARRAY5-ARRAY6.
As described in Table I, the combination of the array values in this manner results in a SUM GCR value equal to the ghosted GCR signal value taken over eight lines during the eight field sequence (8*GCR).
As further illustrated by Table I, the accumulation of television lines in arrays ARRAY1-ARRAY 4, provides for the cancellation of the effects of the pair-wise test signals.
For field number 1 the transmitted polarity of the GCR signal is negative (GCR-). Due to the presence of signal A on the same or an adjacent line, a ghost of signal A is present and superimposed on the GCR signal of field number 1 As described above, the television line of field i carrying the GCR signal with a first polarity, will be added to array ARRAY1. Four fields later however, in field 5, the GCR signal is transmitted with the opposite polarity (GCR+) and therefore, its television line is subtracted from array ARRAY1. Since, however, pair-wise constant signal A is transmitted in field 5 with the same polarity as in field 1 (see column 4 of Table I), the subtraction from ARRAY1 results in a reversal in polarity to test signal A of field 5 (see column 5) thereby cancelling the effects of these signals to the respective GCR value.
The net result over the eight field sequence, as shown in the bottom row of Table I, is that the average ghosted GCR value can be calculated over eight fields rather than over four fields as described in the prior art, thus providing a more robust received GCR value to compare with the stored GCR reference for path characterization purposes. This effectively improves the performance of the ghost cancellation system. At the same time, the effects of ghosts caused by pair-wise constant signals are cancelled over the eight field sequence.
It is to be understood that although the example described in Table I assigns a negative polarity to the GCR in fields 1,3,6 and 8, the negative polarity could have been assigned instead to the GCRs in fields 2,4,5,and 7, with the GCRs in fields 1,3,6 and 8 having a positive polarity. As long as the line signals present are pair-wise constant, the desired result will be achieved over an even number of fields, and it will not matter at which number field in the sequence, the capture and processing begins as long as a complete cycle of fields are processed.
It is also to be noted that the effects of non pair-wise constant signals, for example teletext and SID signals, can also be eliminated by ignoring those arrays in which such non-pairwise signals appear, in the combining of arrays described above.
The purpose of combining arrays 1, 2, 3, 4 is to improve the signal to noise ratio. For various reasons it may not be desirable to use all four arrays. Arrays 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be used in replacement of array 7 with the primary difference being the signal to noise ratio. One reason could be implementation complexity. Another may relate to the properties of the previous and following lines of the transmitted signal. Some arrays may have the property of constant signals on neighboring lines while others may not. Under some circumstances it may be desirable to use only the arrays that have constant signal on neighboring lines. An example of this is when a changing data signal is sent on one field in the video while the other field has a constant signal.
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof and various changes in the methods and apparatus indicated herein may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 1976
|Sep 6, 1977
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Ghost removing system for use in television receiver
|Oct 5, 1981
|Jul 12, 1983
|Rca Corporation
|Television ghost signal detector with color burst phase delay control
|Nov 30, 1990
|May 26, 1992
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Technique for adjusting signal dispersion cancellation apparatus in communications systems
|May 10, 1991
|Jun 9, 1992
|North American Philips Corporation
|System for echo cancellation comprising an improved ghost cancellation reference signal
|Oct 29, 1991
|Feb 2, 1993
|Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd.
|Apparatus for removing ghost component disturbing picture signal
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 1993
|Feb 14, 1995
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Ghost canceler having a function of adaptively adjusting a signal level
|May 3, 2001
|Oct 19, 2004
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Method and apparatus for echo cancellation in digital communications using an echo cancellation reference signal
|May 1, 2001
|Oct 4, 2005
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Method and apparatus for echo cancellation in digital ATV systems using an echo cancellation reference signal
|May 1, 2001
|Nov 21, 2002
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Method and apparatus for echo cancellation in digital ATV systems using an echo cancellation reference signal
|May 3, 2001
|Jan 30, 2003
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Method and apparatus for echo cancellation in digital communications using an echo cancellation reference signal
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 9, 1992
Owner name: NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOO, DAVID;GREENBERG, CRAIG BRADLEY;SATO, TAKASHI;REEL/FRAME:006692/0603;SIGNING DATES FROM 19920828 TO 19920916
|Aug 1, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 2, 1998
Owner name: U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NORTH AMERICA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008989/0057
Effective date: 19980128
|Jul 27, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 25, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Skip to comments.GOP Sen's Who Are UNDECIDED On Defunding Obamacare!Let's help them decide!Please RETWEET!!
Posted on 09/22/2013 4:29:58 PM PDT by onyx
Republican Sen's Who Are UNDECIDED On Defunding Obamacare! Let's help them decide! Please RETWEET!!
#DefundObamacare pic.twitter.com/xn8nG6Y9v6
Ah.... thanks so much, sweetest you!!
You may want to post that as a separate article.
I have to call this one a night.
"They are elected to do a job."
Yup. And they don't do it. And they suck. And knowing all that and more still doesn't resolve the immediate problem at hand.
Pat Toomey strikes again...sighs.
Toomey has been a disappointment on social issues.
Years ago, Toomey had an effective contribution arm providing an alternative to the RNC. It was great. I picked and supported pro-growth candidates — it was The Club for Growth, if I'm not mistaken.
But I'm often disappointed by the fiscal conservative that have no problem with the bastardization of family values and the butchering of nascent life — not to pin "all" of this on Toomey.
I refuse to tweet anything.
Need an email contact for those of us who refuse to use social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook.
And what ever happened to pound/number sign? Why does it have a new name?
Here we go again... these two must go!
Emailed both Wicker and Cochran yestreday
We can own the New Media!
Thanks for the head's up. Here's my note to Senator Cornyn:
Senator Cornyn,
I truly can't believe the comment you just made about ObamaCare: "we cant shut down the government. Its like burning down the house to get rid of the mice or rats". Are you so afraid of the Washington Post and New York Times that you can't see what people of Texas think? Have you turned into a Washington DC rat, cowering in the corner, afraid of your own shadow?
The people of Texas want you to rid the nation of socialized medicine. The strategy is simple:
Defund Obamacare by only allowing a bill to pass the Senate with NO funding for it.
Should Obama and Reid choose to shut down the government, give them a bill at a time to fund the things they whine about the most.
Texas will survive with a few weeks of Washington largess turned off.
It's time to man up and do it. I have already stopped giving funds to the NRSC. I will give funds to your primary opponent if you can't live up to the will of the people of Texas.
Just called Pat Toomey's office.....recording says he is not available to talk right now.....anyone else getting this recording?
DOES ANYONE HAVE A LIST OF THE UNDECIDED SENATORS WITH LINKS TO THEIR EMAIL CONTACT PAGE? That would sure make the job a lot easier
Just called Sen. Johnson (WI) and the office says he has "not yet committed." I reminded him of his vote to defund six months ago.
(Scroll down page for roster w/contact info for all)
You have to ask if they will OPPOSE CLOTURE, as only 6 Republican votes would be needed to bring up the vote.
If 6 Republican Senators squish and vote for cloture on the bill, then a vote will happen on Reids motion to strike later in the process.
Post #24 lists Cornyn's district offices all around Texas, and suggests calling one of them if his DC office cannot be reached.
Dan Coats ? What ?! His cover piece in his last news letter to Indiana citizens (maybe a week ago) was FOR repeal !
I didn't ask about cloture specifically, but they did state he will oppose any vote that supports obamacare. If you have other info I would appreciate your sharing it with me.
Thank you
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Exodus Chapter Six
New King James Version (NKJV)
The Lord encourages Moses to hope for success from his name Jehovah, and the covenant he had made with the fathers of his people, Exodus 6:1, orders him to assure the children of Israel that he would deliver them from their bondage and burdens, and bring them into the land of Canaan; but through their distress and anguish they hearkened not to him, Exodus 6:6 but Moses is sent again to Pharaoh to demand the dismission of Israel, to which he seems unwilling, and both he and Aaron are charged both to go to the children of Israel, and to Pharaoh, Exodus 6:10, next follows a genealogy of the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, and Levi, which seems to be given for the sake of Moses and Aaron, and to show their descent, Exodus 6:14, who were the persons appointed of God to be the instruments of bringing the children of Israel out of Egypt, Exodus 6:26.
Exodus 6:1 Then the Lord said to Moses, "Now you shall see what I will do to Pharaoh. For with a strong hand he will let them go, and with a strong hand he will drive them out of his land."
YLT 1And Jehovah saith unto Moses, `Now dost thou see that which I do to Pharaoh, for with a strong hand he doth send them away, yea, with a strong hand he doth cast them out of his land.'
Then the Lord said unto Moses,.... In answer to the questions put to him, and the expostulations made with him:
now shalt thou see what I will do to Pharaoh: in inflicting punishments on him: for with a strong hand shall he let them go; being forced to it by the mighty hand of God upon him; and it is by some rendered, "because of a strong hand"F19ביד חזקה "propter manum validam"; so some in Drusius. ; so Jarchi; for this is not to be understood of the hand of Pharaoh, but of the hand of God:
and with a strong hand shall he drive them out of his land: not only be willing that they should go, but be urgent upon them to be gone, Exodus 12:33.
Exodus 6:2 2 And God spoke to Moses and said to him: "I am the Lord.
YLT 2And God speaketh unto Moses, and saith unto him, `I [am] Jehovah,
And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the Lord. Or Jehovah, the self-existent Being, the Being of beings, the everlasting I am, the unchangeable Jehovah, true, firm, and constant to his promises, ever to be believed, and always to be depended on.
Exodus 6:3 3 I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God Almighty, but by My name Lord[a] I was not known to them.
YLT 3and I appear unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, as God Almighty; as to My name Jehovah, I have not been known to them;
And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty,.... Able to fulfil all his purposes, promises, and covenant, with whom nothing is impossible; or Elshaddai, God all-sufficient, who has a sufficiency of happiness in himself, and everything to supply the wants of his creatures in things temporal and spiritual, see Genesis 17:1,
but by my name Jehovah was I not known to them; which he had in the preceding verse called himself by. This is not to be understood absolutely; for it is certain that he had made himself known by this name, and this name was known unto Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Genesis 15:6, and but comparatively, as some think; that is, he was not so much made known to them by the one name as the other; though it may be questioned whether the one was more used in speaking to them than the other; wherefore others think, as Saadiah Gaon, that the word only is to be supplied, as in Genesis 32:28 and the sense to be, that by his name Jehovah he was not only made known to them, but by his name Elshaddai, and others also; and others reconcile the difficulty thus, that though the name Jehovah itself was known to the patriarchs, by which they were assured that God is eternal, immutable, and faithful to his promises; yet he was not known as to the efficacy of this name, or with respect to the actual performance of his promise, as he now would be by delivering the children of Israel out of Egypt, and bringing them into the land of Canaan; though perhaps, by reading the words with an interrogation, the clause will appear more plain, "and by my name Jehovah was I not known to them?"F20Vid. Noldium, No. 788. verily I was. JosephusF21Antiqu. l. 2. c. 12. sect. 4. says, this name was not before made known to men, and that it was not lawful for a man to speak it; and this is the common notion of the Jews, that it is ineffable, and not lawful to be pronounced, and therefore they put Adonai and Elohim in the room of it, and the vowel points of these words to it, which is a false and superstitious notion: this name was known among the Heathens; it is the same with ιαω in the oracle of ApolloF23Cornelius Labeo de oraculo Apoll. Clarii apud Macrob. Saturnal. l. 1. c. 18. ; and Diodorus SiculusF24Bibliothoc. l. 1. p. 84. says, that with the Jews Moses is said to give laws from a God called "IAO", and is the same which in Philo BybliusF25Apud Euseb. Praepar. Evangel. l. 1. c. 9. p. 31. is called Jevo; and both are no other than a corruption of Jah or Jehovah; and perhaps the τετρακτυς of the PythagoreansF26Carmin. Aurea Pythagor. l. 47. & Hierocles in ib. p. 225, 277. Porphyr. de Vita Pythagor. p. 189. , by which they swore, is the same with the tetragrammaton, or this word of four letters, with the Jews.
Exodus 6:4 4 I have also established My covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, in which they were strangers.
YLT 4and also I have established My covenant with them, to give to them the land of Canaan, the land of their sojournings, wherein they have sojourned;
And I have also established my covenant with them,.... With Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and with their posterity, so that it is sure and firm, and shall never be made null and void:
to give them the land of Canaan; or to their children, which were as themselves:
the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they were strangers; not being in actual possession of any part of it, but lived as pilgrims and strangers in it, as their posterity now did in another land not theirs; see Hebrews 11:9.
Exodus 6:5 5 And I have also heard the groaning of the children of Israel whom the Egyptians keep in bondage, and I have remembered My covenant.
YLT 5and also I have heard the groaning of the sons of Israel, whom the Egyptians are causing to serve, and I remember My covenant.
And I have also heard the groaning of the children of Israel,.... For the Lord is not only the eternal and immutable Being in his purposes and promises, and a covenant keeping God; but he is compassionate and merciful, and sympathizes with his people in all their afflictions; he takes notice of their sighs and groans, as he now did those of his people in Egypt:
whom the Egyptians keep in bondage; and which was the reason of their groaning; their bondage being so hard and rigorous, in which they were detained by Pharaoh, who refused to let them go, though Moses in the name of the Lord had required him to do it:
and I have remembered my covenant; concerning bringing them out of Egypt into the land of Canaan, which he would quickly do, and thereby make it appear he was mindful of his covenant, which is indeed never forgotten by him, though it may seem to be.
Exodus 6:6 6 Therefore say to the children of Israel: 'I am the Lord; I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, I will rescue you from their bondage, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgments.
YLT 6`Therefore say to the sons of Israel, I [am] Jehovah, and I have brought you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and have delivered you from their service, and have redeemed you by a stretched-out arm, and by great judgments,
Wherefore say unto the children of Israel, I am the Lord,.... Eternal in his being, immutable in his counsels, faithful to his covenant, and able to fulfil it:
and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians; which lay heavy on them, and made them sigh and groan:
and I will rid you out of their bondage; in which they were kept, and by which their lives were made bitter:
and I will redeem you with a stretched out arm; with an arm stretched out from heaven to earth, as Aben Ezra expresses it; even by the exertion of his almighty power, openly and manifestly displayed in the lighting down of his arm upon the enemies of his people, and in delivering them out of their hands:
and with great judgments; upon the Egyptians, by many and sore plagues and punishments inflicted on them.
Exodus 6:7 7 I will take you as My people, and I will be your God. Then you shall know that I am the Lord your God who brings you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians.
YLT 7and have taken you to Me for a people, and I have been to you for God, and ye have known that I [am] Jehovah your God, who is bringing you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians;
And I will take you to me for a people,.... Out of the hands of the Egyptians, and out of their country, to be in a political sense his kingdom and subjects; and in a religious sense a holy people to himself, to fear, serve, worship, and glorify him, by walking according to laws and rules given them by him; and this he did by setting up and establishing a civil and ecclesiastical polity among them:
and I will be to you a God; their King and their God to rule over them, protect and defend them, they being a theocracy; and their covenant God and Father, giving them various spiritual privileges, the adoption, the glory, the covenant, the law, service, and promises:
and ye shall know that I am the Lord your God; by the promises fulfilled, the favours granted, and the deliverances wrought for them:
which bringeth you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians; see the preceding verse Exodus 6:6.
Exodus 6:8 8 And I will bring you into the land which I swore to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and I will give it to you as a heritage: I am the Lord.'"
YLT 8and I have brought you in unto the land which I have lifted up My hand to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, and have given it to you -- a possession; I [am] Jehovah.'
And I will bring you in unto the land,.... The land of Canaan:
concerning the which I did swear; or lift up my handF1נשאתי את ידי "levavi manum meam", Pagninus, Montanus, Munster. , which was a gesture used in swearing, Genesis 14:22.
to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; see Exodus 6:4,
and I will give it you for an heritage; to be possessed as an inheritance by them, so long as they were obedient to his will, or until the Messiah came:
I am the Lord; whose counsels of old are faithfulness and truth; whose promises are yea and amen; whose gifts and calling are without repentance; and who is able also to perform whatever he has said he will do.
Exodus 6:9 9 So Moses spoke thus to the children of Israel; but they did not heed Moses, because of anguish of spirit and cruel bondage.
YLT 9And Moses speaketh so unto the sons of Israel, and they hearkened not unto Moses, for anguish of spirit, and for harsh service.
And Moses spake so unto the children of Israel,.... After this manner, and in the above words, declaring all that the Lord made known to him, and promised to do for them; which one would have thought would have revived their spirits, and refreshed and comforted their hearts under their troubles, and encouraged a lively exercise of faith and hope of deliverance:
but they hearkened not unto Moses; being disappointed of deliverance by him, and their afflictions being increased, and lying heavy upon them, they were heartless and hopeless:
for anguish of spirit; trouble of mind and grief of heart, with which they were swallowed up; or "for shortness of breath"F2מקצר רוח "ob brevem anhelitum", Munster. , being so pressed that they could hardly breathe, and so were incapable of attending to what was spoken to them:
and for cruel bondage; under which they laboured, and from which they had scarce any respite, and saw no way of deliverance from it.
Exodus 6:10 10 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying,
YLT 10And Jehovah speaketh unto Moses, saying,
And the Lord spake unto Moses,.... At another time, and renewed his orders to him to go again to Pharaoh, and require their dismission:
saying; as follows:
Exodus 6:11 11 "Go in, tell Pharaoh king of Egypt to let the children of Israel go out of his land."
YLT 11`Go in, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he doth send the sons of Israel out of his land;
Go in,.... Into Pharaoh's palace, and into his presence, to whom access seems not to be very difficult; and perhaps access to princes was not attended with so much ceremony then as it now is:
speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt; though a king, and a king of so large a country as Egypt, yet do not be afraid to speak to him; speak to him plainly and boldly, not in a supplicatory, but in an authoritative way, in the name of the King of kings:
that he let the children of Israel go out of his land; this demand had been made before, but was rejected with an haughty air, and now it is repeated, before the Lord proceeds to punish him for his disobedience, that his judgments upon him might appear more manifestly to be just and right.
Exodus 6:12 12 And Moses spoke before the Lord, saying, "The children of Israel have not heeded me. How then shall Pharaoh heed me, for I am of uncircumcised lips?"
YLT 12and Moses speaketh before Jehovah, saying, `Lo, the sons of Israel have not hearkened unto me, and how doth Pharaoh hear me, and I of uncircumcised lips?'
And Moses spake before the Lord,.... Who appeared in a visible form, and had spoke to him with an articulate voice, and before whom Moses stood, and made the following reply:
saying, behold, the children of Israel have not hearkened unto me; even though he brought a comfortable message to them from the Lord, and delivered many gracious promises of his to them, assuring them of deliverance out of Egypt, and of their possession of the land of Canaan:
how then shall Pharaoh hear me? making a demand upon him to part with a people, from whose labour he receives so much advantage, and has such an addition to his revenues, and who is a mighty king, and haughty monarch. And this is further enforced from his own weakness and unfitness to speak to Pharaoh:
who am of uncircumcised lips? had an impediment in his speech, could not speak freely and readily, but with difficulty; perhaps stammered, and so uttered superfluous syllables, repeated them before he could fully pronounce what he aimed at; or in other words, he was not eloquent, which was his old objection, and had been fully answered before: and by this it appears that there was no alteration in the speech of Moses since God spoke with him at Mount Horeb. Some think Moses expected to have had this impediment removed, and tacitly hints at it here, not being so well satisfied with Aaron's being joined with him as his mouth and spokesman, which seemed to carry in it some reflection upon him.
Exodus 6:13 13 Then the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, and gave them a command for the children of Israel and for Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt.
YLT 13And Jehovah speaketh unto Moses, and unto Aaron, and chargeth them for the sons of Israel, and for Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt.
And the Lord spake unto Moses and unto Aaron,.... No notice is taken of the objection of Moses, having been sufficiently answered before, and Aaron is joined with him in the following charge:
and gave them a charge unto the children of Israel, and unto Pharaoh king of Egypt; that is, to go to the children of Israel and comfort them, and direct them what they should do, and how they should behave under their present circumstances; assuring them of deliverance, and to go to Pharaoh, and to make a fresh demand upon him to let Israel go; and in this work they had a solemn charge from God to continue, and not to desist from it, until they had finished it:
to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; which they were to be the instruments of: and that it might be known clearly from whom they descended, who had such a charge given them, and such honour put upon them, the following genealogy is recorded.
Exodus 6:14 14 These are the heads of their fathers' houses: The sons of Reuben, the firstborn of Israel, were Hanoch, Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. These are the families of Reuben.
YLT 14These [are] heads of the house of their fathers: Sons of Reuben first-born of Israel [are] Hanoch, and Phallu, Hezron, and Carmi: these [are] families of Reuben.
These be the heads of their father's houses,.... Not of the families of Moses and Aaron, but of the children of Israel, though only the heads of three tribes are mentioned; and some think that these three are taken notice of, to show that they were not rejected of God, though they seem to be rather cursed than blessed by Jacob; and that though they were guilty of very great crimes, as Reuben of incest, and Simeon and Levi of murder, yet they truly repented, and obtained mercy of God, and were honoured in their offspring, of whom an account is here given; but the two first seem to be taken notice of for the sake of the third, and that order might be observed, and that it might plainly appear that the deliverers of Israel were Israelites:
the sons of Reuben, the firstborn of Israel, Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi; whose names, and the order in which they are put, are the same as in Genesis 46:9 these be the families of Reuben; the heads of them, or from whence they sprung.
Exodus 6:15 15 And the sons of Simeon were Jemuel,[b] Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman. These are the families of Simeon.
YLT 15And sons of Simeon [are] Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul, son of the Canaanitess: these [are] families of Simeon.
And the sons of Simeon, Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman,.... See Gill on Genesis 46:10.
these are the families of Simeon; who gave rise and name to the several families of that tribe now in Egypt.
Exodus 6:16 16 These are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. And the years of the life of Levi were one hundred and thirty-seven.
YLT 16And these [are] the names of the sons of Levi, as to their births: Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi [are] a hundred and thirty and seven years.
And these are the names of the sons of Levi, according to their generations,.... Whose sons, according to the order of their birth, were as follow:
Gershom, and Kohath, and Merari; see Genesis 46:11,
and the years of the life of Levi were one hundred and thirty seven years; and exactly the same number of years is assigned him by Polyhistor from DemetriusF3Apud Euseb. Praepar. Evangel. l. 9. c. 21. p. 425. , an Heathen writer. Jarchi says, that the reason why, the years of the life of Levi are reckoned is to show how long the bondage lasted; for there was no servitude as long as any of the tribes (or of the sons of Jacob) remained, according to Exodus 1:6 and the Jewish chronologersF4Shalshalet Hakabala, fol. 5. 1. Tzemach David, par. 1, fol. 6. 2. & 7. 1. Seder Olam Rabba, c. 3. p. 9. affirm that Levi was the last of the patriarchs that died; and that he died in the year of the world 3332, and lived in Egypt ninety four years; and from his time, to the going out of Egypt, were only one hundred and sixteen years; and they further say the bondage could not last longer than one hundred and sixteen years, nor shorter than eighty seven. Bishop UsherF5Annales Vet. Test. p. 17. places his death in A. M. 2385, and before Christ 1619: according to the Targum of Jonathan, he lived to see Moses and Aaron the deliverers of Israel; but that is false, since Joseph and all his brethren died before Moses was born, Exodus 1:6.
Exodus 6:17 17 The sons of Gershon were Libni and Shimi according to their families.
YLT 17The sons of Gershon [are] Libni, and Shimi, as to their families.
And the sons of Gershom, Libni, and Shimi, according to their families. He had only two sons, from whom came the families of the Libnites and Shimites; see Numbers 3:21.
Exodus 6:18 18 And the sons of Kohath were Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel. And the years of the life of Kohath were one hundred and thirty-three.
YLT 18And the sons of Kohath [are] Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath [are] a hundred and thirty and three years.
And the sons of Kohath, Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel,.... So they are reckoned in 1 Chronicles 6:18 though only the family of the Hebronites are mentioned in Numbers 26:58.
and the years of the life of Kohath were one hundred and thirty three years. A Jewish chronologer saysF6Shalshalet Hakabalaut, ut supra. (fol. 5. 1.) he died one hundred years before the going out of Egypt: just the same number of years is ascribed to him by Polyhistor from Demetrius, an Heathen historianF7Apud Euseb. ut supra. (Praepar. Evangel. l. 9. c. 21. p. 425.) .
Exodus 6:19 19 The sons of Merari were Mahli and Mushi. These are the families of Levi according to their generations.
YLT 19And the sons of Merari [are] Mahli and Mushi: these [are] families of Levi, as to their births.
And the sons of Merari, Mahali, and Mushi,.... From whence sprung the families of the Mahalites, and Mushites, Numbers 3:33,
these are the families of Levi, according to their generations: the families that descended from him and his sons, according to the order of their birth.
Exodus 6:20 20 Now Amram took for himself Jochebed, his father's sister, as wife; and she bore him Aaron and Moses. And the years of the life of Amram were one hundred and thirty-seven.
YLT 20And Amram taketh Jochebed his aunt to himself for a wife, and she beareth to him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram [are] a hundred and thirty and seven years.
And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife,.... This Amram was the first son of Kohath, and the father of Moses, as after related, and so must be the same with the man of the house of Levi, and his wife the daughter of Levi, as in Exodus 2:1 and though such a marriage was afterwards prohibited, Moses does not conceal it, though it may seem to reflect some dishonour on him and his family; he writing not for his own glory, but for the sake of truth, and the good of mankind, and especially the church and people of God. Indeed the Vulgate Latin version, and the Septuagint, Samaritan, and Syriac versions, make her to be his first cousin, the daughter of his father's brother, his uncle's daughter: and so does Polyhistor from DemetriusF8Apud Euseb. ut supra. (Praepar. Evangel. l. 9. c. 21. p. 425.) ; but in Numbers 26:59, she is expressly said to be a daughter of Levi, born to him in Egypt, and therefore must be his father's sister:
and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and Miriam also, though not mentioned, it being for the sake of these two that the genealogy is made:
and the years of the life of Amram were one hundred and thirty seven years: just the age of his grandfather Levi, Exodus 6:16. A Jewish chronologerF9Shalshalet Hakabala, ut supra. (fol. 5. 1.) says he died in the thirtieth year of Moses: but the Arabic writersF11Patricides, p. 26. Elmacinus, p. 46. apud Hottinger. Smegma Oriental. l. 1. c. 8. p. 392. say in the fifty sixth or fifty seventh, and at the end of A. M. 3810. PolyhistorF12Apud Euseb. ut supra. from Demetrius makes his age to be one hundred and thirty six, and him to be the father of Moses and Aaron, and Aaron to be three years older than Moses, exactly according to the Scripture account.
Exodus 6:21 21 The sons of Izhar were Korah, Nepheg, and Zichri.
YLT 21And sons of Izhar [are] Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri.
And the sons of Izhar, Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri. These seem to be mentioned for the sake of Korah, concerning whom is a remarkable history in the following book; for the other two are nowhere else spoken of.
Exodus 6:22 22 And the sons of Uzziel were Mishael, Elzaphan, and Zithri.
YLT 22And sons of Uzziel [are] Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Sithri.
And the sons of Uzziel, Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Zichri. The two first of these were the men that were ordered by Moses to carry out of the camp the two sons of Aaron, who were killed by lightning for offering strange fire, Leviticus 10:4.
Exodus 6:23 23 Aaron took to himself Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab, sister of Nahshon, as wife; and she bore him Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.
YLT 23And Aaron taketh Elisheba daughter of Amminadab, sister of Naashon, to himself for a wife, and she beareth to him Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.
And Aaron took him Elisheba,.... The same name we pronounce Elizabeth; and of this name was the wife of Zacharias, the father of John the Baptist, Luke 1:5, this woman Aaron took was
the daughter of Amminadab, the sister of Naashon; a prince of the tribe of Judah, Numbers 7:12, her he took to wife; or married; for though intermarriages with the several tribes were not allowed, nor used in after times, that they might be kept distinct, and the inheritances also, yet the tribe of Levi often took wives of other tribes, because they had no inheritance, and were to have none in the land of Canaan, so that confusion in tribes and inheritance was not made hereby; and it is observable, that these marriages were frequently with the tribe of Judah, as signifying the union of the kingly and priestly offices in Christ, who sprung from the tribe of Judah:
and she bare him Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar; the two first of these died by fire from heaven in their father's lifetime, for offering strange fire to the Lord, Leviticus 10:1. Eleazar succeeded his father in the priesthood, Numbers 20:26 and of the sons of Ithamar executing the priest's office, see 1 Chronicles 24:2.
Exodus 6:24 24 And the sons of Korah were Assir, Elkanah, and Abiasaph. These are the families of the Korahites.
YLT 24And sons of Korah [are] Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph: these [are] families of the Korhite.
And the sons of Korah,.... The eldest son of Izhar, who, though he proved a bad man, yet many of his posterity were good men, and are often mentioned in general in the titles of some of the psalms of David: the immediate sons of Korah were
Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph. Aben Ezra says, that Samuel the prophet was of the sons of Korah; perhaps what might lead him to it was, because his father's name was Elkanah, the name of one of these sons of Korah, but cannot be this Elkanah:
these are the families of the Korhites; the heads of them, or from whom they descended.
Exodus 6:25 25 Eleazar, Aaron's son, took for himself one of the daughters of Putiel as wife; and she bore him Phinehas. These are the heads of the fathers' houses of the Levites according to their families.
YLT 25And Eleazar, Aaron's son, hath taken to him [one] of the daughters of Putiel for a wife to himself, and she beareth to him Phinehas: these [are] heads of the fathers of the Levites, as to their families.
And Eleazar Aaron's son took him one of the daughters of Putiel to wife,.... This was Aaron's eldest son. The person, whose daughter he married, Dr. LightfootF13Works, vol. 1. p. 704, 705. conjectures was an Egyptian convert, perhaps of the posterity of Potipherah, among whom Joseph had sowed the seeds of true religion, and supposes that the Egyptians used the name of Puti or Poti, either in memorial of their uncle Put, Genesis 10:6 or in reverence of some deity of that name; but the Targum of Jonathan makes Putiel to be the same with Jethro; and so does Jarchi; but Aben Ezra seems to be most right, who takes him to be of the children of Israel, though the reason of his name is not known, and the daughter of such an one it is most likely a son of Aaron would marry:
and she bore him Phinehas; of whom see Numbers 25:11,
these are the heads of the Levites, according to their families; from whence the Levites sprung, and their several families. It may be observed, that Moses says nothing of his own offspring, only of his brother Aaron's, partly out of modesty and humility, and partly because the priesthood was successive in the family of Aaron, but not the civil government in the family of Moses; and that he proceeds no further to give the genealogy of the remaining tribes, his chief view being to show the descent of Aaron and himself, that it might be with certainty known in after times who they were that were instruments of Israel's deliverance out of Egypt, which would be matter of inquiry, and very desirable to be known.
Exodus 6:26 26 These are the same Aaron and Moses to whom the Lord said, "Bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their armies."
YLT 26This [is] Aaron -- and Moses -- to whom Jehovah said, `Bring ye out the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt, by their hosts;'
These are that Aaron and Moses,.... Aaron is set before Moses, because he was the eldest, and because he prophesied in Egypt before Moses, as Aben Ezra observes; though Moses was greater in dignity than he, and therefore the true reason may be the modesty of Moses; though in a following verse Moses is set before Aaron, to show that they were equal, as Jarchi thinks; and perhaps the thing was quite an indifference to the historian, and done without any care and intention, however these words are emphatically expressed, on purpose to point out the persons to future ages:
to whom the Lord said, bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt: which is the charge he gave them both, Exodus 6:13, and the account of which is returned to again, after an interruption by the genealogy before recorded: Israel were to be brought out:
according to their armies; denoting their numbers, and the order in which they were to march out of Egypt, as they did, not by flight, nor in confusion, but in a formidable manner, and in great composure and order, with these two men, Moses and Aaron, as their generals at the head of them.
Exodus 6:27 27 These are the ones who spoke to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt. These are the same Moses and Aaron.
YLT 27these are they who are speaking unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the sons of Israel from Egypt, this [is] Moses -- and Aaron.
These are they which spoke to Pharaoh king of Egypt,.... In the name of the Lord of hosts; and demanded the dismission of Israel, in order
to bring the children of Israel from Egypt; nor did they desist making application to him, until they had prevailed upon him to let them go:
these are that Moses and Aaron; which is repeated, that it may be observed who were the deliverers of Israel, what their names, of what tribe they were, and from whom they descended, and who sprung from them, at least from Aaron.
Exodus 6:28 28 And it came to pass, on the day the Lord spoke to Moses in the land of Egypt,
YLT 28And it cometh to pass in the day of Jehovah's speaking unto Moses in the land of Egypt,
And it came to pass on the day when the Lord spake unto Moses in the land of Egypt. This verse depends upon the following for the sense of it, which shows what it was the Lord said to Moses in the day he spake to him in Egypt, when he was come thither, which is as follows:
Exodus 6:29 29 that the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, "I am the Lord. Speak to Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say to you."
YLT 29that Jehovah speaketh unto Moses, saying, `I [am] Jehovah, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I am speaking unto thee.'
And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, I am the Lord,.... See Exodus 6:2,
speak thou unto Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say unto thee; that he let Israel go; and that in case of refusal, that he would punish him and his people with this and the other plague, one after another, and at last slay him and their firstborn.
Exodus 6:30 30 But Moses said before the Lord, "Behold, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how shall Pharaoh heed me?"
YLT 30And Moses saith before Jehovah, `Lo, I [am] of uncircumcised lips, and how doth Pharaoh hearken unto me?'
And Moses said before the Lord, behold, I am of uncircumcised lips,.... As he had done, Exodus 6:13, and this is only a repetition of what is there said, in order to lead on to what is related in the following chapter:
how shall Pharaoh hearken unto me? so mean a person, and so poor a speaker, and he a mighty king, surrounded with wise counsellors and eloquent orators.
──《John Gill's Exposition of the Bible》
New King James Version (NKJV)
a. Exodus 6:3 Hebrew YHWH, traditionally Jehovah
b. Exodus 6:15 Spelled Nemuel in Numbers 26:12


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text:
Daniel T. Spitler,
Senior partner
Toledo, Ohio
Admitted to Bar:
1965 Ohio State Bar
1970 U.S. Supreme Court
University of Arizona
The Ohio State University (B.S. in B.A., 1962)
Ohio Northern University (J.D., 1965).
Prosecuting Attorney:
Wood County 1969-1976
Wood County, Ohio State Bar Association
Ohio Association of Trial Lawyer; American Board of Trial Advocates
The Association of Justice
Practice Areas:
Civil Litigation
Professional Negligence
Public Utility Law