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2017 Toyota Highlander Price
2017 Toyota Highlander Price - Toyota has brought one more plan of this as one of their selections in a reasonable dimension SUV. Australia and Japan in this model and the choice name opts for this model is called the Toyota Kluger. There are three designs of this period took after 2000. This suggests you will certainly go into the fourth time of the 2017 Toyota Highlander handling one more Toyota Highlander in 2017 to deal with the issue bunch. You should obtain some answers concerning exactly how awesome this programmed was to assess a few of its parts.
2017 Toyota Highlander Design
With sharp lines furthermore developed as well as the including strong, taking the diversion Highlander energy lorry styling for a variety of others that appear to be intriguing to look at as it is to drive. With parts of the front end and broad positions based, there is furthermore a strong restriction and also there Highlander assume this collection. Highlander large, clear grille and also headlamp cleaning mix is the first trait that cost contemplations, nonetheless the sectors, for example, the profound side of the load up is reduced, the bend blazing bargains back spoiler that streams which keep remarkable as well as please each time you glance at just how highlander. People as well as reduce front end to the reverse of the line, 2016 Highlander is incredibly skilled. We give additional watchful idea to the underbody, which provide the very best potential for effective adjustment. engines conventional blade as well as enhance undercovers flooring when the wind under the car, and also contribute to the protection of this Highlander at a speed expressway. Highlander sites back open up to uncover broad conveyance area is furnished with a reduced lift-bodied for stacking as well as wearing down standard. Highlander standard on XLE AWD and also Limited AWD, and also could be reached on LE models outfitted with the Convenience Plan is the pressure of one-touch back path balanced perfectly when your hands are complete. Making it basic for everybody to contribute back passage instead high or power likewise has a memory establishing bodied pick.
Visualize the possible result. Highlander provides a model-production 7-or 8-voyagers, stack tons space behind the third seat-line, and the amusement is adaptable sitting prepare with the objective that you can bring your way of living any place you go. Creative part, for instance, shows a sound system open EasySpeak driver and also Toyota with touchscreen maintaining everybody with each other and also perking up, while the license 3 control zones offered to everyone air risk-free place remarkable plan of their own. Highlander dashboard synopsis impeccably user-friendly and also mess free, with all that you need close or sightline standard interior. Multi-information showed up on gage tool bunch, giving you at first access to a vast assortment of details, from the application of energy for phone limitation, as well as all regulated by the switch handling to ensure that your hands do not have to leave the wheel. All versions highlighting Toyota audio framework of the event, including Bluetooth capacity, AM/FM/CD/ MP3/WMA, details colleagues jack, USB voice information, voice acknowledgment, and multi-limit control wheel control. Highlander XLE AWD consisting of radio consisted of satellite SiriusXM and also 8 "touchscreen occasions (additionally readily available on LE designs with Package Convenience) joint framework administration, SMS-to-talk and also message to the broach limitation, showing cutting audio edge, and also Gracenote data source event handiwork. Highlander Limited AWD brings all that and structure JBL premium audio with 12 speakers outright.
2017 Toyota Highlander Engine
Make every track experience. Amusing to drive, fuel-compelling, open with Active Torque Four-wheel drive and loaded with office-driver consisted of as voice control Bluetooth and also wheel controllers, 2017 Highlander will make them consider your purposes as well as exactly what in the edge beneath, on top angles or nearby. Highlander enhance the implementation of every trip with a brilliant drive. Both the front and develop the pressure of frameworks as well as electronic suspension control, has been tuned to strike an impressive amicability in between trip solace, protection as well as regulating feedback. This suggests a certain car and the street smooth and dexterous in the city. 2017 Highlander has actually dynamic advancements changed 6-speed transmission with multi-mode restriction. In the "D" setting, concentrate on skillful growth for top quality as well as level of smoothness. In the "S" setting, you could uncover an opinion driver-united for a hands-on transmission, move the degree of choosing itself. Versions outfitted with the structure of an Active Torque Control AWD which offer an uncommon stage while boosting the practicality of the fuel. Therefore moving the system of the two-wheel drive to all-wheel drive is subject to driving conditions. The split in the drive power among the front and also develop the wheel could be seemingly revealed on the screen 4.2 "multi-information so you can find out about what is going on at any given minute.
2017 Toyota Highlander Safety
Designs furnished with AWD Active Torque Control system which offers a good equilibrium while improving the capability of the gas. Structure normally relocate from a two-wheel drive to all-wheel drive is reliant on driving conditions. The split in the drive power among the front as well as develop the wheel could be obviously shown on the screen 4.2 "multi-information so you could view just what is taking place constantly offered. Highlander spreads you with the airbag structure that provides safety and security for every traveler as well as each column, including vehicle driver and SRS front air bags tourists, motorist airbag knee, rested visitors support air bags, front seat-mounted side airbags, and front and increase the side drapery airbags. All models highlight the video camera enhancing of guidelines to make the growth or back parking lot that is much less complex. photo series on display sound showcase.
2017 Toyota Highlander Price
You could really feel the glow in between people. They should sit tight for the main entry of the brand-new Toyota Highlander 2017. It could be available prior to completion of 2016. Regardless, the time and the occurring to a medium size SUV will remove in the middle of 2017. Concerning the worth, you could anticipate concerning $ 30,000. The primary events will be in London, Paris and also Detroit vehicle exposition. In the US market, Toyota Highlander 2017 could be greater costs. costs are very sensible taking into consideration the way that you get each one limitation as well as amazing parts.
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Thank you for visiting in the article 2017 Toyota Highlander Price, Redesign, hybrid, changes, series, price, review, hopefully all the content from this article could be the extra knowledge and can also be a source of inspiration to all of you.


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Tyres in Saxmundham
We have 1 garage in Saxmundham with a combined 13 customer reviews
Blackcircles.com tyre fitting centres offer tyre fittings across Saxmundham. If you are looking for new tyres Blackcircles.com has a fitting centre near you - we cover Leiston, Harleston, Beccles, Woodbridge and Lowestoft.
Tyres in SAXMUNDHAM - with local fitting
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BLACKCIRCLES.COM PARTNER - TYRE AND SERVICING CENTREUnit 4, St Johns Road, IP17 1BEMon - Fri: 8:30-17:30 Sat: 8:30-13:305.0000/513 Ratings
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I was attended to promptly. The chap at the garage was very pleasant and got on with the job.Car make: FordCar model: FOCUS
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This customer had 2 x Goodyear EfficientGrip Performance tyres fitted here
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All Maine citizens who need health care under the affordable care act should go to the Health Insurance Marketplace at https://www.healthcare.gov to apply for coverage, compare options, and enroll.
Maine was one of the states that chose not to create its own Health Insurance Marketplace therefore Maine citizens will use the Federal Marketplace for health insurance. The Maine State Library has a webpage with videos and information about "What You Need to Know About Health Insurance."


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As a stream of six people made their way through the doors of Christ Our Savior Lutheran Church at about 11:30 a.m. Thursday, Elections Officer Rob Webb looked up from his iPad.
As a stream of six people made their way through the doors of Christ Our Savior Lutheran Church at about 11:30 a.m. Thursday, Elections Officer Rob Webb looked up from his iPad.
�This is the first line we�ve had all day,� he said.
By lunchtime, 29 people stopped by the church at 2494 Nashville Highway in Maury County to cast their ballots for the mayoral and aldermen election, in which 15 candidates ran.
The church is a fairly new precinct location, opened for the first time last year during the presidential election, Maury County Administer of Elections Todd Baxter said.
Baxter said the location was added after the county was redistricted in 2012, and the number of registered voters was enough to open a second site.
Spring Hill voters also cast their ballots at the Winchester Community Building on the Maury County side and the Longview Recreation Center on the Williamson County side.
While 1,356 people registered to vote in the church�s precinct, Webb said he and the other election workers weren�t sure how many would actually show up, especially since some voters were unfamiliar with the location and a storm was making its way across the state.
�There�s usually not a big turnout, anyway,� Webb said.
In previous elections, Spring Hill has averaged a 15-20 percent turnout rate, Baxter said. This election was about the same, with a turnout of 14 percent.
Spring Hill residents Mary Bea and Ken Johnson said they are disappointed in the city�s low turnout and try to vote in all elections, even local ones.
�We have a government that is for the people, by the people,� Ken Johnson said. �If only 20 percent of people are voting in an election, that�s not how it�s meant to be.�
The couple voted at Christ Our Savior for the first time Thursday and said they liked having another option in the city.
A few other residents who voted there said they were used to voting at the Winchester Community Building and had to drive farther to get to the church, but they agreed that Christ Our Savior is a nicer facility.
�It�s more convenient, easier to park,� Andy Rampulla said. �Maybe if it was crowded, it might not be.�
The parking lot at Longview Recreation Center was not empty, though, as an average of 75 voters an hour cast their ballots there Thursday.
Of the more than 18,500 voters registered for this year�s election, 13,897 were registered in the Williamson County precinct, Baxter said.
�Most of your voters will go through that door today,� Ward 4 incumbent Alderman Allen Hall said.
By 12:30 p.m, nearly 450 people had voted at the site, and election workers said they expected an increase right before the polls closed.
Because so many voters visited the site, at least five mayoral and aldermen candidates stood in the parking lot to greet residents throughout the day � even as it rained.
The first raindrops started to fall shortly before 1 p.m., and mayoral candidate Bruce Hull donned a poncho while Ward 4 Alderman candidate Kayce Williams stood with her supporters under a pop-up canopy.
Hull said he arrived at the recreation center at 6 a.m. and planned to stay until the voting booths closed, while Williams said she made rounds to each of the three precincts.
Ward 3 incumbent Alderman Keith Hudson said he would also stay at the recreation center all day and liked being available to answer voters� questions about his campaign.
�They don�t mind coming up to you, especially if they�re on the fence,� Hudson said.
Ward 2 incumbent Alderman Jonathan Duda said he would stand in the center�s parking lot as long as he could before heading home. Duda said his Election Day tradition is putting his children to bed while the election results are being announced.
�It�s worked the last two times,� Duda said. �I plan to be at home.�


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As a boy, Franchetti studied composition and piano with his father, the Baron Alberto Franchetti (1860–1942). Baron Franchetti was a wealthy, well-respected and successful composer of the operas often performed at La Scala including Germania (performed by Enrico Caruso, conducted by Arturo Toscanini) and Christoforo Colombo. Urban legend has it that Luigi Illica's libretto of Tosca was first offered to Franchetti who, too busy at the time with other projects, passed it on to his friend Puccini.
Arnold Franchetti studied physics at the University of Florence, music at the Salzburg Mozarteum, and then moved to Munich from 1937 to 1939, where he studied composition and orchestration with composer Richard Strauss. After a brief stint with the Italian army during World War II, Franchetti joined the anti-Mussolini underground resistance in the Italian Alps where he helped Allied airmen escape.


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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be let or temporarily removed from the market
Property Description
Letting information:
|Added on Rightmove:
|12 October 2016 (342 days ago)
Key features
- Private intercom system
- Neutrally decorated
- Under counter fridge
- Two ring hob and convection oven
- Electric shower
- Communal laundry room
- Communal parking
- Ideal for professional single person
- Water rates included in the rent
- Walking distance to Derby City Centre
Full description
A neutrally decorated one bedroom first floor apartment benefiting from modern electric heating & telephone entry system. Situated within walking distance of City Centre the property also provides good access to the A52, A38 & A6 road networks. The rent is inclusive of water rates.
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Property reference 183/BE1BF140807. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Phoenix Lettings, Derby.
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Published on Saturday, August 5, 2017
The county is "seeing some impact" from all of its initiatives, including Naloxone, educational programs in the schools and Safe Passage programs in local police departments, where addicts can turn themselves to get treatment.
Heroin-related deaths are primarily white males, Burke said.
"Men far surpass women, but nationally there is a huge increase in women," she said, noting that Will County is behind that trend
Last year, there also were more African-American deaths, which she said were linked to more "multi-drug deaths." This year, there are more cases involving fentanyl, a heroin substitute that is more potent, she said.
Read more
Author: Editor
Categories: Local Issues, Larry Walsh


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So, the time has finally come to empty my last two bottles of BrewDog's Hello, My name is Ingrid. One of the two bottles is the first version, which was the first beer I reviewed on this blog, and the second bottle is the new version of the same beer, which I have yet to taste at the time of this writing.
Let's give Ingrid a whirl and see what she tastes like this time around.
As you might see from the pictures the new version (the fist photo) is a bit brighter in color.
Another thing worth mentioning is that the new one is a bit more hazy (which is probably because it's less filtered than the first one).
They both look pretty amazing though.
As before, the aroma is extremely fruity!
I'm getting a huge amount of Citra hops and some Nelson Sauvin.
This beer has also been "dry hopped" with cloudberries. I'm not getting the cloudberries up front, but there are some fruity aromas that might come from these berries.
I can't say I've had any other DIPA that smell better than this one. Absolutely stunning!! (yes, that was actually two exclamation marks)
When it comes to old vs. new both have much of the same aromas, but the newer version is a bit more intense, which is pretty natural. The hops have settled down a bit in the older one.
They both have a small touch of alcohol in the aroma which I do not remember from the last time I had this beer.
The flavor is pretty much the same as the aroma. Very fruity and some lovely citrus notes.
There is also a pretty good malt base to this beer. Combined with the great creamy mouth feel this beer is extremely pleasant.
Medium long finish with hints of tropical fruits, citrus and some sweet malty tones. Stunning!
Food matches
When writing this I don't want to spoil the experience of the beer by pairing it with food.
If I had to choose food with this beer I would go for a well aged cheddar or a blue cheese, or perhaps a grilled hamburger with some good Jack Daniels (or Jack Dagnels if you're a fan of EpicMealTime) BBQ sauce.
This time around, 5/5, for both versions. A truly amazing beer.
When it comes to the new vs. old part, I don't really want to choose a loser. They are both winners. They new one has more flavor and a bit more intense aroma, but other than that they are pretty similar.
And that's that, no more bottles of Ingrid in my beer cellar…
The image below shows the old version to the left (the slightly darker one).


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Oracle Platinum Homes take pride in their quality and diversity of design. They look forward to collaborating with you and your family and creating the place that you will proudly call home.
Oracle Platinum homes brings our many years of building quality architecturally designed homes to the beautiful Watagan Park. We're excited that we will be delivering our clients a range of contemporary homes to suit their lifestyle.
Our services are tailored to suit your needs, from the basic lock-up contract to the full turn-key package. The inclusions and colour selections will be superior, but also adaptable to meet your requirements.
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Manly 32 Elite 4 2 2
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 8, 1996
|Filing date
|Oct 18, 1995
|Priority date
|Aug 8, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Harold D. Brannon, Robert M. Tjon-Joe-Pin
|Original Assignee
|B. J. Services Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (73), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/287,444, filed Aug. 8, 1994 now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to gelled fracturing fluids of the type used in well bore operations and particularly to a method for producing a gradual reduction in the viscosity of a gelled fracturing fluid through the use of enzymes incorporated in the gelled fluid which are active over broad pH and temperature ranges.
2. Description of the Prior Art
During hydraulic fracturing, a sand laden fluid is injected into a well bore under high pressure. Once the natural reservoir pressures are exceeded, the fracturing fluid initiates a fracture in the formation which generally continues to grow during pumping. The treatment design generally requires the fluid to reach maximum viscosity as it enters the fracture which affects the fracture length and width. This viscosity is normally obtained by the gellation of suitable polymers, such as a suitable polysaccharide. The gelled fluid can be accompanied by a propping agent which results in placement of the propping agent within the fracture thus produced. The proppant remains in the produced fracture to prevent the complete closure of the fracture and to form a conductive channel extending from the well bore into the formation being treated once the fracturing fluid is recovered.
The recovery of the fracturing fluid is accomplished by reducing the viscosity of the fluid to a low value such that it flows naturally from the formation under the influence of formation fluids and pressure. This viscosity reduction or conversion is referred to as "breaking" and can be accomplished by incorporating chemical agents, referred to as breakers, into the initial gel.
Historically, the application of breakers in fracturing fluids at elevated temperatures, i.e., above about 170-190 degrees F., has been a compromise between maintaining proppant transport and achieving the desired fracture conductivity. Conventional oxidative breakers react rapidly at elevated temperatures, potentially leading to catastrophic loss of proppant transport. Encapsulated oxidative breakers have experienced limited utility at elevated temperatures due to a tendency to release prematurely or to have been rendered ineffective through payload self-degradation prior to release.
Enzymes, from a theoretical perspective, are known to provide superior performance relative to oxidative breakers. This is due to the inherent specificity and the infinite polymer degrading activity of enzymes. However, the application of enzymes has historically been limited to low-temperature fracturing treatments due to the perceived pH and temperature constraints of these breaker systems.
The application of effective enzyme breaker technology to high temperature fracturing treatments should result in improved well productivity relative to treatments utilizing conventional breaker technology. One area of particular improvement should be in reducing polymeric damage caused by polymeric filter cake buildup or unbroken gel residue. A polymeric filter cake is a dense mass of polymer deposited on the formation face by dynamic fluid loss while pumping and/or concentrated within the proppant-pack by fracture width reduction upon fracture closure. The polymers used as gelling agents in fracturing treatments are too large to penetrate the rock matrix and are, therefore, concentrated within the fracture. Several studies have documented that the polymer concentration within the fracture is as much as 20-fold the surface gelling agent concentration.
Polymeric damage in the form of unbroken gel residue or dynamically formed filter cake can significantly reduce well productivity. For example, gel residue damage can be characterized as the blocking of pore throats by unbroken viscous gel having limited mobility or, by insoluble polymer fragments. The degree of damage is proportional to the amount of fracture pore volume occupied by the gel residue. The use of enzyme breakers allows the degradation of the polymeric gelling agents in the fluid to proceed in controllable manner to reduce the fracturing fluid viscosity by cleavage of the polymer backbone into fragments which will remain soluble in the aqueous base fluid. The advantageous use of enzyme breakers in high temperature applications would reduce polymeric damage through minimization of the amount of gel residue remaining in the fracture after load recovery.
In addition to the importance of providing a breaking mechanism for the gelled fluid to facilitate recovery of the fluid and to optimize fracture conductivity by minimizing polymeric damage, the timing of the break is also of great importance. Gels which break prematurely can cause suspended proppant material to settle out of the gel before being introduced a sufficient distance into the produced fracture. Premature breaking can also result in a premature reduction in the fluid viscosity resulting in a less than desirable fracture length in the fracture being created.
On the other hand, gelled fluids which break too slowly can cause slow recovery of the fracturing fluid from the produced fracture with attendant delay in resuming the production of formation fluids. Additional problems can result, such as the tendency of proppant to become dislodged from the fracture, resulting in at least partial closing and decreased efficiency of the fracturing operation.
For purposes of the present application, premature breaking will be understood to mean that the gel viscosity becomes diminished to an undesirable extent before all of the fluid is introduced into the formation to be fractured.
Optimally, the fracturing gel will begin to break when the pumping operations are concluded. For practical purposes, the gel should be completely broken within a specific period of time after completion of the fracturing period. At higher temperatures, for example, about 24 hours is sufficient. A completely broken gel will be taken to mean one that can be flushed from the formation by the flowing formation fluids or that can be recovered by a swabbing operation. In the laboratory setting, a completely broken, non-crosslinked gel is one whose viscosity is either about 10 centipoises or less as measured on a Model 50 Fann viscometer R1/B1 at 300 rpm or less than 100 centipoises by Brookfield viscometer spindle #1 at 0.3 rpm.
Obtaining controlled breaks using various prior art chemical agents, both oxidants and enzymes, has proved difficult. Common oxidants do not break the polysaccharide backbone into monosaccharide units. The breaks are nonspecific, creating a mixture of macromolecules. Further, common oxidants are difficult to control. They react with things other than the polymeric gel. Oxidants can react, for example, with the tubing and linings used in the oil industry as well as resins on resin coated proppants.
Using enzymes for controlled breaks circumvents the above noted oxidant problems. Conventional enzyme breaker systems generally degrade the gel polymers inadequately, however. These enzymes, for example, the cellulases, hemi-cellulases, amylases, pectinases, and their mixtures are familiar to those in the well service industry. These enzymes break the bonds that connect the monosaccharides into a polysaccharide backbone, for instance, the 1,4-α-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectin. These conventional enzyme breaker systems are nonspecific and cause random breaks. As a result, these prior art enzyme systems only partially degrade the polysaccharide polymer. Instead of fragmenting almost completely into much smaller fragments such as monosaccharides, the enzymes break the polysaccharide gel into larger fragments consisting of a mixture of disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. These larger gel fragments have been shown to cause residue problems in the fractured formation once the fracturing operation is complete. Such residue decreases productivity by restricting the flow of fluid and plugging the formation.
The present invention has as its object to provide a break mechanism for a gelled fracturing fluid which yields high initial viscosity with little change during pumping but which produces a rapid break in the gel after pumping is completed to allow immediate recovery of the fluid from the formation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a gel system for a well fracturing operation which can break the gel polymers within a wide range of pH and temperature without interfering with the crosslinking chemistry.
Another object of the invention is to provide an enzyme breaker system for a gelled fracturing fluid which produces a controlled break over pH range from about 3 to 11 and at temperatures in the range from about 60 to 300 degrees F., or more, and which decreases the amount and size of residue left in the formation after recovery of the fluid from the formation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a thermo-stable, polymer linkage specific enzyme breaker which is catalytically active and temperature stable in the range from about 60 to 300 degrees F. and at pH's between about 3.0 to 11.0 and which decreases the amount of residue left in the formation after recovery of the fluid from the formation.
In the method of the invention, a gellable fracturing fluid is formulated by blending together an aqueous fluid, a hydratable polymer, which is capable of forming a polymer gel and an enzyme breaker which is effective to degrade the polymer gel at temperatures between about 60 to 300 degrees F. and at pH's between about 3.0 to 11.0.
Preferably, the gellable fracturing fluid is formulated by blending together an aqueous fluid, a hydratable polymer, a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the hydratable polymer and an enzyme breaker. The fluid is then pumped to a desired location within the well bore under sufficient pressure to fracture the surrounding subterranean formation. Thereafter, the enzyme breaker degrades the polymer, whereby the fluid can be pumped from the subterranean formation to the well surface. The enzyme breaker has activity in the pH range of about 3.0 to 11.0 and is effective to attack only specific linkages in the cross-linked polymer gel.
In a particularly preferred method for practicing the invention, the gellable fracturing fluid is formulated by blending together an aqueous fluid, a hydratable guar polymer having repeating units of mannose and galactose, a suitable crosslinking agent for crosslinking the hydratable polymer to form a polymer gel and an enzyme breaker. The enzyme breaker is a thermo-stable, polymer linkage specific enzyme which is catalytically active and temperature stable in the range from about 60 to 300 degrees F. and at pH's between about 3.0 to 11.0. Most preferably, the guar polymer has repeating units of mannose and galactose linked by 1,4-β-D mannosidic and 1,6-α-D galactomannosidic linkages, and wherein the thermo-stable, guar linkage specific enzyme breaker is effective to attack the 1,4-β-D mannosidic and 1,6-α-D galactomannosidic linkages.
In one embodiment of the invention, a method of reducing the viscosity of a gellable fracturing fluid is shown wherein the fluid is formulated to contain a proppant, a hydratable polymer, a suitable crosslinking agent for crosslinking the hydratable polymer to form a polymer gel and an enzyme breaker. A minimum viscosity is first determined for the fracturing fluid necessary to maintain the proppant in suspension in the gelled fracturing fluid during an elapsed pumping time. A predetermined amount of enzyme breaker is incorporated into the fracturing fluid to attain a desired break viscosity at the end of the elapsed pumping time while maintaining the minimum viscosity to maintain the proppant in suspension in the fluid during pumping. The crosslinked polymer gel containing the enzyme breaker is pumped to a desired location within the well bore to form at least one fracture within a surrounding subterranean formation. The proppant and polymer are deposited in the fracture. The enzyme breaker is a thermo-stable polymer linkage specific enzyme which is catalytically active and temperature stable in the range from about 60 to 300 degrees F. and at a pH range from 3 to 11 and the predetermined amount of enzyme breaker which is incorporated into the fracturing fluid is calculated from a mathematical model of viscosity versus concentration of enzyme at a given time and temperature and which includes pressure as one variable of the model. The predetermined amount of thermo-stable enzyme breaker which is included within the fluid can also be based upon a desired delay time for initiating the break.
Additional objects, features and advantages will be apparent in the written description that follows.
FIG. 1 is a graph of viscosity versus time for several fracturing fluids incorporating the enzyme breakers of the invention and at various temperatures;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the enzymatic activity of several fracturing fluids both with and without the enzyme breakers of the invention at 300° F. and 8000 psi;
FIG. 3 is a mathematical model of fluid viscosity versus enzyme concentration at 8 hours elapsed time and 250° F. and with pressure shown as one variable; and
FIG. 4 is a mathematical model similar to FIG. 3 but at 24 hours time.
In order to practice the method of the invention, an aqueous fracturing fluid is first prepared by blending a hydratable polymer into an aqueous fluid. The aqueous fluid could be, for example, water, brine, aqueous based foams or water-alcohol mixtures. Any suitable mixing apparatus may be used for this procedure. In the case of batch mixing, the hydratable polymer and the aqueous fluid are blended for a period of time which is sufficient to form a hydrated solution. The hydratable polymer useful in the present invention can be any polysaccharide capable of gelling in the presence of a crosslinking agent to form a gelled base fluid. Such polysaccharides include guar, derivitized guars, celluloses, particularly derivitized celluloses and biopolymers such as xanthan. Specific examples include guar gum, guar gum derivitive, locust bean gum, caraya gum, xanthan gum and cellulose derivitives. Preferred gelling agents are guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose. The most preferred gelling agents for purposes of the present invention are guar gum, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar and hydroxypropyl guar. These polysaccharides are hydratable polysaccharides generally having galactose or mannose monosaccharide components and are familiar to those in the well service industry.
The structure of guar consists of a linear chain of D-mannose residues (the backbone) bonded together by 1,4-β-glycosidic linkages with D-galactosyl substituents attached to the mannose chain through 1,6-α-glycosidic linkages. The galactosyl substituents are randomly arranged along the backbone. The ratio of the galactose and mannose units is about 1:2. The average molecular weight of guar is approximately 1,500,000, and the average molecule of guar polymer contains an average 3,700 repeating units.
The hydratable polymer is added to the aqueous fluid in varying ranges, depending in part upon the particular polymer selected. For example, in the case of guar and derivitized guars, the hydratable polymer is added to the aqueous fluid in concentrations ranging from about 0.12% to 0.96% by weight of the aqueous fluid. In the case of derivitized celluloses, the polymer can be added to the aqueous fluid in amounts ranging up to about 1.2% by weight, or more. In the case of the preferred guar polymers used in practicing the present invention, the preferred range is about 0.3% to about 0.72% by weight.
In addition to the hydratable polymer, the fracturing fluids of the invention include a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent can be any of the conventionally used crosslinking agents which are known to those skilled in the art. For instance, in recent years, gellation of the hydratable polymer has been achieved by crosslinking these polymers with metal ions including aluminum, antimony, zirconium and titanium containing compounds including the so-called organotitinates. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,309. Recent research indicates that guar gels, which are crosslinked by the additions of borate ion donating materials, often clean up faster and yield higher sand pack permeability than guar gels crosslinked with other crosslinking agents. As a result, the borate crosslinking agents are often preferred.
In the case of the borate crosslinkers, the crosslinking agent is any material which supplies borate ions in solution. Thus the crosslinking agent can be any convenient source of borate ions, for instance the alkali metal and the alkaline earth metal borates and boric acid. A preferred crosslinking additive is sodium borate decahydrate. This crosslinking additive is preferably present in the range from about 0.024% to in excess of 0.18% by weight of the aqueous fluid. Preferably, the concentration of crosslinking agent is in the range from about 0.024% to about 0.09% by weight of the aqueous fluid.
Propping agents are typically added to the base fluid prior to the addition of the crosslinking agent. Propping agents include, for instance, quartz sand grains, glass and ceramic beads, walnut shell fragments, aluminum pellets, nylon pellets, and the like. The propping agents are normally used in concentrations between about 1 to 18 pounds per gallon of fracturing fluid composition, but higher or lower concentrations can be used as required. The base fluid can also contain other conventional additives common to the well service industry such as surfactants, and the like.
In a typical fracturing operation, the fracturing fluid of the invention is pumped at a rate sufficient to initiate and propagate a fracture in the formation and to place propping agents into the fracture. A typical fracturing treatment would be conducted by hydrating a 0.24% to 0.72% (weight/volume [w/v]) galactomannan based polymer, such as guar, in a 2% (w/v) KCl solution at a pH ranging from about 6.5 to 8. During the actual pumping the pH may be adjusted by the addition of a buffer, followed by the addition of the enzyme breaker, crosslinking agent, proppant and other additives if required.
The preferred breakers included in the fracturing fluids of the invention are thermo-stable, polymer linkage specific enzyme breakers. In order to understand the nature of the enzyme breakers of the invention, it is necessary to consider the unique action of the enzymes in question upon a target substrate, in this case, the gelled guar polymer.
Enzymes are large, highly specialized proteins produced by living cells. They consist of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Present in all biological systems, enzymes are non-toxic and can be readily broken down or absorbed back into the environment and are therefore, regarded as environmentally friendly.
Enzymes exhibit a unique ability when acting as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions. The catalytic activity does not change the enzyme structure during the reaction initiation and thus, the enzyme may then initiate another reaction, and so on. This unique feature is characterized by a property called "turnover number." For instance, one of the enzymes evaluated for use in the present invention has a turnover number of 69,000. This means that one unit of enzyme could, under ideal conditions, turn over or cleave 69,000 linkages of substrate per minute. A great many more linkages can be cleaved during the "active life" of the enzyme.
The initiation of reactions by enzymes is governed by a property known as the "lock and key principle". This principle states that each particular enzyme has an active site with a 3-dimensional configuration which is specifically complimentary to the substrate site upon which it is reactive. If the shape of the substrate is not perfectly complimentary to that of the active site, no binding can occur and thus, the reaction will not proceed. The "enzyme key" must fit the "substrate lock" to affect reaction. Therefore, enzymes are very specifically limited in reactivity to only those specific substrate sites to which they can match.
Enzymes, from a theoretical perspective, are known to provide superior performance relative to oxidative breakers in degrading a gelled fracturing fluid. This is due to the inherent specificity and the "infinite" polymer-degrading activity of enzymes. However, the application of enzymes has historically been limited to low-temperature fracturing treatments due to perceived pH and temperature constraints. Also, as has been mentioned, the enzymes which have previously been utilized in fracturing applications were non-isolated, non-purified mixtures of various hemicellulase, cellulase, pectinase, and amylase enzymes complexes. Although very similar, the various component enzymes are respectively specific to digest hemicellulose, cellulose, pectin, and starch-based polymers. The non-guar specific enzymes do not cleave the linkages of the guar polymer, since the active sites of these enzymes do not align with the cleavage sites of the polymer. However, they will attach to the guar polymer since the binding sites of guar are common to each of the enzymes. Once bound, the non-specific enzymes cannot detach from the polymers to which they are bound since the cleavage sites have not been broken. This phenomena, known as irreversible inhibition, results in polymeric fragments which are generally the molecular weight of the attached enzyme combined with the molecular weight of the polymer strand to which it is attached, effectively doubling the molecular weight of that polymer fragment.
In order to effectively degrade the gelled polymer, it is necessary to design a polymer linkage specific enzyme system. Determination of the most effective approach for degradation should focus on identifying the structural linchpins within the polymeric construction. This is analogous to identifying the most appropriate nuts and bolts to extract for effective dismantling of a structural framework. Removing the linchpins, or breaking the appropriate linkages in this case, will result in collapse of the structure into manageable components. The manageable components in this instance, are non-damaging simple sugar units.
The structure of guar may be most simply defined as a polymer which is a repeating series of mono and disaccharide units. The most effective approach to engineer a structural dismantling of a guar polymer is to concentrate the attack upon the β-1,4 linkage between the mannose units and the α-1,6 linkage between the galactose and mannose. Successful cleavage of these linkages will reduce the polymer to simple monosaccharide sugars which are completely soluble in water. There are no other reactive sites within the polymer structure which will result in any significant molecular weight reduction.
A polymer-specific enzyme is defined as an enzyme which will align and react with only that particular polymer. The term polymer-specific enzyme does not necessarily equate to effective degradation of the polymer to simple sugar units, however. Many different enzymes exist which are specific for only guar polymer, but do not effectively reduce the polymer to simple sugars or reduce molecular weight. The enzyme must be not only polymer-specific to match up with the polymer, but also additionally, it must be polymer linkage-specific to attack the appropriate linkages to affect the desired degradation.
While the guar polymer is comprised of a mannose backbone with galactose substituents, the mannose backbone is completely insoluble when dissociated from the galactose substituents. The residual polymannan, with molecular weight of about that of cellulose, once insolubilized cannot be degraded and thus, becomes irreversible polymeric damage. The application of a complex containing "random hydrolysis" enzymes, or endo-enzymes, can result in the occurrence of this undesirable behavior. For example, an endo-enzyme, such as α-galactose dehydrogenase, can degrade the α-1,6 linkages between the galactose and the mannose units at any point along the polymer strand to cleave the galactose from the polymannan backbone.
In order to accomplish effective structural dismantling of guar polymer resulting in soluble simple sugar residues, the guar-specific enzyme complex must be singularly specific to the β-1,4 linkage between the mannose units and the α-1,6 linkage between the galactose and mannose. The most preferred guar-specific enzymes to attack the identified linkages are hydrolases, which initiate the reaction of hydrolysis by cleaving specific linkages within the polymer to yield predominantly mono and disaccharides.
The most effective pathway would be the cleavage of the β-1,4 linkages between the mannose units prior to cleavage of the α-1,6 linkages between the galactose and the mannose unit. Galactomannans are most efficiently hydrolyzed by a specific galactomannan enzyme complex which is a combination of two O-glycosidic hydrolases. The first O-glycosidic hydrolase, mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase, is specific for the mannose backbone, randomly hydrolyses the 1,4-β-D-mannosidic linkages. The second O-glycosidic hydrolase used to degrade the guar molecule, α-1,6-galactosidase, is specific for the galactose substituent, hydrolyzing only the terminal, non-reducing α-D-galactoside. In other words, this particular enzyme can cleave only galactose substituents from the end of the polymer chain. Therefore, the insolubilization of polymannan residues is an unlikely occurrence utilizing this enzyme.
A particularly advantageous feature of polymer-specific enzymes with respect to fracturing applications is that upon introduction to the aqueous polymer solution, the enzyme will seek to attach to a strand of polymer. The enzyme will then piggy-back on that polymer strand until such time as it can completely degrade the polymer. The enzyme will ride to where ever the polymer travels; i.e., within the primary fracture, into natural fractures, or into high permeability matrices. Thus, the enzyme degradant will be distributed and concentrated homogeneously with the polymer throughout the fracture.
Recent advances in biotechnology led to the isolation, purification, and fermentation of guar linkage-specific (GLS) enzymes on a commercial scale. Laboratory evaluations demonstrated that the reaction rate of the enzymes could be controlled by the additive concentration, thus allowing the necessary control of break time. However, the extent of polymer degradation was observed to be independent of the GLS-enzyme concentration. It was shown that differing enzyme concentrations provided for varying break times but, the tests with each GLS-enzyme concentration were found to yield almost the same retained proppant-pack permeability.
The guar linkage-specific enzymes were first introduced for low-temperature, high pH fracturing applications (60°-140° F., pH 3-11) to provide improved cleanup of borate crosslinked fluids. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,370, issued Apr. 13, 1993, entitled "Enzyme Breaker For Galactomannan Based Fracturing Fluid", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The GLS enzymes have subsequently experienced wide spread utilization within such application. The effectiveness of the GLS enzymes in low-temperature field applications has been highlighted in previously published case histories. One particular case history was conducted on San Andres wells in Lea County, N.M. In five sections, 25 wells fractured with fluids containing GLS enzyme breakers were compared to 30 offset wells fractured with fluids containing oxidative breakers. The bottom hole static temperatures were approximately 100° F. An aggregate average 250% increase in the 6-month normalized production was observed for the wells treated with fluids incorporating the GLS enzyme.
In order to extend the advantage of the improved results obtained with GLS enzymes at low temperatures, it was at first thought necessary to locate a thermophylic GLS enzyme for use at higher bottom hole temperatures. One of the first isolations of thermophylic, or heat-loving, organisms occurred in the late 1960's, when organisms were found to be thriving in hot springs around the world. Recent studies have further isolated organisms which exist in natural environments exhibiting extreme temperatures and acidic or alkaline conditions.
As a result of the need for GLS specific enzymes which would be tolerant of temperatures up to 300 degrees F. or more, Applicants undertook several research efforts concerned with correlations establishing the relationship of elevated temperature and pressure on the catalytic activity and stability of biomolecules. Studies in enzyme literature had previously found that enzymes generated by a particular organism exhibited an enhanced catalytic activity and heat resistance when exposed to elevated pressures. See Bacteria That Flourish Above 100 C. Could Benefit Industrial Processing, Chemical and Engineering News, Nov. 4, 1991, 69:31-34. The reaction rate of the enzymes was observed to be increased 3-fold when the pressure was raised from 150 psi to 3700 psi. Additionally, the temperature stability of the enzyme was enhanced 5-fold when the pressure was increased to about 7500 psi. See also in this regard, Enzymes From High-Temperature Microorganisms, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1993, 4:188-192.
These observations provided the foundation for the development of extreme temperature stable enzymes to be utilized for polymer degradation in downhole applications. The guar linkage-specific enzyme complexes were extensively evaluated for their ability to degrade guar polymers in harsh environments typical of moderate to high-temperature fracturing applications. In evaluating the thermophylic organisms for use in well fracturing operations, Applicants made the surprising discovery that the same guar linkage-specific enzyme complex which was previously introduced was found to be equally effective at degrading the guar polymer in laboratory simulated high-temperature downhole environments due to the "pressure effect" which increases the temperature stability and catalytic activity of the enzyme system. The preferred enzymes are galactomannan hydrolases collectively called galactomannanase and they specifically hydrolyze the 1,6-α-D-galactomannosidic and the 1,4-β-D-mannosidic linkages between the monosaccharide units in the guar backbone respectively. The preferred galactomannanase is commercially available from Novo Nordisk of Norway as "Gammanase 1.5L." The preferred concentration of galactomannanase is a 1:2 (weight/weight [w/w]) solution of 1,6-α-D-galactosidase and mannan endo-1,4-β-D-mannosidase, the galactomannanase being present in the range from about 0.001 to 0.004% by weight, based on the total weight of aqueous fluid.
The pressure effect is illustrated in Table 1 which follows. The fluid was a commercially available CMHPG borate crosslinked base fluid commercially available from BJ Services Company, Houston, Tex. as "MEDALLION FRAC 4000 HT." The previously described enzyme breaker system provided in a 1:50 part aqueous mixture was added to the base fluid at various indicated concentrations. Viscosity was measured with time at various pressures. Note the dramatically lower 24 hour viscosities obtained at 4000 psi as compared to 20 psi.
TABLE 1______________________________________PRESSURE DESIGN TESTINGTemperature = 250° F.ENZYME VISCOSITYCONCENTRATION TIME AT 511 S-1______________________________________PRESSURE: 20 PSI0 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/198/157)3 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/190/124)6 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/143/94)PRESSURE: 1000 PSI0 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/194/149)3 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/129/55)6 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/63/21)PRESSURE: 2000 PSI0 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/160/142)3 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/66/20)6 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/55/12)PRESSURE: 4000 PSI0 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/147/120)3 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/46/11)6 GPT (0,8,24 hrs) (425/38/7)______________________________________
Laboratory testing was also conducted to evaluate fluid rheology, proppant transport, static break time and, retained proppant-pack permeability on a variety of fluids. Rheological evaluations were conducted to observe the effect of the GLS enzyme breakers on fracturing fluid viscosity. The testing was conducted with automated Fann 50 C rheometers using modified-API testing procedures. The testing matrix included commercially available fluid systems at both high and low pH and temperatures from 150° F. to 250° F. The fluids tested were a Zr-crosslinked CMHPG at both pH 5 and pH 9 and, an organoborate-crosslinked guar at pH 10. A cross-section of the rheological performance data for the fluids are given in FIG. 1. Effective control of degradation rate was observed in each case as evidenced by the minimal viscosity loss in the first 60 minutes. Note also from FIG. 1, that although different lengths of time are required, each of the fluid systems were eventually reduced to near water viscosity.
Testing in Fann 50 C rheometers is limited to a maximum of 1000 psi. However, the hydrostatic pressures associated with high-temperature reservoirs are typically somewhat greater than 1000 psi. In order to evaluate the effects of high-temperature and high-pressure on the performance of the GLS enzymes, static break tests were conducted utilizing high temperature, high pressure testing equipment. Testing was conducted in pressurized cement curing chambers at 300° F. with 8000 psi for 24 hours. The fluids tested were 100 lbm/1000 gal, both with and without the GLS enzyme. The fluids tested were uncrosslinked guar at pH 7.8, Zr-crosslinked CMHPG at pH 9.0, and organoborate-crosslinked guar at pH 10.5. As shown in FIG. 2, the GLS enzyme effectively degraded each of the fluids. The 24-hour viscosity of the high pH Zr-crosslinked CMHPG, for example, was observed to be reduced from 45 cps with no breaker to 6 cps by the GLS enzyme.
Flow loop rheology, proppant transport, and retained proppant-pack permeability testing was performed by an independent laboratory to validate the GLS enzyme breaker performance. The procedures used were typical of those utilized for testing by the industry consortiums for fracturing fluid performance evaluations. The fluids tested were Zr-crosslinked CMHPG at both pH 5 and pH 9 and organoborate-crosslinked guar at pH 10. All phases of testing for each fluid/temperature combination used the same GLS enzyme breaker concentration. The proppant transport, as shown in Table 2, was reported to be from good to perfect in each evaluation in which the GLS enzyme was applied.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ RETAINED SETTLING PERM RATE/30 SANDFRAC FLUID GLS-E (GPT) pH TEMP PSI (%) MIN TRANSPORT__________________________________________________________________________CMHPG/Zr .1 4.6 100° F. 500 86 ≈0.39" GOODCMHPG/Zr 2 5.0 150° F. 500 87 <0.25" VERY GOODCMHPG/Zr 1 9.5 250° F. 1000 70 <0.25" VERY GOODGUAR/MB 1 9.7 100° F. 500 94 <0.25" VERY GOODGUAR/OB 1 9.7 100° F. 500 97 <0.25" VERY GOODGUAR/OB 2 9.8 160° F. 500 94 <0.25" VERY GOODGUAR/OB .25 10 250° F. 1000 91 <0.25" VERY GOOD__________________________________________________________________________
The retained proppant-pack permeability results are also summarized in Table 2. The data indicate that universally high and almost identical retained conductivities were achieved. The effects of polymer derivatization, crosslinker type, fluid pH, and temperature were essentially neutralized by the GLS enzyme breaker with respect to retained proppant pack permeability. The only real variable is the time necessary for the enzyme to affect complete degradation of the polymer.
The realization of the pressure effect upon enzyme temperature stability and catalytic activity allows the mathematical modelling of a desired viscosity decrease in the base fluid at a given temperature and time and based upon the enzyme concentration selected. The concentration can, in fact, be used to determine the timing of the break, in effect, achieving a predetermined delayed break. The pressure under consideration here is the in-situ pressure acting upon the downhole fracturing fluid. The term "in-situ pressure" will be taken to mean the downhole reservoir pressure plus the existing hydrostatic pressure for purposes of the present invention and may be determined by conventional methods familiar to those skilled in the art. Typical break models are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 for the same "MEDALLION FRAC 4000 HT" system previously described at 8 hours and 24 hours and 250° F., the model being developed from laboratory data.
The GLS enzyme breaker has been successfully applied in several high-temperature (>200° F.) fracturing applications. The enzyme has been successfully used in applications with BHST's as high as 300° F., with both low and high pH fluids, with both CMHPG and guar-based fluids, and with both Zr-crosslinked and organoborate-crosslinked fluids.
The invention has several advantages. The enzyme breakers of the invention remain active at higher temperatures and over wide pH ranges. In addition, the fracturing fluid and method of the invention allow a controlled reduction in viscosity of the fracturing fluid so that the gelled fluid breaks at the appropriate point in time after conclusion of the pumping operations. These breaks produce mostly monosaccharide fragments. Cleanup of the fluid is easier since the invention produces smaller fragments which are more soluble.
While the invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it is not thus limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.
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|Jun 16, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Century Oilfield Services Inc.
|Hydrocarbon-based fracturing fluid compositions, methods of preparation and methods of use
|Nov 21, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Charles David Armstrong
|ALKALINE BETA-MANNANASE CONTAINING COMPOSITIONS USEFUL FOR THE HYDROLYSIS OF GUAR IN HIGH pH ENVIRONMENTS AND METHODS RELATED THERETO
|Feb 25, 2010
|Jul 15, 2010
|Parris Michael D
|Method of designing and executing a well treatment
|Aug 3, 2010
|Dec 16, 2010
|Thomas Lindvig
|Method of treating a subterranean formation using a rheology model for fluid optimization
|Sep 3, 2010
|Jan 6, 2011
|Harold Dean Brannon
|Method of stimulating oil and gas wells using deformable proppants
|Oct 15, 2009
|Apr 21, 2011
|Bj Services Company
|Thermophilic Mannanohydrolase and Fracturing Fluids Containing the Same
|Dec 18, 2009
|Jun 23, 2011
|Charles Elmer Bell
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Feb 11, 2013
|Jun 20, 2013
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Nov 18, 2015
|Mar 10, 2016
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Jan 31, 2011
|Aug 1, 2012
|pH regulation unblocking liquid used for well completion
|Jan 31, 2011
|Apr 29, 2015
|pH regulation unblocking liquid used for well completion
|Dec 17, 2010
|Nov 14, 2012
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Dec 17, 2010
|Nov 25, 2015
|Jul 10, 2013
|Sep 11, 2013
|Method for preparing fracturing fluid by utilizing seawater
|Sep 30, 2009
|Apr 14, 2010
|Bj Services Company
|Method of enhancing fracture conductivity
|Jun 10, 1999
|Dec 15, 2010
|Novozymes A/S
|Jun 10, 1999
|Feb 16, 2011
|Novozymes A/S
|Jun 10, 1999
|Feb 23, 2011
|Novozymes A/S
|Jan 23, 2007
|Aug 2, 2007
|Schlumberger Canada Limited
|Method of treating a subterranean formation using a rheology model for fluid optimization
|May 18, 2007
|Jan 10, 2008
|Hercules Inc
|Oxidized guar for oilfield servicing fluids
|Dec 17, 2010
|Jun 23, 2011
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Jul 20, 2011
|Jan 26, 2012
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Polymer hydration method
|Jul 20, 2011
|May 24, 2012
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Polymer hydration method
|Mar 9, 2011
|Sep 13, 2012
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Sulfates and phosphates as allosteric effectors in mannanohydrolase enzyme breakers
|Jan 11, 2013
|Nov 7, 2013
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Compositions useful for the hydrolysis of guar in high ph environments and methods related thereto
|May 7, 2013
|Nov 14, 2013
|Novozymes A/S
|Polypeptides having xanthan degrading activity and polynucleotides encoding same
|Feb 10, 2014
|Aug 14, 2014
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of fracturing subterranean formations with crosslinked fluid
|Mar 6, 2014
|Sep 12, 2014
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of enhancing the complexity of a fracture network within a subterranean formation
|Sep 23, 2014
|Apr 2, 2015
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of optimizing conductivity in a hydraulic fracturing operation
|Mar 23, 2016
|Sep 29, 2016
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of enhancing stability of cement slurries in well cementing operations
|Sep 15, 2016
|Mar 23, 2017
|Novozymes A/S
|Polypeptides having xanthan degrading activity and polynucleotides encoding same
|U.S. Classification
|166/250.1, 166/280.1, 166/300, 166/308.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 3, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 10, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 13, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) drew flak from the Delhi High Court in 2015 for not providing night shelters for the city's homeless. In response, Ashish Joshi, member of the DUSIB clarified, "Forty per cent of the homeless are drug addicts and prefer to stay outside the shelters."
During a court hearing, DUSIB stated that when members approached the homeless to get them to use the shelters, they were abused by the homeless. However, an NGO, Shehri Adhikar Manch (SAM:BKS), that had conducted a joint operation with the DUSIB said that officials had threatened the homeless and kept then away from the shelters.
There are many on Delhi's roads who suffer from addiction. Most people who live in the capital would have witnessed men, women and children on the streets abusing some form of drugs. When private hospitals charge high fees and government-run centers are inadequate, many addicts from less economically well-off sections of society end up on the streets.


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Death is the simplest and most obvious threat your protagonist can face, but you generally can't kill them. In some fantasy it's possible to get them back with magic, but first person point of view isn't going to work so well if your main character is taking a dirt nap. (I'm very anxious to see where the Dresden Files takes this in the next volume).
It's easy to raise the stakes in a book or movie by killing off members of the supporting cast. I have a hard time thinking of many action movies where the hero's girlfriend survives. Family members are usually a goner the moment they walk on screen. In television, an ensemble cast is relatively safe. Headliners don't die unless the actors are leaving. Then you get one or two fatalities as the seasons drag on. One show where you get the sense that no one is safe is Torchwood.
By the end of the third series the cast had been whittled down to two headliners and a few second tier characters. Now Torchwood is back, in a partnering between BBC and Starz. They're certainly giving it some solid promotion. Even Denver has billboards advertising it.
Torchwood benefits from being a British series. Its seasons, or series, are shorter, meaning we don't get stuck with a lot of padding. Conflict can remain at the forefront. Whene an American series might stick in twenty episodes to create a season, the BBC format is fine with six to thirteen.
The first episode of the new series, Miracle Day, changes the rules of life and death on us. People cease to die, regardless of their injury. Complicating things further, the immortal Jack Harkness can suddenly be hurt, indicating that the writers aren't afraid to sacrifice even him if the story calls for it. By offing the rest of the cast from the first two seasons, Torchwood let us know that anyone can be a target. Putting Jack's mortality in play also helps to break up one of the problems of immortal characters in television (usually vampires): the current crisis is always related to some aspect of their past. If Jack is no longer immortal then the cycle of unfinished business always coming back to bite him can end. I'm glad Torchwood is back, but I suspect the body count is going to rise again, so I'll be holding on to my seat.


text:
WBJEE 2018 Eligibility Criteria lists requisite criteria about candidates' domicile, age and other necessary requirements such as academic history and education qualifications, marks obtained in qualifying exams etc. Candidates appearing for WBJEE 2018 must have a minimum aggregate of 60% marks in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics/Biology and minimum of 30% marks in English language in class 12th qualifying examination.
WBJEE is conducted for admission to undergraduate engineering, architecture and pharmacy programmes offered by number of colleges participating under the state level exam. The exam is expected to be scheduled in April 2018. Notification for the exam will be published at the board's official website starting from first week of February 2018. The board invites applications from Class XII passed or candidates with equivalent qualification for the exam.
|Dates (tentative)
|Information Brochure Availability
|December 28, 2017
|Commencement of online application
|January 5, 2018
|Last date of online application submission
|February 4, 2018
|Last date for documents uploading
|February 4, 2018
|Last date of fee payment
|February 4, 2018
|Correction window open
|February 6, 2018 to February 20, 2018
|Release of Admit Card
|April 10, 2018
|Examination date
|April 23, 2018
|Result announcement
|First week of June 2018
The board has set age limit permissible for numerous courses offered by the participating institutes. The age criteria vary with each offered course. Age Limit for courses offered under WBJEE is listed below.
Candidates seeking admission under reserved category must have domicile of West Bengal. Candidate must also possess a certificate as proof of their claim.
Check WBJEE 2018
The qualifying marks for different courses are different with respect to the institute offering it.
Candidate must have passed class 12th examination from West Bengal central board or and other board equivalent and recognized by the Education council of the state.
This programme is offered by Jadavpur University only. The minimum qualification for the admissions to this course are as follows:
For other institutes, the minimum qualifying marks are given below:
For admission to the pharmacy course as offered by Jadavpur University. Following details are given:
For admission to the pharmacy course offered by other colleges. Following are the details:
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Parents, Complete Your Athletics Registration Online!
Please read and follow these steps carefully to be fully registered.
IMPORTANT: You are only registered once ALL steps are completed.
Step 1: Athletes must have a current sports qualifying physical exam on file in the Nurses' Office. Physicals are good for 1 year from date of your last physical. You can get the blank Physical Form HERE.
Physical form must be handed in by November 14th (Ice Hockey by November 4th).
If the athlete participated in a fall sport this past season or spring sport last year and the physical date is after March 10, 2016 you DO NOT need a new physical. Please print and submit the Health History Update Form instead .
Once you have your physical completed by your doctor, you can turn it in to the school nurse.
Step 2: First Time Users - Fill out and submit the Online Registration Form HERE.
For Returning Users
Click Family Account Login. Use the username and password you created during your first registration.
Once logged in, you may click on the 'Register' dropdown and register an existing student or add a new student in your account.


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Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics
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The following lists the discussion papers and final revised papers published within the last 60 days.
All papers
Final revised papers only
Discussion papers only
12 Sep 2017
On the interaction of short linear waves with internal solitary waves
Chengzhu Xu and Marek Stastna
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
This work contributes to the understanding of interaction between internal waves of different length scales. A key finding is that, when the disparity in length scales between the participating waves is large, the interaction may lead to an almost complete destruction of the waves that have a relatively smaller length scale. This result suggests that the wavelengths of internal waves observed in the coastal oceans are likely to be poor in short waves.
07 Sep 2017
Intermittent turbulence in the heliosheath and the magnetosheath plasmas based on Voyager and THEMIS data
Wiesław M. Macek, Anna Wawrzaszek, and Beata Kucharuk
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 0 comments)
06 Sep 2017
Non-Gaussian data assimilation of satellite-based leaf area index observations with an individual-based dynamic global vegetation model
Hazuki Arakida, Takemasa Miyoshi, Takeshi Ise, Shin-ichiro Shima, and Shunji Kotsuki
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 553-567,
Short summary
This is the first study assimilating the satellite-based leaf area index observations every 4 days into a numerical model simulating the growth and death of individual plants. The newly developed data assimilation system successfully reduced the uncertainties of the model parameters related to phenology and carbon dynamics. It also provides better estimates of the present vegetation structure which can be used as the initial states for the simulation of the future vegetation change.
05 Sep 2017
Data assimilation for moving mesh methods with an application to ice sheet modelling
Bertrand Bonan, Nancy K. Nichols, Michael J. Baines, and Dale Partridge
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 515-534,
Short summary
We develop data assimilation techniques for numerical models using moving mesh methods. Moving meshes are valuable for explicitly tracking interfaces and boundaries in evolving systems. The application of the techniques is demonstrated on a one-dimensional model of an ice sheet. It is shown, using various types of observations, that the techniques predict the evolution of the edges of the ice sheet and its height accurately and efficiently.
05 Sep 2017
On the CCN (de)activation nonlinearities
Sylwester Arabas and Shin-ichiro Shima
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 535-542,
Short summary
The paper bridges cloud/aerosol modelling with bifurcation analysis. It identifies two nonlinear peculiarities in the differential equations describing formation of atmospheric clouds through vapour condensation on a population of aerosol particles. A key finding of the paper is an analytic estimate for the timescale of the process. The study emerged from discussions on the causes of hysteretic behaviour of the system that we observed in the results of numerical simulations.
05 Sep 2017
Extracting real-crack properties from non-linear elastic behaviour of rocks: abundance of cracks with dominating normal compliance and rocks with negative Poisson ratios
Vladimir Y. Zaitsev, Andrey V. Radostin, Elena Pasternak, and Arcady Dyskin
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 543-551,
Short summary
A new method of analysing pressure wave dependences is presented and tested against the published experimental data. Upon the results of examination of more than 90 rock samples, it was found that a significant portion of rocks (~ 45 %) exhibit negative Poisson ratios at lower pressures. Such a significant number of naturally auxetic rocks suggests that the occurrence of negative Poisson ratios is not as exotic as assumed previously.
21 Aug 2017
Fractional Brownian motion, the Matérn process, and stochastic modeling of turbulent dispersion
Jonathan M. Lilly, Adam M. Sykulski, Jeffrey J. Early, and Sofia C. Olhede
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 481-514,
Short summary
This work arose from a desire to understand the nature of particle motions in turbulence. We sought a simple conceptual model that could describe such motions, then realized that this model could be applicable to an array of other problems. The basic idea is to create a string of random numbers, called a stochastic process, that mimics the properties of particle trajectories. This model could be useful in making best use of data from freely drifting instruments tracking the ocean currents.
11 Aug 2017
Multistable slip of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model in the presence of thermal-pressurized slip-weakening friction and viscosity
Jeen-Hwa Wang
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 467-480,
Short summary
In this paper, I study the frictional and viscous effects on multistable slip of earthquakes based on a one-degree-of-freedom model through numerical simulations. Results show three regimes of stable, intermittent, and unstable slip, depending on the values of model parameters.
10 Aug 2017
Analysis of wave propagation in a discrete chain of bilinear oscillators
Maria S. Kuznetsova, Elena Pasternak, and Arcady V. Dyskin
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 455-460,
Short summary
The process of wave propagation in the discrete chain of bilinear oscillators subjected to several types of external harmonic excitation has been analysed. The phenomenon of sign inversion of the displacement is observed for tension–compression excitation. The solution for wave propagation in a continuous 1-D bimodular rod is developed and the numerical results are compared showing good agreement.
10 Aug 2017
Continuum model of wave propagation in fragmented media: linear damping approximation
Maxim Khudyakov, Arcady V. Dyskin, and Elena Pasternak
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 461-466,
Short summary
In order to assess energy loss during wave propagation in fragmented media, an impact model is proposed. The proposed model can be expressed by or used together with other linear damping models, which is important for the determination of mechanical characteristics of such media and mineral exploration.
10 Aug 2017
Accelerating assimilation development for new observing systems using EFSO
Guo-Yuan Lien, Daisuke Hotta, Eugenia Kalnay, Takemasa Miyoshi, and Tse-Chun Chen
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summary
The Ensemble Forecast Sensitivity to Observation (EFSO) method can efficiently clarify under what conditions observations are beneficial or detrimental for assimilation. Based on EFSO, an offline assimilation method is proposed to accelerate the development of data selection strategies for new observing systems. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated with the assimilation of global satellite precipitation data.
09 Aug 2017
Effect of disorder on bulk sound wave speed: a multiscale spectral analysis
Rohit Kumar Shrivastava and Stefan Luding
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 435-454,
Short summary
The article aids the understanding of the propagation of vibration through complex media (e.g., soil). It presents various techniques to better interpret signals (recorded vibrations). The mathematical work done in the article can be utilized for various engineering applications such as oil or mineral exploration, designing materials for shock protection or energy-trapping. The conclusion of the article also mentions some of the ongoing as well as future work related to the research.
07 Aug 2017
Optimal Transport for Variational Data Assimilation
Nelson Feyeux, Arthur Vidard, and Maëlle Nodet
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 2 comments)
07 Aug 2017
Evolution of fractality in magnetized plasmas
Víctor Muñoz, Macarena Domínguez, Juan Alejandro Valdivia, Simon Good, Giuseppina Nigro, and Vincenzo Carbone
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 3 comments)
04 Aug 2017
An upper limit for slow-earthquake zones: self-oscillatory behavior through the Hopf bifurcation mechanism from a spring-block model under lubricated surfaces
Valentina Castellanos-Rodríguez, Eric Campos-Cantón, Rafael Barboza-Gudiño, and Ricardo Femat
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 419-433,
Short summary
A spring-block model is used to determine an upper limit of slow-earthquake zones through study of self-oscillatory behavior with the Hopf bifurcation mechanism. What is the role of fluids in the mechanism of energy dissipation? Are the variations in oscillatory behavior (in the transition zone) due to external forces? What are the limits of parameters for this to occur? The proposed limit makes a difference to oscillatory behavior. Oscillation frequency, L, and fluids are related to results.
04 Aug 2017
A correlation study regarding the AE index and ACE solar wind data for Alfvénic intervals using wavelet decomposition and reconstruction
Fernando L. Guarnieri, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Luis E. A. Vieira, Rajkumar Hajra, Ezequiel Echer, Antony J. Mannucci, and Walter D. Gonzalez
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 2 comments)
Short summary
In this work we developed a method to obtain a time series named as AE* which is well correlated to the geomagnetic AE index. In this process, a wavelets filtering is applied on interplanetary solar wind data from spacecrafts around L1 libration point. This geomagnetic indicator AE* can be obtained well before the AE index release in its final form, and it can be used to feed models for geomagnetic effects, such as the relativistic electrons, giving forecasts with ~ 1 to 2 days in advance.
01 Aug 2017
Characterization of high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events using recurrence quantification analysis
Odim Mendes, Margarete Oliveira Domingues, Ezequiel Echer, Rajkumar Hajra, and Varlei Everton Menconi
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 407-417,
Short summary
The effects of the Sun upon the Earth's atmosphere occur in several ways. Significant electrodynamic coupling processes transfer particles and energy from the solar wind into the Earth's environment. Applied to the dynamical characteristics of high-intensity, long-duration, continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) and non-HILDCAA events, nonlinear analysis tools like RQA aid to unravel peculiarities related to two concurrent space mechanisms known as magnetic reconnection and viscous interaction.
01 Aug 2017
Laboratory and numerical experiments on stem waves due to monochromatic waves along a vertical wall
Sung Bum Yoon, Jong In Lee, Young Taek Kim, and Choong Hun Shin
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summary
· Laboratory and numerical experiments are conducted to investigate stem waves due to incidence of monochromatic waves. · For larger amplitude waves with smaller angle of incidence, the measured data show clearly stem waves. · Increase of wave length due to nonlinearity is responsible for the development of stem waves. · Existence and properties of stem waves found theoretically are fully supported by the physical experiments.
31 Jul 2017
Detecting changes in forced climate attractors with Wasserstein distance
Yoann Robin, Pascal Yiou, and Philippe Naveau
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 393-405,
Short summary
If climate is viewed as a chaotic dynamical system, its trajectories yield on an object called an attractor. Being perturbed by an external forcing, this attractor could be modified. With Wasserstein distance, we estimate on a derived Lorenz model the impact of a forcing similar to climate change. Our approach appears to work with small data sizes. We have obtained a methodology quantifying the deformation of well-known attractors, coherent with the size of data available.
28 Jul 2017
Dynamical properties and extremes of Northern Hemisphere climate fields over the past 60 years
Davide Faranda, Gabriele Messori, M. Carmen Alvarez-Castro, and Pascal Yiou
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: open, 2 comments)
27 Jul 2017
The Onsager–Machlup functional for data assimilation
Nozomi Sugiura
Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss.,
Manuscript under review for NPG
(discussion: final response, 3 comments)
Short summary
When you ask how often an event happens, you should be careful how many states the event represents. The event the sum of the pips of two dice being 2 is rarer than being 6. This should be taken into account in finding the most probable event. With this point in mind, this paper clarifies how to set the objective function to be minimized.
25 Jul 2017
Insights into the three-dimensional Lagrangian geometry of the Antarctic polar vortex
Jezabel Curbelo, Víctor José García-Garrido, Carlos Roberto Mechoso, Ana Maria Mancho, Stephen Wiggins, and Coumba Niang
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 379-392,
Short summary
Lagrangian coherent structures have supported the description of transport processes in fluid dynamics. In this work we use the
function to provide new insights into the 3-D Lagrangian structure of the southern stratosphere. Dynamical systems concepts appropriate to 3-D, such as normally hyperbolic invariant curves, are discussed and applied to describe the vertical extension of the stratospheric polar vortex and its evolution.
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I applied online. I interviewed at Aetna (Plantation, FL) in September 2010.
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KOMP 92.3 FM and The Joint at the Hard Rock in Las Vegas presents Stone Temple Pilots with Chester Bennington.
Stone Temple Pilots were back in Las Vegas for the second time since new vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band, and this time around Bennington was a little more seasoned and definitely owned the stage at the Joint at the Hard Rock for the headlining appearance for Komp Radio's 'Politically Correct Holiday Bash'. From opening strains of "Down" Bennington worked the stage and seemed to never stop moving as he nailed the vocals and gave a memorable performance fronting the new STP. The band is still sticking to a heavy set of STP older material and hits, as the new formation only has an EP out at present and only played a couple songs from it ("Blackheart" and the first single "Out of Time"), but the show was non-stop action and driving rock n roll through to the end. Bennington is still sticking with his home band Linkin Park, but will lead Stone Temple Pilots as the permanent frontman and seems to be right at home at the job. No news as to when this line up with Bennington and the original members brothers Robert and Dean Deleo and drummer Eric Kretz will pen any new material for a full length cd, but the EP is a edgy, solid step in a new direction for the band.
Click the album cover below to check out High Rise on iTunes, and keep up with tour dates and more at Stone Temple Pilots' website http://stonetemplepilots.com/