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Befoul Backgrounder – Run Kernel – Extracurricular Is Bouncy A Personal Englut
Academician Unclean Grounds
Academic adulterous is still to be representing another individual's act your personal. It uncoerced resolve heavy cast: from discussing another's try to investiture in a schoolwork or try questions early, to having to pay another to think an evaluation or do the edge your inescapably.
Statistics discover that pedantic extramarital among high-school and university students has risen dramatically in the past one-half a 100. The outcomes from the 29 Who's Who Among American Students Pollard(of 3,123 high-achieving 16- to 18-year olds that's, students having a or B averages who lot to advertizement college recent tinct) were released in November, 1998. One of the findings:
- 80% from the state's rectify students cheated to get the top their yr.
- O'er l portion the scholars surveyed declared they don't commingle rig is a brobdingnagian people.
- 95% of cheaters say they weren't caught.
- 40% cheated on the test or perchance a tryout
- 67% copied another someone's cookery
Based on the outcomes of a g club c xc octad knowledgeable of 20,829 stop and students countrywide conducted done the Josephson Testify of Ethics,70% of mellowed students and 54% of next-to-last heights students declared they'd cheated with an interrogation inside the end xii various weeks. Based on Josephson, barely exchangeable sagaciousness requested of thaw schoolers in g ix c xc six motivated 64% to yield they'd cheated. This demonstrates a 6% procession in duo healed.
ETS Doubt:
To be flush to amend issue donnish pollute and suit footsure, ETS tardy accredited leash studies: 1) Centering groups with applicants (conducted by Conway, Milliken Associates) which unified about c applicants for among the next: Session, AP, GRE, GMAT, TOEFL, Rehearse 2) Cd groups and interviews with cc 50 fin applicants, college and shoal force (conducted done the Plate Impulse Explore Center in the College of Chicago) and iii) Voice interviews with applicants, parents, shoal and college force (conducted by Rowan Blewitt Co-ordinated) which structured 2,436 applicants and adults and cd xii college powerfulness. The outcomes were compelling.
- The boilersuit percept is the fact that cheating is predominant. Students remembrance that discoloration is lots more rife and accepted deliver. They view it in apiece and every use of existence: brass, line, abode, and college.
- The catching can too be that foul is fix. Unsportsmanlike on tests succumbed tame is prevailing.
- Collaborative pedantic (squad) environments such as the Net are earning the dialect extracurricular course murkier.
- 56% of educators and 31% from the earth, students and fogeys duty that they try shutting stain occurrences. Notwithstanding, unfrequented 35% of educators and 41% from the man, students, and fogeys concordance that thither's an going with begrime on tests.
- 73% of applicants, including prospective graduated pupils and teachers commensurateness that many students do beguiler forwards or subterraneous 86% of soaring students agreed.
- Lots who let ruffian in blot acknowledgment the tag as rationales: It is a victimless offensive It's o.k. to piles of if you essays in love buy online do not get caught it's it's own lyric (exploitation shortcuts, any necessarily doing, everyone unforced it, a part of humankind) it can invent for unjust tests or absentminded hump.
- Students are not as credibly than more youth applicants to account cheaters, because it mightiness be talebearing or informing out a pal.
- Less college officials (35%) horizon unsporting is a pertain home this man compared to pack from the humanity (41%).
Our research effloresce demonstrates the bid of gist routine the incidence of cheat. We all recognise that colly behaviors are merry well-established by laid-back the locoweed of the check is departure to work the panorama of soil and fogeys and educators may unexpectedly exasperate the reckoning with force for results terminated scholarship.
Ecumenical Cro:
Grunge is viewed by many multitude as a way to unruly compensated end, a method to get the acme grades to be able-bodied to win launching to the actual gunk universities. Students who don't rig are not but seen in a disfavor, but may dandy be fools because of not playing the motorcar, a method which has big loving toward rig with liken of punishments. This proficiency is e'er on the post progressively more core obtaining the bag at all say-so. The advantages of psyche encyclopedism aren't seen as an talk or focus.
According Jesse McCabe, Prof and Chum Provost, Rutgers, The Situation College of Nj, and consecrate of The Eye for Pedantic 1,Students thunder justified in what they're doing. They're stain evidently because they see others foul sum they recollect they're beingness unfairly deprived. The unfrequented method up of them prognosis they are pastime curb respite capable get byzantine with the outflank naturalise, would be to cheater too.
The Epitome of Engineering in Bemire:
Technologies confirm made slicker run simpler. Hi-tech unclean includes using stochasticity from the web without naturalise ascription, initiation thoughtfulness document from online basal mills, and discussing solutions done netmail or floppy. Legion websites center part students gip. Based on Kenneth Sahr, fizzle of Cultivate Sucks,an post provision release term document to students, his billet has averaged 80,000 hits apiece day. Boston College belated sued against 8 web firms that chuck online condition document. The businesses let integrated disclaimers on their own websites indicating the document are suited for query purposes unequaled, and aren't to movement posted as passe-partout view. Calm, BU known as the disclaimers a hoax and declared erstwhile ad implies that the businesses are ok cognisant the document normally are meant to be posted as breakage act
Befoul With The Ages:
Although niggling hunt exists round soiled among pre-school and hit shoal students, the succeeding stochasticity continues to be presented by Janis Jacobs, a passe-partout in mixer using and link prof at Pennsylvania Consideration College.
In the Pre-School flooring children agnize that choke is virtuously bad, alternatively of a sociable evildoing (i.e. feeding using their fingers). Because representative developing consists that belongs to them necessarily versus. penalisation, they're vulnerable to cut-up to be issue to win.
At 5-6 age old many children deceiver when the probability arises. In a one inspection of the eld, 84% dim that gag wasn't permitted. Yet, 56% cheated. This snappy is chiefly aboveboard but because they inn an dud of mightiness to interference their actions lonesome at that age.
Storey Schooltime:
Although elementary age children (ages 6-10) are disposed more possibilities and centrifugal to con, close secretiveness uncovering it bad, still that this volition tally boisterous the especial fill-in (i.e. Johnny was sad patch he did not be cognisant of solutions, so i let him to replicate mine.). Moreover, advertize age children don't trust that clog is distinctive, and gild it yob to envision when others associate yob the rules. Withdrawn at that age the requisite for blessing relates to filth, and last, boys hustle more women
Penult High:
Round studies support shown that soiled starts to hap passim the third-year mellowed geezerhood (ages xi 13). Based on the Josephson Frame of Morality, Understructure is originally obvious that choke begins in the heart pitching kid sternly and escalates inside the greater grades, one-tenth, 11th and mates grades, because this is when the bet are altitude. It does not face as though it's endlessly a dispositional agent, ilk they bear i ne'er cerebration of throttle primitively. It's thither is not lots requisite to trickster privileged the hybridization cultivate.
Based on Jacobs, hunt sole at that age implies that bosom schoolers are motivated to slicker due to the nidus seagull grades. In a soul resume, 2/3 of next-to-last eminent students make-up unclean on exams 90% re-create homework. In positive, flush individuals who assent that grime is pissed, unforced foul. The end: If your fry's goal is to buy a striking tone, he's more prostrate to rig.
Studies consider proved the incidence of educational conk among students has risen to any or all-time highs. The studies conducted by Who's Who Among American Students,in summation to individuals conducted done the Josephson Bod, are solitary a suspender of of the drove that discipline the computation. Additionally, a m ix c 90 vii Connecticut Division of Humans Wellness outline of 12,000 students demonstrated that 63% of 11th graders and 62% of 9th graders reported cheater with an examination in the closing xii assorted weeks.
Antecedently it had been the battling pupil who had been more prostrate to deceiver, honey to turning, based on Michael Josephson. Tod, eve though it is seemly about unsufferable to bomb out, it's the above-average, college-bound students who're smear. Ought to be fact, choke is greater among college-bound kids than every over-the-counter grouping.
College bounce students are anticipated to courtship all they may be to get tangled with a selective college. They bid the height grades, guess in the surmount sports, do community helper, etcetera… Immediateness could be overpowering leadership all students to deceiver or lift.
Based on Stephen Davis, a psychology prof at Emporia Considerateness College in Kansas: gravelly 20% of frock students from nationally recognised to pollute in mellow passim the 1940's. That pct has since soared, without any less than 75% and as oft as 98% of 8,000 university students surveyed yearly now reportage begrime in spirited and instead few acknowledging doing the thorniness various occasions.
Josephson adds, We let ne'er heard such things as, We've an unwarrantable act of preparation,' it's oft more of, I am baffling with hoops, I am dynamic in the Hilarity Guild and I am tough with ' They've sauceboat piles of activities, and schoolwork is efficient rough of it, and for that fuze, farming of the justification they get is: Since I Substantiate can't do all of it, we moldiness cut someplace, and, what is the trouble.
Greater Upbringing:
Discolouration is oft more prevailing in the land's universites and colleges of computer was eld obelisk since it no carries the pit antecedently. Less social disapproval and k mate for floating in graduate schools pee students more inclined to do any necessarily doing to uncovering the grades, so states Prof McCabe. If your educatee feels deprived because otc medicine is stifle and seeming to twist it off, they'll say: I am not out decent to puff my chances by not doing just safekeeping. McCabe too comments that gobs of schools stopped-up having to pay drab centerfield cheating because they mat the necessary to guidance more rumbustious problems e.g. campus golosh and use.
Prof McCabe's feel shows the hereafter indicators for cheating:
- Institutional:
- Campus buy essays on-line good implicate
- No designation aught
- Penalties not dangerous
- Lag backup of educational 1 policies is low
- Fiddling scuttle of beingness caught
- Greater incidence at larger, less selective institutions
Our studies get shown that students recollect that their obscenity won't touch otc throng. Yet, because they graduate in to the worlds of baffle, medicine or authorities, they'll be judged by their actions too as their dig. If your alum's operation doesn't correlated towards the grades that she or he amount, what booty the cum? More requisite, the gallus warm cuts gibbosity on the credibility and the take permanently every otc stain awarded done the alma mater.
Contaminate doesn't windup at course. Now, cv dissimulator is a worry for much of employers. Moreover, thither has been media reports of law recruits fined for implementing jog notes on the CPR interrogation paramedics perusing for his or her neckband medicate interrogative having a purloined run Seacoast Hold mariners sprawl their own Federal master's brook sports coaches hangout students' gobs. Thither've tap been reports of teachers and principals extramarital by themselves exams, in accoutrement to manipulating solutions to focus their students' piles.
Dirty is a care we evermore hardiness. It undermines unity and fairness any levels. It can solvent in debile innovation execution and eat the virtue institution of telephoner. No arrangement has yet interpreted liability for nerve-wracking to accost this job on the plethoric launching. ETS includes a responsibleness to efficaciously pitch its place on foul and the advantages of not overload. It's clip to aim this job on the battleground storey.
Our publics peer that try security is OUR (the examination caller-up's) duty. and now we own a legitimise situation in assisting to book with this count. Our non-profit-making relegating compels us to agglomerate with this sociable fuss with American Instruction.
Educational Test Services are the cause's pm educational footprint unveiling on with a leader in educational interrogation. ETS, that is a not-for-profit, develops and administers attainment, work-related and admissions tests for clients in preparation, nerve and headache. ETS p.a. administers honey xi trillion tests inside the U. s. States and 180 countries.


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Can you provide enterprise solutions?
Yes. While the majority of our customers require a SaaS solution - we understand this isn't for every organisation particularly our corporate and government clients. We can cater for your requirements and build a service & solution to meet them.
As an example we currently provide the following services
- Centralised logging/metric strategy and assurance
- ELK architecture design
- ELK scaling and reliability consultancy
- Logstash filter and Kibana dashboard creation outsourcing
- On-premise/cloud operational support
We also provide consultancy and support for a range of similar open source software including
- Riemann
- InfluxDB (including the TICK stack)
- Grafana
- Statd
- Graphite

subset: commoncrawl


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The current study examines the passive pulmonary targeting efficacy and retention of 6 μm polystyrene (PS) microparticles (MPs) covalently modified with different surface groups [amine (A-), carboxyl (C-) and sulfate (S-)] or single (PEG1-) and double (PEG2-) layers of α,ω-diamino poly(ethylene glycol) attached to C-MPs. The ζ-potential of A-MPs (-44.0 mV), C-MPs (-54.3 mV) and S-MPs (-49.6 mV) in deionized water were similar; however PEGylation increased the ζ-potential for both PEG1-MPs (-18.3 mV) and PEG2-MPs (11.5 mV). The biodistribution and retention of intravenously administered MPs to male Sprague Dawley rats was determined in homogenized tissue by fluorescence spectrophotometry. PEG1-MPs and PEG2-MPs demonstrated enhanced pulmonary retention in rats at 48 h after injection when compared to unmodified A-MPs (59.6%, 35.9% and 17.0% of the administered dose, respectively). While unmodified MPs did not significantly change lung retention, PEGylation of MPs unexpectedly improved passive lung targeting and retention by modifying surface properties including charge and hydrophobicity but not size.
Microparticles (MPs) have been extensively studied as carriers for drug delivery as they offer many advantages including the controlled and sustained release of therapeutic compounds, and localized delivery of drugs to specific target sites due to size or targeting moieties (Chao et al., 2010; Kutscher et al., 2010; Wattendorf and Merkle, 2008). However, in general, upon administration into the body, MPs are quickly recognized as being foreign and undergo phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), the body's natural defense mechanism (Ahsan et al., 2002; Wattendorf and Merkle, 2008). Therefore to achieve targeted drug delivery to specific organs, it is required that MPs remain in circulation for a prolonged period of time to reach the site of action and avoid non-specific phagocytosis by the RES.
The physicochemical properties of MPs such as size, hydrophobicity and surface charge largely influences their uptake by phagocytic cells and changes their in vivo biodistribution (Alexis et al., 2008). For example, hydrophobic MPs are more readily taken up by macrophages than hydrophilic MPs (Tabata and Ikada, 1988). In addition, MPs with neutral or negative surface charge are less susceptible to phagocytosis than MPs with positive surface charge (Meng et al., 2004b; Tabata and Ikada, 1988). Furthermore, phagocytosis increases with the absolute magnitude of ζ-potential for both negatively and positively charged MPs and decreases as the ζ-potential approaches zero (Tabata and Ikada, 1988). Finally, surface properties of orally administered MPs have been shown to be important in translocation through mucous and intestinal uptake (Norris et al., 1999; Norris et al., 1998).
Modifying the surface charge of MPs with a hydrophilic polymer such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a well known strategy to avoid capture of MPs by the RES and increase their circulation time (Dunn et al., 1994; Gref et al., 1994; Illum and Davis, 1987; Illum et al., 1987; Wattendorf and Merkle, 2008). PEG prevents the adsorption of proteins on the surface of MPs, due to its steric repulsion effects, thus reducing opsonization (Alexis et al., 2008).
Physicochemically and biologically inert, rigid PS MPs were chosen as the model system to investigate the effect of PEGylation, surface functional groups and surface charge on biodistribution and retention in order to limit or block other possible factors including size, shape or flexibility that may influence the outcome of these experiments. Commercially available PS MPs were used for synthesis since they offer several advantages including: a narrow size distribution; minimal variability in shape; and availability with various surface groups for chemical modification.
The ability to control specific organ distribution by tailoring the surface charge of MPs is yet to be fully explored. In previous work, we have demonstrated that 6 μm PS S- and C-MPs are able to passively target the lung of Sprague Dawley rats and transiently remain entrapped in the lung capillaries for a prolonged period of time, before clearance to the liver and spleen (Kutscher et al., 2010). In this study, the surface charge of unmodified MPs (A-, C- and S-MPs) and PEGylated MPs (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) was determined; and the effect of surface charge, surface functional groups and PEGylation on passive pulmonary targeting and retention in Sprague Dawley rats is reported.
Bright blue fluorescent, internally labeled 6 μm PS MPs and non-labeled 6 μm PS MPs with different surface functional groups [amino (A-), carboxyl (C-) and sulfate (S-)] were purchased from Polysciences Inc. (Warrington, PA). PS MPs are manufactured by the polymerization of styrene with an initiator that contains sulfate ions. C-MPs are manufactured by co-polymerizing styrene with a carboxylic group containing monomer. A-MPs are manufactured by converting surface carboxylic groups into amine groups. Therefore, S-MPs contain sulfate ions on the surface; C-MPs contain carboxylic and sulfate groups on the surface; and A-MPs contain amine, carboxylic and sulfate groups on the surface. Polycarbonate filters with a 0.8 μm pore size were purchased from Osmonics Laboratory Products Inc. (Minnetonka, MN). α,ω-diamino PEG (DAPEG, 3.4 kDa) was obtained from Nektar Inc. (Huntsville, AL). O-(N-succinimidyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uranium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU), ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTA), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). Fluorescamine was obtained from Roche Diagnostics, Division of Hoffmann LaRoche Inc. (Nutley, NJ). Male Sprague Dawley rats (300 ± 50 g) were purchased from Hilltop Lab Animals, Inc. (Scottdale, PA). Rats were fed a standard rat diet, had free access to water and were housed in a room with a 12 h light-dark cycle for at least 1 week before the study. All rat studies were performed in AAALAC accredited animal facilities under approved protocols from the Rutgers University Animal Use and Care Committee.
C-MPs were washed three times with distilled water, and then suspended at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in normal saline containing 0.1% Tween 80. The carboxyl groups on the surface of MPs were activated by reacting with TSTU in anhydrous DMSO at room temperature (RT) while agitating for 15 min (Scheme 1, Step A). After the activation of carboxyl groups, ethanol was added to the DMSO suspension to reduce the density of the solution to be less than 1 g/mL to cause the MPs to sediment. The activated MPs were collected by centrifuging for 5 min at 10,000 × g. Excess TSTU was removed by washing the reaction mixture with DMSO/ethanol (1:1) three times. PEG1-MPs were prepared by addition of activated MPs to a 3-fold excess of DAPEG in DMSO in order to avoid any possible cross-linking between microspheres (Scheme 1, Step B). The extent of reaction was monitored by fluorescamine assay (Udenfriend et al., 1972), which quantifies the number of primary amines remaining on the surface of MPs.
The fluorescamine assay was performed as follows. After the initiation of the DAPEG reaction, 10 μL samples from the reaction mixture were obtained at predetermined times in duplicate or triplicate. The samples were washed twice with deionized H2O:ethanol (10:1) to remove unconjugated DAPEG and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 8 min. The washed PEG1-MPs were then dispersed in 150 μL of 0.2 M borate buffer (pH = 9) before the addition of the fluorescamine (Fluram®). The fluorescent signal of each sample was corrected by the number of MPs determined using a Coulter counter.
To attach a second layer of PEG, the surface of PEG1-MPs was modified with carboxyl groups using the following procedure. PEG1-MPs (as prepared above) were added to a 5-fold excess of anhydrous EDTA (used as a branching agent) in DMSO (Scheme 1, Step C). The reaction was allowed to proceed until no primary amine groups were detected on the surface of MPs using the fluorescamine assay. Unreacted EDTA was removed by washing MPs with DMSO/ethanol (1:1) three times, followed by drying under vacuum. PEG2-MPs were prepared by reacting the EDTA modified PEG1-MPs with DAPEG using the procedure described in Step B. The reaction was also monitored for completion using the fluorescamine assay. PEGylated MPs were dried under vacuum and kept at 4 °C for future experiments.
MPs were washed twice with methanol and dried using a CentriVap concentrator (Labconco Corp., Kansas City, MO) for 30 min. The MPs were fixed on aluminum stubs with conductive tape, and coated with gold-palladium for 2 min at 30 mA and 5×10-2 mbar in an argon atmosphere, using a Balzer SCD 004 Sputter Coater. The MP coated stubs were then examined using an SEM (AMRAY 1830 I) with an EDX 9800 X-ray system and a Robinson backscatter detector.
The ζ-potential of the MPs was measured in deionized water using a BI-Zeta Plus ζ-potential analyzer (Brookhaven Instrument Corp., Holtsville, NY). MPs were diluted with water to a concentration of 37.5 μg/L. The ζ-potential of MPs with different surface functional groups (A-, C- and S-MPs), and PEGylated MPs (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) was measured in a series of buffers with pH ranging from 2 to 9. The buffers with pH ranging from 2 to 7.05 were prepared by adjusting the pH of 1 mM phosphate buffer with 0.01N hydrochloric acid. The buffers with pH ranging from 7.17 to 9 were prepared by adjusting the pH of 1 mM borate buffer with 0.01N NaOH. MP samples were dispersed in the buffers in duplicate, and stood overnight before measurement. The ζ-potential measuring platinum electrodes were pre-equilibrated with the buffers for 30 min before the measurement. ζ-potential was measured twice for each sample and an average of ten readings was reported for each measurement.
It is known that the absolute value of the ζ-potential of the micelle system decreases with increasing concentration of electrolytes in solution (Shimada et al., 1995; Zeisig et al., 1996). To obtain the intrinsic ζ-potential of MPs without a significant effect due to the adsorption of dissociated salt ions, buffer systems with low ionic strength (1 mM) were used for ζ-potential measurement of MPs at different pH's.
PS MPs with different surface functional groups (A-, C- and S-MPs) or PEGylated derivatives (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) were washed several times using distilled water before being suspended in 0.9% NaCl containing 0.1% Tween 80 (20 mg MPs/mL). MPs were fully suspended in solution by sonicating and vortexing immediately prior to IV administration. MPs (4 mg) were administered intravenously into the lateral tail vein of conscious rats. The animals were kept under close observation for any signs or symptoms of embolism for 6 h or until euthanized. At predetermined time points, animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation. The lung, right kidney, heart, spleen and a portion of the right lobe of the liver were collected for further processing. The rest of the liver was removed and weighed to determine the total MP retention in the liver.
The analytical method for quantification of PS MPs in organs has been described elsewhere and modified as follows (FMRC, 1999). Organ samples were digested using freshly prepared 4N KOH in 2% Tween 80. An internal standard of 6 μm bright blue fluorescent PS MPs (0.5 mL, 0.025 w/v%) was added to each sample. The digested samples were then filtered through 0.8 μm polycarbonate filters and washed with 2% Tween 80 (2 × 10 mL) followed by phosphate buffer (1 × 10 mL, 43.2 mM KH2PO4 and 131 mM K2HPO4). After lightly vacuum drying, the filter containing the MPs was carefully transferred to a polypropylene tube and stored in the dark at room temperature until further analysis.
Following MP recovery by the filter, MPs were resuspended in 2 mL of 0.1% Tween 80 and their turbidity was measured using a fluorescence detector (F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer, Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc., Pleasanton, CA). The excitation and emissions wavelengths of the non-dyed MPs (A-, C-, S-, PEG1-, and PEG2-MPs) were both set to 500 nm, whereas the excitation and emissions wavelength of the bright blue fluorescent MP internal standards were set to 365 and 435 nm, respectively. The MPs and internal standards were quantified in triplicate against a standard curve that determined the number of MPs vs. fluorescence signal.
Experimental values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Differences between experimental groups were tested using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc analysis at α=0.05 using GraphPad Prism v.4.0c (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). The regression analysis of the standard curves was performed using least squares linear regression (Microsoft Excel v.9.0). Figures were generated by GraphPad Prism v.4.0c.
PEG1- and PEG2-MPs were obtained by PEGylating C-MPs with DAPEG and this reaction was monitored using a fluorescamine assay. Fluorescamine binds to the primary amine groups on DAPEG resulting in a fluorescence signal, which was monitored during the synthesis procedure and normalized to the number of MPs found in the sample. After 24 h, the coupling of DAPEG to activated C-MPs approached its maximum fluorescamine signal. Addition of anhydrous EDTA to PEG1-MPs resulted in a complete quenching of the fluorescamine signal indicating that all primary/terminal amine groups on DAPEG had reacted with EDTA. Following the EDTA reaction, PEG1-MPs were reacted again with DAPEG to form PEG2-MPs. An ~3-fold increase in fluorescamine signal was detected after a reaction time of 24 h with DAPEG, confirming the successful attachment of DAPEG to each of the three carboxyl groups on EDTA
MPs (A-, C-, S-, PEG1- and PEG2-) were examined using an SEM. Unmodified MPs were spherical with smooth surfaces and had a diameter of 6 μm (Fig. 1A), whereas PEGylated MPs exhibited slightly irregular surfaces when compared to unmodified MPs, but did not show any noticeable changes in size or shape (Fig. 1B and C).
The effect of surface charge on the passive targeting and retention of MPs was investigated by determining the ζ-potential of MPs with different surface functional groups (A-, C-, S-, PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) in deionized water and in buffers. Addition of a single layer of DAPEG to C-MPs, increased the ζ-potential from -54.3 ± 4.63 mV to -18.3 ± 3.59 mV (Table 1). Moreover, sequential addition of a second layer of DAPEG to PEG1-MPs further increased the ζ-potential to 11.5 ± 4.93 mV (Table 1).
The ζ-potential of MPs was subsequently measured over a range of buffered pH values (pH = 2-9) (Fig. 2). S-MPs and C-MPs displayed negative ζ-potential values independent of pH; whereas the ζ-potential of A-MPs was positive at low pH (pH = 2 and 3) due to the protonization of the amine group. PEG1-MPs had a similar ζ-potential profile to the A-MPs however, the ζ-potential remained ~-40 mV in the pH range of 4 to 9. PEG2-MPs had an increased isoelectric point (pI) compared to PEG1-MPs but ended with a similar ζ-potential (-40 mV) at both blood and tissue pH (pH 7.4 and 7.0, respectively) (Deshmukh et al., 2010).
The difference in ζ-potential between the non-PEGylated (A-, C- and S-MPs) and PEGylated (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) MPs indicates that PEG is able to mask the surface charge of MPs. Therefore, PEGylation is effectively reducing the number of ions that associate with the MP surface, which leads to a decrease in the magnitude of the ζ-potential for PEGylated MPs compared to non-PEGylated MPs. Moreover, the ζ-potential is not different within either group at physiological pH, suggesting that these studies are able to effectively look at PEGylation, surface charge and surface functional groups as important mediators of passive pulmonary targeting and entrapment.
The percentage of MPs with different surface functional groups recovered from organs at various time points after IV administration is illustrated in Fig. 3. The A-, C- and S-MPs showed similar retention and biodistribution patterns (Fig. 3A-C). Although C-MPs seem to have higher average pulmonary targeting (80.3%) 1 h after administration when compared to S-MPs (64.9%) and A-MPs (63.1%), the pulmonary targeting efficacy of C-MPs was not found to be significantly different. Thus the surface functional groups of MPs did not have significant effect on their lung retention and in vivo biodistribution. PEGylated MPs, however, demonstrated improved pulmonary targeting and retention compared to unmodified MPs. The initial (1 h after administration) lung targeting of PEG1-MPs and PEG2-MPs was 82.0% and 98.1%, respectively. However, this retention was statistically similar to the unmodified MPs. The lung retention of PEG1-MPs at 6 and 48 h and PEG2-MPs at 6 h was significantly greater than the retention of the unmodified MPs (Fig. 3F). After 48 h following MP administration, <10% of the S-MPs, 16% of the C-MPs and 18% of the A-MPs remained in the lung, which was significantly less than PEG1-MPs (56.8% remaining). PEG2-MPs (34.5% remain) also showed enhanced retention at 48 h when compared to S-MPs, however there was no statistical difference to A- or C-MPs.
The area under the lung retention percentage time curve (AUC) of unmodified and PEGylated MPs was calculated using the trapezoidal rule from 0 to 48 h (Table 2). It was found that the AUCs of both the PEGylated MPs were significantly larger than the unmodified MPs (P < 0.05).
The AUCs of the unmodified MPs (A-, C- and S-MPs) were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). The AUCs of the PEGylated MPs (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). However the AUCs of the PEGylated MPs (PEG1- and PEG2-MPs) were different from the AUC of the unmodified A-MPs at a statistically significant level (P < 0.05).
It is well known that the PEGylated MPs possess stealth properties and thus are able to bypass uptake by macrophages (Dunn et al., 1994; Gref et al., 1994; Moghimi, 2002; Stolnik et al., 1994). However, PEGylated MPs have been reported to be phagocytosed by A549 epithelial cells as efficiently as unmodified MPs (Chao et al., 2010). This unexpected uptake of PEGylated MPs could represent another important cancer targeting element for this drug delivery system. However, the mechanism of phagocytosis of MPs might be different among cell types. For example, albumin-coated MPs were internalized as readily as for the uncoated MPs in two epithelial cell lines, A549 and Calu-3 (Foster et al., 2001). However, when uptake of albumin-coated MPs in macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes was studied, phagocytosis was greatly reduced (Ayhan et al., 1995; Roser et al., 1998). This was most likely because the RES was not able to recognize albumin-coated MPs as foreign matter. On the other hand, opsonized MPs were shown to increase their uptake by RES (Armstrong et al., 1997; Prior et al., 2002; Roser et al., 1998) and other phagocytotic cells (Ulusoy and Onur, 2003), as opsonization of colloidal system was essential for the uptake by RES.
Surface properties of MPs (e.g., hydrophilicity and ζ-potential) are believed to play an important role in phagocytosis by macrophages (Muller et al., 1997; Walter et al., 2001). However the exact relationship between MP surface properties and phagocytosis is controversial. For example, in some studies it was observed that an increase in the hydrophilicity of MPs resulted in decreased phagocytosis (Harper et al., 1991; Muller et al., 1997); whereas Walter et al. initially reported no difference in phagocytic efficiency by macrophages and dendritic cells for MPs composed of polymers with varying hydrophilicity (Walter et al., 2001). However, the same research group later demonstrated that MPs composed of a hydrophobic polymer (PLA) were phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells to a significantly greater extent than the ones composed of less hydrophobic polymers (PLGA 75:50 and 50:50) (Prior et al., 2002). Furthermore, the number of particles taken up by macrophages was not proportional to their hydrophilicity (Ayhan et al., 1995), which led to the conclusion that, in addition to the hydrophilicity of the particles, the overall surface charges presented on the surface of particles also play a critical role in determining the phagocytotic activity of RES.
In general, cells possess a net negative ζ-potential. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the cell membrane and MP surface with opposite charge causes an increase in the adhesion of MPs to the cells, leading to an increase in phagocytosis. In fact, less negatively charged PLA and PLGA MPs were phagocytosed more efficiently by monocytes/macrophages (Prior et al., 2002). In addition, opsonized particles with less negative ζ-potential were also phagocytosed more efficiently. Macrophages and dendritic cells had significantly higher phagocytosis activity to PS particles with positive ζ-potential due to a poly-L-Lysine coating than to the same particles with or without a bovine serum albumin coating (Thiele et al., 2001). However, because both macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells (APCs), it was not known if there were receptors that existed on the surface of macrophages or dendritic cells specific to lysine. Otherwise, the higher uptake of poly-L-lysine coated particles by the cells might be due to a specific antigen-antibody type of interaction rather than to the positive ζ-potential. Conversely, others reported diminished phagocytosis of particles by macrophages with decreased net negative ζ-potential (Roser et al., 1998; Tabata and Ikada, 1988). The least phagocytosis was observed for particles with net surface charge close to zero (non-ionic) in both studies. The discrepancy was possibly due to the alteration of the ζ-potential, which also modified other particle properties (Prior et al., 2002). A simple and straightforward method to study the biological/physiological effect of ζ-potential of particles while maintaining all other physical/chemical properties constant was proposed. Manipulation of the final surface functional group could potentially change the ζ-potential.
The ability to manipulate ζ-potential in a predictable way on particulates has been shown to be a potentially important element in designing drug delivery systems. Phagocytic uptake rate of PEG coated MPs and nanoparticles (NPs) was inversely proportional to the ζ-potential magnitude of the particles (Fontana et al., 2001; Gbadamosi et al., 2002). In other words, micelle systems with less negative ζ-potentials would bypass the phagocytic uptake by either alveolar or hepatic macrophages in the systemic circulation. However, the MPs and NPs investigated had ζ-potential in negative range (-81.5 to -29.8 mV for the MPs and -18.5 to -5.1 mV for the NPs). Although micelle systems with large ζ-potentials tend to protect MPs from RES uptake and thereby increase blood circulation times, it is not known if the same tendency would be valid for particles with positive ζ-potentials.
In general, the smaller the absolute value of the ζ-potential a colloidal system carries (i.e., the closer to zero), the lower the Coulombic repulsive forces between MPs exist. The result is an increased potential for aggregation/flocculation making it more difficult to maintain a stable, well-suspended solution (Shaw, 1980). When Coulombic forces are near or below van der Waals attractive forces, the colloidal system is unable to return to a well-suspended form. When the ζ-potential reaches zero (i.e., the isoelectric point), MPs have the least repulsive force and are the least stable. Therefore, a traditional approach for maintaining a stable colloidal system involves tailoring the solvent pH well away from its isoelectric point (Hunter, 2001). This approach was supported by the results of this study.
PEGylated MPs had smaller ζ-potential values over a wide pH range compared to unmodified MPs. This caused PEGylated MPs to flocculate more easily than unmodified MPs, especially in high ionic strength buffers and basic solutions similar to physiological conditions. In the more PEGylated PEG2-MPs, flocculation was more pronounced compared to PEG1-MPs when visualized by an optical microscope. Overall, increased PEGylation of MPs made the particles problematic to handle. For example, it became difficult to measure the ζ-potential of PEGylated MPs because they adhered to the surface of cuvettes and could not move freely in the electric field. Moreover, when PEGylated MPs were centrifuged to form a pellet, it was nearly impossible to re-suspend them in solution, even after prolonged sonication. This occurred because the centrifugal force provided the PEGylated MPs with enough energy to overcome the Coulombic repulsive force between MPs; and eventually the MPs neared one another and aggregated. PEGylation beyond two layers caused MPs to become 'sticky' due to the positive charges on the surface of MPs (data not shown); therefore, only PEG1-MPs and PEG2-MPs were investigated in this research project.
Based on the MP ζ-potential measurements, it was hypothesized that both the steric hindrance caused by PEG molecule and the positive charges on the DAPEG influenced the changes in ζ-potential. It was shown that by grafting PEG onto the surface of colloidal systems, the ζ-potential of the systems increases regardless of the charges that the PEG carried (Dong and Feng, 2004; Fontana et al., 2001; Gref et al., 1994; Meng et al., 2004a; Muller and Kissel, 1993; Saravanan and Subramanian, 2005; Vila et al., 2004; Wakebayashi et al., 2004; Zeisig et al., 1996). Nevertheless, although changes in ζ-potential have been shown to be proportional to the molecular weight and the density of the PEG used, the contribution of charges of the PEG to the changes in ζ-potential has not been elucidated.
PEGylation has been widely used to form stealthy particles which avoid uptake by the RES (Meng et al., 2004a). The role of PEGylation is primarily to adjust surface hydrophilicity, thereby reducing protein adherence and opsonization; it has also been shown to change ζ-potential. For example, covalently grafting PEG onto PS MPs (1.45 μm); reduced the negative ζ-potential of the MPs (Meng et al., 2004a). This reduction of ζ-potential was proportional to the surface PEG density. Similarly, the increased surface density of PEG in PEG-PLA NPs resulted in reduced negative ζ-potentials (Vila et al., 2004). In addition, rather than being reduced, the ζ-potential of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) NPs (Fontana et al., 2001) and albumin (Muller and Kissel, 1993) was increased, as well as being shown to be proportional to the molecular weight of PEG. Furthermore, the ζ-potential of alumina (Saravanan and Subramanian, 2005) and pDNA micelles (Wakebayashi et al., 2004) were also increased in the presence of a PEG coating.
In a previous study, we reported that size plays an important role in the biodistribution of both S- and C-MPs (Kutscher et al., 2010). The 6 μm PS MPs showed a biodistribution pattern that was different from both larger (10 μm) and smaller (2, 3 μm) MPs. More than 60% of the S-MPs were found in the lung after 1 h following administration, gradually decreasing to less than 10% after 7 days following administration (Fig. 3C). MPs that cleared from the lung were deposited in the liver (82%) and spleen (11%). This result was consistent with previous reports (Rhodes and Croft, 1978), where particles of 4 to 12 μm were found to be entrapped not only in the lung but also in the liver and spleen. The in vivo kinetics of 6 μm MPs (i.e., initial entrapment in the lung followed by gradual clearance to liver and spleen) was clearly distinguished from MPs of other sizes (Kutscher et al., 2010).
In general, intravenously administered particles and micelle systems (such as liposomes) are cleared from the circulation by RES uptake or mechanical capillary filtration (Bradfield, 1984; Petrak, 1993). The particles do not migrate to other organs over time unless they are metabolized or degraded. However, intravenously administered 6 μm MPs are able to selectively target the lung before clearance to the liver and spleen. This important finding, that the critical diameter of MPs for passive entrapment in the lung is 6 μm, provided the basis for the development of an IV administered MP-based passive pulmonary targeting drug delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer (Chao et al., 2010; Kutscher et al., 2010).
Further improvement to passive pulmonary targeting was achieved by attachment of DAPEG onto the surface of MPs, which improved the targeting and retention of the system possibly due to the stealth property of PEG and the ζ-potential effect. PEGylated MPs had significantly better lung targeting and retention (i.e., increased AUC) than unmodified MPs. At 1 h, there was no statistical difference between MPs, indicating that surface charge or functional groups may not play a critical role in initial lung retention. However, we demonstrated that over time, there was enhanced lung retention of less negative PEGylated MPs, which was most likely due to increased cellular interactions once PEG1-MPs become entrapped in capillaries. These findings are consistent with the concept that electrostatic interactions between the MPs (negatively charged) and capillary endothelial cells (also negatively charged) may influence the clearance of the MPs. MPs which were more negatively charged (unmodified MPs) may be able to more easily pass through the capillary due to charge-charge repulsion at the cell-MP border. In addition, MPs that are more positively charged might interact more with the endothelial cell surface and be hindered. These possible electrostatic interactions are consistent with the finding that positively charged liposomes have been shown to have a longer circulation time in rats (half-life up to 20 h) than their anionic counterparts (half-life less than 1 h) (Senior and Gregoriadis, 1982). Moreover, PEGylation has been well reported to decrease the amount of proteins adsorbed to the surface of MPs (i.e., become stealthy), and as a result, decrease any cellular adhesion that is not due to a charge-charge interaction (Meng et al., 2004a). The exact role of protein adsorption to MPs and their subsequent interaction with the cell's surface remains to be fully understood.
In addition, coating poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles with PEG increased blood circulation time and changed body distribution in mice (Illum and Davis, 1987). The most noticeable change in organ distribution was in the liver where 66% of uncoated PLGA particles were captured 5 min post-injection, whereas only 30% of PEG-coated PLGA particles were retained after 2 h (Illum and Davis, 1987). Similarly, only 40% of PEG-coated polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA) NPs were found in the liver 24 h post-injection, whereas 90% of uncoated poly (hexadecylcyanoacrylate) (PHCA) NPs were found in the liver 3 min after injection. On the other hand, a high concentration of PACA NPs was found in the spleen (Peracchia et al., 1999). These reports as well as the results of the current biodistribution and retention study of the surface-modified MPs demonstrate the critical role of surface properties of colloidal systems on their in vivo kinetics.
Of note, the final biodistribution of PEGylated MPs was similar to the unmodified MPs, thus implying that the addition of PEG to MPs altered the initial in vivo kinetics of MPs but did not affect the final body clearance. This finding suggests that modifying the surface of MPs with PEG may be an important strategy for enhancing lung retention. Furthermore, it suggests that the surfaces of MPs can be modified to optimize lung retention while not affecting eventual lung clearance.
Interestingly, PEGylated liposomes may also play a significant role in treating diseased lung. For example, by increasing the density of PEG on the surface of liposomes, not only was there an increase in the circulation half-life, but also the localization of liposomes increased in infected lung (Schiffelers et al., 1999). This is due to the leaky vasculature associated with infected lung, which would allow for increased particle accumulation at the interstitial tissue space. Furthermore, negatively charged liposomes administered IV to mice accumulated more efficiently in macrophages than liposomes with neutral or positive charges (Fidler et al., 1980).
In another study, the localization of liposomes coated with PEG (2.0 kDa) that contained varying amounts of charged phospholipids was used to treat infected lung tissue in a rat model of unilateral pneumonia (Schiffelers et al., 1999). Liposomes containing either 5 mol% or 10 mol% PEG localized in the infected left lung; however the addition of negatively charged phospholipids to the liposomes resulted in ~2-fold reduction in localization.
A few recent studies have looked at organ targeting of surface modified NPs. Selective targeting of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to the lung was accomplished by using PEG-40 stearate and PEG-100 stearate to modify the surface charge of NLCs (Zhang et al., 2008). The addition of the PEG coating decreased the surface charge of NLCs from -33 mV to about -10 mV. IV injection of PEG-NLCs encapsulating 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) into mice resulted in a 40 fold higher concentration of HCPT in the lung, compared to uncoated NLCs containing HCPT (Zhang et al., 2008).
Thus, at this time, the ability to control specific organ distribution by tailoring the surface charge of MPs is yet to be fully explored. In particular, the effect of charge on the in vivo fate of MPs could be further elucidated if the biodistribution and retention of charge-changed PEGylated MPs with identical size and PEG density were studied. Moreover, by further understanding the effect of surface charges on colloidal systems, possible mechanisms of the biodistribution and retention might be suggested that could guide the future direction of drug delivery system design and development. However, further elucidation of these effects was beyond the scope of this study.
In the current study, the effect of surface functional groups and PEGylation on the biodistribution and retention of rigid non-degradable MPs was assessed in rats. These results suggest that PEGylation of rigid PS MPs significantly increases lung entrapment and transient retention in Sprague–Dawley rats; however surface functional groups do not appear to significantly change lung retention. Given the observed lung targeting and prolonged retention properties of PEGylated rigid non-degradable 6 μm injectable MPs with their eventual clearance to the liver, it is entirely likely that administration on a weekly or monthly basis is possible with highly potent therapeutics. This long-term, passive lung targeted drug delivery platform offers a potentially significant alternative to multiple daily administrations using inhalation. Increased lung tissue residence times of PEGylated MPs, which are entrapped in the pulmonary vasculature, may offer significant advantages when treating diseases involving the alveolar region such as asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis, interstitial pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis or disseminated lung cancer; as this injectable drug delivery route offers a unique clearance mechanism compared to inhaled medications which have low initial targeting efficiency. We are now in the process of extending these studies by systematically altering the deformability/rigidity or ζ-potential of PEGylated MPs to further examine lung targeting, distribution and retention.
Financial support from the Parke-Davis Chair in Pharmaceutics and Controlled Drug Delivery and the CounterACT Program, National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Grant number U54AR055073 is gratefully acknowledged. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the federal government. The NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) #0504497 and American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education (AFPE) are acknowledged for providing graduate fellowships to Hilliard Kutscher.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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|Reviews for A Place To Be
| Meowmie chapter 1 . 10/20/2011
| the little harlequin chapter 1 . 10/11/2011
This was really good! An interesting little look into Topher's mind, and a very realistic one, at that. I like the way you portrayed the Dollhouse as Topher's escape; I never thought of it that way before, but it's so, so true! :)
Very nice little fic. It's great to see some people still posting in this archive - it's unfortunately been rather inactive as of late. :(
However, regarding the fic, I do have one, tiny quibble (which is really me nitpicking more than anything else) but the doll's name is November, not September.
But, terrific work, nonetheless. :D


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Tongue want to gain the upper hand over the place. So perhaps the best sex ever, she's putting out writing and signed by the Society for her to go and leaves.
I went on a very significant healing and prevention of danger and loss that constitutes the experience very humorus.


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Daily Archives: January 26, 2010
AQHA Free Report – How To Tie A Lead Rope
The American Quarter Horse Association is offering a Free Download on How To Tie A Lead Rope. Safety is number one with lead ropes, so it's a great idea to take advantage of this free resource. "Learn how to tie … Continue reading
Posted in Horse Training Tips Tagged AQHA, bowline knot, Dennis Moreland Leave a comment


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Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers and Law Firms in Accra, Ghana
Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers
Ashong Benjamin & Associates
Corporate and Commercial Law Firm in Accra, Ghana+233 30 2774378
Ashong Benjamin & Associates is a private law practice and partnership based in Accra, Ghana, founded by three lawyers of national and international repute.
Our partners have each worked for a wide range of foreign investors operating in Ghana and on the African continent generally,...
Law Firm's Overview
Corporate/Commercial and Finance Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 2423764
Nobisfields is a business law firm located in Accra, Ghana, providing a variety of legal services to multinational and local companies in Ghana. Practice areas include finance and project development, securities/capital markets, private equity/venture capital, asset/investment management,...
Law Firm's Overview
Oak & Wuuds Law
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Oak & Wuuds Law is based in Accra, Ghana and offers a variety of legal services including: conveyancing and real estate related to property transfer/acquisition, real estate development and management, documentation, and title perfection; corporate and finance dealing with mergers...
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Archer, Archer & Co.
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Archer, Archer & Co. is a progressive, enthusiastic and committed law firm located in Accra, Ghana and delivering comprehensive and integrated range of legal services to corporate and individual clients. Practice areas include family law, residential and commercial property law and...
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Law Firm's Overview
Nigeria Commercial Law Firm(+233 302) 224828
ǼLEX a full service commercial and litigation law firm. It is one of the largest law firms in West Africa with offices in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Abuja in Nigeria and Accra, Ghana.
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Law Firm's Overview
Bentsi-Enchill, Letsa & Ankomah
Corporate and Commercial Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 220-8888
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Business, Trade & Finance Law Firm in South Africa+233 30 225 3980
ENSafrica is Africa's largest law firm with over 600 practitioners and was established over 100 years ago.
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Fugar & Co.
Corporate & Commercial Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 267-9222
Fugar & Co., established in 1977 is one of the leading law firms in Ghana providing legal services to individuals and businesses. It is essentially an international commercial law practice but has strong legal expertise in diverse areas of law.
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AB LexMall & AssociatesAccra, Ghana
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Corporate, Investment, and Property Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 277-1150
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Corporate, Oil and Gas, & Business Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 222-4301
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Kobaka Chambers - The Law Office of Nathan P. YarneyAccra, Ghana
General Common Law practice in Ghana+233 (30) 252-2919
Kobaka Chambers was founded in 2005 by Nathan P. Yarney. This practice has provided litigation services in respect of a wide spectrum of general common law issues before all level of the court system in Ghana. The main coverage is the Accra - Tema area, though nationwide coverage is possible.
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Since 1984, companies from around the world and within Ghana have relied upon Ntrakwah & Company to help navigate the challenges of Ghanaian Law. No other firm can share the same insight, experience and skill.
Oak & Wuuds LawAccra, Ghana
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Full-Service Law Firm in Ghana+233 (30) 277-5111
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Bible Search
Passage Lookup: Isaiah 6
Bible Navigator: of 66
13 verses
New International Version
Isaiah 6
Isaiah's Commission
Chapter 61 In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord, high and exalted, seated on a throne; and the train of his robe filled the temple.
2 Above him were seraphim, each with six wings: With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and with two they were flying.
3 And they were calling to one another:
"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord Almighty; the whole earth is full of his glory."
4 At the sound of their voices the doorposts and thresholds shook and the temple was filled with smoke.
5 "Woe to me!" I cried. "I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord Almighty."
6 Then one of the seraphim flew to me with a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with tongs from the altar.
8 Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, "Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?"
And I said, "Here am I. Send me!"
9 He said, "Go and tell this people:
" 'Be ever hearing, but never understanding; be ever seeing, but never perceiving.'
10 Make the heart of this people calloused; make their ears dull and close their eyes.[a] Otherwise they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts, and turn and be healed."
11 Then I said, "For how long, Lord?"
And he answered:
"Until the cities lie ruined and without inhabitant, until the houses are left deserted and the fields ruined and ravaged,
12 until the Lord has sent everyone far away and the land is utterly forsaken.
13 And though a tenth remains in the land, it will again be laid waste. But as the terebinth and oak leave stumps when they are cut down, so the holy seed will be the stump in the land."
13 verses
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Lectionary Calendar
Thursday, September 21st, 2017
the Week of Proper 19 / Ordinary 24


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Masonry Drill Bit, Spline, 2In. Dia, 22In L
DEWALT| Zoro #: G0320844| Mfr #: DW5769
Zoro #: G0320844Mfr. Part #: DW5769
$188.67 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G0320844 Mfr #: DW5769
|Number of Cutter Heads: 4
|Drilling Length: 17"
|Bit Dia.: 2"
|Shank Size: 3/4"
|Shank Shape: Spline
|Overall Length: 22"
|Item: Hammer Drill Bit
|Country of Origin (subject to change): Germany
Product Description
This masonry drill bit from DeWalt is designed to last longer and is great for your most involved construction jobs. If you're seeking a versatile bit, look no further than this 22" long bit. It has a drilling length of 17" with a 2" diameter, a Spline shank, and 4 cutter heads.


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BWW Review: STEEL MAGNOLIAS in Full Bloom at Theatre Jacksonville
Most millennial women who grew up in the south can quote STEEL MAGNOLIAS in their sleep. Some women opt for blush and bashful as their wedding colors. Some have named their pets Drum or Rhett, and we all have taken this quiz (I'm Ouiser, for what it's worth). I say this because if you are like me and were practically raised in Truvy's Beauty Parlor, when STEEL MAGNOLIAS hits the stage, you're in the front(ish) row, trying to get Shelby to drink her juice. If you're not like me, you might check it out because it has become a classic and you want to know why. Whichever your stance, you're in luck, because Theatre Jacksonville opened STEEL MAGNOLIAS Friday night, and it will play through May 7th.
STEEL MAGNOLIAS takes place in Truvy's Beauty Salon in Chinquapin, Louisianna. This six woman show is loaded with quick wit and heartache alike, as they experience and process weddings and babies and death together, in the safe place that is the style chair. I attended opening weekend, and from the moment I stepped into the theatre, I knew I was in for a treat. A carefully crafted, endearing set was before me, and from bedazzled hairspray cans to Truvy's name perfectly scrawled across the salon window, director Lee Hamby's attention to detail was clear, concise, and spectacularly executed through Tim Watson's scenic design. I wasn't in love with the blueish green office chair that was placed down stage left, but let's be serious: if the critic is discussing a chair that bothered her, the rest of the set must be flawless (it was).
With a script that is second to none, characters who have big hair and even bigger personalities, the potential for a truly great show hangs in a cloud of hairspray, waiting for execution. Mother/daughter duo M'Lynn and Shelby are actually a real-life mother/daughter duo, and their chemistry was clear throughout. In the second scene, Shelby arrives at Truvy's and has a special moment with her momma, sharing some exciting news. Both stumbled through a few lines along the way, and yet it was a beautiful theatrical moment: never once did one let the other down. Their eyes stayed locked, they maintained pristine character, and they gave of themselves equally, carrying the moment elegantly. Additionally, two minutes after that moment, a cell phone rang a few rows back. And that phone rang and rang and rang and rang. Sara Beth Gerard-Summers (Shelby) and Kelley Norman (M'Lynn) never flinched or missed a beat. Throughout the ringing, which lasted a full 30 seconds, these poised actresses transcended the petty disrespect in the audience and won the moment. It seems that Annelle's extended request to silence phones prior to the opening scene went unnoticed by some of the audience. Amy Noel Canning brings a special twist to beloved Truvy, one that deems special attention. This role, immortalized (though not originated) by the effervescent Dolly Parton, can be the hardest to play. Dolly perfected it, and most actresses fall short in attempting a parallel. Amy, though, absolutely recreated the role, delivering Truvy's iconic lines in a new and refreshing way. And...she can do hair! I was impressed at her ability to be fully present and pin Shelby's hair perfectly, baby's breath and all, in the first scene. Gloria Ware and Brooks Anne Meierdierks kept the laughs coming as they portrayed best friends Clairee and Ouiser. Chelsae Baxley, in the role of complicated outsider turned friend, Annelle, stole the show. She embodied the character expertly, her silent moments were as engaging as her speaking lines, and her heart was fearlessly left on the stage, regardless of how awkward and (initially) out of place her character was.
There were moments that felt unfinished, but not for lack of effort. Dropped lines were quickly made up for. One of the most difficult things about this script is that the lines are incredibly codependent. It's not easy to fake it 'til you make it in STEEL MAGNOLIAS. These stunning six ladies were a well-oiled machine, and their comradery was believably memorable. The transitional music between scenes and acts made clear the director's intentions, and kept a certain air among the audience during intermission. The costuming and makeup revealed study and heart put into practice by everyone on the artistic team. It was a fun night, and I shed a few tears (You all will. It's inevitable.) STEEL MAGNOLIAS has two weekends of performances left, and you can purchase tickets here or call the box office at 904-396-4425.
Photo Credit: Maya Adkins


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The Multilingual Square
The Book Fair loves languages!
At the Multilingual Square, publishers, book retailers and other exhibitors gather to offer literature – with a certain emphasis on children's books – from a long list of the world's languages. Some 20 exhibitors in the D Hall will provide books in about 40 different languages – Arabic, Somali, Persian, Tigrinya and Kurdish, among others.
Book your table right away!
For more information
Please contact Johan Kollén, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Enjoy more value and flexibility with JTV Preferred Account.
Looks for Less is all about bringing you amazing deals and jewelry looks you'll love for a lot Less. Our buyers are on the hunt throughout the year for the hottest looks and designer fashions of the season in jewelry. Our buyers are opportunistic and entrepreneurial, so when a fabulous look comes along, we negotiate the best price and pass those savings on to you!Tune In View Previous Show Items
Who says the hottest jewelry fashions have to cost the most? Not us!Join Dawn for your Looks for Less Backstage Pass, an extra (and highly interactive!) hour of Dawn as she creates designer looks on a budget. It's time to get your sparkle on as Dawn brings you more of the jewelry you love!Tune In on JTV Extra
Discover a gorgeous selection of fashionable jewelry styles handpicked by our fabulous Looks for Less show host! These hot items are trending now - be sure to grab your favorite piece of jewelry before it's gone!Shop All Favorites
Chicago native Dawn Tesh is no stranger to the camera. A Jewelry Television® host for more than 17 years, she put herself through college modeling across the U.S. and Europe. She worked for various modeling agencies and lived in Italy for two years. She earned her undergraduate degree in accounting, but it was her love for fashion and jewelry that made her transition to Jewelry Television® a natural one.More about Dawn


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Lahore, Mar 9: Deposed Pakistan Supreme Court Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry will address all bars in the country by telephone on March 13.
Punjab Bar Council vice-chairman Mohammad Aslam Sindhu, Supreme Court Bar Association vice-president Ghulam Nabi Bhatti, Lahore High Court Bar Association secretary Rana Asadullah Khan, Lahore Bar Association president Manzoor Qadir and SCBA media coordinator Mohammad Azhar Siddiqui made this announcement. Sindhu said SCBA president Aitzaz Ahsan would address all bars on March 10, while Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry would address all bars from his residence in Islamabad.
He also said that lawyers would hold rallies and meetings to condemn the actions taken on November 3 last year and boycott courts throughout next week. They would hoist black flags on their homes, offices and bar rooms and the general public, including traders, students, members of civil society and professionals, would join them.
The bar leaders said independence of the judiciary was the slogan of every Pakistani as they felt that the country could not be put on the track of real democracy and their problems would not be solved without a neutral and impartial institution to keep a check on people in power.
Meanwhile in Islamabad, police on Saturday restrained Ahsan and other bar members from entering the Supreme Court (SC) building to hold an Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA) meeting. Reporters were also denied entry to the court.
The SCBA executive body meeting was then held on the road outside the apex court premises.
Ahsan later addressed a press conference at the Supreme Court gate, and heavily criticising the authorities for barring the lawyers from entering the court. He said the meeting was to discuss SCBA's financial matters. He said that the judges sacked under the Provisional Constitutional Order on November 3 should be restored.
The Supreme Court building management had locked the main gate where the police were deployed, he claimed.
He alleged that the government was bent upon sabotaging the peaceful movement launched by the legal fraternity but they would continue their struggle till the restoration of the deposed judges.
Chaudhry Aitzaz said that detaining the deposed judges and members of their families, President Musharraf had committed a "heinous crime" for which there was a stern punishment.


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Tuesday Items
-- ESPN profiled Wolfpack baseball signee Tarran Senay, who is going to have to make a difficult decision in the next few weeks:
Senay is riding high these days. Rated the No. 86 prospect in the Class of 2009 by Baseball America, he is one of the fastest-rising MLB prospects in the nation. He has accepted a full scholarship to play at North Carolina State but is also projected as a first-day MLB Draft pick. The question is, what will Senay choose -- college or pro ball?
"I'm not leaning one way," says Senay, who projects as a power-hitting outfielder at the next level, no matter what that may be. "I'm leaning both ways. I would love to get drafted and play pro baseball. But at the same time I would like to go to N.C. State."
(Emphasis mine.) If Senay ends up in Raleigh, his raw power could be a huge boost to a team that slugged a meager .367 in conference play this year.
-- Speaking of baseball, there's one thing I've been wondering all year: where'd Dallas Poulk's power go? After hitting .286/.370/.446 with 8 homers and 20 total extra base hits in 2008, Poulk hit .262/.364/.316 with 0 homers and just 8 total extra base hits in 2009 (in a comparable number of plate appearances). He improved on his walk rate, which suggests he was able to maintain a disciplined approach and is reason enough not to panic, but he also posted the highest strikeout rate of his career.
-- John Wall finally decided on a school (Kentucky) today. You think he has this much trouble selecting a pair of pants in the morning?
Mrs. Wall: You heard about these Raleigh Denim jeans? I'd get with that trend before it blows up and becomes unbearable.
Brian Clifton: No, no, go with the sweat pants. Practical if not very sexy.
Dwon Clifton: Parachute pants, man. They're just crazy enough to work!
John Wall: The jorts with the 200 grand in the pockets it is!
-- Here's a recap of the latest Wolfpack caravan.
-- Football season tickets are now on sale to the general public.
-- I've collected the substitution data from most of last season's basketball games, so I think I'm going to give the +/- project another shot. I hope to have that done within the next month.


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How To Remodel The Home And Cost Effective ServicesAugust 31st, 2017Author: admin
There will be times in the life when you might get idea to remodel the house where you are living in. Remodeling is one of the toughest processes compared to building from the scratch. When it comes to home improvement remodeling lot of things need to be taken care. First you need to finalize the budget. Then you need to seek out various building contractors who will undertake the rebuilding of the home. Once you selected the contractor who is going to do the work, then you can sit with him and consult the best home improvement remodelling plan for your home. They will provide various plans in which your home can be remodelled.
You can discuss the same with your family members and can come to conclusion. After you have decided on the home plan, you need to check whether you need to take any approval from the law making authorities in your city to ensure there are no legal hassles comes in the way. Once everything sorted out, you need to rent a new house where you can stay while the renovation works take place in your home. In case if you have one more house where you can stay during the home improvement remodeling it will be great. Otherwise you need to ensure you stay in the vicinity to ensure you can visit the site to supervise the work and give necessary change instruction as the work goes on. A good contractor will do the necessary work before the stipulated time frame and hand over the work. Once the civil work is completed you can do other beautifications works for the home. Normally interior works also can be contracted to the specialized person who does the job for you. They will visit your home to take stock of the size of the house and layout. Accordingly they will suggest what kind of interiors can be used in the home. For this also they will provide separate quotation which will be including their cost in addition to the material cost. Once you agreed to the quotation, they will start the work and it won't take much time to finish as it just involves fixing the interiors.
You Can Feel Free To Utilize The Available Used SafesSeptember 6th, 2017Author: admin
No doubt that, in the present circumstances, there is a huge increase in the crime rate and there is no certain safety measure for the human and their properties. People are really hesitating to live in their own home alone. Since every people have only less stamina then they feel much hard to protect themselves from various dangers. They need to struggle much to escape from such critical persons. Few people will lose their valuable lives too due to lack of safety measurements in the home. Hence to protect them, you can find many people approach the police and claim for the safety. Though there are many police stations available, it is impossible to provide safety for every person. That's the reason; most of the present day people are appointing some security guards to their home individually where they will safe guard their home. There is a first security safe that is highly introduced in this technology world for the welfare of every people which turns the crime world as the much safe world.
With the help of safety uses which are now available in the online market, there is chance for everyone to protect themselves from various dangers. They are very helpful to the people in the critical situations that should be applied in every home which is better than any other human safety doings. To protect the home from various outside dangers, there is one best security system which is now highly achieved by setting the much advanced alarm to your home. The beauty of this type of alarm system is that, it helps to identify the unwanted person who enters in your home. There is no doubt that the safety alarm which is set in the home will help to safeguard you from various dangers. Since the alarm plays a major role in the home based security systems then the bulgur alarms are the most famous one which can be found in both modes and moreover these are available now in online for an affordable cost which is really a much beneficial one for most of the present day customers.
Read More about Waterproofing Contractor Singapore No One Is DiscussingAugust 29th, 2017Author: admin
If rising damp results from a failure or defect in the usual property, then the body corporate may cause the cost associated with repairing that consequential damage. Waterproofing employs a thin waterproof membrane above a leakage. It is one of the most problematic issues when it comes to the building industry in Australia. It is essential if you want your home to last for years to come. Liquid Bitumen isn't regarded as a green building product because it comes from crude oil and the fumes produced whilst it's being applied are bad for the environment.
With only tiny pool maintenance you're able to ensure that it remains at its very best all day long. It's been in existence for approximately 13,000 decades. By employing building products, not only are you able to conserve construction time, but in addition enhance your building support structure. Before doing anything, consider the basement waterproofing cost which you might incur and how long the organization you choose to do the task for you will take to fill out the work. There are occasions when we eagerly search for help but can't receive one. We should put something in place so we are able to correct this section of our industry. This has turned out to be extremely affordable and successful.
Handling mold in a house is a two-pronged matter. To steer clear of unnecessary trouble it is possible to take a few actions. In the event you might have a problem in picking out a perfect pond design for your house, our experts can still provide assistance. Bear in mind that the signs may indicate a more severe issue together with a cosmetic matter. It's their main concern to care for the youngster and also build an excellent relation with the family. It is such an actual danger in today's day that it's not that difficult to locate a waterproofing business to handle it for you.
Please be aware that it's not intended to replace an in-home inspection conducted by a knowledgeable basement waterproofing contractor. Most contractors don't know, experience, or even when they do, don't need to boost their costs. It's tough to find a very good contractor. A skilled home waterproofing contractor is going to have the knowledge and expertise to use every one of these tools to finish your waterproofing job. In Singapore, many businesses provide you with the very best value and best waterproofing contractor services. Make certain that you have the right service provider. They'll be prepared to offer superior service for cheap.
Read More about aircon service and How to Win It
Today building products are frequently utilized in practically every infrastructure and construction undertaking. Complete field of waterproofing and dampness control goods, you'll have each of the products required to produce and install the correct protective system for your building. We will be able to help you locate the most suitable and cost-effective item. Getting premium quality building products is the intelligent and just thing to do forwards. Click here read more about waterproofing contractor Singapore
Maids those who are available for services round the clockAugust 27th, 2017Author: admin
Married couples, family members or executives those who are extremely busy round the clock will face lots of difficulties in keeping their house clean. Termite, mold, ant hills, dust and other tiny dander will settle comfortably on the sofa-sets, cupboards, cabinets and other places and make the premises extremely shabby. Moreover, the home will look cluttered and untidy when they are not cleaned for a very long time. It is imperative to note that most of the diseases that spread rapidly are caused due to these tiny particles which float in the air. Luxury homes which have vibrant and dynamic look will not lose its sheen and beauty for a long time only when they are kept clean round the clock. People those who live a fast phased life can engage well trained part time maid from this company and transform the outlook of their apartments. Maids and cleaners working in this company are capable of doing multiple tasks. They will take care of the babies, clean the home and make it clutter free. Family members will like the professional approach of the team members and engage them for a very long time. Key is an important tool for opening the doors and the family members will struggle to enter inside their house when they lose their original keys. Individuals those who have lost their original keys can engage repairer from this company which extends well trained locksmith services to the society at large.
Locksmiths will reach the premises immediately after the call
Professional locksmiths those who are working here will design new keys for the doors and also replace the damaged keys with new ones. Transacting business with these professionals will be a happy and delightful experience. Guys working here will offer tons of important services like replace or repairing entrance and exit doors. Most of the business entities which are rapidly growing companies have removed their old floors and replaced them with laminated flooring. These types of rich and sophisticated floors which come with attractive features are becoming very popular within and outside the city and the well trained cheap laminating flooring expert working in this company will lay mind blowing floors in the new premises and add beauty to it. Newly laid floors will look attractive, stylish and sexy. Customers those who are planning to repair or relay their floors can hire some of the professionals working here.
Finding Well Skilled Electrician In Singapore Is Not A Challenging Task!August 26th, 2017Author: admin
Companies are available in internet market with sophisticated and dynamic websites that offer all household services including electrician services, plumbing services, etc. These services would always be like need of an hour kind of services, where these companies realize this fact and provide them round the clock. This makes these companies more successful to stand unique among all other companies outsourcing these services. These companies hold a successful team comprising all licensed electricians and plumbers who could provide good services at right time. Whatever the service could be, these services need to be provided at right time immediately after being informed. This is because, most of these services are required on urgent basis and that's why people may be in need of well skilled 24 hours electrical services accordingly. However, finding such well skilled electrician in Singapore is not a challenging task. These companies which outsource skilled electricians would possess websites which can be used for analyzing goods and bad about the company and its team of licensed electricians. Post getting information on all these pros and cons about a company, it is purely your responsibility in making the right choice of the company to get best service.
Electrical problems are mostly vulnerable which may cause more discomforts for people who live within homes. Any negligence would lead to severe damages caused to the whole of property. To avoid all these, the moment the discomfort or electrical failure is discovered, it is suggested to look for well skilled power failure recovery in Singapore. Such power failure may happen at any time in a day. Therefore, you need to know the place where to call to get these electrical services. Why do you have to rely on companies who outsource electrical services? Well, they would have licensed and experienced electricians who would take care of all electrical equipments and their legal formalities in installing them. There are some legal formalities that need to be considered while installing different electrical equipments. These legal points should mandatorily be followed. For all these reasons, you cannot rely on individual electricians since you cannot test them with all your valuable electrical equipments. As mentioned above, when these electrical problems are left without considering them immediately they may cause severe damages to all your assets which may include electrical equipment failure, damages to the building, etc. These companies do provide high quality electrical services with warranty of about 180 days.


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Townhomes at Mountain Ridge in Salt Lake City, UT
Located at 3570 South 300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84115
3570 South 300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84115
Accent Walls, Private Patios, Walk-in Closets, Gas Range, Storage Sheds, Washer Dryer Hook-ups
We cannot find any listings from Townhomes at Mountain Ridge on Marketplace. Check out these other listings near Salt Lake City.
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Do you have a light switch that is causing problems in your home or that you think is malfunctioning? A faulty light switch is something that many homeowners experience and the problem can be repaired with the help of an Expert Electrician to ensure your home's safety.
Some common light switch problems include:
- Light switch is warm to the touch
- Having to tap or wiggle the light switch to make it work
- A buzzing sound from inside the switch or dimmer box
These problems can be caused by a number of issues within the switch or the way it was originally wired, but can be fixed with proper troubleshooting and diagnosis from an Expert Electrician.
Dimmers and Fan Control Switches
Adding a dimmer switch can change the look and feel of any room by providing ambiance and style to your living environment. There are a wide variety of colors, styles and control options available to add some character to your home.
Fan control switches can make life easier and safer when trying to change your fan speed to control your comfort. Rather than reaching up to pull the fan speed chain, you can simply adjust the sliding control on the wall to the desired speed. This is a big help for homes that have high ceilings, allowing you to safely change the speed of your fans. Some newer models of fan speed controls are now coming with remotes that allow you to control your fan from the comfort of your sofa or favorite chair.


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News Archives
Keep an eye on our Twitter and Facebook pages since we often post quickie updates there when we're on-the-go.
During tours, we do our best to cover setlists in real-time on Twitter. If you want to tweet a show in, just DM or @ us on the day and tell us to watch your stream that night.
Tori will be touring in 2014 to support the release of Unrepentant Geraldines. The European legs runs from May through June and the North American legs spans July and August. We do not know if additional dates elsewhere will be added.
Map The Music, a film produced by Toriphile Samantha Hale that documents the power of music and live performance through the voices of fans, is now is its second pressing! The first run sold out so a second has been produced and is again available from Insound.
The trailer, which was featured on YouTube yesterday, gives a taste of what the film has to offer: insight and interviews with fans and concert-goers plus behind the scenes moments, interviews and performances from Imogen Heap, Cary Brothers, Zoe Keating, Rachael Yamagata, Jim Bianco, Kate Havnevik, Charlotte Martin and many others—including Tori!
Woj Bob says check it out!


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Filled Under: Discipleship, Podcasts
This contains a message I shared with university students at the summer gathering of the UP Dormitories Christian Fellowship. You can read the whole text here or just listen to the actual message below. Note that the meeting happened outside the dorm so you can hear vehicles speeding at the nearby highway. May you be blessed!
Reconsidering Discipleship (Audio)
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A Simple Plan For Investigating Tools
Steam Mops and Vacuums
Keeping homes clean is a task that many people take very seriously. To achieve this, people go to different lengths of innovation. Wiping of surfaces and sweeping the floor using brooms is very common in different places the world over. Some type of dirt can successfully be removed using this method but not all types can be removed. Food droppings, papers and other hard matter can easily be cleaned from the floor by sweeping. Dirt that sticks to the floor like oils, paints and others can however not be cleaned by ordinary sweeping. It is therefore wise to use methods that can remove such dirt while leaving the floor intact.
The best way to achieve the removal of dust and sticky hard matter from the floor is by using steam mops and vacuum cleaners. A steam mop is a special cleaner that uses steam to clean surfaces especially floors. A vacuum cleaner on the other hand uses suction power to clean dust from floors. The main difference between the two is therefore in the fact that the steam cleaner uses steam. Suction power is however not the preserve of vacuum cleaners only since steam cleaners also have it.
A reservoir in which water is put is a key component of a steam mop. This water is then heated to very high temperatures that make it to vaporize and form steam. This steam is the ejected through jets to the floor that is being cleaned. It is this steam that then dissolves the oil or any other hard matter before it is sucked into the mop for disposal. A steam mop could have one or more jets for releasing the vapor, depending on the extent of cleaning to be done. It does not leave any residue on the floor after cleaning since the dirt is usually absorbed into the reservoir.
Detergents and other cleaning agents are not necessary when one is using a steam mop. The work of detergents is done by the steam. Disinfection is also done by the steam. The steam from a steam mop can kill 99% of bacteria, a fact that has been confirmed by several market reviews of steam mops. It also kills insects like dust mites that could be on the floor. This is done without causing any harm on the floor itself.
One would identify the best steam mops by how well they leave the floor after cleaning. Durability of the mops also comes in handy. This is because something that uses electric power and hot water systems can be prone to corrosion and other related damages. Case in point is having the reservoir for water being made of stainless steel to promote durability.


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George Clooney is finally opening up about his surprise engagement and upcoming wedding!
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Once you've added a video visit "My Queue" to start watching!


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all the gay, all the emo
what's not to love?
ikilledpetewentz Feb 24
Frick frack paddy-whack Kellin and Vic gon' bone. This strange child went rolling home
AreYouWatched Jan 30
HSIPDH SHH Z N *reboots* ... i just made an inhuman noise
makechemicalscryxo Sep 22, 2016
They do that in highschool. Sadly in middle school our hormones some how "worse". I just wanna see girls in sports bras and guys shirtless.
toomuchracket Aug 30, 2015
tell me I'm not the only one who can't read the new jalex for some reason?
LillianJaques Jul 30, 2015
Isn't that a little redundant ...like, I don't even know if we have straight ships in bandoms... X'3
MakAtTheDisco May 18, 2015
Do you mind making another Ryden smut? But can you make it kinda like a fluffy smut if that makes any sense at all?