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Relationship Between Tei Index and PEP-Derived Myocardial Performance Index in Sinus Rhythm
Besli, Feyzullah; Basar, Cengiz; Ekinozu, Ismail; Turker, Yasin
Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate the preejection time (PEP)-derived myocardial performance index (MPI) in hypertensive (HT) patients with sinus rhythm and its relationship to the classic Tei index. One hundred five patients were enrolled in the study (65 HT and 40 control subjects). The mean age of all patients was 50.5 ± 15 years and 60% were female. Echocardiography was performed on all patients. MPI was measured with the classic Tei method (MPI-Tei index) and the PEP-derived MPI method by using tissue Doppler echocardiography. Although the MPI-Tei index is defined as the ratio of isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) along with isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) to ejection time (ET), PEP-derived MPI is defined as the ratio of PEP and IVRT to ET. We compared echocardiographic data between the HT group and the control group. MPI-Tei index and the PEP-derived MPI values were higher in the HT group compared with controls (0.52 ± 0.10 vs 0.39 ± 0.07, P < 0.001, and 0.51 ± 0.09 vs 0.39 ± 0.07). PEP-derived MPI was strongly correlated with the MPI-Tei index (r = 0.945, P < 0.001). Our study determined that the PEP-derived MPI might be used in the evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with HT, similar to the classic MPI-Tei index. PMID:26200613
The Effects of Ivabradine on Left Ventricular Synchronization and Tei Index in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure
Erdem, Fatma Hizal; Ozturk, Serkan; Öztürk, Selçuk; Erdem, Alim; Ayhan, Selim; Öztürk, Mustafa; Dönmez, İbrahim; Baltacı, Davut; Yazıcı, Mehmet
Background The aim of our study was to evaluate in stable outpatients with systolic heart failure (HF) the 3 months effect of ivabradine on LV synchronization and Tei index in stable outpatients with systolic HF. Methods We evaluated prospectively 40 (30 males, 10 females) patients with HF. All patients were evaluated before and after treatment by transthoracic M mode, two dimensional (2D), pulsed-wave (PW), continuous wave (CW), color flow and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and tissue synchronization imaging (TSI). Standard deviation of Ts of the 12 LV segments (Ts-SD-12) is the most widely used parameter of intra-LV asynchrony. Results Thirty men and 10 women with mean ± SD age of 64.7 ± 9.9 years were included in this study. Most of the patients benefitted from some degree of clinical improvement, 12/16 (75.0%) from NYHA III to II and 18/24 (75.0%) from II to I, respectively. Resting heart rate was significantly reduced after ivabradine treatment (84.3 ± 11.4 vs. 66.5 ± 11.5 bpm, p < 0.001). E/E' and Tei index were significantly changed after ivabradine treatment (17.3 ± 9.0 vs. 14.8 ± 7.1, p = 0.02 and 0.86 ± 0.74 vs. 0.81 ± 0.69, p = 0.02). Intra-LV synchrony parameters Ts-SD-12 and Ts-12 were significantly reduced after ivabradine (46.8 ± 13.6 vs. 42.7 ± 13.1, p = 0.01 and 142.5 ± 44.0 vs. 128.5 ± 45.2, p = 0.009). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that adding ivabradine to the standard therapy reduced HR and significantly improved LV ventricular asynchrony and Tei index in systolic HF patients. PMID:28115808
Right Ventricular Tissue Doppler in Space Flight
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, Kathleen M.; Hamilton, Douglas R.; Sargsyan, Ashot E.; Ebert, Douglas; Martin, David S.; Barratt, Michael R.; Martin, David S.; Bogomolov, Valery V.; Dulchavsky, Scott A.; Duncan, J. Michael
The presentation slides review normal physiology of the right ventricle in space, general physiology of the right ventricle; difficulties in imaging the heart in space, imaging methods, tissue Doppler spectrum, right ventricle tissue Doppler, and Rt Tei Index.
Splenic Doppler resistive index for early detection of occult hemorrhagic shock after polytrauma in adult patients.
Corradi, Francesco; Brusasco, Claudia; Garlaschi, Alessandro; Santori, Gregorio; Vezzani, Antonella; Moscatelli, Paolo; Pelosi, Paolo
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether direct assessment of splenic circulation by splenic Doppler resistive index (Doppler RI) is a clinically useful noninvasive method for an early detection of occult hemorrhagic shock after polytrauma in adult patients. Splenic Doppler RI was measured in 49 hemodynamically stable adult patients admitted to the emergency department because of polytrauma. Renal Doppler RI was also determined in 20 patients. Spleen size, Injury Severity Score, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, blood lactate, standard base excess, pH, hemoglobin, and inferior vena cava diameter values were recorded at admission and at 24 h. Patients were grouped according to whether signs of hemorrhagic shock did (n = 22) or did not (n = 27) occur within the first 24 h from admission. Patients who developed hemorrhagic shock had significantly higher splenic and renal Doppler RI, higher Injury Severity Score, and lower standard base excess at admission. By multivariate logistic regression, splenic Doppler RI resulted to be a predictor of hemorrhagic shock development within the first 24 h from admission. Splenic Doppler RI may represent a clinically useful noninvasive method for early detection of occult hemorrhagic shock and persistent occult hypoperfusion after polytrauma in adult patients.
Double Doppler effect in two-dimensional photonic crystal with negative effective index
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Qiang; Chen, Jiabi; Liang, Binming; Zhuang, Songlin
The inverse Doppler effect in photonic crystal with negative refractive index had been proofed experimentally in our previous research. In this paper, we studied the spatial harmonics of Bloch wave propagating in such PhCs by FFT method. The lagging and front phase evolutions reveal that both backward wave and forward wave exist in these harmonics. Subsequently, we studied the double Doppler effect phenomenon that both the normal and inverse Doppler exist in one photonic crystal simultaneously by using the improved dynamic FDTD method which we made it suitable for dealing with moving objects. The simulative Doppler frequency shifts were consistent with the theoretical values. Our study provides a potential technology in measurement area.
Reversing the direction of space and inverse Doppler effect in positive refraction index media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Fei; He, Sailing
A negative refractive index medium, in which all spatial coordinates are reversed (i.e. a left-hand triplet is formed) by a spatial folding transformation, can create many novel electromagnetic phenomena, e.g. backward wave propagation, and inversed Doppler effect (IDE). In this study, we use coordinate rotation transformation to reverse only two spatial coordinates (e.g. x‧ and y‧), while keeping z‧ unchanged. In this case, some novel phenomena, e.g. radiation-direction-reversing illusions and IDE, can be achieved in a free space region wrapped by the proposed shell without any negative refractive index medium, which is easier for experimental realization and future applications.
Experimental verification of the inverse Doppler effect in negative-index material
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Feng, Lie; Chen, Jiabi; Wang, Yan; Geng, Tao; Zhuang, Songlin
μResearch of negative-index material (NIM) is a very hot developing research field in recent years. NIM is also called left-handed material (LHM), in which the electric field [see manuscript], the magnetic field [see manuscript] and the wave vector [see manuscript] are not composed of a set of right-handed coordinates but a set of left-handed coordinates. Thus the action of electromagnetic waves in both left-handed material and right-handed material is just the opposite, for instance, the negative refraction phenomenon, the inverse Doppler effect and so on. Here we report the explicit result of the inverse Doppler effect through a photonic crystal (PC) prism at 10.6m wavelength for the first time, and the result we get from the experiment is much similar to the theoretical analysis we have deduced before. During the experiment, the CO2 laser is used as a light source, and the PC prism is used as a sample, which can move a tiny distance (1mm) uniformly with a translating stage. Based on the method of optical heterodyne, we let the emergent light from the output surface of PC prism and the reference light from light source interfere at the surface of the detector. When the translating stage moves towards the detector, the optical paths in the PC prism will be changed, and then the Doppler frequency shift will be generated. Though several different samples have been tested repeatedly, the results we get are extraordinarily similar. So we can be sure that the inverse Doppler effect really exists in the NIM at optical frequencies. To our best knowledge, this is the only experimental verification of the inverse Doppler effect in the NIM at optical frequencies at home and aboard.
Testicular resistive index determined by Doppler ultrasonography in men with spinal cord injury - a case series.
Krebs, J; Göcking, K; Pannek, J
In this case series, the testicular resistive index was determined in men with spinal cord injury. In ten men participating in our fertility programme, the peak systolic and end-diastolic velocity of centripetal testicular arteries was measured in triplicates by Doppler ultrasonography to calculate the testicular resistive index. Furthermore, the right and left testicular volume was determined by ultrasonography, blood samples were obtained for hormonal evaluation, and sperm analysis was performed according to the WHO guidelines. The median testicular resistive index measured 0.69 and was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than the reported cut-off value of 0.6. The spermiograms were characterised by normal sperm count but decreased sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity. The median right and left testicular volume was significantly (P < 0.01) smaller compared to the volumes measured in able-bodied adult males without scrotal pathology and measured 8.4 ml and 7.2 ml respectively. There was a significant (P = 0.005) correlation (rs = 0.81) between testicular resistive index and sperm concentration. However, no correlations were observed between testicular resistive index and other variables. The testicular resistive index in men with spinal cord injury was significantly greater than 0.6. Measuring the testicular resistive index may represent a useful additional parameter in the assessment of infertility in spinal cord-injured men.
Potential use of Doppler perfusion index in detection of occult liver metastases from colorectal cancer
Patrlj, Leonardo; Bušić, Željko; Kolovrat, Marijan; Rakić, Mislav; Kliček, Robert; Židak, Marcel; Stipančić, Igor
Many clinical and preclinical studies demonstrated that measurements of liver hemodynamic [Doppler perfusion index (DPI)] may be used to accurately diagnose and predict liver metastases from primary colorectal cancer in a research setting. However, Doppler measurements have some serious limitations when applied to general population. Ultrasound is very operator-dependent, and requires skilled examiners. Also, many conditions may limit the use of Doppler ultrasound and ultrasound in general, such as the presence of air in digestive tract, cardiac arrhythmias, vascular anomalies, obesity and other conditions. Therefore, in spite of the results from clinical studies, its value may be limited in everyday practice. On the contrary, scientific research of the DPI in detection of liver metastases is of great importance, since current research speaks strongly for the presence of systemic vasoactive substance responsible for observed hemodynamic changes. Identification of such a systemic vasoactive substance may lead to the development of a simple and reproducible laboratory test that may reliably identify the presence of occult liver metastases and therefore increase the success of adjuvant chemotherapy through better selection of patients. Further research in this subject is therefore of great importance. PMID:25392837
Right Ventricular Tissue Doppler in Space Flight
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hamilton, Douglas R.; Barratt, Michael R.; Sargsyan, Ashot E.; Ebert, Douglas; Garcia, Kathleen M.; Martin, David S.; Dulchavsky, Scott A.; Duncan, J. Michael
Tissue Doppler (TD) registers movement of a given sample of cardiac tissue throughout the cardiac cycle. TD spectra of the right ventricle (RV) were obtained from a long-duration ISS crewmember as a portion of an ongoing experiment ("Braslet" test objective). To our knowledge, this is the first report of RV TD conducted in space flight, and the data represent reproducibility and fidelity of this application in space and serve as the first "space normal" data set. Methods RV TD was performed by astronaut scientists remotely guided by an ultrasound expert from Mission Control Center, Houston, TX. In four of the subjects, RV TD was acquired from the free wall near the tricuspid annulus in two separate sessions 4 to 7 days apart. A fifth subject had only one session. All digital DICOM frames were exported for off-line analysis. Systolic (S ), early diastolic (E ) and late diastolic (A ) velocities were measured. RV Tei-index was calculated using diastolic and systolic time intervals as a combined measure of myocardial performance. Results and Discussion The mean values from the first 4 subjects (8 sessions) were used as the on-orbit reference data, and subject 5 was considered as a hypothetical patient for comparison (see Table). The greatest difference was in the early diastolic A (31 %) yet the standard deviation (a) for A amongst the reference subjects was 2.25 (mean = 16.02). Of interest is the Tei index, a simple and feasible indicator of overall ventricular function; it was similar amongst all the subjects. The late diastolic A seems to compensate for the variance in E . Normal Tei index for the RV is < 0.3, yet our data show all but one subject consistently above this level, notwithstanding their nominal responses to daily exercise in microgravity. These data remind us that the physiology of RV preload in altered gravity environments is still not completely understood.
Ultrasound resistive index, power Doppler, and clinical parameters in established rheumatoid arthritis.
Bisi, Melissa Cláudia; do Prado, Aline Defaveri; Piovesan, Deise Marcela; Bredemeier, Markus; da Silveira, Inês Guimarães; de Mendonça, José Alexandre; Staub, Henrique Luiz
Ultrasonography (US) is a useful tool for the evaluation of sinovial vascularization and proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accordingly, resistive index (RI) on spectral Doppler (sD) US provides a quantitative analysis of vascular inflammation, but its utility in the evaluation of RA activity has not been established. Our objective was to determine the association of RI with other US parameters of synovitis and with clinical disease activity in established RA. Patients with positive power Doppler (pD) were included in a prospective cross-sectional study. Disease activity and disability were evaluated using the Disease Activity Score in 28-joints (DAS28) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), respectively. Gray scale (GS) synovitis, pD, and sD analyses were performed by one of two examiners in wrists and the second and third metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. The 10-joint GS and 10-joint pD scores and mean RI were then calculated. Weighted kappa (WK) values were employed to assess interobserver reability, and correlations were tested using the Spearman coefficient. Ninety-five RA patients (median duration of disease of 7 years and mean DAS28 of 4.32 ± 1.66) were included. WK values in real-time US were 0.77 for synovitis, 0.87 for pD, and 0.68 for RI. There were no significant correlations of RI with 10-joint GS, 10-joint pD, DAS28, joint counts, or HAQ (P > 0.10 for all tests). Patients in remission had a mean RI similar to those with high disease activity (0.62 ± 0.10, n = 15 versus 0.63 ± 0.13, n = 34, respectively). The addition of the RI score did not seem to improve US performance in patients with established RA.
The assessment of cardiac functions by tissue Doppler-derived myocardial performance index in patients with Behcet's disease.
Tavil, Yusuf; Ozturk, Mehmet Akif; Sen, Nihat; Kaya, Mehmet Gungor; Hizal, Fatma; Poyraz, Fatih; Turfan, Murat; Onder, Meltem; Gurer, Mehmet Ali; Cengel, Atiye
Vascular involvement is one of the major characteristics of Behcet's disease (BD). However, there are controversial findings regarding cardiac involvement in BD. Although early reports demonstrated that there is diastolic dysfunction in BD, conflicting results were found in the following trials. Hence, a new method for more objectively estimating the cardiac functions is needed. For this aim, we used high-usefulness tissue Doppler echocardiography for detailed analysis of cardiac changes in BD patients because this method was superior to other conventional echocardiographic techniques. The study population included 42 patients with BD (19 men, 23 women; mean age, 35 +/- 10 years, mean disease duration, 2.7 +/- 1.6 years) and 30 healthy subjects (14 men, 16 women; mean age, 38 +/- 7 years). Cardiac functions were determined using echocardiography, comprising standard two-dimensional and conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Peak systolic myocardial velocity at mitral annulus, early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Em), late diastolic mitral annular velocity (Am), Em/Am, and myocardial performance index (MPI) were calculated by TDI. The conventional echocardiographic parameters and tissue Doppler measurements were similar between the groups. Tissue Doppler derived mitral relaxation time was longer (75 +/- 13 vs 63 +/- 16 msn, p = 0.021) in patients with BD. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding left ventricular MPI (0.458 +/- 0.072 vs 0.416 +/- 0.068%, p = 0.016), which were calculated from tissue Doppler systolic time intervals. There was also significant correlation between the disease duration and MPI (r = 0.38, p = 0.017). We have demonstrated that tissue Doppler-derived myocardial left ventricular relaxation time and MPI were impaired in BD patients, although systolic and diastolic function parameters were comparable in the patients and controls.
Comparison of index velocity measurements made with a horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler
Jackson, P. Ryan; Johnson, Kevin K.; Duncker, James J.
The State of Illinois' annual withdrawal from Lake Michigan is limited by a U.S. Supreme Court decree, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is responsible for monitoring flows in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) near Lemont, Illinois as a part of the Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. Every 5 years, a technical review committee consisting of practicing engineers and academics is convened to review the U.S. Geological Survey's streamgage practices in the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois. The sixth technical review committee raised a number of questions concerning the flows and streamgage practices in the CSSC near Lemont and this report provides answers to many of those questions. In addition, it is the purpose of this report to examine the index velocity meters in use at Lemont and determine whether the acoustic velocity meter (AVM), which is now the primary index velocity meter, can be replaced by the horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), which is currently the backup meter. Application of the AVM and H-ADCP to index velocity measurements in the CSSC near Lemont, Illinois, has produced good ratings to date. The site is well suited to index velocity measurements in spite of the large range of velocities and highly unsteady flows at the site. Flow variability arises from a range of sources: operation of the waterway through control structures, lockage-generated disturbances, commercial and recreational traffic, industrial withdrawals and discharges, natural inflows, seiches, and storm events. The influences of these factors on the index velocity measurements at Lemont is examined in detail in this report. Results of detailed data comparisons and flow analyses show that use of bank-mounted instrumentation such as the AVM and H-ADCP appears to be the best option for index velocity measurement in the CSSC near Lemont. Comparison of the rating curves for the AVM and H-ADCP demonstrates
Renal Doppler Resistive Index as a Marker of Oxygen Supply and Demand Mismatch in Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Patients
Corradi, Francesco; Brusasco, Claudia; Paparo, Francesco; Manca, Tullio; Santori, Gregorio; Benassi, Filippo; Molardi, Alberto; Gallingani, Alan; Ramelli, Andrea; Gherli, Tiziano; Vezzani, Antonella
Background and Objective. Renal Doppler resistive index (RDRI) is a noninvasive index considered to reflect renal vascular perfusion. The aim of this study was to identify the independent hemodynamic determinants of RDRI in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery. Methods. RDRI was determined in 61 patients by color and pulse Doppler ultrasonography of the interlobar renal arteries. Intermittent thermodilution cardiac output measurements were obtained and blood samples taken from the tip of pulmonary artery catheter to measure hemodynamics and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). Results. By univariate analysis, RDRI was significantly correlated with SvO2, oxygen extraction ratio, left ventricular stroke work index, and cardiac index, but not heart rate, central venous pressure, mean artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, systemic vascular resistance index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, arterial lactate concentration, and age. However, by multivariate analysis RDRI was significantly correlated with SvO2 only. Conclusions. The present data suggests that, in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery, RDRI increases proportionally to the decrease in SvO2, thus reflecting an early vascular response to tissue hypoxia. PMID:26605339
Myocardial Performance Index in Neurocardiogenic Syncope Patients
Yilmaz Coskun, Fatma; Sucu, Murat; Uku, Okkes; Yuce, Murat; Ozer, Orhan; Ercan, Suleyman; Davutoglu, Vedat
Background Many syncopes resulting from neural reflexes in various conditions are called neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS). We aimed to investigate the presence of left ventricular (LV) myocardial performance index (MPI) in patients with NCS, which was diagnosed with head-up tilt table test (HUTT), and the accurateness of the test in order to use it as a method in patients with NCS. Assuming the MPI as a potential cause of syncope, we assessed the Tei index with non-invasive tissue Doppler echocardiography method. Methods Consecutive outpatients with a history of recurrent unexplained syncope underwent HUTT. Twenty-nine HUTT (+) patients (24 female and five male, mean age: 30 ± 15 years) as the study group and HUTT (-) 23 healthy patients (six female and 17 male, mean age: 34 ± 16 years) as the control group were included into the study. Conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography was performed to both groups. The MPI was determined by using PW Doppler. Measurements of Doppler time intervals, according to Tei index ((isovolumic contraction time + isovolumic relaxation time)/ejection time) is calculated as (a - b/b), where "a" is the interval between cessation and onset of the mitral inflow, and "b" is the ejection time (ET) at the LV outflow. Results When comparing the groups in terms of MPI and ET, there was significant difference between groups. Patients with NCS had significantly longer ET and lower MPI value than control group (284 ± 24 ms vs. 260 ± 24 ms, P < 0.001, respectively and 0.44 ± 0.7 vs. 0.52 ± 0.8, P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in ejection fraction between groups. Conclusion In the present study, LV MPI value decreases in patients with NCS.
Ambulatory blood pressure and Doppler echocardiographic indexes of borderline hypertensive men presenting an exaggerated blood pressure response during dynamic exercise.
Herkenhoff, F L; Vasquez, E C; Mill, J G; Lima, E G
Borderline hypertension (BH) has been associated with an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response during laboratory stressors. However, the incidence of target organ damage in this condition and its relation to BP hyperreactivity is an unsettled issue. Thus, we assessed the Doppler echocardiographic profile of a group of BH men (N = 36) according to office BP measurements with exaggerated BP in the cycloergometric test. A group of normotensive men (NT, N = 36) with a normal BP response during the cycloergometric test was used as control. To assess vascular function and reactivity, all subjects were submitted to the cold pressor test. Before Doppler echocardiography, the BP profile of all subjects was evaluated by 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring. All subjects from the NT group presented normal monitored levels of BP. In contrast, 19 subjects from the original BH group presented normal monitored BP levels and 17 presented elevated monitored BP levels. In the NT group all Doppler echocardiographic indexes were normal. All subjects from the original BH group presented normal left ventricular mass and geometrical pattern. However, in the subjects with elevated monitored BP levels, fractional shortening was greater, isovolumetric relaxation time longer, and early to late flow velocity ratio was reduced in relation to subjects from the original BH group with normal monitored BP levels (P<0.05). These subjects also presented an exaggerated BP response during the cold pressor test. These results support the notion of an integrated pattern of cardiac and vascular adaptation during the development of hypertension.
Doppler index and plasma level of atrial natriuretic hormone are improved by optimizing atrioventricular delay in atrioventricular block patients with implanted DDD pacemakers.
Toda, N; Ishikawa, T; Nozawa, N; Kobayashi, I; Ochiai, H; Miyamoto, K; Sumita, S; Kimura, K; Umemura, S
Doppler index is the sum of isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time divided by ejection time and has clinical value as an index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance. This crossover study compared the Doppler index and atrial natriuretic hormone (atrial natriuretic peptide) [ANP] between optimal (AV) delay and prolonged AV delay in patients with DDD pacemakers. The study included 14 patients (6 men, 8 women, age 78.4+/-9.3 [SD] years) with AV block with an implanted DDD pacemaker. AV delay was prolonged in a 25-ms, stepwise fashion starting from 125 ms to 250 ms. Pacing rate was set at 70 beats/min. Cardiac output (CO) was assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography, and optimal AV delay was defined as the AV delay at which CO was maximum, and an AV delay setting of 250 ms as prolonged AV delay. Plasma level of ANP and Doppler index determined by echocardiography were measured 1 week after programming. AV delay was switched to another AV delay and measurements were repeated after 1 week. Optimal AV delay was 159+/-19 ms. Doppler index was significantly lower at optimal AV delay than at prolonged AV delay (0.68+/-0.26 vs 0.92+/-0.30, P < 0.05). The plasma ANP level was significantly lower at optimal AV delay than at prolonged AV delay (29.0+/-30.7 vs 52.6+/-44.9 pg/mL, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the Doppler index and the plasma ANP level were significantly lower at optimal AV delay than at prolonged AV delay. This study shows the importance of the optimal AV delay setting in patients with an implanted DDD pacemaker, the Doppler index and plasma ANP levels are good indicators for optimizing AV delay.
Cardiac Functions Assessment in Children with Celiac Disease and its Correlation with the Degree of Mucosal Injury: Doppler Tissue Imaging Study
Fathy, Abeer; Abo-Haded, Hany M.; Al-Ahmadi, Najat; El-Sonbaty, Marwa M.
Background/Aims: Celiac disease (CD)-associated cardiologic disorders is a growing concern. However, data regarding cardiac affection in children with CD are few. This study aimed at assessing the subclinical impact of CD on the global myocardial performance in Saudi children with CD using Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Patients and Methods: Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography was performed among 20 Saudi children with CDas well as 20 age and sex-matched healthy controls. DTI were used to determine right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) Tei indexes. These findings were correlated with the Modified Marsh Classification of the histologic findings in CD. Results: LV and RV Tei indexes were significantly higher in children with CD than the control group (mean ± standard deviation: 0.47 ± 0.05 vs. 0.31 ± 0.18; P < 0.0005 and 0.51 ± 0.04 vs. 0.32 ± 0.05; P < 0.0001, respectively). RV Tei index was found to be positively correlated with the Modified Marsh Classification of CD (r = 0.7753, P < 0.0001). LV Tei index tended to be more affected in patients with more severe histologic findings, however, such relation did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.2479, P = 0.292). Fractional shortening did not correlate with the Modified Marsh Classification of histologic findings in CD patients (r= −0.11, P = 0.641). Conclusions: Subclinical myocardial dysfunction of both ventricles occurs in children with CD. The DTI method appears to be more sensitive than conventional two-dimensional echocardiography in the early detection of myocardial dysfunction in children with CD. PMID:27976640
Diagnostic role of new Doppler index in assessment of renal artery stenosis
Chain, Sergio; Luciardi, Hector; Feldman, Gabriela; Berman, Sofia; Herrera, Ramón N; Ochoa, Javier; Muntaner, Juan; Escudero, Eduardo M; Ronderos, Ricardo
Background Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is one of the main causes of secondary systemic arterial hypertension. Several non-invasive diagnostic methods for RAS have been used in hypertensive patients, such as color Doppler ultrasound (US). The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a new renal Doppler US direct-method parameter: the renal-renal ratio (RRR), and compare with the sensitivity and specificity of direct-method conventional parameters: renal peak systolic velocity (RPSV) and renal aortic ratio (RAR), for the diagnosis of severe RAS. Methods Our study group included 34 patients with severe arterial hypertension (21 males and 13 females), mean age 54 (± 8.92) years old consecutively evaluated by renal color Doppler ultrasound (US) for significant RAS diagnosis. All of them underwent digital subtraction arteriography (DSA). RAS was significant if a diameter reduction > 50% was found. The parameters measured were: RPSV, RAR and RRR. The RRR was defined as the ratio between RPSV at the proximal or mid segment of the renal artery and RPSV measured at the distal segment of the renal artery. The sensitivity and specificity cutoff for the new RRR was calculated and compared with the sensitivity and specificity of RPSV and RAR. Results The accuracy of the direct method parameters for significant RAS were: RPSV >200 cm/s with 97% sensitivity, 72% specificity, 81% positive predictive value and 95% negative predictive value; RAR >3 with 77% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 90% positive predictive value and 76% negative predictive value. The optimal sensitivity and specificity cutoff for the new RRR was >2.7 with 97% sensitivity (p < 0.004) and 96% specificity (p < 0.02), with 97% positive predictive value and 97% negative predictive value. Conclusion The new RRR has improved specificity compared with the direct method conventional parameters (RPSV >200cm/s and RAR >3). Both RRR and RPSV show better sensitivity than RAR for the RAS diagnosis
Labovitz, A.J.; Williams, G.A.
The authors are successful in presenting a basic book on clinical quantitative Doppler echocardiography. It is not intended to be a comprehensive text, but it does cover clinical applications in a succinct fashion. Only the more common diseases in the adult are considered. The subjects are presented logically and are easy to comprehend. The illustrations are good, and the book is paperbound. The basic principles of Doppler echocardiography are presented briefly. The book ends with chapters on left ventricular function (stroke volume and cardiac output), congenital heart disease, and color Doppler echo-cardiography. There are numerous references and a good glossary and index.
The (Pulsed-Wave) Doppler Fetal Myocardial Performance Index: Technical Challenges, Clinical Applications and Future Research.
Mahajan, Aditi; Henry, Amanda; Meriki, Neama; Hernandez-Andrade, Edgar; Crispi, Fatima; Wu, Linda; Welsh, Alec W
Functional cardiovascular assessment is becoming an increasingly important tool in the study of fetal pathology. The myocardial performance index (MPI) is a parameter measuring global myocardial function. Since its introduction, several studies have proposed methods to improve its reproducibility and have constructed normative reference ranges. Fetal heart evaluation using the MPI is technically challenging, requiring specific training and expertise, and a consensus has yet to be reached on the method of delineating the time periods used to calculate the index. Despite these limitations, it has been shown to be a useful and highly sensitive parameter of dysfunction in a number of fetal pathologies. Further research is warranted into the effect of pathology on MPI, parameters of unilateral cardiac strain that utilise MPI, and automation of the MPI to encourage incorporation of the MPI as a useful tool in clinical practice.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound blood flow velocity and pulsatility index as systemic indicators for Alzheimer's disease
Roher, Alex E.; Garami, Zsolt; Tyas, Suzanne L.; Maarouf, Chera L.; Kokjohn, Tyler A.; Belohlavek, Marek; Vedders, Linda J.; Connor, Donald; Sabbagh, Marwan N.; Beach, Thomas G.; Emmerling, Mark R.
Background Multiple lines of evidence suggest cardiovascular co-morbidities hasten the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or accelerate its course. Methods To evaluate the utility of cerebral vascular physical function/condition parameters as potential systemic indicators of AD, we employed transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to assess cerebral blood flow and vascular resistance of the 16 arterial segments comprising the circle of Willis and its major tributaries. Results Our study revealed decreased arterial mean flow velocity (MFV) and increased pulsatility index (PI) are associated with a clinical diagnosis of presumptive AD. Cerebral blood flow impairment revealed by these parameters reflects the global hemodynamic and structural consequences of a multifaceted disease process yielding diffuse congestive microvascular pathology, increased arterial rigidity, and decreased arterial compliance combined with putative age-associated cardiovascular output declines. Conclusions TCD evaluation offers direct physical confirmation of brain perfusion impairment and may ultimately provide a convenient, noninvasive means to assess the efficacy of medical interventions on cerebral blood flow or reveal incipient AD. In the near term, TCD-based direct assessments of brain perfusion may offer the prospect of preventing or mitigating AD simply by revealing patients who would benefit from interventions to improve circulatory system function. PMID:21388892
XML, TEI, and Digital Libraries in the Humanities.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Nellhaus, Tobin
Describes the history and major features of XML and TEI, discusses their potential utility for the creation of digital libraries, and focuses on XML's application in the humanities, particularly theater and drama studies. Highlights include HTML and hyperlinks; the impact of XML on text encoding and document access; and XML and academic…
Berlin, Gary J.
The SRS Doppler Weather System consists of a Doppler Server, A Master Server (also known as the Weather Server), several Doppler Slave Servers, and client-side software program called the Doppler Radar Client. This system is used to display near rel-time images taken from the SRS Weather Center's Doppler Radar computer. The Doppler Server is software that resides on the SRS Doppler Computer. It gathers raw data, 24-bit color weather images via screen scraping ever five minutes as requested by the Master Server. The Doppler Server then reduces the 24-bit color images to 8-bit color using a fixed color table for analysis and compression. This preserves the fidelity of the image color and arranges the colors in specific order for display. At the time of color reduction, the white color used for the city names on the background images are remapped to a different index (color) of white that the white on the weather scale. The Weather Server places a time stamp on the image, then compresses the image and passes it to all Doppler Slave servers. Each of the Doppler Slave servers mainitain a circular buffer of the eight most current images representing the last 40 minutes of weather data. As a new image is added, the oldest drops off. The Doppler Radar Client is an optional install program for any site-wide workstation. When a Client session is started, the Client requests Doppler Slave server assignment from the Master Server. Upon its initial request to the Slave Server, the Client obtains all eight current images and maintains its own circular buffer, updating its images every five minutes as the Doppler Slave is updated. Three background reference images are stored as part of the Client. The Client brings up the appropriate background image, decompresses the doppler data, and displays the doppler data on the background image.
Color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity is a preload insensitive index of left ventricular relaxation: animal and human validation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, M. J.; Smedira, N. G.; Greenberg, N. L.; Main, M.; Firstenberg, M. S.; Odabashian, J.; Thomas, J. D.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of preload in color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity (v(p)). BACKGROUND: The interpretation of Doppler filling patterns is limited by confounding effects of left ventricular (LV) relaxation and preload. Color M-mode v(p) has been proposed as a new index of LV relaxation. METHODS: We studied four dogs before and during inferior caval (IVC) occlusion at five different inotropic stages and 14 patients before and during partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volumes (LV-EDV), the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (tau), left atrial (LA) pre-A and LV end-diastolic pressures (LV-EDP) were measured. Peak velocity during early filling (E) and v(p) were extracted by digital analysis of color M-mode Doppler images. RESULTS: In both animals and humans, LV-EDV and LV-EDP decreased significantly from baseline to IVC occlusion (both p < 0.001). Peak early filling (E) velocity decreased in animals from 56 +/- 21 to 42 +/- 17 cm/s (p < 0.001) without change in v(p) (from 35 +/- 15 to 35 +/- 16, p = 0.99). Results were similar in humans (from 69 +/- 15 to 53 +/- 22 cm/s, p < 0.001, and 37 +/- 12 to 34 +/- 16, p = 0.30). In both species, there was a strong correlation between LV relaxation (tau) and v(p) (r = 0.78, p < 0.001, r = 0.86, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that color M-mode Doppler v(p) is not affected by preload alterations and confirms that LV relaxation is its main physiologic determinant in both animals during varying lusitropic conditions and in humans with heart disease.
Determinants and Regression Equations for the Calculation of z Scores of Left Ventricular Tissue Doppler Longitudinal Indexes in a Healthy Italian Pediatric Population.
Fibbi, Veronica; Ballo, Piercarlo; Favilli, Silvia; Spaziani, Gaia; Calabri, Giovanni B; Pollini, Iva; Zuppiroli, Alfredo; Chiappa, Enrico
Aim. We investigated the predictors of tissue Doppler left ventricular (LV) longitudinal indexes in a healthy Italian pediatric population and established normative data and regression equations for the calculation of z scores. Methods and Results. A total of 369 healthy subjects aged 1-17 years (age of 6.4 ± 1.1 years, 49.1% female) underwent echocardiography. LV peak longitudinal velocity at systole (s (')), early diastole (e (')), and late diastole (a (')) was determined by tissue Doppler. The ratio of peak early diastolic LV filling velocity to e (') was calculated. Age was the only independent determinant of s (') (β = 0.491, p < 0.0001) and the strongest determinant of e (') (β = 0.334, p < 0.0001) and E/e (') (β = -0.369, p < 0.0001). Heart rate was the main determinant of a (') (β = 0.265, p < 0.0001). Male gender showed no effects except for a weak association with lateral s ('), suggesting no need of gender-specific reference ranges. Age-specific reference ranges, regression equations, and scatterplots for the calculation of z scores were determined for each index. Conclusion. In a pediatric Italian population, age was the strongest determinant of LV longitudinal dynamics. The availability of age-specific normality data for the calculation of z scores may allow for correctly detecting LV dysfunction in pediatric pathological populations.
Determinants and Regression Equations for the Calculation of z Scores of Left Ventricular Tissue Doppler Longitudinal Indexes in a Healthy Italian Pediatric Population
Fibbi, Veronica; Ballo, Piercarlo; Spaziani, Gaia; Calabri, Giovanni B.; Pollini, Iva; Zuppiroli, Alfredo; Chiappa, Enrico
Aim. We investigated the predictors of tissue Doppler left ventricular (LV) longitudinal indexes in a healthy Italian pediatric population and established normative data and regression equations for the calculation of z scores. Methods and Results. A total of 369 healthy subjects aged 1–17 years (age of 6.4 ± 1.1 years, 49.1% female) underwent echocardiography. LV peak longitudinal velocity at systole (s'), early diastole (e'), and late diastole (a') was determined by tissue Doppler. The ratio of peak early diastolic LV filling velocity to e' was calculated. Age was the only independent determinant of s' (β = 0.491, p < 0.0001) and the strongest determinant of e' (β = 0.334, p < 0.0001) and E/e' (β = −0.369, p < 0.0001). Heart rate was the main determinant of a' (β = 0.265, p < 0.0001). Male gender showed no effects except for a weak association with lateral s', suggesting no need of gender-specific reference ranges. Age-specific reference ranges, regression equations, and scatterplots for the calculation of z scores were determined for each index. Conclusion. In a pediatric Italian population, age was the strongest determinant of LV longitudinal dynamics. The availability of age-specific normality data for the calculation of z scores may allow for correctly detecting LV dysfunction in pediatric pathological populations. PMID:26759729
Right Ventricular Tissue Doppler Assessment in Space During Circulating Volume Modification using the Braslet-M Device
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hamilton, D. R.; Sargsyan, A. E.; Fincke, E. M.; Magnus, S. H.; Lonchakov, Y. V.; Alferova, I. V.; Dulchavsky, S. A.; Ebert, D.; Garcia, K.; Martin, D.; Matveev, V. P.; Voronkov, Y. I.; Melton, S. L.; Duncan, J. M.; Bogomolov, V. V.
This joint U.S. - Russian work aims to establish a methodology for assessing cardiac function in microgravity in association with manipulation of central circulating volume. Russian Braslet-M occlusion cuffs were used to temporarily increase the volume of blood in the lower extremities, which effectively reduces the volume returning to the heart in the central circulation. A novel methodology was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) to assess the volume status of crewmembers by evaluating the responses to application and release of the Braslet-on-occlusion cuffs, as well as to modified Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers. Baseline echocardiographic tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the right ventricular free wall with no Braslet applied shows early diastolic E' (16 cm/sec), late diastolic A' (14 cm/sec), and systolic (12 cm/sec) velocities compatible with normal subjects on Earth. TDI of the RV free wall with Braslet applied shows that early diastolic E' decreased by 50% (8 cm/sec), late diastolic A' increased by 45%, and systolic S' remains unchanged. TDI of the RV free wall approximately 8 beats after the Braslet was released shows early diastolic E' (8 cm/sec), late diastolic A' (12 cm/sec), and systolic S' (13 cm/sec) velocities. During this portion of the release, early diastolic E' did not recover to baseline values but late diastolic A' and systolic S' recovered to pre-Braslet values. The pre-systolic cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein with Braslet off was 1.07 cm(sup 2) and 1.13 cm(sup 2) 10 min after the Braslet was applied. The presystolic cross-sectional area of the common femoral vein with Braslet off was 0.50 cm(sup 2), and was 0.54 cm(sup 2) 10 min after the Braslet was applied. The right ventricular myocardial performance Tei index also was calculated for comparison with typical values found in healthy subjects on Earth. Baseline and Braslet-on values for Tei index were 0.25 and 0.22 respectively. Braslet Tei indices are within
Hyperhomocysteinemia as an Early Predictor of Erectile Dysfunction: International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Penile Doppler Ultrasound Correlation With Plasma Levels of Homocysteine.
Giovannone, Riccardo; Busetto, Gian Maria; Antonini, Gabriele; De Cobelli, Ottavio; Ferro, Matteo; Tricarico, Stefano; Del Giudice, Francesco; Ragonesi, Giulia; Conti, Simon L; Lucarelli, Giuseppe; Gentile, Vincenzo; De Berardinis, Ettore
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is inability to achieve and maintain an erection to permit satisfactory sexual activity. Homocysteine (Hcys) is a sulfur-containing amino acid synthesized from the essential amino acid methionine. Experimental models have elucidated the role of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcys) as a strong and independent predictor for atherosclerosis progression and impaired cavernosal perfusion. The aim of this study is to investigate the serum levels of Hcys in our cohort of patients with ED, to compare these values with these of control population and to examine Hcys as a predictive marker for those patients who are beginning to complain mild-moderate ED. A total of 431 patients were enrolled in the study. The whole cohort was asked to complete the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The study population was divided in 3 main groups: Group A: 145 patients with no ED serving as a control group; Group B: 145 patients with mild or mild-moderate ED; Group C: 141 patients with moderate or severe ED. Each participant underwent blood analysis. All patients underwent baseline and dynamic penile Doppler ultrasonography. We found in our cohort mean Hcys plasma concentrations significantly higher than the cut-off point in both groups B and C (18.6 ± 4.7 and 28.38 ± 7.8, respectively). Mean IIEF score was 27.9 ± 1.39, 19.5 ± 2.6, and 11.1 ± 2.5 for groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < 0.0001). In the penile Doppler ultrasonography studies, a high significant inverse correlation was detected between the mean values of the 10th minute's peak-systolic velocity (PSV) and Hcys levels for the groups B and C. This establishes a dose-dependent association between Hcys and ED. Furthermore, we showed that Hcys was an earlier predictor of ED than Doppler studies, as the Hcys increase was present in patients with mild ED even before abnormal Doppler values.
Relative indexes of cutaneous blood perfusion measured by real-time laser Doppler imaging (LDI) in healthy volunteers.
Seyed Jafari, S Morteza; Schawkat, Megir; Van De Ville, Dimitri; Shafighi, Maziar
We used real-time LDI to study regional variations in microcirculatory perfusion in healthy candidates to establish a new methodology for global perfusion body mapping that is based on intra-individual perfusion index ratios. Our study included 74 (37 female) healthy volunteers aged between 22 and 30 years (mean 24.49). Imaging was performed using a recent microcirculation-imaging camera (EasyLDI) for different body regions of each volunteer. The perfusion values were reported in Arbitrary Perfusion Units (APU). The relative perfusion indexes for each candidate's body region were then obtained by normalization with the perfusion value of the forehead. Basic parameters such as weight, height, and blood pressure were also measured and analyzed. The highest mean perfusion value was reported in the forehead area (259.21APU). Mean perfusion in the measured parts of the body correlated positively with mean forehead value, while there was no significant correlation between forehead blood perfusion values and room temperature, BMI, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.420, 0.623, 0.488, 0.099, respectively). Analysis of the data showed that perfusion indexes were not significantly different between male and female volunteers except for the ventral upper arm area (p=.001). LDI is a non-invasive, fast technique that opens several avenues for clinical applications. The mean perfusion indexes are useful in clinical practice for monitoring patients before and after surgical interventions. Perfusion values can be predicted for different body parts for patients only by taking the forehead perfusion value and using the perfusion index ratios to obtain expected normative perfusion values.
Right Pulmonary Artery Distensibility Index (RPAD Index). A field study of an echocardiographic method to detect early development of pulmonary hypertension and its severity even in the absence of regurgitant jets for Doppler evaluation in heartworm-infected dogs.
Venco, Luigi; Mihaylova, Liliya; Boon, June A
Despite the term "heartworm disease" Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs should be considered a pulmonary arterial disease that might only involve the right heart structures in its late stage. Chronic infection by adult heartworms in dogs results in proliferative endoarteritis leading to progressively increasing pulmonary artery pressure due to reduced elasticity. Elasticity allows the pulmonary arteries to stretch in response to each pulse and helps maintain a relatively constant pressure in the arteries despite the pulsating nature of the blood flow. Pulmonary artery distensibility for both acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension has been investigated in humans using MRI and has been correlated with the severity of hypertension and its outcome and treatment response. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether echocardiographic measurement of the percentage change in diameter of the right pulmonary artery in systole and diastole (distensibility) may be of value in assessing the presence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in heartworm-infected dogs. The Right Pulmonary Artery Distensibility Index (RPAD Index) (which is calculated as the difference in diameter of the right pulmonary artery in systole and diastole) was calculated in healthy and naturally infected heartworm-positive dogs. The right pulmonary artery was chosen because it is usually affected earlier and to a greater degree. Data were obtained from healthy heartworm-free dogs without any clinical, radiographic, or echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension; naturally infected heartworm-positive dogs in different stages of the disease in which pulmonary pressure could be measured by Doppler echocardiography (using tricuspid and or pulmonary regurgitation velocity and pressure gradient); and naturally infected heartworm-positive dogs in different stages of the disease (with or without tricuspid and or pulmonary regurgitation) in which the pulmonary pressure was measured
Color Doppler Sonographic Evaluation of Peak Systolic Velocity and Pulsatility Index in Artery after Pulsed HIFU Exposure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Feng-Yi; Chiu, Wei-Hsiu; Yeh, Chi-Fang
The objective of current study was to investigate the functional changes in arteries induced by pulsed-HIFU with or without microbubbles. Sonication was applied at an ultrasound frequency of 1 MHz with a burst length of 50 ms and a repetition frequency of 1 Hz. The duration of the whole sonication was 6s. The abdominal aortas of Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically exposed and sonicated with pulsed HIFU; the pulsed HIFU beam was aimed using color images of the blood flow. There was no obvious normalized peak systolic velocity (PSV) change at various acoustic powers of pulsed-HIFU exposure in the absence of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA). However, the normalized PSV change induced by pulsed-HIFU decreased with the injected dose of UCA at acoustic powers. At this time, the normalized pulsatility index (PI) change in the vessel subjected to pulsed-HIFU increased in proportion to UCA dose. Additional research is needed to investigate the detailed mechanical effects of pulsed-HIFU exposure on blood flow and the structure of vessel walls.
How can we predict ureteral obstruction after gynecological surgery? The changes in Doppler resistive index and plasma creatinine and magnesium concentrations after surgical, unilateral ureteral obstruction in a rabbit model.
Terek, M C; Tamsel, S; Aygul, S; Akman, L; Irer, S V; Itil, I M; Alper, G
The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in Doppler resistive index (RI) and plasma creatinine and magnesium concentrations after unilateral ureteral obstruction in a rabbit model. Fourteen adult female rabbits were used in this study. In seven rabbits, the left ureter was ligated with silk suture, and the control group was sham operated. Before surgery and on the second and seventh days after surgery, blood samples were obtained to measure plasma creatinine and magnesium concentrations. Doppler RIs of both kidneys were also measured before surgery and on the second and seventh days after the surgical procedure. With regard to magnesium levels, there was a significant within-subjects sessions difference [F(2, 20) = 15.21, P= 0.001] indicating a decrease through sessions. Magnesium concentrations decreased significantly at the postoperative second and seventh days compared to preoperative baseline levels (P= 0.003 and P= 0.001, respectively). Multifactorial analysis of variance was applied for each session separately with laterality, and groups as factors. The Doppler RI and the creatinine level did not show any significant differences or interactions for all sessions (P > 0.05). The decreasing plasma magnesium concentration after surgery may indicate ureteral injury; however, Doppler studies and creatinine levels may not be useful as well.
Strengthening the University-Industry Relationship: A Case Study of the Electronics Department, TEI Crete
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Liodakis, George; Vardiambasis, Ioannis O.; Kartsonakis, Evangelos; Kaliakatsos, Ioannis A.
The Department of Electronics of the Technological Educational Institute of Crete (DoE/TEI Crete) enjoys good approval ratings from the market and its graduates have a high rate of employability. However, survey data collected over the last ten years from graduates and from the enterprises in which they have been employed, or have carried out…
Assessment of the Utility of the Septal E/(E′ × S′) Ratio and Tissue Doppler Index in Predicting Left Ventricular Remodeling after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Kenar Tiryakioglu, Selma; Yalin, Kıvanc; Coskun, Senol
Background. The aim of this study is to show whether the septal E/(E′ × S′) ratio assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography can predict left ventricular remodeling after first ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated successfully with primary percutaneous intervention. Methods. Consecutive patients (n = 111) presenting with acute anterior myocardial infarction for the first time in their life were enrolled. All patients underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography were performed in the first 24-36 hours of admission. Echocardiographic examination was repeated after 6 months to reassess left ventricular volumes. Septal E/(E′ × S′) ratio was assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Results. Group 1 consisted of 33 patients with left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and Group 2 had 78 patients without LV remodeling. E/(E′ × S′) was significantly higher in Group 1 (4.1 ± 1.9 versus 1.65 ± 1.32, p = 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for E/(E′ × S′) ratio was 2.34 with 87.0% sensitivity and 82.1% specificity. Conclusion. Septal E/(E′ × S′) values measured after the acute anterior myocardial infarction can strongly predict LV remodeling in the 6-month follow-up. In the risk assessment, the septal E/(E′ × S′) can be evaluated together with the conventional echocardiographic techniques. PMID:27703973
The Assessment and Potential Implications of the Myocardial Performance Index Post Exercise in an at Risk Population
Ruisi, Michael; Levine, Michael; Finkielstein, Dennis
Background The myocardial performance index (MPI) first described by Chuwa Tei in 1995 is a relatively new echocardiographic variable used for assessment of overall cardiac function. Previous studies have demonstrated the MPI to be a sum representation of both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function with prognostic value in patients with coronary artery disease as well as symptomatic heart failure. Methods Ninety patients with either established coronary artery disease (CAD) or CAD risk factors underwent routine treadmill exercise stress testing with two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography using the standard Bruce protocol. Both resting and stress MPI values were measured for all 90 of the patients. Results Using a normal MPI cut off of ≤ 0.47, the prevalence of an abnormal resting MPI in our 90 subjects was 72/90 or 80% and the prevalence of an abnormal stress MPI in our 90 subjects was 48/90 or 53.33%. The average MPI observed in the resting portion of the stress test for the cohort was: 0.636 with a standard deviation of 0.182. The average MPI in the stress portion of the stress test for the cohort was 0.530 with a standard deviation of 0.250. The P value with the use of a one-tailed dependent T test was calculated to be < 0.05. Conclusion We postulate that these findings reflect that the MPI (Tei) index assessed during exercise may be a sensitive indicator of occult coronary disease in an at risk group independent of wall motion assessment.
Observation of the Zero Doppler Effect.
Ran, Jia; Zhang, Yewen; Chen, Xiaodong; Fang, Kai; Zhao, Junfei; Chen, Hong
The normal Doppler effect has well-established applications in many areas of science and technology. Recently, a few experimental demonstrations of the inverse Doppler effect have begun to appear in negative-index metamaterials. Here we report an experimental observation of the zero Doppler effect, that is, no frequency shift irrespective of the relative motion between the wave signal source and the detector in a zero-index metamaterial. This unique phenomenon, accompanied by the normal and inverse Doppler effects, is generated by reflecting a wave from a moving discontinuity in a composite right/left-handed transmission line loaded with varactors when operating in the near zero-index passband, or the right/left-handed passband. This work has revealed a complete picture of the Doppler effect in metamaterials and may lead to potential applications in electromagnetic wave related metrology.
Optimal Finite-Thrust Trans-earth Injection (TEI) Maneuvers for a Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) Earth Return Mission
THRUST TRANS- EARTH INJECTION (TEI) MANEUVERS FOR A LOW LUNAR ORBIT (LLO) EARTH RETURN MISSION by Omar J. Wheatley December 2010 Thesis Co...2010 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master's Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Optimal Finite-Thrust Trans- earth Injection (TEI) Maneuvers for a Low...Lunar Orbit (LLO) Earth Return Mission 6. AUTHOR(S) Wheatley, Omar J. 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval
SU-E-I-27: Establishing Target Exposure Index Values for Computed Radiography
Murphy, N; Tchou, P; Belcher, K; Scott, A
Purpose: To develop a standard set of target exposure index (TEI) values to be applied to Agfa Computed Radiography (CR) readers in accordance with International Electrotechnical Committee 62494-1 (ed. 1.0). Methods: A large data cohort was collected from six USAF Medical Treatment Facilities that exclusively use Agfa CR Readers. Dose monitoring statistics were collected from each reader. The data was analyzed based on anatomic region, view, and processing speed class. The Agfa specific exposure metric, logarithmic mean (LGM), was converted to exposure index (EI) for each data set. The optimum TEI value was determined by minimizing the number of studies that fell outside the acceptable deviation index (DI) range of +/− 2 for phototimed techniques or a range of +/−3 for fixed techniques. An anthropomorphic radiographic phantom was used to corroborate the TEI recommendations. Images were acquired of several anatomic regions and views using standard techniques. The images were then evaluated by two radiologists as either acceptable or unacceptable. The acceptable image with the lowest exposure and EI value was compared to the recommended TEI values using a passing DI range. Results: Target EI values were determined for a comprehensive list of anatomic regions and views. Conclusion: Target EI values must be established on each CR unit in order to provide a positive feedback system for the technologist. This system will serve as a mechanism to prevent under or overexposures of patients. The TEI recommendations are a first attempt at a large scale process improvement with the goal of setting reasonable and standardized TEI values. The implementation and effectiveness of the recommended TEI values should be monitored and adjustments made as necessary.
Mirror-symmetry protected non-TRIM surface state in the weak topological insulator Bi2TeI
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rusinov, I. P.; Menshchikova, T. V.; Isaeva, A.; Eremeev, S. V.; Koroteev, Yu. M.; Vergniory, M. G.; Echenique, P. M.; Chulkov, E. V.
Strong topological insulators (TIs) support topological surfaces states on any crystal surface. In contrast, a weak, time-reversal-symmetry-driven TI with at least one non-zero v1, v2, v3 ℤ2 index should host spin-locked topological surface states on the surfaces that are not parallel to the crystal plane with Miller indices (v1 v2 v3). On the other hand, mirror symmetry can protect an even number of topological states on the surfaces that are perpendicular to a mirror plane. Various symmetries in a bulk material with a band inversion can independently preordain distinct crystal planes for realization of topological states. Here we demonstrate the first instance of coexistence of both phenomena in the weak 3D TI Bi2TeI which (v1 v2 v3) surface hosts a gapless spin-split surface state protected by the crystal mirror-symmetry. The observed topological state has an even number of crossing points in the directions of the 2D Brillouin zone due to a non-TRIM bulk-band inversion. Our findings shed light on hitherto uncharted features of the electronic structure of weak topological insulators and open up new vistas for applications of these materials in spintronics.
Mirror-symmetry protected non-TRIM surface state in the weak topological insulator Bi2TeI
Rusinov, I. P.; Menshchikova, T. V.; Isaeva, A.; Eremeev, S. V.; Koroteev, Yu. M.; Vergniory, M. G.; Echenique, P. M.; Chulkov, E. V.
Strong topological insulators (TIs) support topological surfaces states on any crystal surface. In contrast, a weak, time-reversal-symmetry-driven TI with at least one non-zero v1, v2, v3 ℤ2 index should host spin-locked topological surface states on the surfaces that are not parallel to the crystal plane with Miller indices (v1 v2 v3). On the other hand, mirror symmetry can protect an even number of topological states on the surfaces that are perpendicular to a mirror plane. Various symmetries in a bulk material with a band inversion can independently preordain distinct crystal planes for realization of topological states. Here we demonstrate the first instance of coexistence of both phenomena in the weak 3D TI Bi2TeI which (v1 v2 v3) surface hosts a gapless spin-split surface state protected by the crystal mirror-symmetry. The observed topological state has an even number of crossing points in the directions of the 2D Brillouin zone due to a non-TRIM bulk-band inversion. Our findings shed light on hitherto uncharted features of the electronic structure of weak topological insulators and open up new vistas for applications of these materials in spintronics. PMID:26864814
Karplus, Henry H. B.; Raptis, Apostolos C.
A Doppler flowmeter impulses an ultrasonic fixed-frequency signal obliquely into a slurry flowing in a pipe and a reflected signal is detected after having been scattered off of the slurry particles, whereby the shift in frequencies between the signals is proportional to the slurry velocity and hence slurry flow rate. This flowmeter filters the Doppler frequency-shift signal, compares the filtered and unfiltered shift signals in a divider to obtain a ratio, and then further compares this ratio against a preset fractional ratio. The flowmeter utilizes a voltage-to-frequency convertor to generate a pulsed signal having a determinable rate of repetition precisely proportional to the divergence of the ratios. The pulsed signal serves as the input control for a frequency-controlled low-pass filter, which provides thereby that the cutoff frequency of the filtered signal is known. The flowmeter provides a feedback control by minimizing the divergence. With the cutoff frequency and preset fractional ratio known, the slurry velocity and hence flow will also be determinable.
Karplus, H.H.B.; Raptis, A.C.
A Doppler flowmeter impulses an ultrasonic fixed-frequency signal obliquely into a slurry flowing in a pipe and a reflected signal is detected after having been scattered off of the slurry particles, whereby the shift in frequencies between the signals is proportional to the slurry velocity and hence slurry flow rate. This flowmeter filters the Doppler frequency-shift signal, compares the filtered and unfiltered shift signals in a divider to obtain a ratio, and then further compares this ratio against a preset fractional ratio. The flowmeter utilizes a voltage-to-frequency convertor to generate a pulsed signal having a determinable rate of repetition precisely proportional to the divergence of the ratios. The pulsed signal serves as the input control for a frequency-controlled low-pass filter, which provides thereby that the cutoff frequency of the filtered signal is known. The flowmeter provides a feedback control by minimizing the divergence. With the cutoff frequency and preset fractional ratio known, the slurry velocity and hence flow will also be determinable.
Prognostic value of tissue Doppler right ventricular systolic and diastolic function indexes combined with plasma B-type natriuretic Peptide in patients with advanced heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Bistola, Vasiliki; Parissis, John T; Paraskevaidis, Ioannis; Panou, Fotios; Nikolaou, Maria; Ikonomidis, Ignatios; Flessas, Nikolaos; Filippatos, Gerasimos; Iliodromitis, Efstathios; Kremastinos, Dimitrios T
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction adversely affects prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. However, little evidence exists regarding the prognostic role of RV systolic and diastolic function indexes in combination with plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in advanced CHF. Thus, 102 consecutive hospitalized patients with advanced CHF (New York Heart Association classes III to IV) due to LV systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction <35%) were studied by 2-dimensional conventional and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography of the left and right ventricles. Plasma BNP was also measured. Patients were followed for 6 months for major cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death and/or CHF-related hospitalization). During follow-up, 13 patients died and 63 patients reached the combined end point of cardiovascular death or CHF-related hospitalization. By univariate analysis, RV TDI systolic velocity, dilated cardiomyopathy, digoxin treatment (all p values <0.01), and female gender (p <0.05) were associated with increased cardiovascular death. Transmitral Doppler to mitral annular TDI early diastolic velocity ratio, RV TDI early diastolic velocity (p <0.05), and ratio of early to late RV diastolic TDI velocities (p <0.01) predicted the combined end point. In multivariate analysis, decreased RV systolic velocity, dilated cardiomyopathy, and female gender (all p values <0.05) were independent predictors of cardiovascular death, whereas increased ratio of early to late RV diastolic TDI velocities (p <0.01) and increased BNP (p <0.05) predicted the combined end point. In conclusion, RV TDI indexes combined with increased plasma BNP additively predict adverse cardiac outcomes in advanced CHF.
Pre and postoperative evaluation of transcranial Doppler pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis.
Bracale, Umberto Marcello; Spalla, Flavia; Caioni, Federica; Solari, Domenico; Narese, Donatella; Pecoraro, Felice; Del Guercio, Luca
Il Doppler transcranico (TCD) viene frequentemente utilizzato per la valutazione delle resistenze periferiche cerebrali e del flusso cerebrale a livello dell'arteria cerebrale media sia prima che durante chirurgia carotidea. Nella gestione della stenosi carotidea severa particolare importanza deve essere data alla valutazione del rischio di eventi ischemici cerebrali intraoperatori. Il nostro studio ha analizzato la possibile relazione tra l'indice di Gosling dell'arteria cerebrale media, calcolato mediante TCD preoperatorio e la Stump Pressure (SP) intra-operatoria, al fine di identificare i pazienti con elevato rischio di eventi ischemici. Inoltre, abbiamo registrato l'indice di Gosling pre e post operatorio correlandolo con possibili eventi durante il follow-up. In un lasso di tempo di un anno 47 pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad endoarterectomia carotidea (CEA) o stenting carotideo (CAS) con sistema di protezione embolica prossimale. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a TCD pre e post-operatorio con calcolo dell'Indice Gosling e SP intra-operatoria. Abbiamo osservato che l'aumento di valori pre-operatori dell'Indice di Gosling sono associati a più bassi valori intra-operatori di SP, elementi che rappresentano un rischio più elevato di incidenti ischemici cerebrovascolari; Questo risultato è particolarmente evidente quando si osserva la sotto-popolazione di pazienti diabetici. Non vi e' stata alcuna differenza statisticamente significativa, per quanto concerne eventi ischemici perioperatori, tra i pazienti sottoposti a CEA o CAS. Il TCD e la SP sono esami validi e semplici che possono aiutare a identificare precocemente i pazienti con un rischio più elevato di incidenti cerebro-vascolari correlati al trattamento chirurgico o endovascolare.
Process' standardization and change management in higher education. The case of TEI of Athens
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chalaris, Ioannis; Chalaris, Manolis; Gritzalis, Stefanos; Belsis, Petros
The establishment of mature operational procedures and the effort of standardizing and certifying these procedures is a particularly arduous and demanding task which requires strong commitment from management to the existing objectives, administrative stability and continuity, availability of resources, an adequate implementation team with support from all stakeholders and of course great tolerance until tangible results of the investment are shown. Ensuring these conditions, particularly in times of economic crisis, is an extremely difficult task for large organizations such as TEI of Athens where there is heterogeneity in personnel and changes in the administrative hierarchy arise plethora of additional difficulties and require an effective change management. In this work we depict the path of standardization and certification of administrative functions of TEI of Athens, with emphasis on difficulties encountered and how to address them and in particular issues of change management and the culture related to this effort. The requirement for infrastructure needed to be maintained in processes and tools process & strategic management is embodied, in order to evolve mechanisms for continuous improvement processes and storage / recovery of the resulting knowledge. The work concludes with a general design of a road map of internal audit and continuous improvement processes for a large institution of higher education.
The Training Evaluation Inventory (TEI)--Evaluation of Training Design and Measurement of Training Outcomes for Predicting Training Success
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Ritzmann, Sandrina; Hagemann, Vera; Kluge, Annette
Training evaluation in research and organisational contexts is vital to ensure informed decisions regarding the value of training. The present study describes the development of a valid and reliable training evaluation inventory (TEI), as it does not exist so far. The objectives were a) to construct an instrument that is theoretically and…
Christian Doppler and the Doppler effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Toman, Kurt
A summary is given of Doppler's life and career. He was born 180 years ago on November 29, 1803, in Salzburg, Austria. He died on March 17, 1853 in Venice. The effect bearing his name was first announced in a presentation before the Royal Bohemian Society of the Sciences in Prague on May 25, 1842. Doppler considered his work a generalization of the aberration theorem as discovered by Bradley. With it came the inference that the perception of physical phenomena can change with the state of motion of the observer. Acceptance of the principle was not without controversy. In 1852, the mathematician Petzval claimed that no useful scientific deductions can be made from Doppler's elementary equations. In 1860, Ernst Mach resolved the misunderstanding that clouded this controversy. The Doppler effect is alive and well. Its role in radio science and related disciplines is enumerated.
Liu, Gangjun; Chen, Zhongping
We review the principle and some recent applications of Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT). The advances of the phase-resolved Doppler OCT method are described. Functional OCT algorithms which are based on an extension of the phase-resolved scheme are also introduced. Recent applications of Doppler OCT for quantification of flow, imaging of microvasculature and vocal fold vibration, and optical coherence elastography are briefly discussed. PMID:24443649
Advanced Doppler tracking experiments
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Armstrong, J. W.
The Doppler tracking method is currently the only technique available for broadband gravitational wave searches in the approx. 10(exp -4) to 10(exp -1) Hz low frequency band. A brief review is given of the Doppler method, a discussion of the main noise sources, and a review of experience with current spacecraft and the prospects for sensitivity improvements in an advanced Doppler tracking experiment.
Lung Cancer Attributable to Indoor Radon Exposures in Two Radon—Prone Areas, Ştei (Romania) and Torrelodones (Spain)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dinu, Alexandra; Cosma, Constantin; Sainz, Carlos; Poncela, Luis Santiago Quindós; Vasiliniuc, Ştefan
Radon and radon progeny are present indoors, in houses and others dwellings, representing the most important contribution to dose from natural sources of radiation. Most studies have demonstrated an increased risk of lung cancer at high concentration of radon for both smokers and nonsmokers. For medium and low concentrations which are the typical residential radon levels, recent researches have also demonstrated increased risks of lung cancer for people exposed. The work presents a comparative analysis of the radon exposure data in the two radon—prone areas, Ştei, Transylvania, (Romania), in the near of old Romanian uranium mines and in the granitic area of Torrelodones town, Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain). One important difference between the two studied areas is related to the houses built using uranium waste as construction material in Ştei area. Measurements of indoor radon were performed in 280 dwellings (Romania) and 91 dwellings (Spain) by using nuclear track detectors, CR 39. The highest value measured in Ştei area was 2650 Bqṡm-3. and 366 Bqṡm-3 in the Spanish region. The results are compute with the BEIR VI report estimates using the age-duration model at an exposure rate below 2650 Bqṡm-3. A total of 233 lung cancer deaths were calculated in the Ştei area for a period of 13 years (1994-2006), which is 116.82% higher than observed from the national statistics. In comparison, in Torrelodones area, a number of 276 deaths caused by lung cancer were estimated along a period of 13 years, which is 2.09 times higher than the number observed by authorities. This represents a significantly evidence that elevated risk can strongly be associated with cumulated radon exposure.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kozoil, Micah E.
Discusses the learning needs of students in the concrete operational stage in mathematics. Identifies the phenomenon of reduced cognitive performance in an out-of-class environment as the "Cognitive Doppler." Suggests methods of reducing the pronounced effects of the Cognitive Doppler by capitalizing on the students' ability to memorize…
Doppler ultrasound monitoring technology.
Docker, M F
Developments in the signal processing of Doppler ultrasound used for the detection of fetal heart rate (FHR) have improved the operation of cardiotocographs. These developments are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the various Doppler and signal processing methods are compared.
Petlevich, Walter J.; Sverdrup, Edward F.
A Doppler radar flowmeter comprises a transceiver which produces an audio frequency output related to the Doppler shift in frequency between radio waves backscattered from particulate matter carried in a fluid and the radiated radio waves. A variable gain amplifier and low pass filter are provided for amplifying and filtering the transceiver output. A frequency counter having a variable triggering level is also provided to determine the magnitude of the Doppler shift. A calibration method is disclosed wherein the amplifier gain and frequency counter trigger level are adjusted to achieve plateaus in the output of the frequency counter and thereby allow calibration without the necessity of being able to visually observe the flow.
Newsom, RK
The Doppler lidar (DL) is an active remote sensing instrument that provides range- and time-resolved measurements of radial velocity and attenuated backscatter. The principle of operation is similar to radar in that pulses of energy are transmitted into the atmosphere; the energy scattered back to the transceiver is collected and measured as a time-resolved signal. From the time delay between each outgoing transmitted pulse and the backscattered signal, the distance to the scatterer is inferred. The radial or line-of-sight velocity of the scatterers is determined from the Doppler frequency shift of the backscattered radiation. The DL uses a heterodyne detection technique in which the return signal is mixed with a reference laser beam (i.e., local oscillator) of known frequency. An onboard signal processing computer then determines the Doppler frequency shift from the spectra of the heterodyne signal. The energy content of the Doppler spectra can also be used to determine attenuated backscatter.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mahue, Veronique; Mari, Jean Martial; Eckersley, Robert J.; Caro, Colin G.; Tang, Meng-Xing
Recent advances have demonstrated the feasibility of molecular imaging using targeted microbubbles and ultrasound. One technical challenge is to selectively detect attached bubbles from those freely flowing bubbles and surrounding tissue. Pulse Inversion Doppler is an imaging technique enabling the selective detection of both static and moving ultrasound contrast agents: linear scatterers generate a single band Doppler spectrum, while non-linear scatterers generate a double band spectrum, one being uniquely correlated with the presence of contrast agents and non-linear tissue signals. We demonstrate that similar spectrums, and thus the same discrimination, can be obtained through a Doppler implementation of Pulse Subtraction. This is achieved by reconstructing a virtual echo using the echo generated from a short pulse transmission. Moreover by subtracting from this virtual echo the one generated from a longer pulse transmission, it is possible to fully suppress the echo from linear scatterers, while for non-linear scatterers, a signal will remain, allowing classical agent detection. Simulations of a single moving microbubble and a moving linear scatterer subject to these pulses show that when the virtual echo and the long pulse echo are used to perform pulsed Doppler, the power Doppler spectrum allows separation of linear and non-linear moving scattering. Similar results are obtained on experimental data acquired on a flow containing either microbubble contrast agents or linear blood mimicking fluid. This new Doppler method constitutes an alternative to Pulse Inversion Doppler and preliminary results suggest that similar dual band spectrums could be obtained by the combination of any non-linear detection technique with Doppler demodulation.
UltraFast Doppler ultrasonography for hepatic vessels of liver recipients: preliminary experiences
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of UltraFast Doppler ultrasonography (US) for evaluating hepatic vessels in liver recipients. Methods: Thirty-nine liver Doppler US sessions were conducted in 20 liver recipients. Each session consisted of UltraFast and conventional liver Doppler US in a random order. We compared the velocities and phasicities of the hepatic vessels, duration of each Doppler study, occurrence of technical failures, and differences in clinical decisions. Results: The velocities and resistive index values of hepatic vessels showed a strong positive correlation between the two Doppler studies (mean R=0.806; range, 0.710 to 0.924). The phasicities of the hepatic vessels were the same in both Doppler US exams. With respect to the duration of the Doppler US exam, there was no significant difference between the UltraFast (251±99 seconds) and conventional (231±117 seconds) Doppler studies (P=0.306). In five poor breath-holders, in whom the duration of conventional Doppler US was longer, UltraFast Doppler US (272±157 seconds) required a shorter time than conventional Doppler US (381±133 seconds; P=0.005). There was no difference between the two techniques with respect to technical failures and clinical decisions. Conclusion: UltraFast Doppler US is clinically equivalent to conventional Doppler US with advantages for poor breath-holders during the post-liver transplantation work-up. PMID:25409662
Doppler ion program description
Henline, P.
The Doppler spectrometer is a conventional Czerny-Turner grating spectrometer with a 1024 channel multiple detector. Light is dispersed across the detector, and its output yields a spectrum covering approximately 200 A. The width of the spectral peak is directly proportional to the temperature of the emitting ions, and determination of the impurity ion temperature allows one to infer the plasma ion temperature. The Doppler ion software system developed at General Atomic uses a TRACOR Northern 1710-31 and an LSI-11/2. The exact configuration of Doublet III is different from TRACOR Northern systems at other facilities.
Adaptive Spectral Envelope Estimation for Doppler Ultrasound.
Kathpalia, Aditi; Karabiyik, Yucel; Eik-Nes, Sturla; Tegnander, Eva; Ekroll, Ingvild; Kiss, Gabriel; Torp, Hans
Estimation of accurate maximum velocities and spectral envelope in ultrasound Doppler blood flow spectrograms are both essential for clinical diagnostic purposes. However, obtaining accurate maximum velocity is not straightforward due to intrinsic spectral broadening and variance in the power spectrum estimate. The method proposed in this work for maximum velocity point detection has been developed by modifying an existing method - Signal Noise Slope Intersection (SNSI), incorporating in it steps from an altered version of another method called Geometric Method (GM). Adaptive noise estimation from the spectrogram ensures that a smooth spectral envelope is obtained post detection of these maximum velocity points. The method has been tested on simulated Doppler signal with scatterers possessing a parabolic flow velocity profile constant in time, steady and pulsatile string phantom recordings as well as in vivo recordings from uterine, umbilical, carotid and subclavian arteries. Results from simulation experiments indicate a bias of less than 2.5% in maximum velocities when estimated for a range of peak velocities, Doppler angles and SNR levels. Standard deviation in the envelope is low - less than 2% in case of experiments done by varying the peak velocity and Doppler angle for steady phantom and simulated flow; and also less than 2% in case of experiments done by varying SNR but keeping constant flow conditions for in vivo and simulated flow. Low variability in the envelope makes the prospect of using the envelope for automated blood flow measurements possible and is illustrated for the case of Pulsatility Index estimation in uterine and umbilical arteries.
Finnish Meteorological Institute Doppler Lidar
Ewan OConnor
This doppler lidar system provides co-polar and cross polar attenuated backscatter coefficients,signal strength, and doppler velocities in the cloud and in the boundary level, including uncertainties for all parameters. Using the doppler beam swinging DBS technique, and Vertical Azimuthal Display (VAD) this system also provides vertical profiles of horizontal winds.
The Doppler Pendulum Experiment
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Lee, C. K.; Wong, H. K.
An experiment to verify the Doppler effect of sound waves is described. An ultrasonic source is mounted at the end of a simple pendulum. As the pendulum swings, the rapid change of frequency can be recorded by a stationary receiver using a simple frequency-to-voltage converter. The experimental results are in close agreement with the Doppler…
Doppler wind profile experiment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Arnold, J. E.
The data collection phase of a Doppler wind measurement experiment supported by high-resolution Jimsphere/FPS-16 wind data and Windsonde data was carried out at the Kennedy Space Center in February, March and early April of 1985. The Doppler wind measurements were made using a hybrid doppler profiler put in place by the Johnson Space Center and a SOUSY profiler operated by Radian Corporation. Both systems operated at 50 Mhz. Although the doppler profiler systems were located 10 km apart to enable concurrent operation of the systems for data comparison, little concurrent data were obtained due to set-up delays with the SOUSY system, and system problems with the WPL system during the last month of the test. During the test period, special serial Jimsphere soundings were taken at two-hour intervals on six days in March and April in addition to balloon soundings taken in support of the Shuttle launch operations. In addition, there is temperature, moisture and wind information available from the daily morning Radiosonde sounding taken at the Kennedy site. The balloon release point was at the same location as the SOUSY profiler. Vertical resolution of the SOUSY profiler was 150 M to approximately 20 km. The vertical resolution of the WPL profiler was 290 M to 10 km and 870 M to 17 km. Winds determined form the Jimsphere balloon have a vertical resolution of 30 M.
Doppler effect in optical velocimetry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rinkevichius, Bronius S.
The current state of the optical metrology based on the Doppler effect has been reviewed. Some historical and scientific information is given, in addition the contemporary optical methods of the velocity measurement using the Doppler effect are analyzed. The Doppler effect applications in astrophysics, plasma physics, investigations of gas and liquid flows, acoustics, mechanics of the deforming solid body and of the rotational motion are considered. The description is presented for the following techniques of the velocity measurement: laser Doppler anemometry, laser Doppler vibrometry, laser gyroscopy.
[Color-Doppler semiology in transplanted kidney].
Rivolta, R; Castagnone, D; Burdick, L; Mandelli, C; Mangiarotti, R
Color-encoded duplex ultrasonography (CEDU) makes a more accurate technique in kidney graft monitoring by combining real-time US with pulsed Doppler studies of renal vasculature. It is a non-invasive and easy technique. Suitable to study the whole renal artery and vein, CEDU also allows the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the intrarenal vasculature and therefore the easy diagnosis of such vessel dysfunctions as arteriovenous fistulas following biopsy. Moreover, Doppler spectral analysis can be used to distinguish among different causes of renal allograft dysfunction--i.e. rejection, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity or acute tubular necrosis. The value of the resistive index for the differential diagnosis is discussed. CEDU allows a more reliable measurement of renal blood flow thanks to the more precise evaluation of renal artery diameter and mean flow velocity.
Intrarenal Doppler Indices in Acute Ureteric Obstruction
Context: Urolithiasis remains a major health problem despite advances in therapy. Obstruction results in an increase in pressure within the urinary tract, causing structural and physiologic changes. This study aimed to calculate the intra renal Resistivity Index (RI) of acutely obstructed kidney, to determine the significance of Resistivity Index Ratio (RIR) and difference in Resistivity Index of obstructed and contralateral non obstructed kidney. Materials and Methods: Prospective study with renal Doppler for patients presenting with acute unilateral ureteric obstruction. Seventy two patients between the age group 20-45 y presenting to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, between January – December 2006 with acute unilateral ureteric obstruction were included in the study. Gray scale and Doppler evaluation of the kidneys done; with assessment of the ureteric calculus. Renal Doppler indices calculated and follow up of the same done after relief of obstruction. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Software V13 and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Forty two patients (58.33%) had mild, 28 (38.89%) moderate and 2 (2.78%) severe hydronephrosis. The mean RI of the obstructed kidney was 0.66±0.88 and that of contralateral non obstructed kidney was 0.569±0.05. Delta RI between the obstructed and contralateral non obstructed kidney was 0.08±0.03. The mean RIR between the obstructed and non obstructed kidney was 1.12±0.04 and the same after relief of obstruction was 1.03±0.06. Conclusion: The intrarenal Resistivity indices are less sensitive indicators in predicting the diagnosis of acute ureteric obstruction, although Resistivity Index Ratio appears to be a better parameter. The indices within the normal range do not rule out the absence of obstruction. Hence these parameters should not be interpreted in isolation. PMID:25654006
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Johnson, Dennis A.
The material in this NASA TM is to appear as a chapter on Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in the AGARDograph entitled, A Survey of Measurements and Measuring Techniques in Rapidly Distorted Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers. The application of LDA (specifically, the dual-beam, burst-counter approach) to compressible flows is discussed. Subjects treated include signal processing, particle light scattering and tracking, data reduction and sampling bias, and three-dimensional measurements.
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography
Leitgeb, Rainer A.; Werkmeister, René M.; Blatter, Cedric; Schmetterer, Leopold
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has revolutionized ophthalmology. Since its introduction in the early 1990s it has continuously improved in terms of speed, resolution and sensitivity. The technique has also seen a variety of extensions aiming to assess functional aspects of the tissue in addition to morphology. One of these approaches is Doppler OCT (DOCT), which aims to visualize and quantify blood flow. Such extensions were already implemented in time domain systems, but have gained importance with the introduction of Fourier domain OCT. Nowadays phase-sensitive detection techniques are most widely used to extract blood velocity and blood flow from tissues. A common problem with the technique is that the Doppler angle is not known and several approaches have been realized to obtain absolute velocity and flow data from the retina. Additional studies are required to elucidate which of these techniques is most promising. In the recent years, however, several groups have shown that data can be obtained with high validity and reproducibility. In addition, several groups have published values for total retinal blood flow. Another promising application relates to non-invasive angiography. As compared to standard techniques such as fluorescein and indocyanine-green angiography the technique offers two major advantages: no dye is required and depth resolution is required is provided. As such Doppler OCT has the potential to improve our abilities to diagnose and monitor ocular vascular diseases. PMID:24704352
Laser double Doppler flowmeter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Poffo, L.; Goujon, J.-M.; Le Page, R.; Lemaitre, J.; Guendouz, M.; Lorrain, N.; Bosc, D.
The Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a non-invasive method for estimating the tissular blood flow and speed at a microscopic scale (microcirculation). It is used for medical research as well as for the diagnosis of diseases related to circulatory system tissues and organs including the issues of microvascular flow (perfusion). It is based on the Doppler effect, created by the interaction between the laser light and tissues. LDF measures the mean blood flow in a volume formed by the single laser beam, that penetrate into the skin. The size of this measurement volume is crucial and depends on skin absorption, and is not directly reachable. Therefore, current developments of the LDF are focused on the use of always more complex and sophisticated signal processing methods. On the other hand, laser Double Doppler Flowmeter (FL2D) proposes to use two laser beams to generate the measurement volume. This volume would be perfectly stable and localized at the intersection of the two laser beams. With FL2D we will be able to determine the absolute blood flow of a specific artery. One aimed application would be to help clinical physicians in health care units.
Testing radon mitigation techniques in a pilot house from Băiţa-Ştei radon prone area (Romania).
Cosma, Constantin; Papp, Botond; Cucoş Dinu, Alexandra; Sainz, Carlos
This work presents the implementation and testing of several radon mitigation techniques in a pilot house in the radon prone area of Băiţa-Ştei in NW part of Romania. Radon diagnostic investigations in the pilot house showed that the main source of radon was the building sub-soil and the soil near the house. The applied techniques were based on the depressurization and pressurization of the building sub-soil, on the combination of the soil depressurization system by an electric and an eolian fans. Also, there was made an application of a radon barrier membrane and a testing by the combination of the radon membrane by the soil depressurization system. Finally, the better obtained remedial efficiency was about 85%.
Analysis of dust samples from the Middle East using high-density resequencing micro-array RPM-TEI
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Leski, T. A.; Gregory, M. J.; Malanoski, A. P.; Smith, J. P.; Glaven, R. H.; Wang, Z.; Stenger, D. A.; Lin, B.
A previously developed resequencing microarray, "Tropical and Emerging Infections (RPM-TEI v.1.0 chip)", designed to identify and discriminate between tropical diseases and other potential biothreat agents, their near-neighbor species, and/or potential confounders, was used to characterize the microbes present in the silt/clay fraction of surface soils and airborne dust collected from the Middle East. Local populations and U.S. military personnel deployed to the Middle East are regularly subjected to high levels of airborne desert dust containing a significant fraction of inhalable particles and some portion require clinical aid. Not all of the clinical symptoms can be directly attributed to the physical action of material in the human respiratory tract. To better understand the potential health effects of the airborne dust, the composition of the microbial communities associated with surface soil and/or airborne dust (air filter) samples from 19 different sites in Iraq and Kuwait was identified using RPM-TEI v.1.0. Results indicated that several microorganisms including a class of rapidly growing Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Brucella, Clostridium and Coxiella burnetti, were present in the samples. The presence of these organisms in the surface soils and the inhalable fraction of airborne dust analyzed may pose a human health risk and warrants further investigation. Better understanding of the factors influencing the composition of these microbial communities is important to address questions related to human health and is critical to achieving Force Health Protection for the Warfighter operating in the Middle East, Afghanistan, North Africa and other arid regions.
Clinical applications of doppler ultrasound
Taylor, K.J.W.; Burns, P.N.; Well, P.N.T.
This book introduces a guide to the physical principles and instrumentation of duplex Doppler ultrasound and its applications in obstetrics, gynecology, neonatology, gastroentology, and evaluation of peripheral vascular disease. The book provides information needed to perform Doppler ultrasound examinations and interpret the results. An introduction to Doppler physics and instrumentation is followed by a thorough review of hemodynamics, which explains the principles underlying interpretation of Doppler signals. Of special note is the state-of-the-art coverage of new applications of Doppler in recognition of high-risk pregnancy, diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation, investigation of neonatal blood flow, evaluation of first-trimester pregnancy, and diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. The book also offers guidelines on the use of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing carotid disease, deep venous thrombosis, and aorta/femoral disease.
Laser Doppler diagnostics for orthodontia
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ryzhkova, Anastasia V.; Lebedeva, Nina G.; Sedykh, Alexey V.; Ulyanov, Sergey S.; Lepilin, Alexander V.; Kharish, Natalia A.
The results of statistical analysis of Doppler spectra of intensity fluctuations of light, scattered from mucous membrane of oral cavity of healthy volunteers and patients, abused by the orthodontic diseases, are presented. Analysis of Doppler spectra, obtained from tooth pulp of patients, is carried out. New approach to monitoring of blood microcirculation in orthodontics is suggested. Influence of own noise of Doppler measuring system on formation of the output signal is studied.
Doppler ultrasound study of penis in men with systemic sclerosis: a correlation with Doppler indices of renal and digital arteries.
Rosato, E; Barbano, B; Gigante, A; Cianci, R; Molinaro, I; Quarta, S; Digiulio, M A; Messineo, D; Pisarri, S; Salsano, F
Erectile dysfunction (ED) prevalence in male systemic sclerosis (SSc) is high and its pathogenesis is unclear. The aim of the study is to assess correlation between Doppler ultrasound indices of penis and kidneys or digital arteries in male systemic sclerosis. Fourteen men with systemic sclerosis were enrolled in this study. Erectile function was investigated by the International Index of Erectile Function-5. Peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index, pulsative index, and systolic/diastolic ratio were measured on the cavernous arteries at the peno-scrotal junction in the flaccid state, on the interlobar artery of both kidneys and all ten proper palmar digital arteries. Ten (71 percent) patients have an International Index of Erectile Function-5 less than 21. Reduction of penis peak systolic velocity was observed in all SSc subjects. Doppler indices of cavernous arteries correlate with the International Index of Erectile Function-5. The renal and digital arteries resistive index demonstrated a good correlation (p less than 0.0001) with International Index of Erectile Function-5. A positive correlation exists between penis and kidney arteries Doppler indices: end diastolic velocity (p less than 0.05, r=0.54), resistive index (p less than 0.0001, r=0.90), systolic/diastolic ratio (p less than 0.01, r=0.69). A positive correlation was observed between penis and digital arteries Doppler indices: peak systolic velocity (p less than 0.01, r=0.68), end diastolic velocity (p less than 0.01, r=0.75), resistive index (p less than 0.001, r=0.79), systolic/diastolic ratio (p less than 0.05, r=0.59). A correlation exists between arterial impairment of penis and renal or digital arteries.
Laser Doppler velocimetry primer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bachalo, William D.
Advanced research in experimental fluid dynamics required a familiarity with sophisticated measurement techniques. In some cases, the development and application of new techniques is required for difficult measurements. Optical methods and in particular, the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) are now recognized as the most reliable means for performing measurements in complex turbulent flows. And such, the experimental fluid dynamicist should be familiar with the principles of operation of the method and the details associated with its application. Thus, the goals of this primer are to efficiently transmit the basic concepts of the LDV method to potential users and to provide references that describe the specific areas in greater detail.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karplus, H. B.; Raptis, A. C.; Lee, S.; Simpson, T.
A flowmeter has been developed for measuring flow velocity in hot slurries. The flowmeter works on an ultrasonic Doppler principle in which ultrasound is injected into the flowing fluid through the solid pipe wall. Isolating waveguides separate the hot pipe from conventional ultrasonic transducers. Special clamp-on high-temperature transducers also can be adapted to work well in this application. Typical flows in pilot plants were found to be laminar, giving rise to broad-band Doppler spectra. A special circuit based on a servomechanism sensor was devised to determine the frequency average of such a broad spectrum. The device was tested at different pilot plants. Slurries with particulates greater than 70 microns (0.003 in.) yielded good signals, but slurries with extremely fine particulates were unpredictable. Small bubbles can replace the coarse particles to provide a good signal if there are not too many. Successful operation with very fine particulate slurries may have been enhanced by the presence of microbubbles.
Adaptive Spectral Envelope Estimation for Doppler Ultrasound.
Kathpalia, Aditi; Karabiyik, Yucel; Eik-Nes, Sturla H; Tegnander, Eva; Ekroll, Ingvild Kinn; Kiss, Gabriel; Torp, Hans
Estimation of accurate maximum velocities and spectral envelope in ultrasound Doppler blood flow spectrograms are both essential for clinical diagnostic purposes. However, obtaining accurate maximum velocity is not straightforward due to intrinsic spectral broadening and variance in the power spectrum estimate. The method proposed in this paper for maximum velocity point detection has been developed by modifying an existing method-signal noise slope intersection, incorporating in it steps from an altered version of another method called geometric method. Adaptive noise estimation from the spectrogram ensures that a smooth spectral envelope is obtained postdetection of these maximum velocity points. The method has been tested on simulated Doppler signal with scatterers possessing a parabolic flow velocity profile constant in time, steady and pulsatile string phantom recordings, as well as in vivo recordings from uterine, umbilical, carotid, and subclavian arteries. The results from simulation experiments indicate a bias of less than 2.5% in maximum velocities when estimated for a range of peak velocities, Doppler angles, and SNR levels. Standard deviation in the envelope is low-less than 2% in the case of experiments done by varying the peak velocity and Doppler angle for steady phantom and simulated flow, and also less than 2% in the case of experiments done by varying SNR but keeping constant flow conditions for in vivo and simulated flow. Low variability in the envelope makes the prospect of using the envelope for automated blood flow measurements possible and is illustrated for the case of pulsatility index estimation in uterine and umbilical arteries.
Growth and characterization of large weak topological insulator Bi2TeI single crystal by Bismuth self-flux method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ryu, Gihun; Son, Kwanghyo; Schütz, Gisela
Two dimensional (2D) topological insulators (TIs) with a quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect feature edge states (ESs) that are topologically protected from backscattering. Bi2TeI with 2D Bismuth bilayer is one of the representative compounds of weak topological insulator. However, nobody has prepared a high quality single crystal with a millimeter size so far. Here, we have successfully synthesized a large single crystal sized up to "millimeter (~5×5 mm2)" using the Bismuth self-flux method. And we also found its giant anisotropy transport behavior in Bi2TeI of a 2D TI constructed from nontrivial Bi bilayers (Quantum Spin Hall phase) capped by a trivial Te-Bi-I layer.
Doppler Beats or Interference Fringes?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kelly, Paul S.
Discusses the following: another version of Doppler beats; alternate proof of spin-1 sin-1/2 problems; some mechanisms related to Dirac's strings; Doppler redshift in oblique approach of source and observer; undergraduate experiment on noise thermometry; use of the time evolution operator; resolution of an entropy maximization controversy;…
Doppler echocardiographic parameters of evaluation of left ventricular systolic function.
Drăgulescu, S I; Roşu, D; Abazid, J; Ionac, A
The authors suggest a new method using Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of cardiac performance. Doppler echocardiography permits the calculation of left ventricular (LV) ejection force (according to Newton's second law of motion). The ejection force was calculated in 36 patients with heart failure subgrouped into 3 groups based on ejection fraction (EF) (> 60%; 41-60%; < 40%) compared to 11 normal subjects. The LV ejection force showed a good linear correlation with LV ejection fraction (r = 0.86). Data of the study suggest that the LV ejection force is a valuable and accurate index for the assessment of cardiac performance, especially in early stages of disease.
Doppler echocardiography in athletes from different sports
Moro, Andre Santos; Okoshi, Marina Politi; Padovani, Carlos Roberto; Okoshi, Katashi
Background Studies have shown cardiac changes induced by intense and regular physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiac structures and function in soccer players, cyclists and long-distance runners, and compare them with non-athlete controls. Material/Methods Cardiac structural, systolic, and diastolic function parameters in 53 athletes and 36 non-athlete controls were evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. Results Athletes presented higher left atrial volume, left ventricular (LV) thickness, and LV and right ventricular (RV) diastolic diameters (LVDD and RVDD, respectively) compared to non-athletes. Left atrium and LVDD were higher in cyclists than runners, and RVDD was higher in cyclists than soccer players. LV mass index was higher in athletes, and cyclists had higher values than runners and soccer players. LV systolic function did not differ significantly between groups. The only altered index of LV diastolic function was a higher E/A ratio in cyclists compared to controls. There was no difference in LV E/E' ratio. RV systolic function evaluated by tissue Doppler imaging was higher in cyclists and soccer players than runners. There were no conclusive differences in RV diastolic function. Conclusions Soccer players, runners and cyclists had remodeling of left and right ventricular structures compared to controls. Cardiac remodeling was more intense in cyclists than runners and soccer players. PMID:23478754
Multipoint photonic doppler velocimetry using optical lens elements
Frogget, Brent Copely; Romero, Vincent Todd
A probe including a fisheye lens is disclosed to measure the velocity distribution of a moving surface along many lines of sight. Laser light, directed to the surface and then reflected back from the surface, is Doppler shifted by the moving surface, collected into fisheye lens, and then directed to detection equipment through optic fibers. The received light is mixed with reference laser light and using photonic Doppler velocimetry, a continuous time record of the surface movement is obtained. An array of single-mode optical fibers provides an optic signal to an index-matching lens and eventually to a fisheye lens. The fiber array flat polished and coupled to the index-matching lens using index-matching gel. Numerous fibers in a fiber array project numerous rays through the fisheye lens which in turn project many measurement points at numerous different locations to establish surface coverage over a hemispherical shape with very little crosstalk.
Evaluation of factors influencing arterial Doppler waveforms in an in vitro flow phantom
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate factors that influence arterial Doppler waveforms in an in vitro phantom to provide a more accurate and comprehensive explanation of the Doppler signal. Methods A flow model was created using a pulsatile artificial heart, rubber or polyethylene tubes, a water tank, and a glass tube. Spectral Doppler tracings were obtained in multiple combinations of compliance, resistance, and pulse rate. Peak systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, resistive index (RI), pulsatility index, early systolic acceleration time, and acceleration index were measured. On the basis of these measurements, the influences of the variables on the Doppler waveforms were analyzed. Results With increasing distal resistance, the RI increased in a relatively linear relationship. With increasing proximal resistance, the RI decreased. The pulsus tardus and parvus phenomenon was observed with a small acceleration index in the model with a higher grade of stenosis. An increase in the distal resistance masked the pulsus tardus and parvus phenomenon by increasing the acceleration index. Although this phenomenon occurred independently of compliance, changes in the compliance of proximal or distal tubes caused significant changes in the Doppler waveform. There was a reverse relationship between the RI and the pulse rate. Conclusion Resistance and compliance can alter the Doppler waveforms independently. The pulse rate is an extrinsic factor that also influences the RI. The compliance and distal resistance, as well as proximal resistance, influence the pulsus tardus and parvus phenomenon. PMID:27784154
Is Doppler tissue velocity during early left ventricular filling preload independent?
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Yalcin, F.; Kaftan, A.; Muderrisoglu, H.; Korkmaz, M. E.; Flachskampf, F.; Garcia, M.; Thomas, J. D.
BACKGROUND: Transmitral Doppler flow indices are used to evaluate diastolic function. Recently, velocities measured by Doppler tissue imaging have been used as an index of left ventricular relaxation. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Doppler tissue velocities are influenced by alterations in preload. METHODS: Left ventricular preload was altered in 17 patients (all men, mean (SD) age, 49 (8) years) during echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end diastolic volume, maximum left atrial area, peak early Doppler filling velocity, and left ventricular myocardial velocities during early filling. Preload altering manoeuvres included Trendelenberg (stage 1), reverse Trendelenberg (stage 2), and amyl nitrate (stage 3). Systolic blood pressure was measured at each stage. RESULTS: In comparison with baseline, left ventricular end diastolic volume (p = 0.001), left atrial area (p = 0.003), peak early mitral Doppler filling velocity (p = 0.01), and systolic blood pressures (p = 0.001) were all changed by preload altering manoeuvres. Only left ventricular myocardial velocity during early filling remained unchanged by these manoeuvres. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to standard transmitral Doppler filling indices, Doppler tissue early diastolic velocities are not significantly affected by physiological manoeuvres that alter preload. Thus Doppler tissue velocities during early left ventricular diastole may provide a better index of diastolic function in cardiac patients by providing a preload independent assessment of left ventricular filling.
GEOS-3 Doppler difference tracking
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rosenbaum, B.
The Doppler difference method as applied to track the GEOS 3 spacecraft is discussed. In this method a pair of 2 GHz ground tracking stations simultaneously track a spacecraft beacon to generate an observable signal in which bias and instability of the carrier frequency cancel. The baselines are formed by the tracking sites at Bermuda, Rosman, and Merritt Island. Measurements were made to evaluate the effectiveness of the Doppler differencing procedure in tracking a beacon target with the high dynamic rate of the GEOS 3 orbit. Results indicate the precision of the differenced data to be at a level comparable to the conventional precise two way Doppler tracking.
Digital Doppler measurement with spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinman, Peter W.; Hinedi, Sami M.; Labelle, Remi C.; Bevan, Roland P.; Del Castillo, Hector M.; Chong, Dwayne C.
Digital and analog phase-locked loop (PLL) receivers were operated in parallel, each tracking the residual carrier from a spacecraft. The PLL tracked the downlink carrier and measured its instantaneous phase. This information, combined with a knowledge of the uplink carrier and the transponder ratio, permitted the computation of a Doppler observable. In this way, two separate Doppler measurements were obtained for one observation window. The two receivers agreed on the magnitude of the Doppler effect to within 1 mHz. There was less jitter on the data from the digital receiver. This was due to its smaller noise bandwidth. The demonstration and its results are described.
Theoretical analysis and experimental verification on optical rotational Doppler effect.
Zhou, Hailong; Fu, Dongzhi; Dong, Jianji; Zhang, Pei; Zhang, Xinliang
We present a theoretical model to sufficiently investigate the optical rotational Doppler effect based on modal expansion method. We find that the frequency shift content is only determined by the surface of spinning object and the reduced Doppler shift is linear to the difference of mode index between input and output orbital angular momentum (OAM) light, and linear to the rotating speed of spinning object as well. An experiment is carried out to verify the theoretical model. We explicitly suggest that the spatial spiral phase distribution of spinning object determines the frequency content. The theoretical model makes us better understand the physical processes of rotational Doppler effect, and thus has many related application fields, such as detection of rotating bodies, imaging of surface and measurement of OAM light.
[Ankle brachial index measurement].
Rucigaj, Tanja Planinsek
Ultrasound examinations are noninvasive diagnostic methods which, along with appropriate history and clinical examination, provide basic information on the etiology and spread of the disease, as well as on treatment options required in patients with chronic venous insufficiency and arterial flow impairment. Doppler flow meter offers useful data on venous blood return, primarily in great veins, while both deep and superficial veins as well as arteries can be visualized and data on venous and arterial hemodynamics obtained by duplex ultrasonography. In addition, Doppler flow meter provides data on the peripheral arterial system action through ankle brachial index measurement, which will guide the choice of compression therapy when deciding on the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and mixed arteriovenous leg ulcers. However, diagnosis of arterial insufficiency requires additional examinations.
Evaluation of meteorological airborne Doppler radar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hildebrand, P. H.; Mueller, C. K.
This paper will discuss the capabilities of airborne Doppler radar for atmospheric sciences research. The evaluation is based on airborne and ground based Doppler radar observations of convective storms. The capability of airborne Doppler radar to measure horizontal and vertical air motions is evaluated. Airborne Doppler radar is shown to be a viable tool for atmospheric sciences research.
Dual-Doppler Feasibility Study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Huddleston, Lisa L.
When two or more Doppler weather radar systems are monitoring the same region, the Doppler velocities can be combined to form a three-dimensional (3-D) wind vector field thus providing for a more intuitive analysis of the wind field. A real-time display of the 3-D winds can assist forecasters in predicting the onset of convection and severe weather. The data can also be used to initialize local numerical weather prediction models. Two operational Doppler Radar systems are in the vicinity of Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS); these systems are operated by the 45th Space Wing (45 SW) and the National Weather Service Melbourne, Fla. (NWS MLB). Dual-Doppler applications were considered by the 45 SW in choosing the site for the new radar. Accordingly, the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS), NWS MLB and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration tasked the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) to investigate the feasibility of establishing dual-Doppler capability using the two existing systems. This study investigated technical, hardware, and software requirements necessary to enable the establishment of a dual-Doppler capability. Review of the available literature pertaining to the dual-Doppler technique and consultation with experts revealed that the physical locations and resulting beam crossing angles of the 45 SW and NWS MLB radars make them ideally suited for a dual-Doppler capability. The dual-Doppler equations were derived to facilitate complete understanding of dual-Doppler synthesis; to determine the technical information requirements; and to determine the components of wind velocity from the equation of continuity and radial velocity data collected by the two Doppler radars. Analysis confirmed the suitability of the existing systems to provide the desired capability. In addition, it is possible that both 45 SW radar data and Terminal Doppler Weather Radar data from Orlando International Airport could be used to alleviate any
Doppler characteristics of sea clutter.
Raynal, Ann Marie; Doerry, Armin Walter
Doppler radars can distinguish targets from clutter if the target's velocity along the radar line of sight is beyond that of the clutter. Some targets of interest may have a Doppler shift similar to that of clutter. The nature of sea clutter is different in the clutter and exo-clutter regions. This behavior requires special consideration regarding where a radar can expect to find sea-clutter returns in Doppler space and what detection algorithms are most appropriate to help mitigate false alarms and increase probability of detection of a target. This paper studies the existing state-of-the-art in the understanding of Doppler characteristics of sea clutter and scattering from the ocean to better understand the design and performance choices of a radar in differentiating targets from clutter under prevailing sea conditions.
Doppler tracking of planetary spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinman, Peter W.
This article concerns the measurement of Doppler shift on microwave links that connect planetary spacecraft with the Deep Space Network. Such measurements are made by tracking the Doppler effect with phase-locked loop receivers. A description of equipment and techniques as well as a summary of the appropriate mathematical models are given. The two-way Doppler shift is measured by transmitting a highly-stable microwave (uplink) carrier from a ground station, having the spacecraft coherently transpond this carrier, and using a phase-locked loop receiver at the ground station to track the returned (downlink) carrier. The largest sources of measurement error are usually plasma noise and thermal noise. The plasma noise, which may originate in the ionosphere or the solar corona, is discussed; and a technique to partially calibrate its effect, involving the use of two simultaneous downlink carriers that are coherently related, is described. Range measurements employing Doppler rate-aiding are also described.
Mathematical Models for Doppler Measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lear, William M.
Error analysis increases precision of navigation. Report presents improved mathematical models of analysis of Doppler measurements and measurement errors of spacecraft navigation. To take advantage of potential navigational accuracy of Doppler measurements, precise equations relate measured cycle count to position and velocity. Drifts and random variations in transmitter and receiver oscillator frequencies taken into account. Mathematical models also adapted to aircraft navigation, radar, sonar, lidar, and interferometry.
Novel instantaneous laser Doppler velocimeter.
Avidor, J M
A laser Doppler velocimeter capable of directly measuring instantaneous velocities is described. The new LDV uses a novel detection technique based on the utilization of a static slightly defocused spherical Fabry-Perot interferometer used in conjunction with a special mask for the detection of instantaneous Doppler frequency shifts. The essential characteristics of this LDV are discussed, and such a system recently developed is described. Results of turbulent flow measurements show good agreement with data obtained using hot wire anemometry.
Adaptive spectral doppler estimation.
Gran, Fredrik; Jakobsson, Andreas; Jensen, Jørgen Arendt
In this paper, 2 adaptive spectral estimation techniques are analyzed for spectral Doppler ultrasound. The purpose is to minimize the observation window needed to estimate the spectrogram to provide a better temporal resolution and gain more flexibility when designing the data acquisition sequence. The methods can also provide better quality of the estimated power spectral density (PSD) of the blood signal. Adaptive spectral estimation techniques are known to provide good spectral resolution and contrast even when the observation window is very short. The 2 adaptive techniques are tested and compared with the averaged periodogram (Welch's method). The blood power spectral capon (BPC) method is based on a standard minimum variance technique adapted to account for both averaging over slow-time and depth. The blood amplitude and phase estimation technique (BAPES) is based on finding a set of matched filters (one for each velocity component of interest) and filtering the blood process over slow-time and averaging over depth to find the PSD. The methods are tested using various experiments and simulations. First, controlled flow-rig experiments with steady laminar flow are carried out. Simulations in Field II for pulsating flow resembling the femoral artery are also analyzed. The simulations are followed by in vivo measurement on the common carotid artery. In all simulations and experiments it was concluded that the adaptive methods display superior performance for short observation windows compared with the averaged periodogram. Computational costs and implementation details are also discussed.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
This Grant supported the development of an incoherent lidar system to measure winds and aerosols in the lower atmosphere. During this period the following activities occurred: (1) an active feedback system was developed to improve the laser frequency stability; (2) a detailed forward model of the instrument was developed to take into account many subtle effects, such as detector non-linearity; (3) a non-linear least squares inversion method was developed to recover the Doppler shift and aerosol backscatter without requiring assumptions about the molecular component of the signal; (4) a study was done of the effects of systematic errors due to multiple etalon misalignment. It was discovered that even for small offsets and high aerosol loadings, the wind determination can be biased by as much as 1 m/s. The forward model and inversion process were modified to account for this effect; and (5) the lidar measurements were validated using rawinsonde balloon measurements. The measurements were found to be in agreement within 1-2 m/s.
High Resolution Doppler Imager
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hays, Paul B.
This report summarizes the accomplishments of the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on UARS spacecraft during the period 4/l/96 - 3/31/99. During this period, HRDI operation, data processing, and data analysis continued, and there was a high level of vitality in the HRDI project. The HRDI has been collecting data from the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere since instrument activation on October 1, 1991. The HRDI team has stressed three areas since operations commenced: 1) operation of the instrument in a manner which maximizes the quality and versatility of the collected data; 2) algorithm development and validation to produce a high-quality data product; and 3) scientific studies, primarily of the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. There has been no significant degradation in the HRDI instrument since operations began nearly 8 years ago. HRDI operations are fairly routine, although we have continued to look for ways to improve the quality of the scientific product, either by improving existing modes, or by designing new ones. The HRDI instrument has been programmed to collect data for new scientific studies, such as measurements of fluorescence from plants, measuring cloud top heights, and lower atmosphere H2O.
[Echocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic characterization of left ventricular diastolic function].
Muscholl, M; Dennig, K; Kraus, F; Rudolph, W
For noninvasive assessment of diastolic ventricular function, in addition to echocardiography, more recently, in particular, Doppler echocardiography has been employed. M-mode echocardiogram velocity curves for diameter changes as well as Doppler-echocardiographically registered velocity curves of mitral flow characterize the temporal changes of diastolic flow into the left ventricle. They represent the overall result of factors which influence diastolic filling and are functions of the temporal course of the pressure difference between left atrium and left ventricle. Registration of M-mode and Doppler echocardiograms: For determination of M-mode parameters which should describe left ventricular diastolic function, in addition to the motion of the mitral valve, the left ventricular contours of septum and posterior wall between mitral leaflets and papillary muscles are recorded together with the ECG. For evaluation of the index of atrial emptying, an M-mode registration is obtained from the region of the aortic root. Determination of the Doppler echocardiographic parameters is based on analysis of the blood flow velocity in the region of the mitral valve in the apical four-chamber view with the pulsed Doppler method. Additionally, simultaneous to the Doppler curve, a phonocardiogram is registered or, alternatively, a continuous-wave Doppler registration is obtained which delineates the left ventricular outflow signal and the artefact of mitral valve opening. Parameters for characterization of left ventricular diastolic filling: The first peak of the velocity curve of the diameter change in the M-mode echocardiogram corresponds with the maximal diameter change resulting from early-diastolic filling and the second peak with the maximal diameter change of the left ventricle associated with atrial filling. From this curve as well as the diameter curve relative to time and the mitral valve motion, the times for isovolumetric relaxation as well as the rapid, slow and
A Fisheye Lens as a Photonic Doppler Velocimetry Probe
Frogget, B. C.
These presentation visuals report an instrument that, by use of a fish-eye lens, generates a beat signal using fiber mixing of unshifted light with Doppler-shifted light and measures the beat frequency. Ray trace diagrams are shown to illustrate advantages and disadvantages. The authors find their instrument has a long tracking distance, and large angle coverage. Index matching eases assembly, reduces return loss and flattens the field.
Laser Doppler systems in atmospheric turbulence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Murty, S. S. R.
The loss of heterodyne signal power for the Marshall Space Flight Center laser Doppler system due to the random changes in the atmospheric index of refraction is investigated. The current status in the physics of low energy laser propagation through turbulent atmosphere is presented. The analysis and approximate evaluation of the loss of the heterodyne signal power due to the atmospheric absorption, scattering, and turbulence are estimated for the conditions of the January 1973 flight tests. Theoretical and experimental signal to noise values are compared. Maximum and minimum values of the atmospheric attenuation over a two way path of 20 km range are calculated as a function of altitude using models of atmosphere, aerosol concentration, and turbulence.
[Doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation].
Blanchard, D; Diébold, B; Guermonprez, J L; Chitour, Z; Née, M; Péronneau, P; Forman, J; Maurice, P
The reliability of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis and quantification of tricuspid regurgitation was assessed by analysis of blood flow in the inferior vena cava in 28 patients. The inferior vena caval flow was sampled in the retrohepatic portion of the vessel from the subxiphoid region. Recordings from 10 normal patients were used to define criteria of normality. This was characterised by two anterograde components (one systolic and one diastolic); atrial contraction gave rise to an end diastolic retrograde component. In tricuspid incompetence, retrograde systolic blood flow was recorded. A Doppler index was calculated from the ratio of the maximal amplitude of systolic reflux to the maximal amplitude of anterograde diastolic flow. In the absence of tricuspid regurgitation, this index approximated 0. The average of this ratio over 10 consecutive beats was compared with the semi quantitative assessment of tricuspid regurgitation from selective right ventricular angiography. There were no false positive results, specificity was, therefore, 100 p. 100. Six minimal regurgitations were not detected: sensitivity was therefore 74 p. 100. All moderate and severe regurgitations were detected, and the sensitivity for these cases was 100 p. 100. There was a close correlation (R = 0,89, p less than 0,01) between the Doppler index and the degree of regurgitation assessed by selective right ventricular angiography.
Doppler Ultrasound: What Is It Used for?
... in your neck (carotid artery stenosis) A Doppler ultrasound can estimate how fast blood flows by measuring the rate of change in its pitch (frequency). During a Doppler ultrasound, a technician trained in ultrasound imaging (sonographer) presses ...
Understanding Doppler Broadening of Gamma Rays
Rawool-Sullivan, Mohini; Sullivan, John P.
Doppler-broadened gamma ray peaks are observed routinely in the collection and analysis of gamma-ray spectra. If not recognized and understood, the appearance of Doppler broadening can complicate the interpretation of a spectrum and the correct identification of the gamma ray-emitting material. We have conducted a study using a simulation code to demonstrate how Doppler broadening arises and provide a real-world example in which Doppler broadening is found. This report describes that study and its results.
Doppler velocimetric parameters of the testicular artery in healthy dogs.
de Souza, Mírley Barbosa; da Cunha Barbosa, Claudia; Pereira, Barbara Sucupira; Monteiro, Cynthia Levi Baratta; Pinto, José Nicodemos; Linhares, Jussiara Candeira Spíndola; da Silva, Lúcia Daniel Machado
This study aimed to examine the Doppler velocimetric pattern of the testicular artery of small dogs in two different locations. Testes of 21 dogs were evaluated by two-dimensional ultrasonography to measure testicular volume and by Doppler ultrasonography to record the velocimetric patterns of the testicular artery in the spermatic cord and marginal location. The volume of left testes (4.70 ± 1.22 cm(3)) was significantly higher than the volume of the right testes (4.45 ± 1.17 cm(3)). Peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the left spermatic cord was significantly higher than the right side. End-diastolic velocity was significantly higher in the marginal artery than the spermatic cord on both sides; however, resistance and pulsatility indexes were significantly lower in the marginal artery. Results demonstrate the viability of Doppler ultrasonography for characterization of the testicular artery in small dogs and Doppler velocimetric values vary according to the location of measurement along the artery.
Doppler ultrasound and renal artery stenosis: An overview.
Granata, A; Fiorini, F; Andrulli, S; Logias, F; Gallieni, M; Romano, G; Sicurezza, E; Fiore, C E
Renovascular disease is a complex disorder, most commonly caused by fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic diseases. It can be found in one of three forms: asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (RAS), renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy. Particularly, the atherosclerotic form is a progressive disease that may lead to gradual and silent loss of renal function. Thus, early diagnosis of RAS is an important clinical objective since interventional therapy may improve or cure hypertension and preserve renal function. Screening for RAS is indicated in suspected renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy, in order to identify patients in whom an endoluminal or surgical revascularization is advisable. Screening tests for RAS have improved considerably over the last decade. While captopril renography was widely used in the past, Doppler ultrasound (US) of the renal arteries (RAs), angio-CT, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have replaced other modalities and they are now considered the screening tests of choice. An arteriogram is rarely needed for diagnostic purposes only. Color-Doppler US (CDUS) is a noninvasive, repeatable, relatively inexpensive diagnostic procedure which can accurately screen for renovascular diseases if performed by an expert. Moreover, the evaluation of the resistive index (RI) at Doppler US may be very useful in RAS affected patients for predicting the response to revascularization. However, when a discrepancy exists between clinical data and the results of Doppler US, additional tests are mandatory.
Noise Studies of Externally Dispersed Interferometry for Doppler Velocimetry
Erskine, D J; Edelstein, J; Lloyd, J; Muirhead, P
Externally Dispersed Interferometry (EDI) is the series combination of a fixed-delay field-widened Michelson interferometer with a dispersive spectrograph. This combination boosts the spectrograph performance for both Doppler velocimetry and high resolution spectroscopy. The interferometer creates a periodic comb that multiplies against the input spectrum to create moire fringes, which are recorded in combination with the regular spectrum. Both regular and high-frequency spectral components can be recovered from the data--the moire component carries additional information that increases the signal to noise for velocimetry and spectroscopy. Here we present simulations and theoretical studies of the photon limited Doppler velocity noise in an EDI. We used a model spectrum of a 1600K temperature star. For several rotational blurring velocities 0, 7.5, 15 and 25 km/s we calculated the dimensionless Doppler quality index (Q) versus wavenumber v. This is the normalized RMS of the derivative of the spectrum and is proportional to the photon-limited Doppler signal to noise ratio.
The Doppler Effect--A New Approach
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Allen, J.
Discusses the Doppler effect as it applies to different situations, such as a stationary source of sound with the observer moving, a stationary observer, and the sound source and observer both moving. Police radar, satellite surveillance radar, radar astronomy, and the Doppler navigator, are discussed as applications of Doppler shift. (JR)
Doppler observations of solar rotation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Scherrer, P. H.
Daily observations of the photospheric equatorial rotation rate using the Doppler effect mode at the Sanford Solar Observatory are presented. These observations show no variations in the rotation rate that exceed the observational error of about one percent. The average rotation rate is indistinguishable from that of sunspots and large scale magnetic field structures.
Doppler observations of solar rotation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Scherrer, P. H.; Wilcox, J. M.
Daily observations of the photospheric equatorial rotation rate using the Doppler effect are made at the Stanford Solar Observatory. These observations show no variations in the rotation rate that exceed the observational error of about 1%. The average rotation rate is indistinguishable from that of sunspots and large-scale magnetic field structures.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Washuettl, Albert; Strassmeier, Klaus G.; Collier-Cameron, Andrew
We present Doppler images of the rapidly rotating active close binary star EI Eridani. Several Doppler images have been produced since 1984 making use of different versions of the Doppler imaging technique. They all show high-latitude spots surrounding or covering the rotational pole as well as some smaller spots on lower latitudes. The high-latitude/polar spot seems to be long-lived (at least a decade) but changes its shape on comparatively short timescales (of the order of one month). From time to time spots along the stellar equator also occur, but their lifetimes tend to be relatively short (weeks). Furthermore, long-term photometric observations revealed the existence of a magnetic cycle which has been estimated to be around 11 years. We also present time-resolved Doppler images from EI Eri obtained at McMath/NSO in fall 1996 during 70 consecutive nights. The final aim of this program is to investigate the spot evolution over the whole activity cycle.
Effect of method and parameters of spectral analysis on selected indices of simulated Doppler spectra.
Kaluzynski, K; Palko, T
The sensitivity of Doppler spectral indices (mean frequency, maximum frequency, spectral broadening index and turbulence intensity) to the conditions of spectral analysis (estimation method, data window, smoothing window or model order) increases with decreasing signal bandwidth and growing index complexity. The bias of spectral estimate has a more important effect on these indices than its variance. A too low order, in the case of autoregressive modeling and minimum variance methods, and excessive smoothing, in the case of the FFT method, result in increased errors of Doppler spectral indices. There is a trade-off between the errors resulting from a short data window and those due to insufficient temporal resolution.
Doppler effect's contribution to ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered coherent light: Monte Carlo modeling.
Elazar, Jovan M; Steshenko, Oleg
Modulation of light by ultrasound in turbid media is investigated by modified public domain software based on the Monte Carlo algorithm. Apart from the recognized modulation mechanisms, originating in scatterers' displacements and refractive index modulation, an additional mechanism, evolving from Doppler shift during photon scattering, is considered. Comparison of the relative contributions from all three mechanisms to light modulation by ultrasound is performed for different medium scattering properties and ultrasound frequencies. Refractive index modulation remains the strongest mechanism for light modulation by ultrasound, but for high ultrasound frequencies and for large scattering coefficients the Doppler effect can become dominant.
Acute Effects of Lateral Thigh Foam Rolling on Arterial Tissue Perfusion Determined by Spectral Doppler and Power Doppler Ultrasound.
Hotfiel, Thilo; Swoboda, Bernd; Krinner, Sebastian; Grim, Casper; Engelhardt, Martin; Uder, Michael; Heiss, Rafael U
Hotfiel, T, Swoboda, B, Krinner, S, Grim, C, Engelhardt, M, Uder, M, and Heiss, R. Acute effects of lateral thigh foam rolling on arterial tissue perfusion determined by spectral Doppler and power Doppler ultrasound. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 893-900, 2017-Foam rolling has been developed as a popular intervention in training and rehabilitation. However, evidence on its effects on the cellular and physiological level is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of foam rolling on arterial blood flow of the lateral thigh. Twenty-one healthy participants (age, 25 ± 2 years; height, 177 ± 9 cm; body weight, 74 ± 9 kg) were recruited from the medical and sports faculty. Arterial tissue perfusion was determined by spectral Doppler and power Doppler ultrasound, represented as peak flow (Vmax), time average velocity maximum (TAMx), time average velocity mean (TAMn), and resistive index (RI), and with semiquantitative grading that was assessed by 4 blindfolded investigators. Measurement values were assessed under resting conditions and twice after foam rolling exercises of the lateral thigh (0 and 30 minutes after intervention). The trochanteric region, mid portion, and distal tibial insertion of the lateral thigh were representative for data analysis. Arterial blood flow of the lateral thigh increased significantly after foam rolling exercises compared with baseline (p ≤ 0.05). We detected a relative increase in Vmax of 73.6% (0 minutes) and 52.7% (30 minutes) (p < 0.001), in TAMx of 53.2% (p < 0.001) and 38.3% (p = 0.002), and in TAMn of 84.4% (p < 0.001) and 68.2% (p < 0.001). Semiquantitative power Doppler scores at all portions revealed increased average grading of 1.96 after intervention and 2.04 after 30 minutes compared with 0.75 at baseline. Our results may contribute to the understanding of local physiological reactions to self-myofascial release.
Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. XVII. Role of colour Doppler and power Doppler.
Iagnocco, A; Epis, O; Delle Sedie, A; Meenagh, G; Filippucci, E; Riente, L; Scirè, C A; Montecucco, C; Bombardieri, S; Grassi, W; Valesini, G
The use of Doppler ultrasound in rheumatology has grown in recent years. This is partly due to the increasing number of rheumatologists who perform US in their daily clinical practise and also to the technological advances of US systems. Both colour Doppler and power Doppler are used to evaluate the degree of intra- and peri-articular soft tissue inflammation. Moreover, Doppler US has been found to be of help in the assessment of vascular pathologies such as the vasculitides. In this review we provide an update of the data regarding the use of colour Doppler and power Doppler in rheumatology.
Measurement of the Doppler power of flowing blood using ultrasound Doppler devices.
Huang, Chih-Chung; Chou, Hung-Lung; Chen, Pay-Yu
Measurement of the Doppler power of signals backscattered from flowing blood (henceforth referred to as the Doppler power of flowing blood) and the echogenicity of flowing blood have been used widely to assess the degree of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation for more than 20 y. Many studies have used Doppler flowmeters based on an analogue circuit design to obtain the Doppler shifts in the signals backscattered from flowing blood; however, some recent studies have mentioned that the analogue Doppler flowmeter exhibits a frequency-response problem whereby the backscattered energy is lost at higher Doppler shift frequencies. Therefore, the measured Doppler power of flowing blood and evaluations of RBC aggregation obtained using an analogue Doppler device may be inaccurate. To overcome this problem, the present study implemented a field-programmable gate array-based digital pulsed-wave Doppler flowmeter to measure the Doppler power of flowing blood, in the aim of providing more accurate assessments of RBC aggregation. A clinical duplex ultrasound imaging system that can acquire pulsed-wave Doppler spectrograms is now available, but its usefulness for estimating the ultrasound scattering properties of blood is still in doubt. Therefore, the echogenicity and Doppler power of flowing blood under the same flow conditions were measured using a laboratory pulser-receiver system and a clinical ultrasound system, respectively, for comparisons. The experiments were carried out using porcine blood under steady laminar flow with both RBC suspensions and whole blood. The experimental results indicated that a clinical ultrasound system used to measure the Doppler spectrograms is not suitable for quantifying Doppler power. However, the Doppler power measured using a digital Doppler flowmeter can reveal the relationship between backscattering signals and the properties of blood cells because the effects of frequency response are eliminated. The measurements of the Doppler power and
Normal Doppler velocimetry of renal vasculature in Persian cats.
Carvalho, Cibele F; Chammas, Maria C
Renal diseases are common in older cats. Decreased renal blood flow may be the first sign of dysfunction and can be evaluated by Doppler ultrasound. But previous studies suggest that the resistive index (RI) has a low sensitivity for detecting renal disease. Doppler waveforms of renal and intrarenal arteries demonstrate decreased blood flow before there are any changes in the RI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal Doppler flowmetrics parameters of renal arteries (RAs), interlobar arteries (IAs) and abdominal aorta (AO) in adult healthy, Persian cats. Twenty-five Persian cats (13 females and 12 males with mean age of 30 months and an age range 12-60 months) with normal clinical examinations and biochemical tests and normal systemic blood pressure were given B-mode ultrasonographies in order to exclude all nephropathies, including polycystic kidney disease. All measurements were performed on both kidneys. Both kidneys (n=50) were examined by color mapping of the renal vasculature. Pulsed Doppler was used to examine both RAs, the IAs at cranial, middle and caudal sites, and the AO. The RI was calculated for all of the vessels. Early systolic acceleration (ESA) of RA and IA was obtained with Doppler spectral analysis. Furthermore, the ratio indices between RA/AO, and IA/RA velocities were calculated. The mean values of peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the diameter for AO were 53.17±13.46 cm/s and 0.38±0.08 cm, respectively. The mean RA diameter for all 50 kidneys was 0.15±0.02 cm. Considering the velocimetric values in both RAs, the mean PSV and RI that were obtained were 41.17±9.40 cm/s and 0.54±0.07. The RA had a mean ESA of 1.12±1.14 m/s(2) and the calculated upper limit of the reference value was 3.40 m/s(2). The mean renal-aortic ratio was 0.828±0.296. The IA showed PSV and RI values of 32.16±9.33 cm/s and 0.52±0.06, respectively. The mean ESA of all IAs was 0.73±0.61 m/s(2). The calculated upper limit of the reference value was 2.0m
Defect Tolerance to Intolerance in the Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Semiconductors Cs2SnI6 and Cs2TeI6.
Maughan, Annalise E; Ganose, Alex M; Bordelon, Mitchell M; Miller, Elisa M; Scanlon, David O; Neilson, James R
Vacancy-ordered double perovskites of the general formula A2BX6 are a family of perovskite derivatives composed of a face-centered lattice of nearly isolated [BX6] units with A-site cations occupying the cuboctahedral voids. Despite the presence of isolated octahedral units, the close-packed iodide lattice provides significant electronic dispersion, such that Cs2SnI6 has recently been explored for applications in photovoltaic devices. To elucidate the structure-property relationships of these materials, we have synthesized solid-solution Cs2Sn1-xTexI6. However, even though tellurium substitution increases electronic dispersion via closer I-I contact distances, the substitution experimentally yields insulating behavior from a significant decrease in carrier concentration and mobility. Density functional calculations of native defects in Cs2SnI6 reveal that iodine vacancies exhibit a low enthalpy of formation, and that the defect energy level is a shallow donor to the conduction band rendering the material tolerant to these defect states. The increased covalency of Te-I bonding renders the formation of iodine vacancy states unfavorable and is responsible for the reduction in conductivity upon Te substitution. Additionally, Cs2TeI6 is intolerant to the formation of these defects, because the defect level occurs deep within the band gap and thus localizes potential mobile charge carriers. In these vacancy-ordered double perovskites, the close-packed lattice of iodine provides significant electronic dispersion, while the interaction of the B- and X-site ions dictates the properties as they pertain to electronic structure and defect tolerance. This simplified perspective based on extensive experimental and theoretical analysis provides a platform from which to understand structure-property relationships in functional perovskite halides.
Performance Of A Doppler-Corrected MDPSK Detector
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nguyen, Tien M.; Jedrey, Thomas C.; Hinedi, Sami; Agan, Martin J.
Report presents theoretical analysis of effect of rate of change of Doppler shift of received multiple-differential-phase-shift-keyed (MDPSK) radio signal on performance of Doppler-corrected differential detector. In particular detector, phase of received signal corrected for Doppler shift by use of Doppler estimator designed to operate in presence of negligibly small Doppler rate.
Equations for Bistatic Doppler Shift and Rate of Change of Doppler Shift of Dark Satellite Observations
Equations are given for the doppler shift and rate of change of doppler shift for the bistatic case where an orbiting, nontransmitting earth... of change of doppler shift, satellite height, earth-center angle between the receiver and the satellite, and zenith angle from receiver to satellite are shown for a typical satellite, 1958 Alpha, Explorer I....have been computed, using transmitting and receiving sites of the Space Surveillance System. Plots of various relationships between doppler shift, rate
A fisheye lens as a photonic Doppler velocimetry probe
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frogget, Brent C.; Cata, Brian M.; Cox, Brian C.; DeVore, Douglas O.; Esquibel, David L.; Frayer, Daniel K.; Furlanetto, Michael R.; Holtkamp, David B.; Kaufman, Morris I.; Malone, Robert M.; Romero, Vincent T.
A new fisheye lens design is used as a miniature probe to measure the velocity distribution of an imploding surface along many lines of sight. Laser light, directed and scattered back along each beam on the surface, is Doppler shifted by the moving surface and collected into the launching fiber. The received light is mixed with reference laser light in each optical fiber in a technique called photonic Doppler velocimetry, providing a continuous time record. An array of single-mode optical fibers sends laser light through the fisheye lens. The lens consists of an index-matching positive element, two positive doublet groups, and two negative singlet elements. The optical design minimizes beam diameters, physical size, and back reflections for excellent signal collection. The fiber array projected through the fisheye lens provides many measurement points of surface coverage over a hemisphere with very little crosstalk. The probe measures surface movement with only a small encroachment into the center of the cavity. The fiber array is coupled to the index-matching element using index-matching gel. The array is bonded and sealed into a blast tube for ease of assembly and focusing. This configuration also allows the fiber array to be flat polished at a common object plane. In areas where increased measurement point density is desired, the fibers can be close packed. To further increase surface density coverage, smaller-diameter cladding optical fibers may be used.
A Fisheye Lens as a Photonic Doppler Velocimetry Probe
Frogget, B C; Cox, B C; DeVore, D O; Esquibel, D L; Frayer, D K; Furlanetto, M R; Holtkamp, D B; Kaufman, M I; Malone, R M; Romero, V T
A new fisheye lens design is used as a miniature probe to measure the velocity distribution of an imploding surface along many lines of sight. Laser light, directed and scattered back along each beam on the surface, is Doppler shifted by the moving surface and collected into the launching fiber. The received light is mixed with reference laser light in each optical fiber in a technique called photonic Doppler velocimetry, providing a continuous time record. An array of single-mode optical fibers sends laser light through the fisheye lens. The lens consists of an index-matching positive element, two positive doublet groups, and two negative singlet elements. The optical design minimizes beam diameters, physical size, and back reflections for excellent signal collection. The fiber array projected through the fisheye lens provides many measurement points of surface coverage over a hemisphere with very little crosstalk. The probe measures surface movement with only a small encroachment into the center of the cavity. The fiber array is coupled to the index-matching element using index-matching gel. The array is bonded and sealed into a blast tube for ease of assembly and focusing. This configuration also allows the fiber array to be flat polished at a common object plane. In areas where increased measurement point density is desired, the fibers can be close packed. To further increase surface density coverage, smaller-diameter cladding optical fibers may be used.
Phase equilibria and the thermodynamic properties of saturated solid solutions of BiTeI, Bi2TeI, and Bi4TeI1.25 compounds of the AgI-Bi-Bi2Te3-BiTeI system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moroz, M. V.; Prokhorenko, M. V.
The phase equilibria of the Ag-Bi-Te-I system in the part AgI-Bi-Bi2Te3-BiTeI is studied in the interval of 500-540 K by means of physicochemical analysis. Thermodynamic properties of phases are determined via EMF. Potential-forming processes occur in electrochemical cells (ECCs) of the C|Ag|glass Ag3GeS3I|D|C structure (where C denotes inert (graphite) electrodes; Ag, D denotes ECC electrodes; D denotes four-phase alloys of the AgI-Bi-Bi2Te3-BiTeI system; and Ag3GeS3I glass is the selective Ag+ conducting membrane). Linear dependences of the EMFs of cells E(T) in the interval of 505-535 K are used to calculate the values of the thermodynamic functions of BiTeI, Bi2TeI, and Bi4TeI1.25 phases saturated over silver.
Thermal tests for laser Doppler perfusion measurements in Raynaud's syndrome
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kacprzak, Michal; Skora, A.; Obidzinska, J.; Zbiec, A.; Maniewski, Roman; Staszkiewicz, W.
The laser Doppler method offers a non-invasive, real time technique for monitoring of blood perfusion in microcirculation. In practical measurements the perfusion index is given only in relative values. Thus, accurate and reproducible results can be only obtained when using a well controlled stimulation test. The aim of this study was evaluation of the thermal stimulation test, which is frequently used to investigate microcirculation in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Three types of thermal tests, in which air or water with temperature in range 5°C - 40°C were used. Ten normal volunteers and fifteen patients with clinical symptoms of the primary Raynaud's syndrome were enrolled in this study. To estimate skin microcirculation changes during the thermal test, the multichannel laser Doppler system and laser Doppler scanner were used. The obtained results were analyzed from the point of view of the efficiency of these methods and the thermal provocative tests in differentiation of normal subjects and patient with Raynaud's syndrome.
Sevoflurane Used for Color Doppler Ultrasound Examination in Children.
Fan, Conghai; Zhang, Fengchao; Huang, Xiaomei; Wen, Cheng; Shan, Chengjing
The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of sevoflurane inhalation in pediatric color doppler ultrasound examination. In this study, 30 cases of children under 1 year were selected. They were all I or II levels according to American Society of Anesthesiology. Children with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease or severe pneumonia were excluded. All the children received anesthesia with sevoflurane. The University of Michigan Sedation Scale was assessed and bispectral index (BIS) was recorded before induction (T0), after induction (T1), when maintaining (T2), and when waking-up (T3). Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during the color doppler ultrasound examination, the time to receive sedation examination and anesthesia recovery time were also recorded. (1) Score for UMSS was zero at T0 and 3 at T1; (2) BIS value was 93.18 ± 2.94 at T0 and decreased to 87.6 ± 3.9 at T1; (3) Blood pressure or heart rate did not decline obviously; (4) The time to receive sedation examination was 46.4 ± 13.1 s and anesthesia recovery time was 7.8 ± 5.3 min. In conclusion, sevoflurane can be used in pediatric color doppler ultrasound examination safely and effectively.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Diodato, Virgil P.
Discusses the effectiveness of using author-supplied indexing to increase subject control in information retrieval, and describes a study which compared author indexing for articles published in "American Mathematical Society" journals to indexing of the same articles by an editor of "Mathematical Reviews." Nine references are…
Cerebral blood flow in the newborn infant: comparison of Doppler ultrasound and /sup 133/xenon clearance
Greisen, G.; Johansen, K.; Ellison, P.H.; Fredriksen, P.S.; Mali, J.; Friis-Hansen, B.
Two techniques of Doppler ultrasound examination, continuous-wave and range-gated, applied to the anterior cerebral artery and to the internal carotid artery, were compared with /sup 133/xenon clearance after intravenous injection. Thirty-two sets of measurements were obtained in 16 newborn infants. The pulsatility index, the mean flow velocity, and the end-diastolic flow velocity were read from the Doppler recordings. Mean cerebral blood flow was estimated from the /sup 133/Xe clearance curves. The correlation coefficients between the Doppler and the /sup 133/Xe measurements ranged from 0.41 to 0.82. In the subset of 16 first measurements in each infant, there were no statistically significant differences between the correlation coefficients of the various Doppler ultrasound variables, but the correlation coefficients were consistently lower for the pulsatility index than for mean flow velocity or end-diastolic flow velocity, and they were consistently higher for the range-gated than for the continuous-wave Doppler technique.
Airborne Differential Doppler Weather Radar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Meneghini, R.; Bidwell, S.; Liao, L.; Rincon, R.; Heymsfield, G.; Hildebrand, Peter H. (Technical Monitor)
The Precipitation Radar aboard the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite has shown the potential for spaceborne sensing of snow and rain by means of an incoherent pulsed radar operating at 13.8 GHz. The primary advantage of radar relative to passive instruments arises from the fact that the radar can image the 3-dimensional structure of storms. As a consequence, the radar data can be used to determine the vertical rain structure, rain type (convective/stratiform) effective storm height, and location of the melting layer. The radar, moreover, can be used to detect snow and improve the estimation of rain rate over land. To move toward spaceborne weather radars that can be deployed routinely as part of an instrument set consisting of passive and active sensors will require the development of less expensive, lighter-weight radars that consume less power. At the same time, the addition of a second frequency and an upgrade to Doppler capability are features that are needed to retrieve information on the characteristics of the drop size distribution, vertical air motion and storm dynamics. One approach to the problem is to use a single broad-band transmitter-receiver and antenna where two narrow-band frequencies are spaced apart by 5% to 10% of the center frequency. Use of Ka-band frequencies (26.5 GHz - 40 GHz) affords two advantages: adequate spatial resolution can be attained with a relatively small antenna and the differential reflectivity and mean Doppler signals are directly related to the median mass diameter of the snow and raindrop size distributions. The differential mean Doppler signal has the additional property that this quantity depends only on that part of the radial speed of the hydrometeors that is drop-size dependent. In principle, the mean and differential mean Doppler from a near-nadir viewing radar can be used to retrieve vertical air motion as well as the total mean radial velocity. In the paper, we present theoretical calculations for the
Development of the doppler electron velocimeter: theory.
Reu, Phillip L.
Measurement of dynamic events at the nano-scale is currently impossible. This paper presents the theoretical underpinnings of a method for making these measurements using electron microscopes. Building on the work of Moellenstedt and Lichte who demonstrated Doppler shifting of an electron beam with a moving electron mirror, further work is proposed to perfect and utilize this concept in dynamic measurements. Specifically, using the concept of ''fringe-counting'' with the current principles of transmission electron holography, an extension of these methods to dynamic measurements is proposed. A presentation of the theory of Doppler electron wave shifting is given, starting from the development of the de Broglie wave, up through the equations describing interference effects and Doppler shifting in electron waves. A mathematical demonstration that Doppler shifting is identical to the conceptually easier to understand idea of counting moving fringes is given by analogy to optical interferometry. Finally, potential developmental experiments and uses of a Doppler electron microscope are discussed.
Inverse Doppler Effects in Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhai, S. L.; Zhao, X. P.; Liu, S.; Shen, F. L.; Li, L. L.; Luo, C. R.
The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave source as a consequence of the relative motion between the source and an observer. Veselago theoretically predicted that materials with negative refractions can induce inverse Doppler effects. With the development of metamaterials, inverse Doppler effects have been extensively investigated. However, the ideal material parameters prescribed by these metamaterial design approaches are complex and also challenging to obtain experimentally. Here, we demonstrated a method of designing and experimentally characterising arbitrary broadband acoustic metamaterials. These omni-directional, double-negative, acoustic metamaterials are constructed with 'flute-like' acoustic meta-cluster sets with seven double meta-molecules; these metamaterials also overcome the limitations of broadband negative bulk modulus and mass density to provide a region of negative refraction and inverse Doppler effects. It was also shown that inverse Doppler effects can be detected in a flute, which has been popular for thousands of years in Asia and Europe.
Inverse Doppler Effects in Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials.
Zhai, S L; Zhao, X P; Liu, S; Shen, F L; Li, L L; Luo, C R
The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave source as a consequence of the relative motion between the source and an observer. Veselago theoretically predicted that materials with negative refractions can induce inverse Doppler effects. With the development of metamaterials, inverse Doppler effects have been extensively investigated. However, the ideal material parameters prescribed by these metamaterial design approaches are complex and also challenging to obtain experimentally. Here, we demonstrated a method of designing and experimentally characterising arbitrary broadband acoustic metamaterials. These omni-directional, double-negative, acoustic metamaterials are constructed with 'flute-like' acoustic meta-cluster sets with seven double meta-molecules; these metamaterials also overcome the limitations of broadband negative bulk modulus and mass density to provide a region of negative refraction and inverse Doppler effects. It was also shown that inverse Doppler effects can be detected in a flute, which has been popular for thousands of years in Asia and Europe.
[Doppler ultrasound diagnosis in post-term pregnancy].
Jörn, H; Funk, A; Fendel, H
The capability of Doppler flow velocimetry to predict intrauterine growth retardation is well known. The increased morbidity and mortality rate of postterm newborns is also well known. The aim of our study was to examine if Doppler flow velocimetry is able to indicate foetal jeopardy in the postterm period. Flow velocimetry of the foetal descending aorta, the umbilical artery, the uterine arteries and in 59 cases also the foetal middle cerebral artery was obtained from 167 pregnancies after 40 completed weeks of gestation. We found significant changes of normal values in prolonged pregnancy compared to third trimester normal values, examining the mean velocity of the foetal descending aorta and the S/D-ratio of the umbilical artery. No clinically significant changes were found examining the S/D-ratio of the uterine arteries and the pulsatility index of the foetal middle cerebral artery. Daily examinations of the foetal descending aorta were carried out in 23 and of the umbilical artery in 19 cases during the last four days before delivery, and in 11 cases of the foetal middle cerebral artery during the last three days before delivery. We did not find significant changes in the medians of the mean velocity of the foetal aorta, of the S/D-ratio of the umbilical artery and of the pulsatility index of the foetal middle cerebral artery. Measurement of sensitivity and positive predictive value of the four arteries examined showed, that Doppler ultrasound could not predict small for date infants or Caesarean section because of foetal distress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Laser Doppler dust devil measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bilbro, J. W.; Jeffreys, H. B.; Kaufman, J. W.; Weaver, E. A.
A scanning laser doppler velocimeter (SLDV) system was used to detect, track, and measure the velocity flow field of naturally occurring tornado-like flows (dust devils) in the atmosphere. A general description of the dust devil phenomenon is given along with a description of the test program, measurement system, and data processing techniques used to collect information on the dust devil flow field. The general meteorological conditions occurring during the test program are also described, and the information collected on two selected dust devils are discussed in detail to show the type of information which can be obtained with a SLDV system. The results from these measurements agree well with those of other investigators and illustrate the potential for the SLDV in future endeavors.
Denoising of arterial and venous Doppler signals using discrete wavelet transform: effect on clinical parameters.
Tokmakçi, Mahmut; Erdoğan, Nuri
In this paper, the effects of a wavelet transform based denoising strategy on clinical Doppler parameters are analyzed. The study scheme included: (a) Acquisition of arterial and venous Doppler signals by sampling the audio output of an ultrasound scanner from 20 healthy volunteers, (b) Noise reduction via decomposition of the signals through discrete wavelet transform, (c) Spectral analysis of noisy and noise-free signals with short time Fourier transform, (d) Curve fitting to spectrograms, (e) Calculation of clinical Doppler parameters, (f) Statistical comparison of parameters obtained from noisy and noise-free signals. The decomposition level was selected as the highest level at which the maximum power spectral density and its corresponding frequency were preserved. In all subjects, noise-free spectrograms had smoother trace with less ripples. In both arterial and venous spectrograms, denoising resulted in a significant decrease in the maximum (systolic) and mean frequency, with no statistical difference in the minimum (diastolic) frequency. In arterial signals, this leads to a significant decrease in the calculated parameters such as Systolic/Diastolic Velocity Ratio, Resistivity Index, Pulsatility Index and Acceleration Time. Acceleration Index did not change significantly. Despite a successful denoising, the effects of wavelet decomposition on high frequency components in the Doppler signal should be challenged by comparison with reference data, or, through clinical investigations.
Embedded Doppler system for industrial in-line rheometry.
Ricci, Stefano; Liard, Maxime; Birkhofer, Beat; Lootens, Didier; Bruhwiler, Armin; Tortoli, Piero
Rheological fluid behavior characterization is crucial for the industrial production of cosmetics, food, pharmaceutics, adhesive, sealants, etc. For example, the measurement of specific rheological features at every step of the production chain is critical for product quality control. Such measurements are often limited to laboratory tests on product specimens because of technical difficulties. In this work, we present an embedded system suitable for in-line rheometric evaluation of highly filled polyurethane-based adhesives. This system includes an ultrasound front-end and a digital signal processing section integrated in a low-cost field-programmable gate array. The system measures the real-time velocity profile developed in the pipe by the fluid, employing a Doppler multigate technique. The high-resolution velocity profile, combined with a pressure drop measurement, allows an accurate evaluation of the flow consistency index, K, and the flow behavior index, n, of the interrogated fluid.
Comparison between ultrasonographic findings of benign and malignant canine mammary gland tumours using B-mode, colour Doppler, power Doppler and spectral Doppler.
Soler, Marta; Dominguez, Elisabet; Lucas, Xiomara; Novellas, Rosa; Gomes-Coelho, Kassia Valeria; Espada, Yvonne; Agut, Amalia
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the comparison between the ultrasonographic features of canine mammary tumours, assessed by B-Mode, colour Doppler, power Doppler, spectral Doppler, and histopathologic features, would help to differentiate if a tumour is benign or malignant. Ultrasonographic examinations of 104 tumours were performed. Volume, margins, presence of a capsule, echotexture and presence and distribution of the vascular flow of the tumours were evaluated. All the tumours were surgically removed, submitted for histopathologic examination and classified in two groups: Group I (benign tumours) and Group II (malignant tumours). Echotexture was the only parameter evaluated by B-Mode ultrasonography where significant differences were found (p<0.01), with tumours in Group I being homogeneous and tumours in Group II presenting greater heterogeneity. Presence of vascular flow was observed in most of the tumours from both groups and no differences between them were found. Regarding flow distribution, significant differences were observed between groups (p<0.05). In benign tumours, the most common vascular pattern was the peripheral, showing significant differences (p<0.05) compared to mixed and central patterns. In malignant tumours the mixed pattern was the most frequent. Also significant differences among other patterns (peripheral and central) were found. Concerning vascular resistivity and pulsatility indexes, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The echotexture and type of vascular flow pattern of canine mammary gland tumours may help, in a first examination of the tumour, to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours; however to reach a definitive diagnosis histological study is required.
Rotational Doppler effect in nonlinear optics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Guixin; Zentgraf, Thomas; Zhang, Shuang
The translational Doppler effect of electromagnetic and sound waves has been successfully applied in measurements of the speed and direction of vehicles, astronomical objects and blood flow in human bodies, and for the Global Positioning System. The Doppler effect plays a key role for some important quantum phenomena such as the broadened emission spectra of atoms and has benefited cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light. Despite numerous successful applications of the translational Doppler effect, it fails to measure the rotation frequency of a spinning object when the probing wave propagates along its rotation axis. This constraint was circumvented by deploying the angular momentum of electromagnetic waves--the so-called rotational Doppler effect. Here, we report on the demonstration of rotational Doppler shift in nonlinear optics. The Doppler frequency shift is determined for the second harmonic generation of a circularly polarized beam passing through a spinning nonlinear optical crystal with three-fold rotational symmetry. We find that the second harmonic generation signal with circular polarization opposite to that of the fundamental beam experiences a Doppler shift of three times the rotation frequency of the optical crystal. This demonstration is of fundamental significance in nonlinear optics, as it provides us with insight into the interaction of light with moving media in the nonlinear optical regime.
Relative blood flow changes measured using calibrated frequency-weighted Doppler power at different hematocrit levels.
Wallace, Sean; Logallo, Nicola; Faiz, Kashif W; Lund, Christian; Brucher, Rainer; Russell, David
In theory, the power of a trans-cranial Doppler signal may be used to measure changes in blood flow and vessel diameter in addition to velocity. In this study, a flow index (FI) of relative changes in blood flow was derived from frequency-weighted Doppler power signals. The FI, plotted against velocity, was calibrated to the zero intercept with absent flow to reduce the effects of non-uniform vessel insonation. An area index was also calculated. FIs were compared with actual flow in four silicone tubes of different diameter at increasing flow rates and increasing hematocrit (Hct) in a closed-loop phantom model. FI values were strongly correlated with actual flow, at constant Hct, but varied substantially with changes in Hct. Percentage changes in area indexes, relative to the 4-mm tube, were strongly correlated with tube cross-sectional area. The implications of these results for in vivo use are discussed.
A study of the spectral broadening of simulated Doppler signals using FFT and AR modelling.
Keeton, P I; Schlindwein, F S; Evans, D H
Doppler ultrasound is used clinically to detect stenosis in the carotid artery. The presence of stenosis may be identified by disturbed flow patterns distal to the stenosis that cause spectral broadening in the spectrum of the Doppler signal around peak systole. This paper investigates the behaviour of the spectral broadening index (SBI) derived from wide-band spectra obtained using autoregressive modelling (AR), compared with the SBI based on the fast-Fourier transform (FFT) spectra. Simulated Doppler signals were created using white noise and shaped filters to analyse spectra typically found around the systolic peak and to assess the magnitude and variance of AR and FFT-SBI for a range of signal-to-noise ratios. The results of the analysis show a strong correlation between the indices calculated using the FFT and AR algorithms. Despite the qualitative improvement of the AR spectra over the FFT, the estimation of SBI for short data frames is not significantly improved using AR.
Analysis of a Four-Station Doppler Tracking Method Using a Simple CW Beacon
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fricke, Clifford L.; Watkins, Carl W. L.
A Doppler tracking method is presented in which a very small, simple CW beacon transmitter is used with four Doppler receiving stations to obtain the position and velocity of a space research vehicle. The exact transmitter frequency need not be known, but an initial position is required, and Doppler frequencies must be measured with extreme accuracy. The errors in the system are analyzed and general formulas are derived for position and velocity errors. The proper location of receiving stations is discussed, a rule for avoiding infinite errors is given, and error charts for ideal station configurations are presented. The effect of the index of refraction is also investigated. The system is capable of determining transmitter position within 1,000 feet at a range of 200 miles.
Tissue perfusion measurements: multiple-exposure laser speckle analysis generates laser Doppler-like spectra.
Thompson, Oliver B; Andrews, Michael K
Variations in skin perfusion are easily detected by laser speckle contrast maps, but a robust interpretation of the information has been lacking. We show that multiple-exposure laser speckle methods produce the same spectral information as laser Doppler methods when applied to targets with embedded moving scatterers. This enables laser speckle measurements to be interpreted more quantitatively. We do this by using computer simulation of speckle data, and by experimental measurements on Brownian motion and skin perfusion using a laser Doppler system and a multiple-exposure laser speckle system. The power spectral density measurements of the light fluctuations derived using both techniques are exactly equivalent. Dermal perfusion can therefore be measured by laser Doppler or laser speckle contrast methods. In particular, multiexposure laser speckle can be rapidly processed to generate a full-field map of the perfusion index proportional to the concentration and mean velocity of red blood cells.
Can Doppler or contrast-enhanced ultrasound analysis add diagnostically important information about the nature of breast lesions?
Stanzani, Daniela; Chala, Luciano F.; de Barros, Nestor; Cerri, Giovanni G.; Chammas, Maria Cristina
OBJECTIVES: Despite evidence suggesting that Doppler ultrasonography can help to differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions, it is rarely applied in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain vascular features of breast masses observed by duplex Doppler and color Doppler ultrasonography (before and/or after microbubble contrast injection) add information to the gray-scale analysis and support the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification. METHODS: Seventy solid lesions were prospectively evaluated with gray-scale ultrasonography, color Doppler ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. The morphological analysis and lesion vascularity were correlated with the histological results. RESULTS: Percutaneous core biopsies revealed that 25/70 (17.5%) lesions were malignant, while 45 were benign. Hypervascular lesions with tortuous and central vessels, a resistive index (RI)≥0.73 before contrast injection, and an RI≥0.75 after contrast injection were significantly predictive of malignancy (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of gray-scale ultrasonography data with unenhanced or enhanced duplex Doppler and color Doppler US data can provide diagnostically useful information. These techniques can be easily implemented because Doppler devices are already present in most health centers. PMID:24519198
Phase control of probe response in a Doppler-broadened N-type four-level system
Fan Xijun; Liu Zhongbo; Liang Ying; Jia Kening; Tong Dianmin
In this paper, we investigate theoretically the effect of the relative phase ({phi}) between the probe and driving fields on gain (absorption) and dispersion of the probe field in a Doppler-broadened N-type four-level system with spontaneously generated coherence from different respects. It is shown that gain (absorption) and dispersion are very sensitive to variations in the relative phase, and changing the Doppler width also has an obvious effect on the phase-dependent gain (absorption) and dispersion. When the probe and driving fields have the same propagation directions (copropagating), for the same Doppler width, the dispersion curve with {phi}={alpha} is the same as the gain (absorption) curve with {phi}={alpha}+{pi}/2; however, when the probe and driving fields have opposite propagation directions (counterpropagating), the dispersion curve and gain (absorption) curve are different and the difference becomes more considerable with an increase in Doppler width. In the co- and counterpropagating cases, gain (absorption) and dispersion always vary periodically with varying {phi}, and the period is 2{pi}. By adjusting the value of {phi}, the largest gain (absorption) and dispersion can be obtained, and a large index of refraction without absorption can be realized. Generally speaking, gain decreases with an increase in Doppler width, but by adjusting value of {phi}, at some special values of Doppler width, a larger gain than that without Doppler broadening can be obtained. Our study also shows that gain in the copropagating case is much larger than that in the counterpropagating case.
Doppler backscatter properties of a blood-mimicking fluid for Doppler performance assessment.
Ramnarine, K V; Hoskins, P R; Routh, H F; Davidson, F
The Doppler backscatter properties of a blood-mimickig fluid (BMF) were studied to evaluate its suitability for use in a Doppler flow test object. Measurements were performed using a flow rig with C-flex tubing and BMF flow produced by a roller pump or a gear pump. A SciMed Doppler system was used to measure the backscattered Doppler power with a root-mean-square power meter connected to the audio output. Studies investigated the dependence of the backscattered Doppler power of the BMF with: circulation time; batch and operator preparations; storage; sieve size; flow speed; and pump type. A comparison was made with human red blood cells resuspended in saline. The backscatter properties are stable and within International Electrotechnical Commission requirements. The BMF is suitable for use in a test object for Doppler performance assessment.
IIP Update: A Packaged Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar Transceiver. Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kavaya, Michael J.; Koch, Grady J.; Yu, Jirong; Trieu, Bo C.; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Singh, Upendra N.; Petros, Mulugeta
The state-of-the-art 2-micron coherent Doppler wind lidar breadboard at NASA/LaRC will be engineered and compactly packaged consistent with future aircraft flights. The packaged transceiver will be integrated into a coherent Doppler wind lidar system test bed at LaRC. Atmospheric wind measurements will be made to validate the packaged technology. This will greatly advance the coherent part of the hybrid Doppler wind lidar solution to the need for global tropospheric wind measurements.
Teaching the Doppler effect in astrophysics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hughes, Stephen W.; Cowley, Michael
The Doppler effect is a shift in the frequency of waves emitted from an object moving relative to the observer. By observing and analysing the Doppler shift in electromagnetic waves from astronomical objects, astronomers gain greater insight into the structure and operation of our Universe. In this paper, a simple technique is described for teaching the basics of the Doppler effect to undergraduate astrophysics students using acoustic waves. An advantage of the technique is that it produces a visual representation of the acoustic Doppler shift. The equipment comprises a 40 kHz acoustic transmitter and a microphone. The sound is bounced off a computer fan and the signal collected by a DrDAQ ADC and processed by a spectrum analyser. Widening of the spectrum is observed as the fan power supply potential is increased from 4 to 12 V.
Generalized Doppler Formula in a Nonstatic Universe
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Gross, Peter G.
Derives the general Doppler formula in a nonstatic universe using assumptions of special relativity, homogeneity and isotropy of the universe. Examples of applications to physical cosmology are given. (SL)
Student Microwave Experiments Involving the Doppler Effect.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Weber, F. Neff; And Others
Described is the use of the Doppler Effect with microwaves in the measurement of the acceleration due to gravity of falling objects. The experiments described add to the repertoire of quantitative student microwave experiments. (Author/DS)
Echocardiographic evaluation of external iliac artery Doppler waveform in patients with coronary artery disease.
Styczynski, Grzegorz; Szmigielski, Cezary; Kaczynska, Anna; Kuch-Wocial, Agnieszka
Visual interpretation of the Doppler waveform in the common femoral or distal external iliac artery (EIA) was reported to be useful in screening for proximal peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) in patients with lower limb ischemia. Commonly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for echocardiography have coexistent arterial pathology. Therefore, we decided to study whether echocardiographic evaluation of the distal EIA flow can be useful for detection of PAOD in patients with CAD. We studied 150 consecutive patients (pts) with CAD referred for echocardiography. At the end of an echocardiographic examination, evaluation of the flow in the distal EIA with an echocardiographic probe was performed. The Doppler waveform was classified as normal-with early diastolic flow reversal or abnormal-without early diastolic flow reversal. Echocardiographic findings were compared in a blinded fashion with the results of the ankle brachial index measurements (ABI). Based on the ABI ≤ 0.9, peripheral artery disease was diagnosed in 54 pts (36%) and abnormal external iliac Doppler waveform was found in 27 pts (18%). Sensitivity of abnormal external iliac Doppler waveform in predicting PAOD was 48%, specificity 99%, positive predictive value (PPV) 96%, and negative predictive value 77%. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease is common in patients with CAD referred for echocardiographic study. Echocardiographic assessment of distal EIA Doppler waveform has low sensitivity, but high specificity and high PPV in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
[Cerebral Doppler ultrasonography in newborn infants].
Luciano, R; Velardi, F
Following the first study of Bada et al. (1979), Doppler assessment of cerebral blood flow has increasingly been used in newborn infants, matching the technical progress in the available equipment. The experience gathered in recent years has confirmed that Doppler US is a reliable and reproducible examination while precising the limitations and the methodology to be followed in order to prevent gross errors of assessment and interpretation. The interest this procedure has arisen, among other things, stems from being noninvasive and feasible at the patient's bed. These features enable its repeated use in newborn infants in poor clinical condition. The diagnostic and prognostic role of Doppler velocimetry has been shown in a number of neonatal diseases and the cerebral hemodynamics has been assessed in physiologic conditions as well as after drug administration. The most common equipment used in newborn infants is at present Duplex Doppler consisting of a pulsed Doppler combined with bidimensional scanner, which, with visualization of study arteries, enables precise positioning of sample volume and correction of the ultrasonic angle of incidence with respect to the direction of blood flow in the examined vessel. In this report, after a survey of the techniques and modalities of cerebral Doppler examination in newborns, a review of the present state of the art, in neonatal cerebral as well as extracranial disease, is presented.
Doppler micro sense and avoid radar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gorwara, Ashok; Molchanov, Pavlo; Asmolova, Olga
There is a need for small Sense and Avoid (SAA) systems for small and micro Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to avoid collisions with obstacles and other aircraft. The proposed SAA systems will give drones the ability to "see" close up and give them the agility to maneuver through tight areas. Doppler radar is proposed for use in this sense and avoid system because in contrast to optical or infrared (IR) systems Doppler can work in more harsh conditions such as at dusk, and in rain and snow. And in contrast to ultrasound based systems, Doppler can better sense small sized obstacles such as wires and it can provide a sensing range from a few inches to several miles. An SAA systems comprised of Doppler radar modules and an array of directional antennas that are distributed around the perimeter of the drone can cover the entire sky. These modules are designed so that they can provide the direction to the obstacle and simultaneously generate an alarm signal if the obstacle enters within the SAA system's adjustable "Protection Border". The alarm signal alerts the drone's autopilot to automatically initiate an avoidance maneuver. A series of Doppler radar modules with different ranges, angles of view and transmitting power have been designed for drones of different sizes and applications. The proposed Doppler radar micro SAA system has simple circuitry, works from a 5 volt source and has low power consumption. It is light weight, inexpensive and it can be used for a variety of small unmanned aircraft.
Doppler-corrected differential detection system
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Simon, Marvin K. (Inventor); Divsalar, Dariush (Inventor)
Doppler in a communication system operating with a multiple differential phase-shift-keyed format (MDPSK) creates an adverse phase shift in an incoming signal. An open loop frequency estimation is derived from a Doppler-contaminated incoming signal. Based upon the recognition that, whereas the change in phase of the received signal over a full symbol contains both the differentially encoded data and the Doppler induced phase shift, the same change in phase over half a symbol (within a given symbol interval) contains only the Doppler induced phase shift, and the Doppler effect can be estimated and removed from the incoming signal. Doppler correction occurs prior to the receiver's final output of decoded data. A multiphase system can operate with two samplings per symbol interval at no penalty in signal-to-noise ratio provided that an ideal low pass pre-detection filter is employed, and two samples, at 1/4 and 3/4 of the symbol interval T sub s, are taken and summed together prior to incoming signal data detection.
Blood flow velocity in monocular retinoblastoma assessed by color doppler
Bonanomi, Maria Teresa B C; Saito, Osmar C; de Lima, Patricia Picciarelli; Bonanomi, Roberta Chizzotti; Chammas, Maria Cristina
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the flow of retrobulbar vessels in retinoblastoma by color Doppler imaging. METHODS: A prospective study of monocular retinoblastoma treated by enucleation between 2010 and 2014. The examination comprised fundoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging. The peak blood velocities in the central retinal artery and central retinal vein of tumor-containing eyes (tuCRAv and tuCRVv, respectively) were assessed. The velocities were compared with those for normal eyes (nlCRAv and nlCRVv) and correlated with clinical and pathological findings. Tumor dimensions in the pathological sections were compared with those in magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography and were correlated with tuCRAv and tuCRVv. In tumor-containing eyes, the resistivity index in the central retinal artery and the pulse index in the central retinal vein were studied in relation to all variables. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included. Comparisons between tuCRAv and nlCRAv and between tuCRVv and nlCRVv revealed higher velocities in tumor-containing eyes (p<0.001 for both), with a greater effect in the central retinal artery than in the central retinal vein (p=0.024). Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography measurements were as reliable as pathology assessments (p=0.675 and p=0.375, respectively). A positive relationship was found between tuCRAv and the tumor volume (p=0.027). The pulse index in the central retinal vein was lower in male patients (p=0.017) and in eyes with optic nerve invasion (p=0.0088). CONCLUSIONS: TuCRAv and tuCRVv are higher in tumor-containing eyes than in normal eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography measurements are reliable. The tumor volume is correlated with a higher tuCRAv and a reduced pulse in the central retinal vein is correlated with male sex and optic nerve invasion. PMID:26735219
[Quantification and monitoring of vascular resistance in the lower limbs by the Doppler method (animal model)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Arbeille, P.; Berson, M.; Blondeau, B.; Durand, A.; Bodard, S.; Locatelli, A.; Fox, G. E. (Principal Investigator)
The object of this study was to define and validate a non-invasive method of evaluation and monitoring of vascular resistances in the leg. Blood flow velocity was measured by Doppler ultrasound in an animal model (ewe) with similar blood flow characteristics in the lower limb as man and allowing access to the required invasive measurements for validation of the method (pressure and flow). Vascular resistances distal to the measuring point (femoral, for example) were assessed using the resistance index R = D/S, S being the peak systolic deflection and D that of diastolic reflux of the Doppler spectral analysis of flow in the femoral artery. The values and variations of this resistance index were compared with the vascular resistances calculated from measurements of pressure and flow at the point of Doppler sampling and expressed in mmHg/ml/min. Femoral flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound (Doppler-echo), and mean pressure by an arterial catheter introduced into the abdominal aorta. Compression of the lower limb veins induced a venous return resulting in a reduction of cardiac output and femoral flow. During compression, femoral flow decreased by an average of 29% (p < 0.001) although mean pressure and heart rate did not change significantly. The femoral resistance index (Rf) increased by an average of 37.5% (p < 0.01) and vascular resistances increased by 45.9% (p < 0.01). Injection of 1 mg adrenaline induced peripheral vasoconstriction with an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate and femoral flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).
B-mode and Doppler sonography of the mammary glands in dairy goats for mastitis diagnosis.
Santos, V J C; Simplício, K; Sanchez, D; Coutinho, L; Teixeira, P; Barros, F; Almeida, V; Rodrigues, L; Bartlewski, P; Oliveira, M; Feliciano, M; Vicente, W
This study aimed to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of the udder and teats and to determine the Doppler indexes of mammary artery in healthy and undergoing subclinical and clinical mastitis goats. Thirty animals among Saanen and Alpine Brown goats were arranged in three groups, healthy goats (HG), goats with subclinical mastitis (SMG) and goats with clinical mastitis (CMG). Using the B-mode, the sonographic characteristics (echotexture and echogenicity) and biometry (diameter and area of the udder cistern, diameter and area of the teat cistern and thickness of the teat wall) were evaluated. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the vascular indexes of the mammary artery were obtained. It was observed hyperechogenicity with solid component in the gland cistern when comparing animals with clinical mastitis and healthy mammary tissue. Regarding the echotexture of the breast tissue, there was heterogeneity in the mammary parenchyma on the three groups, for the milk, it was observed homogeneity for animals on HG and SMG and heterogeneity for animals on CMG. Grey-scale quantitative assessment revealed increase in echogenicity (mean value) for all the structures when comparing the three groups. Biometry did not reveal statistical difference between groups, for none of the evaluated structures. Doppler examination of the mammary artery showed the decrease of end diastolic velocity and raise of pulsatility index between groups. The association of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of the udder of dairy goats with mastitis. It is a sensitive and specific method for the study of this disease. Doppler mode was unable to establish reliable criteria for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. Moreover, the quantification of echogenicity is a useful technique for the evaluation of the milk in animals with mastitis; therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as complementary technique for the diagnosis of mastitis in goats.
Mechanism Analysis of the Inverse Doppler Effect in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal based on Phase Evolution.
Jiang, Qiang; Chen, Jiabi; Wang, Yan; Liang, Binming; Hu, Jinbing; Zhuang, Songlin
Although the inverse Doppler effect has been observed experimentally at optical frequencies in photonic crystal with negative effective refractive index, its explanation is based on phenomenological theory rather than a strict theory. Elucidating the physical mechanism underlying the inverse Doppler shift is necessary. In this article, the primary electrical field component in the photonic crystal that leads to negative refraction was extracted, and the phase evolution of the entire process when light travels through a moving photonic crystal was investigated using static and dynamic finite different time domain methods. The analysis demonstrates the validity of the use of np (the effective refractive index of the photonic crystal in the light path) in these calculations, and reveals the origin of the inverse Doppler effect in photonic crystals.
Retroreflector for photonic Doppler velocimetry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lagoski, Thomas J.; Coutu, Ronald A., Jr.; Starman, LaVern A.
In order to meet the goals of the Department of Defense (DoD) for smaller and more accurate weapons, numerous projects are currently investigating the miniaturization of weapons and munition fuze components. One of these efforts is to characterize the performance of small detonators. The velocity of the flyer, the key component needed to initiate a detonation sequence, can be measured using a photonic Doppler velocimeter (PDV). The purpose of this research was to develop a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device that would act as an optimal retroreflective surface for the PDV. Two MEMS solutions were explored: one using the PolyMUMPsTM fabrication process and one in-house fabrication design using silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers. The in-house design consisted of an array of corner reflectors created using an SOI wafer. Each corner reflector consisted of three separate mirror plates which were self-assembled by photoresist pad hinges. When heated to a critical temperature (typically 140-160 °C), the photoresist pads melted and the resulting surface tension caused each mirror to rotate into place. The resulting array of corner reflectors was then coated with a thin layer of gold to increase reflectivity. Despite the successful assembly of a PolyMUMPsTM corner reflector, assembling an array of these reflectors was found to be unfeasible. Although the SOI corner reflector design was completed, these devices were not fabricated in time for testing during this research. However, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and optical cross section (OCS) of commercially available retroreflective tapes were measured. These results can be used as a baseline comparison for future testing of a fabricated SOI corner reflector array.
Comparison of foetomaternal circulation in normal pregnancies and pregnancy induced hypertension using color Doppler studies.
Gupta, Shikha; Misra, R; Ghosh, U K; Gupta, V; Srivastava, D
The aim of present study was to assess fetomaternal blood flows in normal and abnormal pregnancies using color Doppler indices. Subjects were divided into two groups as: Group A of 25 subjects of normal pregnancy as controls and group B of 25 subjects of pregnancy induced hypertension. All the subjects were lying in the age-group of 25-35 years and having 28 to 34 weeks of gestation; the patients were evaluated by detailed history and were subjected to complete general examination. Blood pressure was taken on two occasions at least 6 hours apart. Systemic examination and obstetrical examination was done in all subjects. All cases were subjected to pathological tests- Haemogram, Test for proteins in urine. Ultrasound assessment of fetal growth was done by measuring BPD (Biparietal diameter), HC (Head circumference), FL (Femur length) and AC (Abdominal circumference): Average gestational age and effective fetal weight was then calculated by ultrasound machine. Color Doppler was used to assess the various Doppler indices indices: Pulsatility index (PI), Resistive index (RI) and Systolic diastolic ratio (S/D ratio) in bilateral uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and compared to the standard normograms. Percentage of subjects having abnormal Doppler indices were calculated. Assessment of percentage of SGA (small for gestational age) fetuses was done in all the three groups. Decline in mean values of all Doppler indices was found with advancing gestational age in normal pregnancy suggesting decreased vascular resistance and increased blood flow in fetomaternal circulation. In pregnancy induced hypertensives, the mean values of Doppler indices showed a decline as in normal pregnancy but showed an increase (more than 2 S.D. of the mean) for that gestational age in comparison to the control group suggesting increased impedance to blood flow in uteroplacental and fetomaternal circulation. Umbilical artery Doppler indices were found to be the most sensitive
The leicester Doppler phantom--a digital electronic phantom for ultrasound pulsed Doppler system testing.
Gittins, John; Martin, Kevin
Doppler flow and string phantoms have been used to assess the performance of ultrasound Doppler systems in terms of parameters such as sensitivity, velocity accuracy and sample volume registration. However, because of the nature of their construction, they cannot challenge the accuracy and repeatability of modern digital ultrasound systems or give objective measures of system performance. Electronic Doppler phantoms are able to make use of electronically generated test signals, which may be controlled precisely in terms of frequency, amplitude and timing. The Leicester Electronic Doppler Phantom uses modern digital signal processing methods and field programmable gate array technology to overcome some of the limitations of previously described electronic phantoms. In its present form, it is able to give quantitative graphical assessments of frequency response and range gate characteristics, as well as measures of dynamic range and velocity measurement accuracy. The use of direct acoustic coupling eliminates uncertainties caused by Doppler beam effects, such as intrinsic spectral broadening, but prevents their evaluation.
Development of fiber optic laser Doppler velocimeter for measurement of local blood velocity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ohba, Kenkich; Fujiwara, Noboru
In order to measure the local velocity field in opaque fluid flows like blood flow, a new laser Doppler velocimeter having a pickup consisting of a small distributed index lens attached to the tips of two fibers which are joined side by side in parallel has been newly developed. The distributed index lens is the shape of a truncated cone. The flow field around this sensor has been measured very precisely by means of an ordinary LDV. The effect of turbidity of fluid on the quality of the laser Doppler signal from this sensor has been examined by experiments. As a result, it has been shown that this LDV sensor has a high signal-to-noise ratio, and that the disturbance against flow by the sensor is very small, and it is very promising as a velocity sensor for opaque or semi-opaque fluid flow like blood flow.
Doppler-guided retrograde catheterization system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frazin, Leon J.; Vonesh, Michael J.; Chandran, Krishnan B.; Khasho, Fouad; Lanza, George M.; Talano, James V.; McPherson, David D.
The purpose of this study was to investigate a Doppler guided catheterization system as an adjunctive or alternative methodology to overcome the disadvantages of left heart catheterization and angiography. These disadvantages include the biological effects of radiation and the toxic and volume effects of iodine contrast. Doppler retrograde guidance uses a 20 MHz circular pulsed Doppler crystal incorporated into the tip of a triple lumen multipurpose catheter and is advanced retrogradely using the directional flow information provided by the Doppler waveform. The velocity detection limits are either 1 m/second or 4 m/second depending upon the instrumentation. In a physiologic flow model of the human aortic arch, multiple data points revealed a positive wave form when flow was traveling toward the catheter tip indicating proper alignment for retrograde advancement. There was a negative wave form when flow was traveling away from the catheter tip if the catheter was in a branch or bent upon itself indicating improper catheter tip position for retrograde advancement. In a series of six dogs, the catheter was able to be accurately advanced from the femoral artery to the left ventricular chamber under Doppler signal guidance without the use of x-ray. The potential applications of a Doppler guided retrograde catheterization system include decreasing time requirements and allowing safer catheter guidance in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and suspected aortic dissection. The Doppler system may allow left ventricular pressure monitoring in the intensive care unit without the need for x-ray and it may allow left sided contrast echocardiography. With pulse velocity detection limits of 4 m/second, this system may allow catheter direction and passage into the aortic root and left ventricle in patients with aortic stenosis. A modification of the Doppler catheter may include transponder technology which would allow precise catheter tip localization once the
Kock, L.J.
A device is presented for loading and unloading fuel elements containing material fissionable by neutrons of thermal energy. The device comprises a combination of mechanical features Including a base, a lever pivotally attached to the base, an Indexing plate on the base parallel to the plane of lever rotation and having a plurality of apertures, the apertures being disposed In rows, each aperture having a keyway, an Index pin movably disposed to the plane of lever rotation and having a plurality of apertures, the apertures being disposed in rows, each aperture having a keyway, an index pin movably disposed on the lever normal to the plane rotation, a key on the pin, a sleeve on the lever spaced from and parallel to the index pin, a pair of pulleys and a cable disposed between them, an open collar rotatably attached to the sleeve and linked to one of the pulleys, a pin extending from the collar, and a bearing movably mounted in the sleeve and having at least two longitudinal grooves in the outside surface.
Doppler estimation accuracy of linear FM waveforms
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Daum, F. E.
The single-pulse Doppler estimation accuracy of an unweighted linear FM waveform is analyzed in detail. Simple formulas are derived that predict that one-sigma Doppler estimation error for realistic radar applications. The effects of multiple target interference and nonlinearlities in the radar measurements are considered. In addition, a practical method to estimate Doppler frequency is presented. This technique uses the phase data after pulse compression, and it limits the effect of multiple target interference. In contrast, the available literature is based on the Cramer-Rao bound for Doppler accuracy, which ignores the effects of nonlinearities, multiple target interference and the question of practical implementation. A simple formula is derived that predicts the region of validity for the Cramer-Rao bound. This formula provides a criterion for minimum signal-to-noise ratio in terms of time-bandwidth product. Finally, an important concept that is demonstrated in this paper is that: the bulk of the Doppler information in a linear FM pulse is encoded in the range sidelobes after pulse compression.
Inverse Doppler Effects in Broadband Acoustic Metamaterials
Zhai, S. L.; Zhao, X. P.; Liu, S.; Shen, F. L.; Li, L. L.; Luo, C. R.
The Doppler effect refers to the change in frequency of a wave source as a consequence of the relative motion between the source and an observer. Veselago theoretically predicted that materials with negative refractions can induce inverse Doppler effects. With the development of metamaterials, inverse Doppler effects have been extensively investigated. However, the ideal material parameters prescribed by these metamaterial design approaches are complex and also challenging to obtain experimentally. Here, we demonstrated a method of designing and experimentally characterising arbitrary broadband acoustic metamaterials. These omni-directional, double-negative, acoustic metamaterials are constructed with 'flute-like' acoustic meta-cluster sets with seven double meta-molecules; these metamaterials also overcome the limitations of broadband negative bulk modulus and mass density to provide a region of negative refraction and inverse Doppler effects. It was also shown that inverse Doppler effects can be detected in a flute, which has been popular for thousands of years in Asia and Europe. PMID:27578317
Spacecraft Doppler Tracking as a Xylophone Detector
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tinto, Massimo
We discuss spacecraft Doppler tracking in which Doppler data recorded on the ground are linearly combined with Doppler measurements made on board a spacecraft. By using the four-link radio system first proposed by Vessot and Levine, we derive a new method for removing from the combined data the frequency fluctuations due to the Earth troposphere, ionosphere, and mechanical vibrations of the antenna on the ground. Our method provides also for reducing by several orders of magnitude, at selected Fourier components, the frequency fluctuations due to other noise sources, such as the clock on board the spacecraft or the antenna and buffeting of the probe by non-gravitational forces. In this respect spacecraft Doppler tracking can be regarded as a xylophone detector. Estimates of the sensitivities achievable by this xylophone are presented for two tests of Einstein's theory of relativity: searches for gravitational waves and measurements of the gravitational red shift. This experimental technique could be extended to other tests of the theory of relativity, and to radio science experiments that rely on high-precision Doppler measurements.
Color Doppler sonography in obstetrics and gynecology.
Fleischer, Arthur C; Andreotti, Rochelle F
This review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the present and future clinical applications in color Doppler sonography for the evaluation of vascularity and blood flow within the uterus (both gravid and nongravid), ovaries, fetus and placenta. The clinical use of color Doppler sonography has been demonstrated within many organ systems. Color Doppler sonography has become an integral part of cardiovascular imaging. Significant improvements have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of intra-organ vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics, as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequency- and/or amplitude-based color Doppler sonography. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D and 4D (live 3D) processing. Greater sensitivity of color Doppler sonography to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomic and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy and for pelvic organs. The potential use of contrast enhancement is also mentioned as a means to further differentiate benign from malignant ovarian lesions. The rapid development of these new sonographic techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in a variety of obstetric and gynecologic disorders.
Real-time virtual Doppler ultrasound
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Khoshniat, Mahdieh; Thorne, Meghan L.; Poepping, Tamie L.; Holdsworth, David W.; Steinman, David A.
Doppler ultrasound (DUS) is widely used to diagnose and plan treatments for vascular diseases, but the relationship between complex blood flow dynamics and the observed DUS signal is not completely understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that Doppler ultrasound can be realistically simulated in a real-time manner via the coupling of a known, previously computed velocity field with a simple model of the ultrasound physics. In the present case a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of physiologically pulsatile flow a stenosed carotid bifurcation was interrogated using a sample volume of known geometry and power distribution. Velocity vectors at points within the sample volume were interpolated using a fast geometric search algorithm and, using the specified US probe characteristics and orientation, converted into Doppler shifts for subsequent display as a Doppler spectrogram or color DUS image. The important effect of the intrinsic spectral broadening was simulated by convolving the velocity at each point within the sample volume by a triangle function whose width was proportional to velocity. A spherical sample volume with a Gaussian power distribution was found to be adequate for producing realistic Doppler spectrogram in regions of uniform, jet, and recirculation flow. Fewer than 1000 points seeded uniformly within a radius comprising more than 99% of the total power were required, allowing spectra to be generated from high resolution CFD data at 100Hz frame rates on an inexpensive desktop workstation.
Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Crossfield, I.; Biller, B.; Schlieder, J.; Deacon, N.; Bonnefoy, M.; Homeier, D.; Allard, F.; Buenzli, E.; Henning, T.; Brandner, W.; Goldman, Bertr; Kopytova, T.
Doppler Imaging produces 2D global maps. When applied to cool planets or more massive brown dwarfs, it can map atmospheric features and track global weather patterns. The first substellar map, of the 2pc-distant brown dwarf Luhman 16B (Crossfeld et al. 2014), revealed patchy regions of thin & thick clouds. Here, I investigate the feasibility of future Doppler Imaging of additional objects. Searching the literature, I find that all 3 of P, v sin i, and variability are published for 22 brown dwarfs. At least one datum exists for 333 targets. The sample is very incomplete below ~L5; we need more surveys to find the best targets for Doppler Imaging! I estimate limiting magnitudes for Doppler Imaging with various hi-resolution near-infrared spectrographs. Only a handful of objects - at the M/L and L/T transitions - can be mapped with current tools. Large telescopes such as TMT and GMT will allow Doppler Imaging of many dozens of brown dwarfs and the brightest exoplanets. More targets beyond type L5 likely remain to be found. Future observations will let us probe the global atmospheric dynamics of many diverse objects.
The EVE Doppler Sensitivity and Flare Observations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hudson, H. S.; Woods, T. N.; Chamberlin, P. C.; Didkovsky, L.; Del Zanna, G.
The Extreme-ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) obtains continuous EUV spectra of the Sun viewed as a star. Its primary objective is the characterization of solar spectral irradiance, but its sensitivity and stability make it extremely interesting for observations of variability on time scales down to the limit imposed by its basic 10 s sample interval. In this paper we characterize the Doppler sensitivity of the EVE data. We find that the 30.4 nm line of He II has a random Doppler error below 0.001 nm (1 pm, better than 10 km/s as a redshift), with ample stability to detect the orbital motion of its satellite, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Solar flares also displace the spectrum, both because of Doppler shifts and because of EVE's optical layout, which (as with a slitless spectrograph) confuses position and wavelength. As a flare develops, the centroid of the line displays variations that reflect Doppler shifts and therefore flare dynamics. For the impulsive phase of the flare SOL2010-06-12, we find the line centroid to have a redshift of 16.8 +/- 5.9 km/s relative to that of the flare gradual phase (statistical errors only). We find also that high-temperature lines, such as Fe XXIV 19.2 nm, have well-determined Doppler components for major flares, with decreasing apparent blueshifts as expected from chromospheric evaporation flows.
Doppler-corrected differential detection of MPSK
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Simon, Marvin K.; Divsalar, Dariush
An open-loop technique is presented for estimating and correcting Doppler frequency shift in an M-ary differential phase-shift-keyed (MDPSK) receiver. The novelty of the scheme is based on the observation that whereas the change in phase of the received signal over a full symbol contains the sum of the data (phase) and the Doppler-induced phase shift, the same change in phase over half a symbol (within a given symbol interval) contains only the Doppler-induced phase shift. Thus, by proper processing, the latter can be estimated and removed from the former. Analytical and simulation results are given for the variance of the above estimator, and the error probability performance of the MDPSK receiver is evaluated in the presence of the Doppler correction. Next, the practical considerations associated with the application of this technique on bandlimited Nyquist channels are discussed and incorporated into the final design. It is shown that the receiver can, in the absence of timing jitter, be designed to allow combined Doppler correction and data detection with no penalty due to intersymbol interference (ISI). The effects of ISI due to timing jitter are assessed by computer simulation.
Laser Doppler vibrometry measurement of the mechanical myogram
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rohrbaugh, John W.; Sirevaag, Erik J.; Richter, Edward J.
Contracting muscles show complex dimensional changes that include lateral expansion. Because this expansion process is intrinsically vibrational, driven by repetitive actions of multiple motor units, it can be sensed and quantified using the method of Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV). LDV has a number of advantages over more traditional mechanical methods based on microphones and accelerometers. The LDV mechanical myogram from a small hand muscle (the first dorsal interosseous) was studied under conditions of elastic loading applied to the tip of the abducted index finger. The LDV signal was shown to be related systematically to the level of force production, and to compare favorably with conventional methods for sensing the mechanical and electrical aspects of muscle contraction.
SonTek SL3G Side-Looking Doppler Current Meter application in Complex Flow Conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wagenaar, D.
The SonTek Argonaut SL Side-Looking Doppler Current Meters are well established products in the measurement of real-time water velocity in open channels. With the development of acoustic doppler technology the decision was made to incorporate latest technology in the Argonaut SL and hence the SonTek SL3G was born.The SonTek SL3G Acoustic Doppler instrument incorporates a number of innovations that improves velocity measurements and quality assurance of data for Side-Looking Doppler Current Meters. SmartPulseHD was originally introduced with the launch of the SonTek M9/S5 RiverSurveyor Acoustic Doppler Instruments and the increased accuracy and resolution of velocity measurements made it obvious to include into the new SL3G instruments. SmartPulseHD continuously tracks the water conditions and selects the optimum processing configuration required using multiple ping types and processing techniques. The new SL3G design makes it the smallest Side Looking Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter on the market reducing flow disturbance caused by the instrument and the distance of first measurement cell from boundary.The application of the SL3G Acoustic Doppler instrument is designed for complex flow conditions where the use of conventional stage-discharge relationships is economically not viable and therefore requires the use of velocity index methodology. The case-study presented in this paper is situated in the Colorado River downstream of Imperial Dam affected by controlled releases, drainage from adjacent irrigation areas and backwater from a weir situated downstream of the monitoring site. The paper analyses the relationship between measured mean velocity and index velocity and if additional variables such as stage and or Y-velocity need to be incorporated in the development of the index velocity rating. In addition, to determine the variables impacting on the index velocity rating, the index velocity applied will be evaluated by the best linear relationship between the
Quantification of blood perfusion using 3D power Doppler: an in-vitro flow phantom study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Raine-Fenning, N. J.; Ramnarine, K. V.; Nordin, N. M.; Campbell, B. K.
Three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler data is increasingly used to assess and quantify blood flow and tissue perfusion. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of common 3D power Doppler vascularity indices by quantification in well characterised in-vitro flow models. A computer driven gear pump was used to circulate a steady flow of a blood mimicking fluid through various well characterised flow phantoms to investigate the effect of the number of flow channels, flow rate, depth dependent tissue attenuation, blood mimic scatter particle concentration and ultrasound settings. 3D Power Doppler data were acquired with a Voluson 530D scanner and 7.5 MHz transvaginal transducer (GE Kretz). Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis software (VOCAL) was used to quantify the vascularisation index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularisation-flow index (VFI). The vascular indices were affected by many factors, some intuitive and some with more complex or unexpected relationships (e.g. VI increased linearly with an increase in flow rate, blood mimic scatter particle concentration and number of flow channels, and had a complex dependence on pulse repetition frequency). Use of standardised settings and appropriate calibration are required in any attempt at relating vascularity indices with flow.
Compression of polyphase codes with Doppler shift
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wirth, W. D.
It is shown that pulse compression with sufficient Doppler tolerance may be achieved with polyphase codes derived from linear frequency modulation (LFM) and nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM). Low sidelobes in range and Doppler are required especially for the radar search function. These may be achieved by an LFM derived phase coder together with Hamming weighting or by applying a PNL polyphase code derived from NLFM. For a discrete and known Doppler frequency with an expanded and mismatched reference vector a sidelobe reduction is possible. The compression is then achieved without a loss in resolution. A set up for the expanded reference gives zero sidelobes only in an interval around the signal peak or a least square minimization for all range elements. This version may be useful for target tracking.
Doppler effect in Schwarzschild and Kerr geometries
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Radosz, A.; Augousti, A. T.; Ostasiewicz, K.
Calculation of the Doppler shift in general relativity involves contributions of gravitational and kinematical origins and for most metrics or trajectories these contributions are coupled. The exact expression for this Doppler shift may simplify for particular symmetries. Here the specific case for a light signal emitted by a distant inertial observer and received by an in-falling observer in a Schwarzschild geometry is discussed. The resulting expression the Doppler shift is composed of simple factors that can be clearly identified with contributions arising from classical kinematical, special relativistic and general relativistic origins. This result turns out to be more general and it holds for a case of an arbitrary radial in-fall in Schwarzschild geometry and for a particular type of in-fall in the case of a Kerr metric.
Wide Angle Michelson Doppler Imaging Interferometer (WAMDII)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roberts, W. T.
The wide angle Michelson Doppler imaging interferometer (WAMDII) is a specialized type of optical Michelson interferometer working at sufficiently long path difference to measure Doppler shifts and to infer Doppler line widths of naturally occurring upper atmospheric Gaussian line emissions. The instrument is intended to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric winds and temperatures within the altitude range of 85 km to 300 km. The WAMDII consists of a Michelson interferometer followed by a camera lens and an 85 x 106 charge coupled device photodiode array. Narrow band filters in a filter wheel are used to isolate individual line emissions and the lens forms an image of the emitting region on the charge coupled device array.
Wide Angle Michelson Doppler Imaging Interferometer (WAMDII)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roberts, B.
The wide angle Michelson Doppler imaging interferometer (WAMDII) is a specialized type of optical Michelson interferometer working at sufficiently long path difference to measure Doppler shifts and to infer Doppler line widths of naturally occurring upper atmospheric Gaussian line emissions. The instrument is intended to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric winds and temperatures within the altitude range of 85 km to 300 km. The WAMDII consists of a Michelson interferometer followed by a camera lens and an 85 x 106 charge coupled device photodiode array. Narrow band filters in a filter wheel are used to isolate individual line emissions and the lens forms an image of the emitting region on the charge coupled device array.
Doppler experiments with Cassini radio system
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Comoretto, G.; Bertotti, B.; Iess, L.; Ambrosini, R.
The radio system of the Cassini orbiter will include a K-alpha band downlink channel, mainly intended for telemetry. A K-alpha uplink has also been proposed to allow for a highly accurate gravitational wave experiment. The fourfold increase in frequency will reduce the plasma noise by a factor of 12 and will allow a Doppler accuracy better than 10 exp -15 for time scales of 10 exp 3 - 10 exp 4 s. Extensive Doppler measurements of the gravitational field of Saturn and its satellites can be performed, exploiting the induced change in the velocity of the spacecraft. Possible sources of low-frequency gravitational waves and errors in the Doppler link are discussed.
Inline Ultrasonic Rheometry by Pulsed Doppler
Pfund, David M.; Greenwood, Margaret S.; Bamberger, Judith A.; Pappas, Richard A.
This will be a discussion of the non-invasive determination of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid in laminar pipe flow over the range of shear rates present in the pipe. The procedure used requires knowledge of the flow profile in and the pressure drop along a long straight run of pipe. The profile is determined by using a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter. This approach is ideal for making non-invasive, real-time measurements for monitoring and control. Rheograms of a shear thinning, thixotropic gel will be presented. The operating parameters and limitations of the Doppler-based instrument will be discussed. The most significant limitation is velocity gradient broadening of the Doppler spectra near the walls of the pipe. This limitation can be significant for strongly shear thinning fluids (depending also on the ratio of beam to pipe diameter and the transducer's insertion angle).
Effects of transducer, velocity, Doppler angle, and instrument settings on the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound.
Stewart, S F
The accuracy of a commercial color Doppler ultrasound (US) system was assessed in vitro using a rotating torus phantom. The phantom consisted of a thin rubber tube filled with a blood-mimicking fluid, joined at the ends to form a torus. The torus was mounted on a disk suspended in water, and rotated at constant speeds by a motor. The torus fluid was shown in a previous study to rotate as a solid body, so that the actual fluid velocity was dependent only on the motor speed and sample volume radius. The fluid velocity could, thus, be easily compared to the color Doppler-derived velocity. The effects of instrument settings, velocity and the Doppler angle was assessed in four transducers: a 2.0-MHz phased-array transducer designed for cardiac use, a 4.0-MHz curved-array transducer designed for general thoracic use, and two linear transducers designed for vascular use (one 4.0 MHz and one 6.0 MHz). The color Doppler accuracy was found to be significantly dependent on the transducer used, the pulse-repetition frequency and wall-filter frequency, the actual fluid velocity and the Doppler angle (p < 0.001 by analysis of variance). In particular, the phased array and curved array were observed to be significantly more accurate than the two linear arrays. The torus phantom was found to provide a sensitive measure of color Doppler accuracy. Clinicians need to be aware of these effects when performing color Doppler US exams.
Broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler
Cobb, E.D.
The broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler is an instrument that determines velocity based on the Doppler principle by reflecting acoustic signals off sediment particles in the water. The instrument is capable of measuring velocity magnitude and direction throughout a water column and of measuring water depth. It is also capable of bottom tracking and can, therefore, keep track of its own relative position as it is moved across a channel. Discharge measurements can be made quickly and, based on limited tests, accurately with this instrument. ?? 1993.
Laser Doppler distance sensor using phase evaluation.
Günther, P; Pfister, T; Büttner, L; Czarske, J
This paper presents a novel optical sensor which allows simultaneous measurements of axial position and tangential velocity of moving solid state objects. An extended laser Doppler velocimeter setup is used with two slightly tilted interference fringe systems. The distance to a solid state surface can be determined via a phase evaluation. The phase laser Doppler distance sensor offers a distance resolution of 150 nm and a total position uncertainty below 1 microm. Compared to conventional measurement techniques, such as triangulation, the distance resolution is independent of the lateral surface velocity. This advantage enables precise distance and shape measurements of fast rotating surfaces.
Development of Doppler Global Velocimeter (DGV)
Dissertation, Wichita State University, May, 1995. Q«M?7 A301 ' E' a'IdI MilleI' L; S-' "Eva,uation of a Basic Doppler Global Velocimetry System," SAE...200 words) A two-component Doppler Global Velocimeter (DGV) and a two-component Point Doppier Velocimeter (PDV) are descried Velocity measurements...for both systems to quantify accuracy are presented. Results are presented for velocity distributions over the surface of a rotating wheel and fully
Laser Doppler And Range Systems For Spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinman, P. W.; Gagliardi, R. M.
Report discusses two types of proposed laser systems containing active transponders measuring distance (range) and line-of-sight velocity (via Doppler effect) between deep space vehicle and earth-orbiting satellite. Laser system offers diffraction advantage over microwave system. Delivers comparable power to distant receiver while using smaller transmitting and receiving antennas and less-powerful transmitter. Less subject to phase scintillations caused by passage through such inhomogeneous media as solar corona. One type of system called "incoherent" because range and Doppler measurements do not require coherence with laser carrier signals. Other type of system called "coherent" because successful operation requires coherent tracking of laser signals.
Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management.
Bollwein, Heinrich; Heppelmann, Maike; Lüttgenau, Johannes
Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography is a useful technique to get new information about physiologic and pathophysiologic alterations of the uterus and ovaries in female cattle. During all reproductive stages characteristic changes in uterine blood flow are observed. Cows with puerperal disturbances show delayed decrease in uterine blood flow in the first few weeks postparturition compared with healthy cows. Measurement of follicular blood flow is used to identify normally developing follicles and predict superovulatory response. Determination of luteal blood is more reliable than B-mode sonography to distinguish between functional and nonfunctional corpora lutea. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a promising tool to improve reproductive management in female cattle.
Laser Doppler velocimeter aerial spray measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zalay, A. D.; Eberle, W. R.; Howle, R. E.; Shrider, K. R.
An experimental research program for measuring the location, spatial extent, and relative concentration of airborne spray clouds generated by agricultural aircraft is described. The measurements were conducted with a ground-based laser Doppler velocimeter. The remote sensing instrumentation, experimental tests, and the results of the flight tests are discussed. The cross section of the aerial spray cloud and the observed location, extent, and relative concentration of the airborne particulates are presented. It is feasible to use a mobile laser Doppler velocimeter to track and monitor the transport and dispersion of aerial spray generated by an agricultural aircraft.
Velocity precision measurements using laser Doppler anemometry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dopheide, D.; Taux, G.; Narjes, L.
A Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) was calibrated to determine its applicability to high pressure measurements (up to 10 bars) for industrial purposes. The measurement procedure with LDA and the experimental computerized layouts are presented. The calibration procedure is based on absolute accuracy of Doppler frequency and calibration of interference strip intervals. A four-quadrant detector allows comparison of the interference strip distance measurements and computer profiles. Further development of LDA is recommended to increase accuracy (0.1% inaccuracy) and to apply the method industrially.
Bibliography and index of U.S. Geological Survey trace elements and related reports through June 1956
Soister, Paul E.; Conklin, Dora R.; Bowman, Mary D.; ,
This bibliography supersedes TEI-500, "U. S. Geological Survey Trace Elements and related reports through 1954." Part I is a numerical list of U. S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations and Memorandum reports. This part lists reports that have been transmitted to the U. S. Atomic Energy Comission and also reports in preparation (followed by an asterisk) for which tentative titles were available on June 30, 1956. If a report or part of a report has been published, the fact is indicated by the abbreviation of the medium of publication. (See also Part II.) Part II is a reference guide to Trace Elements and related reports that are available to the public. (Part II supersedes Part I of Bulletin 1019-B.) These reports are grouped according to type of publication or release. If a report or part of a report has been published in more than one form, corss-references indicate the other forms of publication. Publications in preparation or in press on June 30, 1956, are designated by an asterisk. Part III is an author index. The words "with" and "and" are used to indicate seniority of authorship. For example, a listing of Black and White indicates that Black is the senior author. A listing of Black with White indicates that White is the senior author. Part IV is an index for finding reports on specific areas or subjects. Information for the index was taken from titles, tables of contents, and abstracts of unpublished reports and from titles of published reports. The index in TEI-500 was used as a guide.
Photoacoustic Doppler flow measurement in optically scattering media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fang, Hui; Maslov, Konstantin; Wang, Lihong V.
We recently observed the photoacoustic Doppler effect from flowing small light-absorbing particles. Here, we apply the effect to measure blood-mimicking fluid flow in an optically scattering medium. The light scattering in the medium decreases the amplitude of the photoacoustic Doppler signal but does not affect either the magnitude or the directional discrimination of the photoacoustic Doppler shift. This technology may hold promise for a new Doppler method for measuring blood flow in microcirculation with high sensitivity.
Activity of Crohn's disease assessed by colour Doppler ultrasound analysis of the affected loops.
Esteban, J M; Maldonado, L; Sanchiz, V; Minguez, M; Benages, A
The aim of this study was to evaluate with colour Doppler ultrasound the vascular changes in the wall of the loops affected by Crohn's disease, and to establish whether these changes reflects clinical or biochemical activity of Crohn's disease. Seventy-nine patients with Crohn's disease (44 with active disease and 35 inactive patients) were studied with frequency- and amplitude-encoded duplex Doppler sonography. A group of 35 healthy volunteers were also included. The exam consisted of the search for colour signals in the walls of the loops affected by Crohn's disease, classifying the degree of vascularity with a simple scoring system into three groups: absence of colour signal (score of 0); weak or scattered colour signals (score of 1); and multiple colour signals or clear identification of vessels in the loops walls (score of 2). Doppler curves were obtained of the detected vessels with measurement of the resistive index (RI). There was a visible increase in the gut walls' vascularity in the active patients compared with those with inactive disease. The mean RI was statistically significantly lower in the gut wall vessels of the patients with active illness than that obtained in the inactive patients. Colour Doppler ultrasound is a useful tool in the assessment of activity in Crohn's disease.
Study of the development of uteroplacental and fetal feline circulation by triplex Doppler.
Pereira, Barbara Sucupira; Pinto, José Nicodemos; Freire, Luma Morena Passos; Campello, Cláudio Cabral; Domingues, Sheyla Farhayldes Souza; da Silva, Lucia Daniel Machado
The objective was to evaluate blood flow in fetal and maternal vessels by Triplex Doppler and its association with development of blood vessels during gestation in the domestic cat. Ten queens were examined weekly from 14 to 63 d after mating. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of uteroplacental, aorta and umbilical fetal arteries and caudal vena cava of the fetus were evaluated. Throughout pregnancy, there was an increase in PSV and EDV in the aorta and umbilical arteries. In the caudal vena cava, there was an increase in PSV, whereas the EDV was constant, with a significant increase on Day 63. Peak systolic velocity and EDV of the uteroplacental artery reduced significantly on Day 63. Resistance index of the umbilical artery progressively decreased. In the aorta, this reduction was detected only on Day 42, with no defined pattern in the caudal vena cava and uteroplacental artery. Pulsatility index of the aorta varied. Although pulsatility increased in the caudal vena cava on Day 35 and remained elevated, pulsatility was significantly reduced in the umbilical artery by Day 63. The pulsatility index of the uteroplacental artery was constant (increased only on Day 63). Triplex Doppler evaluation could be a useful adjunct for prenatal care of pregnant queens, including assessment of vascular gestational development and prediction of gestational age.
Influence of Pulse Repetition Frequency on 3-D Power Doppler Quantification.
Soares, Carlos A M; Pavan, Theo Z; Miyague, Andre H; Kudla, Marek; Martins, Wellington P
Three-dimensional power Doppler quantification has limited application because of its high dependency on attenuation. The purpose of the study described here was to assess if different degrees of attenuation, depending on pulse repetition frequency (PRF) adjustment, alter 3-D power Doppler quantification in a region of 100% moving blood when using vascularization index, flow index and vascularization flow index (VFI). A cubic-shaped gelatin phantom with a 1.8-mm-internal-diameter silicon tube was used. The tube, placed at 45° to the phantom's surface, was filled with blood-mimicking fluid with as constant maximum velocity of 30 cm/s. Two different attenuation blocks (low and high attenuation) were alternatively placed between the phantom and the transvaginal transducer. One single observer acquired 10 data sets for each PRF level from 0.3 to 7.5 kHz, using the high- and low-attenuation blocks, for a total of 200 3-D power Doppler data sets. We assessed VFI from 1.5-mm-diameter spherical samples, virtually placed inside the tube, always at the same position. No difference was noted between high- and low-attenuation VFI values when using a PRF of 0.3 kHz. As PRF increased, it was observed that VFI quantification progressively differed between low and high attenuation. Also, a slope on VFI values for both high- and low-attenuation models could be observed when increasing PRF, particularly above 4.0 kHz. We concluded that PRF adjustment is very relevant when using VFI to quantify 3-D power Doppler signal.
Method for Canceling Ionospheric Doppler Effect
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Vessot, R. F. C.
Unified transponder system with hydrogen-maser oscillators at both stations can compensate for both motional and ionospheric components of Doppler shift. Appropriate choices of frequency shift in output of mixer m3. System exploits proportionality between dispersive component of frequency shift and reciprocal of frequency to achieve cancellation of dispersive component at output.
Calculating "g" from Acoustic Doppler Data
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Torres, Sebastian; Gonzalez-Espada, Wilson J.
Traditionally, the Doppler effect for sound is introduced in high school and college physics courses. Students calculate the perceived frequency for several scenarios relating a stationary or moving observer and a stationary or moving sound source. These calculations assume a constant velocity of the observer and/or source. Although seldom…
Rubidium Atomic Line Filtered (RALF) Doppler Velocimetry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fajardo, Mario; Molek, Christopher; Vesely, Annamaria
We report the successful proof-of-concept demonstration of the Rubidium Atomic Line Filtered (RALF) Doppler velocimetry technique. RALF is a high-velocity and high-acceleration adaptation of the Global Doppler Velocimetry (GDV) method developed in the 1990s by aerodynamics researchers. Laser velocimetry techniques in common use within the shock physics community (e . g . VISAR, Fabry-Perot, PDV) decode the Doppler shift of light reflected from a moving surface via interference phenomena. In contrast, RALF employs a completely different physical principle: the frequency-dependent near-resonant optical transmission of a Rb/N2 gas cell, to convert the Doppler shift of reflected λ0 ~ 780.24 nm light directly into transmitted light intensity. The single-point RALF apparatus used in these experiments is fiber optic based, and incorporates a simultaneous PDV measurement channel as an ``internal standard'' for validation of the RALF results. Future plans include ``line-RALF'' experiments with streak camera detection, and two-dimensional surface velocity mapping using pulsed laser illumination and gated intensified CCD camera detection. [RW PA#4931
Investigations of Near-Zone Doppler Effects.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prouty, Dale Austen
Far away from an electromagnetic source the normal Doppler shifts in frequency occur--a red shift for receding and a blue shift for approaching. As indicated by previous work with an infinitesimal dipole, different frequency shifts occur when the source and observer move closer together, into the near-zone. These "near-zone Doppler effects" are investigated for general sources and subsequently two specific examples are presented. The general results show that near-zone shifts are similar to far-zone shifts, but the local phase velocity must be used, i.e. (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI). In the far zone the phase velocity is the speed of light; in the near zone it differs. Fundamentally, the distance between surfaces of constant phase in the near zone is changed. The surfaces of constant phase for the waves are no longer spherical, but more ellipsoidal or spheroidal, so that a moving observer sees a different frequency shift. Two specific examples are presented to indicate the actual magnitude of near-zone effects. The examples include a prolate spheroidal antenna and a circular aperture. Once the magnitude of the effects is determined, the measurability of near-zone Doppler effects is discussed. The investigation concentrates on Fresnel zone effects due to the measurement problem. Finally, it is shown that for an electrically large wire antenna (the spheroidal example) near-zone Doppler effects are measurable.
Tissue Doppler imaging reproducibility during exercise.
Bougault, V; Nottin, S; Noltin, S; Doucende, G; Obert, P
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique used during exercising to improve the accuracy of a cardiovascular diagnostic. The validity of TDI requires its reproducibility, which has never been challenged during moderate to maximal intensity exercising. The present study was specifically designed to assess the transmitral Doppler and pulsed TDI reproducibility in 19 healthy men, who had undergone two identical semi-supine maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Systolic (S') and diastolic (E') tissue velocities at the septal and lateral walls as well as early transmitral velocities (E) were assessed during exercise up to maximal effort. The data were compared between the two tests at 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 % of maximal aerobic power. Despite upper body movements and hyperventilation, good quality echocardiographic images were obtained in each case. Regardless of exercise intensity, no differences were noticed between the two tests for all measurements. The variation coefficients for Doppler variables ranged from 3 % to 9 % over the transition from rest to maximal exercise. The random measurement error was, on average, 5.8 cm/s for E' and 4.4 cm/s for S'. Overall, the reproducibility of TDI was acceptable. Tissue Doppler imaging can be used to accurately evaluate LV diastolic and/or systolic function for this range of exercise intensity.
Satellite Doppler data processing using a microcomputer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schmid, P. E.; Lynn, J. J.
A microcomputer which was developed to compute ground radio beacon position locations using satellite measurements of Doppler frequency shift is described. Both the computational algorithms and the microcomputer hardware incorporating these algorithms were discussed. Results are presented where the microcomputer in conjunction with the NIMBUS-6 random access measurement system provides real time calculation of beacon latitude and longitude.
Tissue Doppler imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis.
Smedema, J P
A middle-aged African lady, who presented with ventricular tachycardias, mitral valve regurgitation and congestive heart failure, was diagnosed with cardiac sarcoidosis. Tissue Doppler imaging demonstrated abnormalities suggestive of myocardial scar, which was confirmed by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance.
Acoustic Doppler discharge-measurement system
Simpson, Michael R.; Oltmann, Richard N.; ,
A discharge-measurement system that uses a vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler has been developed and tested by the U.S. Geological Survey. Discharge measurements using the system require a fraction of the time needed for conventional current-meter discharge measurements and do not require shore-based navigational aids or tag lines for positioning the vessel.
Experimental design and theoretical analysis on the proof experiment of the inverse Doppler effect at optical frequencies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Qiang; Liang, Binming; Hu, Aiqing
The proof experiment of inverse Doppler effect is simulated by idealizing optical field distribution of laser as fundamental mode Gaussian beam. Two key factors, the detecting area and the angle from light to normal of detecting surface, are analyzed. The proof experiment conducted recently by our research team successfully shows that the experimental data are consistent with theoretical data. Our work lays a solid foundation for the design of experimental system and the coming experiments on the mechanism of inverse Doppler effect in negative index materials.
Transvaginal 3-d power Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the fetal brain at 10-13 weeks' gestation.
Hata, Toshiyuki; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Noguchi, Junko
The objective of this study was to measure the fetal brain volume (FBV) and vascularization and blood flow using transvaginal 3-D power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound late in the first trimester of pregnancy. 3DPD ultrasound examinations with the VOCAL imaging analysis program were performed on 36 normal fetuses from 10-13 weeks' gestation. FBV and 3DPD indices related to the fetal brain vascularization (vascularization index [VI], flow index [FI] and vascularization flow index [VFI]) were calculated in each fetus. Intra- and interclass correlation coefficients and intra- and interobserver agreements of measurements were assessed. FBV was curvilinearly correlated well with the gestational age (R2 = 0.861, p < 0.0001). All 3-D power Doppler indices (VI, FI and VFI) showed no change at 10-13 weeks' gestation. FBV and all 3-D power Doppler indices (VI, FI and VFI) showed a correlation > 0.82, with good intra- and interobserver agreement. Our findings suggest that 3-D ultrasound is a superior means of evaluating the FBV in utero, and that 3-D power Doppler ultrasound histogram analysis may provide new information on the assessment of fetal brain perfusion.
Welsch, Brian T.; Fisher, George H.; Sun, Xudong
The zero point of measured photospheric Doppler shifts is uncertain for at least two reasons: instrumental variations (from, e.g., thermal drifts); and the convective blueshift, a known correlation between intensity and upflows. Accurate knowledge of the zero point is, however, useful for (1) improving estimates of the Poynting flux of magnetic energy across the photosphere, and (2) constraining processes underlying flux cancellation, the mutual apparent loss of magnetic flux in closely spaced, opposite-polarity magnetogram features. We present a method to absolutely calibrate line-of-sight (LOS) velocities in solar active regions (ARs) near disk center using three successive vector magnetograms and one Dopplergram coincident with the central magnetogram. It exploits the fact that Doppler shifts measured along polarity inversion lines (PILs) of the LOS magnetic field determine one component of the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and optimizes consistency between changes in LOS flux near PILs and the transport of transverse magnetic flux by LOS velocities, assuming that ideal electric fields govern the magnetic evolution. Previous calibrations fitted the center-to-limb variation of Doppler velocities, but this approach cannot, by itself, account for residual convective shifts at the limb. We apply our method to vector magnetograms of AR 11158, observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and find clear evidence of offsets in the Doppler zero point in the range of 50-550 m s{sup -1}. In addition, we note that a simpler calibration can be determined from an LOS magnetogram and Dopplergram pair from the median Doppler velocity among all near-disk-center PIL pixels. We briefly discuss shortcomings in our initial implementation, and suggest ways to address these. In addition, as a step in our data reduction, we discuss the use of temporal continuity in the transverse magnetic field direction to correct apparently
Rubidium atomic line filtered (RALF) Doppler velocimetry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fajardo, Mario E.; Molek, Christopher D.; Vesely, Annamaria L.
We report recent improvements to our Rubidium Atomic Line Filtered (RALF) Doppler velocimetry apparatus [M.E. Fajardo, C.D. Molek, and A.L. Vesely, J. Appl. Phys. 118, 144901 (2015)]. RALF is a high-velocity and high-acceleration adaptation of the Doppler Global Velocimetry method for measuring multi-dimensional velocity vector flow fields, which was developed in the 1990s by aerodynamics researchers [H. Komine, U.S. Patent #4,919,536]. Laser velocimetry techniques in common use within the shock physics community (e.g. VISAR, Fabry-Pérot, PDV) decode the Doppler shift of light reflected from a moving surface via interference phenomena. In contrast, RALF employs a completely different physical principle: the frequency-dependent near-resonant optical transmission of a Rb/N2 gas cell, to encode the Doppler shift of reflected λ0 ≈ 780.24 nm light directly onto the transmitted light intensity. Thus, RALF is insensitive to minor changes to the optical pathlengths and transit times of the Doppler shifted light, which promises a number of practical advantages in imaging velocimetry applications. The single-point RALF proof-of-concept apparatus described here is fiber optic based, and our most recent modifications include the incorporation of a larger bandwidth detection system, and a second 780 nm laser for simultaneous upshifted-PDV (UPDV) measurements. We report results for the laser driven launch of a 10-μm-thick aluminum flyer which show good agreement between the RALF and UPDV velocity profiles, within the limitations of the admittedly poor signal:noise ratio (SNR) RALF data.
The Novel Nonlinear Adaptive Doppler Shift Estimation Technique and the Coherent Doppler Lidar System Validation Lidar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Koch, Grady J.
The signal processing aspect of a 2-m wavelength coherent Doppler lidar system under development at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia is investigated in this paper. The lidar system is named VALIDAR (validation lidar) and its signal processing program estimates and displays various wind parameters in real-time as data acquisition occurs. The goal is to improve the quality of the current estimates such as power, Doppler shift, wind speed, and wind direction, especially in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime. A novel Nonlinear Adaptive Doppler Shift Estimation Technique (NADSET) is developed on such behalf and its performance is analyzed using the wind data acquired over a long period of time by VALIDAR. The quality of Doppler shift and power estimations by conventional Fourier-transform-based spectrum estimation methods deteriorates rapidly as SNR decreases. NADSET compensates such deterioration in the quality of wind parameter estimates by adaptively utilizing the statistics of Doppler shift estimate in a strong SNR range and identifying sporadic range bins where good Doppler shift estimates are found. The authenticity of NADSET is established by comparing the trend of wind parameters with and without NADSET applied to the long-period lidar return data.
The use of colour-coded and spectral Doppler ultrasound in the differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions.
Peters-Engl, C.; Medl, M.; Leodolter, S.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of colour-coded and spectral Doppler sonography to predict the benign or malignant nature of breast lesions. A total of 112 women with mammographically suspicious breast lesions were investigated prior to surgery. Thirty-nine breast carcinomas and 73 benign lesions were evaluated for the resistance index, pulsatility index and the flow velocity. A resistance index of > or = 0.70 was characteristic of malignant tumours with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 81%. The positive predictive value was 70% and the negative predictive value 89%. Doppler sonography offers one possible method for further investigation of patients with mammographic abnormalities. PMID:7819029
Phase tracking for pulsar navigation with Doppler frequency
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xinyuan, Zhang; Ping, Shuai; Liangwei, Huang
Doppler frequency in pulsar navigation is an effect caused by spacecraft and pulsar motion, which would worsen the pulsar navigation accuracy. To describe this influence, we establish the Doppler frequency measurement model based on pulsar timing. With this model, we describe the relationship between the phase estimation performance and the observation time when Doppler frequency exists. To reduce the pulsar navigation error due to the Doppler frequency, we designed the phase tracking loop for the pulsar navigation. The pulsar frequency can be modified before the phase estimation. As a result, the impact of the Doppler frequency could be lessened, and the observation interval lengths can be lengthened to improve the phase estimation performance.
Phase Control of Group Velocity in a Doppler-Broadened Λ-Type Three-Level System
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qiu, Tian-Hui; Xie, Min
We theoretically investigate the phase control role on the group velocity of a weak probe field in a Doppler-broadened Λ-type three-level atomic system with the spontaneously generated coherence effect enhanced by an incoherence pump. We find that the absorption-dispersion of the probe field behaves phase and Doppler broadening-dependent phenomena, and testify that the quite large group index can be realized. The group velocity of the probe field can be switched from subluminal to superluminal or vice versa by modulating the relative phase of the two applied light fields. In contrast to the counterpropagating setting, the copropagating case is more suitable for the purpose considered in this paper due to the effectiveness of Doppler-free.
Superharmonic microbubble Doppler effect in ultrasound therapy.
Pouliopoulos, Antonios N; Choi, James J
The introduction of microbubbles in focused ultrasound therapies has enabled a diverse range of non-invasive technologies: sonoporation to deliver drugs into cells, sonothrombolysis to dissolve blood clots, and blood-brain barrier opening to deliver drugs into the brain. Current methods for passively monitoring the microbubble dynamics responsible for these therapeutic effects can identify the cavitation position by passive acoustic mapping and cavitation mode by spectral analysis. Here, we introduce a new feature that can be monitored: microbubble effective velocity. Previous studies have shown that echoes from short imaging pulses had a Doppler shift that was produced by the movement of microbubbles. Therapeutic pulses are longer (>1 000 cycles) and thus produce a larger alteration of microbubble distribution due to primary and secondary acoustic radiation force effects which cannot be monitored using pulse-echo techniques. In our experiments, we captured and analyzed the Doppler shift during long therapeutic pulses using a passive cavitation detector. A population of microbubbles (5 × 10(4)-5 × 10(7) microbubbles ml(-1)) was embedded in a vessel (inner diameter: 4 mm) and sonicated using a 0.5 MHz focused ultrasound transducer (peak-rarefactional pressure: 75-366 kPa, pulse length: 50 000 cycles or 100 ms) within a water tank. Microbubble acoustic emissions were captured with a coaxially aligned 7.5 MHz passive cavitation detector and spectrally analyzed to measure the Doppler shift for multiple harmonics above the 10th harmonic (i.e. superharmonics). A Doppler shift was observed on the order of tens of kHz with respect to the primary superharmonic peak and is due to the axial movement of the microbubbles. The position, amplitude and width of the Doppler peaks depended on the acoustic pressure and the microbubble concentration. Higher pressures increased the effective velocity of the microbubbles up to 3 m s(-1), prior to the onset
Superharmonic microbubble Doppler effect in ultrasound therapy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pouliopoulos, Antonios N.; Choi, James J.
The introduction of microbubbles in focused ultrasound therapies has enabled a diverse range of non-invasive technologies: sonoporation to deliver drugs into cells, sonothrombolysis to dissolve blood clots, and blood-brain barrier opening to deliver drugs into the brain. Current methods for passively monitoring the microbubble dynamics responsible for these therapeutic effects can identify the cavitation position by passive acoustic mapping and cavitation mode by spectral analysis. Here, we introduce a new feature that can be monitored: microbubble effective velocity. Previous studies have shown that echoes from short imaging pulses had a Doppler shift that was produced by the movement of microbubbles. Therapeutic pulses are longer (>1 000 cycles) and thus produce a larger alteration of microbubble distribution due to primary and secondary acoustic radiation force effects which cannot be monitored using pulse-echo techniques. In our experiments, we captured and analyzed the Doppler shift during long therapeutic pulses using a passive cavitation detector. A population of microbubbles (5 × 104-5 × 107 microbubbles ml-1) was embedded in a vessel (inner diameter: 4 mm) and sonicated using a 0.5 MHz focused ultrasound transducer (peak-rarefactional pressure: 75-366 kPa, pulse length: 50 000 cycles or 100 ms) within a water tank. Microbubble acoustic emissions were captured with a coaxially aligned 7.5 MHz passive cavitation detector and spectrally analyzed to measure the Doppler shift for multiple harmonics above the 10th harmonic (i.e. superharmonics). A Doppler shift was observed on the order of tens of kHz with respect to the primary superharmonic peak and is due to the axial movement of the microbubbles. The position, amplitude and width of the Doppler peaks depended on the acoustic pressure and the microbubble concentration. Higher pressures increased the effective velocity of the microbubbles up to 3 m s-1, prior to the onset of
Normal Echocardiographic Measurements in a Korean Population Study: Part II. Doppler and Tissue Doppler Imaging
Choi, Jin-Oh; Shin, Mi-Seung; Kim, Mi-Jeong; Jung, Hae Ok; Park, Jeong Rang; Sohn, Il Suk; Kim, Hyungseop; Park, Seong-Mi; Yoo, Nam Jin; Choi, Jung Hyun; Kim, Hyung-Kwan; Cho, Goo-Yeong; Lee, Mi-Rae; Park, Jin-Sun; Shim, Chi Young; Kim, Dae-Hee; Shin, Dae-Hee; Shin, Gil Ja; Shin, Sung Hee; Kim, Kye Hun; Park, Jae-Hyeong; Lee, Sang Yeub; Kim, Woo-Shik
Background Hemodynamic and functional evaluation with Doppler and tissue Doppler study as a part of comprehensive echocardiography is essential but normal reference values have never been reported from Korean normal population especially according to age and sex. Methods Using Normal echOcaRdiographic Measurements in a KoreAn popuLation study subjects, we obtained normal reference values for Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography including tricuspid annular velocities according to current guidelines and compared values according to gender and age groups. Results Mitral early diastolic (E) and late diastolic (A) velocity as well as E/A ratio were significantly higher in women compared to those in men. Conversely, mitral peak systolic and late diastolic annular velocity in both septal and lateral mitral annulus were significantly lower in women compared to those in men. However, there were no significant differences in both septal and lateral mitral early diastolic annular (e') velocity between men and women. In both men and women, mitral E velocity and its deceleration time as well as both E/A and E/e' ratio considerably increased with age. There were no significant differences in tricuspid inflow velocities and tricuspid lateral annular velocities between men and women except e' velocity, which was significantly higher in women compared to that in men. However, changes in both tricuspid inflow and lateral annular velocities according to age were similar to those in mitral velocities. Conclusion Since there were significant differences in Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiographic variables between men and women and changes according to age were even more considerable in both gender groups, normal Doppler echocardiographic values should be differentially applied based on age and sex. PMID:27358707
Audio spectrum analysis of umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound signals applied to a clinical material.
Thuring, Ann; Brännström, K Jonas; Jansson, Tomas; Maršál, Karel
Analysis of umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms characterized by pulsatility index (PI) is used to evaluate fetoplacental circulation in high-risk pregnancies. However, an experienced sonographer may be able to further differentiate between various timbres of Doppler audio signals. Recently, we have developed a method for objective audio signal characterization; the method has been tested in an animal model. In the present pilot study, the method was for the first time applied to human pregnancies. Doppler umbilical artery velocimetry was performed in 13 preterm fetuses before and after two doses of 12 mg betamethasone. The auditory measure defined by the frequency band where the spectral energy had dropped 15 dB from its maximum level (MAXpeak-15 dB ), increased two days after betamethasone administration (p = 0.001) parallel with a less pronounced decrease in PI (p = 0.04). The new auditory parameter MAXpeak-15 dB reflected the changes more sensitively than the PI did.
Impact of Overweight and Obesity on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Value of Tissue Doppler Echocardiography
Kossaify, Antoine; Nicolas, Nayla
Background Diastolic dysfunction is a common cause of heart failure with preserved systolic function in obese patients. Objective To assess diastolic function in a series of overweight and obese patients using conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Setting and method University hospital; left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated in 99 patients (mean age 61.59 ± 13.9 years); body mass index and waist circumference were assessed, and patients were subdivided into three groups according to their body mass index (kg/m2): [normal, (18.5–24.9); overweight, (25–29.9); obese, (>29.9)]. Peak early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow and peak early (E′) diastolic mitral annulus velocities were measured. Results Diastolic dysfunction was significantly higher in the overweight/obese groups compared to the normal body mass index group. The analysis was made with regard to waist circumference and other clinical characteristics, and multivariate regression analysis showed a direct and independent effect of body mass index on diastolic function [OR: 2.75; CI: 1.34–5.67; P = 0.006]. Discussion was made in view of the latest clinical data. Also, an insight into normal weight obesity is presented and discussed. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are found to have an independent negative impact on diastolic function as assessed by tissue Doppler imaging. PMID:23471126
WANTED: Fully Automated Indexing.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Purcell, Royal
Discussion of indexing focuses on the possibilities of fully automated indexing. Topics discussed include controlled indexing languages such as subject heading lists and thesauri, free indexing languages, natural indexing languages, computer-aided indexing, expert systems, and the need for greater creativity to further advance automated indexing.…
Design of a Doppler reflectometer for KSTAR
Lee, K. D. Nam, Y. U.; Seo, Seong-Heon; Kim, Y. S.
A Doppler reflectometer has been designed to measure the poloidal propagation velocity on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak. It has the operating frequency range of V-band (50-75 GHz) and the monostatic antenna configuration with extraordinary mode (X-mode). The single sideband modulation with an intermediate frequency of 50 MHz is used for the heterodyne measurement with the 200 MHz in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) phase detector. The corrugated conical horn antenna is used to approximate the Gaussian beam propagation and it is installed together with the oversized rectangular waveguides in the vacuum vessel. The first commissioning test of the Doppler reflectometer system on the KSTAR tokamak is planned in the 2014 KSTAR experimental campaign.
Analysis of Doppler measurements of people
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tan, Robert; Bender, Robert
With the changing nature of international security it is of interest to the military to use remote sensors to detect and classify people as potential threats. We chose a millimeter wave (MMW) radar as our sensor to collect data on single and small groups of people that were either walking or running to determine how easily they could be detected. This work was done to support the concept of using Ka-band radar to detect people from an airborne platform. Fully-polarimetric Ka-Band radar data was collected of people walking and running at various orientations with respect to the radar. Micro-Doppler analysis reveals Doppler oscillations with time that are characteristic of people at all orientations measured.
Groot, Paul J.
In eclipsing binaries the stellar rotation of the two components will cause a rotational Doppler beaming during eclipse ingress and egress when only part of the eclipsed component is covered. For eclipsing binaries with fast spinning components this photometric analog of the well-known spectroscopic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect can exceed the strength of the orbital effect. Example light curves are shown for a detached double white dwarf binary, a massive O-star binary and a transiting exoplanet case, similar to WASP-33b. Inclusion of the rotational Doppler beaming in eclipsing systems is a prerequisite for deriving the correct stellar parameters from fitting high-quality photometric light curves and can be used to determine stellar obliquities as well as, e.g., an independent measure of the rotational velocity in those systems that may be expected to be fully synchronized.
Scrotal inflammatory disease: color Doppler US findings.
Horstman, W G; Middleton, W D; Melson, G L
A study of 45 patients with 51 cases of hemiscrotal inflammatory disease was done to determine the color Doppler ultrasonographic appearance of scrotal inflammatory disorders. The diagnosis was ultimately established by means of appropriate response to antibiotic treatment (47 cases) or surgery (four cases). In all cases, there was evidence of hyperemia: an increased number and concentration of detectable vessels in the affected portion of the scrotum. In 17 cases, the gray scale images were normal, and the only evidence of inflammation was the presence of hypervascularity. Abnormally decreased epididymal vascular resistance was detected in 14 cases of epididymitis; abnormally decreased testicular vascular resistance was detected in six cases of orchitis. Spontaneous venous flow was present in 18 patients. The authors conclude that color Doppler can demonstrate the hyperemic response to scrotal inflammatory disease and that, in the proper clinical setting, it can supplement the gray scale findings and increase diagnostic confidence.
Intracoronary Doppler: Clinical Application And Future Directions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Whitlow, Patrick L.; Raymond, Russell E.; Tuzcu, E. Murat
Because coronary arteriography may underestimate the severity of coronary artery disease, other methods to assess the physiologic significance of a coronary lesion have been sought. Experimental data have confirmed that the ratio of peak flow to resting flow, coronary vasodilator reserve (CVDR), is a quantitative measure of the functional significance of a coronary a stenosis. A 20 MHz pulsed Doppler catheter with a 1 mm outer diameter and an innerlumen for guidewire placement was developed in 1985 and has been used for clinical measurement of CVDR. The technique appears safe, and reliable signals can be obtained in the vast majority of patients studied. Limitations of the technique include possible changes in vessel diameter with delivery of a vasodilator stimulus, possible elevation of baseline flow above normal resting values which would diminish the CVDR, and inability to measure absolute coronary flow. These limitations could be overcome by the development of an intravascular Echo-Doppler device in the future.
Analysis and improved design considerations for airborne pulse Doppler radar signal processing in the detection of hazardous windshear
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lee, Jonggil
High resolution windspeed profile measurements are needed to provide reliable detection of hazardous low altitude windshear with an airborne pulse Doppler radar. The system phase noise in a Doppler weather radar may degrade the spectrum moment estimation quality and the clutter cancellation capability which are important in windshear detection. Also the bias due to weather return Doppler spectrum skewness may cause large errors in pulse pair spectral parameter estimates. These effects are analyzed for the improvement of an airborne Doppler weather radar signal processing design. A method is presented for the direct measurement of windspeed gradient using low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) radar. This spatial gradient is essential in obtaining the windshear hazard index. As an alternative, the modified Prony method is suggested as a spectrum mode estimator for both the clutter and weather signal. Estimation of Doppler spectrum modes may provide the desired windshear hazard information without the need of any preliminary processing requirement such as clutter filtering. The results obtained by processing a NASA simulation model output support consideration of mode identification as one component of a windshear detection algorithm.
Operator Auditory Perception and Spectral Quantification of Umbilical Artery Doppler Ultrasound Signals
Thuring, Ann; Brännström, K. Jonas; Ewerlöf, Maria; Hernandez-Andrade, Edgar; Ley, David; Lingman, Göran; Liuba, Karina; Maršál, Karel; Jansson, Tomas
Objective An experienced sonographer can by listening to the Doppler audio signals perceive various timbres that distinguish different types of umbilical artery flow despite an unchanged pulsatility index (PI). Our aim was to develop an objective measure of the Doppler audio signals recorded from fetoplacental circulation in a sheep model. Methods Various degrees of pathological flow velocity waveforms in the umbilical artery, similar to those in human complicated pregnancies, were induced by microsphere embolization of the placental bed (embolization model, 7 lamb fetuses, 370 Doppler recordings) or by fetal hemodilution (anemia model, 4 lamb fetuses, 184 recordings). A subjective 11-step operator auditory scale (OAS) was related to conventional Doppler parameters, PI and time average mean velocity (TAM), and to sound frequency analysis of Doppler signals (sound frequency with the maximum energy content [MAXpeak] and frequency band at maximum level minus 15 dB [MAXpeak-15 dB] over several heart cycles). Results We found a negative correlation between the OAS and PI: median Rho −0.73 (range −0.35– −0.94) and −0.68 (range −0.57– −0.78) in the two lamb models, respectively. There was a positive correlation between OAS and TAM in both models: median Rho 0.80 (range 0.58–0.95) and 0.90 (range 0.78–0.95), respectively. A strong correlation was found between TAM and the results of sound spectrum analysis; in the embolization model the median r was 0.91 (range 0.88–0.97) for MAXpeak and 0.91 (range 0.82–0.98) for MAXpeak-15 dB. In the anemia model, the corresponding values were 0.92 (range 0.78–0.96) and 0.96 (range 0.89–0.98), respectively. Conclusion Audio-spectrum analysis reflects the subjective perception of Doppler sound signals in the umbilical artery and has a strong correlation to TAM-velocity. This information might be of importance for clinical management of complicated pregnancies as an addition to conventional Doppler parameters
Doppler Lidar Wind Value-Added Product
Newsom, R. K.; Sivaraman, C.; Shippert, T. R.; Riihimaki, L. D.
Wind speed and direction, together with pressure, temperature, and relative humidity, are the most fundamental atmospheric state parameters. Accurate measurement of these parameters is crucial for numerical weather prediction. Vertically resolved wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer are particularly important for modeling pollutant and aerosol transport. Raw data from a scanning coherent Doppler lidar system can be processed to generate accurate height-resolved measurements of wind speed and direction in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Sub miniaturized laser doppler velocimeter sensor
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gharib, Morteza (Inventor); Modaress, Darius (Inventor); Taugwalder, Frederic (Inventor)
A miniaturized laser Doppler velocimeter is formed in a housing that is preferably 3 mm in diameter or less. A laser couples light to a first diffractive optical element that is formed on the fiber end. The light is coupled to a lens that also includes a diffractive optical element. The same lens is also used to collect receive light, and receives includes another diffractive optical element to collect that received light.
Doppler Lidar for Wind Measurements on Venus
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Singh, Upendra N.; Emmitt, George D.; Yu, Jirong; Kavaya, Michael J.
NASA Langley Research Center has a long history of developing 2-micron laser transmitter for wind sensing. With support from NASA Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP) and Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), NASA Langley Research Center has developed a state-of-the-art compact lidar transceiver for a pulsed coherent Doppler lidar system for wind measurement. The transmitter portion of the transceiver employs the high-pulse-energy, Ho:Tm:LuLiF, partially conductively cooled laser technology developed at NASA Langley. The transceiver is capable of 250 mJ pulses at 10 Hz. It is very similar to the technology envisioned for coherent Doppler lidar wind measurements from Earth and Mars orbit. The transceiver is coupled to the large optics and data acquisition system in the NASA Langley VALIDAR mobile trailer. The large optics consists of a 15-cm off-axis beam expanding telescope, and a full-hemispheric scanner. Vertical and horizontal vector winds are measured, as well as relative backscatter. The data acquisition system employs frequency domain velocity estimation and pulse accumulation. It permits real-time display of the processed winds and archival of all data. This lidar system was recently deployed at Howard University facility in Beltsville, Mary-land, along with other wind lidar systems. Coherent Doppler wind lidar ground-based wind measurements and comparisons with other sensors will be presented. A simulation and data product for wind measurement at Venus will be presented.
Velocity variability in ultrasonic Doppler examinations.
Hadlock, Jean; Beach, Kirk W
Ultrasonic Doppler examination with spectral waveform has been used for the classification and surveillance of carotid artery stenosis for over 25 years. Progression/regression between examinations can be identified with 95% confidence if the velocity measurements change by more than two times the root mean square difference (RMSD) of the repeat measurement. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity measurements at a Doppler angle of 60 degrees were repeated in 47 carotid examinations. Measurement difference between sonographers and between instruments was tabulated. Root mean square difference was 11 cm/s (RMS%D = 11%) for systolic and 7 cm/s (RMS%D = 21%) for diastolic velocity measurements (excluding one severe stenosis case). Results for differences between sonographers and between instruments were similar to the overall results. In serial arterial studies using this Doppler velocimetry method, a difference exceeding 23 cm/s (21%) systolic, or 14 cm/s (42%) diastolic velocity indicates a significant (2 x RMSD) hemodynamic change.
Laser Doppler measurement techniques for spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinman, Peter W.; Gagliardi, Robert M.
Two techniques are proposed for using laser links to measure the relative radial velocity of two spacecraft. The first technique determines the relative radial velocity from a measurement of the two-way Doppler shift on a transponded radio-frequency subcarrier. The subcarrier intensity-modulates reciprocating laser beams. The second technique determines the relative radial velocity from a measurement of the two-way Doppler shift on an optical frequency carrier which is transponded between spacecraft using optical Costas loops. The first technique might be used in conjunction with noncoherent optical communications, while the second technique is compatible with coherent optical communications. The first technique simultaneously exploits the diffraction advantage of laser beams and the maturity of radio-frequency phase-locked loop technology. The second technique exploits both the diffraction advantage of laser beams and the large Doppler effect at optical frequencies. The second technique has the potential for greater accuracy; unfortunately, it is more difficult to implement since it involves optical Costas loops.
Direct measurement of Lorentz transformation with Doppler effects
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Shao-Guang
For space science and astronomy the fundamentality of one-way velocity of light (OWVL) is selfevident. The measurement of OWVL (distance/interval) and the clock synchronization with light-signal transfer make a logical circulation. This means that OWVL could not be directly measured but only come indirectly from astronomical method (Romer's Io eclipse and Bradley's sidereal aberration), furthermore, the light-year by definitional OWVL and the trigonometry distance with AU are also un-measurable. For to solve this problem two methods of clock synchronization were proposed: The direct method is that at one end of dual-speed transmissionline with single clock measure the arriving-time difference of longitudinal wave and transverse wave or ordinary light and extraordinary light, again to calculate the collective sending-time of two wave with Yang's /shear elastic-modulus ratio (E/k) or extraordinary/ordinary light refractive-index ratio (ne/no), which work as one earthquake-station with single clock measures first-shake time and the distance to epicenter; The indirect method is that the one-way wavelength l is measured by dual-counters Ca and Cb and computer's real-time operation of reading difference (Nb - Na) of two counters, the frequency f is also simultaneously measured, then l f is just OWVL. Therefore, with classical Newtonian mechanics and ether wave optics, OWVL can be measured in the Galileo coordinate system with an isotropic length unit (1889 international meter definition). Without any hypotheses special relativity can entirely establish on the metrical results. When a certain wavelength l is defined as length unit, foregoing measurement of one-way wavelength l will become as the measurement of rod's length. Let a rigidity-rod connecting Ca and Cb moves relative to lamp-house with velocity v, rod's length L = (Nb - Na) l will change follow v by known Doppler effect, i.e., L(q) =L0 (1+ (v/c) cos q), where L0 is the proper length when v= 0, v• r = v cos q
The NLM Indexing Initiative's Medical Text Indexer.
Aronson, Alan R; Mork, James G; Gay, Clifford W; Humphrey, Susanne M; Rogers, Willie J
The Medical Text Indexer (MTI) is a program for producing MeSH indexing recommendations. It is the major product of NLM's Indexing Initiative and has been used in both semi-automated and fully automated indexing environments at the Library since mid 2002. We report here on an experiment conducted with MEDLINE indexers to evaluate MTI's performance and to generate ideas for its improvement as a tool for user-assisted indexing. We also discuss some filtering techniques developed to improve MTI's accuracy for use primarily in automatically producing the indexing for several abstracts collections.
Defect Tolerance to Intolerance in the Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Semiconductors Cs 2 SnI 6 and Cs 2 TeI 6
Maughan, Annalise E.; Ganose, Alex M.; Bordelon, Mitchell M.; Miller, Elisa M.; Scanlon, David O.; Neilson, James R.
Vacancy-ordered double perovskites of the general formula, A2BX6, are a family of perovskite derivatives composed of a face-centered lattice of nearly isolated [BX6] units with A-site cations occupying the cuboctahedral voids. Despite the presence of isolated octahedral units, the close-packed iodide lattice provides significant electronic dispersion, such that Cs2SnI6 has recently been explored for applications in photovoltaic devices. To elucidate the structure-property relationships of these materials, we have synthesized the solid solution Cs2Sn1-xTexI6. However, even though tellurium substitution increases electronic dispersion via closer I-I contact distances, the substitution experimentally yields insulating behavior from a significant decrease in carrier concentration and mobility. Density functional calculations of native defects in Cs2SnI6 reveal that iodine vacancies exhibit a low enthalpy of formation and the defect energy level is a shallow donor to the conduction band, rendering the material tolerant to these defect states. The increased covalency of Te-I bonding renders the formation of iodine vacancy states unfavorable, and is responsible for the reduction in conductivity upon Te substitution. Additionally, Cs2TeI6 is intolerant to the formation of these defects, as the defect level occurs deep within the band gap and thus localizes potential mobile charge carriers. In these vacancy-ordered double perovskites, the close-packed lattice of iodine provides significant electronic dispersion, while the interaction of the B- and X-site ions dictates the properties as they pertain to electronic structure and defect tolerance. This simplified perspective -- based on extensive experimental and theoretical analysis -- provides a platform from which to understand structure-property relationships in functional perovskite halides.
Applications of Doppler ultrasound in clinical vascular disease
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Barnes, R. W.; Hokanson, D. E.; Sumner, D. S.; Strandness, D. E., Jr.
Doppler ultrasound has become the most useful and versatile noninvasive technique for objective evaluation of clinical vascular disease. Commercially available continuous-wave instruments provide qualitative and quantitative assessment of venous and arterial disease. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound was developed to provide longitudinal and transverse cross-sectional images of the arterial lumen with a resolution approaching that of conventional X-ray techniques. Application of Doppler ultrasound in venous, peripheral arterial, and cerebrovascular diseases is reviewed.
How to Create and Manipulate Radar Range-Doppler Plots
UNCLASSIFIED How to Create and Manipulate Radar Range–Doppler Plots Don Koks Cyber & Electronic Warfare Division Defence Science and Technology...to the approach taken in addressing the jamming task in a later report. We discuss in detail how a radar generates a range–Doppler plot , using a set...FOR PUBLIC RELEASE ii UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED DSTO–TN–1386 How to Create and Manipulate Radar Range–Doppler Plots Executive Summary This report lays
Doppler and speckle methods for diagnostics in dentistry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ulyanov, Sergey S.; Lepilin, Alexander V.; Lebedeva, Nina G.; Sedykh, Alexey V.; Kharish, Natalia A.; Osipova, Yulia; Karpovich, Alexander
The results of statistical analysis of Doppler spectra of scattered intensity, obtained from tissues of oral cavity membrane of healthy volunteers, are presented. The dependence of the spectral moments of Doppler signal on cutoff frequency is investigated. Some results of statistical analysis of Doppler spectra, obtained from tooth pulp of patients, are presented. New approach for monitoring of blood microcirculation in orthodontics is suggested. Influence of own noise of measuring system on formation of speckle-interferometric signal is studied.
Eliminating Doppler Effects in Synthetic-Aperture Radar Optical Processors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Constantindes, N. J.; Bicknell, T. J.
Pair of photodetectors generates correction signals. Instrument detects Doppler shifts in radar and corrects processing parameters so ambiguities caused by shifts not manifested as double or overlapping images.
Reexamination of the Doppler effect through Maxwell's equations.
Guo, Wei; Aktas, Yildirim
In this work, the electric field emitted from a moving source, an electric point dipole, is analyzed for the purpose of illustrating the physics behind the Doppler effect. It is found that if the (translational) motion of the source is nonrelativistic, the Doppler effect is realized in two steps: the motion of the source first causes the dyadic Green function associated with the electric field to acquire an oscillation frequency in the far-field region of the source, and then the frequency leads to the Doppler effect. It is also demonstrated that the Doppler effect is observable only in the far-field region of the source.
Uterine blood flow during various stages of pregnancy in dairy buffaloes using transrectal Doppler ultrasonography.
Varughese, E E; Brar, P S; Dhindsa, S S
Reference data to assess function and perfusion of uteroplacental tissues by assessment of uterine blood flow parameters is not available in buffaloes. The objective of the present study was to assess and quantify blood flow parameters at various stages of gestation. A total of 54 Murrah buffaloes, six animals at every month of gestation, from two months to ten months, were subjected to transrectal Doppler ultrasonography to assess uterine blood flow in both the middle uterine arteries. Resistance and pulsatility indices, velocity and volume of blood flow, diameter of the artery and notch signal were measured for different waveforms. The resistance index value was positively correlated with pulsatility index (r=0.94, P<0.05) but negatively correlated with all other parameters for both arteries, ipsilateral and contralateral to the fetus. With a significant advancement of pregnancy, there was reduction in resistance index with a significant increase in velocity, volume of blood flow and diameter in both arteries. There was a significant increase in the volume and velocity of blood flow (P<0.05) during the last trimester with increased growth demands of the fetus. The notch signal disappeared by 20-24 weeks. Thus, transrectal Doppler ultrasongraphy proved to be a useful non-invasive method to assess the uterine blood flow during pregnancy in buffaloes. This could be a valuable tool to ascertain hemodynamic changes in complicated pregnancy (e.g. abnormalities in uterine blood flow/placenta/fetus) and its extent of deviation from normal.
Doppler ultrasound in kidney diseases: a key parameter in clinical long-term follow-up.
Spatola, Leonardo; Andrulli, Simeone
Doppler ultrasound has been extensively used in detecting reno-vascular diseases, showing to be a non-invasive, safe, low cost and repeatable tool. The Renal Resistive Index (RRI) [(peak systolic velocity - end diastolic velocity)/peak systolic velocity] is a semi-quantitative index derived by Doppler evaluation of renal vascular bed. Normally RRI is in the range of 0.47-0.70, it increases with aging and, usually, it shows a difference between the two kidneys less than 5-8 %. RRI is an important prognostic marker in chronic kidney diseases (CKD), both in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases, because, in longitudinal prospective studies, it significantly correlated with hemodynamic (ABPM, SBP, DBP, pulse pressure) and histopathological parameters (glomerular sclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, interstitial infiltration). In acute kidney injury (AKI) RI is a valid tool in differentiating between pre-renal and renal failure and in predicting renal response to vaso-active agents. In addition a RRI >0.74 can predict the onset of AKI in septic patients. Renal Resistive Index is a useful marker in allograft diseases because it has been widely showed a correlation with histological lesions during worsening of renal function, both in acute rejection and in chronic allograft nephropathy. Recent studies suggest its role in the risk of new onset diabetes after transplantation and it could be one of the parameters to evaluate to shift or withdrawal immunological and/or hypertensive therapy.
Choi, Jieun; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; McCarthy, Chris; Fischer, Debra A.; Johnson, John A.; Wright, Jason T.
We present 248 precise Doppler measurements of Barnard's Star (Gl 699), the second nearest star system to Earth, obtained from Lick and Keck Observatories during the 25 years between 1987 and 2012. The early precision was 20 m s{sup -1} but was 2 m s{sup -1} during the last 8 years, constituting the most extensive and sensitive search for Doppler signatures of planets around this stellar neighbor. We carefully analyze the 136 Keck radial velocities spanning 8 years by first applying a periodogram analysis to search for nearly circular orbits. We find no significant periodic Doppler signals with amplitudes above {approx}2 m s{sup -1}, setting firm upper limits on the minimum mass (Msin i) of any planets with orbital periods from 0.1 to 1000 days. Using a Monte Carlo analysis for circular orbits, we determine that planetary companions to Barnard's Star with masses above 2 M {sub Circled-Plus} and periods below 10 days would have been detected. Planets with periods up to 2 years and masses above 10 M {sub Circled-Plus} (0.03 M {sub Jup}) are also ruled out. A similar analysis allowing for eccentric orbits yields comparable mass limits. The habitable zone of Barnard's Star appears to be devoid of roughly Earth-mass planets or larger, save for face-on orbits. Previous claims of planets around the star by van de Kamp are strongly refuted. The radial velocity of Barnard's Star increases with time at 4.515 {+-} 0.002 m s{sup -1} yr{sup -1}, consistent with the predicted geometrical effect, secular acceleration, that exchanges transverse for radial components of velocity.
The feasibility of Doppler monitoring during EVA.
Barer, A; Filipenkov, S; Katuntsev, V; Vogt, L; Wenzel, J
During extravehicular activities (EVA) outside the spacecraft, astronauts have to work under reduced pressure in a space suit. This pressure reduction induces the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) by the formation of gas bubbles from excess nitrogen dissolved in the organism by breathing air at normal pressure. Under laboratory conditions the gas bubbles moving in the blood stream can be detected by the non-invasive ultrasonic Doppler method. By early detection of excessive bubble formation the development of DCS symptoms may be prevented by early application of preventative measures. The method could also be useful when applied in the space suit in order to compare the results of laboratory tests with operational results, because there is a discrepancy according to the DCS risk of laboratory experiments and actual EVA missions, where no symptoms have been reported yet. A prototype Doppler sensor has been developed and implemented in the Russian Orlan suit. To investigate the feasibility of this method under simulated space conditions, the equipment has been used in a series of 12 thermovacuum chamber tests with suited subjects, where intravenous bubble formation was compared to unsuited control experiments. In more than 50% of the suited tests good Doppler recordings could be achieved. In some cases with unsatisfying results the signal could be improved by breathholding. Although the results do not yet allow any conclusion about a possible difference between suited and unsuited subjects due to the small number of tests performed, the method proved its feasibility for use in EVA suits and should be further developed to enhance the safety of EVA procedures.
Christian Doppler is 200 years young.
Bollinger, Alfred; Partsch, Hugo
Christian Doppler was born 200 years ago in Salzburg, Austria, on November 29, 1803, worked in Prague and Vienna and died 150 years ago in Venice. In an article of eight pages he described the principle, which made him famous. It appeared in 1842 with the exotic title: "On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars and Certain Other Stars of the Heaven". The validity of his principle for velocity measurement was confirmed by trumpet sounds produced on a train moving towards and away from the observer. Around 1960 Japanese scientists suggested that flow velocity in blood vessels could be determined by analysing the difference of frequency between emitted and backscattered ultrasound. Rushmer and coworkers built machines suitable for medicine in Seattle, where Eugene Strandness recognized their potential and applied them in first studies. In 1967 the technique jumped to Europe and started to be used worldwide. Already by using continuous wave ultrasound it was possible to diagnose occlusive disease of neck and limb arteries, venous thrombosis and valvular insufficiency with accuracy. Measurements of postestenotic ankle blood pressure were facilitated by Doppler sensing. Over the years more sophisticated instruments were developed. Pulsed emission of ultrasound waves opened a way to study flow velocity profiles across large vessels. By combining the method with A or B mode ultrasound blood flow could be quantified and finally perfused segments of blood vessels visualized. Duplex scanning in its simple and then in its colour coded version is nowadays the standard non-invasive technique that nobody would like to miss. Vascular territories like intracranial, renal and intestinal arteries can also be explored. For the assessment of microvascular flow in skin and mucosae laser Doppler instruments were introduced.
Detection of microemboli by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Grosset, D G; Georgiadis, D; Kelman, A W; Cowburn, P; Stirling, S; Lees, K R; Faichney, A; Mallinson, A; Quin, R; Bone, I; Pettigrew, L; Brodie, E; MacKay, T; Wheatley, D J
Doppler ultrasound detection of abnormally high-pitched signals within the arterial waveform offers a new method for diagnosis, and potentially for prediction, of embolic complications in at-risk patients. The nature of Doppler "microembolic" signals is of particular interest in patients with prosthetic heart valves, where a high prevalence of these signals is observed. Monitoring the middle cerebral artery with 2-MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TC-2000, Nicolet Biomedical; Warwick, UK), we looked for microemboli signals in 150 patients (95 women and 55 men), and found 1 or more signals during a 30-min recording in 89% of 70 patients with Bjork-Shiley valves (principally monostrut), 54% of 50 patients with Medtronic-Hall valves, and 50% of 30 patients with Carpentier-Edwards valves (p < 0.001, chi 2). In the patients with Bjork-Shiley valves, the mean number of signals per hour was 59 (range, 42-86; 95% confidence interval), which was significantly higher than the mean in patients with Medtronic-Hall and Carpentier-Edwards valves (1.5[range, 0.5-2.5] and 1 [range, 0-5.3], respectively; both p < 0.04, multiple comparisons. Bonferroni correction). In the patients undergoing serial pre- and postoperative studies, the causative role of the valve implant was emphasized. There was no correlation between the number of emboli signals and a prior history of neurologic deficit, cardiac rhythm, previous cardiac surgery, or the intensity of oral anticoagulation, in patients with prosthetic heart valves. In Bjork-Shiley patients, dual (mitral and aortic) valves were associated with more signals than were single valves. In Medtronic-Hall patients, the signal count was greater for valves in the aortic position than it was for valves in the mitral position. Comparative studies of Doppler emboli signals in other clinical settings suggest a difference in composition or size of the underlying maternal between prosthetic valve patients and patients with carotid stenosis. These
Catadioptric optics for laser Doppler velocimeter applications
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dunagan, Stephen E.
This paper examines the adaptation of low-cost Schmidt-Cassegrain astronomical telescopes to perform the laser-beam-focusing and scattered-light collection tasks associated with dual-beam laser Doppler velocimetry. A generic telescope design is analyzed using ray-tracing methods and Gaussian beam-propagation theory. A straightforward modification procedure to convert from infinite to near unity conjugate-ratio operation with very low residual aberration is identified and tested with a 200-mm-aperture telescope modified for f/10 operation. Performance data for this modified telescope configuration are near the diffraction limit and agree well with predictions.
Transmission media effects on precise Doppler tracking
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Callahan, P. S.
The effects of the transmission media - the earth's troposphere and ionosphere, and the solar wind - on precise Doppler tracking are discussed. The charged particle effects can be largely removed by dual frequency observations; however there are limitations to these corrections (besides system noise and/or finite integration times) including the effects of magnetic fields, diffraction, and differential refraction, all of which must be carefully evaluated. The earth's troposphere can contribute an error of delta f/f approximately 10 to the minus 14th power.
The new Adelaide medium frequency Doppler radar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reid, I. M.; Vandepeer, B. G. W.; Dillon, S.; Fuller, B.
The Buckland Park Aerial Array (35 deg S, 138 deg E) is situated about 40 km north of Adelaide on a flat coastal plain. It was designed by Basil Briggs and Graham Elford, and constructed between 1965 and 1968. The first results were published in the late 1960's. Some aspects of the history of the array are described in Briggs (1993). A new MF Doppler Radar utilizing the array has been developed. This paper describes some of the technical details of this new facility.
Applying Zeeman Doppler imaging to solar spectra
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hussain, G. A. J.; Saar, S. H.; Collier Cameron, A.
A new generation of spectro-polarimeters with high throughput (e.g. CFHT/ESPADONS and LBT/PEPSI) is becoming available. This opportunity can be exploited using Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI), a technique that inverts time-series of Stokes V spectra to map stellar surface magnetic fields (Semel 1989). ZDI is assisted by ``Least squares deconvolution'' (LSD), which sums up the signal from 1000's of photospheric lines to produce a mean deconvolved profile with higher S:N (Donati & Collier Cameron 1997).
Dealiasing Doppler velocites using edge detection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meech, Scott P.
This study presents a new algorithm to dealias folded Doppler velocities in S, C, and X-Band radars using a new boundary detection technique on the raw velocity field as a whole, rather than the traditional gate by gate methodology used in more popular and widespread algorithms. Several different types of precipitation events are used to compare and contrast the final output of the new boundary based algorithm. The results are then compared to the NEXRAD dealiasing algorithm as defined by Eilts and Smith (1989) and an objective manual unfolding by radar manipulation software called SoloII.
Mobile fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometer.
Stieglmeier, M; Tropea, C
A laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) has been developed that combines the compactness and low power consumption of laser diodes and avalanche photodiodes with the flexibility and possibility of miniaturization by using fiber-optic probes. The system has been named DFLDA for laser diode fiber LDA and is especially suited for mobile applications, for example, in trains, airplanes, or automobiles. Optimization considerations of fiber-optic probes are put forward and several probe examples are described in detail. Measurement results from three typical applications are given to illustrate the use of the DFLDA. Finally, a number of future configurations of the DFLDA concept are discussed.
Wideband infrared receiver backend. [Doppler radar, radiometers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Flattau, T.; Mellars, J.
The design, operation, and configuration of the receiver backend for a wideband infrared tracking receiver are described. A squaring loop is incorporated into the receiver design to enable it to track the Doppler shifted carrier which is Phase Shift Keyed modulated. The receiver has a 400 MHz instantaneous bandwidth and tracks signals whose carrier frequency at the backend input is between 200 and 900 MHz with frequency variation rates greater than 20 MHz/second. The output data is compatible with MECL 3 logic.
Overview of mesocale research Doppler lidar activities
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fitzjarrald, D. E.
In evaluating the performance of the airborne Doppler lidar system, a large number of deficiencies or mistakes were identified in the original system and experiment plans. All of the known problems were addressed and corrected in the planning and engineering for the fall 1984/spring 1985 ADLS flight series. Thus, the most significant result of the data analysis was the input it has provided to the preparations for the new experiment. Attitude measurements are taken together with the streamlined operating procedures, color graphics real time displays of data, and better experiment design, the result is a second-generation system that is considerably better than the one used in 1981.
In-suit Doppler technology assessment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schulze, Arthur E.; Greene, Ernest R.; Nadeau, John J.
The objective of this program was to perform a technology assessment survey of non-invasive air embolism detection utilizing Doppler ultrasound methodologies. The primary application of this technology will be a continuous monitor for astronauts while performing extravehicular activities (EVA's). The technology assessment was to include: (1) development of a full understanding of all relevant background research; and (2) a survey of the medical ultrasound marketplace for expertise, information, and technical capability relevant to this development. Upon completion of the assessment, LSR was to provide an overview of technological approaches and R&D/manufacturing organizations.
Solar Doppler shifts - Sources of continuous spectra
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Duvall, T. L., Jr.; Harvey, J. W.
Oscillation observations can be used to study nonoscillatory solar phenomena that exhibit Doppler shifts. The paper discusses several effects of these phenomena and their associated temporal and spatial power spectra: (1) they limit the signal-to-noise ratio and sometimes detectability of oscillation modes; (2) there is the potential for better understanding and/or detection of solar phenomena; (3) large-scale convection may spatially modulate oscillation modes, leading to a continuous background spectrum; and (4) in regions of the spectrum where the resolution to separate modes is lacking one can determine upper limits for the integrated effects of modes.
Applications of Doppler optical coherence tomography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xu, Zhiqiang
A major development in biomedical imaging in the last decade has been optical coherence tomography (OCT). This technique enables microscale resolution, depth resolved imaging of the detailed morphology of transparent and nontransparent biological tissue in a noncontact and quasi-noninvasive way. In the first part of this dissertation, we will describe the development and the performance of our home-made OCT systems working with different wavelength regions based on free-space and optical fiber Michelson interferometers. The second part will focus on Doppler OCT (DOCT), an important extension of OCT, which enables the simultaneous evaluation of the structural information and of the fluid flow distribution at a localized position beneath the sample surface. Much effort has been spent during the past few years in our laboratory aimed at providing more accurate velocity measurements with an extended dynamic range. We also applied our technique in different research areas such as microfluidics and hemodynamics. Investigations on the optical properties of the biological tissues (such as absorption and scattering) corresponding to different center wavelengths, have been performed in our laboratory. We used a 10 femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser centered at about 810 nm associated with a free-space Michelson interferometer. The infrared sources were centered at about 1310 and 1560 nm with all-fiber interferometers. Comparative studies using three different sources for several in vitro biological tissues based on a graphical method illustrated how the optical properties affect the quality of the OCT images in terms of the penetration depth and backscattering intensity. We have shown the advantage of working with 810-nm emission wavelength for good backscattering amplitude and contrast, while sources emitting at 1570 nm give good penetration depth. The 1330-nm sources provide a good compromise between the two. Therefore, the choice of the source will ultimately determine the
Plasma aldosterone and left ventricular diastolic function in treatment-naïve patients with hypertension: tissue-Doppler imaging study.
Catena, Cristiana; Verheyen, Nicolas; Pilz, Stefan; Kraigher-Krainer, Elisabeth; Tomaschitz, Andreas; Sechi, Leonardo A; Pieske, Burkert
Aldosterone has hypertrophic and profibrotic effects on the heart. The relationship between plasma aldosterone levels and left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension, however, is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine this relationship in treatment-naïve hypertensive patients free of comorbidities that could affect left ventricular diastolic filling properties. In 115 patients with primary hypertension who were eating a standard diet and 100 matched normotensive controls, we measured plasma aldosterone and active renin levels and performed both conventional echocardiography and tissue-Doppler imaging for assessment of left ventricular diastolic function. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 21% of hypertensive patients, and diastolic dysfunction was detected in 20% by conventional echocardiography and in 58% by tissue-Doppler imaging. Patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction at tissue-Doppler imaging were older and more frequently men, had greater body mass index, blood pressure, alcohol intake, left ventricular mass index, relative wall thickness, and lower plasma aldosterone levels than patients with preserved diastolic function. Plasma aldosterone correlated directly with left ventricular mass index in addition to age, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure. Plasma aldosterone was also directly related to e' velocity at tissue-Doppler imaging, but this relationship was lost after multivariate adjustment. In conclusion, plasma aldosterone levels are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy but have no independent relationship with left ventricular diastolic properties in hypertensive patients.
Assessment of diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography: comparison with standard transmitral and pulmonary venous flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Farias, C. A.; Rodriguez, L.; Garcia, M. J.; Sun, J. P.; Klein, A. L.; Thomas, J. D.
The objective of this study was to determine the utility of Doppler tissue echocardiography in the evaluation of diastolic filling and in discriminating between normal subjects and those with various stages of diastolic dysfunction. We measured myocardial velocities in 51 patients with various stages of diastolic dysfunction and in 27 normal volunteers. The discriminating power of each of the standard Doppler indexes of left ventricular filling, pulmonary venous flow, and myocardial velocities was determined with the use of Spearman rank correlation and analysis of variance F statistics. Early diastolic myocardial velocity (E(m)) was higher in normal subjects (16.0 +/- 3.8 cm/s) than in patients with either delayed relaxation (n = 15, 7.5 +/- 2.2 cm/s), pseudonormal filling (n = 26, 7.6 +/- 2.3 cm/s), or restrictive filling (n = 10, 7.4 +/- 2.4 cm/s, P <.0001). E(m ) was the best single discriminator between control subjects and patients with diastolic dysfunction (P =.7, F = 64.5). Myocardial velocities assessed by Doppler tissue echocardiography are useful in differentiating patients with normal from those with abnormal diastolic function. Myocardial velocity remains reduced even in those stages of diastolic dysfunction characterized by increased preload compensation.
Changes in uterine artery Doppler flow velocity waveforms during the third stage of labor.
Maymon, R; Herman, A; Halperin, R; Bukovsky, I; Weinraub, Z; Ariely, S
Transabdominal Doppler velocity waveform measurements of the uterine arteries during the third stage of labor were performed upon 25 patients with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries and 5 with prolonged third stage in order to further assess third-stage mechanisms. Based on Doppler flow measurements, three phases of the third stage of labor were observed: (1) a latent phase with a systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) and a pulsatility index (PI) of 2.14 +/- 0.49 and 0.89 +/- 0.17, respectively; (2) a contraction and detachment phase with an S/D and PI of 2.53 +/- 0.53 and 1.28 +/- 0.37, respectively, and (3) an expulsion phase with an S/D and PI of 2.20 +/- 0.34 and 0.91 +/- 0.20, respectively (p < 0.05). During the third stage of labor, it was shown that uterine contractions squeezed the uterine vessels as they traversed the myometrium, leading to an increase in the extrinsic resistance, which was reflected by high resistance flow. Following placental separation and changes in the placental-site wall, there was slight uterine relaxation resulting in decreased uterine vessel resistance. This observation encourages the authors to continue investigating the contribution of ultrasound and Doppler flow for studies of the postpartum period.
Design of a near-IR Doppler instrument for planet searches
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Bo; Ge, Jian; Nguyen, Duy Cuong; Wang, Ji; Groot, John
Doppler searches are extending to the near infrared to detect and characterize habitable planets around low mass stars. We present an optical design and performance of a near-IR Doppler instrument. This instrument has two operating modes covering 0.8-1.8 microns. One mode is called IRET, which consists of a fix-delay interferometer and a crossdispersed echelle spectrograph to simultaneously cover 0.8-1.35 microns with a spectral resolution of R=22000 on a 2k x 2k H2RG IR array. The other mode is called FIRST, which uses a silicon immersion grating as the main disperser to simultaneously cover 1.4-1.8 microns with a spectral resolution of R=55000 on the same detector as IRET. The triplepass parabola white pupil design is used to restrain background scatter radiation with stable configuration for precision radial velocity measurements. We used high index standard glasses for camera optics and VPH gratings as crossdispersers in both modes. The FIRST mode can be switched in and out conveniently while the IRET mode is kept without moving parts to increase its stability. This instrument is designed to deliver up to 1 m/s Doppler precision RV measurements of nearby bright M dwarfs at the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 meter telescope. The instrument is expected to be operational in the spring 2011.
Assessment of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Thyroid Vascularization of Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism by Color Doppler Ultrasound
Höfling, Danilo Bianchini; Chavantes, Maria Cristina; Juliano, Adriana G.; Cerri, Giovanni G.; Knobel, Meyer; Yoshimura, Elisabeth M.; Chammas, Maria Cristina
Background. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) frequently alters thyroid vascularization, likely as a result of the autoimmune process. Objective. To evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the thyroid vascularization of patients with hypothyroidism induced by CAT using color Doppler ultrasound parameters. Methods. In this randomized clinical trial, 43 patients who underwent levothyroxine replacement for CAT-induced hypothyroidism were randomly assigned to receive either 10 sessions of LLLT (L group, n = 23) or 10 sessions of a placebo treatment (P group, n = 20). Color Doppler ultrasounds were performed before and 30 days after interventions. To verify the vascularity of the thyroid parenchyma, power Doppler was performed. The systolic peak velocity (SPV) and resistance index (RI) in the superior (STA) and inferior thyroid arteries (ITAs) were measured by pulsed Doppler. Results. The frequency of normal vascularization of the thyroid lobes observed in the postintervention power Doppler examination was significantly higher in the L than in the P group (P = 0.023). The pulsed Doppler examination revealed an increase in the SPV of the ITA in the L group compared with the P group (P = 0.016). No significant differences in the SPV of the STA and in the RI were found between the groups. Conclusion. These results suggest that LLLT can ameliorate thyroid parenchyma vascularization and increase the SPV of the ITA of patients with hypothyroidism caused by CAT. PMID:23316383
[Assessment of the microcirculation system by laser Doppler flowmetry].
Barkhatov, I V
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is extensively used to study microcirculatory disorders, a main problem facing modern medicine. A wealth of data have been obtained on microcirculation in diabetes mellitus, HD, venous insufficiency and other diseases. This review focuses on basic principles of the method for the assessment of microcirculatory disorders by LDF using the domestically produced equipment. The main elements of the microcirculation system, capillary hemodynamics, and mechanisms of its regulation are described. The main elements and terms of LDF are considered, such as microcirculation index, flux, and variation coefficient along with elements of analysis of the amplitude-frequency fluctuation spectrum and different types of tissue blood flow. Active factors of microcirculation control modulate the blood flow from the vascular wall; their action is mediated through its muscular component. Passive factors cause variations of blood flow outside the microcirculation system; they are the pulsed wave originating from arteries and the sucking action of the venous respiratory pump. Under normal conditions, the vasomotor rhythm driven by the pacemaker in the precapillary segment of the microcirculation bed predominates. The compensatory role of other regulatory mechanisms increases with decreasing contribution of vasomotion to the active modulation of microcirculation hemodynamics. A change in the low to high frequency rhythm ratio reflects the microcirculation index (MI). In case of well-balanced active vasomotor and passive compensatory modulations of tissue blood flow observed in normoemic type of microcirculation, MI amounts to 2.2 ± 0.05. Enhancement of high-frequency and pulsed fluctuation spectra results in a decrease of MI to 1.73 ± 0.04 (hyperemic type) and 1.86 ± 0.053 (hypoemic type).
Is Doppler ultrasound useful for evaluating gestational trophoblastic disease?
Lin, Lawrence H; Bernardes, Lisandra S; Hase, Eliane A; Fushida, Koji; Francisco, Rossana P V
Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive method for evaluating vascularization and is widely used in clinical practice. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia includes a group of highly vascularized malignancies derived from placental cells. This review summarizes data found in the literature regarding the applications of Doppler ultrasound in managing patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. The PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane and LILACS databases were searched for articles published in English until 2014 using the following keywords: "Gestational trophoblastic disease AND Ultrasonography, Doppler." Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria and were separated into the 4 following groups according to the aim of the study. 1 Doppler ultrasound does not seem to be capable of differentiating partial from complete moles, but it might be useful when evaluating pregnancies in which a complete mole coexists with a normal fetus. 2 There is controversy in the role of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in the prediction of development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. 3 Doppler ultrasound is a useful tool in the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia because abnormal myometrial vascularization and lower uterine artery Doppler indices seem to be correlated with invasive disease. 4 Lower uterine artery Doppler indices in the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia are associated with methotrexate resistance and might play a role in prognosis. CONCLUSION: Several studies support the importance of Doppler ultrasound in the management of patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, particularly the role of Doppler velocimetry in the prediction of trophoblastic neoplasia and the chemoresistance of trophoblastic tumors. Doppler findings should be used as ancillary tools, along with human chorionic gonadotropin assessment, in the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. PMID:26735221
Adaptive responses of cardiac function to fetal postural change as gestational age increases
Kim, Woo Jin; Choi, Hye Jin; Yang, Sun Young; Koo, Boo Hae; Ahn, Ki Hoon; Hong, Soon Cheol; Oh, Min-Jeong; Kim, Hai-Joong
Objective The cardiovascular system maintains homeostasis through a series of adaptive responses to physiological requirements. However, little is known about the adaptation of fetal cardiac function to gravity, according to gestational age. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the adaptive responses of cardiac function to postural changes, using Tei index measurements. Methods Fetal echocardiography and Doppler examination were performed on 114 women with vertex singleton pregnancies at 19 to 40 weeks' gestation. Participants were placed in an upright seated position, and the Tei index for fetal left ventricular cardiac function was measured. The women were then moved into a supine position and the Tei index was re-measured. Results The mean Tei index when measured in an upright seated position was significantly lower than that measured in a supine positioning for all fetuses (0.528±0.103 vs. 0.555±0.106, P=0.014, respectively). This difference was also noted in fetuses with a gestational age of 28–40 weeks (0.539±0.107 vs. 0.574±0.102, P=0.011, respectively). However, there was no difference in the Tei index between an upright seated and a supine position among fetuses with a gestational age of <28 weeks (0.505±0.091 vs. 0.516±0.103, P=0.571, respectively). Conclusion Postural changes from an upright seated to a supine position result in an increased Tei index after a gestational age of 28 weeks. This appears to reflect maturation in the adaptive responses of the fetal cardiovascular system to postural changes. PMID:27896244
Ambiguity resolution for satellite Doppler positioning systems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Argentiero, P.; Marini, J.
The implementation of satellite-based Doppler positioning systems frequently requires the recovery of transmitter position from a single pass of Doppler data. The least-squares approach to the problem yields conjugate solutions on either side of the satellite subtrack. It is important to develop a procedure for choosing the proper solution which is correct in a high percentage of cases. A test for ambiguity resolution which is the most powerful in the sense that it maximizes the probability of a correct decision is derived. When systematic error sources are properly included in the least-squares reduction process to yield an optimal solution the test reduces to choosing the solution which provides the smaller valuation of the least-squares loss function. When systematic error sources are ignored in the least-squares reduction, the most powerful test is a quadratic form comparison with the weighting matrix of the quadratic form obtained by computing the pseudoinverse of a reduced-rank square matrix. A formula for computing the power of the most powerful test is provided. Numerical examples are included in which the power of the test is computed for situations that are relevant to the design of a satellite-aided search and rescue system.
ALADIN doppler wind lidar: recent advances
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Morancais, Didier; Fabre, Frédéric; Endemann, Martin; Culoma, Alain
The Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) is the payload of the ADM-Aeolus mission, which will provide direct measurements of global wind fields. It will determine the wind velocity component normal to the satellite velocity vector. The instrument is a direct detection Doppler Lidar operating in the UV, which will be the first of its kind in space. ALADIN comprises a high energy laser and a direct detection receiver operating on aerosol and molecular backscatter signals in parallel. The laser is all solid-state, based on Nd-YAG technology and high power laser diodes. The detector is a silicon CCD whose architecture allows on-chip accumulation of the returns, providing photon counting performance. The 1.5 m diameter telescope is lightweight, all made of silicon carbide. ALADIN is now in its final construction stage: the integration of the Flight Model is on-going. Most of the subsystems have been integrated; the payload performance and qualification test campaign will commence. This paper briefly describes the instrument design and provides insights on the development status and the results obtained so far. This regards in particular the receiver performance, the telescope development and the challenges of the laser. The Aeolus satellite is developed for the European Space Agency by EADS Astrium Satellites as prime contractor for the satellite and the instrument.
Right Ventricular Doppler Echocardiographic Study of Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease
Furtado, Rogério Gomes; Frota, Daniela do Carmo Rassi; Silva, João Batista Masson; Romano, Minna Moreira Dias; de Almeida, Oswaldo César; Schmidt, André; Rassi, Salvador
Background Patients with indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality (ICD/CN) exhibited normal electrocardiograms and chest X-rays; however, more sophisticated tests detected some degree of morphological and functional changes in the heart. Objective To assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with ICD/CN. Methods This was a case–control and prevalence study. Using Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography (2D), 92 patients were assessed and divided into two groups: group I (normal, n = 31) and group II (ICD/CN, n = 61). Results The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in patients in groups I and II was as follows: fractional area change (0.0% versus 0.6%), mobility of the tricuspid annulus (0.0% versus 0.0%), and S-wave tissue Doppler (6.4% versus 26.0%, p = 0.016). The prevalence of global disorders such as the right myocardial performance index using tissue Doppler (16.1% versus 27.8%, p = 0.099) and pulsed Doppler (61.3% versus 68%, p = 0.141) and diastolic disorders such as abnormal relaxation (0.0% versus 6.0%), pseudonormal pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%), and restrictive pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%) was not statistically different between groups. Conclusion The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction was estimated to be 26% (S wave velocity compared with other variables), suggesting incipient changes in RV systolic function in the ICD/CN group. PMID:25517391
Indexing Consistency and Quality.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Zunde, Pranas; Dexter, Margaret E.
A measure of indexing consistency is developed based on the concept of 'fuzzy sets'. It assigns a higher consistency value if indexers agree on the more important terms than if they agree on less important terms. Measures of the quality of an indexer's work and exhaustivity of indexing are also proposed. Experimental data on indexing consistency…
An elementary approach to the gravitational Doppler shift
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wörner, C. H.; Rojas, Roberto
In college physics courses, treatment of the Doppler effect is usually done far from the first introduction to kinematics. This paper aims to apply a graphical treatment to describe the gravitational redshift, by considering the Doppler effect in two accelerated reference frames and exercising the equivalence principle. This approach seems appropriate to discuss with beginner students and could serve to enrich the didactic processes.
Tissue Doppler characterization of cardiac phenotype in mouse.
Fayssoil, Abdallah
Mice allow biologists to study various genes playing a role in cardiac function and pathophysiological situations. Echocardiography is a non-invasive tool for assessing cardiac phenotype. Because of load dependence of conventional parameters (left ventricular shortening fraction, left ventricular ejection fraction and mitral pulsed Doppler), we have to perform Doppler tissular velocity imaging and strain imaging for the characterization of cardiomyopathies mice models.
Doppler weather radar with predictive wind shear detection capabilities
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kuntman, Daryal
The status of Bendix research on Doppler weather radar with predictive wind shear detection capability is given in viewgraph form. Information is given on the RDR-4A, a fully coherent, solid state transmitter having Doppler turbulence capability. Frequency generation data, plans, modifications, system characteristics and certification requirements are covered.
21 CFR 892.1550 - Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system. 892.1550 Section 892.1550 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... features of continuous wave doppler-effect technology with pulsed-echo effect technology and is intended...
21 CFR 892.1550 - Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system. 892.1550 Section 892.1550 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... features of continuous wave doppler-effect technology with pulsed-echo effect technology and is intended...
21 CFR 892.1550 - Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system. 892.1550 Section 892.1550 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... features of continuous wave doppler-effect technology with pulsed-echo effect technology and is intended...
21 CFR 892.1550 - Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system. 892.1550 Section 892.1550 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... features of continuous wave doppler-effect technology with pulsed-echo effect technology and is intended...
New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, M. J.; Thomas, J. D.; Klein, A. L.
Doppler echocardiography is one of the most useful clinical tools for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. Doppler indices of LV filling and pulmonary venous (PV) flow are used not only for diagnostic purposes but also for establishing prognosis and evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions. The utility of these indices is limited, however, by the confounding effects of different physiologic variables such as LV relaxation, compliance and filling pressure. Since alterations in these variables result in changes in Doppler indices of opposite direction, it is often difficult to determine the status of a given variable when a specific Doppler filling pattern is observed. Recently, color M-mode and tissue Doppler have provided useful insights in the study of diastolic function. These new Doppler applications have been shown to provide an accurate estimate of LV relaxation and appear to be relatively insensitive to the effects of preload compensation. This review will focus on the complementary role of color M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography and traditional Doppler indices of LV filling and PV flow in the assessment of diastolic function.
Investigations of atmospheric dynamics using a CW Doppler sounder array
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rao, G. L.
A three-dimensional CW Doppler sounding system currently under operation at the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama is described. The properties of the neutral atmosphere are discussed along with the theory of Doppler sounding technique. Methods of data analyses used to investigate the dynamical phenomena at the ionospheric heights are presented and suggestions for future investigations provided.
Ionospheric observations made by a time-interleaved Doppler ionosonde
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lynn, Kenneth J. W.
Mid-latitude HF observations of ionospheric Doppler velocity as a function of frequency are reported here as observed over a quiet 24-h period by a KEL IPS71 ionosonde operating at a 5-min sampling rate. The unique time-interleaving technique used in this ionosonde provided a Doppler resolution of 0.04 Hz over a Doppler range of ±2.5 Hz at each sounding frequency via FFT processing and is described here for the first time. The time-interleaving technique can be applied to other types of ionosonde as well as to other applications. The measurements described were made at a middle latitude site (Salisbury, South Australia). Doppler variations (<30 min) were ever present throughout the day and showed short-period TID characteristics. The day-time Doppler shift was found to closely follow the rate-of-change of foF2 as predicted by a simple parabolic layer model. The descending cusp in short-period TIDs is shown to mark an abrupt change with increasing frequency from negative towards positive Doppler shift with the greatest change in Doppler shift being observed below the cusp. The "smilergram" is introduced as observed in both F2 and Sporadic E. The characteristic curve in Doppler versus group height at a single frequency is described and related to changes in reflection symmetry, velocity and depth of moving ionospheric inhomogeneities.
21 CFR 892.1550 - Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Ultrasonic pulsed doppler imaging system. 892.1550 Section 892.1550 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES RADIOLOGY DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 892.1550 Ultrasonic pulsed doppler...
Micro-Doppler classification of riders and riderless horses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tahmoush, David
Micro-range Micro-Doppler can be used to isolate particular parts of the radar signature, and in this case we demonstrate the differences in the signature between a walking horse versus a walking horse with a rider. Using micro-range micro-Doppler, we can distinguish the radar returns from the rider as separate from the radar returns of the horse.
Imaging doppler velocimeter with downward heterodyning in the optical domain
Reu, Phillip L; Hansche, Bruce D
In a Doppler velocimeter, the incoming Doppler-shifted beams are heterodyned to reduce their frequencies into the bandwidth of a digital camera. This permits the digital camera to produce at every sampling interval a complete two-dimensional array of pixel values. This sequence of pixel value arrays provides a velocity image of the target.
Rotational Doppler effect in x-ray photoionization
Sun Yuping; Wang Chuankui; Gel'mukhanov, Faris
The energy of the photoelectron experiences a red or blue Doppler shift when the molecule recedes from the detector or approaches him. This results in a broadening of the photoelectron line due to the translational thermal motion. However, the molecules also have rotational degrees of freedom and we show that the translational Doppler effect has its rotational counterpart. This rotational Doppler effect leads to an additional broadening of the spectral line of the same magnitude as the Doppler broadening caused by translational thermal motion. The rotational Doppler broadening as well as the rotational recoil broadening is sensitive to the molecular orbital from which the photoelectron is ejected. This broadening should be taken into account in analysis of x-ray photoemission spectra of super-high resolution and it can be directly observed using x-ray pump-probe spectroscopy.
One way Doppler extractor. Volume 1: Vernier technique
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Blasco, R. W.; Klein, S.; Nossen, E. J.; Starner, E. R.; Yanosov, J. A.
A feasibility analysis, trade-offs, and implementation for a One Way Doppler Extraction system are discussed. A Doppler error analysis shows that quantization error is a primary source of Doppler measurement error. Several competing extraction techniques are compared and a Vernier technique is developed which obtains high Doppler resolution with low speed logic. Parameter trade-offs and sensitivities for the Vernier technique are analyzed, leading to a hardware design configuration. A detailed design, operation, and performance evaluation of the resulting breadboard model is presented which verifies the theoretical performance predictions. Performance tests have verified that the breadboard is capable of extracting Doppler, on an S-band signal, to an accuracy of less than 0.02 Hertz for a one second averaging period. This corresponds to a range rate error of no more than 3 millimeters per second.
Spline function approximation for velocimeter Doppler frequency measurement
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Savakis, Andreas E.; Stoughton, John W.; Kanetkar, Sharad V.
A spline function approximation approach for measuring the Doppler spectral peak frequency in a laser Doppler velocimeter system is presented. The processor is designed for signal bursts with mean Doppler shift frequencies up to 100 MHz, input turbulence up to 20 percent, and photon counts as low as 300. The frequency-domain processor uses a bank of digital bandpass filters for the capture of the energy spectrum of each signal burst. The average values of the filter output energies, as a function of normalized frequency, are modeled as deterministic spline functions which are linearly weighted to evaluate the spectral peak location associated with the Doppler shift. The weighting coefficients are chosen to minimize the mean square error. Performance evaluation by simulation yields average errors in estimating mean Doppler frequencies within 0.5 percent for poor signal-to-noise conditions associated with a low photon count of 300 photons/burst.
Doppler-cancelled response to VLF gravitational waves
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Caporali, A.
The interaction of long periodic gravitational waves with a three link microwave system known as the Doppler Cancelling System is discussed. This system, which was developed for a gravitational redshift experiment, uses one-way and two-way Doppler informatin to construct the beat signal of two reference oscillators moving with respect to each other. The geometric optics approximation is used to derive the frequency shift produced on a light signal propagating in a gravitational wave space-time. The signature left on the Doppler-cancelled beat by burst and continuous gravitational waves is analyzed. A comparison is made between the response to gravitational waves of the Doppler Cancelling System and that of a Doppler tracking system which employs two-way, round-trip radio waves. A three-fold repetition of the gravitational wave form is found to be a common feature of the response functions of both systems. These two functions otherwise exhibit interesting differences.
Computing discharge using the index velocity method
Levesque, Victor A.; Oberg, Kevin A.
Application of the index velocity method for computing continuous records of discharge has become increasingly common, especially since the introduction of low-cost acoustic Doppler velocity meters (ADVMs) in 1997. Presently (2011), the index velocity method is being used to compute discharge records for approximately 470 gaging stations operated and maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. The purpose of this report is to document and describe techniques for computing discharge records using the index velocity method. Computing discharge using the index velocity method differs from the traditional stage-discharge method by separating velocity and area into two ratings—the index velocity rating and the stage-area rating. The outputs from each of these ratings, mean channel velocity (V) and cross-sectional area (A), are then multiplied together to compute a discharge. For the index velocity method, V is a function of such parameters as streamwise velocity, stage, cross-stream velocity, and velocity head, and A is a function of stage and cross-section shape. The index velocity method can be used at locations where stage-discharge methods are used, but it is especially appropriate when more than one specific discharge can be measured for a specific stage. After the ADVM is selected, installed, and configured, the stage-area rating and the index velocity rating must be developed. A standard cross section is identified and surveyed in order to develop the stage-area rating. The standard cross section should be surveyed every year for the first 3 years of operation and thereafter at a lesser frequency, depending on the susceptibility of the cross section to change. Periodic measurements of discharge are used to calibrate and validate the index rating for the range of conditions experienced at the gaging station. Data from discharge measurements, ADVMs, and stage sensors are compiled for index-rating analysis. Index ratings are developed by means of regression
Comparison of time-frequency distribution techniques for analysis of simulated Doppler ultrasound signals of the femoral artery.
Guo, Z; Durand, L G; Lee, H C
The time-frequency distribution of the Doppler ultrasound blood flow signal is normally computed by using the short-time Fourier transform or autoregressive modeling. These two techniques require stationarity of the signal during a finite interval. This requirement imposes some limitations on the distribution estimate. In the present study, three new techniques for nonstationary signal analysis (the Choi-Williams distribution, a reduced interference distribution, and the Bessel distribution) were tested to determine their advantages and limitations for analysis of the Doppler blood flow signal of the femoral artery. For the purpose of comparison, a model stimulating the quadrature Doppler signal was developed, and the parameters of each technique were optimized based on the theoretical distribution. Distributions computed using these new techniques were assessed and compared with those computed using the short-time Fourier transform and autoregressive modeling. Three indexes, the correlation coefficient, the integrated squared error, and the normalized root-mean-squared error of the mean frequency waveform, were used to evaluate the performance of each technique. The results showed that the Bessel distribution performed the best, but the Choi-Williams distribution and autoregressive modeling are also techniques which can generate good time-frequency distributions of Doppler signals.
Effect of ensemble averaging on amplitude and feature variabilities of Doppler spectrograms recorded in the lower limb arteries.
Allard, L; Langlois, Y E; Durand, L G; Roederer, G O; Cloutier, G
The objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of averaging Doppler blood flow signals in lower limb arteries on amplitude and feature variabilities. Doppler signals recorded in 41 iliac and 35 superficial femoral arteries having different categories of stenosis were averaged over 1-15 cardiac cycles. Based on the relative decreasing rate of an index of variability, results indicated that amplitude variability of the spectrograms was exponentially reduced to 30, 6 and 1 per cent when averaging five, ten and 15 cardiac cycles, respectively. Nine diagnostic features were extracted from Doppler spectrograms and their variations from one cardiac cycle to the next quantified. Based on the relative decreasing rate of these variations, results indicated that feature variability was exponentially reduced to 30, 4 and 1 per cent when averaging five, ten and 15 cardiac cycles, respectively. The effect of averaging on the discriminant power of the features to separate the different categories of stenosis was also investigated by performing t-test analyses. Results showed that averaging between five and ten cardiac cycles provided the better discriminant power for most cases, whereas averaging over more than ten cardiac cycles was of little benefit. Based on the spectral analysis technique used in the present study, we conclude that averaging over ten cardiac cycles is sufficient for the analysis of Doppler spectrograms recorded in the lower limbs.
[Usefulness of natriuretic peptide testing and Doppler echocardiography at bedside in the diagnosis of acute heart failure].
Arques, S; Roux, E
Acute heart failure is a common condition that leads to hospital admission, with important mortality and readmission rates. A prompt and accurate diagnosis of this condition by hospitalists is essential for an early and tailored medical management. The use of natriuretic peptide testing (BNP and NT-proBNP) through a two cut-point strategy is currently recommended as the first-line diagnostic complement to the initial clinical evaluation in the acute care setting. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is an other noninvasive method that can be used at bedside, especially in patients with intermediate, inconclusive natriuretic peptides levels. In this regard, left ventricular ejection fraction and several simple Doppler indexes (restrictive mitral filling pattern, spectral tissue Doppler E/e' ratio), have been validated in the emergency diagnosis of acute heart failure. The aim of the present review is to overview the respective contribution of natriuretic peptides and Doppler echocardiography at bedside to the diagnosis of acute heart failure in the acute care setting.
Noninvasive color Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow throughout pregnancy in sheep and goats.
Elmetwally, M; Rohn, K; Meinecke-Tillmann, S
In contrast to cattle or horses, uterine blood flow in small ruminants has been investigated predominantly after surgical intervention and chronic instrumentation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the clinical applicability of noninvasive color Doppler sonography to characterize blood flow in the maternal uterine artery of sheep, n = 11 (18 pregnancies) and goats, n = 11 (20 pregnancies). The following parameters were measured transrectally or transabdominally: blood flow volume, time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), Time-averaged mean velocity, impedance of blood flow (AB or systolic/diastolic [S/D] velocity ratio), peak velocity of blood flow and blood flow acceleration. Examinations started 2 weeks after breeding and continued at 2-week intervals until parturition. Outcomes for sheep and goats were similar and will be discussed together. Based on noninvasive color Doppler sonography, blood flow volume increased (approximately 60-fold, P < 0.0001) until the end of pregnancy, with a rapid increase early in gestation, and a slow increase after week 18. Time-averaged maximum velocity in the uterine artery increased (approximately 4-fold; P < 0.0001) throughout pregnancy in sheep and goats. Furthermore, for uterine artery blood flow, there was an effect of stage of pregnancy on PI and RI (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively), both indices decreased until the end of gestation. Time-averaged mean velocity decreased from week 18 to 20 in both species. The blood flow acceleration increased (P < 0.0001) until week 16 and week 14 in sheep and goats, respectively, and then decreased until parturition. Similar to PI and RI, vascular impedance of the uterine decreased (P < 0.0001) throughout pregnancy. This is apparently the first study using noninvasive color Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow throughout physiological pregnancy in small ruminants. Clearly, this technology facilitates repeated
Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Hodges, Ryan; Endo, Masayuki; La Gerche, Andre; Eixarch, Elisenda; DeKoninck, Philip; Ferferieva, Vessilina; D'hooge, Jan; Wallace, Euan M.; Deprest, Jan
Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ultrasound and fetal echocardiography. Increasingly, these imaging modalities are being employed clinically to examine cardiac function and assess wellbeing in utero, thereby guiding timing of birth decisions. Here, we used a rabbit model of IUGR that allows analysis of cardiac function in a clinically relevant way. Using isoflurane induced anesthesia, IUGR is surgically created at gestational age day 25 by performing a laparotomy, exposing the bicornuate uterus and then ligating 40-50% of uteroplacental vessels supplying each gestational sac in a single uterine horn. The other horn in the rabbit bicornuate uterus serves as internal control fetuses. Then, after recovery at gestational age day 30 (full term), the same rabbit undergoes examination of fetal cardiac function. Anesthesia is induced with ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly, then maintained by a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine and xylazine to minimize iatrogenic effects on fetal cardiac function. A repeat laparotomy is performed to expose each gestational sac and a microultrasound examination (VisualSonics VEVO 2100) of fetal cardiac function is performed. Placental insufficiency is evident by a raised pulsatility index or an absent or reversed end diastolic flow of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform. The ductus venosus and middle cerebral artery Doppler is then examined. Fetal echocardiography is performed by recording B mode, M mode and flow velocity waveforms in lateral and apical views. Offline calculations determine standard M-mode cardiac variables, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion, speckle tracking and strain analysis, modified myocardial performance index and vascular flow velocity waveforms of interest. This small animal model of IUGR therefore affords examination of in utero cardiac function that is
Increase of Cisplatinum therapeutic index through optical irradiation
Fumarel, R.; Murgoi, Gabriela; Albert, P.; Hurduc, Anca; Pascu, M. L.
The increase/modification of the Cisplatinum therapeutic index by neoplastic tissue exposure to optical radiation emitted between 400-2000 nm was studied; Cisplatinumum molecules do not absorb between 400 nm-2 {open_square}m. Doppler ultrasonography indicates that, following exposure, the living tissue local micro-vascularisation increases in a controlled and reversible way. The increase in the Cisplatinum therapeutic index may be produced by accelerating the intracellular hydrolyze processes due to the water molecules absorption in the near infrared. The irradiation makes possible the use of Cisplatinumum doses 10 times lower than in conventional chemotherapy; this generates lower secondary effects (kidney toxicity) while increasing the drug antineoplastic effect.
Hands-Free Transcranial Color Doppler Probe
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Robert; Madala, Srihdar; Sattler, Graham
Current transcranial color Doppler (TCD) transducer probes are bulky and difficult to move in tiny increments to search and optimize TCD signals. This invention provides miniature motions of a TCD transducer probe to optimize TCD signals. The mechanical probe uses spherical bearing in guiding and locating the tilting crystal face. The lateral motion of the crystal face as it tilts across the full range of motion was achieved by minimizing the distance between the pivot location and the crystal face. The smallest commonly available metal spherical bearing was used with an outer diameter of 12 mm, a 3-mm tall retaining ring, and 5-mm overall height. Small geared motors were used that would provide sufficient power in a very compact package. After confirming the validity of the basic positioning concept, optimization design loops were completed to yield the final design.
Microscale Heat Conduction Models and Doppler Feedback
Hawari, Ayman I.; Ougouag, Abderrafi
The objective of this project is to establish an approach for providing the fundamental input that is needed to estimate the magnitude and time-dependence of the Doppler feedback mechanism in Very High Temperature reactors. This mechanism is the foremost contributor to the passive safety of gas-cooled, graphite-moderated high temperature reactors that use fuel based on Tristructural-Isotropic (TRISO) coated particles. Therefore, its correct prediction is essential to the conduct of safety analyses for these reactors. Since the effect is directly dependent on the actual temperature reached by the fuel during transients, the underlying phenomena of heat deposition, heat transfer and temperature rise must be correctly predicted. To achieve the above objective, this project will explore an approach that accounts for lattice effects as well as local temperature variations and the correct definition of temperature and related local effects.
Doppler interpretation of quasar red shifts.
Zapolsky, H S
The hypothesis that the quasistellar sources (quasars) are local objects moving with velocities close to the speed of light is examined. Provided there is no observational cutoff on apparent bolometric magnitude for the quasars, the transverse Doppler effect leads to the expectation of fewer blue shifts than red shifts for an isotropic distribution of velocities. Such a distribution also yields a function N(z), the number of objects with red shift less than z which is not inconsistent with the present data. On the basis of two extreme assumptions concerning the origin of such rapidly moving sources, we computed curves of red shift plotted against magnitude. In particular, the curve obtained on the assumption that the quasars originated from an explosion in or nearby our own galaxy is in as good agreement with the observations as the curve of cosmological red shift plotted against magnitude.
Doppler cooling and trapping on forbidden transitions.
Binnewies, T; Wilpers, G; Sterr, U; Riehle, F; Helmcke, J; Mehlstäubler, T E; Rasel, E M; Ertmer, W
Ultracold atoms at temperatures close to the recoil limit have been achieved by extending Doppler cooling to forbidden transitions. A cloud of (40)Ca atoms has been cooled and trapped to a temperature as low as 6 microK by operating a magnetooptical trap on the spin-forbidden intercombination transition. Quenching the long-lived excited state with an additional laser enhanced the scattering rate by a factor of 15, while a high selectivity in velocity was preserved. With this method, more than 10% of precooled atoms from a standard magnetooptical trap have been transferred to the ultracold trap. Monte Carlo simulations of the cooling process are in good agreement with the experiments.
Laser Doppler vibrometry: new ENT applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stasche, Norbert; Baermann, M.; Kempe, C.; Hoermann, Karl; Foth, Hans-Jochen
Common audiometry often does not really allow a reliable and objective differential diagnosis of hearing disorders such as otosclerosis, adhesive otitis, ossicular interruption or tinnitus, even though several methods might be used complementarily. In recent years, some experimental studies on middle ear mechanics established laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) as a useful method allowing objective measurement of human tympanic membrane displacement. The present study on LDV investigated the clinical use of this new method under physiological conditions. LDV proved to be a fast, reproducible, non-invasive and very sensitive instrument to characterize ear-drum vibrations in various middle ear dysfunctions, except in tinnitus patients. For future applications, improved optical characteristics of the vibrometer might result in a better differential diagnosis of subjective and objective tinnitus, otoacoustic emissions or Morbus Meniere.
Phase Doppler anemometry as an ejecta diagnostic
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bell, D. J.; Chapman, D. J.
When a shock wave is incident on a free surface, micron sized pieces of the material can be ejected from that surface. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) is being developed to simultaneously measure the sizes and velocities of the individual shock induced ejecta particles; providing an important insight into ejecta phenomena. The results from experiments performed on the 13 mm bore light gas gun at the Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College London are presented. Specially grooved tin targets were shocked at pressures of up to 14 GPa, below the melt on release pressure, to generate ejecta particles. These experiments are the first time that PDA has been successfully fielded on dynamic ejecta experiments. The results and current state of the art of the technique are discussed along with the future improvements required to optimise performance and increase usability.
The generalized Doppler effect for surface waves
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Michel, G.
We investigate energy exchanges through scales occurring when a surface wave reflects on a harmonically oscillating wall. We first experimentally evidence the creation of Doppler-shifted waves and measure their height as a function of the oscillation amplitude. Then, we theoretically compute the amplitudes of these new waves in the gravity regime. Both results show that even without bulk non-linearities, oscillating paddles in a fluid container lead to a complex wave energy spectrum competing with the one predicted by wave turbulence. To exemplify this point, we characterize a simple one-dimensional model consisting of a linear wave equation in an oscillating cavity with distinct injection and dissipation mechanisms. It displays features usually associated with non-linearities, as self-similarity in a spectral domain (the so-called inertial range), appearance of energy at larger and/or lower scales than the forcing one and creation of shock waves.
NEXRAD - An advanced Doppler weather radar system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durham, A. F.
The WSR-57 system, which was first placed into operation in 1957, forms the backbone of the current radar observation network of the National Weather Service. However, in connection with its age, it has become increasingly difficult and expensive to maintain this system. The present investigation is concerned with the replacement of the WSR-57 by a new system which incorporates important advances made in radar technology since the 1950s. The new system considered, called the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) makes use of highly automated Doppler techniques to measure the radial velocity of air movement within the internal structure of a storm system. Attention is given to background regarding the NEXRAD system development, the four phases of the NEXRAD program, NEXRAD system capabilities, operational (display) products, and questions of siting.
Widefield laser doppler velocimeter: development and theory.
Hansche, Bruce David; Reu, Phillip L.; Massad, Jordan Elias
The widefield laser Doppler velocimeter is a new measurement technique that significantly expands the functionality of a traditional scanning system. This new technique allows full-field velocity measurements without scanning, a drawback of traditional measurement techniques. This is particularly important for tests in which the sample is destroyed or the motion of the sample is non-repetitive. The goal of creating ''velocity movies'' was accomplished during the research, and this report describes the current functionality and operation of the system. The mathematical underpinnings and system setup are thoroughly described. Two prototype experiments are then presented to show the practical use of the current system. Details of the corresponding hardware used to collect the data and the associated software to analyze the data are presented.
Spacecraft Doppler tracking with a VLBI antenna
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Comoretto, G.; Iess, L.; Bertotti, B.; Brenkle, J. P.; Horton, T.
Preliminary results are reported from Doppler-shift measurements to the Voyager-2 spacecraft at a distance of 26 AU, obtained using the 32-m VLBI antenna at Medicina (Italy) during July and August 1988. The apparatus comprises the el-az antenna, an S-X-band receiver, a hydrogen maser to generate the reference signal, a Mark III VLBI terminal, and a digital tone extractor capable of isolating a tone of known frequency from a noisy signal and giving its phase and amplitude. A signal transmitted in S-band from the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) station in Australia and retransmitted coherently in X-band by Voyager, was received 7 h 6 min later at Medicina and at the DSN station in Madrid. Sample data are presented graphically and shown to be of generally high quality; further in-depth analysis is under way.
Cyclotron maser using the anomalous Doppler effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Didenko, A. N.; Borisov, A. R.; Fomenko, G. P.; Shlapakovskii, A. S.; Shtein, Iu. G.
The operation of an anomalous-Doppler-effect cyclotron-resonance maser using a waveguide partially filled with dielectric as the slow-wave system is reported. The device investigated is similar to that of Didenko et al. (1983) and comprises a 300-mm-long 50-mm-o.d. 30-mm-i.d. waveguide with fabric-laminate dielectric, located 150 mm from the cathode in a 500-mm-long region of uniform 0-20-kG magnetic field, and a coaxial magnetic-insulation gun producing a 13-mm-i.d. 25-mm-o.d. hollow electron beam. Radiation at 12 + or - 1 mm wavelength and optimum power 20 MW is observed using hot-carrier detectors, with a clear peak in the power-versus-magnetic-field curve at about 6.4 kG.
DC coupled Doppler radar physiological monitor.
Zhao, Xi; Song, Chenyan; Lubecke, Victor; Boric-Lubecke, Olga
One of the challenges in Doppler radar systems for physiological monitoring is a large DC offset in baseband outputs. Typically, AC coupling is used to eliminate this DC offset. Since the physiological signals of interest include frequency content near DC, it is not desirable to simply use AC coupling on the radar outputs. While AC coupling effectively removes DC offset, it also introduces a large time delay and distortion. This paper presents the first DC coupled IQ demodulator printed circuit board (PCB) design and measurements. The DC coupling is achieved by using a mixer with high LO to RF port isolation, resulting in a very low radar DC offset on the order of mV. The DC coupled signals from the PCB radar system were successfully detected with significant LNA gain without saturation. Compared to the AC coupled results, the DC coupled results show great advantages of less signal distortion and more accurate rate estimation.
Processing of the laser Doppler velocimeter signals
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Meyers, J. F.; Feller, W. V.
The laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) is a probeless technique that provides a remote measurement of mean and fluctuating velocities. The measurement is actually obtained from small particles embedded in the flow which scatter light from an illuminating laser beam interference pattern. A portion of this scattered light is collected by a photomultiplier which yields an electronic signal whose frequency is directly proportional to the velocity of the small particles. The purpose of this paper is to describe and critically compare three techniques most used to process this electronic signal. These techniques are: (1) spectrum analyzer - a frequency scanning filter (frequency domain instrument), (2) wide-band frequency tracker - a frequency lock loop (frequency domain instrument), and (3) high-speed frequency counter - an interval timer (time domain instrument). The study determines the ability of each technique to process the LDV signal and yield velocity data to be used in determining the flow characteristics.
[Use of laser Doppler flowmetry in dentistry].
Roeykens, H; Nammour, S; De Moor, R
An early determination of pulpal vitality is crucial with respect to a correct differential diagnosis of revascularisation or necrosis and its treatment. The use of sensibility tests (cold, heat, electrical pulp test) in combination with X-ray are commonly promoted. However these tests are arbitrary, based on sensations and therefore not always reliable. In such situation the registration of 'real' pulpal blood flow and hence pulp vitality will be more than an added value. The most studied and well documented method is laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) as it is non invasive, direct and objective. In this article we describe blood flow, LDF and its characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of this method and the newest developments regarding LDF. Despite a low implementation of LDF in Belgium, this technique proved to belong indisputable to the basic assets of a dental clinic. A number of cases are described to demonstrate the efficacy and added value of LDF in assessing tooth vitality.
Wind Field Measurements With Airborne Doppler Lidar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Menzies, Robert T.
In collaboration with lidar atmospheric remote sensing groups at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Technology Laboratory, we have developed and flown the Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) lidar on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. The scientific motivations for this effort are: to obtain measurements of subgrid scale (i.e. 2-200 km) processes and features which may be used to improve parameterizations in global/regional-scale models; to improve understanding and predictive capabilities on the mesoscale; and to assess the performance of Earth-orbiting Doppler lidar for global tropospheric wind measurements. MACAWS is a scanning Doppler lidar using a pulsed transmitter and coherent detection; the use of the scanner allows 3-D wind fields to be produced from the data. The instrument can also be radiometrically calibrated and used to study aerosol, cloud, and surface scattering characteristics at the lidar wavelength in the thermal infrared. MACAWS was used to study surface winds off the California coast near Point Arena, with an example depicted in the figure below. The northerly flow here is due to the Pacific subtropical high. The coastal topography interacts with the northerly flow in the marine inversion layer, and when the flow passes a cape or point that juts into the winds, structures called "hydraulic expansion fans" are observed. These are marked by strong variation along the vertical and cross-shore directions. The plots below show three horizontal slices at different heights above sea level (ASL). Bottom plots are enlargements of the area marked by dotted boxes above. The terrain contours are in 200-m increments, with the white spots being above 600-m elevation. Additional information is contained in the original.
Laser Doppler flowmetry in endodontics: a review.
Jafarzadeh, H
Vascular supply is the most accurate marker of pulp vitality. Tests for assessing vascular supply that rely on the passage of light through a tooth have been considered as possible methods for detecting pulp vitality. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), which is a noninvasive, objective, painless, semi-quantitative method, has been shown to be reliable for measuring pulpal blood flow. The relevant literature on LDF in the context of endodontics up to March 2008 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified papers published between June 1983 and March 2008. Laser light is transmitted to the pulp by means of a fibre optic probe. Scattered light from moving red blood cells will be frequency-shifted whilst that from the static tissue remains unshifted. The reflected light, composed of Doppler-shifted and unshifted light, is returned by afferent fibres and a signal is produced. This technique has been successfully employed for estimating pulpal vitality in adults and children, differential diagnosis of apical radiolucencies (on the basis of pulp vitality), examining the reactions to pharmacological agents or electrical and thermal stimulation, and monitoring of pulpal responses to orthodontic procedures and traumatic injuries. Assessments may be highly susceptible to environmental and technique-related factors. Nonpulpal signals, principally from periodontal blood flow, may contaminate the signal. Because this test produces no noxious stimuli, apprehensive or distressed patients accept it more readily than current methods of pulp vitality assessment. A review of the literature and a discussion of the application of this system in endodontics are presented.
Vascular waveform analysis of flap-feeding vessels using color Doppler ultrasonography.
Ogino, Akihiro; Onishi, Kiyoshi
We performed vascular waveform analysis of flap-feeding vessels using color Doppler ultrasonography and evaluated the blood flow in the flaps prior to surgery. Vascular waveform analysis was performed in 19 patients. The analyzed parameters included the vascular diameter, flow volume, flow velocity, resistance index, pulsatility index, and acceleration time. The arterial waveform was classified into 5 types based on the partially modified blood flow waveform classification reported by Hirai et al.; in particular, D-1a, D-1b, and D-2 were considered as normal waveforms. They were 4 patients which observed abnormal vascular waveform among 19 patients (D-4 : 1, D-3 : 1, and Poor detect : 2). The case which presented D-4 waveform changed the surgical procedure, and a favorable outcome was achieved. Muscle flap of the case which presented D-3 waveform was partially necrosed. The case which detected blood flow poorly was judged to be the vascular obstruction of the internal thoracic artery. In the evaluation of blood flow in flaps using color Doppler ultrasonography, determination of not only basic blood flow information, such as the vascular distribution and diameter and flow velocity, but also the flow volume, vascular resistance, and arterial waveform is essential to elucidate the hemodynamics of the flap.
Scintigraphy and Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of obstructive urinary calculi.
Gandolpho, L; Sevillano, M; Barbieri, A; Ajzen, S; Schor, N; Ortiz, V; Heilberg, I P
Forty-seven patients with unilateral obstructive calculi (12 males and 35 females) were submitted to 99mTc-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans for assessment of renal function. The scans revealed unilateral functional deficit in 68 and 66% of the patients, respectively. A calculus size of 1.1 to 2.0 cm was significantly associated with deficit detected by DTPA, but duration of obstruction and calculus localization were not. After relief of the obstruction, the mean percent renal function of the affected kidney was found to be significantly increased from 25 +/- 12% to 29 +/- 12% in DTPA and from 21 +/- 15% to 24 +/- 12% in DMSA. Initial Doppler ultrasonography performed in 35 patients detected an increased resistive index in 10 (29%). In the remaining patients with a normal resistive index, ureteral urinary jet was observed, indicating partial obstruction. The high frequency of renal function impairment detected by DTPA and of tubulointerstitial damage detected by DMSA as well as the slight amelioration of unilateral renal function after relief of obstruction suggest that scintigraphy assessment may help evaluate the unilateral percentage of renal function and monitor renal function recovery when it occurs. The presence of a urinary jet detected by Doppler ultrasonography further indicates the severity of obstruction and the recovery prognosis.
Brachial artery Doppler flux parameters before and after hot flush in Mexican postmenopausal women: preliminary report
Rodríguez, Karina Vázquez; Ortiz, Sergio Rosales
Objective To analyse brachial artery flux parameters in postmenopausal women before and after hot flush. Material and methods Two groups of postmenopausal women were studied: Group I, without vasomotor symptoms (n = 10) and Group II, with vasomotor symptoms (n = 10). In all them a brachial artery Doppler ultrasound was done, measuring before and after hyperaemic stimulus of the arterial diameter (AD), the pulsatility index (PI), and the resistive index (RI). In Group I, measurements were done at baseline and five minutes after. In Group II, measurements were at baseline, and one and five minutes after the hot-flush. Comparison between the groups was done with Mann-Whitney U test, and within the groups with Wilcoxon test. Results No differences were found among the groups in Doppler parameters. When comparing each group separately, in Group I, at baseline and at five minutes measurements, the AD was greater after the hyperaemic stimulus than before it. In group II at baseline, the PI was significantly greater after the hyperaemic stimulus than before to it. At the first and fifth minute, the AD was significantly greater after the hyperaemic stimulus than before to it. Conclusions No differences were found between those who did not have and those who had hot flushes. PMID:27095957
Doppler sensitivity and its effect on transatlantic TWSTFT links
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Shengkang; Parker, Thomas; Zhang, Victor
Some investigations have concluded that the diurnal pattern in the time comparison results of present two way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) links may come mainly from Doppler dependent errors in the time of arrival (TOA) measurements made by the receivers of the TWSTFT modems. In this paper, several experiments were carried out to test if there is a Doppler dependent error in the 'delay' measurements of the receivers currently used. By simulating quantitative Doppler effects in the time transfer signal both on the carrier and the code, a type of Doppler sensitivity on the code was observed in the receivers, which has about -0.49 ns offset in 'delay' measurement for a 1 × 10-9 fractional Doppler shift. This sensitivity is basically the same for modems with different serial numbers from the same manufacture. We calculated this Doppler caused diurnal pattern in the time comparison results of the transatlantic TWSTFT link between NIST and PTB and found that it is very small and negligible, because the Doppler dependent error is almost identical in the NIST and PTB measurements and therefore it is nearly canceled in the TWSTFT difference. Commercial products are identified for technical completeness only, and no endorsement by NIST is implied.
Compressed Sensing Doppler Ultrasound Reconstruction Using Block Sparse Bayesian Learning.
Lorintiu, Oana; Liebgott, Herve; Friboulet, Denis
In this paper we propose a framework for using duplex Doppler ultrasound systems. These type of systems need to interleave the acquisition and display of a B-mode image and of the pulsed Doppler spectrogram. In a recent study (Richy , 2013), we have shown that compressed sensing-based reconstruction of Doppler signal allowed reducing the number of Doppler emissions and yielded better results than traditional interpolation and at least equivalent or even better depending on the configuration than the study estimating the signal from sparse data sets given in Jensen, 2006. We propose here to improve over this study by using a novel framework for randomly interleaving Doppler and US emissions. The proposed method reconstructs the Doppler signal segment by segment using a block sparse Bayesian learning (BSBL) algorithm based CS reconstruction. The interest of using such framework in the context of duplex Doppler is linked to the unique ability of BSBL to exploit block-correlated signals and to recover non-sparse signals. The performance of the technique is evaluated from simulated data as well as experimental in vivo data and compared to the recent results in Richy , 2013.
Guilfoyle, Richard A.; Guo, Zhen
A restriction site indexing method for selectively amplifying any fragment generated by a Class II restriction enzyme includes adaptors specific to fragment ends containing adaptor indexing sequences complementary to fragment indexing sequences near the termini of fragments generated by Class II enzyme cleavage. A method for combinatorial indexing facilitates amplification of restriction fragments whose sequence is not known.
Guilfoyle, Richard A.; Guo, Zhen
A restriction site indexing method for selectively amplifying any fragment generated by a Class II restriction enzyme includes adaptors specific to fragment ends containing adaptor indexing sequences complementary to fragment indexing sequences near the termini of fragments generated by Class II enzyme cleavage. A method for combinatorial indexing facilitates amplification of restriction fragments whose sequence is not known.
Limits on Planetary Companions from Doppler Surveys of Nearby Stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Howard, Andrew W.; Fulton, Benjamin J.
Most of our knowledge of planets orbiting nearby stars comes from Doppler surveys. For spaced-based, high-contrast imaging missions, nearby stars with Doppler-discovered planets are attractive targets. The known orbits tell imaging missions where and when to observe, and the dynamically determined masses provide important constraints for the interpretation of planetary spectra. Quantifying the set of planet masses and orbits that could have been detected will enable more efficient planet discovery and characterization. We analyzed Doppler measurements from Lick and Keck Observatories by the California Planet Survey. We focused on stars that are likely targets for three space-based planet imaging mission concepts studied by NASA—WFIRST-AFTA, Exo-C, and Exo-S. The Doppler targets are primarily F8 and later main sequence stars, with observations spanning 1987-2014. We identified 76 stars with Doppler measurements from the prospective mission target lists. We developed an automated planet search and a methodology to estimate the pipeline completeness using injection and recovery tests. We applied this machinery to the Doppler data and computed planet detection limits for each star as a function of planet minimum mass and semimajor axis. For typical stars in the survey, we are sensitive to approximately Saturn-mass planets inside of 1 au, Jupiter-mass planets inside of ˜3 au, and our sensitivity declines out to ˜10 au. For the best Doppler targets, we are sensitive to Neptune-mass planets in 3 au orbits. Using an idealized model of Doppler survey completeness, we forecast the precision of future surveys of non-ideal Doppler targets that are likely targets of imaging missions. Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated jointly by the University of California and the California Institute of Technology. Keck time has been granted by NASA, the University of California, and the University of Hawaii.
Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic analysis of mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction.
Loperfido, F; Biasucci, L M; Pennestri, F; Laurenzi, F; Gimigliano, F; Vigna, C; Rossi, E; Favuzzi, A; Santarelli, P; Manzoli, U
In 72 patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI), mitral regurgitation (MR) was assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography and compared with physical and 2-dimensional echocardiographic findings. MR was found by Doppler in 29 of 42 patients (62%) with anterior MI, 11 of 30 (37%) with inferior MI (p less than 0.01) and in none of 20 normal control subjects. MR was more frequent in patients who underwent Doppler study 3 months after MI than in those who underwent Doppler at discharge (anterior MI = 83% vs 50%, p less than 0.01; inferior MI = 47% vs 27%, p = not significant). Of 15 patients who underwent Doppler studies both times, 3 (all with anterior MI) had MR only on the second study. Of the patients with Doppler MR, 12 of 27 (44%) with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) greater than 30% and 1 of 13 (8%) with an EF of 30% or less (p less than 0.01) had an MR systolic murmur. Mitral prolapse or eversion and papillary muscle fibrosis were infrequent in MI patients, whether or not Doppler MR was present. The degree of Doppler MR correlated with EF (r = -0.61), LV systolic volume (r = 0.47), and systolic and diastolic mitral anulus circumference (r = 0.52 and 0.51, respectively). Doppler MR was present in 24 of 28 patients (86%) with an EF of 40% or less and in 16 of 44 (36%) with EF more than 40% (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modular high accuracy tracker for dual channel laser Doppler velocimeter
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fridman, J. D.; Young, R. M.; Seavey, R. E.; Orloff, K. L.
In the study described, a scanning dual-channel cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (developed for measuring simultaneously the two orthogonal components of flow velocity and turbulence intensity) was used to measure the instantaneous velocity characteristics of a model helicopter rotor and in a vortex wake survey experiment on a Boeing 747 aircraft model. Particular attention is given to a special purpose dual-loop frequency tracker developed to track and demodulate 10 microsecond wide pulse burst Doppler signals with a study cycle of 25% (or narrower signals at a higher duty cycle) generated by the laser Doppler velocimeter.
Mitigating Doppler shift effect in HF multitone data modem
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sonlu, Yasar
Digital communications over High Frequency (HF) radio channels are getting important in recent years. Current HF requirements are for data transmission at rates 2.4 kbps or more to accommodate computer data links and digital secure voice. HF modems which were produced to meet these speeds are, serial modems and parallel modems. On the other hand, the HF sky-wave communication medium, the ionosphere, has some propagation problems such as multipath and Doppler shift. The effect of Doppler shift in a parallel modem which employs Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) modulation is considered and a correction method to mitigate the Doppler Shift effect is introduced.
Ultrasonic Doppler measurement of renal artery blood flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Freund, W. R.; Beaver, W. L.; Meindl, J. D.
Studies were made of (1) blood flow redistribution during lower body negative pressure (LBNP), (2) the profile of blood flow across the mitral annulus of the heart (both perpendicular and parallel to the commissures), (3) testing and evaluation of a number of pulsed Doppler systems, (4) acute calibration of perivascular Doppler transducers, (5) redesign of the mitral flow transducers to improve reliability and ease of construction, and (6) a frequency offset generator designed for use in distinguishing forward and reverse components of blood flow by producing frequencies above and below the offset frequency. Finally methodology was developed and initial results were obtained from a computer analysis of time-varying Doppler spectra.
Laser Doppler anemometer signal processing for blood flow velocity measurements
Borozdova, M A; Fedosov, I V; Tuchin, V V
A new method for analysing the signal in a laser Doppler anemometer based on the differential scheme is proposed, which provides the flow velocity measurement in strongly scattering liquids, particularly, blood. A laser Doppler anemometer intended for measuring the absolute blood flow velocity in animal and human near-surface arterioles and venules is developed. The laser Doppler anemometer signal structure is experimentally studied for measuring the flow velocity in optically inhomogeneous media, such as blood and suspensions of scattering particles. The results of measuring the whole and diluted blood flow velocity in channels with a rectangular cross section are presented. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)
Interferometric millimeter wave and THz wave doppler radar
Liao, Shaolin; Gopalsami, Nachappa; Bakhtiari, Sasan; Raptis, Apostolos C.; Elmer, Thomas
A mixerless high frequency interferometric Doppler radar system and methods has been invented, numerically validated and experimentally tested. A continuous wave source, phase modulator (e.g., a continuously oscillating reference mirror) and intensity detector are utilized. The intensity detector measures the intensity of the combined reflected Doppler signal and the modulated reference beam. Rigorous mathematics formulas have been developed to extract bot amplitude and phase from the measured intensity signal. Software in Matlab has been developed and used to extract such amplitude and phase information from the experimental data. Both amplitude and phase are calculated and the Doppler frequency signature of the object is determined.
Prevalence in a volunteer population of pelvic cancer detected with transvaginal ultrasound and color flow Doppler.
Schulman, H; Conway, C; Zalud, I; Farmakides, G; Haley, J; Cassata, M
Our objective was to find the prevalence of non-symptomatic endometrial and ovarian neoplasms in a volunteer population of women, aged 40 and over. We offered a free volunteer screening program to asymptomatic women for a study using transvaginal ultrasound and color flow Doppler for the detection of pelvic cancer. In the first 2 years, 2117 women were examined, 51.3% post-menopausal. An ovarian cyst was defined as having a maximum diameter of more than 2.4 cm. Color flow was used to identify blood vessels feeding pelvic organs and adnexal enlargements. An abnormal Doppler flow velocity for the ovary was defined as a resistance index of less than 0.41. Ovarian cysts of less than 5 cm with normal Doppler indices were followed up in 6 months to 1 year. An adnexal morphology score was created to quantify the usefulness of this parameter, particularly in postmenopausal women. Indications for surgery were pre-defined as a persistent ovarian cyst of more than 5 cm, a persistent suspicious Doppler and a total endometrial thickness of greater than 0.59 cm in postmenopausal women not taking hormones.A total of 202 women (9.5%) had ovarian cysts. Fourteen women were operated upon because of size criteria, one because of family history and three for persistent abnormal flow. By Doppler study, 15 cysts were predicted to be benign and histology was confirmatory. There were two false positives and one true positive, a stage Ib ovarian cancer. There were no false negatives, although a stage I endometrioid cancer of the ovary was detected 8 months after a negative scan. In those cases in which follow-up data were available, 56% of the cysts regressed in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, 28% regressed. Twenty of 1086 postmenopausal women had endometrial biopsies. Three had endometrial cancer, two stage I and one stage IIA. Five had atypical or adenomatous hyperplasia, and seven had benign polyps. So many women have small asymptomatic cysts of the ovary that a major
Automating Index Preparation* Pehong Chent Michael A. Harrison Computer Science Division University of CaliforniaI Berkeley, CA 94720 March 23, 1987...Abstract Index preparation is a tedious and time-consuming task. In this paper we indicate * how the indexing process can be automated in a way which...identified and analyzed. Specifically, we describe a framework for placing index commands in the document and a general purpose index processor which
An audit of a hospital-based Doppler ultrasound quality control protocol using a commercial string Doppler phantom.
Cournane, S; Fagan, A J; Browne, J E
Results from a four-year audit of a Doppler quality assurance (QA) program using a commercially available Doppler string phantom are presented. The suitability of the phantom was firstly determined and modifications were made to improve the reliability and quality of the measurements. QA of Doppler ultrasound equipment is very important as data obtained from these systems is used in patient management. It was found that if the braided-silk filament of the Doppler phantom was exchanged with an O-ring rubber filament and the velocity range below 50 cm/s was avoided for Doppler quality control (QC) measurements, then the maximum velocity accuracy (MVA) error and intrinsic spectral broadening (ISB) results obtained using this device had a repeatability of 18 ± 3.3% and 19 ± 3.5%, respectively. A consistent overestimation of the MVA of between 12% and 56% was found for each of the tested ultrasound systems. Of more concern was the variation of the overestimation within each respective transducer category: MVA errors of the linear, curvilinear and phased array probes were in the range 12.3-20.8%, 32.3-53.8% and 27-40.7%, respectively. There is a dearth of QA data for Doppler ultrasound; it would be beneficial if a multicentre longitudinal study was carried out using the same Doppler ultrasound test object to evaluate sensitivity to deterioration in performance measurements.
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data Processing System manual [ADCP
Cote, Jessica M.; Hotchkiss, Frances S.; Martini, Marinna; Denham, Charles R.; revisions by Ramsey, Andree L.; Ruane, Stephen
This open-file report describes the data processing software currently in use by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), to process time series of acoustic Doppler current data obtained by Teledyne RD Instruments Workhorse model ADCPs. The Sediment Transport Instrumentation Group (STG) at the WHCMSC has a long-standing commitment to providing scientists high quality oceanographic data published in a timely manner. To meet this commitment, STG has created this software to aid personnel in processing and reviewing data as well as evaluating hardware for signs of instrument malfunction. The output data format for the data is network Common Data Form (netCDF), which meets USGS publication standards. Typically, ADCP data are recorded in beam coordinates. This conforms to the USGS philosophy to post-process rather than internally process data. By preserving the original data quality indicators as well as the initial data set, data can be evaluated and reprocessed for different types of analyses. Beam coordinate data are desirable for internal and surface wave experiments, for example. All the code in this software package is intended to run using the MATLAB program available from The Mathworks, Inc. As such, it is platform independent and can be adapted by the USGS and others for specialized experiments with non-standard requirements. The software is continuously being updated and revised as improvements are required. The most recent revision may be downloaded from: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/stg/Pubs/ADCPtools/adcp_index.htm The USGS makes this software available at the user?s discretion and responsibility.
Correlation of ascending aorta elasticity and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease assessed by M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography.
Lu, Qixiu; Liu, Houlin
The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between ascending aorta elasticity and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in essential hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) using M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography. A total of 184 hypertensive patients with CHD were enrolled. Patients were divided into three groups based on the severity of coronary stenosis measured by coronary arteriography (CAG): slight stenosis (group 1), moderate stenosis (group 2) and serious stenosis (group 3). M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography were performed, and elasticity indexes of ascending aorta including stiffness index, distensibility index, and S wave speed of anterior wall were calculated and correlated with the severity of coronary stenosis. Ascending aorta stiffness index was increased, whereas distensibility index and S wave speed of anterior wall were decreased in moderate and severe stenosis groups compared with slight stenosis group (P < 0.01). Elasticity indexes change in a stepwise pattern with the narrowness of coronary artery, and there was a significant correlation between aortic elasticity and severity of coronary artery by Pearson correlation analysis (P < 0.01). Elasticity indexes of ascending aorta correlate well with severity of coronary stenosis. Elasticity indexes of ascending aorta can serve as predictors for coronary arterial lesion in hypertensive patients.
Doppler Ultrasound Detection of Preclinical Changes in Foot Arteries in Early Stage of Type 2 Diabetes
Leoniuk, Jolanta; Łukasiewicz, Adam; Szorc, Małgorzata; Sackiewicz, Izabela; Janica, Jacek; Łebkowska, Urszula
Summary Background There are few reports regarding the changes within the vessels in the initial stage of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to estimate the hemodynamic and morphological parameters in foot arteries in type 2 diabetes subjects and to compare these parameters to those obtained in a control group of healthy volunteers. Material/Methods Ultrasound B-mode, color Doppler and pulse wave Doppler imaging of foot arteries was conducted in 37 diabetic patients and 36 non-diabetic subjects to determine their morphological (total vascular diameter and flow lumen diameter) and functional parameters (spectral analysis). Results In diabetic patients, the overall vascular diameter and wall thickness were statistically significantly larger when compared to the control group in the right dorsalis pedis artery (P=0.01; P=0.001), left dorsalis pedis artery (P=0.007; P=0.006), right posterior tibial artery (P=0.005; P=0.0005), and left posterior tibial artery (P=0.007; P=0.0002). No significant differences were observed in both groups in flow lumen diameters and blood flow parameters (PSV, EDV, PI, RI). In the diabetic group, the level of HbA1c positively correlated with flow resistance index in the right dorsalis pedis artery (r=0.38; P=0.02), right posterior tibial artery (r=0.38; P=0.02) and left posterior tibial artery (r=0.42; P=0.009). The pulsatility index within the dorsalis pedis artery decreased with increased trophic skin changes (r=–0.431, P=0.009). Conclusions In the diabetic group, overall artery diameters larger than and flow lumina comparable to the control group suggest vessel wall thickening occurring in the early stage of diabetes. Doppler flow parameters are comparable in both groups. In the diabetic group, the level of HbA1c positively correlated with flow resistance index and negative correlation was observed between the intensity of trophic skin changes and the pulsatility index. PMID:25202434
The Next Generation Airborne Polarimetric Doppler Radar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vivekanandan, J.; Lee, Wen-Chau; Loew, Eric; Salazar, Jorge; Chandrasekar, V.
NCAR's Electra Doppler radar (ELDORA) with a dual-beam slotted waveguide array using dual-transmitter, dual-beam, rapid scan and step-chirped waveform significantly improved the spatial scale to 300m (Hildebrand et al. 1996). However, ELDORA X-band radar's penetration into precipitation is limited by attenuation and is not designed to collect polarimetric measurements to remotely estimate microphysics. ELDORA has been placed on dormancy because its airborne platform (P3 587) was retired in January 2013. The US research community has strongly voiced the need to continue measurement capability similar to the ELDORA. A critical weather research area is quantitative precipitation estimation/forecasting (QPE/QPF). In recent years, hurricane intensity change involving eye-eyewall interactions has drawn research attention (Montgomery et al., 2006; Bell and Montgomery, 2006). In the case of convective precipitation, two issues, namely, (1) when and where convection will be initiated, and (2) determining the organization and structure of ensuing convection, are key for QPF. Therefore collocated measurements of 3-D winds and precipitation microphysics are required for achieving significant skills in QPF and QPE. Multiple radars in dual-Doppler configuration with polarization capability estimate dynamical and microphysical characteristics of clouds and precipitation are mostly available over land. However, storms over complex terrain, the ocean and in forest regions are not observable by ground-based radars (Bluestein and Wakimoto, 2003). NCAR/EOL is investigating potential configurations for the next generation airborne radar that is capable of retrieving dynamic and microphysical characteristics of clouds and precipitation. ELDORA's slotted waveguide array radar is not compatible for dual-polarization measurements. Therefore, the new design has to address both dual-polarization capability and platform requirements to replace the ELDORA system. NCAR maintains a C-130
A preliminary retrospective study about the relationship between ductus venosus Doppler indices, nuchal translucency (NT) and biochemical markers in the first and second trimester screening tests.
Demirturk, Fazli; Caliskan, Ahmet Cantug; Aytan, Hakan; Sahin, Semsettin
In our study, we tried to assess the relation between ductus venosus Doppler indices [pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and S/D] and first-trimester screening markers (MoM of serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 (PAPP-A), MoM of serum free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG), and nuchal translucency (NT) and second trimester screening markers (MoM of serum α-fetoprotein, MoM of serum total β-hCG and MoM of serum estriol). We analyzed the data of 121 singleton pregnancies. Roche cobas e 601ECLIA (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) was used to measure MoM of serum PAPP-A and Roche cobas e 602 ECLIA (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay) was used to measure MoM of serum free β-hCG in the first trimester. Beckman Coulter Access 2 Immunoassay was used to measure MoM of serum α-fetoprotein, MoM of serum total β-hCG and MoM of serum estriol in the second trimester. The first author performed all ultrasound screenings and ductus venosus Doppler studies. What we found new in our study is presented as following; MoM of serum α-fetoprotein had a negative correlation with RI of ductus venosus Doppler, MoM of serum estriol had a negative correlation with RI of ductus venosus Doppler and MoM of serum estriol had a negative correlation with S/D of ductus venosus doppler. The results of our study suggest that ductus venosus Doppler can be used to increase the effectiveness of the second trimester screening test.
Assessment of left ventricular function by Doppler echocardiography in Egyptian bilharzial patients with or without pulmonary hypertension.
el Hawey, A M; Rakaiby, A A; Negm, I A; Abdel Maged, A I
Forty-eight Egyptian bilharzial patients were selected for this study. Forty males and eight females. Their ages ranged from 12-60 years. All had hepatosplenomegaly with or without cardiopulmonary schistosomiasis. Also a group of ten subjects was chosen as a control group. After full clinical, laboratory and radiological examinations our subjects were subjected to: right cardiac catheterization, M-mode, two-dimensional as well as Doppler echocardiography. We found that the left ventricular geometry was distorted from its circular configuration as a result of right ventricular pressure overload as measured by the eccentricity index in bilharzial pulmonary hypertension. Also there were significant impairment of all Doppler echocardiographic parameters in those patients except time to E-peak (early diastolic flow velocity) and acceleration time of aortic flow (cm/sec2).
Evaluation of a multimode fiber optic low coherence interferometer for path length resolved Doppler measurements of diffuse light
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Varghese, Babu; Rajan, Vinayakrishnan; Van Leeuwen, Ton G.; Steenbergen, Wiendelt
The performance of a graded index multimode fiber optic low coherence Mach-Zehnder interferometer with phase modulation is analyzed. Investigated aspects were its ability to measure path length distributions and to perform path length resolved Doppler measurements of multiple scattered photons in a turbid suspension of particles undergoing Brownian and translational motion. The path length resolution of this instrument is compared with a system using single mode fibers for illumination and detection. The optical path lengths are determined from the zero order moment of the phase modulation peak in the power spectrum. The weighted first moment, which is equal to the average Doppler shift, shows a linear response for different mean flow velocities within the physiological range.
Doing the Doppler. How to Drive This Concept Home.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Koser, John F.
An outdoor activity that demonstrates the Doppler effect is described. Class predictions are verified by actual involvement in collecting data. Presented is a method of analyzing data. Safety concerns are discussed. (KR)
The Doppler Effect: A Consideration of Quasar Redshifts.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Gordon, Kurtiss J.
Provides information on the calculation of the redshift to blueshift ratio introduced by the transverse Doppler effect at relativistic speeds. Indicates that this shift should be mentioned in discussions of whether quasars are "local" rather than "cosmological" objects. (GS)
Doppler electron velocimetry : notes on creating a practical tool.
Reu, Phillip L.; Milster, Tom
The Doppler electron velocimeter (DEV) has been shown to be theoretically possible. This report attempts to answer the next logical question: Is it a practical instrument? The answer hinges upon whether enough electrons are available to create a time-varying Doppler current to be measured by a detector with enough sensitivity and bandwidth. The answer to both of these questions is a qualified yes. A target Doppler frequency of 1 MHz was set as a minimum rate of interest. At this target a theoretical beam current signal-to-noise ratio of 25-to-1 is shown for existing electron holography equipment. A detector is also demonstrated with a bandwidth of 1-MHz at a current of 10 pA. Additionally, a Linnik-type interferometer that would increase the available beam current is shown that would offer a more flexible arrangement for Doppler electron measurements over the traditional biprism.
Extracting and analyzing micro-Doppler from ladar signatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tahmoush, Dave
Ladar and other 3D imaging modalities have the capability of creating 3D micro-Doppler to analyze the micro-motions of human subjects. An additional capability to the recognition of micro-motion is the recognition of the moving part, such as the hand or arm. Combined with measured RCS values of the body, ladar imaging can be used to ground-truth the more sensitive radar micro-Doppler measurements and associate the moving part of the subject with the measured Doppler and RCS from the radar system. The 3D ladar signatures can also be used to classify activities and actions on their own, achieving an 86% accuracy using a micro-Doppler based classification strategy.
Coherent Doppler Lidar for Precision Navigation of Spacecrafts
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Amzajerdian, Farzin; Pierrottet, Diego; Petway, Larry; Hines, Glenn; Lockhard, George; Barnes, Bruce
A fiber-based coherent Doppler lidar, utilizing an FMCW technique, has been developed and its capabilities demonstrated through two successful helicopter flight test campaigns. This Doppler lidar is expected to play a critical role in future planetary exploration missions because of its ability in providing the necessary data for soft landing on the planetary bodies and for landing missions requiring precision navigation to the designated location on the ground. Compared with radars, the Doppler lidar can provide significantly higher precision velocity and altitude data at a much higher rate without concerns for measurement ambiguity or target clutter. Future work calls for testing the Doppler lidar onboard a rocket-powered free-flyer platform operating in a closed-loop with the vehicle s guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) unit.
Ambiguity Of Doppler Centroid In Synthetic-Aperture Radar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chang, Chi-Yung; Curlander, John C.
Paper discusses performances of two algorithms for resolution of ambiguity in estimated Doppler centroid frequency of echoes in synthetic-aperture radar. One based on range-cross-correlation technique, other based on multiple-pulse-repetition-frequency technique.
Exploratory Meeting on Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fichtel, G. H. (Editor); Kaufman, J. W. (Editor); Vaughan, W. W. (Editor)
The scientific interests and applications of the Airborne Doppler Lidar Wind Velocity Measurement System to severe storms and local weather are discussed. The main areas include convective phenomena, local circulation, atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric dispersion, and industrial aerodynamics.
Apparatus and method for noninvasive particle detection using doppler spectroscopy
Sinha, Dipen N.
An apparatus and method for noninvasively detecting the presence of solid particulate matter suspended in a fluid flowing through a pipe or an oil and gas wellbore are described. Fluid flowing through a conduit containing the particulate solids is exposed to a fixed frequency (>1 MHz) of ultrasonic vibrations from a transducer attached to the outside of the pipe. The returning Doppler frequency shifted signal derived from the scattering of sound from the moving solid particles is detected by an adjacent transducer. The transmitted signal and the Doppler signal are combined to provide sensitive particulate detection. The magnitude of the signal and the Doppler frequency shift are used to determine the particle size distribution and the velocity of the particles. Measurement of the phase shift between the applied frequency and the detected Doppler shifted may be used to determine the direction of motion of the particles.
Laser Doppler technology applied to atmospheric environmental operating problems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Weaver, E. A.; Bilbro, J. W.; Dunkin, J. A.; Jeffreys, H. B.
Carbon dioxide laser Doppler ground wind data were very favorably compared with data from standard anemometers. As a result of these measurements, two breadboard systems were developed for taking research data: a continuous wave velocimeter and a pulsed Doppler system. The scanning continuous wave laser Doppler velocimeter developed for detecting, tracking and measuring aircraft wake vortices was successfully tested at an airport where it located vortices to an accuracy of 3 meters at a range of 150 meters. The airborne pulsed laser Doppler system was developed to detect and measure clear air turbulence (CAT). This system was tested aboard an aircraft, but jet stream CAT was not encountered. However, low altitude turbulence in cumulus clouds near a mountain range was detected by the system and encountered by the aircraft at the predicted time.
Quantitative Measurement of the Doppler Shift at an Ultrasonic Frequency
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Nerbun, R. C.; Leskovec, R. A.
Discussed is a Doppler shift laboratory experiment for an introductory college physics course. Ultrasonic transducers and a digital phase detector circuit "black box" are used to overcome room noise and "standing waves" and to produce an observable frequency shift. (SL)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The CENDI Indexing Workshop held at NASA Headquarters, Two Independence Square, 300 E Street, Washington, DC, on September 21-22, 1994 focused on the following topics: machine aided indexing, indexing quality, an indexing pilot project, the MedIndEx Prototype, Department of Energy/Office of Scientific and Technical Information indexing activities, high-tech coding structures, category indexing schemes, and the Government Information Locator Service. This publication consists mostly of viewgraphs related to the above noted topics. In an appendix is a description of the Government Information Locator Service.
Software For Clear-Air Doppler-Radar Display
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Johnston, Bruce W.
System of software developed to present plan-position-indicator scans of clear-air Doppler radar station on color graphical cathode-ray-tube display. Designed to incorporate latest accepted standards for equipment, computer programs, and meteorological data bases. Includes use of Ada programming language, of "Graphical-Kernel-System-like" graphics interface, and of Common Doppler Radar Exchange Format. Features include portability and maintainability. Use of Ada software packages produced number of software modules reused on other related projects.
Investigation of Surface Preparations to Enhance Photon Doppler Velocimetry Measurements
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The work described in this report compiles empirical measurements of the intensity of 1.55-μm light reflected from...for conducting Photon Doppler Velocimetry measurements, which necessitates a prediction of the intensity of Doppler shifted light that will be...reflected from a surface to optimize the measurement. It was found that the intensity of reflected light could be sufficiently explained using the law of
Doppler Spectra of Bistatic Reverberation from the Sea Surface.
Doppler spectrum of surface scattered acoustic waves was performed by Liebermann [1-2]. Acoustic waves in air were scattered from capillary waves generated...scattered angle. Liebermann concluded that out of a broad spectrum of surface wave frequen- cies the wavelength most effective in scattering the acoustic... Liebermann , the theoretical prediction of a 1030 Hz Doppler shift was not in good agreement with the measured. It was suggested that nonlinear sur- face
Using doppler radar images to estimate aircraft navigational heading error
Doerry, Armin W; Jordan, Jay D; Kim, Theodore J
A yaw angle error of a motion measurement system carried on an aircraft for navigation is estimated from Doppler radar images captured using the aircraft. At least two radar pulses aimed at respectively different physical locations in a targeted area are transmitted from a radar antenna carried on the aircraft. At least two Doppler radar images that respectively correspond to the at least two transmitted radar pulses are produced. These images are used to produce an estimate of the yaw angle error.
Doppler-resolved kinetics of saturation recovery
Forthomme, Damien; Hause, Michael L.; Yu, Hua -Gen; Dagdigian, Paul J.; Sears, Trevor J.; Hall, Gregory E.
Frequency modulated laser transient absorption has been used to monitor the ground state rotational energy transfer rates of CN radicals in a double-resonance, depletion recovery experiment. When a pulsed laser is used to burn a hole in the equilibrium ground state population of one rotational state without velocity selection, the population recovery rate is found to depend strongly on the Doppler detuning of a narrow-band probe laser. Similar effects should be apparent for any relaxation rate process that competes effectively with velocity randomization. Alternative methods of extracting thermal rate constants in the presence of these non-thermal conditions are evaluated. Total recovery rate constants, analogous to total removal rate constants in an experiment preparing a single initial rotational level, are in good agreement with quantum scattering calculations, but are slower than previously reported experiments and show qualitatively different rotational state dependence between Ar and He collision partners. As a result, quasi-classical trajectory studies confirm that the differing rotational state dependence is primarily a kinematic effect.
Atmospheric aerosol and Doppler lidar studies
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rothermel, Jeff; Bowdle, D. A.; Srivastava, V.; Jarzembski, M.; Cutten, D.; Mccaul, E. W., Jr.
Experimental and theoretical studies were performed of atmospheric aerosol backscatter and atmospheric dynamics with Doppler lidar as a primary tool. Activities include field and laboratory measurement and analysis efforts. The primary focus of activities related to understanding aerosol backscatter is the GLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE) program. GLOBE is a multi-element effort designed toward developing a global aerosol model to describe tropospheric clean background backscatter conditions that Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS) is likely to encounter. Two survey missions were designed and flown in the NASA DC-8 in November 1989 and May to June 1990 over the remote Pacific Ocean, a region where backscatter values are low and where LAWS wind measurements could make a major contribution. The instrument complement consisted of pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) CO2 gas and solid state lidars measuring aerosol backscatter, optical particle counters measuring aerosol concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition, a filter/impactor system collecting aerosol samples for subsequent analysis, and integrating nephelometers measuring visible scattering coefficients. The GLOBE instrument package and survey missions were carefully planned to achieve complementary measurements under clean background backscatter conditions.
Doppler effect induced spin relaxation boom
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Xinyu; Huang, Peihao; Hu, Xuedong
We study an electron spin qubit confined in a moving quantum dot (QD), with our attention on both spin relaxation, and the product of spin relaxation, the emitted phonons. We find that Doppler effect leads to several interesting phenomena. In particular, spin relaxation rate peaks when the QD motion is in the transonic regime, which we term a spin relaxation boom in analogy to the classical sonic boom. This peak indicates that a moving spin qubit may have even lower relaxation rate than a static qubit, pointing at the possibility of coherence-preserving transport for a spin qubit. We also find that the emitted phonons become strongly directional and narrow in their frequency range as the qubit reaches the supersonic regime, similar to Cherenkov radiation. In other words, fast moving excited spin qubits can act as a source of non-classical phonons. Compared to classical Cherenkov radiation, we show that quantum dot confinement produces a small but important correction on the Cherenkov angle. Taking together, these results have important implications to both spin-based quantum information processing and coherent phonon dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures.
Doppler effect induced spin relaxation boom.
Zhao, Xinyu; Huang, Peihao; Hu, Xuedong
We study an electron spin qubit confined in a moving quantum dot (QD), with our attention on both spin relaxation, and the product of spin relaxation, the emitted phonons. We find that Doppler effect leads to several interesting phenomena. In particular, spin relaxation rate peaks when the QD motion is in the transonic regime, which we term a spin relaxation boom in analogy to the classical sonic boom. This peak indicates that a moving spin qubit may have even lower relaxation rate than a static qubit, pointing at the possibility of coherence-preserving transport for a spin qubit. We also find that the emitted phonons become strongly directional and narrow in their frequency range as the qubit reaches the supersonic regime, similar to Cherenkov radiation. In other words, fast moving excited spin qubits can act as a source of non-classical phonons. Compared to classical Cherenkov radiation, we show that quantum dot confinement produces a small but important correction on the Cherenkov angle. Taking together, these results have important implications to both spin-based quantum information processing and coherent phonon dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures.
Doppler effect induced spin relaxation boom
Zhao, Xinyu; Huang, Peihao; Hu, Xuedong
We study an electron spin qubit confined in a moving quantum dot (QD), with our attention on both spin relaxation, and the product of spin relaxation, the emitted phonons. We find that Doppler effect leads to several interesting phenomena. In particular, spin relaxation rate peaks when the QD motion is in the transonic regime, which we term a spin relaxation boom in analogy to the classical sonic boom. This peak indicates that a moving spin qubit may have even lower relaxation rate than a static qubit, pointing at the possibility of coherence-preserving transport for a spin qubit. We also find that the emitted phonons become strongly directional and narrow in their frequency range as the qubit reaches the supersonic regime, similar to Cherenkov radiation. In other words, fast moving excited spin qubits can act as a source of non-classical phonons. Compared to classical Cherenkov radiation, we show that quantum dot confinement produces a small but important correction on the Cherenkov angle. Taking together, these results have important implications to both spin-based quantum information processing and coherent phonon dynamics in semiconductor nanostructures. PMID:26996253
Doppler Tomography of A0620-00
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Neilsen, Joseph; Steeghs, D.; Vrtilek, S. D.
We present the results of spectroscopic observations of the quiescent black hole binary A0620-00 with LDSS3 on the Clay telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. We measure absorption-line radial velocities of the secondary and find K2=434.6±0.5 km/s; this is the most precise absorption-line radial velocity measurement for the system to date. By fitting the rotational broadening of the secondary, we measure the mass ratio q=0.060±0.04 these results, combined with the orbital period, imply a minimum mass for the compact object of 3.09±0.04 M⊙. Although X-ray quiescence implies little accretion activity, we find that the disk contributes ≥50% of the light in B and V, and is subject to significant flickering. The variability of the disk makes ellipsoidal constraints on the inclination nearly impossible. Doppler maps in Hα and Hβ show strong disk emission and a bright spot displaced from the gas stream; lower S/N lines show significant bright spot emission, consistent with Marsh et al. (1994). With high S/N, we pursue modulation tomography of Hα and find that the bright spot is strongly modulated at the orbital period. This research was funded by NSF grant 16640156, the Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and a Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Clay Fellowship.
Doppler radar detection of vortex hazard indicators
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nespor, Jerald D.; Hudson, B.; Stegall, R. L.; Freedman, Jerome E.
Wake vortex experiments were conducted at White Sands Missile Range, NM using the AN/MPS-39 Multiple Object Tracking Radar (MOTR). The purpose of these experiments was twofold. The first objective was to verify that radar returns from wake vortex are observed for some time after the passage of an aircraft. The second objective was to verify that other vortex hazard indicators such as ambient wind speed and direction could also be detected. The present study addresses the Doppler characteristics of wake vortex and clear air returns based upon measurements employing MOTR, a very sensitive C-Band phased array radar. In this regard, the experiment was conducted so that the spectral characteristics could be determined on a dwell to-dwell basis. Results are presented from measurements of the backscattered power (equivalent structure constant), radial velocity and spectral width when the aircraft flies transverse and axial to the radar beam. The statistics of the backscattered power and spectral width for each case are given. In addition, the scan strategy, experimental test procedure and radar parameters are presented.
Doppler lidar signal and turbulence study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Frost, W.; Huang, K. H.
Wind fields were measured with the ground-based NASA/MSFC lidar are compared with the in situ NASA RB-57 aircraft measurements. The mean wind fields, the turbulence intensities, and the turbulence spectra determined from measurements by both systems are in very good agreement. Turbulence intensities and spectra were calculated from the fluctuations with time in the radial wind speed component. The second moment or Doppler frequency spectral width of the lidar measurements was also compared with turbulence intensities measured by the aircraft. These second moments could only be resolved at the very low altitudes (in three range bins). Turbulence intensities estimated from the spectral width data were an order of magnitude higher than those measured by the aircraft. An interesting boundary layer evolved during the progress of the experiment. The breakup of a stable boundary layer resulted in winds blowing in one direction above 600 m msl and in the opposite direction below that level. Both the aircraft and the lidar systems clearly identified this unusual boundary layer flow and showed the identical trends.
Zeeman Doppler Maps: Always Unique, Never Spurious?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stift, Martin J.; Leone, Francesco
Numerical models of atomic diffusion in magnetic atmospheres of ApBp stars predict abundance structures that differ from the empirical maps derived with (Zeeman) Doppler mapping (ZDM). An in-depth analysis of this apparent disagreement investigates the detectability by means of ZDM of a variety of abundance structures, including (warped) rings predicted by theory, but also complex spot-like structures. Even when spectra of high signal-to-noise ratio are available, it can prove difficult or altogether impossible to correctly recover shapes, positions, and abundances of a mere handful of spots, notwithstanding the use of all four Stokes parameters and an exactly known field geometry; the recovery of (warped) rings can be equally challenging. Inversions of complex abundance maps that are based on just one or two spectral lines usually permit multiple solutions. It turns out that it can by no means be guaranteed that any of the regularization functions in general use for ZDM (maximum entropy or Tikhonov) will lead to a true abundance map instead of some spurious one. Attention is drawn to the need for a study that would elucidate the relation between the stratified, field-dependent abundance structures predicted by diffusion theory on the one hand, and empirical maps obtained by means of "canonical" ZDM, i.e., with mean atmospheres and unstratified abundances, on the other hand. Finally, we point out difficulties arising from the three-dimensional nature of the atomic diffusion process in magnetic ApBp star atmospheres.
Recent applications of acoustic Doppler current profilers
Oberg, K.A.; Mueller, David S.
A Broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (BB-ADCP) is a new instrument being used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to measure stream discharge and velocities, and bathymetry. During the 1993 Mississippi River flood, more than 160 high-flow BB-ADCP measurements were made by the USGS at eight locations between Quincy and Cairo, Ill., from July 19 to August 20, 1993. A maximum discharge of 31,400 m3/s was measured at St. Louis, Mo., on August 2, 1993. A BB-ADCP also has been used to measure leakage through three control structures near Chicago, Ill. These measurements are unusual in that the average velocity for the measured section was as low as 0.03 m/s. BB-ADCP's are also used in support of studies of scour at bridges. During the recent Mississippi River flood, BB-ADCP's were used to measure water velocities and bathymetry upstream from, next to, and downstream from bridge piers at several bridges over the Mississippi River. Bathymetry data were collected by merging location data from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, laser tracking systems, and depths measured by the BB-ADCP. These techniques for collecting bathymetry data were used for documenting the channel formation downstream from the Miller City levee break and scour near two bridges on the Mississippi River.
Doppler-resolved kinetics of saturation recovery
Forthomme, Damien; Hause, Michael L.; Yu, Hua -Gen; ...
Frequency modulated laser transient absorption has been used to monitor the ground state rotational energy transfer rates of CN radicals in a double-resonance, depletion recovery experiment. When a pulsed laser is used to burn a hole in the equilibrium ground state population of one rotational state without velocity selection, the population recovery rate is found to depend strongly on the Doppler detuning of a narrow-band probe laser. Similar effects should be apparent for any relaxation rate process that competes effectively with velocity randomization. Alternative methods of extracting thermal rate constants in the presence of these non-thermal conditions are evaluated. Totalmore » recovery rate constants, analogous to total removal rate constants in an experiment preparing a single initial rotational level, are in good agreement with quantum scattering calculations, but are slower than previously reported experiments and show qualitatively different rotational state dependence between Ar and He collision partners. As a result, quasi-classical trajectory studies confirm that the differing rotational state dependence is primarily a kinematic effect.« less
Muscle activity characterization by laser Doppler Myography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Scalise, Lorenzo; Casaccia, Sara; Marchionni, Paolo; Ercoli, Ilaria; Primo Tomasini, Enrico
Electromiography (EMG) is the gold-standard technique used for the evaluation of muscle activity. This technique is used in biomechanics, sport medicine, neurology and rehabilitation therapy and it provides the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. Among the parameters measured with EMG, two very important quantities are: signal amplitude and duration of muscle contraction, muscle fatigue and maximum muscle power. Recently, a new measurement procedure, named Laser Doppler Myography (LDMi), for the non contact assessment of muscle activity has been proposed to measure the vibro-mechanical behaviour of the muscle. The aim of this study is to present the LDMi technique and to evaluate its capacity to measure some characteristic features proper of the muscle. In this paper LDMi is compared with standard superficial EMG (sEMG) requiring the application of sensors on the skin of each patient. sEMG and LDMi signals have been simultaneously acquired and processed to test correlations. Three parameters has been analyzed to compare these techniques: Muscle activation timing, signal amplitude and muscle fatigue. LDMi appears to be a reliable and promising measurement technique allowing the measurements without contact with the patient skin.
Radar/sonar signal design for bounded Doppler shifts
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Altes, R. A.
In many detection and estimation problems, Doppler frequency shifts are bounded. For clutter or multipath that is uniformly distributed in range and symmetrically distributed in Doppler shift relative to the signal, detectability of a point target or a communication signal is improved by minimizing the weighted volume of the magnitude-squared autoambiguity function. When clutter Doppler shifts are bounded, this volume is in a strip containing the range axis on the range-Doppler plane. For scattering function estimation, e.g., for weather radar, Doppler flow meters, and distributed target classifiers, it is again relevant to minimize ambiguity volume in a strip. Strip volume is minimized by using a pulse train, but such a signal has unacceptably large range sidelobe for most applications. Other waveforms that have relatively small sidelobe level within a strip on the range-Doppler plane, as well as small ambiguity volume in the strip, are obtained. The waveforms are composed of pulse pairs that are phase modulated with Golay complementary codes.
Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Searches Using Spacecraft Doppler Tracking.
Armstrong, J W
This paper discusses spacecraft Doppler tracking, the current-generation detector technology used in the low-frequency (∼millihertz) gravitational wave band. In the Doppler method the earth and a distant spacecraft act as free test masses with a ground-based precision Doppler tracking system continuously monitoring the earth-spacecraft relative dimensionless velocity 2Δv/c = Δν/ν0, where Δν is the Doppler shift and ν0 is the radio link carrier frequency. A gravitational wave having strain amplitude h incident on the earth-spacecraft system causes perturbations of order h in the time series of Δν/ν0. Unlike other detectors, the ∼ 1-10 AU earth-spacecraft separation makes the detector large compared with millihertz-band gravitational wavelengths, and thus times-of-flight of signals and radio waves through the apparatus are important. A burst signal, for example, is time-resolved into a characteristic signature: three discrete events in the Doppler time series. I discuss here the principles of operation of this detector (emphasizing transfer functions of gravitational wave signals and the principal noises to the Doppler time series), some data analysis techniques, experiments to date, and illustrations of sensitivity and current detector performance. I conclude with a discussion of how gravitational wave sensitivity can be improved in the low-frequency band.
Doppler Monitoring of the WASP-47 Multiplanet System
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dai, Fei; Winn, Joshua N.; Arriagada, Pamela; Butler, R. Paul; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Johnson, John Asher; Shectman, Stephen A.; Teske, Johanna K.; Thompson, Ian B.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Wittenmyer, Robert A.
We present precise Doppler observations of WASP-47, a transiting planetary system featuring a hot Jupiter with both inner and outer planetary companions. This system has an unusual architecture and also provides a rare opportunity to measure planet masses in two different ways: the Doppler method, and the analysis of transit-timing variations (TTV). Based on the new Doppler data, obtained with the Planet Finder Spectrograph on the Magellan/Clay 6.5 m telescope, the mass of the hot Jupiter is 370+/- 29 {M}\\oplus . This is consistent with the previous Doppler determination as well as the TTV determination. For the inner planet WASP-47e, the Doppler data lead to a mass of 12.2+/- 3.7 {M}\\oplus , in agreement with the TTV-based upper limit of <22 M⊕ (95% confidence). For the outer planet WASP-47d, the Doppler mass constraint of 10.4+/- 8.4 {M}\\oplus is consistent with the TTV-based measurement of {15.2}-7.6+6.7 {M}\\oplus . This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.
Aronson, A R; Bodenreider, O; Chang, H F; Humphrey, S M; Mork, J G; Nelson, S J; Rindflesch, T C; Wilbur, W J
The objective of NLM's Indexing Initiative (IND) is to investigate methods whereby automated indexing methods partially or completely substitute for current indexing practices. The project will be considered a success if methods can be designed and implemented that result in retrieval performance that is equal to or better than the retrieval performance of systems based principally on humanly assigned index terms. We describe the current state of the project and discuss our plans for the future.
Finally, an assessment of the current technologies in gradient index has been made. This includes a series of recommendations w'iich will be...17 III. Ray Tracing in Anamorphic Gradient Index Media ......... 20 IV. Fabrication of Six Gradient Index Samples ............. 27 V. Technology ...for a basic understanding of what can and cannot be done with gradient index lenses, aside from any lack of technology for making a paricular gradient
Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of maternal and fetal arteries during normal feline gestation.
Blanco, P G; Rodríguez, R; Olguín, S; Rube, A; Tórtora, M; Gobello, C
The aim of this study was to describe Doppler parameters of uterine, umbilical, fetal abdominal aorta, fetal renal and fetal internal carotid arteries, as well as fetal heart rate (FHR), during normal feline gestation. Fifteen, 1-4 years of age, weighing 2.5-3.9kg, domestic short-hair pregnant queens, which were born in our institutional cat colony were included in this study. Color and pulsed-wave Doppler evaluations of uterine arteries were performed every 10 days (Day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60) from mating. Fetal Doppler and M-mode ultrasonography were performed to assess umbilical, fetal abdominal aorta, fetal renal, fetal internal carotid arteries and FHR. Both peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) of uterine artery increased up to parturition (P<0.01), while resistance index (RI) decreased from Day 10 onwards (P<0.01). From Day 40 onwards, RI of umbilical artery diminished, while PSV and EDV augmented (P<0.01). Fetal abdominal aorta (P<0.01), renal (P<0.01) and internal carotid (P<0.01) arteries diminished their RI from Days 40, 60 and 40 onwards, respectively. Both PSV and EDV of these three arteries increased progressively. Fetal heart rate was first registered on Day 20 when it began to increase up to Day 40 and then diminished to the end of gestation (P<0.01). It is concluded that blood flow of uterine, umbilical, fetal abdominal aorta, fetal renal and fetal internal carotid arteries progressively increased during normal feline pregnancy, while FHR rose to mid gestation and then decreased up to parturition.
iLocater: A Diffraction-Limited Doppler Spectrometer for the Large Binocular Telescope
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Crepp, Justin R.; Bechter, A.; Bechter, E.; Berg, M.; Carroll, J.; Collins, K.; Corpuz, T.; Ketterer, R.; Kielb, E.; Stoddard, R.; Eisner, J. A.; Gaudi, B. S.; Hinz, P.; Kratter, K. M.; Macela, G.; Quirrenbach, A.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Sozzetti, A.; Woodward, C. E.; Zhao, B.
We are building an ultra-precise Doppler spectrometer for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) that operates at near-infrared wavelengths. The instrument, named iLocater, holds significant advantages over current and forth-coming Doppler designs. An R=110,000 spectrograph that operates in the Y-band, iLocater will receive a well-corrected beam from the LBT "extreme" adaptive optics system and use single-mode optical fibers to stabilize the instrument line spread function. With an input image 30 times smaller than comparable seeing-limited instruments (i.e., all Doppler radial velocity predecessors), iLocater will simultaneously achieve high spectral resolution, high spatial resolution, high throughput, and a compact optical design for low cost (affordable gratings). By working at the diffraction-limit, it is possible to circumvent, or ameliorate, many of the sources of noise common to seeing-limited spectrometers, including background contamination, thermal drifts, binary star interlopers, and pressure-induced changes in refractive index. Further, starlight received simultaneously from the LBT's two separate telescope dishes may be used to monitor and remove internal systematic RV errors. iLocater will: identify "Earth-like" planets orbiting in the habitable-zone around nearby M-dwarf stars; perform the first systematic study of planet occurrence around binary stars as a function of their orbital separation; obtain the first spin-orbit orientation measurements of transiting terrestrial planets; and acquire essential follow-up observations for NASA's planned Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. In this poster, we present iLocater's design and science cases.
Reddy, Anilkumar K.; Madala, Sridhar; Jones, Alan D.; Caro, Walter A.; Eberth, John F.; Pham, Thuy T.; Taffet, George E.; Hartley, Craig J.
The small size, high heart rate, and small tissue displacement of a mouse require small sensors that are capable of high spatial and temporal tissue displacement resolutions and multichannel data acquisition systems with high sampling rates for simultaneous measurement of high fidelity signals. We developed and evaluated an ultrasound-based mouse vascular research system (MVRS) that can be used to characterize vascular physiology in normal, transgenic, surgically altered, and disease models of mice. The system consists of multiple 10/20MHz ultrasound transducers, analog electronics for Doppler displacement and velocity measurement, signal acquisition and processing electronics, and personal computer based software for real-time and offline analysis. In-vitro testing of the system showed that it is capable of measuring tissue displacement as low as 0.1 µm and tissue velocity (µm/s) starting from 0. The system can measure blood velocities up to 9 m/s (with 10 MHz Doppler at a PRF of 125 kHz) and has a temporal resolution of 0.1 milliseconds. Ex-vivo tracking of an excised mouse carotid artery wall using our Doppler technique and a video pixel tracking technique showed high correlation (R2=0.99). The system can be used to measure diameter changes, augmentation index, impedance spectra, pulse wave velocity, characteristic impedance, forward and backward waves, reflection coefficients, coronary flow reserve, and cardiac motion in murine models. The system will facilitate the study of mouse vascular mechanics and arterial abnormalities resulting in significant impact on the evaluation and screening of vascular disease in mice. PMID:19854566
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Rodriguez, Robert D.
Describes a system of subject indexing developed by Julius Kaiser (1868-1927) which is based on "concretes" and "processes" to govern the form of subject headings and subdivisions. Elements of amplification, guides for the subject index, and criticism of Kaiser's systematic indexing are noted. Five sources are given. (EJS)
Automatic Versus Manual Indexing
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Vander Meulen, W. A.; Janssen, P. J. F. C.
A comparative evaluation of results in terms of recall and precision from queries submitted to systems with automatic and manual subject indexing. Differences were attributed to query formulation. The effectiveness of automatic indexing was found equivalent to manual indexing. (Author/KP)
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Pasimeni, Paolo
This paper presents a new index to quantify, measure and monitor the progress towards the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy. This index is based on a set of relevant, accepted, credible, easy to monitor and robust indicators presented by the European Commission at the time the strategy was launched. The internal analysis of the index shows…
Analysis of airborne Doppler lidar, Doppler radar and tall tower measurements of atmospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bluestein, H. B.; Doviak, R. J.; Eilts, M. D.; Mccaul, E. W.; Rabin, R.; Sundara-Rajan, A.; Zrnic, D. S.
The first experiment to combine airborne Doppler Lidar and ground-based dual Doppler Radar measurements of wind to detail the lower tropospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather was conducted in central Oklahoma during four days in June-July 1981. Data from these unique remote sensing instruments, coupled with data from conventional in-situ facilities, i.e., 500-m meteorological tower, rawinsonde, and surface based sensors, were analyzed to enhance understanding of wind, waves and turbulence. The purposes of the study were to: (1) compare winds mapped by ground-based dual Doppler radars, airborne Doppler lidar, and anemometers on a tower; (2) compare measured atmospheric boundary layer flow with flows predicted by theoretical models; (3) investigate the kinematic structure of air mass boundaries that precede the development of severe storms; and (4) study the kinematic structure of thunderstorm phenomena (downdrafts, gust fronts, etc.) that produce wind shear and turbulence hazardous to aircraft operations. The report consists of three parts: Part 1, Intercomparison of Wind Data from Airborne Lidar, Ground-Based Radars and Instrumented 444 m Tower; Part 2, The Structure of the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer as Revealed by Lidar and Doppler Radars; and Part 3, Doppler Lidar Observations in Thunderstorm Environments.
A prospective analysis of free flap monitoring techniques: physical examination, external Doppler, implantable Doppler, and tissue oximetry.
Lohman, Robert F; Langevin, Claude-Jean; Bozkurt, Mehmet; Kundu, Neilendu; Djohan, Risal
No universally accepted method of flap monitoring exists, and several techniques are in use. Repeated physical examination is most popular and is often supplemented with a handheld, external Doppler, and/or implantable Doppler probes; near-infrared spectroscopy is less commonly used. We investigated the nursing and resident house staff's experience and confidence with physical exam for flap monitoring. Also, a consecutive series of 38 patients with free flaps were monitored using physical examination, external Doppler, implantable arterial and venous Doppler probes, and near-infrared spectroscopy. Five patients developed signs of microvascular complications within 3 days of surgery; all were explored and salvaged. Neither the residents nor the nursing staff were universally trained or experienced in flap monitoring by physical exam. In all patients, changes in the appearance of the flap suggestive of a microvascular complication lagged 30 to 60 minutes after the adjunctive monitoring methods indicated that a problem had occurred. Near-infrared spectroscopy was the first warning sign in four of the five patients. Two patients were explored before thrombosis of the anastomoses occurred. Near-infrared spectroscopy may identify early microvascular complications more reliably than physical examination, external Doppler, or implantable Doppler.
Doppler optical coherence tomography in cardiovascular applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bonesi, M.; Matcher, S.; Meglinski, I.
The study of flow dynamics in complex geometry vessels is highly important in various biomedical applications where the knowledge of the mechanic interactions between the moving fluid and the housing media plays a key role for the determination of the parameters of interest, including the effect of blood flow on the possible rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (DOCT), as a functional extension of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is an optic, non-contact, noninvasive technique able to achieve detailed analysis of the flow/vessel interactions. It allows simultaneous high resolution imaging (˜10 µm typical) of the morphology and composition of the vessel and determination of the flow velocity distribution along the measured cross-section. We applied DOCT system to image high-resolution one-dimensional and multi-dimensional velocity distribution profiles of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing in vessels with complex geometry, including Y-shaped and T-shaped vessels, vessels with aneurism, bifurcated vessels with deployed stent and scaffolds. The phantoms were built to mimic typical shapes of human blood vessels, enabling preliminary analysis of the interaction between flow dynamics and the (complex) geometry of the vessels and also to map the related velocity profiles at several inlet volume flow rates. Feasibility studies for quantitative observation of the turbulence of flows arising within the complex geometry vessels are discussed. In addition, DOCT technique was also applied for monitoring cerebral mouse blood flow in vivo. Two-dimensional DOCT images of complex flow velocity profiles in blood vessel phantoms and in vivo sub-cranial mouse blood flow velocities distributions are presented.
Doppler optical coherence tomography in cardiovascular physiology
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bonesi, M.; Meglinski, I.; Matcher, S.
The study of flow dynamics in complex geometry vessels is highly important in many biomedical applications where the knowledge of the mechanic interactions between the moving fluid and the housing media plays a key role for the determination of the parameters of interest, including the effect of blood flow on the possible rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (DOCT), as a functional extension of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is an optic, non-contact, non-invasive technique able to achieve detailed analysis of the flow/vessel interactions. It allows simultaneous high resolution imaging (10 μm typical) of the morphology and composition of the vessel and determination of the flow velocity distribution along the measured cross-section. We applied DOCT system to image high-resolution one-dimensional and multi-dimensional velocity distribution profiles of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids flowing in vessels with complex geometry, including Y-shaped and T-shaped vessels, vessels with aneurism, bifurcated vessels with deployed stent and scaffolds. The phantoms were built to mimic typical shapes of human blood vessels, enabling preliminary analysis of the interaction between flow dynamics and the (complex) geometry of the vessels and also to map the related velocity profiles at several inlet volume flow rates. Feasibility studies for quantitative observation of the turbulence of flows arising within the complex geometry vessels are discussed. In addition, DOCT technique was also applied for monitoring cerebral mouse blood flow in vivo. Two-dimensional DOCT images of complex flow velocity profiles in blood vessel phantoms and in vivo sub-cranial mouse blood flow velocities distributions are presented.
Single Mode, Extreme Precision Doppler Spectrographs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schwab, Christian; Leon-Saval, Sergio G.; Betters, Christopher H.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Mahadevan, Suvrath
The `holy grail' of exoplanet research today is the detection of an earth-like planet: a rocky planet in the habitable zone around a main-sequence star. Extremely precise Doppler spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to find and characterize earth-like planets; however, to find these planets around solar-type stars, we need nearly one order of magnitude better radial velocity (RV) precision than the best current spectrographs provide. Recent developments in astrophotonics (Bland-Hawthorn & Horton 2006, Bland-Hawthorn et al. 2010) and adaptive optics (AO) enable single mode fiber (SMF) fed, high resolution spectrographs, which can realize the next step in precision. SMF feeds have intrinsic advantages over multimode fiber or slit coupled spectrographs: The intensity distribution at the fiber exit is extremely stable, and as a result the line spread function of a well-designed spectrograph is fully decoupled from input coupling conditions, like guiding or seeing variations (Ihle et al. 2010). Modal noise, a limiting factor in current multimode fiber fed instruments (Baudrand & Walker 2001), can be eliminated by proper design, and the diffraction limited input to the spectrograph allows for very compact instrument designs, which provide excellent optomechanical stability. A SMF is the ideal interface for new, very precise wavelength calibrators, like laser frequency combs (Steinmetz et al. 2008, Osterman et al. 2012), or SMF based Fabry-Perot Etalons (Halverson et al. 2013). At near infrared wavelengths, these technologies are ready to be implemented in on-sky instruments, or already in use. We discuss a novel concept for such a spectrograph.
The recondite intricacies of Zeeman Doppler mapping
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stift, M. J.; Leone, F.; Cowley, C. R.
We present a detailed analysis of the reliability of abundance and magnetic maps of Ap stars obtained by Zeeman Doppler mapping (ZDM). It is shown how they can be adversely affected by the assumption of a mean stellar atmosphere instead of appropriate 'local' atmospheres corresponding to the actual abundances in a given region. The essence of the difficulties was already shown by Chandrasekhar's picket-fence model. The results obtained with a suite of Stokes codes written in the ADA programming language and based on modern line-blanketed atmospheres are described in detail. We demonstrate that the high metallicity values claimed to have been found in chemically inhomogeneous (horizontally and vertically) Ap star atmospheres would lead to local temperature structures, continuum and line intensities, and line shapes that differ significantly from those predicted by a mean stellar atmosphere. Unfortunately, past applications of ZDM have consistently overlooked the intricate aspects of metallicity with their all-pervading effects. The erroneous assumption of a mean atmosphere for a spotted star can lead to phase-dependent errors of uncomfortably large proportions at varying wavelengths both in the Stokes I and V profiles, making precise mapping of abundances and magnetic field vectors largely impossible. The relation between core and wings of the Hβ line changes, too, with possible repercussions on the determination of gravity and effective temperature. Finally, a ZDM analysis of the synthetic Stokes spectra of a spotted star reveals the disturbing differences between the respective abundance maps based on a mean atmosphere on the one hand, and on appropriate 'local' atmospheres on the other. We then discuss what this all means for published ZDM results. Our discussion makes it clear that realistic local atmospheres must be used, especially if credible small-scale structures are to be obtained. Recondite: dealing with very profound, difficult or abstruse subject
Hands-Free Transcranial Color Doppler Probe
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chin, Robert; Madala, Srihdar; Sattler, Graham
Current transcranial color Doppler (TCD) transducer probes are bulky and difficult to move in tiny increments to search and optimize TCD signals. This invention provides miniature motions of a TCD transducer probe to optimize TCD signals. The mechanical probe uses a spherical bearing in guiding and locating the tilting crystal face. The lateral motion of the crystal face as it tilts across the full range of motion was achieved by minimizing the distance between the pivot location and the crystal face. The smallest commonly available metal spherical bearing was used with an outer diameter of 12 mm, a 3-mm tall retaining ring, and 5-mm overall height. Small geared motors were used that would provide sufficient power in a very compact package. After confirming the validity of the basic positioning concept, optimization design loops were completed to yield the final design. A parallel motor configuration was used to minimize the amount of space wasted inside the probe case while minimizing the overall case dimensions. The distance from the front edge of the crystal to the edge of the case was also minimized to allow positioning of the probe very close to the ear on the temporal lobe. The mechanical probe is able to achieve a +/-20deg tip and tilt with smooth repeatable action in a very compact package. The enclosed probe is about 7 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.8 cm tall. The device is compact, hands-free, and can be adjusted via an innovative touchscreen. Positioning of the probe to the head is performed via conventional transducer gels and pillows. This device is amendable to having advanced software, which could intelligently focus and optimize the TCD signal.
Showman, Adam P.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Shabram, Megan
The meteorology of hot Jupiters has been characterized primarily with thermal measurements, but recent observations suggest the possibility of directly detecting the winds by observing the Doppler shift of spectral lines seen during transit. Motivated by these observations, we show how Doppler measurements can place powerful constraints on the meteorology. We show that the atmospheric circulation-and Doppler signature-of hot Jupiters splits into two regimes. Under weak stellar insolation, the day-night thermal forcing generates fast zonal jet streams from the interaction of atmospheric waves with the mean flow. In this regime, air along the terminator (as seen during transit) flows toward Earth in some regions and away from Earth in others, leading to a Doppler signature exhibiting superposed blueshifted and redshifted components. Under intense stellar insolation, however, the strong thermal forcing damps these planetary-scale waves, inhibiting their ability to generate jets. Strong frictional drag likewise damps these waves and inhibits jet formation. As a result, this second regime exhibits a circulation dominated by high-altitude, day-to-night airflow, leading to a predominantly blueshifted Doppler signature during transit. We present state-of-the-art circulation models including non-gray radiative transfer to quantify this regime shift and the resulting Doppler signatures; these models suggest that cool planets like GJ 436b lie in the first regime, HD 189733b is transitional, while planets hotter than HD 209458b lie in the second regime. Moreover, we show how the amplitude of the Doppler shifts constrains the strength of frictional drag in the upper atmospheres of hot Jupiters. If due to winds, the {approx}2 km s{sup -1} blueshift inferred on HD 209458b may require drag time constants as short as 10{sup 4}-10{sup 6} s, possibly the result of Lorentz-force braking on this planet's hot dayside.
Doppler broadening induced spectral shift effects on reactor safety
Alapour, A.
It is commonly accepted that the resonance reaction rate of any material increases when the temperature is raised. However, in a nuclear reactor the increase in resonance reaction rates with temperature at relatively high energy shifts the neutron spectrum in such a way that a net decrease in the neutron flux results at lower energies. This finding suggested that the spectral shift could significantly affect the Doppler reactivity change, warranting further investigations. The objective was to study the physical characteristics of this new phenomenon and its effects on reactor safety. The desirability of studying this effect was strengthened by the presence of discrepancies between the calculated and measured integral experiments. An exact Doppler broadening kernel, based on the Maxwellian distribution of nuclear velocities, and an accurate integral transport method NDCRAB, capable of including resonance overlap of all materials present in the reactor cell, were used in this study. The ZPR-6 Assembly 7 benchmark, a typical LMFBR reactor, was used to quantify the Doppler reactivity change for an increase in fuel temperature and to analyze the natural UO/sub 3/ sample Doppler worth in this assembly. The quantification of the various components of the Doppler reactivity change shows that the fissile material, /sup 239/Pu, has a large negative Doppler effect and contributes a large fraction to the total negative effect. The calculated Doppler effect of the natural UO/sub 3/ sample in this assembly was in good agreement with the measured value. The calculated and measured values for an increase in sample temperature from 293-0K to 1100/sup 0/K wre -0.887 Ih/kgU and -0.868 Ih/kgU.
[Ultrasonic quantification, value of color and contribution of transcranial Doppler sonography in carotid artery surgery].
Berni, A; Cavaiola, S; Mele, R; Tombesi, T; Custureri, F; D'Andrea, V; Marchesi, M; Tromba, L
The authors briefly report their experience regarding the opportunities offered by the use of current ultrasound methods in carotid surgery. They describe: a system for the quantification of athcromasic plaque used to monitor non-operated patients over time; ultrasound methods used to analyse the carotid wall to establish whether it can be utilised as an index of vascular aggression in hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis; the use of transcranial Doppler; criteria for the definition of high risk plaque; the applications of eco-color Doppler. The paper also illustrates a new pathology identified by the authors, defined as primary intimal fibrous hyperplasia, and the evolution of the carotid wall after endarterectomy. The structural characteristics of primary hyperplasia can only be shown using ultrasound given that arteriography cannot distinguish it from atheromatic stenosis. After endarterectomy the carotid wall is subject to hematic and hemodynamic stimuli which determine the type of evolution of the wall itself. The authors therefore examine the myointimal reaction, myointimal hyperplasia, early restenosis and late restenosis as different facets of the same phenomenon.
Mathematical modelling of the human foetal cardiovascular system based on Doppler ultrasound data.
Pennati, G; Bellotti, M; Fumero, R
A lumped parameter model of the human foetal circulation primarily based on blood velocity data derived from the Doppler analysis was developed in this study. It consists of two major parts, the heart and the foetal vascular circulation. The heart model accounts for both ventricular and atrial contractility. The circulation was divided into 19 compliant vascular compartments in order to describe all of the clinically monitored sites. The model parameters refer to the final gestation period and were derived either from literature on foetal sheep circulation or from anatomical dimension monitoring of the human foetus. No control mechanism is incorporated into the model. The model was validated by comparing several index values of simulated velocity curves to those of the experimental Doppler waveforms. The mean and maximum percentual errors in the estimation of the experimental results by the model are 7.7% and 20.1%, respectively. Velocity and pressure tracings of the foetal circulation were investigated, as well as regional blood flow rate distribution.
Effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows as evaluated by transrectal Doppler sonography.
Debertolis, Letizia; Mari, Gaetano; Merlo, Barbara; Merbach, Sabine; Schoon, Heinz-Adolf; Iacono, Eleonora; Bollwein, Heinrich
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows. Transrectal Doppler sonography was performed on uterine arteries of six cyclic cows before and for 4 days after inducing acute endometritis by intrauterine infusion of 720 mg of policresulen, and for 4 days of the following estrous cycle. Time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) increased (p < 0.001) and pulsatility index (PI) decreased (p < 0.0001) within 1 h of policresulen administration, and did not change (p > 0.05) in the next 4 days of the same cycle. TAMV and PI values in the subsequent cycle did not differ (p > 0.05) from the values measured before infusion and showed no changes (p > 0.05) within the cycle. Blood flow parameters were not related (p > 0.05) to plasma concentrations of progesterone and estrogen. All cows showed an acute endometritis determined by histopathological findings of biopsy samples taken 1 day after infusion and fibrotic endometrial alterations detected in the subsequent cycle. No relationships were observed between fibrotic changes of the endometrium and uterine blood flow during either cycle. In conclusion, acute inflammation is accompanied by a rise in uterine blood flow, but fibrotic alterations do not seem to be related to Doppler sonographic findings.
Linking the thermodynamic temperature to an optical frequency: recent advances in Doppler broadening thermometry.
Gianfrani, Livio
Laser spectroscopy in the linear regime of radiation-matter interaction is a powerful tool for measuring thermodynamic quantities in a gas at thermodynamic equilibrium. In particular, the Doppler effect can be considered a gift of nature, linking the thermal energy to an optical frequency, namely the line centre frequency of an atomic or molecular spectral line. This is the basis of a relatively new method of primary gas thermometry, known as Doppler broadening thermometry (DBT). This paper reports on the efforts that have been carried out, in the last decade, worldwide, to the end of making DBT competitive with more consolidated and accurate methodologies, such as acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry. The main requirements for low-uncertainty DBT, of both theoretical and technical nature, will be discussed, with a special focus on those related to the line shape model and to the frequency scale. A deep comparison among the different molecules that have been selected in successful DBT implementations is also reported. Finally, for the first time, to the best of my knowledge, the influence of refractive index effects is discussed.
Vascular mapping of the face: B-mode and doppler ultrasonography study
Tucunduva-Neto, Raul; Saieg, Mauro; Costa, Andre-Luiz; de Freitas, Cláudio
Background To analyze the face vascularization pattern using B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, and also propose an arterial vessel mapping. Material and Methods The investigation was performed on 20 ultrasonography exams of facial vessels through linear and endocavitary transducers. We analyzed and determined the average values for diameters, peak systolic velocity and resistive index of the following arteries: external carotid, lingual, deep lingual, sublingual, facial, submental, inferior labial, superior labial, angular, maxillary inferior alveolar, mental, buccal, greater palatine, infraorbital, superficial temporal, transverse facial and frontal. Results Data was obtained allowing the analysis of the tissue hemodynamics. We were able to map the vascularization of the face and it was possible to access three arteries of small diameter (0,60mm angular artery; 0,55mm greater palatine artery; 0,45mm infraorbital artery). Conclusions The results presented in this article are valid tool supporting the non-invasive mapping of facial vascularization. Key words:Anatomy, vascularization, ultrasonography, doppler. PMID:26827055
A review of the development and characteristics of planar phase-Doppler anemometry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durst, F.; Brenn, G.; Xu, T. H.
Phase-Doppler anemometry is now a well-established measuring technique for simultaneous measurements of particle velocity, size, flux and concentration and its usefulness has been demonstrated in a wide range of applications to multiphase flows. Since its introduction in 1975, it took until 1980 to re-discover the measuring technique for particle sizing. Moreover, the increased understanding of the influence of the Gaussian intensity distribution in the probe volume of a phase-Doppler anemometer (PDA) revealed an important feature of PDA in a planar configuration, namely the temporal separation of the contributions of two scattering mechanisms, reflection and refraction, to the light received by the photodetectors. This implies the possibility of suppressing measurement errors caused by the mixing of the two modes of scattered light and even makes it possible to perform refractive-index measurements by comparison of the reflective and the refractive phases. In the most recent development of the so-called dual-mode PDA, the planar set-up is one essential part of the system which ensures that an accurate measurement of the particle size and, therefore, of the particulate volume flux is obtained. The present paper reviews the historical development of planar PDA and its capabilities and present applications.
Fetal Hemodynamic Parameters in Low Risk Pregnancies: Doppler Velocimetry of Uterine, Umbilical, and Middle Cerebral Artery
Dertkigil, M. S.; Pereira, S. L.; Bennini, J. R.; Mayrink, J.
Objective. To elaborate curves of longitudinal reference intervals of pulsatility index (PI) and systolic velocity (SV) for uterine (UtA), umbilical (UA), and middle cerebral arteries (MCA), in low risk pregnancies. Methods. Doppler velocimetric measurements of PI and SV from 63 low risk pregnant women between 16 and 41 weeks of gestational age. Means (±SD) for intervals of gestational age and percentiles 5, 50, and 95 were calculated for each parameter. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were also estimated for assessing intra- and intervariability of measurements. Results. Mean PI of UtA showed decreasing values during pregnancy, but no regular pattern was identified for mean SV. For UA, PI decreased and SV increased along gestation. MCA presented PI increasing values until 32–35 weeks. SV showed higher levels with increasing gestation. High ICC values indicated good reproducibility. Conclusions. Reference intervals for the assessment of SV and PI of UtA, UA, and MCA were established. These reference intervals showed how a normal pregnancy is expected to progress regarding these Doppler velocimetric parameters and are useful to follow high risk pregnancies. The comparison between results using different curves may provide insights about the best patterns to be used. PMID:27957524
Linking the thermodynamic temperature to an optical frequency: recent advances in Doppler broadening thermometry
Laser spectroscopy in the linear regime of radiation–matter interaction is a powerful tool for measuring thermodynamic quantities in a gas at thermodynamic equilibrium. In particular, the Doppler effect can be considered a gift of nature, linking the thermal energy to an optical frequency, namely the line centre frequency of an atomic or molecular spectral line. This is the basis of a relatively new method of primary gas thermometry, known as Doppler broadening thermometry (DBT). This paper reports on the efforts that have been carried out, in the last decade, worldwide, to the end of making DBT competitive with more consolidated and accurate methodologies, such as acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry. The main requirements for low-uncertainty DBT, of both theoretical and technical nature, will be discussed, with a special focus on those related to the line shape model and to the frequency scale. A deep comparison among the different molecules that have been selected in successful DBT implementations is also reported. Finally, for the first time, to the best of my knowledge, the influence of refractive index effects is discussed. PMID:26903093
Effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows as evaluated by transrectal Doppler sonography
Debertolis, Letizia; Mari, Gaetano; Merbach, Sabine; Schoon, Heinz-Adolf; Iacono, Eleonora; Bollwein, Heinrich
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows. Transrectal Doppler sonography was performed on uterine arteries of six cyclic cows before and for 4 days after inducing acute endometritis by intrauterine infusion of 720 mg of policresulen, and for 4 days of the following estrous cycle. Time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) increased (p < 0.001) and pulsatility index (PI) decreased (p < 0.0001) within 1 h of policresulen administration, and did not change (p > 0.05) in the next 4 days of the same cycle. TAMV and PI values in the subsequent cycle did not differ (p > 0.05) from the values measured before infusion and showed no changes (p > 0.05) within the cycle. Blood flow parameters were not related (p > 0.05) to plasma concentrations of progesterone and estrogen. All cows showed an acute endometritis determined by histopathological findings of biopsy samples taken 1 day after infusion and fibrotic endometrial alterations detected in the subsequent cycle. No relationships were observed between fibrotic changes of the endometrium and uterine blood flow during either cycle. In conclusion, acute inflammation is accompanied by a rise in uterine blood flow, but fibrotic alterations do not seem to be related to Doppler sonographic findings. PMID:26645345
Orthotopic liver transplantation: reversible Doppler US findings in the immediate postoperative period.
Sanyal, Rupan; Lall, Chandana G; Lamba, Ramit; Verma, Sadhna; Shah, Shetal N; Tirkes, Temel; Berry, William A; Sandrasegaran, Kumaresan
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only definitive treatment for irreversible acute liver failure and chronic liver disease. In the immediate postoperative period after OLT, patients are closely monitored with Doppler ultrasonography (US) to detect treatable vascular complications and ensure graft survival. The first postoperative Doppler US examination is performed fairly early on the first postoperative day, before surgical wound closure has been performed. The immediate postoperative images, obtained when the effects of surgery are very recent, often reveal an array of findings that may appear alarming but that tend to normalize within a few days and are compatible with changes related to the surgery itself. These findings include a starry-sky appearance of reperfusion hepatic edema, transient foci of increased echogenicity, pneumobilia, small fluid collections, perihepatic hematomas, pleural effusion, temporary elevation of hepatic arterial velocity, transient elevation of resistive index (RI), decreased RI with tardus parvus waveform, increased portal venous flow and mono- or biphasic waveforms of the hepatic veins. Most of these changes revert to normal in the first postoperative week; deterioration atypical of transient changes requires further evaluation.
Renal transplantation parenchymal complications: what Doppler ultrasound can and cannot do.
Granata, Antonio; Di Nicolò, Pierpaolo; Scarfia, Viviana R; Insalaco, Monica; Lentini, Paolo; Veroux, Massimiliano; Fatuzzo, Pasquale; Fiorini, Fulvio
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in end-stage renal disease, given the better quality of life of transplanted patients when compared with patients on maintenance dialysis. In spite of surgical improvements and new immunosuppressive regimens, parts of transplanted grafts still develop chronic dysfunction. Ultrasonography, both in B-mode and with Doppler ultrasound, is an important diagnostic tool in case of clinical conditions which might impair kidney function. Even though ultrasonography is considered fundamental in the diagnosis of vascular and surgical complications of the transplanted kidney, its role is not fully understood in case of parenchymal complications of the graft. The specificity of Doppler is low both in case of acute complications, such as acute tubular necrosis, drugs toxicity and acute rejection, and in case of chronic conditions, such as chronic allograft nephropathy. Single determinations of resistance indices present low diagnostic accuracy, which is higher in case of successive measurements performed during the follow-up of the graft. Modern techniques such as tissue pulsatility index, maximal fractional area and contrast-enhanced ultrasound increase ultrasonography diagnostic power in case of parenchymal complications of the transplanted kidney.
Refractive index of K9 Glass under Shock Loading
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Changming; Wang, Xiang; Cai, Lingcang; Liu, Cangli
We study K9 glass refraction index under shock loading conducted on powder gun,all experimental tests are plate impact loading. The impact veceloty range from 300m/s to 1200m/s, and the measure method is laser interferometer Photon Doppler Velocimetry(PDV) to measure the particle velocity both at the impact interface and free surface, The shock pressure from 2 GPa to 8 GPa, values for refraction are found from velocity corrections that must be made to account for refraction-index changes in the K9 glass due to shock wave motion. Experiment results show that refraction-index of K9 glass changes with the shock pressure in line relations, it can be as measure window to study the interesting materials under 10 GPa during the shock loading.
Doppler Feature Based Classification of Wind Profiler Data
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sinha, Swati; Chandrasekhar Sarma, T. V.; Lourde. R, Mary
Wind Profilers (WP) are coherent pulsed Doppler radars in UHF and VHF bands. They are used for vertical profiling of wind velocity and direction. This information is very useful for weather modeling, study of climatic patterns and weather prediction. Observations at different height and different wind velocities are possible by changing the operating parameters of WP. A set of Doppler power spectra is the standard form of WP data. Wind velocity, direction and wind velocity turbulence at different heights can be derived from it. Modern wind profilers operate for long duration and generate approximately 4 megabytes of data per hour. The radar data stream contains Doppler power spectra from different radar configurations with echoes from different atmospheric targets. In order to facilitate systematic study, this data needs to be segregated according the type of target. A reliable automated target classification technique is required to do this job. Classical techniques of radar target identification use pattern matching and minimization of mean squared error, Euclidean distance etc. These techniques are not effective for the classification of WP echoes, as these targets do not have well-defined signature in Doppler power spectra. This paper presents an effective target classification technique based on range-Doppler features.
Renal power Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of children with acute pyelonephritis.
Shajari, Ahmad; Nafisi-Moghadam, Reza; Malek, Mahrooz; Smaili, Agha; Fallah, Mahmud; Pahlusi, Ali
Urinary tract infections are common in children. The available gold standard method for diagnosis, Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scan is expensive and exposes patients to considerable amount of radiation. This study was performed to compare and assess the efficacy of Power Doppler Ultrasound versus Tc-99m DMSA scan for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. A quasi experimental study was conducted on 34 children with mean age of 2.8 ± 2.7 years who were hospitalized with their first episode of febrile urinary tract infection. All children were evaluated in the first 3 days of admission by Doppler Ultrasound and Tc-99m DMSA scan. Patients with congenital structural anomalies were excluded. Each kidney was divided into three zones. The comparison between efficacy of Doppler Ultrasound and DMSA scan was carried out based on number of patients and on classified renal units. Based on the number of patients enrolled; the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of Doppler Ultrasound were 89%, 53%, 70%, 80% and 74%, respectively but based on the renal units, it was 66%, 81%, 46%, 91% and 79% , respectively. Although Doppler Ultrasound has the potential for identifying acute pyelonephritis in children, but it is still soon to replace DMSA scan.
GEOS 3 STDN S band Doppler tracking investigation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rosenbaum, B.
GEOS 3S Doppler band and laser ranging data, acquired from August 1975 to March 1976 in the spacecraft altimeter calibration area, are examined. An evaluation of two-way and three-way Doppler data, for the positioning of Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network S band stations is presented, as well as the Goddard Space Flight Center laser system that is used to reference the exact position of the Doppler stations. The two-way and three-way Doppler tracking devices, situated at Rosman and Bermuda, have yielded data for the recovery of GEOS 3 arc height with an uncertainty of only 1 m. Attention is given to the effects of beacon signal frequency instability, controlled by a temperature sensitive auxiliary crystal oscillator on board the spacecraft, and to the one-way range rate tracking noise that was found to be within a range of 2 to 10 cm/s. 1- and 2-way passes and their different arc meters are graphed, showing the Doppler tracking interval. It was concluded that other accurate computations and recovery of station coordinates could be performed employing tracking data from S band stations.
Long duration meteor echoes characterized by Doppler spectrum bifurcation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bourdillon, A.; Haldoupis, C.; Hanuise, C.; Le Roux, Y.; Menard, J.
We report on a new category of long lasting meteor echoes observed occasionally with HF and VHF radars. These meteoric returns, which have lifetimes from many seconds to a few minutes, are characterized by a distinct Doppler spectral signature showing a pronounced Doppler bifurcation which includes narrow bands of discrete Doppler velocities, often of opposite polarity. The large signal to noise ratios and the narrowness of the spectra imply that coherent or Bragg scattering is not of relevance here, therefore these echoes do not associate with the long living meteor-induced backscatter (MIB) from the lower E region. A reasonable interpretation needs to explain both the Doppler spectrum bifurcation and the long echo duration. As such, we propose the idea of a structured vertical wind shear in the lower E region which traps different fragments of a meteor trail plasma in the same way that sporadic E layers form. These trail parts inside the shear-related wind profile may act as relatively long-lasting meteoric reflectors moving with different Doppler velocities, also of opposite polarity.
Temporal enhancement of two-dimensional color doppler echocardiography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Terentjev, Alexey B.; Settlemier, Scott H.; Perrin, Douglas P.; del Nido, Pedro J.; Shturts, Igor V.; Vasilyev, Nikolay V.
Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography is widely used for assessing blood flow inside the heart and blood vessels. Currently, frame acquisition time for this method varies from tens to hundreds of milliseconds, depending on Doppler sector parameters. This leads to low frame rates of resulting video sequences equal to tens of Hz, which is insufficient for some diagnostic purposes, especially in pediatrics. In this paper, we present a new approach for reconstruction of 2D color Doppler cardiac images, which results in the frame rate being increased to hundreds of Hz. This approach relies on a modified method of frame reordering originally applied to real-time 3D echocardiography. There are no previous publications describing application of this method to 2D Color Doppler data. The approach has been tested on several in-vivo cardiac 2D color Doppler datasets with approximate duration of 30 sec and native frame rate of 15 Hz. The resulting image sequences had equivalent frame rates to 500Hz.
Results of the international ionospheric Doppler sounder network
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lastovicka, Jan; Chum, Jaroslav
This paper summarizes main recent results reached by the Czech-lead international network of ionospheric Doppler sounders. The network consists of Doppler sounders in the western half of Czechia (5 measuring paths, 3 frequencies with central receivers in Prague), northern Taiwan (3 transmitters, two separated receivers, 1 frequency), and three similar systems (3 measuring paths with 1 receiver and 1 frequency) in Tucuman (north-western Argentina), Hermanus (the southernmost South Africa) and Luisville (northern South Africa). Three main areas of research have been (1) statistical properties of gravity waves, (2) ionospheric effects of earthquakes, and (3) low latitude/equatorial phenomena. Some results: (1) the theoretically expected dominance of gravity wave propagation against wind has been confirmed; (2) impact of the Tohoku 2001 M9.0 earthquake was registered in the ionosphere over the Czech Republic as long-period infrasound on the distance of about 9000 km from epicenter; analysis of ionospheric infrasound excited by the Nepal 2015 M7.8 earthquake observed by the Czech and Taiwan Doppler sounders showed that the intensity of ionospheric signal is significantly height dependent and that the Doppler shift depends not only on the advection (up and down motion) of the reflecting layer but also on the compression/rarefaction of the electron gas; (3) spread F structures observed by Doppler sounders in Tucuman and Taiwan (both under the crest of equatorial ionization anomaly) provide results consistent with S4 scintillation data and with previous optical, GPS and satellite measurements.
Response of a Doppler canceling system to plane gravitational waves
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Caporali, A.
This paper discusses the interaction of long periodic gravitational waves with a three-link microwave system known as the Doppler canceling system. This system, which was developed for a gravitational red-shift experiment, uses one-way and two-way Doppler information to construct the beat signal of two reference oscillators moving with respect to each other. The geometric-optics approximation is used to derive the frequency shift produced on a light signal propagating in a gravitational-wave space-time. The signature left on the Doppler-cancelled beat by bursts and continuous gravitational waves is analyzed. A comparison is made between the response to gravitational waves of the Doppler canceling system and that of a (NASA) Doppler tracking system which employs two-way, round-trip radio waves. A threefold repetition of the gravitational wave form is found to be a common feature of the response functions of both systems. These two functions otherwise exhibit interesting differences.
Chepurnov, A.; Lazarian, A.
Turbulent motions induce Doppler shifts of observable emission and absorption lines motivating studies of turbulence using precision spectroscopy. We provide numerical testing of the two most promising techniques, velocity channel analysis and velocity coordinate spectrum (VCS). We obtain an expression for the shot noise that the discretization of the numerical data entails and successfully test it. We show that the numerical resolution required for recovering the underlying turbulent spectrum from observations depend on the spectral index of velocity fluctuations, which makes low-resolution testing misleading. We demonstrate numerically that, when dealing with absorption lines, sampling of turbulence along just a dozen directions provides a high quality spectrum with the VCS technique.
Investigating language lateralization during phonological and semantic fluency tasks using functional transcranial Doppler sonography
Gutierrez-Sigut, Eva; Payne, Heather; MacSweeney, Mairéad
Although there is consensus that the left hemisphere plays a critical role in language processing, some questions remain. Here we examine the influence of overt versus covert speech production on lateralization, the relationship between lateralization and behavioural measures of language performance and the strength of lateralization across the subcomponents of language. The present study used functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) to investigate lateralization of phonological and semantic fluency during both overt and covert word generation in right-handed adults. The laterality index (LI) was left lateralized in all conditions, and there was no difference in the strength of LI between overt and covert speech. This supports the validity of using overt speech in fTCD studies, another benefit of which is a reliable measure of speech production. PMID:24875468
Selection functions in doppler planet searches
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
O'Toole, S. J.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, H. R. A.; Butler, R. P.; Marcy, G. W.; Carter, B.; Bailey, J.
We present a preliminary analysis of the sensitivity of Anglo-Australian Planet Search data to the orbital parameters of extrasolar planets. To do so, we have developed new tools for the automatic analysis of large-scale simulations of Doppler velocity planet search data. One of these tools is the two-dimensional Keplerian Lomb-Scargle (LS) periodogram that enables the straightforward detection of exoplanets with high eccentricities (something the standard LS periodogram routinely fails to do). We used this technique to redetermine the orbital parameters of HD20782b, with one of the highest known exoplanet eccentricities (e = 0.97 +/- 0.01). We also derive a set of detection criteria that do not depend on the distribution functions of fitted Keplerian orbital parameters (which we show are non-Gaussian with pronounced, extended wings). Using these tools, we examine the selection functions in orbital period, eccentricity and planet mass of Anglo-Australian Planet Search data for three planets with large-scale Monte Carlo like simulations. We find that the detectability of exoplanets declines at high eccentricities. However, we also find that exoplanet detectability is a strong function of epoch-to-epoch data quality, number of observations and period sampling. This strongly suggests that simple parametrizations of the detectability of exoplanets based on `whole-of-survey' metrics may not be accurate. We have derived empirical relationships between the uncertainty estimates for orbital parameters that are derived from least-squares Keplerian fits to our simulations and the true 99 per cent limits for the errors in those parameters, which are larger than equivalent Gaussian limits by the factors of 5-10. We quantify the rate at which false positives are made by our detection criteria, and find that they do not significantly affect our final conclusions. And finally, we find that there is a bias against measuring near-zero eccentricities, which becomes more significant
Signal processing considerations for low signal to noise ratio laser Doppler and phase Doppler signals
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ibrahim, K. M.; Wertheimer, G. D.; Bachalo, William D.
The relative performance of current methods used for estimating the phase and the frequency in LDV and phase Doppler applications in low signal to noise ratio conditions is analyzed. These methods include the Fourier analysis and the correlation techniques. Three methods that use the correlation function for frequency and phase estimations are evaluated in terms of accuracy and speed of processing. These methods include: (1) the frequency estimation using zero crossings counting of the auto-correlation function, (2) the Blackman-Tukey method, and (3) the AutoRegressive method (AR). The relative performance of these methods is evaluated and compared with the Fourier analysis method which provides the optimum performance in terms of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) criteria.
continually alter applicable cost indexes . Computed KC-10 Cost Index Equation Using the dollar figures given above, our CI equation reads : CI = CT / C...COST INDEX FLYING GRADUATE RESEARCH PAPER John M. Mirtich, Major, USAF AFIT/IMO/ENS/11-11 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY...AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
Bidimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of postpartum uterine involution in the queen.
Blanco, P G; Rodríguez, R; Batista, P R; Barrena, J P; Arias, D O; Gobello, C
The aim of this study was to describe bidimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of uterine involution during normal feline puerperium. Secondary, the postpartum vaginal discharge was described. Twelve pregnant female cats were included in this study. After queening, vulvar discharge was grossly and microscopically examined daily. Bidimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of the uterus were performed on Days -4 to -2, 4, 11, 18, and 25 from parturition. Total uterine diameter, uterine wall thickness, uterine lumen contents, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and resistance index of uterine arteries were measured. The cats presented serosanguineous vulvar discharge for a mean of 3 ± 1 days after parturition, and the cytology revealed 70% to 80% of erythrocytes, which progressively decreased up to Day 13. Immediately after parturition, there were less than 20% neutrophils, and this percentage gradually diminished to 0% to 1% at the end of the study. Uterine total diameter diminished up to Day 25 (P < 0.01), when ultrasonographic uterine dimensions were similar to that of anestrus. A progressive decrease of uterine wall thickness (P < 0.05), uterine lumen contents (P < 0.01), peak systolic velocity (P < 0.01), and end diastolic velocity (P < 0.01) was found throughout the study period. Conversely, resistance index increased during the first week after parturition (P < 0.01). It is concluded that the uterine artery blood flow progressively decreased during the first 25 days after parturition, which was associated with the bidimensional ultrasonographic regression of the organ. Although lochial discharge disappeared far before ultrasonographic involution, cytologic findings further corroborated the duration of this regression process.
Transrectal Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow in ewes during pregnancy.
Beltrame, Renato Travassos; Covre, Carolina; Littig, Lucas Buss; Martins, Amanda de Barros; Quirino, Celia Raquel; Junior, Aylton Bartholazzi; da Costa, Ricardo Lopes Dias
In sheep, there is a lack of information on the behaviour of hemodynamic indices and parameters of blood flow velocity of the uterine artery during pregnancy, making it impossible to determine the real meaning of the values found and their probable relevance in normal physiological or pathological states. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the blood flow velocity parameters and hemodynamic indices of the uterine artery in ewes (18) during pregnancy (33). Based on non-invasive colour Doppler sonography, we evaluated the peak systolic velocity (PS), end diastolic velocity (ED), time-averaged maximum and minimum velocity in a cardiac cycle (TAMAX and TAMEAN), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D), heart rate (HR), arterial diameter (AD) and the blood flow volume (BFV). Examinations started on day 28 and continued at two-week intervals until parturition. The Doppler parameters and the diameter of the uterine artery underwent significant changes during pregnancy. In the evaluated animals, indices related to resistance of the uterine artery, namely the impedance of blood flow, decreased throughout the initial, middle and late stages of gestation (PI: 1.15, 1.04, 0.97; RI: 0.61, 0.59, 0.57; S/D: 2.68, 2.52, 2.39, respectively) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the contents related to higher uterine irrigation increased during gestation (PS, ED, TAMAX, TAMEAN, HR, AD and BFV) (p < 0.05). No differences were found between the means of the variables in relation to the right and left uterine arteries and between single and multiple pregnancies in the hemodynamic indices. The present study is the first to demonstrate changes in uterine hemodynamics throughout pregnancy in sheep.
Imaging nanoparticle flow using magneto-motive optical Doppler tomography.
Kim, Jeehyun; Oh, Junghwan; Milner, Thomas E; Nelson, J Stuart
We introduce a novel approach for imaging solutions of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles using magneto-motive optical Doppler tomography (MM-ODT). MM-ODT combines an externally applied temporally oscillating high-strength magnetic field with ODT to detect nanoparticles flowing through a microfluidic channel. A solenoid with a cone-shaped ferrite core extensively increased the magnetic field strength (B(max) = 1 T, [Formula: see text]) at the tip of the core and also focused the magnetic field in microfluidic channels containing nanoparticle solutions. Nanoparticle contrast was demonstrated in a microfluidic channel filled with an SPIO solution by imaging the Doppler frequency shift which was observed independently of the nanoparticle flow rate and direction. Results suggest that MM-ODT may be applied to image Doppler shift of SPIO nanoparticles in microfluidic flows with high contrast.
It's all in the past: Deconstructing the temporal Doppler effect.
Aksentijevic, Aleksandar; Treider, John Melvin Gudnyson
A recent study reported an asymmetry between subjective estimates of future and past distances with passive estimation and virtual movement. The temporal Doppler effect refers to the contraction of future distance judgments relative to past ones. We aimed to replicate the effect using real and imagined motion in both directions as well as different temporal perspectives. To avoid the problem of subjective anchoring, we compared real- and imagined-, ego- and time-moving conditions to a control group. Generally, Doppler-like distortion was only observed in conditions in which the distance between the participant and a frontal target increased. No effects of temporal perspective were observed. The "past-directed temporal Doppler effect" presents a challenge for the current theories of temporal cognition by demonstrating absence of psychological movement into the future. The effect could open new avenues in memory research and serve as a starting point in a systematic examination of how the humans construct future.
Manipulating the spin-dependent splitting by geometric Doppler effect.
Liu, Yachao; Ke, Yougang; Zhou, Junxiao; Luo, Hailu; Wen, Shuangchun
We report the manipulation of spin-dependent splitting by geometric Doppler effect based on dielectric metasurfaces. The extrapolation of rotational Doppler effect from temporal to spatial coordinate gives the phase change when the local optical axes of dielectric metasurfaces are rotating in space. Therefore, the continuous variation of local optical axes in a certain direction will introduce a phase gradient in the same direction at the beam cross section. This is additive to the phase gradient appeared when breaking the rotational symmetry of linearly polarized cylindrical vector beams, which leads to the deflections of different spin components of light, i.e., photonic spin Hall effect. Hence, it is possible to manipulate the spin-dependent splitting by introducing the geometric Doppler effect. Theoretically and experimentally, we show that the magnitude and orientation of the spin-dependent splitting are both tunable when changing the spatial rotation rate of local optical axes and incident polarization.
Rotational Doppler Effect: A Probe for Molecular Orbitals Anisotropy.
Miao, Quan; Travnikova, Oksana; Gel'mukhanov, Faris; Kimberg, Victor; Sun, Yu-Ping; Thomas, T Darrah; Nicolas, Christophe; Patanen, Minna; Miron, Catalin
The vibrationally resolved X-ray photoelectron spectra of X2Σg+(3σg−1) and B2Σu+(2σu−1) states of N2+ were recorded for different photon energies and orientations of the polarization vector. Clear dependencies of the spectral line widths on the X-ray polarization as well as on the symmetry of the final electronic states are observed. Contrary to the translational Doppler, the rotational Doppler broadening is sensitive to the photoelectron emission anisotropy. On the basis of theoretical modeling, we suggest that the different rotational Doppler broadenings observed for gerade and ungerade final states result from a Young's double-slit interference phenomenon.
Modeling and processing of laser Doppler reactive hyperaemia signals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Humeau, Anne; Saumet, Jean-Louis; L'Huiller, Jean-Pierre
Laser Doppler flowmetry is a non-invasive method used in the medical domain to monitor the microvascular blood cell perfusion through tissue. Most commercial laser Doppler flowmeters use an algorithm calculating the first moment of the power spectral density to give the perfusion value. Many clinical applications measure the perfusion after a vascular provocation such as a vascular occlusion. The response obtained is then called reactive hyperaemia. Target pathologies include diabetes, hypertension and peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. In order to have a deeper knowledge on reactive hyperaemia acquired by the laser Doppler technique, the present work first proposes two models (one analytical and one numerical) of the observed phenomenon. Then, a study on the multiple scattering between photons and red blood cells occurring during reactive hyperaemia is carried out. Finally, a signal processing that improves the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases is presented.
Doppler Cooling Trapped Ions with a UV Frequency Comb.
Davila-Rodriguez, Josue; Ozawa, Akira; Hänsch, Theodor W; Udem, Thomas
We demonstrate Doppler cooling of trapped magnesium ions using a frequency comb at 280 nm obtained from a frequency tripled Ti:sapphire laser. A comb line cools on the 3s_{1/2}-3p_{3/2} transition, while the nearest blue-detuned comb line contributes negligible heating. We observe the cooling-heating transition and long-term cooling of ion chains with several sympathetically cooled ions. Spatial thermometry shows that the ion is cooled to near the Doppler limit. Doppler cooling with frequency combs has the potential to open many additional atomic species to laser cooling by reaching further into the vacuum and extreme ultraviolet via high-harmonic generation and by providing a broad bandwidth from which multiple excitation sidebands can be obtained.
Improved technique for blood flow velocity measurement using Doppler effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Valadares Oliveira, Eduardo J.; Nantes Button, Vera L. d. S.; Maia, Joaquim M.; Costa, Eduardo T.
The Doppler velocimeter developed allows to determine the angle between the ultrasonic beam and the velocity vector of the flow, and to calculate the precise blood flow in a vessel. Four piezoelectric transducers constitute the Doppler velocimeter. Three of these transducers are positioned to form an equilateral triangle (base of a pyramid). When these transducers move simultaneously, backward or forward from the initial position, the emitted ultrasonic beams focalize on a position (peak of the pyramid) closer or farther from the transducers faces, according to the depth of the vessel where we intend to measure de flow. The angle between the transducers allows adjusting the height of this pyramid and the position of the focus (where the three beams meet). A forth transducer is used to determine the diameter of the vessel and monitor the position of the Doppler velocimeter relative to the vessel. Simulation results showed that with this technique is possible to accomplish precise measurement of blood flow.
One way Doppler Extractor. Volume 2: Digital VCO technique
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nossen, E. J.; Starner, E. R.
A feasibility analysis and trade-offs for a one-way Doppler extractor using digital VCO techniques is presented. The method of Doppler measurement involves the use of a digital phase lock loop; once this loop is locked to the incoming signal, the precise frequency and hence the Doppler component can be determined directly from the contents of the digital control register. The only serious error source is due to internally generated noise. Techniques are presented for minimizing this error source and achieving an accuracy of 0.01 Hz in a one second averaging period. A number of digitally controlled oscillators were analyzed from a performance and complexity point of view. The most promising technique uses an arithmetic synthesizer as a digital waveform generator.
Phase relation recovery for scanning laser Doppler vibrometry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alveringh, D.; Sanders, R. G. P.; Wiegerink, R. J.; Lötters, J. C.
Laser Doppler vibrometers are able to measure the velocity of a single point compared to a reference point by analyzing the Doppler shift of the laser beams. In many commercially available laser Doppler vibrometers, the laser point can be scanned to obtain an out-of-plane velocity profile of a surface. It is essential that the phase information of the velocities between points is measured as well to be able to fully reproduce the velocity profile of the surface. If this cannot be done by triggering on the actuation signal, the proposed two stage method can be used. This method measures the surface in two stages: one scan with the reference beam at a fixed point and one scan with the reference beam on a moving point. The algorithm in this article calculates the phase and reconstructs the velocity of each point. This is experimentally verified on three different micro structures. The postprocessing algorithm is not intensive in computing power.
All-sky Doppler interferometer for thermospheric dynamics studies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Biondi, Manfred A.; Zipf, Mark E.; Sipler, Dwight P.; Baumgardner, Jeffrey L.
An efficient, all-sky input optical system has been mated to a 100-mm-aperture Fabry-Perot interferometer that employs a cooled (-150 deg C) CCD as a photon detector to create an all-sky Doppler interferom-eter. The instrument is capable of simultaneously measuring Doppler shifts and widths of nightglow emission lines from many different points in the sky, thereby providing determinations of upper-atmosphere neutral wind and temperature fields over a large region (to approximately equals 2000 km in extent). For OI 630-nm (thermosphere) and OH 799.6-nm (mesopause) nightglow emissions, exposure times of 5-15 min provide good-quality interferometric images. The capability of the all-sky Doppler interferometer is illustrated by examples of thermospheric wind and temperature fields measured over Millstone Hill, Massachusetts.
Wilbur, W John; Kim, Won
Indexing of documents is an important strategy intended to make the literature more readily available to the user. Here we describe several dimensions of indexing that are important if indexing is to be optimal. These dimensions are coverage, predictability, and transparency. MeSH terms and text words are compared in MEDLINE in regard to these dimensions. Part of our analysis consists in applying AdaBoost with decisions trees as the weak learners to estimate how reliably index terms are being assigned and how complex the criteria are by which they are being assigned. Our conclusions are that MeSH terms are more predictable and more transparent than text words.
Can we measure the spiral and uterine artery blood flow by real-time sonography and Doppler indices to predict spontaneous miscarriage in a normal-risk population?
Özkan, Mehmet Burak; Ozyazici, Elif; Emiroglu, Baris; Özkara, Enis
Introduction: The predictive value of spiral artery flow Doppler measurements of a subsequent early miscarriage in first trimester pregnancy is explored here. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine uterine and spiral artery blood flow changes in first trimester subsequent miscarriages and correlate within the mechanisms of the Doppler indicies. Study design: The uterine artery and spiral artery pulsatility and resistance indexes, systolic and diastolic ratios, acceleration times, and blood flow of both the right and left uterine arteries were obtained by trans vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography in consecutive viable pregnancies between 5 and 12 gestational week. Women were subsequently classified as having continuing pregnancies or pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation. To predict subsequent pregnancy loss, Doppler findings were adjusted for maternal age, history of previous abortion, presence of subchorionic hematoma, embryonic bradycardia, and gestational age by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. The cut-off values are used for the ROC curve. Results: Twenty-five pregnancies (11.7%) were spontaneously aborted before 20 weeks of gestational age. In 29 (13.6%) cases there were previously abortion history, 30 (14%) had bradycardia, and 37 (17.3%) had subchoronic hematoma. Regarding the parameters of uterine and spiral artery pulsatility and resistive index, acceleration time, systolic/diastolic ratios and blood flows, only uterine artery S/D low values were significantly associated with pregnancy loss in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (P = 0.0001,95% CI: 4.968-55.675). Conclusion: The uterine artery systolic/diastolic ratios have a predictive value for early pregnancy loss and seem to be useful as a marker. On the other hand, spiral artery changes could be so local that they cannot be determined by the parameters of spectral Doppler techniques. This suggests that uterine vascular bed alterations should be measured to
Can we measure the spiral and uterine artery blood flow by real‐time sonography and Doppler indices to predict spontaneous miscarriage in a normal‐risk population?
Ozyazici, Elif; Emiroglu, Baris; Özkara, Enis
Abstract Introduction: The predictive value of spiral artery flow Doppler measurements of a subsequent early miscarriage in first trimester pregnancy is explored here. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine uterine and spiral artery blood flow changes in first trimester subsequent miscarriages and correlate within the mechanisms of the Doppler indicies. Study design: The uterine artery and spiral artery pulsatility and resistance indexes, systolic and diastolic ratios, acceleration times, and blood flow of both the right and left uterine arteries were obtained by trans vaginal color Doppler ultrasonography in consecutive viable pregnancies between 5 and 12 gestational week. Women were subsequently classified as having continuing pregnancies or pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation. To predict subsequent pregnancy loss, Doppler findings were adjusted for maternal age, history of previous abortion, presence of subchorionic hematoma, embryonic bradycardia, and gestational age by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. The cut‐off values are used for the ROC curve. Results: Twenty‐five pregnancies (11.7%) were spontaneously aborted before 20 weeks of gestational age. In 29 (13.6%) cases there were previously abortion history, 30 (14%) had bradycardia, and 37 (17.3%) had subchoronic hematoma. Regarding the parameters of uterine and spiral artery pulsatility and resistive index, acceleration time, systolic/diastolic ratios and blood flows, only uterine artery S/D low values were significantly associated with pregnancy loss in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (P = 0.0001,95% CI: 4.968–55.675). Conclusion: The uterine artery systolic/diastolic ratios have a predictive value for early pregnancy loss and seem to be useful as a marker. On the other hand, spiral artery changes could be so local that they cannot be determined by the parameters of spectral Doppler techniques. This suggests that uterine vascular bed alterations should
Doppler displacements in kink MHD waves in solar flux tubes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Goossens, Marcel; Van Doorsselaere, Tom; Terradas, Jaume; Verth, Gary; Soler, Roberto
Doppler displacements in kink MHD waves in solar flux tubes Presenting author: M. Goossens Co-authors: R. Soler, J. Terradas, T. Van Doorsselaere, G. Verth The standard interpretation of the transverse MHD waves observed in the solar atmosphere is that they are non-axisymmetric kink m=1) waves on magnetic flux tubes. This interpretation is based on the fact that axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric fluting waves do not displace the axis of the loop and the loop as a whole while kink waves indeed do so. A uniform transverse motion produces a Doppler displacement that is constant across the magnetic flux tube. A recent development is the observation of Doppler displacements that vary across the loop. The aim of the present contribution is to show that spatial variations of the Doppler displacements across the loop can be caused by kink waves. The motion associated with a kink wave is purely transverse only when the flux tube is uniform and sufficiently thin. Only in that case do the radial and azimuthal components of displacement have the same amplitude and is the azimuthal component a quarter of a period ahead of the radial component. This results in a unidirectional or transverse displacement. When the flux tube is non-uniform and has a non-zero radius the conditions for the generation of a purely transverse motion are not any longer met. In that case the motion in a kink wave is the sum of a transverse motion and a non-axisymmetric rotational motion that depends on the azimuthal angle. It can produce complicated variations of the Doppler displacement across the loop. I shall discuss the various cases of possible Doppler displacenents that can occur depending on the relative sizes of the amplitudes of the radial and azimuthal components of the displacement in the kink wave and on the orientation of the line of sight.
A new clutter rejection algorithm for Doppler ultrasound.
Cloutier, Guy; Chen, Danmin; Durand, Louis-Gilles
Several strategies, known as clutter or wall Doppler filtering, were proposed to remove the strong echoes produced by stationary or slow moving tissue structures from the Doppler blood flow signal. In this study, the matching pursuit (MP) method is proposed to remove clutter components. The MP method decomposes the Doppler signal into wavelet atoms that are selected in a decreasing energy order. Thus, the high-energy clutter components are extracted first. In the present study, the pulsatile Doppler signal s(n) was simulated by a sum of random-phase sinusoids. Two types of high-amplitude clutter signals were then superimposed on s(n): time-varying low-frequency components, covering systole and early diastole, and short transient clutter signals, distributed within the whole cardiac cycle. The Doppler signals were modeled with the MP method and the most dominant atoms were subtracted from the time-domain signal s(n) until the signal-to-clutter (S/C) ratio reached a maximum. For the low-frequency clutter signal, the improvement in S/C ratio was 19.0 +/- 0.6 dB, and 72.0 +/- 4.5 atoms were required to reach this performance. For the transient clutter signal, ten atoms were required and the maximum improvement in S/C ratio was 5.5 +/- 0.5 dB. The performance of the MP method was also tested on real data recorded over the common carotid artery of a normal subject. Removing 15 atoms significantly improved the appearance of the Doppler sonogram contaminated with low-frequency clutter. Many more atoms (over 200) were required to remove transient clutter components. These results suggest the possibility of using this signal processing approach to implement clutter rejection filters on ultrasound commercial instruments.
Browsing a wealth of millimeter-wavelength doppler spectra data
Johnson,K.; Luke,E.; Kollias, P.; Remillard, J.; Widener, K.; Jensen, M.
The ARM Climate Research Facility has collected an extensive archive of vertically pointing millimeter wavelength Doppler radar spectra at both 35 and 95 GHz. These data are a rich potential source of detailed microphysical and dynamical cloud and precipitation information. The recording of spectra, which is ongoing, began at the Southern Great Plains site in September of 2003, at the North Slope of Alaska site in April 2004, and at Tropical Western Pacific sites in 2006. Spectra are also being collected during ARM Mobile Facility deployments. The data's temporal resolution is as high as two seconds, at height intervals of 45 to 90 m. However, the sheer volume of available data can be somewhat daunting to access and search for specific features of interest. Here we present a user interface for spectra browsing, which allows the user to view time-height images of radar moments, select a time or height of interest, and then "drill down" through images of spectrograms to individual Doppler spectra or time- and height-sequences of spectra. Also available are images summarizing spectral characteristics, such as number of spectral peaks, spectral shape information (skewness and kurtosis), moment uncertainty estimates, and hydrometeor vs. clutter identification as produced by the ARM MicroARSCL (Microphysical Active Remote Sensing of Clouds) value-added product. In addition to the access and visualization tools, we are developing a Doppler spectra simulator capable of generating Doppler spectra from liquid, mixed-phase, and solid cloud constituents and precipitation. The Doppler spectra simulator can be used as an interface between explicit microphysics models and Doppler spectra observations from the ARM radars. The plan is to ultimately make the spectra simulator available from within the spectra browser, allowing a user to associate observed spectra with the microphysical conditions capable of producing them.
Reducing Antenna Mechanical Noise in Precision Doppler Tracking
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Armstrong, J. W.; Estabrook, F. B.; Asmar, S. W.; Iess, L.; Tortora, P.
Precision Doppler tracking of deep-space probes is central to spacecraft navigation and many radio science investigations. The most sensitive Doppler observations to date have been taken using the NASA/JPL Deep Space Network (DSN) antenna DSS 25, a 34-m-diameter beam-waveguide station especially instrumented with simultaneous X-band (approximately 8.4-GHz) and Ka-band (approximately 32-GHz) links and tropospheric scintillation calibration equipment, tracking the Cassini spacecraft. These Cassini observations achieved Doppler fractional frequency stability (Doppler frequency fluctuation divided by center frequency, Delta f / f_o ) of approximately 3 x 10^-15 at tau = 1000 s integration. In those very-high-sensitivity tracks, the leading disturbance was antenna mechanical noise: time-dependent unmodeled physical motion of the ground antenna's phase center caused by antenna sag as the elevation angle changed, unmodeled subreflector motion, wind loading, bulk motion of the antenna as it rolled over irregularities in the supporting azimuth ring, differential thermal expansion of the structure, etc. This noise has seemed irreducible at reasonable cost, since it is unclear how to build a practical, large, moving, steel structure having mechanical stability significantly better than that of current tracking stations. Here we show how the mechanical noise of a large tracking antenna can effectively be removed when two-way Doppler tracking data from an existing DSN antenna are suitably combined with simultaneous tracking data using an ancillary (smaller and stiffer) antenna. Using our method, the mechanical noise in the final Doppler observable can be reduced, substantially, to that of the stiffer antenna.
A new Doppler method of assessing left ventricular ejection force in chronic congestive heart failure.
Isaaz, K; Ethevenot, G; Admant, P; Brembilla, B; Pernot, C
A noninvasive method using Doppler echocardiography was developed to determine the force exerted by the left ventricle in accelerating the blood into the aorta. The value of this new Doppler ejection index in the assessment of left ventricular (LV) performance was tested in 36 patients with chronic congestive heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization and in 11 age-matched normal control subjects. The 36 patients were subgrouped into 3 groups based on angiographic ejection fraction (LV ejection fraction greater than 60, 41 to 60 and less than or equal to 40%). According to Newton's second law of motion (force = mass X acceleration), the LV ejection force was derived from the product of the mass of blood ejected during the acceleration time with the mean acceleration undergone during that time. In patients with LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 40%, LV ejection force, peak aortic velocity and mean acceleration were severely depressed when compared with the other groups (p less than 0.001). In patients with LV ejection fraction of 41 to 60%, LV ejection force was significantly reduced (22 +/- 3 kdynes) when compared with normal subjects (29 +/- 5 kdynes, p = 0.002) and with patients with LV ejection fraction greater than 60% (29 +/- 7 kdynes, p = 0.009); peak velocity and mean acceleration did not differ between these 3 groups. The LV ejection force showed a good linear correlation with LV ejection fraction (r = 0.86) and a better power fit (r = 0.91). Peak aortic blood velocity and mean acceleration showed less good linear correlations with LV ejection fraction (r = 0.73 and r = 0.66, respectively). The mass of blood ejected during the acceleration time also showed a weak linear correlation with LV ejection fraction (r = 0.64). An LV ejection force less than 20 kdynes was associated with a depressed LV performance (LV ejection fraction less than 50%) with 91% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Thus, these findings suggest that LV ejection force is a new
Flow dynamics of stenotic aortic valves assessed by signal processing of Doppler spectrograms.
Bermejo, J; Antoranz, J C; García-Fernández, M A; Moreno, M M; Delcán, J L
Clinical assessment of aortic stenosis (AS) is sometimes challenging, because all hemodynamic indexes of severity are modified by flow rate. However, the mechanisms underlying flow dependence remain controversial. Analysis of instantaneous flow dynamics has provided crucial information in a number of cardiovascular disorders and may add new insight into this phenomenon. This study was designed to analyze in vivo the effects of flow interventions on instantaneous valvular dynamics of stenotic valves. For this purpose, a custom algorithm for signal processing of Doppler spectrograms was developed and validated against a control population. Digital Doppler recordings at the aortic valve and left ventricular outflow tract were obtained in 15 patients with AS, at baseline and during low-dose dobutamine infusion; 10 normal subjects were studied as controls. Spectrograms were processed by signal averaging, time alignment, modal-velocity enhancement, envelope tracing, and numerical interpolation. Instantaneous relative aortic valve area (rAVA) was obtained by the continuity equation and plotted against normalized ejection time. Curves were classified as either type A (rapid, early-systolic opening) or type B (slow, end-systolic opening). Curves from controls closely matched prior knowledge of normal valve dynamics, but curves from patients were clearly different: all controls except 2 (80%) had type A, whereas all patients except 3 (80%) had a type B pattern (p = 0.03). Dobutamine infusion in patients increased and slightly anticipated peak rAVA by accelerating valve opening. Despite similar values of area and pressure difference, type B dynamics were associated with lower blood pressure (p = 0.01) and worse long-term outcome (>3 years) than type A flow dynamics (p = 0.02). Signal processing of Doppler spectrograms allows a comprehensive assessment of aortic flow dynamics. Differences in timing of valve aperture and in maximal leaflet excursion account for flow
Single pass Doppler positioning for Search and Rescue satellite missions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schmid, P. E.; Vonbun, F. O.; Lynn, J. J.
This paper describes the implementation of beacon location experiments involving the NASA Nimbus-6 and the Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) Oscar-6 and Oscar-7 spacecraft. The purpose of these experiments is to demonstrate the feasibility of determining the geographical location of a low power VHF 'distress beacon' via satellite. Doppler data collected during satellite passes is reduced in a mini-computer by means of a simple algorithm resulting in the simultaneous recovery of the unknown receiver coordinates and the unknown Doppler bias frequency. Results indicate point positioning to within a few kilometers - which is within the required accuracies for the positioning of downed aircraft for Search/Rescue missions.
Quantum interference of biphotons with a Doppler frequency shift
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lariontsev, E. G.
We report a theoretical study of transformation of a biphoton state of light under Bragg diffraction on a travelling sound wave in an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). It is shown that the diffraction of AOM biphotons emitted during the collinear parametric scattering of light leads to a shift of the carrier frequency of a biphoton wave packet, which exceeds twice the Doppler frequency shift for the classical field. A method is proposed for measuring the Doppler frequency shift of a biphoton, which is based on interference between independent biphotons.
Aerial ultrasonic micro Doppler sonar detection range in outdoor environments.
Bradley, Marshall; Sabatier, James M
Current research demonstrates that micro Doppler sonar has the capability to uniquely identify the presence of a moving human, making it an attractive component in surveillance systems for border security applications. Primary environmental factors that limit sonar performance are two-way spreading losses, ultrasonic absorption, and backscattered energy from the ground that appears at zero Doppler shift in the sonar signal processor. Spectral leakage from the backscatter component has a significant effect on sonar performance for slow moving targets. Sonar performance is shown to rapidly decay as the sensor is moved closer to the ground due to increasing surface backscatter levels.
Barker code pulse compression with a large Doppler tolerance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Xuefeng; Zhu, Zhaoda
This paper discusses the application of least square approximate inverse filtering techniques to radar range sidelobe suppression. The method is illustrated by application to the design of a compensated noncoherent sidelobe suppression filter (SSF). The compensated noncoherent SSF of the 13-element Barker code has been found. The -40 kHz to 40 kHz Doppler tolerance of the filter is obtained under the conditions that the subpulse duration is equal to 0.7 microsec and the peak sidelobe level is less than -30 dB. Theoretical computations and experimental results indicate that the SSF implemented has much wider Doppler tolerance than the Rihaczek-Golden (1971) SSF.
Doppler shifted H Ly alpha emission from Jupiter's aurora
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Clarke, John T.; Trauger, John; Waite, J. Hunter, Jr.
High-spectral-resolution IUE observations of the aurora on Jupiter were obtained in order to search for Doppler shifted H-Ly-alpha emission produced through charge exchange by fast precipitating protons. Although no emission has been observed corresponding to proton energies greater than 200 eV, a large fraction of the H-Ly-alpha emission has appeared Doppler shifted, mainly toward the blue, by about 50 km/s. These results show that the acceleration of ionospheric plasma in an H2 atmosphere can lead to bright Ly-alpha emission, setting constraints on the production of the outer planet airglow emissions.
Grayscale and Color Doppler Features of Testicular Lymphoma
Bertolotto, Michele; Derchi, Lorenzo E.; Secil, Mustafa; Dogra, Vikram; Sidhu, Paul S.; Clements, Richard; Freeman, Simon; Grenier, Nicolas; Mannelli, Lorenzo; Ramchandani, Parvati; Cicero, Calogero; Abete, Luca; Bussani, Rossana; Rocher, Laurence; Spencer, John; Tsili, Athina; Valentino, Massimo; Pavlica, Pietro
Pooled data from 16 radiology centers were retrospectively analyzed to seek patients with pathologically proven testicular lymphoma and grayscale and color Doppler images available for review. Forty-three cases were found: 36 (84%) primary and 7 (16%) secondary testicular lymphoma. With unilateral primary lymphoma, involvement was unifocal (n = 10), multifocal (n = 11), or diffuse (n = 11). Synchronous bilateral involvement occurred in 6 patients. Color Doppler sonography showed normal testicular vessels within the tumor in 31 of 43 lymphomas (72%). Testicular lymphoma infiltrates through the tubules, preserving the normal vascular architecture of the testis. Depiction of normal testicular vessels crossing the lesion is a useful adjunctive diagnostic criterion. PMID:26014335
Method and apparatus for Doppler frequency modulation of radiation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Margolis, J. S.; Mccleese, D. J.; Shumate, M. S.; Seaman, C. H. (Inventor)
A method and apparatus are described for frequency modulating radiation, such as from a laser, for optoacoustic detectors, interferometers, heterodyne spectrometers, and similar devices. Two oppositely reciprocating cats-eye retroreflectors are used to Doppler modulate the radiation. By reciprocally moving both retroreflectors, the center of mass is maintained constant to permit smooth operation at many Hertz. By slightly offsetting the axis of one retroreflector relative to the other, multiple passes of a light beam may be achieved for greater Doppler shifts with the same reciprocating motion of the retroreflectors.
Color Doppler Imaging of Cardiac Catheters Using Vibrating Motors
Reddy, Kalyan E.; Light, Edward D.; Rivera, Danny J.; Kisslo, Joseph A.; Smith, Stephen W.
We attached a miniature motor rotating at 11,000 rpm onto the proximal end of cardiac electrophysiological (EP) catheters in order to produce vibrations at the tip which were then visualized by color Doppler on ultrasound scanners. We imaged the catheter tip within a vascular graft submerged in a water tank using the Volumetrics Medical Imaging 3D scanner, the Siemens Sonoline Antares 2D scanner, and the Philips ie33 3D ultrasound scanner with TEE probe. The vibrating catheter tip was visualized in each case though results varied with the color Doppler properties of the individual scanner. PMID:19514134
Power Doppler ultrasound appearances of neonatal ischaemic brain injury.
Steventon, D M; John, P R
Following neonatal ischaemic brain injury, irregular vessels increase in size owing to luxury perfusion. These may be demonstrated by conventional colour flow Doppler (CFD) imaging at the periphery of the infarcted area. We present a case in which power Doppler imaging (PDI) was performed in addition to CFD in a neonate with unexplained seizures and which proved more sensitive than CFD in demonstrating luxury perfusion. Ultrasound appearances were compared with those seen on cranial CT. PDI can be a useful adjunct to conventional CFD examination of the neonatal brain in cerebral infarction.
Imaging doppler lidar for wind turbine wake profiling
Bossert, David J.
An imaging Doppler lidar (IDL) enables the measurement of the velocity distribution of a large volume, in parallel, and at high spatial resolution in the wake of a wind turbine. Because the IDL is non-scanning, it can be orders of magnitude faster than conventional coherent lidar approaches. Scattering can be obtained from naturally occurring aerosol particles. Furthermore, the wind velocity can be measured directly from Doppler shifts of the laser light, so the measurement can be accomplished at large standoff and at wide fields-of-view.
Multigroup Free-atom Doppler-broadening Approximation. Theory
Gray, Mark Girard
Multigroup cross sections at a one target temperature can be Doppler-broadened to multigroup cross sections at a higher target temperature by matrix multiplication if the group structure suf- ficiently resolves the original temperature continuous energy cross section. Matrix elements are the higher temperature group weighted averages of the integral over the lower temperature group boundaries of the free-atom Doppler-broadening kernel. The results match theory for constant and 1/v multigroup cross sections at 618 lanl group structure resolution.
C IV Doppler shifts observed in active region filaments
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Klimchuk, J. A.
The Doppler shift properties of 21 active region filaments were studied using C IV Dopplergram data. Most are associated with corridors of weak magnetic field that separate opposite polarity strong fields seen in photospheric magnetograms. A majority of the filaments are relatively blue shifted, although several lie very close to the dividing lines between blue and red shift. Only one filament in the samples is clearly red shifted. A new calibration procedure for Dopplergrams indicates that sizable zero point offsets are often required. The center-to-limb behavior of the resulting absolute Doppler shifts suggests that filament flows are usually quite small. It is possible that they vanish.
Miniature Laser Doppler Velocimeter for Measuring Wall Shear
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gharib, Morteza; Modarress, Darius; Forouhar, Siamak; Fourguette, Dominique; Taugwalder, Federic; Wilson, Daniel
A miniature optoelectronic instrument has been invented as a nonintrusive means of measuring a velocity gradient proportional to a shear stress in a flow near a wall. The instrument, which can be mounted flush with the wall, is a variant of a basic laser Doppler velocimeter. The laser Doppler probe volume can be located close enough to the wall (as little as 100 micron from the surface) to lie within the viscosity-dominated sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer. The instrument includes a diode laser, the output of which is shaped by a diffractive optical element (DOE) into two beams that have elliptical cross sections with very high aspect ratios.
Stretched-exponential Doppler spectra in underwater acoustic communication channels.
van Walree, P A; Jenserud, T; Otnes, R
The theory of underwater sound interacting with the sea surface predicts a Gaussian-spread frequency spectrum in the case of a large Rayleigh parameter. However, recent channel soundings reveal more sharply peaked spectra with heavier tails. The measured Doppler spread increases with the frequency and differs between multipath arrivals. The overall Doppler spectrum of a broadband waveform is the sum of the spectra of all constituent paths and frequencies, and is phenomenologically described by a stretched or compressed exponential. The stretched exponential also fits well to the broadband spectrum of a single propagation path, and narrowband spectra summed over all paths.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Breton, Ernest J.
Describes the development of a functional indexing system that is tailored to the thinking involved in the process of invention. Classification by function is discussed; matrix representation is explained; a controlled vocabulary of verbs, objects, and modifiers is described; and the relation to other indexing systems is examined. (13 references)…
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Chapple-Sokol, Angie
Discusses access to editorial cartoons, including the importance and worth of editorial cartoons; sources, including newspapers, museums, and special cartoon collections; indexing and classification; subject access; indexing by illustrator and subject; technology and access, including digital data; access to special collections; and access to…
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Craven, Timothy C.
Describes a computer-assisted system for the production of printed indexes based on networks of concept relations expressed in natural-language-like form. The LIPHIS is designed to handle more complex networks of concept relations, and so produce better indexing of highly detailed subjects. (Author/CWM)
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hewitt, Clifford A., Comp.; McKinstry, Herbert A., Comp.
This index provides a topical taxonomy of media which have been selected for their relevance in the teaching of materials science and engineering. The index is keyed to a matrix which matches topical and/or class material with six classifications of media: print, 16mm film, super 8 film, slide/tape, videotape, and other (including interactive…
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Brown, Francis J.
The Gunning Fog Index of readability indicates both the average length of words and the difficult words (three or more syllables) in written material. This document describes a business communication course at Wayne State University in which students calculate the Gunning Fog Index of two of their writing assignments with the aid of the…
Transfer Index: One Definition.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Heinselman, James L.
A transfer index of the proportion of students in California's community colleges transferring to the University of California (UC) and the California State University (CSU) system for fall 1982, 1983, and 1984 is presented in this report. Introductory material provides one definition of an appropriate index of transfer rates, i.e., the ratio of…
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kelley, Steve; Roussopoulos, Nick; Sellis, Timos; Wallace, Sarah
The Universal Index System (UIS) is an index management system that uses a uniform interface to solve the heterogeneity problem among database management systems. UIS provides an easy-to-use common interface to access all underlying data, but also allows different underlying database management systems, storage representations, and access methods.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Sherman, Dianne, Ed.
This double issue of the "ZPG Reporter" focuses on the theme of ZPG's Children's Stress Index", the first national survey of children's well-being based on population- related pressures. Using an extensive list of social, economic, and environmental factors that affect the lives of children, the index ranks 828 cities, counties, and…
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Lorenzo-Seva, Urbano
Proposes an index for assessing the degree of factor simplicity in the context of principal components and exploratory factor analysis. The index does not depend on the scale of the factors, and its maximum and minimum are related only to the degree of simplicity in the loading matrix. (SLD)
Layne, Clyde B.
A retroreflector is formed of a graded index lens with a reflective coating at one end. The lens has a length of an odd multiple of a quarter period thereof. Hexagonally shaped graded index lenses may be closely packed in an array to form a retroreflecting surface.
Color Doppler sonography in the study of chronic ischemic nephropathy.
Meola, M; Petrucci, I
In western countries, the risk of cardiovascular disease has increased considerably in recent decades. This trend has been paralleled by an increase in cases of atherosclerotic renal disease, which is related to the improved prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, aging, and the increasing mean age of the general population. It is reasonable to expect that in the near future, there will be a sharp increase in the number of elderly patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease in chronic dialysis programs. The result will be a dramatic rise in the social and economic costs of dialysis that could constitute a true clinical emergency. In this epidemiologic scenario, one of the most important targets of 21st century nephrology will be the early diagnosis of chronic ischemic nephropathy and the development of new and more effective strategies for its treatment.Color Doppler (CD) ultrasonography has displayed high sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values in the diagnosis of this disease in selected population, making it an ideal tool for use in screening programs. Eligibility for screening should be based on clinical criteria. For the most part, it will be aimed at adults (especially those who are elderly) with atherosclerotic vascular disease involving multiple districts and chronic kidney disease (CKD), stage 2-3, in the absence of a documented history of renal disease. In these patients, hypertension may be a secondary manifestation or a symptom of the ischemic nephropathy itself. The objectives of sonographic screening should be (1) to identify subjects in the population at risk who are affected by stenosis of the main renal artery (RAS); (2) to identify and characterize patients without RAS who have chronic ischemic nephropathy caused by nephroangiosclerosis and/or atheroembolic disease. The former group will require second-level diagnostic studies or angioplasty with stenting; the latter can be managed conservatively. The most important
Doppler and range determination for deep space vehicles using active optical transponders
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinman, Peter W.; Gagliardi, Robert M.
This paper describes and analyzes two types of laser system employing active transponders that could accurately determine Doppler and range to deep space vehicles from earth-orbiting satellites. The first is a noncoherent optical system in which the Doppler effect on an intensity-modulating subcarrier is measured. The second is a coherent optical system in which the Doppler effect of the optical carrier itself is measured. Doppler and range measurement errors are mathematically modeled and, for three example systems, numerically evaluated.
Are the Current Doppler Echocardiography Criteria Able to Discriminate Mitral Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve Malfunction? An In Vitro Study.
Evin, Morgane; Guivier-Curien, Carine; Pibarot, Philippe; Kadem, Lyes; Rieu, Régis
Malfunction of bileaflet mechanical heart valves in the mitral position could either be due to patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) or leaflet obstruction. The aim of this article is to investigate the validity of current echocardiographic criteria used for diagnosis of mitral prosthesis malfunction, namely maximum velocity, mean transvalvular pressure gradient, effective orifice area, and Doppler velocity index. In vitro testing was performed on a double activation left heart duplicator. Both PPM and leaflet obstruction were investigated on a St. Jude Medical Master. PPM was studied by varying the St. Jude prosthesis size (21, 25, and 29 mm) and stroke volume (70 and 90 mL). Prosthesis leaflet obstruction was studied by partially or totally blocking the movement of one valve leaflet. Mitral flow conditions were altered in terms of E/A ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) to simulate physiologic panel of diastolic function. Maximum velocity, effective orifice area, and Doppler velocity index are shown to be insufficient to distinguish normal from malfunctioning St. Jude prostheses. Doppler velocity index and effective orifice area were 1.3 ± 0.49 and 1.83 ± 0.43 cm(2) for testing conditions with no malfunction below the 2.2 and 2 cm(2) thresholds (1.19 cm(2) for severe PPM and 1.23 cm(2) for fully blocked leaflet). The mean pressure gradient reached 5 mm Hg thresholds for several conditions of severe PPM only (6.9 mm Hg and mean maximum velocity value: 183.4 cm/s) whereas such value was never attained in the case of leaflet obstruction. In the case of leaflet obstruction, the maximum velocity averaged over the nine pulsed-wave Doppler locations increased by 38% for partial leaflet obstruction and 75% for a fully blocked leaflet when compared with normal conditions. Current echocardiographic criteria might be suboptimal for the detection of bileaflet mechanical heart valve malfunction. Further developments and investigations are required in order
Analysis of Doppler Lidar Data Acquired During the Pentagon Shield Field Campaign
two coherent Doppler lidars deployed during the Pentagon Shield field campaign are analyzed in conjunction with other sensors to characterize the...Observations from two coherent Doppler lidars deployed during the Pentagon Shield field campaign are analyzed in conjunction with other sensors to... coherent Doppler lidars deployed during the Pentagon Shield field campaign are analyzed in conjunction with other sensors to characterize the overall
Evaluation of postprandial hyperemia in superior mesenteric artery and portal vein in healthy and cirrhotic humans: an operator-blind echo-Doppler study.
Sabbá, C; Ferraioli, G; Genecin, P; Colombato, L; Buonamico, P; Lerner, E; Taylor, K J; Groszmann, R J
In an operator-blind design, we used an echo-Doppler duplex system to examine superior mesenteric artery and portal vein hemodynamics on two consecutive mornings in 12 fasting cirrhotic patients and 12 matched controls, randomized to a standardized 355 kcal mixed-liquid meal vs. water. Cross-sectional area and mean velocity were recorded from the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery at 30 min intervals, from 0 min to 150 min after ingestion. Flows were calculated. Pulsatility index, an index related to vascular resistance, was obtained for the mesenteric artery. Baseline flows did not differ between cirrhotic patients and control patients, but pulsatility index was reduced in the cirrhotic subjects. Maximal postprandial hyperemia was attained at 30 min. Cirrhotic patients showed a blunted hyperemic response to food. In normal controls, portal vein area increased significantly after the meal from 30 min to 150 min, whereas in cirrhotic patients a significant difference occurred only at 30 min. Pulsatility index in both groups was significantly reduced after eating, and this reduction persisted up to 150 min. No changes after ingestion of water were observed. Echo-Doppler was very sensitive in detecting postprandial splanchnic hemodynamic changes and differences between cirrhotic patients and normal subjects. Mesenteric artery pulsatility index was more sensitive than flow in detecting baseline hemodynamic differences. In cirrhotic patients, portal postprandial hyperemia was mainly related to the increase in mean velocity.
The application of color Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation of erectile dysfunction.
Xuan, Xu-Jun; Bai, Gang; Zhang, Cai-Xia; Xu, Chao; Lu, Fu-Ding; Peng, Yang; Ma, Gang; Han, Cong-Hui; Chen, Jun
We aim to investigate the correlations between hemodynamic parameters, penile rigidity grading, and the therapeutic effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors using color Doppler flow imaging after intracavernosal injection in patients with erectile dysfunction. This study involved 164 patients. After intracavernosal injection with a mixture of papaverine (60 mg), prostaglandin E 1 (10 mg), and lidocaine (2%, 0.5-1 ml), the penile vessels were assessed using color Doppler flow imaging. Penile rigidity was classified based on the Erection Hardness Score system as Grades 4, 3, 2 or 1 (corresponding to Schramek Grades V to II). Then, the patients were given oral sildenafil (50-100 mg) and scored according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. The number of patients with penile rigidities of Schramek Grades II to V was 14, 18, 21, and 111, respectively. The IIEF-5 score was positively correlated with the refilling index of the penile cavernosal artery (r = 0.79, P< 0.05), the peak systolic velocity (r = 0.45, P< 0.05), and penile rigidity (r = 0.75, P< 0.05), and was negatively correlated with the end diastolic velocity (r = -0.74, P< 0.05). For patients with erectile dysfunction, both the IIEF-5 score after sildenafil administration, which is correlated with penile rigidity, and the hemodynamic parameters detected using color Doppler flow imaging may predict the effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor treatment and could provide a reasonable model for the targeted-treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Research on Fast-Doppler-Broadening of neutron cross sections
Li, S.; Wang, K.; Yu, G.
A Fast-Doppler-Broadening method is developed in this work to broaden Continuous Energy neutron cross-sections for Monte Carlo calculations. Gauss integration algorithm and parallel computing are implemented in this method, which is unprecedented in the history of cross section processing. Compared to the traditional code (NJOY, SIGMA1, etc.), the new Fast-Doppler-Broadening method shows a remarkable speedup with keeping accuracy. The purpose of using Gauss integration is to avoid complex derivation of traditional broadening formula and heavy load of computing complementary error function that slows down the Doppler broadening process. The OpenMP environment is utilized in parallel computing which can take full advantage of modern multi-processor computers. Combination of the two can reduce processing time of main actinides (such as {sup 238}U, {sup 235}U) to an order of magnitude of 1{approx}2 seconds. This new method is fast enough to be applied to Online Doppler broadening. It can be combined or coupled with Monte Carlo transport code to solve temperature dependent problems and neutronics-thermal hydraulics coupled scheme which is a big challenge for the conventional NJOY-MCNP system. Examples are shown to determine the efficiency and relative errors compared with the NJOY results. A Godiva Benchmark is also used in order to test the ACE libraries produced by the new method. (authors)
A range-rate extraction unit for determining Doppler effect
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Active ranging technique devised for VHF or S-band radar systems divides target Doppler frequency by counter-generated number that is proportional to transmitting frequency, thus producing target velocity data in terms of speed and distance relative to target transponder.
Doppler optical mixing spectroscopy in multiparticle scattering fluids
Dubnishchev, Yu N
We discuss the basic scheme of laser Doppler optical mixing spectroscopy for the analysis of media with multiparticle scattering. It is shown that the Rayleigh scheme, in contrast to the heterodyne and differential schemes, is insensitive to the effects of multiparticle scattering. (laser applications and other aspects of quantum electronics)
[Myocardial function analysis with echocardiography-Doppler in septic shock].
Fayssoil, A; Checinski, A
Septic shock is a severe sepsis associated with cardio-circulatory failure and tissular hypoperfusion. Echocardiography-Doppler remains essential for the assessment of myocardial function in septic shock. This ultrasound procedure helps clinicians for the analysis of left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular diastolic function, right ventricular function and cardiac filling.
Anomaly Detection In Additively Manufactured Parts Using Laser Doppler Vibrometery
Hernandez, Carlos A.
Additively manufactured parts are susceptible to non-uniform structure caused by the unique manufacturing process. This can lead to structural weakness or catastrophic failure. Using laser Doppler vibrometry and frequency response analysis, non-contact detection of anomalies in additively manufactured parts may be possible. Preliminary tests show promise for small scale detection, but more future work is necessary.
Validar: A Testbed for Advanced 2-Micron Doppler Lidar
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Koch, Grady J.; Petros, Mulugeta; Barnes, Bruce W.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Yu, Jirong; Kavaya, Michael J.; Singh, Upendra N.
High-energy 2-microns lasers have been incorporated in a breadboard coherent Doppler lidar to test component technologies and explore applications for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Design of the lidar is presented including aspects in the laser transmitter, receiver, photodetector, and signal processing. Sample data is presented on wind profiling and CO2 concentration measurements.
Reliability of Doppler sonography in extracranial cerebro-vascular stenosis.
Colon, E J; de Weerd, J P; Notermans, S L; Vingerhoets, H M
Of our patients who underwent quantitative Doppler sonography (Haemato-Tacho-Graphy), 382 underwent carotid angiography and 61 vertebral artery angiography. The reliability of the method proved to be between 90 and 95 percent for carotid as well as for vertebral arteries. The HTG proved to be a useful addition to angiography in patients with extracranial cerebro-vascular stenosis.
Language Lateralization in Children Using Functional Transcranial Doppler Sonography
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Haag, Anja; Moeller, Nicola; Knake, Susanne; Hermsen, Anke; Oertel, Wolfgang H.; Rosenow, Felix; Hamer, Hajo M.
Aim: Language lateralization with functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) and lexical word generation has been shown to have high concordance with the Wada test and functional magnetic resonance imaging in adults. We evaluated a nonlexical paradigm to determine language dominance in children. Method: In 23 right-handed children (12…
Wing tip vortex measurements with laser Doppler systems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fuller, C. E., III
The vortex velocity field produced by a rectangular wing in a subsonic wind tunnel was measured using two laser Doppler velocimeter systems. One system made three dimensional mean velocity measurements and the other made one dimensional turbulence measurements. The systems and test procedures are described and comparisons of the measurements are made. The data defined a strong spiral motion in the vortex formation process.
Doppler shifts of radar return from the sea surface
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ermakov, S. A.; Kapustin, I. A.; Molkov, A. A.; Sergievskaya, I. A.; Shomina, O. V.
Investigation of the Doppler shift of radar return from the sea surface is very important for better understanding of capabilities of exploitation of microwave radar for measuring velocities of marine currents. Here new field experiments carried out from a Platform on the Black Sea with a coherent X-band scatterometer, and a Doppler multifrequency (X- /C-/S-band) dual-polarized radar recently designed at IAP RAS are discussed. It is shown that the radar return contains both Bragg (polarized) and non polarized scattering components, presumably giving different contributions to radar Doppler shifts. Radar Doppler shifts were estimated using two different definitions as a) a frequency of the "centre of gravity" of an instantaneous radar return spectrum (ASIS) averaged over periods of dominant wind waves and b) the "centre of gravity" of the averaged over dominant wave periods spectrum (SAS). The ASIS and SAS values for both VV and HH-polarizations are shown to be different due to effects of radar backscatter modulation by dominant (long) wind waves. The radar Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) has been analyzed from experimental data and difference between SAS- and ASIS-values has been satisfactory explained using the measured MTF-values. It is obtained that experimental values of ASIS can be satisfactory described by the Bragg model despite the significant contribution of NP component to the radar backscatter. A physical explanation of the effect is given.
Analysis of multiple scattering effects in optical Doppler tomography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yura, Harold T.; Thrane, Lars; Andersen, Peter E.
Optical Doppler tomography (ODT) combines Doppler velocimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of particle flow velocity in scattering media such as the human retina and skin. Here, we present the results of a theoretical analysis of ODT where multiple scattering effects are included. The purpose of this analysis is to determine how multiple scattering affects the estimation of the depth-resolved localized flow velocity. Depth-resolved velocity estimates are obtained directly from the corresponding mean or standard deviation of the observed Doppler frequency spectrum. Thus, in the present analysis, the dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the Doppler shift on the scattering properties of the flowing medium are obtained. Taking the multiple scattering effects into account, we are able to explain previous measurements of depth-resolved retinal flow profiles where the influence of multiple scattering was observed [Yazdanfar et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 1448 (2000)]. To the best of our knowledge, no analytical model exists that are able to explain these observations.
Analysis of multiple scattering effects in optical Doppler tomography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yura, Harold T.; Thrane, Lars; Andersen, Peter E.
Optical Doppler tomography (ODT) combines Doppler velocimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of particle flow velocity in scattering media such as the human retina and skin. Here, we present the results of a theoretical analysis of ODT where multiple scattering effects are included. The purpose of this analysis is to determine how multiple scattering affects the estimation of the depth-resolved localized flow velocity. Depth-resolved velocity estimates are obtained directly from the corresponding mean or standard deviation of the observed Doppler frequency spectrum. Thus, in the present analysis, the dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the Doppler shift on the scattering properties of the flowing medium are obtained. Taking the multiple scattering effects into account, we are able to explain previous measurements of depth-resolved retinal flow profiles where the influence of multiple scattering was observed [Yazdanfar et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 1448 (2000)]. To the best of our knowledge, no analytical model exists that are able to explain these observations.
High-Energy 2-Micrometers Doppler Lidar for Wind Measurements
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Koch, Grady J.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Barnes, Bruce W.; Petros, Mulugeta; Yu, Jirong; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Kavaya, Michael J.; Singh, Upendra N.
High-energy 2-micrometer wavelength lasers have been incorporated in a prototype coherent Doppler lidar to test component technologies and explore applications for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Design of the lidar is presented including aspects in the laser transmitter, receiver, photodetector, and signal processing. Calibration tests and sample atmospheric data are presented on wind and aerosol profiling.
Phase dynamics in a Doppler broadened optically-pumped laser
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roldán, E.; de Valcárcel, G. J.; Vilaseca, R.; Silva, F.; Pujol, J.; Corbalán, R.; Laguarta, F.
The dynamic behavior of the phase of the generated field in a Doppler-broadened optically-pumped far-infrared laser is theoretically investigated for the first time. The phase undergoes sudden jumps of approximately π radians, which allow to establish the actual symmetry of the main attractor in the phase space, explaining the heteroclynic character of the chaotic behavior observed in experiments.
Validar: a testbed for advanced 2-micron Doppler lidar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Koch, Grady J.; Petros, Mulugeta; Barnes, Bruce W.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Amzajerdian, Farzin; Yu, Jirong; Kavaya, Michael J.; Singh, Upendra N.
High-energy 2-micron lasers have been incorporated in a breadboard coherent Doppler lidar to test component technologies and explore applications for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Design of the lidar is presented including aspects in the laser transmitter, receiver, photodetector, and signal processing. Sample data is presented on wind profiling and CO2 concentration measurements.
Robust estimation of fetal heart rate from US Doppler signals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Voicu, Iulian; Girault, Jean-Marc; Roussel, Catherine; Decock, Aliette; Kouame, Denis
Introduction: In utero, Monitoring of fetal wellbeing or suffering is today an open challenge, due to the high number of clinical parameters to be considered. An automatic monitoring of fetal activity, dedicated for quantifying fetal wellbeing, becomes necessary. For this purpose and in a view to supply an alternative for the Manning test, we used an ultrasound multitransducer multigate Doppler system. One important issue (and first step in our investigation) is the accurate estimation of fetal heart rate (FHR). An estimation of the FHR is obtained by evaluating the autocorrelation function of the Doppler signals for ills and healthiness foetus. However, this estimator is not enough robust since about 20% of FHR are not detected in comparison to a reference system. These non detections are principally due to the fact that the Doppler signal generated by the fetal moving is strongly disturbed by the presence of others several Doppler sources (mother' s moving, pseudo breathing, etc.). By modifying the existing method (autocorrelation method) and by proposing new time and frequency estimators used in the audio' s domain, we reduce to 5% the probability of non-detection of the fetal heart rate. These results are really encouraging and they enable us to plan the use of automatic classification techniques in order to discriminate between healthy and in suffering foetus.
Doppler Lidar in the Wind Forecast Improvement Projects
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pichugina, Yelena; Banta, Robert; Brewer, Alan; Choukulkar, Aditya; Marquis, Melinda; Olson, Joe; Hardesty, Mike
This paper will provide an overview of some projects in support of Wind Energy development involving Doppler lidar measurement of wind flow profiles. The high temporal and vertical resolution of these profiles allows the uncertainty of Numerical Weather Prediction models to be evaluated in forecasting dynamic processes and wind flow phenomena in the layer of rotor-blade operation.
Dual beam translator for use in Laser Doppler anemometry
Brudnoy, D.M.
A method and apparatus for selectively translating the path of at least one pair of light beams in a Laser Doppler anemometry device whereby the light paths are translated in a direction parallel to the original beam paths so as to enable attainment of spacial coincidence of the two intersection volumes and permit accurate measurements of Reynolds shear stress.
Pediatric imaging/doppler ultrasound of the chest: Extracardiac diagnosis
Huhta, J.C.
In this book the author spells out new diagnostic applications in pediatrics for high resolution cross-sectional ultrasonography, and demonstrates the ways in which Doppler techniques complement the cross-sectional method. This reference presents practical, step-by-step methods for non-invasive ultrasound examination of extra-cardiac anatomy and assessment of vascular blood flow.
Airborne Wind Profiling Algorithm for Doppler Wind LIDAR
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Beyon, Jeffrey Y. (Inventor); Koch, Grady J. (Inventor); Kavaya, Michael J. (Inventor)
Systems, methods, and devices of the present invention enable airborne Doppler Wind LIDAR system measurements and INS/GPS measurements to be combined to estimate wind parameters and compensate for instrument misalignment. In a further embodiment, the wind speed and wind direction may be computed based on two orthogonal line-of-sight LIDAR returns.
How to Study the Doppler Effect with Audacity Software
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Dias, Marco Adriano; Carvalho, Paulo Simeão; Ventura, Daniel Rodrigues
The Doppler effect is one of the recurring themes in college and high school classes. In order to contextualize the topic and engage the students in their own learning process, we propose a simple and easily accessible activity, i.e. the analysis of the videos available on the internet by the students. The sound of the engine of the vehicle…
Coincidence doppler broadening study in electron-irradiated polyurethane
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, D. J.; Zhang, J. D.; Leung, J. K. C.; Beling, C. D.; Liu, L. B.
Coincidence doppler broadening measurements on electron-irradiated polyurethanes were performed in the presence of air. It is shown that, after a certain electron irradiation, the momentum density distributions of annihilation electrons have obvious changes for the high crosslinking polyurethane, but no significant changes have been observed for the low crosslinking polyurethane. The results were performed to analyse by irradiation crosslinking and degradation principles.
Multiplexed sub-Doppler spectroscopy with an optical frequency comb
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Long, D. A.; Fleisher, A. J.; Plusquellic, D. F.; Hodges, J. T.
An optical frequency comb generated with an electro-optic phase modulator and a chirped radio-frequency waveform is used to perform pump-probe spectroscopy on the D1 and D2 transitions of atomic potassium at 770.1 and 766.7 nm, respectively. With a comb tooth spacing of 200 kHz and an optical bandwidth of 2 GHz the hyperfine transitions can be observed simultaneously. Interferograms are recorded in as little as 5 µs (a timescale corresponding to the inverse of the comb tooth spacing). Importantly, the sub-Doppler features can be measured as long as the laser carrier frequency lies within the Doppler profile, thus removing the need for slow scanning or a priori knowledge of the frequencies of the sub-Doppler features. Sub-Doppler optical frequency comb spectroscopy has the potential to dramatically reduce acquisition times and allow for rapid and accurate assignment of complex molecular and atomic spectra which are presently intractable.
Low Cost Coherent Doppler Lidar Data Acquisition and Processing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Barnes, Bruce W.; Koch, Grady J.
The work described in this paper details the development of a low-cost, short-development time data acquisition and processing system for a coherent Doppler lidar. This was done using common laboratory equipment and a small software investment. This system provides near real-time wind profile measurements. Coding flexibility created a very useful test bed for new techniques.
Multi-sensor Doppler radar for machine tool collision detection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wächter, T. J.; Siart, U.; Eibert, T. F.; Bonerz, S.
Machine damage due to tool collisions is a widespread issue in milling production. These collisions are typically caused by human errors. A solution for this problem is proposed based on a low-complexity 24 GHz continuous wave (CW) radar system. The developed monitoring system is able to detect moving objects by evaluating the Doppler shift. It combines incoherent information from several spatially distributed Doppler sensors and estimates the distance between an object and the sensors. The specially designed compact prototype contains up to five radar sensor modules and amplifiers yet fits into the limited available space. In this first approach we concentrate on the Doppler-based positioning of a single moving target. The recorded signals are preprocessed in order to remove noise and interference from the machinery hall. We conducted and processed system measurements with this prototype. The Doppler frequency estimation and the object position obtained after signal conditioning and processing with the developed algorithm were in good agreement with the reference coordinates provided by the machine's control unit.
Determining the Speed of Sound Using the Doppler Effect.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Gagne, Richard.
Presents a simple but effective experiment that uses ultrasonic transducers and some basic electronics to study the speed of sound using the Doppler effect. Eliminates the noise problems associated with most sound experiments. Discusses the theory, and describes the apparatus and procedure. (JRH)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Barcilon, Albert; Weng, Hengyi
Using standard data analysis techniques, researchers explore the links between disturbance growth and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity (PV) gradients; appearance and disappearance of cutoff lows and blocking highs and their relation to a zonal index (properly defined in terms of PV); and teleconnections between different flow patterns and their relation to the zonal index. It was found that the PV index and the eddy index correlate better than a zonal index (defined by zonal wind) and the eddy index. In the frequency domain there are three frequencies (.03, .07 and .17 cpd (cycle per day) corresponding to periods of 33, 14 and 6 days) at which PV index and the eddy index exhibit local maxima. The high correlation found at periods of 33 days is mainly due to eddy activity at high latitudes while the local correlation maxima found at the shorter periods are mainly due mid-latitude eddy activity. The correlation between the PV index and the geopotential height anomaly at 500 mb, at each grid point in the Northern Hemisphere, shows the existence of most of the teleconnection patterns summarized by Wallace and Gutzler (1981): the North Atlantic Oscillation, the North Pacific Oscillation, and the Pacific/North American patterns. Results show that the Isentropic Potential Vorticity (IPV) analysis can be a very useful and powerful tool when used to understand the dynamics of several large scale atmospheric systems. Although the data are limited to only one winter, and it is difficult to assess the statistical significance of the correlation coefficients presented here, the results are encouraging from physical viewpoint.
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies
Alfirevic, Zarko; Stampalija, Tamara; Gyte, Gillian ML
Background Abnormal blood flow patterns in fetal circulation detected by Doppler ultrasound may indicate poor fetal prognosis. It is also possible false positive Doppler ultrasound findings could encourage inappropriate early delivery. Objectives The objective of this review was to assess the effects of Doppler ultrasound used to assess fetal well-being in high-risk pregnancies on obstetric care and fetal outcomes. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (September 2009) and the reference lists of identified studies. Selection criteria Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of Doppler ultrasound for the investigation of umbilical and fetal vessels waveforms in high-risk pregnancies compared to no Doppler ultrasound. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. Data entry was checked. Main results Eighteen completed studies involving just over 10,000 women were included. The trials were generally of unclear quality with some evidence of possible publication bias. The use of Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancy was associated a reduction in perinatal deaths (risk ratio (RR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52 to 0.98, 16 studies, 10,225 babies, 1.2% versus 1.7 %, numbers needed to treat = 203; 95%CI 103 to 4352). There were also fewer inductions of labour (average RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.99, 10 studies, 5633 women, random effects) and fewer caesarean sections (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97, 14 studies, 7918 women). No difference was found in operative vaginal births (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.14, four studies, 2813 women) nor in Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.24, seven studies, 6321 babies). Authors' conclusions Current evidence suggests that the use of Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies reduced the risk of perinatal deaths and resulted in less
Myocardial performance index correlates with the BODE index and affects quality of life in COPD patients
Tannus-Silva, Daniela Graner Schuwartz; Masson-Silva, João Batista; Ribeiro, Lays Silva; Conde, Marcus Barreto; Rabahi, Marcelo Fouad
Background and objective COPD, a systemic illness associated with the impairment of different organs, affects patient prognosis and quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between right ventricle (RV) function, the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity) index (a multifunctional scale for the assessment of mortality risk), and quality of life in patients with COPD. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 107 outpatients presenting with stable COPD who underwent clinical assessment, spirometry, arterial blood gas analyses, a 6-minute walk test, electrocardiography, and echocardiogram and who responded to the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Results Among the study subjects, 53% (57/107) were males, and the mean age was 65.26±8.81 years. A positive correlation was observed between RV dysfunction measured by the myocardial performance index using tissue Doppler (MPIt) and the BODE index, even after adjustment for age and partial pressure of oxygen (r2=0.47; P<0.01). Patients with alterations in the MPIt had worse quality of life, and a statistically significant difference was found for different domains of the SGRQ. Patients with a normal MPIt had a mean total score of 46.2±18.6, whereas for those with MPIt alterations, the mean total score was 61.6±14.2 (P=0.005). These patients had a 1.49-fold increased risk of exhibiting SGRQ total score above the upper limit of the 95% CI (P=0.01). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that RV dysfunction as measured by the MPIt was associated with impairment in quality of life and a worse BODE index in COPD patients, irrespective of age and hypoxemia status. PMID:27695314
Index Construction, A Bibliography.
Application in Science, S5G37 Technology , and Humanities, N.Y., N.Y: John Wiley & Sons, C 1969. Z695.9 Harrod, Leonard Montague, ed. Indexers on... Indexing Terminology, Posting Terms and KWOC, DESK Alexandria, VA: DDC, May, 1979. Z1035.1 Library of Congress. Main Reading Room, Reference Collection...A1544 750 INDEX CONSTRUCTON AR BI OGRAPHYU ARMY FIEL ARTILERY SHOOL FORT SIL OR MILE R SEP 84 USA FASM -DSB- A0 VNtASIIEFG 5/2 NI MONSOONSfl 0841
Pi-Sunyer, F Xavier
It has been suggested that foods with a high glycemic index are detrimental to health and that healthy people should be told to avoid these foods. This paper takes the position that not enough valid scientific data are available to launch a public health campaign to disseminate such a recommendation. This paper explores the glycemic index and its validity and discusses the effect of postprandial glucose and insulin responses on food intake, obesity, type 1 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Presented herein are the reasons why it is premature to recommend that the general population avoid foods with a high glycemic index.
Effect of two sedative protocols and hepatosplenic disease on Doppler indices of splenic arteries in dogs: a preliminary study.
Ferrandis, Inma; Jakovljevic, Samuel; Aprea, Francesco; Corletto, Federico
Doppler flow indices (DFIs), such as the resistive index (RI) and the pulsatility index (PI), are commonly used to characterize blood flow. Parenchymal infiltration of an organ and administration of sedative and anaesthetic drugs can affect DFIs by altering resistance to blood flow. In this prospective study, the effect on DFIs of two sedative protocols (acepromazine or dexmedetomidine, each combined with butorphanol) and the presence or absence of hepatic and/or splenic disease, was investigated in the splenic arteries of 75 dogs. The RI and PI in splenic arteries of dogs sedated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol were lower than those of dogs sedated with acepromazine and butorphanol. PI in splenic arteries was higher in animals with hepatosplenic disease than in healthy animals. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves suggested that PI measured in canine splenic arteries could be useful in predicting the presence of hepatosplenic disease in the absence of other abdominal disease.
Quantitative Evaluation of Vascularity Using 2-D Power Doppler Ultrasonography May Not Identify Malignancy of the Thyroid.
Yoon, Jung Hyun; Shin, Hyun Joo; Kim, Eun-Kyung; Moon, Hee Jung; Roh, Yun Ho; Kwak, Jin Young
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a quantitative vascular index in predicting thyroid malignancy. A total of 1309 thyroid nodules in 1257 patients (mean age: 50.2 y, range: 18-83 y) were included. The vascularity pattern and vascular index (VI) measured by quantification software for each nodule were obtained from 2-D power Doppler ultrasonography (US). Gray-scale US + vascularity pattern was compared with gray-scale US + VI with respect to diagnostic performance. Of the 1309 thyroid nodules, 927 (70.8%) were benign and 382 (29.2%) were malignant. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (Az) for gray-scale US (0.82) was significantly higher than that for US combined with vascularity pattern (0.77) or VI (0.70, all p < 0.001). Quantified VIs were higher in benign nodules, but did not improve the performance of 2-D US in diagnosing thyroid malignancy.
Influence of food composition on splanchnic blood flow during digestion in unsedated normal dogs: a Doppler study.
Kircher, P; Lang, J; Blum, J; Gaschen, F; Doherr, M; Sieber, C; Gaschen, L
The effect of dietary components in gastrointestinal blood flow was investigated non-invasively in dogs. Doppler ultrasound (US) waveform analysis of the celiac artery (CA) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) of eight healthy dogs was performed both in the fasting state and at 20, 40, 60 and 90 min after feeding maintenance, high protein, high carbohydrate and high fat diets. Resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and the percentage differences between measurements were calculated. In fasted dogs, the CA showed significantly (p<0.05) lower resistance than the CMA. With all diets, post-prandial RI and PI values decreased significantly in both vessels (CA: RI=-12-13%; PI=-25-29%; CMA: RI=-13-15%; PI=-27-29% [p<0.05]), and in all cases significantly earlier in the CA than in the CMA (p<0.05). With all diets except high fat the maximum decrease in RI and PI was reached in the CA at 40 min and in the CMA at 60 min. High fat diets were unique in that the maximum decrease in RI and PI in the CMA occurred earlier (at 20 min) and values were slower to return to normal (p<0.05). We conclude that Doppler US can be used in dogs to quantify significant differences in the response of splanchnic blood flow to different dietary components.
Focal bowel wall changes detected with colour Doppler ultrasound: diagnostic value in acute non-diverticular diseases of the colon.
Danse, E M; Jamart, J; Hoang, P; Laterre, P F; Kartheuser, A; Van Beers, B E
We performed a study to determine if colour Doppler findings may help to identify the cause of wall thickening in acute non-diverticular diseases of the colon. The study group included 66 patients admitted to the emergency department with a final diagnosis of infectious colitis (n=23), inflammatory colitis (n=10), ischaemic colitis (n=23) and malignant tumours (n=10). The following ultrasound features were assessed: maximal wall thickness, wall stratification, arterial flow in the colonic wall and arteriolar resistive index. Higher values of wall thickness were observed in malignant tumour (18.2+/-6.2 mm, p<0.001). Moderately thickened wall (6.6+/-1.3 mm, p< or =0.06), preserved stratification (90% versus 46% in the remainder of the study population) and lower resistive index (0.51+/-0.10, p< or =0.05) were significantly related to inflammatory colitis. Absence of arterial flow was more frequently observed in ischaemia (43% versus 12% in the remainder of the study population). In conclusion, despite some overlap, both ultrasound and colour Doppler features are helpful in the differential diagnosis of colonic thickening related to non-diverticular colonic lesions.
Non-Gaussianity and CMB aberration and Doppler
Catena, Riccardo; Liguori, Michele; Renzi, Alessandro; Notari, Alessio E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com E-mail: email@example.com
The peculiar motion of an observer with respect to the CMB rest frame induces a deflection in the arrival direction of the observed photons (also known as CMB aberration) and a Doppler shift in the measured photon frequencies. As a consequence, aberration and Doppler effects induce non trivial correlations between the harmonic coefficients of the observed CMB temperature maps. In this paper we investigate whether these correlations generate a bias on non-Gaussianity estimators f{sub NL}. We perform this analysis simulating a large number of temperature maps with Planck-like resolution (lmax = 2000) as different realizations of the same cosmological fiducial model (WMAP7yr). We then add to these maps aberration and Doppler effects employing a modified version of the HEALPix code. We finally evaluate a generalization of the Komatsu, Spergel and Wandelt non-Gaussianity estimator for all the simulated maps, both when peculiar velocity effects have been considered and when these phenomena have been neglected. Using the value v/c = 1.23 × 10{sup −3} for our peculiar velocity, we found that the aberration/Doppler induced non-Gaussian signal is at most of about half of the cosmic variance σ for f{sub NL} both in a full-sky and in a cut-sky experimental configuration, for local, equilateral and orthogonal estimators. We conclude therefore that when estimating f{sub NL} it is safe to ignore aberration and Doppler effects if the primordial map is already Gaussian. More work is necessary however to assess whether a map which contains non-Gaussianity can be significantly distorted by a peculiar velocity.
Observation of Doppler broadening in β -delayed proton- γ decay
Schwartz, S. B.; Wrede, C.; Bennett, M. B.; ...
Background: The Doppler broadening of gamma-ray peaks is due to nuclear recoil from beta-delayed nucleon emission can be used to measure the energies of the nucleons. This method has never been tested using beta-delayed proton emission or applied to a recoil heavier than A = 10. Purpose: To test and apply this Doppler broadening method using gamma-ray peaks from the P-26(beta p gamma)Al-25 decay sequence. Methods: A fast beam of P-26 was implanted into a planar Ge detector, which was used as a P-26 beta-decay trigger. The SeGA array of high-purity Ge detectors was used to detect gamma rays frommore » the P-26(beta p gamma)Al-25 decay sequence. Results: Radiative Doppler broadening in beta-delayed proton-gamma decay was observed for the first time. Moreover, the Doppler broadening analysis method was verified using the 1613-keV gamma-ray line for which the proton energies were previously known. The 1776-keV gamma ray de-exciting the 2720 keV Al-25 level was observed in P-26(beta p gamma)Al-25 decay for the first time and used to determine that the center-of-mass energy of the proton emission feeding the 2720-keV level is 5.1 +/- 1.0 (stat.) +/- 0.6 (syst.) MeV, corresponding to a Si-26 excitation energy of 13.3 +/- 1.0 (stat.) +/- 0.6 (syst.) MeV for the proton-emitting level. Conclusions: Finally, the Doppler broadening method has been demonstrated to provide practical measurements of the energies for beta-delayed nucleon emissions populating excited states of nuclear recoils at least as heavy as A = 25.« less
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
An index of representative photographs is presented. Color transparencies and black and white glossies of major launches, Mariner spacecraft, Pioneer spacecraft, planets and other space phenomena, Skylab, space shuttle, Viking spacecraft, and Voyager spacecraft are included.
The Pesticide Use Site Index will help a company (or other applicant) identify which data requirements are needed to register a pesticide product. It provides information on pesticide use sites and pesticide major use patterns.
over six to nine readings at two to three input polarizations each. The first set of index values is calculated assuming ei = 450 These values are...TECHNICAL REPORT RG-CR-84-2 Sli GRADIENT INDEX LENS RESEARCH Prepared by: Duncan T. Moore The Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester...CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Miten Data Fntered) READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NU14MU R GOVT ACCESSION No. 3
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Johnson Space Center (JSC) document index is intended to provide a single source listing of all published JSC-numbered documents their authors, and the designated offices of prime responsibility (OPR's) by mail code at the time of publication. The index contains documents which have been received and processed by the JSC Technical Library as of January 13, 1988. Other JSC-numbered documents which are controlled but not available through the JSC Library are also listed.
New generic indexing technology
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Freeston, Michael
There has been no fundamental change in the dynamic indexing methods supporting database systems since the invention of the B-tree twenty-five years ago. And yet the whole classical approach to dynamic database indexing has long since become inappropriate and increasingly inadequate. We are moving rapidly from the conventional one-dimensional world of fixed-structure text and numbers to a multi-dimensional world of variable structures, objects and images, in space and time. But, even before leaving the confines of conventional database indexing, the situation is highly unsatisfactory. In fact, our research has led us to question the basic assumptions of conventional database indexing. We have spent the past ten years studying the properties of multi-dimensional indexing methods, and in this paper we draw the strands of a number of developments together - some quite old, some very new, to show how we now have the basis for a new generic indexing technology for the next generation of database systems.
Comparison of the usefulness of Doppler-derived deceleration time versus plasma brain natriuretic peptide to predict left ventricular remodeling after mechanical revascularization in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Cerisano, Giampaolo; Pucci, Paolo Domenico; Valenti, Renato; Boddi, Vieri; Migliorini, Angela; Tommasi, Maria Silvia; Raspanti, Silvia; Parodi, Guido; Antoniucci, David
The correlation between Doppler deceleration time (DT) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and their predictive value for detecting left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients who are treated with primary percutaneous intervention for infarction and LV dysfunction are unknown. Fifty-six patients (64 +/- 12 years of age; 11 women) who had a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and systolic dysfunction that was successfully treated with direct primary coronary intervention underwent 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic and plasma BNP evaluation at days 1 and 3 and 1 and 6 months after the index infarction. Repeat coronary angiograms were obtained at 1 and 6 months. Because of previous consistent evidence, 3 days after the index infarction was the time point of comparison between BNP and DT values. Echocardiographic LV remodeling was defined as an increase in end-diastolic volume index above baseline values of 2 x SD. Ventricular remodeling occurred in 20 patients (36%). Multivariate analyses that included BNP level, Doppler DT, echocardiographic measurements of systolic function, peak creatine kinase, and anterior infarct location showed Doppler DT to be the only predictor of LV remodeling (odds ratio 0.963, 95% confidence interval 0.936 to 0.990, p = 0.008). The optimal cutoff for DT in the prediction of 6-month LV remodeling was <136 ms (sensitivity 75%, specificity 97%, accuracy 81%, area under receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.90). Thus, in patients who have a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and LV systolic dysfunction that is successfully treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, Doppler-derived DT 3 days after index infarction is more effective than BNP level in detecting patients who are at higher risk for 6-month LV remodeling.
Altered cerebral hemodynamics in early Alzheimer disease: a pilot study using transcranial Doppler.
Claassen, Jurgen A H R; Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon; Martin-Cook, Kristin; Levine, Benjamin D; Zhang, Rong
Cerebrovascular disease may contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated whether impairments in cerebral hemodynamics can be detected in early-stage AD. Nine patients with mild AD and eight cognitively normal controls matched for age underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological evaluation, followed by assessment of steady-state cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV, transcranial Doppler), blood pressure (BP, Finapres), and cerebrovascular resistance index (BP/CBFV). Cerebral hemodynamics were quantified using spectral and transfer function analysis of BP and CBFV in rest, during standing up after squat, and during repeated squat-stand maneuvers. Compared to controls, AD patients had lower CBFV and higher cerebrovascular resistance index, unexplained by brain atrophy. Low-frequency variability of BP was enhanced, suggesting impaired arterial baroreflex function. However, CBFV variability was reduced despite enhanced BP variability, and dynamic cerebral autoregulation was not impaired. In conclusion, despite a distinct pattern of altered cerebral hemodynamics, AD patients may have normal autoregulation. However, the challenges for autoregulation in AD are higher, as our data show enhanced BP fluctuations. Increased cerebral vasoconstriction or reduced vasomotion also may attenuate CBFV variability.
Pulse transit times to the capillary bed evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry.
Bernjak, Alan; Stefanovska, Aneta
The pulse transit time (PTT) of a wave over a specified distance along a blood vessel provides a simple non-invasive index that can be used for the evaluation of arterial distensibility. Current methods of measuring the PTT determine the propagation times of pulses only in the larger arteries. We have evaluated the pulse arrival time (PAT) to the capillary bed, through the microcirculation, and have investigated its relationship to the arterial PAT to a fingertip. To do so, we detected cardiac-induced pulse waves in skin microcirculation using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Using the ECG as a reference, PATs to the microcirculation were measured on the four extremities of 108 healthy subjects. Simultaneously, PATs to the radial artery of the left index finger were obtained from blood pressure recordings using a piezoelectric sensor. Both PATs correlate in similar ways with heart rate and age. That to the microcirculation is shown to be sensitive to local changes in skin perfusion induced by cooling. We introduce a measure for the PTT through the microcirculation. We conclude that a combination of LDF and pressure measurements enables simultaneous characterization of the states of the macro and microvasculature. Information about the microcirculation, including an assessment of endothelial function, may be obtained from the responses to perturbations in skin perfusion, such as temperature stress or vasoactive substances.
Micro-Doppler analysis of multiple frequency continuous wave radar signatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Anderson, Michael G.; Rogers, Robert L.
Micro-Doppler refers to Doppler scattering returns produced by non rigid-body motion. Micro-Doppler gives rise to many detailed radar image features in addition to those associated with bulk target motion. Targets of different classes (for example, humans, animals, and vehicles) produce micro-Doppler images that are often distinguishable even by nonexpert observers. Micro-Doppler features have great potential for use in automatic target classification algorithms. Although the potential benefit of using micro-Doppler in classification algorithms is high, relatively little experimental (non-synthetic) micro-Doppler data exists. Much of the existing experimental data comes from highly cooperative targets (human or vehicle targets directly approaching the radar). This research involved field data collection and analysis of micro-Doppler radar signatures from non-cooperative targets. The data was collected using a low cost Xband multiple frequency continuous wave (MFCW) radar with three transmit frequencies. The collected MFCW radar signatures contain data from humans, vehicles, and animals. The presented data includes micro-Doppler signatures previously unavailable in the literature such as crawling humans and various animal species. The animal micro-Doppler signatures include deer, dog, and goat datasets. This research focuses on the analysis of micro-Doppler from noncooperative targets approaching the radar at various angles, maneuvers, and postures.
Needs for Research in Indexing.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Milstead, Jessica L.
Uncovers issues in indexing that need scientific research, including the cognitive processes of indexers and users; vocabulary control; how best to supplement human indexers' intellectual effort with computer capabilities; structure and layout of indexes on the printed page and on the computer screen; and evaluation of indexes. (Contains 21…
Spaceborne Simulations of Two Direct-Detection Doppler Lidar Techniques
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
McGill, Matthew J.; Li, Steve X.
Direct-detection (or incoherent) lidar is now a proven technique for measuring winds in the atmosphere. Over the last few years, several types of direct-detection lidar have evolved. These methods rely on Fabry-Perot interferometers(also termed etalons) or other narrow-passband filters to provide the required spectral resolution. One method, now called the edge (EDG) technique, uses a sharply-sloping filter and measures changes in the filter transmission caused by Doppler shifting of the laser wavelength. A variation of the EDG method, called the double-edge (DEDG) technique, uses two filters. The molecular DEDG method was first demonstrated by Chanin et al. for stratospheric measurements and more recently Korb et al. successfully demonstrated the aerosol DEDG through the troposphere. A second method, here termed the multi-channel (MC) technique, measures Doppler shifts by observing angular displacement of a Fabry-Perot fringe in a spatially resolving detector. The EDG technique thus employs the Fabry-Perot to convert the frequency shift into an amplitude signal, while the MC technique uses the Fabry-Perot to resolve the spectral signature which is then fitted to determine the centroid. The focus of this presentation is on the DEDG and MC methods because these are viewed as the current state of the art in direct-detection lidar. Successful ground-based demonstrations of direct-detection wind measurements have resulted in proposals for spaceborne systems. With this new emphasis on spaceborne systems comes the need for accurate prediction of spaceborne direct-detection Doppler lidar performance. Previously, the EDG and MC methods have been compared although only for aerosol Doppler systems. A recent paper by McGill and Spinhirne compares the DEDG and MC methods in a non-system specific manner for both the aerosol and molecular Doppler systems. The purpose of this presentation is to extend the previous work of McGill and Spinhirne to examine the performance of
Estimation of left ventricular operating stiffness from Doppler early filling deceleration time in humans
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, M. J.; Firstenberg, M. S.; Greenberg, N. L.; Smedira, N.; Rodriguez, L.; Prior, D.; Thomas, J. D.
Shortened early transmitral deceleration times (E(DT)) have been qualitatively associated with increased filling pressure and reduced survival in patients with cardiac disease and increased left ventricular operating stiffness (K(LV)). An equation relating K(LV) quantitatively to E(DT) has previously been described in a canine model but not in humans. During several varying hemodynamic conditions, we studied 18 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Transesophageal echocardiographic two-dimensional volumes and Doppler flows were combined with high-fidelity left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) pressures to determine K(LV). From digitized Doppler recordings, E(DT) was measured and compared against changes in LV and LA diastolic volumes and pressures. E(DT) (180 +/- 39 ms) was inversely associated with LV end-diastolic pressures (r = -0.56, P = 0.004) and net atrioventricular stiffness (r = -0.55, P = 0.006) but had its strongest association with K(LV) (r = -0.81, P < 0.001). K(LV) was predicted assuming a nonrestrictive orifice (K(nonrest)) from E(DT) as K(nonrest) = (0.07/E(DT))(2) with K(LV) = 1.01 K(nonrest) - 0.02; r = 0.86, P < 0.001, DeltaK (K(nonrest) - K(LV)) = 0.02 +/- 0.06 mm Hg/ml. In adults with cardiac disease, E(DT) provides an accurate estimate of LV operating stiffness and supports its application as a practical noninvasive index in the evaluation of diastolic function.
Maternal History and Uterine Artery Doppler in the Assessment of Risk for Development of Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Llurba, Elisa; Carreras, Elena; Gratacós, Eduard; Juan, Miquel; Astor, Judith; Vives, Angels; Hermosilla, Eduard; Calero, Ines; Millán, Pilar; García-Valdecasas, Bárbara; Cabero, Lluís
Objective. To examine the value of one-step uterine artery Doppler at 20 weeks of gestation in the prediction pre-eclampsia (PE) and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods. A prospective multicentre study that included all women with singleton pregnancies at 19–22 weeks of gestation (w). The mean pulsatility index (mPI) of both uterine arteries was calculated. Receiver-operating characteristics curves (ROC) were drawn to compare uterine artery Doppler and maternal risk factors for the prediction of early-onset PE and/or IUGR (before 32 w) and late-onset PE and/or IUGR. Results. 6,586 women were included in the study. Complete outcome data was recorded for 6,035 of these women (91.6%). PE developed in 75 (1.2%) and IUGR in 69 (1.1%) cases. Uterine Doppler mPI was 0.99 and the 90th centile was 1.40. For 10% false-positive rate, uterine Doppler mPI identified 70.6% of pregnancies that subsequently developed early-onset PE and 73.3% of pregnancies that developed early-onset IUGR. The test had a lower detection rate for the late-onset forms of the disease (23.5% for PE and 30% for IUGR). Maternal history has a low sensitivity in the detection of early-onset cases, although it is better at detecting late-onset PE. Conclusion. Uterine artery Doppler and maternal risk factors seem to select two different populations - early and late-onset PE which might suggest a different pathogenesis. PMID:19936122
Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index.
Valentine, Jason; Zhang, Shuang; Zentgraf, Thomas; Ulin-Avila, Erick; Genov, Dentcho A; Bartal, Guy; Zhang, Xiang
Metamaterials are artificially engineered structures that have properties, such as a negative refractive index, not attainable with naturally occurring materials. Negative-index metamaterials (NIMs) were first demonstrated for microwave frequencies, but it has been challenging to design NIMs for optical frequencies and they have so far been limited to optically thin samples because of significant fabrication challenges and strong energy dissipation in metals. Such thin structures are analogous to a monolayer of atoms, making it difficult to assign bulk properties such as the index of refraction. Negative refraction of surface plasmons was recently demonstrated but was confined to a two-dimensional waveguide. Three-dimensional (3D) optical metamaterials have come into focus recently, including the realization of negative refraction by using layered semiconductor metamaterials and a 3D magnetic metamaterial in the infrared frequencies; however, neither of these had a negative index of refraction. Here we report a 3D optical metamaterial having negative refractive index with a very high figure of merit of 3.5 (that is, low loss). This metamaterial is made of cascaded 'fishnet' structures, with a negative index existing over a broad spectral range. Moreover, it can readily be probed from free space, making it functional for optical devices. We construct a prism made of this optical NIM to demonstrate negative refractive index at optical frequencies, resulting unambiguously from the negative phase evolution of the wave propagating inside the metamaterial. Bulk optical metamaterials open up prospects for studies of 3D optical effects and applications associated with NIMs and zero-index materials such as reversed Doppler effect, superlenses, optical tunnelling devices, compact resonators and highly directional sources.
Quarantine document system indexing procedure
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Quarantine Document System (QDS) is described including the indexing procedures and thesaurus of indexing terms. The QDS consists of these functional elements: acquisition, cataloging, indexing, storage, and retrieval. A complete listing of the collection, and the thesaurus are included.
Eberl, D.D.; Velde, B.
The value of peak width at half-height for the illite 001 XRD reflection is known as the Kubler index or the illite "crystallinity' index. This measurement, which has been related to the degree of metamorphism of very low-grade, pelitic rocks, is a function of at least two crystal-chemical factors: 1) illite X-ray scattering domain size; and 2) illite structural distortions (especially swelling). Reynolds' NEWMOD computer program is used to construct a grid with which these two contributions to illite peak width can be determined independently from measurements of the 001 peak width at half-height and the Srodon intensity ratio. This method yields more information about changes undergone by illite during metamorphism than application of the Kubler index method alone. -Authors