text:
Difference between creditors and accruals
J'ai accumulй plusieurs crйdits que je souhaiterais regrouper pour en diminuer les mensualitйs en rallongeant leur durйe, зa me simplifierait le quotidien. By: R. You can redeem your collected new credit card rules for business for cash deposits into Constancy brokerage difference between creditors and accruals, Fidelity 529 Faculty Financial savings Plans, Constancy Cash Management accounts, and sure Fidelity retirement accounts (together with conventional and Roth IRAs). The lodging maker often receives no direct monetary profit from the mortgage. The worst-case state of affairs is when a troubled borrower routinely requests credit score score score rating prohibit will enhance in an effort to maintain up an unimaginable credit standing, whereas sustaining their in each other case out-of-attain way of life. They could include beneficial information a thief could use to make purchases on credit has account by way of mail, cellphone, or the Web. 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Make Reservations Today
Food, Glorious Food!
Our philosophy is simple; when premium products and quality ingredients are placed in the hands of a truly gifted culinary master and his team you can let the food speak for itself. We feel that it is important that our guests discover the nuances of a great food and wine pairing experience and discover all the pleasures that the palate has to offer. Join us at our table and taste for yourself.
Over the past ten years our staff at Wineworks For Everyone has firmly established themselves as highly reliable food & wine pairing experts who simply want our clientele to experience the best that food, wine and life has to offer. In 2014, Wineworks For Everyone was recognized as "Outstanding Wine Service Restaurant of The Year" by the Orange County Register.
We invite you personally to visit and enjoy our stylish and atmospheric restaurant, wine bar and wine shop that focuses on an outstanding and noteworthy selection of wines from around the world alongside imaginative fine-dining chef-driven cuisine featuring farm-to-table and locally sourced organic foods. We are proud to provide you with an exceptional opportunity to wine & dine with flair & fun.
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Reservations Encouraged, Walk-ins Welcome

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search Status: Application material received by September 12, 2017 will receive primary consideration.
Saint Francis University, a Division I member of the Northeast Conference, invites applications for the full time position of Athletics Multimedia Services Coordinator. The Athletics Multimedia Services Coordinator is directly responsible to the Director of Athletic Communications to manage all aspects of multimedia initiatives within the athletic department at Saint Francis University.
Bachelor's degree required. A minimum of two years' experience in a video production environment focused on sports, preferably college sports, required. Excellent creative and organizational skills with the ability to work independently and with a broad range of colleagues. A working knowledge of a variety of video hardware and software applications required, preferably, NewTek Tricaster, Adobe Creative Suite, Final Cut Pro and nonlinear editing. Must be available to work evenings and weekends. Must have a commitment to and responsibility for adhering to all rules and regulations of Saint Francis University, the NEC, and the NCAA.
Complete an online application at http://www.francis.edu/employment, then submit letter of application, resume, and names, addresses and phone numbers of three references to: email@example.com.
Saint Francis University is committed to diversity of students, staff, and faculty, and encourages applications from historically underrepresented individuals, women, veterans, and persons with disabilities. AA/EOE


text:
BBC News
France's fight with unions reveals echoes of Revolution
BBC News
France was shocked by scenes from a recent Air France demonstration, which ended with two executives fleeing an angry mob, their shirts and jackets torn to shreds. But what does this headline-grabbing event say about France's relationship with its …
and more >>
Source: france – Google News
Sharing information is key – France News in UK. Social Commerce and Social Media Management playing a big part. Suaju Ltd


text:
The scenes, sightings and stories of 2011
JANUARY What does your old van say about your? | Photo by Orrin Anderson City to silence "bird repeller" after Echo Park neighbors start squawking Are Silver Lake burglars watching their weight? How much would you pay Silver Lake's Five Dollar Guy to go away? Echo Park house undergoes stucco striptease Street sweepers steer clear of Silver Lake street I ... Read More »


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New Delhi, Oct.10 (ANI): Election Commission of India on Saturday prohibited dissemination of results of opinion and exit polls regarding the State Assembly elections to be held in Maharashtra, Haryana and Arunachal Pradesh on Tuesday (Oct.13).
The ban period comes into effect from Sunday (Oct.11) three o'clock in the afternoon and will last till the end of polling on Tuesday (Oct.13) at five o'clock in the evening, the Election Commission stated on Saturday in a official release.
The ECI has stated that as per the Supreme Court guidelines, in case of a single phase election, result of opinion and exit polls carried out at any time, could not be published, publicised or disseminated in any manner during the period of 48 hours ending with the hour fixed for conclusion of poll.
The hour fixed for conclusion of poll in Arunachal Pradesh and in some constituencies of Maharashtra is 3 p.m. whereas in Haryana, the hour fixed for conclusion of poll is 5 p.m., the release stated.
The poll campaigning for over month-long exercise concludes on Sunday. (ANI)


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Mark Clements
Senior Consultant
Mark Clements has more than 35 years of experience providing litigation support, generation expansion planning, production cost modeling, transmission planning, control area operations and design, and general consulting services to electric utilities, the steel industry and fuel suppliers domestically and abroad.
He was on the Board of Directors of the Western Regional Transmission Association and participated in the formation attempts of several ISOs/RTOs. Mr. Clements has testified as an expert witness on resource RFPs, transmission prudency, scheduling, and ancillary service issues in federal cases and in Arizona, Colorado and Kentucky. He studied transfer path loading and loop flow magnitudes to justify new facilities, he led a study team in a regional reliability council to gain approval of the higher transfer limit and wrote CPCNs for these projects. Mr. Clements has a M.S., Electrical Engineering from the University of Colorado, a B.S. in Biology from the University of Colorado and a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Arizona.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 20, 1989
|Filing date
|Feb 22, 1988
|Priority date
|Feb 22, 1988
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Thomas M. Lott
|Original Assignee
|Lott Thomas M
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (5), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to telephone accessory equipment. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hold and dial circuit accessory for attachment across a telephone line to facilitate hands free dialing of a telephone number with a conventional telephone instrument, whether it be rotary dial or DTMF signalling.
Some modern telephone instruments combine the dialing mechanism into the handset, while in others the dialing mechanism or circuit is still in the body of the instrument itself. In placing a call, typically the telephone handset is lifted off of its cradle and held in one hand while the other hand is used to rotate a rotary dial or to depress buttons in a sequence corresponding to the desired number to be reached. Once dialing is completed, the handset is held next to the ear until the call is satisfactorily completed or the dial up effort is abandoned. Often, a call is not completed as when the called party is away, or may be unsatisfactorily completed as to an incorrect number or to an answering machine. Telephone service lines extending from a central office to a subscriber's premises typically provide +48 volts across the tip and ring wire pair thereof whenever the telephone instrument is not in service or is "on hook" or hung up in its cradle. When a telephone instrument is taken off of its cradle or enters an "off hook" condition, a low impedance condition is placed across the tip and ring wire pair, and the central office equipment senses this condition and establishes communications path enabling the telephone instrument to send sequence of pulses or tones corresponding to a telephone number to be reached. During the dialing sequence, electrical transients are typically present across the tip and ring wire pair, and these transients may interfere with conventional hold circuitry which may otherwise be incorporated into the telephone instrument.
Conventionally, hold circuits have employed relays or silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) to bridge a low impedance load across the telephone tip and ring wire pair during instances when the telephone instrument is placed back on hook, thus placing the communications path to which the instrument is connected "on hold". Such circuits may also include visual annunciators such as a flashing light to signal the "hold" condition. However, such circuits have not been intended for use nor have they been effective for use during a dial up sequence to enable hands free monitoring of the dial up process.
Telephone instruments incorporating microphones and loudspeakers, called "speakerphones", have enabled hands free monitoring of the dial up process. However, speakerphones are special instruments integrally incorporating the microphone and loudspeaker, or they are expensive accessory units which require suitable external power supplies and special connections to the telephone instrument.
A hitherto unsolved need has arisen for a low cost hold and dial accessory which may be connected to the telephone instrument without modification thereof and which enables hands free monitoring of a call in progress without need for keeping the telephone instrument next to the ear throughout the dial up sequence.
A general object of the present invention is to provide a low cost hold and dial accessory for a telephone instrument which overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of the prior art.
A hold and dial monitor accessory in accordance with the principles of the present invention is provided for convenient use with a conventional telephone instrument connected across a subscriber service pair extending from a central office. The hold and dial monitor accessory is bridge connected across the telephone service pair and includes a manually actuable and releasable line seize switching circuit and a line hold/power supply circuit for holding a communications loop through the central office. Preferably the line seize switching circuit includes an internally established time constant for automatic release of the line hold circuit, and an audio amplifier and loudspeaking circuit for amplifying audio information present on the telephone service pair during the interval when the line hold circuit is holding the communications loop.
In one aspect of the present invention, the line seize switching circuit, line hold circuit and the audio amplifier and loudspeaking circuit obtain operating power from the central office via the telephone service pair. An electronic power switching circuit included within the line hold circuit is connected across the telephone service pair and selectively applies operating power through the audio amplifier and loudspeaking circuit as an adjunct of its primary function of holding the communications loop.
In a further aspect of the present invention, the electronic power switching circuit comprises a field effect transistor having its source and drain connected in a series path with the audio amplifier and loudspeaking circuit and having its gate circuit responsive to the high impedance line seize switching circuit.
In another aspect of the present invention a zener diode is connected in series with the field effect transistor and a feedback connection is made to the line seize switching circuit so that once the line seize switching circuit has caused the line hold circuit to hold the communications loop, such holding continues until such time as the telephone instrument connected across the telephone subscriber pair is taken off hook, whereupon the internally established time constant of the line seize switching circuit commences to time out holding of the communications loop by the line hold circuit.
In yet another aspect of the present invention a bridge rectifier is connected across the telephone service pair in order to render the accessory insensitive to connection sense of tip and ring wire order of the telephone service pair.
In one more aspect of the present invention, the line seize switching circuit comprises an enhancement mode N channel field effect transistor having its source and drain elements in series connection with a resistor across the tip and ring wires of the telephone service pair and a gate connection selectively connectable to one of the tip and ring wires in order to switch a low impedance of the hold circuit across the tip and ring wires and thereafter selectively connectable to the other of the tip and ring wires in order to release the low impedance hold circuit, there also being a charge storage capacitor and a discharge resistor connected between the gate and the other of the tip and ring wires in order to establish the internally established time constant.
These and other objects, advantages, features and aspects of the present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment, presented in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
In the Drawings:
FIG. 1 depicts a somewhat diagrammatic, isometric view of a hold and dial monitor accessory in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a hold and dial monitor accessory in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 1 a conventional telephone instrument includes a body 10 and a handset 12 containing a transmitter and receiver cradled in a suitable cradle formed by generally U-shaped posts 14 and 16 and connected to the body by a coiled cable 18. A conventional dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) key pad 20 is included in the body 10, and it is used to generate DTMF signalling tones used for dialing telephone numbers. A rotary dial telephone instrument may be used with the present invention with equal satisfaction as the illustrated DTMF instrument.
A modular receptacle (not shown) is provided conventionally in the back of the telephone instrument for conventional connection to the telephone tip and ring line pair extending from the central office (not shown).
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a hold and dial monitor accessory 30 includes a suitable small box-like housing 32, preferably formed of plastic material which has been colored and styled to match the includes a suitable plastic loop fastener pad (not seen in FIG. 1) which mates with a felt pad 34 affixed to a side of the telephone instrument body 10 (typically referred to under the trademark VELCRO). In FIG. 1, the accessory 30 is shown separated from the instrument body 10 for purposes of illustration. In practice, the accessory 30 is physically connected to the body 10 via the fastener pad and felt pad 34. A short connector cable 36 extends from the accessory 30 to the modular receptacle of the instrument body 10, and the line cord 22 plugs into a modular receptacle formed in th back wall of the accessory housing 32.
Several elements of the accessory 30 are manifested at the top of the housing 32. These include a grill for a loudspeaker LS, a "hold" momentary contact pushbutton switch S1, a release or cancel pushbutton switch S2, and an indicator lamp LED. A loudness control VR1 mounted in e.g. the front panel of the housing 32 enables adjustment of loudness.
With reference to FIG. 2 the accessory 30 includes essentially three different circuits, a line seize switching circuit 40, an audio amplifier and loudspeaker circuit 42, and a low impedance providing hold circuit 44. Advantageously, the hold circuit 44 also switches and regulates operating power taken from the tip and ring wire loop through the central office in order to supply such power the audio amplifier and loudspeaker circuit 42.
The line seize switching circuit 40 includes an enhancement mode N channel field effect transistor F1 having a source connected to the tip wire or minus line 46, and a drain connection connected through a 10K ohm resistor R6 to the ring wire or plus line 48, of the line pair 22 (the diode bridge of insensitive to inadvertent polarity reversal between tip and ring wire orientation.
The gate of the transistor F1 is connected to a node 50 including (1) the hold switch S1 which is in turn connected through a 10K ohm resistor R1 to the plus line 48; (2) a large value electrolytic capacitor C1 connected to the minus line 46; (3) a high value discharge resistor R4 connected across the capacitor C1 to establish a time constant of about 3 seconds; and (4) the cancel pushbutton switch S2 connected through a 100 ohm resistor R3 to the minus line 46.
The audio amplifier and loudspeaker circuit 42 includes an isolation transformer T1 having a primary connected to the ring wire and to the tip wire through a series blocking capacitor C2. The secondary winding is bridged by a capacitor C5 and by a variable resistor VR1 having a wiper lead connected to an input of a low power audio amplifier integrated circuit, such as type LM 368 manufactured by National Semiconductor, or equivalent. The wiper sets the loudness level of the amplifier circuit 42. The loudspeaker is connected to an output node of the amplifier circuit through a blocking capacitor C4.
Line holding is provided by the hold circuit 44. Also, operating power is selectively applied through the amplifier circuit 42 via the hold circuit 44. This circuit includes a P channel enhancement mode field effect transistor F2 having a source connected to the plus line 48. The drain of the transistor F2 is connected to a 9.5 volt zener diode Z1 which is in turn connected to the node 50 via a high value resistor R2 and to the indicator lamp LED. The lamp LED is bridged by a small value resistor R5 and is series connected to a choke CH1 which prevents a filter capacitor C3 from bypassing the line audio signal on the plus line 49 directly to the minus line 46.
The choke CH1 is connected to a plus 5.5 volt supply node 52 leading through the integrated circuit amplifier. A 5.5 volt zener diode Z2 and the filter capacitor C3 are connected between the supply node 52 and the minus line 46 to provide regulated and filtered 5.5 volts operating potential to the integrated circuit amplifier.
When the accessory 30 is connected to the telephone instrument as shown in FIG. 1, and the handset 12 is "on hook" as shown in FIG. 1 with the handset 12 in its cradle 14, 16, a DC voltage of approximately 46 volts is developed across the lines 42, 46 at the output of the D1-D4 bridge. When the switch S1 is momentarily depressed, a positive voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor F1 causing it to conduct. When the transistor F1 conducts, its drain essentially approaches the potential of the negative line 46.
Since the gate of the transistor F2 is connected to the drain of the transistor F1, when the drain connection of the transistor F1 approaches the potential of the minus line 46, the transistor F2 also conducts, causing the line to be held and power to be applied to the audio amplifier and loudspeaker circuit 42. The relatively low impedance causes a communications loop to be established by operation of line finder circuitry of the central office.
Since the series path of the power switch 44 is fed back to the gate circuit node 50 of the transistor F1 through the resistor R2, when the transistor F2 conducts, a latching voltage is fed back to the gate 50, and the transistor F1 remains in a conductive state which, in turn, holds the transistor F2 in a conductive state. In this state, the capacitor C1 rapidly charges to the potential at the node 50 and remains charged at that voltage despite the presence of the high value discharge resistor R4.
The line seize switching circuit 40 will cause the line hold circuit 44 to remain latched until the telephone handset 12 is removed from its cradle and a much lower impedance thereby becomes placed across the tip and ring wires of the line 22. This same situation obtains when the handset of any other telephone connected to the line 22 goes off hook. When a handset goes off hook, the telephone line voltage thereupon becomes reduced to between 5 and 9 volts. Since this voltage is below the voltage rating of the zener Z1, it will no longer continue to conduct, and the latching voltage being fed back to the gate node 50 thereupon ceases. At this point, the voltage stored in the capacitor C1 begins to discharge through the resistor R4. The C1-R4 network has a time constant of about 3 seconds, meaning that after about 3 seconds, the transistor F1 ceases to conduct. When the transistor F1 ceases to conduct, the transistor F2 also ceases to conduct, and the line hold circuit 44 thereupon releases the communications loop through the central office.
The hold circuit 44 may also be released instantly by depressing the release or cancel switch S2 which forces the gate of transistor F1 to the potential of the negative line 46, thereby causing the transistor F2 to cease to conduct.
The audio signal on the line 22 is fed to the LM386 amplifier circuit via the capacitor C2 and transformer T1 and reproduced at the loudspeaker LS at a level adjusted by operation of the variable resistor VR1. The loudspeaker is decoupled from the supply voltage of the integrated circuit amplifier on the line 52 by the DC blocking capacitor C4.
To use the accessory 30, the hold button S1 is momentarily depressed, and a dial tone should be heard from the loudspeaker LS. Once dial tone is perceived, the handset is picked up and placed in any convenient position to enable dialing (some handsets have the rotary dial or DTMF pad built into the handset). Since the capacitor C1 begins to release once the handset 12 is taken off hook, the accessory 30 quickly disconnects itself from the line, and will be disconnected before the end of the dialing sequence.
Once dialing is completed, the hold button S1 is again depressed, recharging the capacitor C1, and the handset 12 is returned to its cradle 14, 16, before the end of the three second discharge time of C1. The hold circuit is thus activated and the line activity following dialing will then be annunciated through the loudspeaker LS at a level determined by the setting of the volume control VR1.
If the called party line is busy, the busy signal will be heard via the loudspeaker, and the dial up sequence may be terminated by depressing the release button S2. If the ringing continues with no reply, the sequence may also be terminated by depressing the release button S2. If a recorded message of an answering machine is annunciated via the loudspeaker, the calling party is free to pick up the handset 12 if instructed to leave a message, or stay listening to the line until an individual answers the called party telephone at which time the calling party picks up the handset 12. If the called party picks up the handset, then the calling party picks up the handset 12 and engages in using the telephone instrument 10 in conventional fashion. In all these last three cases the call is completed by returning the handset 12 to its cradle 14, 16.
Thus, it will be apparent that the accessory 30 enables the calling party to engage in hands-free dialing and monitoring of the call in progress without need to hold the handset next to the ear. Once the called party is satisfactorily reached, the accessory 30 quickly disconnects from the line 22 and remains inert during continued use of the telephone throughout the remainder of the call.
To those skilled in the art, many widely differing implementations and embodiments of this invention will be suggested from the foregoing description illustrative of a presently preferred embodiment thereof. Nothing herein is intended to be limiting of the scope of the present invention which is more particularly defined by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 12, 1982
|Oct 2, 1984
|International Quartz Ltd.
|Repertory automatic telephone dialing apparatus wherein a name and telephone number are searched by depressing one or more letter code keys
|Dec 13, 1982
|Jan 29, 1985
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Handsfree telephone instrument using digital dial
|Aug 25, 1983
|Jul 16, 1985
|Gte Business Communication Systems Inc.
|Subscribers telephone hold circuit with automatic disconnect
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 24, 1989
|Jul 14, 1992
|Herbert Waldman
|Hold circuits for telephone systems
|May 14, 1991
|Jul 6, 1993
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Adjustable integrated/discrete-element line current controller in a telephone set
|Oct 25, 1993
|Mar 7, 1995
|General Research Of Electronics, Inc.
|Telephone answering system
|Feb 28, 1996
|Feb 4, 1997
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Integrated loop current detector apparatus for a PSTN modem
|Feb 18, 1997
|Sep 4, 1997
|Paradyne Corporation
|Integrated loop current detector apparatus for a pstn modem
|U.S. Classification
|379/352, 379/393
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 19, 1993
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 20, 1993
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 7, 1993
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19930620


text:
Tag Archives: Black Friday
CleanItSupply.com Cyber Monday Savings Spectacular!
With each passing year, more and more shoppers are leaving Black Friday behind in favor of it's online counterpart: Cyber Monday. This new trend is quickly changing how customers shop, altering the frantic pace of the in-person shopping experience, taking … Continue reading


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LGBTQ+ is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientations and romantic orientations that experience discrimination.
This stands for 'lesbian' – women who are exclusively attracted to other women.
This stands for 'gay'. It can refer specifically to men who are exclusively attracted to other men, it can refer to anyone who is attracted to the same gender, or it can be used as an umbrella term to encompass all LGBTQ+ people. While some people may be happy to be grouped under gay as an umbrella term, others may feel it sidelines other identities, so please be careful not to refer to people or groups as gay without their permission.
This stands for 'bi*', which refers to both bisexual and biromantic. The star is there to indicate that other identities can be grouped under bi, such as pan, but it should be recognised that these are independent identities rather than subsections of bi.
Trans* is an umbrella term for people who don't identify with the gender assigned to them at birth. The star is there to indicate that non-binary identities are included under the umbrella.
Queer can be a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure about using more specific terms, or those who simply don't wish to label themselves and prefer to use a broader umbrella term. It may also be helpful for people who identify as multiple identities within LGBTQ+, as they can refer to themselves as queer rather than listing multiple identities.
Queer can also encompass identities that aren't LGBT+ in cases where people feel they do not fit within typical straight, cis, monogamous norms.
The plus is there to recognise that many identities are not explicitly represented by the letters, including (but not limited to) intersex, asexual, and aromantic.


text:
Hey everybody
So I went down on the right side and bent my bar. When I picked the bike up I had no pressure on my front brake. I would squeeze the brake and the front caliper would compress but only when the lever was at the handle bar.
I bought the piston rebuild kit and rebuilt it. I then hooked a syring to the bottom bleed screw and pulled about a full bottle of brake fluid through it. My buddy was pouring it in the master cylinder as I pulled it out the screw.
Nothing...nada...no pressure at all afterward.
Any suggestions??


text:
Alternative Dispute Resolution is a mechanism by which different types of legal disputes are resolved through out-of-court processes like arbitration, and mediation as an alternative to civil litigation. ADR methods can be effective in reducing the time, money, and adversarial nature associated with traditional court-based proceedings.
Harris is a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,121 at the 2000 census. It was named after Philip S. Harris, an officer of the St. Paul – Duluth Railroad Company. Interstate 35 serves as a main arterial route for the community.
Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers In Harris Minnesota


text:
LivingMillennials Spend More Time Planning Brunch Than They Do Looking for a DateMuch like modern dating, eating out comes with a staggering array of choices. Young people are poring over menus and restaurant apps preparing for their next meal, but finding a place to eat on your phone is even easier than finding a date
Most Popular on TIME
All products and services featured are based solely on editorial selection. TIME may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website.


text:
"Show your friends you like to play Spider Solitaire!"
Please wait for the game to download...
In this solitaire card game you can choose your difficulty
Spider Casual one suit.
Spider Solitaire Regular with two suits.
Solitaire Expert with four suits.
Main Category: Solitaire
Secondary Categories: Card Games
Content Rating: Everyone
Keyword; Cards, Spider, Game.


text:
Campaign from Nossa, Lisbon for Bertrand, the most historical and the oldest bookstore in Portugal. Bertrand organized two special actions dedicated to two authors: Jorge Luis Borges and Vergílio Ferreira. During these actions, there were great discounts on all the books of the writers, reading sessions and debates about them.
Print advertisment created by Nossa, Portugal for Bertrand, within the category: Retail Services.
Creative Director: Nuno Cardoso
Art Director: Tiago Prandi
Copywriter: Rui Simões
Illustrator: Andre Kano
Account manager: Rita Fialho
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text:
On average, listings lease in the $40's per square foot per year. The Los Gatos submarket is seeing a decrease in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate fell $7 per sqft per year. That's a 14% decrease in rent.
Compared to the rest of the Silicon Valley market, the Los Gatos region has lower rates, so you should have no trouble finding a great deal in this discounted region.
In the last 90 days, 129 listings have been listed, so you'll want to check back regularly for new listings. About 5% of the available space in the Los Gatos are subleases, so you will probably need to consider the implications of signing a direct lease with the building. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet available, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around 1,140 sqft. Most buildings in this area are approximately 2 stories. Most buildings in this area were built in 1982 and are Class B.
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Los Gatos.
Get email notifications when new listings are posted that match your requirements.


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Welcome to Avon & Zodiac Survival
Carefully designed to maximize safety and comfort, this long established range has a rich heritage and is continually updated to meet the latest standards.
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Intel® RAID Controller Write Back Cache Policy Setting During BBU Charge Cycle for Intel® Server Boards and Systems
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Negative feedback is common in biological processes and can increase a system's stability to internal and external perturbations. But at the molecular level, control loops always involve signaling steps with finite rates for random births and deaths of individual molecules. By developing mathematical tools that merge control and information theory with physical chemistry we show that seemingly mild constraints on these rates place severe limits on the ability to suppress molecular fluctuations. Specifically, the minimum standard deviation in abundances decreases with the quartic root of the number of signaling events, making it extraordinarily expensive to increase accuracy. Our results are formulated in terms of experimental observables, and existing data show that cells use brute force when noise suppression is essential, e.g. transcribing regulatory genes 10,000s of times per cell cycle. The theory challenges conventional beliefs about biochemical accuracy and presents an approach to rigorously analyze poorly characterized biological systems.
Life in the cell is a complex battle between randomizing and correcting statistical forces: births and deaths of individual molecules create spontaneous fluctuations in abundances1,2,3,4 – noise – while many control circuits have evolved to eliminate, tolerate or exploit the noise5,6,7,8. The net outcome is difficult to predict because each control circuit in turn consists of probabilistic chemical reactions. For example, negative feedback loops can compensate for changes in abundances by adjusting the rates of synthesis or degradation7, but such adjustments are only certain to suppress noise if the individual deviations immediately and surely affect the rates5. Even the simplest transcriptional autorepression by contrast involves gene activation, transcription and translation, introducing intermediate probabilistic events that can randomize or destabilize control. Negative feedback may thus either suppress or amplify fluctuations depending on the exact mechanisms, reaction steps and parameters9 – details that are difficult to characterize at the single cell level and that differ greatly from system to system. This raises a fundamental question: to what extent is biological noise inevitable and to what extent can it be controlled? Could evolution simply favor networks – however elaborate or ingeniously designed – that enable cells to homeostatically suppress any disadvantageous noise, or does the nature of the mechanisms impose inherent constraints that cannot be overcome?
To address this question without oversimplifying or guessing at the complexity of cells, we consider a chemical species X1 that affects the production of a second species X2, which in turn indirectly controls the production of X1 via an arbitrarily complicated reaction network with any number of components, nonlinear reaction rates, or spatial effects (Fig. 1). For generality, we only specify three of the chemical events of the larger network:
where x1 and x2 are numbers of molecules per cell, the birth and death rates are probabilistic reaction intensities, τ1 is the average lifetime of X1 molecules, f is a specified rate function, and the unspecified control network allows u to be dynamically and arbitrarily set by the full time history of X2 values. Death events for X2 are omitted because the results we derive rigorously hold for all types and rates of X2 degradation mechanisms, as long as they do not depend on X1. The generality of u and f allows X1 to represent many different biological species: an mRNA with X2 as the corresponding protein, a protein with X2 as either its own mRNA or an mRNA downstream in the control pathway, an enzyme with X2 as a product, or a self-replicating DNA with X2 as a replication control molecule.
The arbitrary birth rate u represents a hypothetical 'control demon' that knows everything about past and present values of x2 and uses this information to minimize the variance in x1. This corresponds to an optimal reaction network capable of any type of time-integration, frequency-based control, spatially extended dynamics, or other exotic actions. The sole restriction is that the control system depends on x1 only via reaction (iii), an example of a common chemical signaling relay where a concentration determines a rate. Because individual X2 birth events are probabilistic, some information about X1 is then inevitably and irrecoverably lost and the current value of X1 cannot be perfectly inferred from the X2 time-series. Specifically, the number of X2 birth events in a short time period is on average proportional to f(x1), with a statistical uncertainty that depends on the average number of events. If x1 remained constant, the uncertainty could be arbitrarily reduced by integrating over a longer time, but because it keeps changing randomly on a time scale set by τ1, integration can only help so much. The problem is thus equivalent to determining the strength of a weak light source by counting photons: each photon emission is probabilistic, and if the light waxes and wanes, counts from the past carry little information about the current strength. The otherwise omniscient control demon thus cannot know the exact state of the component it is trying to control.
We then quantify how finite signaling rates restrict noise suppression, without linearizing or otherwise approximating the control systems, by analytically deriving a feedback-invariant upper limit on the mutual information10 between X1 and X2 – an information-theoretic entropic measure for how much knowing one variable reduces uncertainty about another – and derive lower bounds on variances in terms of this limit. We use a continuous stochastic differential equation for the dynamics of species X1, an approximation that makes it easier to extend the results to more contexts and processes, but keep the signaling and control processes discrete. After considerable dust has settled, this theory (summarized in Box 1 and detailed in the Supplementary Information, SI) allows us to calculate fundamental lower bounds on variances.
Statistical uncertainties and dependencies are often measured by variances and correlation coefficients, but both uncertainty and dependence can also be defined purely in terms of probabilities (pi), without considering the actual states of the system. The Shannon entropy H (X) = Σpilogpi measures inherent uncertainty rather than how different the outcomes are, and the mutual information between random variables I (X1; X2) = H (X1)–H (X1|X2) measures how much knowing one variable reduces entropic uncertainty in another, regardless of how their outcomes may correlate10,27. Despite the fundamental differences between these measures, however, there are several points of contact that can be used to predict limits on stochastic behavior.
First, because imperfectly estimating the state of a system fundamentally restricts the ability to control it (SI), there is a hard bound on variances whenever there is incomplete mutual information between the signal X2 and the controlled variable X1. We quantify the bound by means of Pinsker's nonanticipatory epsilon entropy28, a rarely utilized information-theoretic concept that exploits the fact that the transmission of information in a feedback system must occur in real time. This shows (SI) how an upper bound on the mutual information I (X1; X2) – i.e. a limited Shannon capacity in the channel from X1 to X2 – imposes a lower bound on the mean squared estimation error E (X11)2, where the 'estimator' 1 is an arbitrary function of the discrete signal X2 time series and the X1 dynamics at equilibrium is described by a stochastic differential equation. Since the capacity of the molecular channels we consider is not increased by feedback, this results in a lower limit in the variance of X1, in terms of the channel capacity C, that holds for arbitrary feedback control laws: .
Second, the Shannon capacity is potentially unlimited when information is sent over point process 'Poisson channels'29, , as in stochastic reaction networks where a controlled variable affects the rate of a probabilistic signaling event. However, infinite capacity requires that the rate f (x1) is unrestricted and thus that X1 is unrestricted – contrary to the purpose of control. Here we consider two types of restrictions. First, if the rate has an upper limit fmax it follows30 that C=K<f> where K= log(fmax/<f>). The channel capacity then equals the average intensity multiplied by the natural logarithm of the effective dynamic range fmax/<f>, and the noise bound follows . This allows for any nonlinear function f (x1) but, for specific functions, restricting the variance in x1 can further reduce the capacity. For example, we analytically show that the capacity of the generic Poisson channel subject to mean and variance constraints follows . Having less noise in x1will reduce the variance in f and thereby make it harder to transmit the information that is fundamentally required to reduce noise. Combining this expression for the channel capacity with the feedback limit above reveals hard limits beyond which no improvements can be made: any further reduction in the variance would require a higher mutual information, which is impossible to achieve without instead increasing the variance. When f is linear in x1 this produces the result in Eq. (2). Analogous calculations allow us to derive capacity and noise results when f is a Hill function, or for processes with bursts, extrinsic noise, parallel channels, and cascades (SI). Finite channel capacities are the only fundamental constraints considered here, so at infinite capacity perfect noise suppression is possible by construction.
When the rate of making X2 is proportional to X1, f =αx1, for example when X1 is a template or enzyme producing X2, the hard lower bound on the (squared) relative standard deviation created by the loss of information follows:
where <…> denotes population averages and N1 = <u>τ1 = <x1> and N2 = α<x1>τ1 are the numbers of birth events of X1 and X2 made on average during time τ1. Thus no control network can significantly reduce noise when the signal X2 is made less frequently than the controlled component. When the signal is made more frequently than the controlled component, the minimal relative standard deviation (square root of Eq. (2)) at most decreases with the quartic root of the number of signal birth events. Reducing the standard deviation of X1 10-fold thus requires that the signal X2 is made at least 10,000 times more frequently. This makes it hard to achieve high precision, and practically impossible to achieve extreme precision, even for the slowest changing X1 in the cell where the signals X2 may be faster in comparison.
Systems with nonlinear amplification before the infrequent signaling step are also subject to bounds. For arbitrary nonlinear encoding where f is an arbitrary functional of the whole x1 time history – corresponding to a second control demon between X1 and X2 – the quartic root limit turns into a type of square root limit (Box 1 and SI). However, gene regulatory functions typically saturate at full activation or leak at full repression, as the generalized Hill function with K1<K2. Here X1 may be an activator or repressor, and X2 an mRNA encoding either X1 or a downstream protein. Without linearizing f or restricting the control demon, an extension of the methods above (SI) reveals similar quartic root bounds as in Eq. (2), with the difference that N2 is replaced by γN2,max where γ is on the order of one in a wide range of biologically relevant parameters (SI), and N2,max= vτ1 = N2 v/<f>. Cells can then produce much fewer signal molecules without reducing the information transfer, depending on the maximal rate increase v/<f>, but the quartic root effect still strongly dampens the impact on the noise limit. If X2 is an mRNA, N2,max is also limited because transcription events tend to be relatively rare even for fully expressed genes.
Many biological systems show much greater fluctuations due to upstream sources of noise, or sudden 'bursts' of synthesis4,11,12. If X1 molecules are made or degraded in bursts (size b1, averaged over births and deaths) there is much more noise to suppress, and if signal molecules X2 are produced in bursts (size b2) each independent burst only counts as a single signaling event in terms of the Shannon information transfer, and:
The effective average number of molecules or events is thus reduced by the size of the burst, which can increase the noise limits greatly in many biological systems. The effect of slower upstream fluctuations in turn depends on their time-scales, how they affect the system, and whether or not the control system can monitor the source of such noise directly. If noise in the X1 birth rate is extrinsic to X1 but not directly accessible by the controller, the predicted noise suppression limits can follow similar quartic root principles for both fast and slow extrinsic noise, while for intermediate time-scales the power-law is between 3/8 and ¼ (SI, and Fig 2).
Signaling in the cell typically involves numerous components that change in probabilistic events with finite rates. Information about upstream states is then progressively lost at each step much like a game of 'broken telephone' where messages are imperfectly whispered from person to person. If each signaling component Xi+1 decays exponentially and is produced at rate αixi, an extension of the theory (SI) shows that if a control demon monitors Xn+1 and controls X1, N2 above is replaced by
where Nj is the average number of birth events (or bursts, as in Eq. (3)) of species j during time period τ1. Information transfer in cascades is thus limited by the components made in the lowest numbers, and because the total average number of birth events over the n steps obeys Ntot≥n2Neff, a five-step linear cascade requires at least 25 times more birth events to maintain the same capacity to suppress noise as a single-step mechanism. This effect of information loss is superficially similar to noise propagation where variation in inputs cause variation in outputs, but though both effects reflect the probabilistic nature of infrequent reactions, the governing principles are very different. In fact, the mechanisms for preventing noise propagation – such as time-averaging or kinetic robustness to upstream changes6 – cause a greater loss of information, while mechanisms that minimize information losses – such as all-or-nothing nonlinear effects13 – instead amplify noise. Large variation in signaling intermediates is thus not necessarily a sign of reduced precision but could reflect strategies to minimize information loss, which in turn allows tighter control of downstream components.
The rapid loss of information in cascades also suggests another trade-off: effective control requires a combination of appropriately nonlinear responses and small information losses, but nonlinear amplification in turn requires multiple chemical reactions with a loss of information at each step. The actual bounds may thus be much more restrictive than predicted above, where assuming Hill functions or arbitrary control networks conceals this trade-off. One of the greatest challenges in the cell may be to generate appropriately nonlinear reaction rates without losing too much information along the way.
Parallel signal and control systems can instead improve noise suppression, since each signaling pathway contributes independent information about the upstream state. However, for a given total number of signaling events, parallel control cannot possibly reduce noise below the limits above: the loss of information is determined only by the total frequency of the signaling events, not their physical nature. The analyses above in fact implicitly allow for arbitrarily parallel control with f interpreted as the total rate of making control molecules affected directly by X1 (SI).
The results above paint a grim picture for suppression of molecular noise. At first glance this seems contradicted by a wealth of biological counterexamples: molecules are often present in low numbers, signaling cascades where one component affects the rates of another are ubiquitous, and yet many processes are extremely precise. How is this possible if the limits apply universally? First, the transmission of chemical information is not fundamentally limited by the number of molecules present at any given time, but by the number of chemical events integrated over the time-scale of control (i.e., by N2 rather than <x2> above). Second, most processes that have been studied quantitatively in single cells do in fact show large variation, and the anecdotal view of cells as microscopic-yet-precise largely comes from a few central processes where cells can afford a very high number of chemical events at each step, often using post-translational signaling cascades. Just like gravity places energetic and mechanistic constraints on flight but does not confine all organisms to the surface of the earth, the rapid loss of information in chemical networks places hard constraints on molecular control circuits but does not make any level of precision inherently impossible.
It can also be tempting to dismiss physical constraints simply because life seems fine despite them. For example, many cellular processes operate with a great deal of stochastic variation, and central pathways seem able to achieve sufficiently high precision. But such arguments are almost circular. The existence of flight does not make gravity irrelevant, nor do winged creatures simply fly sufficiently well. The challenges are instead to understand the trade-offs involved: what performances are selectively advantageous given the associated costs, and how small fitness differences are selectively relevant?
To illustrate the biological consequences of imperfect signaling we consider systems that must suppress noise for survival and must relay signals through gene expression, where chemical information is lost due to infrequent activation, transcription, and translation. The best characterized examples are the homeostatic copy number control mechanisms of bacterial plasmids that reduce the risk of plasmid loss at cell division. These have been described much like the example above with X1 as plasmids and X2 as plasmid-expressed inhibitors5, except that plasmids self-replicate with rate u(t)x1 and therefore are bound by the quartic root limit for all values of N1 and N2 (SI, Fig. 2). To identify the mechanistic constraints when X1 production is directly inhibited by X2, rather than by a control demon that is infinitely fast and that delivers the optimal response to every perturbation, we consider a closed toy model:
where X1 degradation is a proxy for partitioning at cell division, and the rate of making X2 is proportional to X1 because each plasmid copy encodes a gene for X2. We then use the logarithmic gains6,14 H12 = −lnu/lnx2 and to quantify the percentage responses in rates to percentage changes in levels without specifying the exact rate functions. Parameter H12 is similar to a Hill coefficient of inhibition, and H22 determines how X2 affects its own rates, increasing when it is negatively auto-regulated and decreasing when it is degraded by saturated enzymes. The ratio H12/H22 is thus a total gain, corresponding to the eventual percentage response in u to a percentage change in x1. With τ2 as the average lifetime of X2 molecules, stationary fluctuation-dissipation approximations6,15 (linearizing responses, SI) then give:
where the limit holds for all Hij and τi (SI). This reflects a classic trade-off in control theory: higher total gain suppresses spontaneous fluctuations in X1 but amplifies the transmitted fluctuations from X2 to X1. Numerical analysis confirms that even a Hill-type inhibition function u can get close to the limit (not shown), and thus that direct inhibition can do almost as well as a control demon. However, the parameter requirements can be extreme: the signal molecules must be very short-lived, and the optimal gain may be so high that introducing any delays or 'extrinsic' fluctuations6,16 would destabilize the dynamics. Regardless of the inhibition control network, plasmids thus need to express inhibitors at extraordinarily high rates, and generate strongly nonlinear feedback responses without introducing signaling cascades. Most plasmids indeed take these strategies to the extreme, for example transcribing control genes tens of thousands of times per cell cycle using several gene copies and some of the strongest promoters known. Some plasmids also eliminate many of the cascade steps inherent in gene expression, using small regulatory RNAs, and still create highly nonlinear responses using proofreading-type mechanisms (Fig. 3, left). Others partially avoid indirect control by ensuring that the plasmid copies themselves prevent each others' replication (Fig. 3, right), or suppress noise without closing control loops17,18 by changing the Poisson nature of the X1 and X2 chemical events (Eq. (1)). Though such schemes may have limited effects on variances11, some plasmids seem to take advantage of them5.
Several recent studies have generalized control-theoretic notions19,20 or applied them to biology21,22. Others have demonstrated physical limits on the accuracy of cellular signaling13,23,24,25, for example using fluctuation-dissipation approximations to predict estimation errors associated with a constant number of diffusing molecules hitting a biological sensor26. Interestingly, the latter show that the minimal relative error decreases with the square root of the number of events, regardless of detection mechanism. Some studies have also analyzed the information transfer capacity of open-loop molecular systems25, or extracted valuable insights from Gaussian small-noise approximations. Here we extend these works by developing exact mathematical methods for arbitrarily complex and nonlinear real-time feedback control of a dynamic process of noisy synthesis and degradation. In such systems, the minimal error decreases with the quartic root of the integer number of signaling events, making a decent job 16 times harder than a half-decent job. This perhaps explains why there is so much biochemical noise – correcting it would just be too costly – but also constrains other aspects of life in the cell. For example, the noise levels may increase or decrease along signaling cascades, depending on the kinetic details at each step, but information about upstream states is always progressively and irreversibly lost. Though it is tempting to believe that large reaction networks are capable of almost anything if the rates are suitably nonlinear, the opposite perspective may thus be more appropriate: having more steps where one component affects the rates of another creates more opportunities for losing information and fundamentally prevents more types of behaviors. While awaiting the detailed models that predict what single cells actually do – which require every probabilistic chemical step to be well characterized – fusing control and information theory with stochastic kinetics thus provides a useful starting point: predicting what cells cannot do.
This research was supported by the BBSRC under grant BB/C008073/1, by the National Science Foundation Grants DMS-074876-0 and CAREER 0720056, and by grants GM081563-02 and GM068763-06 from the National Institutes of Health.
Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature
Author contributions The three authors (I.L., G.V., and J.P.) contributed equally, and all conceived the study, derived the equations, and wrote the paper.
Author information Reprints and permissions information is available at npg.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Description: Jason is pretty busy these days behind the camera so it's good to see him back on film for this week's update. He's teamed up with Garrett Cooper in footy socks, jock straps and baseball caps for a hot romp in a cold Boston.|
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Casey {tiny fashionista}
Created by Tracey Malnofsk and Joslyn Nielson.
Casey measures approximately 2.25″ x 3.5″.
"Happy Birthday to my favorite diva" sentiment measures approximately .5″ x 1.5″.
"to my favorite little lady" sentiment measures approximately .25″ x 2.25″.
All Unity Stamps are pre-cut, mounted on cling foam and ready to use right out of the package – you can mount our stamps on any acrylic block.
Unity is known for its HIGH QUALITY red rubber stamp – to be used for years to come.


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Southern Adventist University course registration
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
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Get info about Southern Adventist University course registration, and registering for elective discussion sections and seminars. As a student, your first stop should be the registrar's office, where you can pick up a free copy of both the academic calendar and course catalog, in order to find available credit classes that you may be interested in taking. You may be surprised that you can enroll for a full-time course load, without having to attend any 8am classes at all. Finally, check with the admissions office for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Southern Adventist University class registration information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Southern Adventist University.
Research demonstrates that college freshman taking a full courseload go on to complete their degrees at a much higher rate than those students who study part-time. When choosing a major, plan ahead and be sure that you are picking courses that will meet transfer requirements of other colleges and universities later on. Further, by choosing your major early, you may be able to take some required core classes in a community college, saving both time and tuition fees.
Look at all the schools in your state first, as in-state tuition may be lower for state residents. The course catalog will outline which classes are required for a particular major, and what minimum GPA you'll need to maintain your class standing. Please contact the academic advising staff at the school you are interested in applying to about their specific course registration guidelines. Beyond degree requirements such as Southern Adventist University course registration, you may consider Northwest Iowa Community College quiz bowl for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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Lehman College
And advising prospective applicants on the graduate admissions process and opportunities at the College. Supervise Graduate College Work Study students.
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Grand Canyon University
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University of Maryland University College
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Thursday, February 23, 2012
Opinion: Trusting your local community
There are two types of Latinos in Philadelphia. There's those that stay in the barrio (neighborhood) and won't leave and then those that don't want to associate themselves and love Center City. Don't get me wrong, there's nothing wrong with either, but why can't you do both? The best is when at a young age and in college, no one really cares who you are. "Oh you're an intern? What can you do? He/she won't last. What's the point?" These are just some of the countless things people say to young people. The idea to trust people as you get older gets slimmer and slimmer.
Even during community meetings (which I attend rarely), there is a negative feeling in the air. When someone brings a new idea, no one likes it. When someone has a second opinion, no one listens. The mentality of the older generation has not been too kind over the years. I'm not saying everyone is like this, I just want to see change in our community. The mentality that one Latino culture is better than the other is getting old...real old. The years to come shall be interesting considering the change throughout the U.S. We shall see.
Posted by Eric Cortes at 2/23/2012 11:48:00 PM
Labels: latinos, navaja, philadelphia
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My website is about to become overwhelmed (in the very best way, of course!) with wedding photos, but before I do that, I want to share with you some fun shots of a great show I photographed the other night. The evening started out with Kelley Mickwee serenading us and moved on to Elijah Ford and then Marc Ford. This evening at Threadgill's wrapped up a seven-week, 12-million-mile tour which also started in Austin at The Sahara Lounge (you can see my photos from that show here).
You can listen to Marc's album HERE on itunes (my favorite song from the album is In You).
I hope you all enjoy these photos as much as I enjoyed taking them, and if you'd like to know more about me, my photography, or my availability for live shows, portraits, or weddings, please contact me using the CONTACT button above.
And my very favorite shot from the night (although I'm pretty keen on the two just above this one).


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Seeking pure democracy
Seeking pure democracy
Graham Warburton's own definition of democracy ('Definition of democracy', April 2) - 'political power exercised [by the people] directly or given to elected representatives' - implies there are forms of democracy besides governance through elected representatives.
Also, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 'pure democracy' means 'democracy in which the power is exercised directly by the people rather than through representatives'. But all this misses the point - universal suffrage alone is not enough.
I believe that, at the end of the day, 'pure democracy' is not achievable and we will have to accept some form of universal suffrage as our means of electing representatives. However, this should just be the beginning of the process. As supporters of democracy, it is not only our responsibility to cast our votes but our duty to ensure that our views are accurately represented.
There are many well-established mechanisms to do so. One is the system of initiative and referendum, where the former allows the public to introduce measures and amendments to legislation to go to the people for a vote, and the latter allows acts of the elected legislature to be put to a popular vote. Another is that of ratifiers. In this system, members of a small percentage (studies say 1 per cent is adequate) of the electorate are randomly selected to serve as ratifiers on yearly terms to vote on bills passed by the legislature.
While national referendums are a regular event among the world's democracies, these mechanisms are by no means automatic in universal suffrage. Only five major democracies have never had a national referendum - the US is one of them. On the other hand, Switzerland holds four national referendums a year.
Have you ever heard Hong Kong's 'democrats' discuss this important aspect of representative democracy? To tell the public that universal suffrage is democracy is misleading, to say the least. If the Hong Kong public truly want democracy, they must demand more.
JOSEPH WONG, City University of Hong Kong
Show business
Actors use stage names and writers pen-names, so why shouldn't stock market analysts who double as media columnists use pseudonyms? After all, I thought most people understood that they are also in the entertainment business. I thought the Securities and Futures Commission had more important issues to attend to.
ROGER EMMERTON, Mid-Levels
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The hot topic on campus? Forget affirmative action, academic freedom or grade inflation. What really heats up students these days is trying to find a parking spot.
University of Alabama sophomore Josh Boyd is among those frustrated with the parking situation on campus.
"I have to leave very early every morning just to hope to find a parking place," said Boyd, who lives off campus.
"It's ridiculous."
The parking problem at UA is worse this fall because of a record enrollment of more than 20,000 students, said Ronnie Robertson, assistant director of transportation services and parking.
"We always have some problems at the beginning of the year, but it tends to work itself out," he said.
Robertson said students realize after weeks of parking frustration at the beginning of each school year that they can't drive from class to class. So they begin to park in one spot and walk to each class.
"People just don't want to park in outlying areas, and I understand that, but not everyone can park by the door of their classroom," he said. "If you go to downtown Tuscaloosa, there's no parking in front of the store you want to go to."
UA has 14,890 parking spaces for more than 20,000 students and more than 3,000 faculty members. About 18,409 parking decals were issued this year.
The ratio of decals to parking spaces is worse at Auburn University, where about 10,300 spaces serve 18,000 student, faculty and staff permits.
Matt Collins, a fifth-year senior, joked that when a student walks into a parking lot at Auburn, a car usually follows them -- not to make a pass, but to get their spot.
"That tells you how bad it is," Collins said.
Other universities have similar problems. Louisiana State University has 21,500 spaces for 32,000 students. Penn State has 13,000 spaces for 42,000 students.
"All universities have more students than they have parking spaces," Robertson said.
If universities had an even ratio of parking spots and students, then/sparking lots would be half empty most of the time because not all students are on campus at the same time, Robertson said.
With more undergraduates bringing cars to campus, students are getting irked over costly permits and parking violations.
Some universities reap millions of dollars from fees and fines but must deal with traffic congestion and complaints.
UA freshman Lora Allen said she's already paid several fines for illegal parking since classes began last month.
"I'd rather have to pay $5 than be late for class," she said.
But those fines can add up. Robertson said only the first fine is $5. The next four fines are $10, and the sixth and subsequent fines are $25.
On the seventh fine, a wheel lock is put on the illegally parked car and the owner must walk to the transportation services building to pay the fine and get the lock taken off the vehicle.
Robertson said car owners paid $674,574 in parking fines at UA last year.
Following a recommendation by UA's traffic and parking committee, the transportation department implemented a new program this year which requires freshmen to park only in those zones on campus designated as parking for all decals. Most of these lots are on the fringe areas of campus or behind Parker-Adams Hall, a freshman dormitory.
Allen said she keeps her car parked behind the hall.
"I can't go out during certain times of the day because there are no parking spaces when I get back," she said.
To alleviate current woes and plan for future growth, UA officials plan to build a new parking deck and expand two existing ones.
Bids were let recently for a new deck to be built on Campus Drive, across from Shelby Hall. The deck is scheduled to be completed by spring 2005 and will add 620 parking spaces.
Bids also were let for a horizontal expansion of the parking deck near the Ferguson Center. The expansion will add 525 parking spaces in fall 2004.
The cost of the two projects is expected to be just more than $10 million, Robertson said.
An expansion of the parking deck near ten Hoor Hall is in the design phase, Robertson said. That project will probably add another 500 parking spots, he said.
For now, Robertson said students can use other methods to get to class.
"Hopefully, they'll start to use the Tuscaloosa Trolley more, ride their bicycles or walk to class," he said.
Sophomore Tony Dreher agrees that some of the congestion problems can be prevented. He lives near campus, on Broad Street, and rides his bicycle to class.
"It's mostly people who use their car unnecessarily causing the problems," he said.
Material from The Associated Press was used in this report.


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Klobuchar staff in Willmar Monday for farm bill meeting
WILLMAR -- Staff members from the office of U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., will be in Willmar at 11 a.m. Monday at Ridgewater College, Agriculture Fourplex, to take comments from farmers and residents on the 2008 farm bill and to look ahead to reauthorization in 2012.
Forums were held last week in Austin and Mankato and others are planned, including a meeting at 3 p.m. Monday in the Ag Country Room at the West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris.
"This is an important opportunity to hear directly from Minnesota farmers and rural residents. We need to know what's working, and what's not, with implementation of the 2008 farm bill so we can make improvements when it comes up for reauthorization in 2012,'' said, Klobuchar, a member of the Senate Agriculture Committee.
Dave Frederickson, a native of Murdock and Klobuchar's agriculture and rural issues outreach director, will participate.


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old wips finished....r34 skyline and jdm integra lots of pic
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