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Simon McGrath concludes his blog about the remarkable Prof George Davey Smith's smart ideas for understanding diseases, which may soon be applied to ME/CFS.
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Gluten sensitivity and the Central Nervous System
Discussion in 'Other Health News and Research' started by natasa778, Dec 26, 2013.

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Wisely used charge cards can provide enough points and other rewards, to help with a good vacation without causing financial problems. People who don't utilize the tools they have when it comes to credit waste all of their money on vacations, when they could be having a portion of it paid off for them. Keep on reading to figure out what you can do to have and maintain a good credit card.
These days, many credit card companies offer large incentives for using their card. Make sure that you're fully aware of what's in the fine print, as bonuses offered by credit card companies often have strict requirements. One of the typical conditions placed on a credit card bonus is a requirement that you use the card to make a fixed amount of purchases within a given time frame. A bonus offer that you do not want to claim is not a very tempting one!
You should try to pay your credit card balance off monthly. In general, it's best to use credit cards as a pass-through, and pay them before the next billing cycle starts, instead of as a high-interest loan. Charge cards help build your credit score; however, you should avoid finance charge by paying your balance in full at the end of each billing cycle.
Credit Card
As soon as your credit card arrives in the mail, sign it. This will protect you should your credit card get stolen. Many cashiers will check to make sure there are matching signatures before finalizing the sale.
There are many credit cards that offer rewards programs for your spending. If you buy on credit often, you should look for a loyalty program which will be useful to you. If you use it smartly, it can act like a second income stream.
When dealing with a credit card, make sure you're always paying attention so that various term changes don't catch you by surprise. They change terms and conditions very often so you have to keep a close eye on them. The most significant changes may be couched in legal terminology. Make sure you read everything so you know what to expect as far as rates and fees are concerned.
Don't use your credit cards to purchase items that you can't afford. Wanting a new TV or game console is not a good reason to put it on a credit card. The interest charges will be exorbitant, and you may not be able to make necessary payments. Exit the store and mull over your purchase for a couple of days before making your final decision. If you are still going to purchase, then the store probably offers a financing plan that gives you a lower interest rate.
Don't write your password or pin down in any circumstances. The safest place for this information is in your memory, where nobody else can access it. If you write it down, other people will be able to access your credit.
Keep a list of credit account numbers and emergency contact numbers for the card lender. Put this list in a safe place, like a deposit box at your bank, where it is away from your cards. If you were to get robbed or lose your cards, this list can come in handy.
Avoid closing an account. Although you may think doing this will help you raise your credit score, it can actually lower it. That is because you're subtracting from the entire credit you've got available, and that drives down the ratio between your credit and what you completely owe.
Credit Report
Every year you should make sure to ask for a free credit report from each of the credit bureaus. Ensure that your credit report and annual statements match up.
Check with card companies about whether they're willing to reduce their rates. There are companies which will reduce the interest charged, if they've got a long-standing relationship with them. This can save you hundreds of dollars a year and all it takes is a phone call.
Do not tell other people of the number of your credit card. Often times, people ask this information through the internet or through the phone. Do not do this if you do not know the company you're dealing with. If you are getting odd offers that want the number of your credit card, be very careful. There are tons of scams that want your card number. Take appropriate measures to protect yourself.
You can really damage your credit score if you use a credit card to make purchases for more than what you can pay for with cash. This can make it difficult to rent accommodation, get insurance or even become employed.
Take a look at your credit accounts and close any that have not been used in a while. Closure of old accounts makes it less likely that they will be used fraudulently. Even if an account has a balance, you can still close the account. You can simply keep making payments until you get rid of the outstanding balance.
If you are being tempted over to a new card which is offering a low interest rate to begin with, ensure you read the finer details carefully. Have a real understanding of what will happen after the introductory phase. Quite often, these offers mask extremely high interest rates when the time period is over. Make sure you are aware of what you are signing up for when getting the credit card.
Credit Cards
Even without the advantages of points and perks like vacations, credit cards can be great tools to have at your disposal. People who don't use their bank cards in a healthy manner will end up suffering high amounts of stress in the future. Use the things that you've learned from this guide to make wise decisions on spending money using your credit cards.


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Choose from Three Options
- $45 for a 60-minute custom body massage with a glass of champagne for one ($90 value)
- $70 for a 90-minute custom body massage with a glass of champagne for one ($140 value)
- $95 for a 60-minute couples massage with glasses of champagne ($190 value)<p>
Frangipani Ola Mau Spa
Frangipani Ola Mau Spa looks out over the ocean, giving guests magnificent sunset views, and clients leave the spa looking just as beautiful as those sunsets. Frangipani Ola Mau Spa provides relaxing massages, cleansing facials, nourishing haircare treatments, and manicures and pedicures. In addition, the spa beautifies and pampers patrons with aromatherapy body scrubs, anti-aging facials, and bioslimming wraps.


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Two nigh stay to see Borobudur and Prambanan. Could not place the hotel in a more beautiful location. Located at the base of mountains and can see Borobudur in the distance. The lower end of the resort rolls into the farm fields and while the...More
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"I had the pleasure of staying in villa 25, in mu opinion the one with the best view on Borobudur."
"All the rooms are great. We did not need a room with a private pool. We liked being close to the pool and..."


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Shane Lewis charges to top-10 in SPEED World Challenge MONTEREY, Calif., September 6, 2003 -- Shane Lewis raced the No. 18 ARC Racing Mazda Protege ES 2.0L I4 to seventh in today's SCCA Pro Racing Speed Touring Car (ST) class of the Speed World...
Shane Lewis charges to top-10 in SPEED World Challenge
MONTEREY, Calif., September 6, 2003 -- Shane Lewis raced the No. 18 ARC Racing Mazda Protege ES 2.0L I4 to seventh in today's SCCA Pro Racing Speed Touring Car (ST) class of the Speed World Challenge. Starting 12th in only his second series start of the year, Lewis piloted the red, white and yellow front-drive Mazda through the field lapping at some of the quickest times of any car in the event. The Jupiter, Florida-resident was plagued by a sticking throttle throughout the 50-minute race, forcing the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) regular to pick his passing points cautiously. However, he overcame the difficulties to give the No.18 one of its highest career finishes. Lewis was enthusiastic about the finish especially after he was involved in another car's accident in the fifth-turn of the first lap of his team debut on August 25th at Road America.
"It was a lot of fun," commented Lewis following the race. "We really struggled at Road America. We had a number of problems and just never got any laps. Then, we were taken out of the race in the first lap. The ARC guys have worked their tails off since then and this is a little bit of a pay-off. I had to work pretty hard out there today. The throttle stuck pretty much from the start so I had work around that and try and pick-out my passing points really carefully. We had a better car in the race than we did all weekend. Everything came together at the right time. It's just disappointing that we had the throttle problem. I think we could have passed about five more cars but the throttle issue just made the risk too great. I didn't want to get down there and not be able to get the throttle back and take-out a bunch of cars."
Lewis competed in one season of SCCA Speed World Challenge prior to the two 2003 events. In 1996, he earned three Sports 2 (S2) class victories in what is widely considered the fastest World Challenge entries to ever race.
Shane Lewis is the 1998 Professional Sports Car Racing Rising Star award winner and is a multiple race winner in IMSA, SCCA Pro and Grand-Am sanctioned events. He has raced in three 24 Hours of Le Mans, six 24 Hours of Daytona, seven 12 Hours of Sebring and four Petit Le Mans. He drives the ACEMCO Motorsports Ferrari 360 GT Modena in the ALMS and the Nuzzo Motorsports Mini Cooper S in Grand-Am Cup.


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man it wouldve been insane to see mark webb and harry main in here
what the heck was that opening trick? 360 double whip to oppowhip back? Who was that???? Crazy!
That was Nick Bruce and yeah that was the trick haha so crazy
if this is prelims... finals are gonna be mindblowing


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Saber Healthcare News and Happenings.
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|Comments (4)
What do you think - will Saber Healthcare grow fast? Are they expanding their staff? How does Saber Healthcare stack up against the competition?
95 months ago
Saber Healthcare needs to treat there employees better.They also need to get out of haveing young Adminstrator they need to find Adminstrator that have more knowledge and treat there staff better and arent involed in clicks.I was employed with them for 2 years.I would not even think of putting my family member in one of there homes.Saber Healthcare does not expand there staff they have there staff do 2 to 3 jobs each and expect you to get everything done .There thinking is if you cant get things done they will hire someone else they can.
A caring NURSE in Cleveland, Ohio
65 months ago
Saber Healthcare is like the "Mob" sub standard homes with Administrators & DON's that don't care about the safe care of the patients in order to save money for SABER I wouldn't put my dog in one of their homes. They are trying to be a monopoly of long term care in Cleveland just as the Cleveland Clinic is with all control over the hospitals in the area.
Jadedems in Lake Ariel, Pennsylvania
22 months ago
Saber Health Care is the WORST company I have EVER worked for!!! I was only with them for 5 months and there was NEVER A DAY that went by that we did not have enough staff, and I'm not talking about one person calling off....I'm talking about NO STAFF scheduled to cover the shift!!! There were MANY nights during my 5 month employment there that we had 95-100 residents in the building and only 5.....YES 5 staff members to take care of them all...one supervisor, 3 LPN's and 1, YES 1 CNA to take care of these residents..... there were nights a resident would code and of course the supervisor had to be in running the code and at the BARE MINIMUM an LPN and the CNA.... then someone had to be out at the desk calling 911 and getting the chart ready to send the resident to the ER, now....if you have been doing the math, you should realize that leaves ONE LPN to take care of the other 90 something residents.... ONE LPN to pass meds, answer call bells, watch the residents that are up and roaming the halls.....GOD forbid there is a FALL!! All this pressure on the staff and come morning when the "big wigs" come in, they wanna know WHY 1/2 the facility is not up and dressed and ready for breakfast!!! SABER is the WORST company to work for.....they are so concerned about the almighty dollar they don't give even an ouce of s*&* about their employees!!! AVOID THEM
» Sign in or create an account to comment on this topic.


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Lunchtime can be more than clicking through Facebook while eating lukewarm leftovers! Build community with colleagues around a healthy lunch break. In a weekly email, you will receive tips, recipes and more to help change the way you lunch.
Emails will go out to participants on Monday mornings for six consecutive weeks: Sept. 18 and 25, and Oct. 2, 9, 16 and 23.
Registration and premakeover survey.


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text: Annyeonghello... 🤗 I'm looking to trade this photocard. Have: Taehyung NMD JPN pc Want: Jungkook NMD JPN pc Condition: 10/10. I'm a collector, so I know how precious these photocards are and take care of them very well. Thus, to be fair, your Jungkook photocard should be 9.5@10/10 too. For selling: 1. If you're interested to buy, please find Jungkook pc for me first, then I'll sell this to you. (Preferred) 2. Or QYOP. Not selling it lower than what I bought. I would rather keep it than selling it cheaper since this is a rare pc. Please CTB for questions/negotiations. Thank you!! 😙💜 Tags: bts bangtan rapmonster jin suga yoongi jhope jimin v taehyung jungkook


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The building was elevated to its current position high above Johnson's Main Street while the old foundation was removed
2017 VSC ALSCW Fellow: Sonya Larson
Congratulations to Sonya Larson, winner of the 2017 VSC ALSCW Fellowship! Sonya will spend 4 weeks at VSC later this fall.
Sonya's short fiction and nonfiction has appeared or is forthcoming in The Best American Short Stories 2017, American Short Fiction, The American Literary Review, Poets & Writers Magazine, The Writer's Chronicle, Audible.com, West Branch, Salamander, Memorious, Del Sol Review, The Red Mountain Review, and The Hub. She has received awards and honors from Best American Short Stories 2017 and 2015, Glimmer Train, Meridian, Salamander, the American Literary Review, the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is at work on a novel about a Chinese community living in rural Mississippi in the 1930s, which earned her an Emerging Artist Award from the St. Botolph Club Foundation. This is Sonya's second fellowship to attend VSC; in 2016, she was awarded the Grace Paley Fiction Fellowship.
Sonya received her B.A. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she served as editor of The Madison Review, and her MFA from the MFA Program for Writers at Warren Wilson College.
VSC is delighted to continue our partnership with the ALSCW, whose mission is to "promote excellence in literary criticism and scholarship," and to "ensure that literature thrives in both scholarly and creative environments." The next VSC ALSCW fellowship will be offered at VSC's February 15, 2018 Fellowship Deadline.
The Creative Access Residency Program expands opportunities for artists and writers with spinal cord injury
This year's 13 Creative Access Fellows will attend residencies at PLAYA, the Ragdale Foundation, the Santa Fe Art Institute (SFAI), and the Vermont Studio Center (VSC).
The Creative Access Residencies Program, funded by the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation's Creating Opportunity & Independence Project Grant, is expanding opportunities for artists and writers with spinal cord injury (SCI). This exciting residency fellowship program helps to further the creative careers of artists with SCI while championing accessibility and inclusiveness within the larger sector of artist communities/residencies.
Each Creative Access Fellowship includes a fully subsidized studio residency at one of four partner sites across the continental U.S.: PLAYA (Oregon), Ragdale (Illinois), SFAI (New Mexico), or VSC (Vermont); generous stipend support for each artist; and room, board, and travel stipend for a personal care assistant (PCA) if necessary. Application and selection for the Creative Access Residencies Program are managed by the Alliance of Artists Communities.
2017 is the first year of a three-year partnership that will make the personal creative development, career advancement, artistic exchange, and life-changing experience of a 2- to 8-week studio residency available to as many as 36 talented artists and writers living with spinal cord injury. In this round, the opportunity was promoted over the winter through a broad range of artist and disability networks. From that open call, thirteen artists were selected by a panel of residency directors and esteemed judges for 2- to 8-week residencies to be completed during 2017 across the four program sites.
"The Alliance of Artists Communities is proud to be leading the research and administration of this grant with funding from the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation to support artists with spinal cord injury," said Lisa Hoffman, Executive Director of Alliance of Artists Communities. "We are dedicated to identifying and expanding opportunities for artists with disabilities, and aim to develop tools for residency programs and to advocate for greater resources to assist residency programs in serving artists with disabilities."
The collaborative nature of the project and inclusion of the Alliance of Artists Communities as a partner presents a strong catalyst for far-reaching and sustained changes to improve standards of accessibility and promote a broader level of program inclusivity throughout the artist residency sector. In the words of 2015 VSC Creative Access Fellow Melissa Allensworth,
"I have been able to accomplish more here at VSC during my residency than I would have ever thought about doing back home. Having my own personal studio space has been something I've never had before… I was able to start working on larger pieces… and I will continue this in the future. The exposure I've had to other residents and VSC visiting artists and writers has been fantastic. I had the opportunity to discuss my work… [and] I received great advice and suggestions that have helped me to delve deeper into my work… My time here at VSC was an amazing experience and has made a major impact on my future painting career."
The 2017 Creative Access Fellows are:
Erin Oliver, visual artist, Durham, NC
Javier Flores, visual artist and university professor
Ocean, writer, Olympia, WA
Molly Aubry, visual artist, Bloomfield Hills, MI
Anthony Tusler, visual artist/photographer and disability consultant, Pennegrove, CA
Susan Odgers, writer and disability columnist, Traverse City, MI
Moira Williams, multimedia installation artist, Bushwick, NY
Tony Boatright, writer and ADA expert, Republic of Panama
Reveca Torres, photographer and filmmaker, Chicago, IL
Vermont Studio Center
Mark Braunstein, writer and artist, CT
John Greiner, artist and illustrator, Cleveland, OH
Catherine Peterson, sculptor and chef, Bellaire, MI
Elizabeth A Sachs, journalist, book reviewer, editor, and author, Tuckahoe, NY
In 2018, the Creative Access Residencies Program will offer 12 more fully-funded studio residency fellowships to artists and writers living with SCI. The application portal opens September 1, 2017. The deadline for applications is November 1, 2017. The unified application is free.
Applicants will need to submit a CV/resume, work samples, and a short description of their SCI and the impact it has had on their art process. All submissions will be juried by the consortium members.
The Craig H. Neilsen Foundation has been tireless in supporting both programs and scientific research to improve the quality of life for those affected by and living with spinal cord injury. Following the vision and values of Craig Neilsen, the Foundation focuses the majority of its grantmaking on furthering the promising advances in the field of spinal cord injury research. It supports research in areas of investigation relevant to improving recovery and works to coordinate its efforts with those of other federal and private funders.
The Foundation's research funding is directed across a broad spectrum, including mechanistic, translational, clinical, and psychosocial research, with a goal of opening innovative areas of inquiry and emphasizing progress across the entire translational spectrum. Another main funding priority is the Creating Opportunity & Independence Portfolio that assists individuals affected by spinal cord injury today and builds stronger community and rehabilitative support.
The Foundation provides educational grant programs including postdoctoral research fellowships, Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Fellowships, and Neilsen Foundation Scholarships for students with spinal cord injury at selected colleges and universities. In addition, selected Special Projects related to spinal cord injury and Vision and Values Projects grants support other programs that reflect Craig Neilsen's philanthropic interests.
The Alliance of Artists Communities (AAC) is a national and international association of artists' communities and residencies—a diverse field with thousands of programs worldwide that support artists of any discipline in the development of new creative work. The Alliance gives a collective voice on behalf of its members, small and large, that leverages support for the field as a whole; promotes successful practices in the field; and advocates for creative environments that support the work of today's artists. Their role will be to coordinate outreach, to host a unified (and free) application for artists, and shepherd sustainable impacts of this program by publishing a report at the conclusion with case studies and best practices. (www.artistcommunities.org)
PLAYA is is a nonprofit organization supporting innovative thinking through work in the arts, literature, natural sciences and other fields of creative inquiry. Located in the Oregon Outback, Playa's 75–acre property includes six fully-equipped and spacious cabins, two fully-equipped live/work studios, three studio/research spaces (including one shared living quarters), a large open shed, and outdoor field-research areas. Access to most facilities is barrier-free, and PLAYA has hosted programs specifically for performing artists and dancers who use wheelchairs. Residencies offer the gift of time and space to eligible applicants, and span two multi-month sessions each year. The intention of all of PLAYA's programming is to support creative individuals who are committed and passionate about their work, and who will benefit from time spent in its inspirational remote location. (www.playasummerlake.org)
The Ragdale Foundation is a non-profit artists' community located on architect Howard Van Doren Shaw's country estate in Lake Forest, IL, 30 miles north of Chicago. Begun in 1976, Ragdale annually hosts more than 150 artists, writers, choreographers, and composers at all stages of their careers for 18-25 day residencies. Ragdale offers a retreat setting where at any given time, a dozen creative individuals experience uninterrupted time for dedicated work, a supportive environment, dynamic artist exchanges, 50 acres of idyllic prairie, and a family-style dinner each evening. Ragdale has a universally accessible studio in the Barnhouse. The Chandler studio, a live/work space with a wheelchair-accessible private bath, accommodates visual artists or writers. The space is adjacent to the kitchen and dining facilities. Ragdale welcomes artists at all stages of their careers and seeks to create a mix of various experience levels in each group of residents. (www.ragdale.org)
The Santa Fe Art Institute (SFAI) is a cultural organization that cultivates creative practices, engage with diverse communities, and address the most pressing social issues of our time. Approximately 10 artists per month receive private living quarters with a private bath and working space, which is centrally located within Santa Fe's vibrant and diverse cultural community. The SFAI facility, a nearly 17,000 square foot complex designed by Ricardo Legoretta, includes gallery and exhibition spaces, sky-lit studios, a growing contemporary art library, courtyards, laundry facilities, communal kitchen, and dining and living room areas. Visual artists are provided with a semi-private studio space as well as access to a large communal work space. Writers are welcome to use the library for writing and reading, as well as their own private rooms equipped with desks. SFAI's facility meets all ADA requirements with complete accessibility for wheelchairs to studio and living spaces. Two resident rooms are equipped with bathroom facilities for wheelchair access, and since SFAI's complex is one level, there are no stairs or barriers. A Residency Assistant is always available for residents on site. (www.sfai.org)
Vermont Studio Center (VSC) is the largest international artist and writers residency center in the U.S., hosting 55 artists and writers per month, year-round, in the northern Green Mountains of Vermont. VSC's 15,000 alumni come from every state in the nation and 140 countries. Art and writing residents are provided with private studios with wireless internet, private rooms, all meals, access to shops (sculpture, ceramic, traditional and digital photo), critique consultation/mentorship with 6 Visiting Artists and Writers per month, gallery openings, art and literary libraries, Open Studios, readings and lectures, and opportunities for meditation and yoga. In May of 2017, VSC will be opening a new wing to our largest residency housing, with six additional private ADA and universally designed rooms open every month of the year. VSC welcomes creatives at all stages of their careers, and has offered Creative Access fellowships to artists and writers with mobility and sensory issues since 2002. (www.vermontstudiocenter.org)
Meet the Newest Members of the VSC Development Team!
2017 began with three new additions to our Development office: Development Assistant Staff-Artist Kieran Riley Abbott, Grants Coordinator Alice Dodge, and Development Director Sarah Judd.
Here's a brief introduction from each of them, in their own words:
During my residency this past December I fell in love with VSC and am thrilled to now be here for a year as a staff-artist. I was born and raised in Minneapolis and received my degree in printmaking from the U of Minnesota in 2014. Since then I've worked for several nonprofits including Women's Studio Workshop in upstate New York and Castle Hill on Cape Cod. You can usually find me in the studio, listening to comedy podcasts and drinking La Croix.
I started at VSC in Mid-March. I'm a visual artist who recently moved back to Vermont after a decade in Minnesota, where I went to the Minneapolis College of Art and Design and worked as an art librarian at Midway Contemporary Art. I live in Montpelier, where my husband teaches writing for kids at VCFA. I like to build things, and I'm very excited to get my first chainsaw.
I started at VSC in February. Before joining the staff here, I worked as a criminal law and civil rights lawyer, a consultant for international landmine and water organizations, and a fundraiser for schools, environmental nonprofits, and museums. I can tell you a lot about landmines, and the over 300 historical shipwrecks at the bottom of Lake Champlain. I am most inspired by Jane Austin and temporary art. I live in Burlington, VT with my husband, dog Trinket, and 3-legged cat Tipsy.
We're thrilled to welcome these incredibly talented women to the VSC team!
Church Studios Fire: Reconstruction Update
Two months ago, an accidental fire significantly damaged the Church Studios building and derailed the practices of the 12 artists whose studios were located inside. We reached out for help, and the VSC community responded with a tremendous outpouring of generosity and love.
In total, the VSC community contributed $17,961 dollars in donations to support the affected artists and begin the process of reconstructing Church. We also received several generous gifts of art supplies and materials that were distributed directly to those affected.
In the immediate aftermath of the fire, we were able to resituate the artists-in-residence whose studios were lost and supply them with the tools to keep their practices up and running, and we have been able to provide our displaced staff members with interim studio spaces in the time since. However, we have had to make the difficult choice to reduce the capacity of our residency for the next several months while we navigating the lengthy process of assessing the damage and returning Church to habitability.
We are so immensely grateful to all of our alumni, donors, and friends who pulled together to support us through this loss, and continue to feel so fortunate that no one was physically injured and that the building's structure is intact. Your gifts provided a necessary bridge of support for the community while the insurance process is underway to get the artists quickly back on their feet. A modest portion of these funds was also used to make a donation to the Johnson Fire Department on behalf of the entire VSC community. The Johnson FD is volunteer-run and relies on donations to support their training and equipment needs; their swiftness, professionalism, and dedication saved a landmark Vermont building from total destruction, and the care they took to preserve as many of the artworks, tools, and personal items as possible was both heroic and moving. Once the insurance process is complete, VSC will distribute the remaining Church fire donations between the artists affected and the building project itself.
There will be many challenges ahead, but generosity of the VSC community has provided us with the resources we needed to kickstart the process of restoration and recovery. Our hope is that Church Studios will be reopened by Spring 2017, but there are still many variables at play at this point. We will keep the community periodically informed as reconstruction proceeds.


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Special Guest
Child of the Sun Creator Michael Van Cleve Interview with Pete's Basement Extras!
Whitecell: Inoculation Creator Nick Melanshek Interview with Pete's Basement Extras!
Deadpool Interview! Stefan Kapicic - The Voice of Colossus! A Pete's Basement Extra!
Actor Stefan Kapicic co-star of Deadpool and voice of the mighty Russian, Colossus, stops to talk to Pete and Ramon about comic collecting, voice acting, and what it was like for a true comic fan to voice one of his favorite heroes! Read more »
Deadpool Spoiler-Filled Review & Stefan Kapicic, The Voice of Colossus Interview!
Pete and Ramon give a spoiler-filled review of Deadpool! So if you haven't seen the movie (for some reason), STOP RIGHT NOW! Seriously, cause we don't wanna' hear any of you whiny, crybaby assholes yelling about spoilers when you have now been thoroughly warned. Read more »
Deadpool Spoiler-Free Review & Stefan Kapicic, The Voice of Colossus Interview!
Pete and Ramon give a spoiler-free review of Deadpool! So if you haven't seen the movie (for some reason), you can still watch this! Maybe you're wondering if it's ok to take your kids. Hint: It probably isn't. But why don't you hear Pete explain that one. Read more »
Pete's Basement Season 9, Episode 5 - 2.9.16
Batman Europa concludes on a high note. The guys are loving Miles Morales Spider-Man. We're dropping tons of bombs tonight! Exclusive info on Supergirl, Agent Carter, Legends of Tomorrow, and more! Our good buddy Mike from Geek of the Week podcast sits in with Cheezeburger, Pete, and Ramon on this explosive episode. Plus we answer the burning question: What's our favorite G.I. JOE episode? Go 'on, whatcha waitin for? Get to watchin while the fires still hot!
- Agent Carter
- Animal Instincts
- Arrow
- Batman Bad Blood
- Batman Europa
- Captain America: Civil War
- Cyclops
- deadpool
- Episode
- Flash
- FullFrontalNerdity
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- Geek of the Week
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- Krypto
- Legends of Tomorrow
- Lucifer
- Mattel
- Miles Morales
- One Punch Man
- Patreon
- Sandman
- She-Hulk
- Special Guest
- Spider-man
- Supergirl
- X-men
Van Jensen on Two Dead and Cryptocracy & The Flash - Pete's Basement NYCC 2015 Interview
Pete's Basement Season 8, Episode 39 pt.3 - 11.12.15
- Agents of SHIELD
- Avengers
- Black Bolt
- Captain America
- Drax the Destroyer
- Ego the Living Planet
- Episode
- Extraordinary X-Men
- GI Joe
- Groot
- Guardians of the Galaxy
- Guyver
- He-Man
- Heracles
- Hercules
- Howard the Duck
- Inhumans
- Jamie Alexander
- Jeff Loveness
- Lea Thompson
- Masters of the Universe
- Medusa
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- Nova
- Old Man Logan
- Optimus Prime
- Richard Ryder
- Rocket Raccoon
- Sam Wilson
- Shockwave
- Special Guest
- Spider-man
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- The Vision
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- Ultron
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- Voltron
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Pete's Basement Season 8, Episode 39 pt.2 - 11.10.15
Pete's Basement Season 8, Episode 39 - 11.08.15
Rocket scientist Chris Craddock and ninjutsu master John Maguire sit in at the comic book round table. Everyone's excited for Deadpool. We have fresh rumors about who Zoom is on Flash. Pete is enjoying Supergirl. Ash vs Evil Dead is awesome! Lots of your questions get answered, plus we have 50 lbs of comics to talk about in this jam packed two-part episode!


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Safety in Numbers
Our neighborhood watch falls between Damen and Ashland Avenues and Chicago and GrandAvenues. It's purpose? To make our neighborhood safer. How? By getting everyone involved.
You can help by becoming a Block Leader for your block (see map below) and/or posting first hand accounts in our Facebook group at facebook.com/groups/22335449744/.
Additionally, the Ukrainian Village Neighborhood Watch also coordinates neighborhood discussions and strategies. Their boundaries include Grand, Ashland, Division and Western streets. They may be reached at facebook.com/groups/UKVillageWatch/.
Not on facebook? You can choose to share your email, phone or text your concerns to the immediate neighbors on your block. Contact Judith Gethner – firstname.lastname@example.com – for more information or to sign up as a Leader for your block.
What to look for…
- People meandering on foot and on bikes in your alley, possibly casing houses. May be wearing backpacks that contain crowbars or screwdrivers for prying open doors.
- Bike riders with hoodies pulling on car doors.
- People hanging out on corners, may be selling drugs.
- People walking around properties, possibly looking to break-in.
- Large vans or SUVs in alleys, loading electronics and other property.
- People working underneath vehicles. They may be trying to steal exhaust parts.
As always, if you see a crime being commited, call 911 immediately.
Assigned Block Numbers for CGNA Neighborhood


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Top Tips for Learning a Language (from a language graduate herself!)
As a language graduate and language lover myself, I know the challenges that learning a language can present. To help make things a little easier, I've come up with some tips that have helped and continue to help me improve my language skills.
1. Listen. You can listen to news reports on local radio stations. Find the lyrics to your favourite song and sing along!
2. Watch. You can watch films with subtitles- but never watch dubbed films! Local independent cinemas or universities often show foreign films. Watching a foreign film with subtitles in the target language is also a good idea. I've found that reading and listening at the same time is very beneficial.
3. Read. Spend time reading newspapers and magazines in the target language. This will not only improve your linguistic skills and develop your vocabulary but it will also give you an insight into the culture of the country or countries in which the native language is spoken.
4. Talk. Spend as much time as possible talking in your target language. Try to find a language partner who you can meet with on a regular basis or find a partner online and communicate via Skype.
5. Practice on the Go. As you are walking around or sitting on the bus, try to describe (in your head) what you can see. Be sure to check the vocabulary you didn't know! You can also download podcasts to your MP3 player or phone to listen as you run or drive!
7. Be patient. Language learning can be frustrating at times and I know all too well the feeling of hitting a sort of 'barrier' but persevere and keep going! Get as much exposure to the language as possible and the brain will keep absorbing!


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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article introduces a novel method to continuously monitor regional muscle blood flow by using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). We demonstrate the feasibility of the new method in two ways: (1) by applying this new method of determining blood flow to experimental NIRS data during exercise and ischemia; and, (2) by simulating muscle oxygenation and blood flow values using these newly developed equations during recovery from exercise and ischemia.
Deoxy (Hb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), located in the blood ofthe skeletal muscle, carry two internal relationships between blood flow and oxygen consumption. One is a mass transfer principle and the other describes a relationship between oxygen consumption and Hb kinetics in a two-compartment model. To monitor blood flow continuously, we transfer these two relationships into two equations and calculate the blood flow with the differential information of HbO2 and Hb. In addition, these equations are used to simulate the relationship between blood flow and reoxygenation kinetics after cuff ischemia and a light exercise. Nine healthy subjects volunteered for the cuff ischemia, light arm exercise and arm exercise with cuff ischemia for the experimental study.
Analysis of experimental data of both cuff ischemia and light exercise using the new equations show greater blood flow (four to six times more than resting values) during recovery, agreeing with previous findings. Further, the simulation and experimental studies of cuff ischemia and light exercise agree with each other.
We demonstrate the accuracy of this new method by showing that the blood flow obtained from the method agrees with previous data as well as with simulated data. We conclude that this novel continuous blood flow monitoring method can provide blood flow information non-invasively with NIRS.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure regional skeletal muscle deoxygenation [1-4] by presenting a balance between oxygen delivery and demand in muscle tissue. NIRS is beneficial since it is non-invasive and does not restrict ongoing activities at sports events such as skiing [5] and skating [6]. Further, it is used to measure local muscular tissue circulation, namely blood flow [7] and oxygen consumption (O2) [8]. The validity of these measurements and their relationship to global metabolism has been well established [9,10]. Thus, NIRS technology contributes to the understanding of regional muscular metabolism and O2 transport systems.
NIRS is a unique method since hemoglobin in smaller vessels can be detected with greater sensitivity than it can be in larger vessels when the probe is located on the surface of a muscle. Most of the hemoglobin information in NIRS comes from vessels less than 2 mm [11]. This sensitivity feature of NIRS favors the measurement of the microvasculature of regional muscle. On the other hand, it is difficult to predict the hemoglobin distribution ratio between artery, capillary and vein. Nevertheless, NIRS measurements are well validated and are generally consistent with other methods [7-10,12]. Oxygen consumption and blood flow of regional muscles from NIRS (venous and arterial occlusion methods) have been compared to more global methods, large arterial flow using Doppler ultrasound method and global tissue flow using plethysmography, and differences have been found. For example, NIR-determined regional muscle blood flow change more with exercise than with global blood flow, while other global methods show a greater initial value and change less than with the NIRS method. This can be understood since measurements from global methods are averaged from other tissues, such as bones and skin or other neighboring muscles. It is clear that the NIRS method measures more regional blood flow from the microvasculature of a muscle than those methods using large arteries and global tissues. In addition, since NIRS targets red cell flow in the microvasculature and those are directly related to oxygen availability, NIRS based blood flow is a more important and closer parameter for O2 transport than large arterial blood flow. Therefore it is beneficial to develop an accurate method of regional blood flow measurement using NIRS. However current NIRS blood flow measurement by a venous occlusion maneuver, results in intermittent measurements and it is not always desirable to do occlusion every 10 seconds. Other technologies used for monitoring blood flow – Doppler ultrasound [13], MRI [14], and PET [15] – can also be troublesome since they require many restrictions on muscle performance and are not always available. Therefore, it is desirable to find a way to measure blood flow during muscle exercise without disturbing muscle performance during sports events.
In this investigation, we introduce a novel method that measures blood flow using information of tissue blood hemoglobin available with NIRS. The blood flow determination is achieved by calculating blood flow from the following two equations using NIR data on deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) and oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) : 1) a mass transfer equation of [HbO2] and 2) an equation that describes the rate of appearance of Hb as exactly analogous to the oxygen consumption rate, O2, with a two-compartment model of hemoglobin distribution. Similar equations are derived to describe 1) isometric exercises at the onset of oxygenation as an indication of O2 using a three-compartment model [16]; and 2) inflow and outflow hemodynamics due to the effects of external compression on the human breast with a two-compartment model [17]. In addition, since these two equations describe the relationships among blood flow, oxygen consumption and muscle tissue oxygenation, we also use them for a simulation tool.
Thus, in this study, we introduce equations to describe blood flow with Hb and HbO2 kinetics and O2 in a two-compartment model. Then, we apply measured concentrations of Hb and HbO2 ([Hb] and [HbO2]) in arm muscles from experimental NIRS data to calculate blood inflow/outflow, observed in cuff ischemia and light exercise. Further, using the equations, we simulate and describe relationships between blood flow and reoxygenation kinetics during arm cuff ischemia and exercise. Finally, we compare calculated blood flow using measured differential information of [Hb] and [HbO2] to simulated cases, as well as to previous findings, and find good agreement among them. Thus, we demonstrate feasibility of the novel method to monitor regional muscle blood flow continuously by NIRS.
The principle of blood flow measurement is based on differential information of [Hb] and [HbO2] obtained by the NIRS. The NIRS data can be obtained by placing the NIRS probe on a muscle of interest and conducting an experiment, such as cuff ischemia and light exercise, that causes changes in the muscle [Hb] and [HbO2]. The blood flow calculations are based on a two-compartment model, where all the blood in the tissue belongs to either an arterial or venous compartment including capillaries. The first equation describes mass conservation in the two compartments of the muscle.
d[HbO2]/dt = Qa * Sa O2 - Qv * Sv O2 - O2 (1)
[HbO2] is a concentration of HbO2 (μM/kg tissue), Qa and Qv are arterial blood flow and venous blood flow respectively, expressed as hemoglobin mass as μMTHb/sec/kg tissue or μMTHb/sec/kg. O2 is the metabolic rate of the tissue, expressed as oxyhemoglobin carrying capacity μMHbO2/sec/kg tissue. Note that these two parameters, Q and O2, share the same units, namely hemoglobin concentration (total or oxyhemoglobin) per second in a kg tissue. This is similar to comparing O2 availability of Q and O2 utilization of O2, using the same unit of either ml O2/min/100 g or μM O2/min/100 g. (The translation of 1μM hemoglobin O2 carrying capacity is equivalent to 4 μM of O2, and 1 μM Hb O2/sec/kg of either Q and O2 translates to 24 μM O2/min/100 g, or 0.54 ml O2/min/100 g (O2) and 3 ml blood/min/100 g (Q).)
SvO2 is hemoglobin saturation with the oxygen in the venous blood:
Likewise SaO2 is hemoglobin saturation with the oxygen in the arterial blood, which is assumed to be 100%.
Equation 3 explains that oxygen is extracted from oxyhemoglobin, which is converted to deoxyhemoglobin with the same rate as O2 and some is lost through venous outflow.
d[Hb]/dt = O2 - Qv (1 - Sv O2) (3)
With the equations (1), (2), and (3), we come to the solutions of Qa and Qv as follows;
[HbO2]a represents HbO2 in the arterial blood, and [HbO2] represents total oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2] = [HbO2]a + [HbO2]v). Equations (4) and (5) demonstrate that we can calculate the blood flow of the tissue, inflow and outflow, separately with [HbO2], [Hb], and [HbO2]a, as well as the changes of [HbO2] and [Hb], and O2. The necessary normal resting values of muscle tissue [Hb] and [HbO2] in the equations can be measured by a frequency domain (FD) device (IQ system [18,19]) in arm finger flexor muscles. O2 information can be also measured by the slope of HbO2 disappearance during the cuff treatment [8].
The initial state of resting muscle is under steady state, therefore inflow is same as outflow (Qa = Qv). The inflow and outflow of the arm muscle, Qa and Qv correlate directly with THb, ([HbO2] + [Hb]) and changes in the following equation;
dTHb/dt = Qa - Qv (6)
Equation 6 states that the changes in THb are attributed to hyperemia, the imbalance between Qa and Qv that is typically seen in the recovery phase of either ischemia or exercise. Both situations occur due to the hypoxic status of the muscle tissue prior to the hyperemia [20]. Oxygenation is defined by
Oxygenation = [HbO2] - [Hb] (7)
Oxygenation (μM/kg) is used as an indicator of relative oxygen saturation of the muscle tissue when the absolute values of saturations are not known [1], and can be negative value. Oxygenation values show how the simple expression of Oxygenation ([HbO2] - [Hb]) can represent relative values of saturation by comparison to StO2 and SvO2 in figures describing experimental data (Figures (Figures1,1, ,2,2, ,3)3) as well as simulation (Figures (Figures4,4, ,55).
StO2 = [HbO2]/THb (8)
The protocol was approved by the IRB of the University of Pennsylvania. Nine healthy volunteers aged from 21 to 30 years agreed to perform an arm cuff ischemia for three minutes with NIRS (IQ system, NIM incorporated, Philadelphia), which served as initial resting muscle parameters, as well as continuous time spectra of [HbO2] and [Hb]. Six of them also performed the cuff ischemia followed by a 90-second hand grip exercise with a continuous wave spectrometer (CWS) NIR device. Cuff ischemia was imposed for three minutes in the forearm at the pressure of 220 mmHg and a five minute recovery time period was observed. The light arm grip test was 90 seconds at the 25% MVC with a frequency of 0.5 Hz. The work intensities were determined by a dynamometer. We also did arm exercise at 75% MVC (0.5 Hz) with cuff in 3 subjects.
Frequency Domain NIRS was used to calculate absolute resting arm tissue concentrations of HbO2, Hb, StO2 and VO2 by arterial occlusion, prior to the ischemia, exercise and ischemic exercise protocols, according to absorption and scattering coefficients [21]. The CWS was used during the protocols, and used a 3-wavelengths with light emitting diodes at 735, 805 and 850 nms, which in turn measured Hb and HbO2 concentration changes of the hand grip muscle tissues – Δ[Hb] and Δ[HbO2] [22].
The blood flow calculation from each individual needs resting values of [HbO2], [Hb] in each subject. To convert the Δ[Hb] and Δ[HbO2] obtained with CWS to the absolute concentration, [Hb] and [HbO2] in the cuff ischemia and exercise data, we add the values of the resting arm muscles measured by the IQ system to the CWS data. CWS data are smoothed with a 3rd order fitting (Matlab) and expressed as Δ[Hb] and Δ[HbO2]. Then the time course of CWS is analyzed for Qa and Qv. Another necessary parameter for Qa and Qv is O2, and in ischemia protocol, it is provided by the slope of HbO2, O2 is assumed to be unchanged throughout the measurement. However in the exercise protocol, O2 is assumed to have increased 5 times [23]. The arterial and venous [HbO2] are also necessary for blood flow calculation and are calculated from the venous blood volume ratio of 28.3%/71.7%. This ratio comes from the venous blood saturation that is assumed to be near 49.1% [24].
For the simulation, we use mean values measured from the 9 healthy subjects with IQ systems, shown in Table Table1.1. The measured mean resting hemoglobin related values from the 9 healthy subjects are [Hb] and [HbO2] as 35.8 and 62.3 μM/kg, respectively, blood volume ([Hb] + [HbO2]) 98.1 μM/kg, and tissue saturation as 63.5%. The oxygen consumption of 0.185 μM HbO2/sec/kg is analogous to 0.1 ml O2/min/100 g, and is similar to published data [12]. These are used as the initial resting values for the simulation. All the other necessary values used for the simulations are also listed in Table Table1,1, with the assumptions stated in the comments. We assume hemoglobin concentration of 12.8 g in 100 ml of blood, and that each gram of hemoglobin binds to 1.31 ml of O2, 0.3 ml of dissolved O2 in the 100 g of blood. The Qa, Qv values of 0.33 μM THb/sec/kg are analogous to 0.99 ml blood/min/100 g tissue, which is similar to published data [12].
In the exercise model, we assume the 25%MVC finger flexor exercise produced five times more O2 than resting value. At the end, the O2 recovered to the resting state within 20 seconds. Then we simulate 3 conditions of recovery blood flow; 1) same as resting, 2) 4 times, and 3) 10 times the resting blood flow. Matlab software is used to run the simulation algorithms and fitting procedures.
Typical results from a three minute arm cuff ischemia in healthy subjects are shown in Figure Figure1.1. The resting values of [THb], [HbO2], [Hb], are 128, 70.3, and 57.5 μM/kg respectively measured by the IQ system and StO2 is 55%, O2 is 0.2 μM HbO2/sec/kg. Average values of muscle hemoglobin in the 6 healthy subjects are listed in Table Table1.1. The healthy arm was cuffed at 220 mmHg, from 10 seconds to 190 seconds, and then, the cuff was released. Blood flow (Qa, Qv) became near zero during the cuff occlusion and abruptly increased immediately after the release of the cuff. The increase in the blood flow during the recovery phase is from 0.35 to over 1.1 μM THb/sec/kg, about three to four times greater than that of the resting blood flow (Figure (Figure1A).1A). The corresponding reoxygenation can be seen in HbO2 (Figure (Figure1B)1B) as well as saturation recovery profiles (Figure (Figure1C).1C). Interestingly, the arterial flow (Qa) kinetics is different from that of venous flow (Qv). BV increase during the recovery (hyperemia, Figure Figure1B,1B, black) resulting from the discrepancy of the kinetics between Qa and Qv (see Equation6). Overall half-time recovery of reoxygenation is approximately 25 seconds.
The high compensatory peak blood flow in the recovery from cuff ischemia for six healthy subjects is on average 4.2 ± 1.9 times of resting values and last for about two minutes and half recovery time of saturation is about 21.2 ± 4.5 seconds, on average. The reoxygenation kinetic phase form is similar to previous findings during arm cuff occlusion [25-27].
We tested the six healthy subjects with the 90 second handgrip test with NIRS. Figure Figure22 shows typical results of the blood flow of a subject during the handgrip test. The results showed that Qa, Qv are four to five times greater than the resting value during and at the end of the exercise lasting 15 to 30 more seconds (Figure (Figure2A2A as an example) in 6 subjects. The half recovery reoxygenation from the exercise is between 15 to 35 seconds (for example see Figure 2B,2C) in 6 subjects. This data agrees with previous studies [23,25,28,29].
We do not have to assume O2 to obtain Qa and Qv during the ischemic exercise protocol since we are able to calculate O2 by taking the initial slope of HbO2 during ischemic conditions from the NIRS spectra[8] and inserting O2 into the equations provided (Equations 4 and 5). Therefore, the calculation of blood flow (Qa and Qv) is more quantitative (Figure (Figure3),3), than in the regular exercise cases, where in Figure Figure22 for example, we rely on an assumption of O2. Figure Figure33 shows an ischemic exercise of a healthy a subject. During 6 min. ischemia (time between 70 seconds and 430 seconds), after resting, handgrip exercise was imposed (between 180 seconds to 340 seconds). There is some flow during exercise even though the cuff pressure is 220 mmHg. The slight blood flow during the cuff ischemia can be confirmed by increases in the blood volume and HbO2 (Figure (Figure3B).3B). The greater blood volume increase is due to venous occlusion with some arterial flow leaking into the tissue. After the cuff ischemia, high blood flow is seen for 100 seconds and the peak blood flow increases as much as six times from the resting blood flow. The high blood flow in the recovery is consistent with studies of the similar protocols [23,25]. The reoxygenation rate is around 20 seconds.
The literature has demonstrated that the blood flow in the recovery from the ischemia is about four to eight times greater than the resting values [25-27]. Our simulation of cuff ischemia includes recovery blood flow values ranging from no compensation (resting value) to over-compensatory flow (ten times of resting value) in the recovery phase from the arm cuff ischemia. We simulate a situation where O2 and BV are maintained throughout the experiment for simplicity. Blood flow is completely stopped in the cuff ischemia and returned to parametric values in the recovery stage, from low (resting value, Figure Figure4A)4A) to middle and high blood flow (four and ten times as high as the resting values, Figure 4B,4C respectively). The duration of the middle and high blood flows in the recovery is 50 seconds and 23 seconds respectively in order to produce muscle reoxygenation to reach a little above the resting values. The results shown in Figure Figure44 indicate that the parametric blood flow in the recovery from the cuff ischemia alters the reoxygenation rate. The higher flow in the recovery caused the shorter recovery reoxygenation rates.
When the recovery blood flow from the cuff ischemia is the same as that of resting, the reoxygenation rate is extremely slow (half recovery time of approximately three minutes, Figure Figure4A).4A). On the other hand, the very high flow during the recovery phase (ten times as high as resting, Figure Figure4C)4C) results in a faster StO2, SvO2 reoxygenation rate and a half-recovery time of six seconds. In the middle of the two extreme cases, the blood flow is four times larger than the resting value (Figure (Figure4B)4B) and the recovery oxygenation rate is approximately 20 seconds for half-recovery time. This simulates the situation of a healthy sedentary arm, where the blood flow function is adequate.
We simulate the muscle deoxygenation and recovery of Hb and HbO2 profiles during 90 seconds handgrip exercise at 25% MVC. Van Beekvelt et al showed that the handgrip exercise test with 25% MVC required approximately five times of resting O2 and four times of resting blood flow [27]. They also show some post exercise O2 and we assume similar trends during the first part of recovery (O2 decay takes 20 seconds in the recovery). We input these values of O2 and blood flow during the exercise and recovery phase in a simulation algorithm and treat the blood flow during the recovery as a variable parameter. The recovery blood flow range from the same as resting value (Figure (Figure5A)5A) to 4 four times (Figure (Figure5B)5B) and ten times (Figure (Figure5C)5C) of resting value, and we observe the recovery oxygenation kinetics of the arm muscle. For simplicity, we do not show any blood volume changes in the simulation (Qa = Qv). The sustaining recovery middle and high blood flow periods require for 26 and 13 seconds after the exercise respectively in order for the reoxygenation to reach beyond the resting values. The half time of reoxygenation in the middle to high blood flow become 20 seconds and 5 seconds respectively. The reoxygenation half time of 20 seconds are similar to the previous data when blood flow was 4 times of the resting [23]. There is a delayed onset of the reoxygenation; 10, 5 and a few seconds of delay, observed in the exercise simulation, under 1, 4 and 10 times of resting blood flow cases (Figure 5A, 5B, 5C respectively). The delayed onset of reoxygenation is not seen in the ischemic cases.
We introduce a novel method to continuously measure arterial blood flow (Qa) and venous flow (Qv) through the NIRS signal of Hb and HbO2. We then demonstrate feasibility of use of the new method during muscle ischemia and exercise performance. This method does not require additional devices or maneuvers since information provided by NIRS is sufficient to calculate blood flow. Therefore, this is a novel, non-invasive and continuous method of blood flow that can be used in many settings of muscle sports exercise as well as in clinical application in real time. This method adds to the importance of NIRS since it provides oxygen concentration information as well as blood flow and oxidative metabolic rate in the muscles. This information will provide major physiological parameters and contribute to better understanding of the skeletal muscle metabolism and circulation status in healthy and diseased muscles.
In addition to the advantages of this method discussed above, we can use the described equations as a simulation tool to explain cases of high or low deoxygenation during perturbations and/or recovery of reoxygenation. This is very important in the diagnosis of vascular disease and myopathy [3,27,31-33], as well as when studying different types of muscle fibers and metabolic processes involved [30]. Examples of simulation that can be used to interpret the reoxygenation kinetic in the ischemia studies, as well as recovery from muscle exercise protocols, are demonstrated. In both ischemia and a light exercise models, it is clear that recovery from deoxygenated muscle needs greater blood flow than resting flow, regardless of prior muscle conditions, because resting blood flow is only sufficient to maintain steady state of the same level of oxygenation. Then, we investigate the relationship between blood flow and half-time reoxygenation in recovery from ischemia and the light exercise. Various blood flows in recovery are simulated and summarized in Figure Figure6.6. The results show that both the ischemia and the light exercise models have reciprocal relationships between blood flow and reoxygenation, showing that reoxygenation is generally a good indicator of increased blood flow in those models. Note that the differences between the two models are primarily caused by the small oxygen debt treated in the light exercise case, where we input the O2 debt to be 10% of the total O2 expenditure during the light exercise occurred for 20 seconds. In the exercise model, there is a delayed onset of reoxygenation and the slower reoxygenation half time in the recovery than that of ischemia model (Figure (Figure6).6). This phenomenon has been seen in many previous studies [30], and greater oxygen debt relative to their blood flow might be the case to explain the slower reoxygenation. This issue should be more carefully investigated in future, but is beyond the scope of this feasibility investigation.
Another feature of the new method is that both arterial and venous blood flow (Qa and Qv), can be obtained separately. The NIRS is very sensitive to the differences of Qa and Qv by the blood volume differential information, therefore, it is necessary to separate these inflow and outflow measurements in order to obtain accurate blood flow measurements. To our knowledge, this method is the first to give both Qa and Qv separately from muscle regional blood flow measurements. Therefore, there has been no previous publication to compare both Qa and Qv with our data. However, the results from our data generally agree with previous studies [23,25-28].
A two-compartment model of hemoglobin distribution is necessary to get measurements of blood flow, Qa and Qv. However, hemoglobin distributes arteries, capillaries and venous vessels, and oxygen concentration changes constantly from small arterioles to the end of NIRS visible veins. The two-compartment model of hemoglobin location determines only two average values of [HbO2] and [Hb]. The arterial compartment is sequestered in the equation, and any involvement of changes in saturation or blood volume is interpreted as occurring in the venous compartment. If the biological system can not hold the two-compartment model, then the blood flow measurement may result in some error. For example, the arterial compartment may increase its capacity and will then reflect arterializations of the venous compartment. However, one may consider that the arteriole can transport oxygen and can, therefore, be treated as venous in our two-compartment model. But, our definition of the "venous compartment" is a compartment, where the existing blood volume changes its contents by diffusion or convection, therefore this includes arteriole that are capable of exchanging oxygen. Further, we treat this venous volume in the venous compartment as one mixed blood volume with an average value of Hb, and HbO2, even though we know there must be decreasing saturation along the capillary length from arterial side to venous side [34,35]. In spite of the oversimplification of the biological system, the agreements of our results to others may come from the fact that the NIRS is much more sensitive to smaller vessels than to larger ones [11]. The difference between arterial and venous compartment here is not anatomical, but the functionality of the vessels, where the artery is only carrying saturated blood to the venous compartment, while the venous system can transport oxygen by diffusion and convection.
NIRS measures the microvasculature rather than the anatomical distribution of the vessels [11] which makes this blood flow measurement more useful in regional muscles. Therefore, we expect the outcomes of the blood flow calculations may differ from conventional techniques. Hemoglobin is used as a probe to measure the blood flow, therefore any discrepancy concerning red cell flow versus plasma flow and red cell flow in the capillary versus large vessel flow will result in a difference in blood flow values. Van Beekvelt noted that the NIRS gave a lower blood flow measurement than the plethysmograph. Using NIRS information to measure lower blood flow outcomes as opposed to measuring larger vessels creates a few concerns. First, the red cell flows five times slower in the capillary [36] than in larger vessels. Second, the hematocrit is 20% less than that in the blood of larger vessels [37]. Third, the red cells cross capillaries intermittently while plasma flow is continuous [38]. Finally, since NIRS visible vessels are smaller ones, its low hematocrit and lower flow rate result in a blood flow calculation smaller than total blood flow [39].
For the purposes of the blood flow measurement, this paper does not differentiate between myoglobin (Mb) and Hb. However, myoglobin is present in muscles. The molar contribution of the Mb in the NIRS is estimated at not more than 50% and the optical equivalency is 20% [40] which comprises a large contribution in the NIRS. Our total hemoglobin concentration in the arm muscles is 98.1 μM/kg. Assuming 12.8 g/100 ml of whole blood (12.8*10/64 mM) and comparing to the whole blood hemoglobin concentration, we can calculate blood concentration in the arm muscles to be approximately 5%. This is reasonably close to the tissue blood concentration; therefore we do not expect a high Mb contribution. With the fact that total arm hemoglobin is underestimated by the partial volume problem, the underneath tissue of the NIRS probe, namely fat and skin will contribute to the lower estimated blood concentration, there is as much as 20% of Mb in the muscles. Mb is ignored in the above equations by considering oxygen capacity in the blood and myocytes as one compartment. In addition, oxygen saturation in the Mb is treated as Hb in the capillary. Therefore, the blood flow may have been overestimated as the Mb contribution was taken into account when the muscle becomes very hypoxic and Mb becomes desaturated. In light exercise including less than 3 minutes cuff ischemia, we did not have significant desaturation of Mb [39]. Since Hb and Mb can parallel each other [41,42] and the oxygen gradient, the timing of the changes in blood flow may cause overestimation of the blood flow in response to low tissue saturation when the Mb desaturation occurs.
Taking into account of these differences, this measurement method can be used to describe blood flow in a low flow situation. Figure Figure77 describes a case where a very small blood flow can be detected that may be hard to measure accurately by other modalities. In Figure Figure7,7, incomplete cuff ischemia was imposed in an arm at 160 mmHg, and gradual increases in Qa and Qv are observed under the cuff, and hemoglobin saturation becomes steady state at 5 min of cuff ischemia. Even though the blood flow is very slow, we can observe increasing blood flow, showing the physiological adaptation of the arm circulation and the sensitivity and strength of this technique of measuring the blood flow.
Figure Figure77 also demonstrates that the Qa and Qv are not always simultaneous – actual drainage of venous blood occurred at the beginning of the cuff, and at the end, arterial blood into the muscle and venous outflow is delayed until the muscle is adequately filled with the blood. This indicates the possibility that detected inflow and outflow can be used to better understand physiological functions during exercise tests.
The most common local muscle blood flow measurement method is the ultrasound Doppler blood flow [13]. It is used on larger muscle groups since it obtains information from larger diameter vessels such as the brachial artery [25] and the femoral artery and produces volume per second quantity from the velocity. The method provides information on oxygen transport of entire muscle groups or complete exercise effects [43-45]. On the other hand, the NIRS techniques provide more regional muscle blood flow using a venous occlusion technique [7], and Hb, HbO2 from NIRS data. However the venous or arterial occlusion techniques are not a continuous measurement and can disturb the exercise performance. This new method presented in this paper focuses on regional blood flow and provides a continuous measurement as well as in real time. Moreover, it overcomes challenging situations when additional equipment and manipulation are not possible. This technique adds to the importance of NIRS since data may be interpreted by examining the relationship between tissue oxygenation changes and blood flow. This is important for diagnostic purposes and the interpretation of muscle performance and physiology.
The equations discussed above prove to be useful in the calculation of blood inflow and outflow. Since O2 must be known in order to analyze blood flow data, accuracy of the blood flow measurement is dependent upon O2 information. If O2 is not measured, then assumptions can be made from previous literature, as we did in the 25% handgrip exercise case (Figure (Figure2).2). If the assumption of O2 is close enough, then the blood flow values are correct. Since we do not know how different these O2 are between subjects, the accuracy can not be examined in this paper. When we seek higher accuracy, we must design experiments where we can measure O2 either simultaneously or at another time in the same subject. Simultaneous O2 measurement using an ischemia protocol is shown in Figure Figure11 and and3.3. Another assumption required, is SvO2. This is important to provide [HbO2]a and [HbO2]v. We used arterial venous blood ratio of 28.3%/71.7%, calculated from StO2 (our measurement) and SvO2 [46] to calculate [HbO2]v and [HbO2]a in this paper. However, this assumption is only reliable in healthy subjects since we do not know if diseased persons or elite athletes have different values. SvO2 measurement from venous blood sampling may be a good solution, however the venous blood sampling be contaminated from other tissues, such as anastomosis and skin and bone. The majority of venous blood from the muscles consists of a mixture of blood from the capillary and shunting vessels, therefore its' saturation is higher than that of capillary outflow. In this case, it may be more reliable to use SvO2 from non-invasive venous occlusion technique [46,47] in order to measure more accurate mirovascular targeted blood flow.
Another issue concerns resting [Hb], [HbO2] which are required in the calculation. The absolute amount of [Hb], [HbO2] can be measured by TRS, Frequency Domain spectroscopy, as well as CWS with multi detection or multi wavelength methods. However resting [Hb] and [HbO2] in the human muscles have been measured by only a few researchers ([48], this paper). It is possible to use assumed values (Table (Table1)1) in the healthy individuals. However we will have to validate blood flow values.
We introduce a novel blood flow measurement method for non-invasive and continuous regional blood flow monitoring through the NIRS signal. This method uses differential information of muscle Hb and HbO2 and can be monitored in real time. We demonstrate feasibility of the method by showing measured blood flow time course during ischemia and light exercise on arm muscle, and by simulating these two models using the equations upon which the method is based. These blood flow time profiles agree with previous data as well as each other. Thus we conclude that this method is available to use for muscle activity studies in future.
We thank Guoqiang Yu, Gwen Lech for technical assistance. Grant acknowledgement; supported by NIH grant, HL44125
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Community Notebook
Projects on the Move
Being well organized is very important, and free software developers can benefit from efficient time management and planning. OpenHatch facilitates the coordination of open source projects, and GTD-Free helps structure your leisure time.
Open source projects accumulate enthusiasts who contribute more or less successfully – depending on how enthusiastic they are, what skills they offer, and the kinds of resources they have available. People looking to become involved in this kind of work are received with open arms, at least in theory. In real life, new contributors typically have to overcome several obstacles, and many willing helpers want to contribute but do not know where to start. Enter OpenHatch [1]. This "Open Source Involvement
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Linus Torvalds Invites Attackers to Join the Kernel Community
He wants attackers to join the community instead of attacking the code.
Oracle Donating Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation
Oracle is recommending a new name for the Java Enterprise Edition platform.
Reddit Closing Doors to Open Source
The peanut gallery of the Internet is closing its open source repository.
Largest Open Source Summit to Date Around the Corner
LinuxCon is now Open Source Summit.
Gnome is Celebrating it's 20th Birthday
More than 33 releases since the first release of Gnome.
SQL Server Comes to RHEL; OpenShift Comes to Azure
Microsoft and Red Hat expand their partnership.
LibreOffice 5.4 Released
Comes with improved support for Microsoft Office file formats.
Red Hat to Drop Support for Btrfs
The company is building their own storage solution called Stratis.
Reinvent your network with DevOps tools and techniques:
Opportunities and Risks: Containers for DevOps
Automated Builds Using CentOS 7 and Kickstart
Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana – The ELK stack
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Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.


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Berhampore rest home starts taking shape
Work has begun on a $35 million retirement community in inner Wellington.
The existing 40-bed Kilmarnock Heights Home in Berhampore is being replaced with a new 72-bed home and 57 retirement apartments.
A carefully staged approach will mean the current Kilmarnock Heights Home will remain fully operational until the new home is opened.
"Security fencing has now gone up around the site of the new home and excavation has begun. It's an exciting time," property manager Andrew Hemsley said.
* Enliven's Berhampore rest home to be rebuilt
* $24m retirement complex coming to Upper Hutt's former petrol station site
The new home is expected to be completed by October next year, and the apartments will be built in the year following.
Kilmarnock Heights Home clinical nurse manager, Anna Roberts, said the residents were excited about the development, "watching all the action from one of the home's front lounges".
Resident Peter Johnson had also been observing the project, which had taken several years to plan, come to life.
"It's quite exciting seeing things happening. I've already called dibs on the first room that's built," he said.
When finished, the new project will include a range of amenities such as a café and shop, raised bowling green, hairdressing salon, a sensory garden, family spaces, media room and IT hub, library and recreation rooms.
Enliven is an arm of Presbyterian Support Central.
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The Definitive Antlr 4 Reference Pdf
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text: SI-24, Studio Package Pro, SPP: Using the Digital Input? Tags: control,input,panel,clock,digital,sample,master,studio,package,pro,si-24,spp,rate,rbus Recording from a Digital source into the SI-24 requires you to set the clock and sample rate accordingly with a matching sample rate. 1- Connect the S/P DIF Digital Out of your source unit to the DIGITAL IN on the SI-24. 2- Press the (DIGITAL IN) button to turn it on and should be lit solid showing the the signal is locked. 3- Open the CONTROL PANEL for RPC-1 4- Select the "Hardware Settings" Tab and change the Master Clock setting from INT-CLOCK to EXT-CLOCK. 5- Set the EXT. CLOCK SAMPLE RATE to 44,100. 6- Click SAVE and name something refering to using DIGITAL INPUT. 7- Click DONE. The digital signal is sent into RBUS Inputs 7/8. If you want to use the analog inputs 7/8, then turn off the DIGITAL IN button and change the Hardward Settings back to INT Clock.


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SET 1: The Oh Kee Pa Ceremony > Suzy Greenberg, You Enjoy Myself > AC/DC Bag > Divided Sky, Fee, Walk Away, Bathtub Gin > Possum
SET 2: David Bowie[1], Wilson, Reba, Colonel Forbin's Ascent > Fly Famous Mockingbird, Alumni Blues > Letter to Jimmy Page > Alumni Blues > The Lizards, Highway to Hell
ENCORE: Contact > Run Like an Antelope -> Kung[2] -> Run Like an Antelope
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Trey Anastasio Band: September 17, 2017
4 days ago
Waterfront Park
Set 1: Mozambique, Cayman Review, Curlew's Call, Sand, Magilla, Everything's Right, Valentine, Money, Love and Change, Shine, Burlap Sack and Pumps, Dark and Down, Clint Eastwood, First Tube[1]
Encore: Water in the Sky[2], Push On 'Til the Day[3]
[1] Page on keys.
[2] Trey, Mike on bass, and Grace Potter on vocals.
[3] Dave Grippo on saxophone.
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|index : members : DarkPulse : Biography
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Greetings, I go by the pen name Dark Pulse, though some call me "Dark", or simply "DP" (and ignore the depravity it implies.) I am a casual writer with a busy schedule, though I do dedicate as much time as I can to writing my works or reading the works of others that are either suggested to me or I simply stumble upon.
I'm always striving to improve my writing style and abilities to give my readers a better literary experience, so critique is welcome and encouraged. I'm a history and war buff, with honors on my English diploma. I find my interests pulling me toward magic, fantastical creatures, fantasy stories, and anything that catches my fancy really. To each his own.
Update 8 May 2017
With my newest chapter posted, I return to writing. Thank you for all the positive comments and support, it is appreciated. I shall update again when I have something to share on the next chapter of either "Path of Their Own," or have another Raska Tales for you to enjoy.
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