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http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/issue/feed The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences 2016-04-27T16:39:56+0430 Editorial Office firstname.lastname@example.com Open Journal Systems
The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences (TJANRS) is an international scientific journal and publishes original papers, short communications, reviews and etc.

The journal covers all related topics of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences. Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences including:

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Other related topics Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences

 http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/218 Challenges Relating to Application of Some Agricultural Innovation in Elgouz Locality, South Kordofan State, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Mohammed Adam Abbas Abbas Hamad firstname.lastname@example.com Salim Abdelgadir Mohamed email@example.com yahia ibrahim abutaba firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT The idea of this topic was produced due to the importance of the agricultural innovation in increasing productivity in the area, therefore improve the GDP. Extensionists have been trying to persuade smallholder farmers to adopt agricultural innovations. This paper was dedicated to deal with challenges concerning the application of some agricultural innovations in Elgouz locality, South Kordofan State, Sudan. This study aimed specifically to find out the type of innovations and farmer perception toward innovation and what extension services were delivered. Primary quantitative and qualitative data were collected by social survey, direct interview and group discussion. Thirty six (36) questionnaires were randomly distributed among the farmers who received and practiced agricultural innovation; secondary data were collected from books, journals, and relevant sources. SPSS analysis Program was applied. The results of study indicated that two innovations were delivered to farmers; improved seed and agricultural mechanics, also the results showed that ineffective role of extension services, and majority of farmers have positive perceptions towards agricultural innovations (72%). The results revealed that constrains relating to improved seed and agricultural mechanisms such as attacks by pest, germinations problems, cost in uses, and difficult to repair. Finally, the study recommends that more attention should be given to agricultural extension systems and deep agricultural researches in this discipline. 2015-05-12T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/266 Assessment of Impacts of the Communal Grazing on Utilization, Conservation and Development of Range Resources in Low Rainfall Woodland Savannah of North Kordofan State, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 J.B. Jadalla email@example.com M.A.M. Tibin email@example.com M.A. Ali firstname.lastname@example.com Y.I. Abutaba firstname.lastname@example.com Mohammed Alhadi Ebrahiem firstname.lastname@example.com
The experiment was conducted to study the assessment impacts of communal grazing of the rangelands on utilization, conservation, re-habitation and development of range resources in ELNhoud locality, North Kordofan during three seasons, 2011, 2012 and 2013 on communal grazing as opposed to protected rangeland plots in the study areas. The samples were taken from four sites in this following: in the North (Eial-Elzebear village), in the West Um- Kshow village), in the South Biad village, and in the East Goda village. All those areas were on open grazing (control). The inventory also was taken from two sites (protected areas) at Eastern part of Ennuhud locality. Three points were chosen in each site (open and protected). Within each point three transects 100m long were taken in a radiating manner. Two quadrates (1m2) in each transect were chosen and loop (3/4" diameter) were used for herbage sampling and for recording plant composition, density, frequency, bare soil, ground cover, litter, droplets, plant productivity. The range productivity data was used to determine carrying capacity and stoking rate will be calculated. The range inventory data was analyzed with assistance of excel and M-stat programs. The results indicated that all these parameters in the protected area were higher than on the communal grazed open area. The study concluded that controlled grazing system is the best and suitable management system to the savannah low rainfall woodland area.
 2015-06-11T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/267 The effect of Grazing around Permanent Water Sources on the Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation in Ennuhud Locality, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 J.B. Jadalla email@example.com H.A. Glallyn firstname.lastname@example.com M.A. Ali email@example.com Y.I. Abutaba firstname.lastname@example.com Mohammed Alhadi Ebrahiem email@example.com
This study was conducted in at El Nuhud locality 27o -29'- latitudes and 14 o -20' longitudes with the objective of studying the effects of grazing intensity around water points on range attributes. Data were collected via line transects method for three seasons from five points around water sources and similar number from points six kilometers from water sources. Plants frequency, density, forage production per hectare, carrying capacity (hectare / animal unit / year) and range condition around water points to those far from them were compared. Loop method and Quadrate were used to measure those parameters. The results indicated that there were significant differences in plants frequency and density in areas around water points when compared with those far from them. Plants that dominated sites around water points and were mostly unpalatable species such as  Abutilon figarianum (Nyada), Acanthespermum hespidum (Herab hausa), Amaranthus grecisans (Lisan eltair), Zornia glochidiata (Shillini) and Ruela patula (Um tagtaga) and their frequencies were 18.2, 17.4, 12.9, 9.8 and 8.9 % respectively. On sites far from water points Eragrostic tremula (Banu), Cenchrus biflorus (Haskanit khashin), Stylosanthesis flavicans(Natasha), Aristida pallida (Gaw) and Fimbristylis dichotomo (Um fesaisiat) were dominant where their frequencies were 19, 13, 12, 11.5 and 11.4% respectively. There were significant differences in forage production according to location. Higher biomass (173kg/hectare) was obtained from sites far from water points, compared to 60.7 kg per hectare around water points. Carrying capacity was 3.6 at sites far from water points and 10.5 hectare per animal unit per year around water points. Range condition was poor around water points and excellent on sites far from water points. The study concluded that plant attributes were significantly (P <0.01) better at sites far from water sources than at around water point as an effect of intensive grazing. It is recommended that estimation of the carrying capacity precede decision on drilling water points. The distribution of animals and their grazing duration should also be determined prior to provision of water. Biomass of forage can be packed from far sites to be used around water points during the dry season.
 2015-06-11T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/223 Effect of Water Salinity on Seedlings Growth of Brown Turkey and Royal Fig Cultivars 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Hutheyfa Ali Alswalmeh firstname.lastname@example.com Rashed Sultan Al-Obeed firstname.lastname@example.com Alaa El-Din k Omar firstname.lastname@example.com
Saline water was previously considered unusable for irrigation but some researchers have shown that these waters can be used successfully to grow crops under certain conditions Bravdo 2000,Dordipour et al., 2004. It is well known that salt can impair the performance of production and growth of many horticultural plants especially fruit trees. (Glenn et al., 1999, Abd El-Hady et al., 2003). This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of water salinity on the vegetative growth of fig (Ficus carica, var Brown Turkey and Royal). The study was carried out during April, May and June 2009/2010, under the conditions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Four irrigation treatments were applied using four levels of sodium chloride (NaCl): 0.8, (control), 2.5, 4.6 and 5.2 dS m-1, plus a fifth treatment that combined all concentrations starting gradually from low concentration to high concentration of NaCl. Irrigation was 1.5 L seedling-1, 2 times per week for three months in each season. In both varieties there were significant differences among treatments in leaf chlorophyll (a) and chlorophyll (b), but no differences in total chlorophyll. Proline free concentrations of Brown Turkey were higher than those in the Royal as salinity increased. Generally, Brown Turkey was less affected by salinity than Royal. Water irrigation containing salinity levels up to5.2 dSm-1 is recommended for Brown Turkey in contrast with the Royal variety in order to overcome the shortage of water resources.
 2015-06-11T08:31:28+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/231 Influence of Polyethylene Perforation on the Storability of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. var. Canino) Fruits 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Alaa El-Din k Omar firstname.lastname@example.com Mervat A. El‐Sh email@example.com
The effect of different perforation treatments on the quality of stored "Canino" apricot was studied. Fruit were unwrapped (control) and wrapped with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic bags with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 holes/bag, and stored at 0°C and 85-90% RH for four weeks. At weekly intervals, fruit samples were removed from the storage and weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, soluble solids content (SSC), treatable acidity and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content were measured. Weight loss, firmness, SSC, acidity and ascorbic acid in all plastic-wrapped fruit were better than control. Weight loss was significantly reduced in fruit stored in HDPE and LDPE bags as compared to control that had higher respiration rate, SSC and acidity. Perforated Polyethylene bags significantly delayed ripening, maintained quality parameters and extended storability of "Canino" fruit.
 2015-06-11T08:31:59+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/280 The Impact of Foliar Application of Urea, Zinc and Canada Humex on Yield and Fruit Properties of Jujube "C.V Puyin" Under Saudi Arabia Conditions 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Alaa El-Din k Omar email@example.com Rashed S. Al-Obeed email@example.com Adel M. Al-Saif firstname.lastname@example.com Said Soliman email@example.com
The effect of foliar applications with urea, zinc sulphat and Canada Humex at 1 and 2% on yield and fruit quality of Jujube trees 'Puyun' was determined through 2012 and 2013 seasons. All treatments were applied twice (after 15 days of fruit set and one month after first spray). Fruit yield and its components were improved at all treatments during both seasons. Canada Humex applications enhanced physical and chemical characteristics but did not affect acidity content in first season only, as compared with other treatments and the control. Spraying with 2% level was more effective than spray 1% in all treatments. Canada Humex (2%) increased yield, fruit weight, flesh weight and fruit volume, SSC and reducing and total sugars. Also, urea and zinc sulphate 2% enhanced yield and quality of jujube fruit. Canada Humex improved fruit yield and quality compared to urea and ZnSO4. Canada Humex as a natural product, is more favorable to the consumer than other chemical compounds.
 2015-09-10T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/324 Effects of Different Rates of Compost Application on Methane Emission and Crop Yield in Aman Rice 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Md. Shahadat Hossen email@example.com Mst. Nasrin Islam firstname.lastname@example.com Md. Rashidul Alamand email@example.com Md. Abdul Baten email@example.com
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer rate on CH4 emission and yield of Aman rice in the experimental field of Environmental Science at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July to November, 2013. The study was conducted with six treatments of recommended doses of inorganic fertilizer, compost @ 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1, 30 t ha-1, 50 t ha-1 and control (without fertilizer). Air samples were collected by the modified closed-chamber method and analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). CH4 emission was influenced by compost fertilizer application rate. The highest CH4 emission (1655.71kg ha-1) and the lowest CH4 emission (789.12kg ha-1) was found from control plot. Compost fertilizer application significantly affected the plant yield contributing parameters. The highest grain yield (5.8 t ha-1) and biological yield (13.37 t ha-1) were found from 20 t ha-1. The highest tiller hill-1(16.31) and harvest index (43.94) were found from compost @ 50 t ha-1 (T6). The lowest effective tiller hill-1(10.07), panicle length (10.03 cm), grain yield (4.51 t ha-1) and biological yield (11.58 t ha-1) were found from control plot. In respect of rice yield and methane emission, compost @ 20 t ha-1(T4) was found better than other treatment.
 2015-11-25T11:38:38+0330 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/247 Effects of Feeding Groundnut Shells enriched with Protein and Energy on Feed Intake, Nutrients Digestibility and Weight Changes of Sudanese Desert Lambs 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Neama Adam Eshag email@example.com Hamdan Bakhiet Mohammed firstname.lastname@example.com Salah A.S. Bukhari email@example.com Mohamed Adam Mohamed Ali firstname.lastname@example.com Jumaaa Barram Jadallah email@example.com
This study was conducted with the objective of studying the effects of using different levels of groundnut shells in rations for lambs. Twenty, 7-9 months old, castrated Desert lambs weighing 22.6 +0.500kgs were used divided into four similar groups each with five animals. The lambs were weighed ear-tagged , drenched with a broad spectrum antithelmentics for the treatment of internal and external parasites and vaccinated against diseases endemic to the area. They were individually penned and provided with feeding and drinking troughs. The rations formulated contained 0, 20, 30 and 35% groundnut shells. Ten days were allowed for adaptation of lambs to treatments and rations provided. Thereafter feed intake and live body weight changes were monitored. The last ten days were considered digestibility trial via total feces collection method. The of feed intake, total digestible nutrients intake, body weight change and feeding cost were considered a complete randomized design and were analyzed via analysis of variance. Feed intake significantly (P< 0.01) decreased with increment of level of groundnut shells in the ration. The lambs consumed 1215, 1124, 1015 and 1002 g/d dry matter when groundnut shells constituted 0, 20, 30 and 35 % of the ration. Similarly the nutrients' digestibility coefficients decreased upon increment of the level of the ground nut shells in the rations. The lambs' body weight change was positive at all rations though weigh gain values were significantly (P<0.01) greater at lower levels of the groundnut shells in the rations. The lambs gained 225, 190, 165 and 155 g per a day when their rations contained 0, 20, 30 and 35 % groundnut shells. The feeding cost reduced from 2.50 SDG per kilogram feed when the ration had no groundnut shells to 1.50, 1.20 and 0.9 SDG per kilogram feed when the rations contained 20, 30 and 35 % groundnut shells. It was concluded that though the inclusion of groundnut shells reduced feed intake, nutrients digestibility coefficients, it maintained lambs at levels above maintenance and feed cost was significantly reduced. It was recommended that more studies be conducted to make use of the large amount of this agro-industrial by product to reduce feeding cost of ruminants and environment protection.
 2015-06-27T12:45:41+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/264 The Role of Conserved Range Forges During Summer Season of Babanousa Area 2016-03-03T15:38:59+0330 Elkheir Mugadam Salih firstname.lastname@example.com Mohammed Abdo Dosougi email@example.com Mohammed abdelkreim email@example.com
The cattle of the Messerya– nomadic tribes surrounding Babanosa (west Kordofan) usually suffer from shortage of grazing during summer time. The abundant forage production after the grazing Season (Autumn) encourages the conservation techniques as silage and hay which were used for ruminant in most parts of the world, so, the remaining range plants in the area especially Zornia diphylla can be harvested during the flowering stage and conserved whether as silage or hay to be used as feed for livestock during summer time.
 2015-08-16T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/224 Changes in Marketing System of Raw Jute in Bangladesh 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Mosharraf Uddin Molla firstname.lastname@example.com Shaikh Abdus Sabur firstname.lastname@example.com Idris Ali Mia email@example.com
The study examined the changes in raw jute marketing system in Bangladesh. Ten primary and two secondary markets were selected purposively from five intensive jute growing and two jute trading areas of the country, respectively during 2010-11. Between two terminal markets, annual arrival of raw jute was found higher in Khulna (Daulatpur) than that of Narayanganj. Most of the total raw jute is exported through Chittagong and Mongla sea ports of the country. The study identified five major channels and channel-IV (Producers–kutcha balers–pucca balers cum exporters) had the highest efficiency based on six performance indicators. The mode of payment for raw jute trading was mostly dependent on credit system with higher pay off period. None of the selected farmers sold any raw jute to the government purchase centres during the study periods. The number of licensed 'dealer of jute' as well as kutcha and pucca presses have increased over the years. The study identified more markets participants involved in the raw jute marketing system over the previous study. In terms of profit (net margin) making, the performance of the millers and the farias was relatively better than that of other participants. Marketing costs and margins have increased over the years, but their net margins as percentage of total investment were not much higher. The existing raw jute marketing system can be identified an efficient system in terms of producers' share of the consumers' prices, which was 39% higher over the previous study. The study showed higher seasonal variability and deviation in raw jute prices in the study area. Therefore, government should establish more storage facilities at intensive jute cultivation areas with private participation in order to store enough jute. Moreover, raw jute should be purchased directly from jute growers throughout the year under public procurement programme with minimum support price.
 2015-06-11T08:31:33+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/225 Effect of Irrigation Frequency and Tillage Practices on Rice Growth and Yield Parameters in Adamawa State Nigeria 2016-03-02T14:10:09+0330 Ibraheem Alhassan firstname.lastname@example.com
Sustainable and economically affordable irrigation and tillage practices are needed to increase rice production in Nigeria for the growing population. Experiments were conducted in a split plot design with three replications at Lake Geriyo Irrigation scheme farms in Yola, Nigeria. Three irrigation intervals (3, 6 and 9 days) and three tillage practices (zero, minimum and deep) were imposed on rice during the dry seasons of 2012 and 2013. Results indicated that both irrigation intervals and tillage practices had significant influence on growth parameters while; irrigation has the most influenced on yield attributes. Higher paddy yields (3834.57 and 3753.52 kg ha-1) and harvest index (45.10 and 44.89%) were recorded with 3 days irrigation interval closely followed by 6 days irrigation interval in both years respectively. Significant interactive effect was observed to be higher with 3 days irrigation interval and deep tillage on number of tillers and plant height, while straw weight and harvest index were higher with 3 days irrigation interval and zero tillage. Irrigation intervals of between 3 to 6 days with zero tillage for rice can conveniently reduce irrigation water and labour requirement with sustainable yields in the study area.
 2015-06-11T08:31:38+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/234 Rangeland Degradation and Livelihood Vulnerability of the Pastoralists in Erer District of Shinile Zone, Eastern Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Selam Meseret firstname.lastname@example.com
The research was conducted in Erer district of the Shinile Zone of the Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. This study was undertaken to assess the perceptions of the communities about rangeland degradation and its effect on livelihood and to identify the causes of rangeland degradation. Data were collected through structured questionnaire (80 households), group discussions and visual observations. The average family size per household in the district was 7.27. Regarding their income source, 52.5% of the respondents obtained their income from milk sale, 93.75% from sale of livestock, 37.75% from sale of agricultural products, 5% were employed in government farm land in Erer as daily laborer, 1.3% sale fire wood, 2.5% rent their camels for contraband transportation purpose. All of the pastoralists indicated that the rangeland was degraded and the main causes were drought and overgrazing. Rangeland degradation reduced the income and made the communities vulnerable to even minor climatic shocks. Rangeland is the major feed resource for livestock and livestock is the backbone for the life of pastoralists, but the feed resource available for livestock has declined through time (animals did not get their feed requirement from the degraded rangeland). With the decrease in livestock number and productivity, the pastoralists and agro-pastoralist livelihood is vulnerable to poverty.

Key words: Degradation, Livelihood, Livestock, Overgrazing, Rangeland
 2015-06-11T08:32:10+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/236 PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF HARD TICKS INFESTATION IN CATTLE IN AND AROUND GAMBELLA TOWN OF GAMBELLA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Eshetu Gudina Yadeta email@example.com
A study conducted from November 2013 and April 2014 at Gambella town with the objectives to assess the prevalence of major hard ticks and tick genera identification in the study area. A cross-sectional study implemented to assess the prevalence of hard tick on 384 cattle. A random sampling technique method used for tick collection and genera identification. We collected tick samples from left side of different body regions of the cattle and multiplied by two to get the total tick burden on the affected cattle. Collected tick samples transported to Bedele Regional Veterinary Laboratory for identification by labeling various necessary information on the sample collecting tubes. Totally, of 2005 adult ticks collected from left half body part of cattle. This study revealed hard tick prevalence of 89.58%. The most prevalent hard tick genera collected were Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Boophilus and Rhipicephalus. Of all the total ticks collected, Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Boophilus and Rhipicephalus constituted 32.62% 18.75%, 35.77% and 12.85%, respectively. Proportionally the predilections site of Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Boophilos and Rhipiciphalus were neck & head, perineum & brisket, belly, genital& anal, leg and Udder& scorotum respectively. Female ticks were the highest proportions while tick burden in relation to age were significantly in adult cattle than younger. Since this study revealed tick as important external parasite, it is necessitate for regular parasitological investigation and application of effective prophylactic and control measures. With the current study result, tick identification to species level on molecular technique bases recommended.
 2015-06-11T08:32:16+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/239 Effect of feeding regimen on relationship between carcass measurements, slaughter weight and hot carcass weight of Sudanese desert goats 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ibrahim Bushara Mohammed email@example.com
The experiment was conducted on desert male goats to evaluate the effect feeding regimen on relationship between carcass measurements, slaughter weight and hot carcass weight. Data was collected on 72 male desert goats aged 4-5 months and weighing 12.1 Kg (11.7-12.4 Kg) were used. The goats were divided randomly into three groups; each group (24 males) in Factorial experimental randomized design. The results revealed that all correlation coefficients between slaughters weight and carcass measurements were significant and positive except carcass length. All correlation coefficients between hot carcass weight and carcass measurements were significant and positive (free grazing group). All correlation coefficients between slaughters weight and carcass measurements were significant and positive except internal chest length. All correlation coefficients between hot carcass weight and carcass measurements were significant and positive except internal chest length (for grazing + supplanted group). All correlation coefficients between slaughters weight and carcass measurements were significant and positive except carcass length. All correlation coefficients between hot carcass weight and carcass measurements were not significant and positive except slaughter weight and external chest length (for zero grazing groups).
 2015-06-11T08:32:22+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/243 THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS OF GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA) SEEDS 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Abdul Onoruoiza Momoh email@example.com
The skins and seeds of grapes are known to be rich sources of phenolic compounds, both flavonoids and non-flavonoids. These compounds, when present in plants have been confirmed to have antibacterial property. The antibacterial and phytochemical evaluation of grape seeds was done in vitro on selected bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi). The seeds were collected from a local farmer in Ijare, Ondo State, dried and extracted using 98% ethanol and methanol respectively after blending the seeds to powder. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the seeds was done using standard methods. The results showed that the methanol extract was more effective than the ethanol extract and had the highest diameter of zone of inhibition of 16.90mm on Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract had an average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25mg/ml on the microorganisms. It however had both MIC and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml on S. aureus. The extracts of the seeds contained various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, and tannin. However, both of the extracts showed significant levels of antibacterial activity. Methanol extract was the most active one with remarkable antibacterial activity on the various species tested. The findings of the present study indicated that the seeds of Vitis vinifera possess various secondary metabolites having the potential for developing pharmaceutical drugs, especially antimicrobial ones.
 2015-06-11T08:32:32+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/241 EVALUATION of ACARICIDE RESISTANCE on TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae, Coch) in THE CENTRAL RIFT VALLEY of ETHOPIA 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Belete Gutu Geleto email@example.com Getahun Gulich firstname.lastname@example.com
Spider mite has been one of the major constraints of tomato production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. The main obstacle in spider mite control in the area is associated with failure of control of tomato spider mite using the available pesticides from time to time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of resistance of two spotted spider mite for different acaricides in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. To determine the level of resistance, spider mite populations were collected from four major locations of tomato production areas in central rift valley of Ethiopia such as "Zewai", "Meki", "Adama", and "upper Awash", leaf dipping assay was performed for different concentrations of dicofol, profenos, endosulfan, abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, amitraz. Probit analysis was used to determine the LC50.  RF was calculated to asses the development of resistance in the test populations using the "Hawassa" population for they have not been exposed for pesticedes as a control. The RF ranged from 1.79 to 3.11for dicofol, 0.92 to 2.26 for profenose, 1.37 to 1.67 for abamectine, 1.34 to 1.71 for endosulfan, 0.88 to 2.01 for lambda-cyhalothrin 1.99 to 4.47 for amitraz (p<5). The highest RF was observed in "Upper Awash" population of T. urticea. In the T. urticae population of Upper Awash showed resistance to dicofol, profenos, lambda-cyhalothrins and amitraz whereas in Adama and Meki, there is resistance to dicofol, profenos and amitraz. On the other hand, T. urticae population from Zewai is susceptible to all acaricides except amitraz. All the studied populations were susceptible to abamectin and endosulfan. In general, the result suggests that the emergence of resistance in the T. urticae populations for most of the acaricides in the rift valley of Ethiopia and should be reduced through finding appropriate resistance management mechanism.
 2015-06-27T12:45:22+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/246 PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DESERT GOATS FED ON MOLASSES AND CROP RESIDUES BLOCKS IN NORTH KORDOFAN, SUDAN 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Jumaaa Barram Jadallah email@example.com
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted in Sheikan locality (Attitudes 110 15', longitudes 270  32'), North Kordofan state during March 8th to April 11, 2009 with the objective of studying effects of feeding molasses blocks on milk production and live body weight changes of lactating Desert goats and their kids. Twenty four goats at different parity and weighing 29.8 kg ± 0.39kgs with single kids were divided into four similar groups of six animals. The first group was left on the natural dry season grazing (NG); the second on NG supplemented with molasses blocks formulated using groundnut haulms and the third group were offered molasses block containing sesame stalks (M+SS) and the last group was left on molasses blocks formulated of equal proportions of groundnut haulms and sesame stalks (M+H+SS). The supplements were offered in the morning and were consumed completely before offering the basal diet of natural grazing while water was provided unrestrictedly. The results indicated that voluntary dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in goats that were fed NG supplemented with M+H followed by those supplemented with M+SS and M+H+SS while those on the NG consumed significantly (P<010) smaller amounts of feed. Milk production of the goats that were on supplementary feeding increased significantly (P <0.01) compared to those on M+H followed by the group on (M+H+SS) and lastly those on M+SS. Live body weights observations have shown that the group on molasses blocks gained Significantly (P<0.01) higher weight and were heavier at the end of the experimental period for those which were fed M+SS+H followed by those on M+SS and M+H which were similar. The goats on NG only lost 4.5kg weight during the experimentation period. Weight gain of kids was higher in those whose dams were supplemented with greater weight gains attained when dams were fed NG supplemented with M+H followed by those on M+H and finally those on NG only. The study concluded that goats on dry season NG supplemented with molasses block and crops residues could increase milk production and live body weight gains for dose and their kids and it was recommended that studies be conducted to evaluate effects of feeding goats for other purposes and investigate reasons for superiority of groundnut haulm over sesame stalk in enhancing weight gains and milk production
 2015-06-27T12:45:33+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/248 Effects of Feeding Lactating Desert Goats with Moringa olifera Meal on Milk Yield and Composition in North Kordofan, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Jumaaa Barram Jadallah email@example.com
ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in North Kordofan State, Sudan with the objective of studying effects of feeding Moringa oleifeira meal (MOM) on feed intake, milk production, composition and weight changes of Sudanese Desert goats and their kids. Four goats group at their second parity, weighing 25 kg ±0.750kg each with a single kid were used (total 16 goats plus kids). The animals were vaccinated against diseases endemic in North Kordofan, drenched with antihelmentic for the control of internal and external parasites and individually penned with feeding and drinking troughs. Natural grazing was given ad libitum. The first group was left on the natural grazing (NG) only. The second group was supplemented with 300g MOM; the third with 400g MOM while the forth group was given 250g concentrate supplement. The supplements were provided at 7:30 am and consumed completely before providing the natural grazing. The daily feed intake was estimated and water was provided continuously. The goats were milked and milk quantity was measured at 8:00 am before allowing kids to suckle their dams then being separated at 6:00 pm and penned separately. Goats and kids were weighed at the beginning and end of the trial. The data was considered as complete randomized design and analyzed via analysis of variance. Least significant difference was applied to detect differences among means. The results indicated significant (P<0.01) increase of feed intake upon supplementation with MOM. The animal groups consumed 1100, 1250, 1260 and 1000g DM when the goats were offered NG only, supplemented with 300g, 400g MOM and 250g CS, respectively. Milk yield also increased upon supplementation with MOM. Daily production was 0.500, 1.775, 2.012 liter for the group of goats consuming NG only, supplemented with 300 g MOM, 400 g MOM and 250g CS, respectively. Milk had higher fat when goats were fed CS while high milk protein was recorded for the group on the NG only and offering MOM resulted in higher lactose content while non-fat solids content was similar in milk of different groups. Live body weight was higher in the group that was supplemented with 400g MOM followed by those on 300g MOM, 250 g CS and finally those on the natural grazing meal only. The respective daily weight gain was 152.6, 145, 130 and 10g. Weight gain of kids was 23.24g for those who belonged to dams on the natural grazing, 55 for goats on 400g MOM, 95.5g for those on CS. It was concluded that supplementation with Moringa olifera meal increased milk production and its constituents also differed. Weight gain of goats and their kids also differed by supplementation with MOM. It was recommended that more studies be carried out to determine best levels of supplementation with MOM to get highest yield and best levels of fat and protein content.
 2015-06-27T12:45:48+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/249 The Effect of Supplementation of Desert Goats on Sorghum straw with Ailanthus excelsa Leaves on Feed Intake, Nutrients Digestibility and Performance in Dilling, South Kordofan, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Jumaaa Barram Jadallah email@example.com
Abstract: This study was conducted in Dallanj town, South Kordofan, Sudan, (longitudes 9o-12/ N and latitudes 29 o -31/) with the objective of evaluating effects of supplementation of goats on sorghum straw with Ailanthus excelsa leaves on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and performance. Eighteen bucks of Desert type (6 - 9 months old and weighing 15+ 1.333kg were used. The animals were divided into three similar groups. The first group was offered sorghum straws alone while the second and third groups were fed sorghum straws ad libitum supplemented respectively with 25 and 50 % of daily intake Ailanthus excelsa leaves. Water was provided continuously. Feed intake, live body weight changes and hematological indices were monitored for 60 days. The data was considered as a complete randomized design and analyzed via analysis of variance. Differences among treatments means were detected using least significant difference test. The results indicated that goats on sorghum straws supplemented with 50 % Ailanthus excelsa leaves consumed significantly (P<0.01) higher amount of feed followed by the group on the straw and 25 % tree leaves and finally those on the sorghum straw alone. The daily feed intake of groups was 400, 700 and 1100g for goats on the straw alone, on the straw and 25 % tree leaves and the straw and 50 % tree leaves, respectively. Similarly, the group that was fed sorghum straw and supplemented with 50% tree leaves showed greater live body weight gain (69g/day) followed by the group on the sorghum straw and 25 % tree leaves (51g/day) and finally those on the sorghum straw exclusively (38g/day). Also it was found that all nutrients digestibility coefficients increased significantly (P<0.01) with supplementation of sorghum straw with the tree leaves. It was concluded that supplementation of goats on low quality roughage with Ailanthus excelsa leaves could improve feed intake, nutrients digestibility and bucks performance. Further studies were recommended for using the tree leaves for feeding lactating goats and other ruminant species as well as detection of anti-nutritional factors in the tree leaves and their effects on goats to ensure improvement of the nutritional status of the animals that are dependent on low quality roughage, especially during dry season.

 2015-06-27T12:45:54+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/251 Study on Current Production and Utilization Status and Further Prospects of Oats (Avena sativa) in Mixed Farming Systems of the Central Highland Areas of Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Gezahagn Kebede email@example.com The study was conducted to generate information for detailed understanding of Oats (Avena sativa) production and utilization in the area thereby to outline supportive evidences as basic decision tools for future uses of the crop in North Shoa zone of the Oromiya Regional State of Ethiopia. The study was undertaken in three phases with the first phase aiming at assessment and analysis of the existing Oats production and utilization systems followed by launching possible intervention options and scaling up of the feasible intervention in the third phase. The overall history of Oats production and utilization in the study areas was assessed using both primary and secondary sources of information. The result indicated that rough estimate of farm households who grow Oats for food and/or feed in the zone is close to 20,748 out of the total 216,000 farm households. Though, the area covered with Oats production was very large, the grain productivity was very low because the farmers used only the forage type of Oats for both feed and food purposes. During the second phase, two forage types and two grain types of Oats varieties with local check were selected to evaluate their agronomic performances under farmers field conditions. The result showed that the selected Oats varieties varied significantly (P<0.05) for plant height, DM yield and seed yield across locations and years. The tested Oats varieties showed that yield and yield component advantage in terms of vigor (11.1 and 21.2%), plant height (15.4 and 19.2%), DM yield (11.8 and 50.0%) and seed yield (17.0 and 81.3%) was recorded at Girar-Jarso when compared to Jida and Wuchale respectively. The combined analysis showed that Lampton variety gave the highest DM yield (6.2 t ha-1) followed by CI-8237 (5.9 t ha-1) while the lowest DM yield (3.9 t ha-1) was recorded for local variety. The analysis also indicated that Lampton and CI-8237 Oats varieties gave 59.0 and 51.3% DM yield advantage over the local variety. The combined analysis indicated that Coker SR res 80SA130 variety produced the highest seed yield (28.1 qt ha-1) followed by SRCPX80Ab2252 variety (23.2 qt ha-1) over locations and years. The result showed that Coker SRres80 SA130 and SRCPX80Ab2252 varieties showed 57.0 and 29.6% seed yield advantage over the local variety over locations and years respectively. Cultivation of Oats was limited/banned by both zonal and regional officials especially for grain production since 2012 cropping season. Due to this inconvenient situation, seed multiplication and scaling up activities were discontinued. Despite that, Lampton and Coker SRres80SA130 varieties were recommended for forage and grain production purpose respectively. Therefore, the observed controversial issues with regard to Oats production and utilization should be resolved with all concerned bodies in order to fix its future use in the study areas. 2015-06-27T12:46:09+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/252 Study on Chemical Composition of Fermented Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Milk Gariss from Khartoum State, Sudan. 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Adam Ismail Ahmed firstname.lastname@example.com  The objective of the present investigation was to study the chemical composition of fermented camel milk gariss procured from different locations of Khartoum State production sites, Sudan. Gariss prepared in Khartoum State collected from ten different locations (i.e. five from Khartoum, three from Khartoum North and two from Omdurman) were subjected to chemical composition (i.e. protein, fat, ash, lactose, total solids, pH and acidity). According to the statistical analysis of the present data there were significant differences in total means of protein, fat, total solids, titratable acidity in the three production sites of Khartoum State, but there were no significant differences in ash and lactose contents. The study concluded that chemical composition of gariss collected from different locations in Khartoum production sites has different trends associated with this factor. 2015-06-27T12:46:54+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/254 Biomass Production in the rangelands of Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ketema Tilahun Gelaye email@example.com
The study was conducted in the rangelands of Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia with the objectives of investigating biomass production of the grassland. For the vegetation survey the rangeland was stratified by districts namely: Itang and Jikawo and each district further divided into major grazing types (less, seasonal, communal grazed and river basins). Data were collected on grass species composition and estimation of the biomass was made on the dry matter basis. Biomass of standing grass and total biomass in the districts were significantly (p<0.05) affected by grazing. Accordingly, with the highest in less grazed areas (2,044 and 2,216 kg/ha) followed by moderately grazed areas (1,006 and 1,137 kg/ha) the least in river basins (467 and 563 kg/ha). In Jikawo district, total biomass of less grazed, moderately grazed and heavily grazed communal lands and river banks were 1678; 1032;652 and 457 kg/ha, respectively. The standing grasses biomass of these major grazing areas was with the order of 1513; 897; 573 and 369 kg/ha, respectively. The annual DMY of the herbaceous vegetation layer in the study districts under the grazing land use category may be estimated as 243,950.0 t DM/annum for Itang and 173,470.0 t DM/annum for that of Jikawo. According to the estimated biomass production of the grazing lands, the carrying capacity of the rangeland in Itang and Jikawo would be 0.16 and 0.13 TLU/ha, respectively. However, rangelands in Jikawo district support large number of livestock beyond their maximum capacity (0.85 TLU/ha) compared to the estimated CC. On the other hand, in Itang there was underutilization of the grassland due to lower livestock population depended on the available grassland feed resources (i.e., 0.05 TLU/ha). An attempt to employ appropriate management systems along with monitoring of the rangeland condition might be needed to promote the productivity of the study areas to the level of the carrying capacity to ensure its sustainable utilization.
 2015-07-15T08:33:59+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/255 Condition of major grazing areas in the rangelands of Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ketema Tilahun Gelaye email@example.com
The study was conducted in Nuer pastoral area of Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia, with the objectives of evaluating the condition of the major grazing areas of the rangelands. For the vegetation survey the pastoral area was stratified by districts namely: Itang and Jikawo and each district further divided into major grazing types (less, seasonal, communal grazed and river basins). Data were collected on grass species composition, basal cover, litter cover, number of seedlings, age distribution, soil erosion, soil compaction; woody species composition, density and height. There were a highly significant (p<0.05) differences in the total range condition scores among the major grazing areas of the districts. In Itang district, the mean condition scores of less, moderately, communally grazed and river basins were: 36.23±0.10, 28.78±0.20, 21.76±0.16 and 15.82±0.16, respectively. Whereas the corresponding values in Jikawo district were: 34.91±0.10, 27.20±0.10, 18.69±0.16 and 13.58±0.16, respectively. In general, the present study confirmed that the condition of the communally grazed areas were in precaution and has deteriorated. To this end, an attempt to employ appropriate management systems along with monitoring of the grassland condition might be needed to promote the productivity of the grassland of the study areas to the level of the carrying capacity to ensure its sustainable utilization.
 2015-07-15T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/256 Traditional Rangeland Management and Utilization Practices of Nuer Pastoralists in Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ketema Tilahun Gelaye email@example.com The study was conducted in Nuer pastoral area of Gambella, with the objectives of assessing the traditional rangeland management and utilization practices. The assessment was done using a structured questionnaire, group discussions and visual observations. In the study districts, the pastoral production system included sedentary (26.3%), transhumance (52.6%) and pastoralism (21.1%). For Nuer pastoralists' livestock were the mainstay of life. The purpose of keeping livestock was primarily to get social values and cultural benefits. The most accepted and widely applied traditional methods of rangeland management and utilization practices in the community were communal grazing, grassland burning and seasonal migration. The majority of the respondents (91.2%) reported that flooding escalates their mobility during the rainy season and it has been a threat in their livelihood. In the past 10 to 15 years, the grasslands coverage might be sparse according to the perception of 63% of the respondents. Based on the traditional rangeland condition assessment criteria, half of the respondents stated that the current condition of the grassland being 'poor'. The Nuer pastoralists expressed their concern about the deterioration of their rangelands and they pointed out and prioritized the potential causes as: over grazing, recurrent drought, increased livestock and human population, erratic and low rainfall and restricted seasonal mobility. This situation has been a threat for the livelihood of the pastoral community in the districts and should be reverted through employing proper grazing systems, rehabilitation and conservation.  2015-07-15T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/257 Technical Efficiency of Food Crop Production (Sorghum and Millet) in North Kordofan state, Sudan 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ibrahim Elnour Ibrahim email@example.com Mohammed Ahmed Al-feel email@example.com Adam Elhag Ahmed firstname.lastname@example.com
Abstract: The objective of this paper was to measure technical efficiency, and identification of factors that influence technical efficiency of food crops production (sorghum and millet) in traditional rainfed sector in North Kordofan state, Sudan. Data were collected from 205 farmers selected by distributing structural questionnaire following stratified random sampling techniques due to socio-economic characteristic and homogeneity of North Kordofan population.

A stochastic frontier production function, using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique was applied in the analysis of data collected during the season 2011-2012. The results show that the numbers of sowing, labor, fertilizer and rainfall have a significant negative effects in sorghum and millet, while years of experience show a positive significant for both. In addition to that the (MLE) reveal that the mean technical efficiency of sorghum and millet 0.56 and 0.74, respectively. This means, there are ranges for increasing sorghum and millet production by 44% and 26%, respectively, from a given mix of production inputs by adopting technologies used with the best practice if the farmer's are technically efficient. In other words, on average; about 44 %and 26% of production are lost because of inefficiencies.
 2015-07-15T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/260 Assessments of Poverty Profile and Income Inequality in North Kordofan State, Sudan. 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Ibrahim Elnour Ibrahim firstname.lastname@example.com Mohammed Ahmed Al-feel firstname.lastname@example.com Adam Elhag Ahmed firstname.lastname@example.com
This study was carried out in North Kordofan state The aim of the study are: To establish poverty lines indicators, poverty profiles and income inequality in the rural household focusing on the traditional farms and to identify the main causes of poverty of the poor rural tenants in traditional farms. Structured questionnaire using stratified sampling technique was used to gather households' poverty data from four localities in North Kordofan State, a total of 205 households were interviewed. Different analytical methods were used, namely: The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) is a generalized measure of poverty within an economy. It combines information on the extent of poverty (as measured by the Headcount ratio, the intensity of poverty (as measured by the total poverty Gap) and inequality among the poor (as measured by the Gini and the coefficient of variation for the poor).

The results show that about 68.8% of households' in north Kordofan state were poor living below the poverty line, 9.2% are moderate and 22% are non-poor if US$ 1 index is applied. The poverty incidence was high in Elkhowi (75%) followed by Elnohoud (71.4%), Umrwaba (70%) and Sheikan locality (65%).V
 2015-07-27T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/265 EVALUATION OF THE PROXIMATE AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF AADUN, KOKORO AND KANGO MADE FROM MIXTURE OF THREE DIFFERENT RATIOS OF MAIZE, ALLIGATOR PEPPER AND KIDNEY BEANS 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Bridget Ebunoluwa Adeyanju email@example.com
Maize or corn is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a range of agro-ecological environments. More maize is produced annually than any other grain. It has been used for the production of many snacks in Nigeria. The white and yellow varieties are preferred by most people depending on the region. Kidney beans are good source of cholesterol-lowering fiber; prevents blood sugar levels from rising and is a good choice for individuals with diabetes, insulin resistance or hypoglycemia. The evaluation of the proximate and functional properties of Aadun, Kokoro and Kango made from mixture of three different ratios of maize varieties, alligator pepper and kidney beans was carried out using standard methods of analysis. The three maize varieties are ART, BR99 and SUWAN, all mixed with alligator pepper and kidney beans in the ratio 720:260:20; 826:157:16 and 759:236:5 respectively. The result of the analysis showed that at 100%, SUWAN maize variety has the highest moisture content (9.64±0.01), ash (1.36±0.01) and fat (5.64±0.02), while ART maize variety had the highest crude protein (14.46±0.03), fiber (0.91±0.01) and carbohydrate (72.54±0.23). The anti-nutrients found in alligator pepper and kidney beans were tannin, phenol, oxalate and phytate in an increasing order. Comparatively, phytate was higher in kidney beans (52.51±0.30) than alligator pepper (33.43±0.24). Aadun made from BR99 maize in ratio 826:157:16 had the highest carbohydrate content (77.86±0.08) while the one made with SUWAN and ART in ratios 720:260:20 and 759:236:5 had the highest protein contents of 20.06±0.04 and 19.91±0.02 respectively. Kokoro made with SUWAN in ratio 759:236:5 had the highest protein content of 20.96±0.01. On the other hand, kango made with ART in ratio 759:236:5 had the highest protein content of 22.59±0.09. The functional properties such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and foaming capacity increased in these varieties while least gelation concentration and emulsifying capacity decreased. The mixing of maize variety in different ratios with alligator pepper and kidney beans can therefore be used to improve the nutritional content of aadun, kokoro and kango significantly.
 2015-07-27T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/262 Trend of Change in Herbaceous Cover in Low rainfall Rangeland (Tendalti area-White Nile State-Sudan) 2016-03-10T13:35:51+0330 Galal Abas Fasher email@example.com
The study was conducted at Tendlti locality at Whit Nile State during the periods 2004, 2010 and 2014. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of change in Herbaceous Cover in Low rainfall Rangeland. Species area curve method was used for determination of the number of samples to be taken. For vegetation measurements the Parker loop method (Parker and Hirris, 1959) have been used to measure relative plants composition and ground cover of the rangeland using 100 meter tape and a ¾ loop placed at ground level at one meter intervals. In addition to the quadrate method (Wilm et al, 1944) was used to determine relative plants density, and biomass productivity. The results indicated that the temporal variation in the vegetation cover between the three periods as the result of variable rainfall. The heavy grazing, environmental factors and human activities were considered as the major factors responsible for the low vegetation cover and change of species composition in the study area. Results showed that Eragrostis spp and Cenchrus spp were dominant during three periods. This species have ability to adapt with condition characterizing the area and to the ability of the species to tolerate grazing. The study recommended that rangeland should be managed and conserved by increasing the vegetation cover and decreasing the grazing pressure on the natural vegetation.
 2015-08-16T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/237 Isolation and Identification of Pasteurella Species from Lung Lesion of Caprine Slaughtered at Helimex, Bishoftu, Ethiopia 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 shimelis mengistu hailu firstname.lastname@example.com shimelis mengistu hailu email@example.com
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, to 2013 to April 2014 with the aim of isolating and identifying pasteurella species in lung lesion (pneumonic lung) of apparently healthy goat slaughtered at Hasin Nuru Export Abattoir. All goats were originated from Bale and Harar area. Samples were collected aseptically from the lung lesion of 384 investigated Goat and standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of pasteurella species. From the 384 specimen collected for bacteriological examination, 301 were positive for pasteurella species. A total 301 pasteurella species recovered in which 274 and 27 of them were Manehemia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, respectively. The isolation rates of Manehemia hemolytica was 74.4% and Pasteurella multocida was 7%. Therefore, the major pasteurella species isolated from lung lesion of caprine in this study was Manehemia hemolytica and, Pasteutella multocida was the minor isolates. In conclusion pasteurella organism especially Manemia hemolytica is one of the most cause of pneumonic pasteurellosis in caprine and rarely Pasteurela multocida so Chemoprophylaxis need to be given to small ruminants prior to transportation or other stresses.

Key words : Caprine, Pneumonic lung, Manehemia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida.
 2015-09-10T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/282 The Effects of Utilization of Balanites aegyptiaca Kernel Meal as Substitute for Super-concentrate in Broiler Chicken Rations on Feed Intake, Live Weight and Carcass Characteristics 2016-03-02T14:10:10+0330 Jumaaa Barram Jadallah firstname.lastname@example.com
Abstract

This study was conducted in Elobeid city North Kordofan State, Sudan with the objective of studying and evaluating the effects of feeding Balanites aegyptiaca kernel meal at different levels on broilers feed intake, growth rates and carcass characteristics. The study used 150 one day old (Ross) chicks where every 10 birds were housed in separate units assigned to three treatments A, B and C with five replicates, on deep litter floor. The chicks were transferred periodically to ensure random housing. Starter and finisher rations were formulated for each treatment. Ration A (control ration) contained 5 % super concentrate, while rations B and C contained had 2.5 and 5% B. aegyptiaca kernel meal respectively as a substitute for the protein super concentrate used in ration A. At the end of the experiment chicks were slaughtered for carcass cuts yield. The results indicated that feed consumption was significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds on ration A compared to those on rations B and C. Similarly the live weight of chickens was significantly (P<0.01)heaviest in group A than those of group B and C. Dressing percentage, carcass weight and weight of cuts were also significantly (P<0.01) higher for birds on ration A and lowest weight was recorded for those on ration B. Also theabdominal fat was higher for group A without significantly differences compared with group B. The percentage of fat in the body was higher in meat samples obtained from birds on ration C and lower for those on ration B. The study concluded that feeding B. aegyptiaca kernel meal to broiler chicks reduced the rate of live weight gain though increased the proportion of body fat in carcass samples. It was recommended further studies be conducted using lower levels of B. aegyptiaca kernel meal since it is found abundantly, can be obtained at low cost and rich in essential amino acids.
 2015-09-10T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences http://journals.wsrpublishing.com/index.php/tjanrs/article/view/291 Seasonal abundance and host range of Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Khartoum, Gezira and Kassala States of the Sudan 2016-04-27T16:39:56+0430 Mohammed A.M. Elhaj email@example.com Azhari O. Abdelbagi email@example.com Mahdi A. Ahmed email@example.com Mohammed E.E. Mahmoud firstname.lastname@example.com
Seasonal abundance and host range of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta was studied in eight locations distributed in three States of Sudan (Khartoum, Gezira, and Kassala States). Pest survey was done by pheromone (3E, 8Z, 11Z tetradecatrien-1y-l acetate) traps and characteristic symptoms of infestation in plants (infestation level). The survey covered the important solanaceous hosts; tomato, potato, egg plant and other crops or weeds. The results showed presence of the pest in all location surveyed. The number of infested plants closely matches the traps catches. The highest number of catches and the highest infestation was found on tomato followed by potato, egg plant and alfalfa Medicago sativa. The pest was reported for the first time on alfalfa and gubbain Solanum dubium. Traps placed in the up wind direction scored the highest catches. Generally the number of adult caught and infestation level increased from mid towards the end of the winter season on tomato and potato while in alfalfa the catches decrease toward the end of the winter season. The highest infestation was found in Gezira State followed by Kassala State and least in Khartoum State. The number of catches positively correlated with the increase in temperature and negatively correlated with the relative humidity although effects on the latter were non significant. Further lines of research were suggested.
 2015-09-10T00:00:00+0430 Copyright (c) 2015 The Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences


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Short Story Competition
Do you think you could write a short story based on the theme 'The Visit'? If you're a young creative writer hoping to get noticed, you should definitely try! Enter Writers' & Artists' Yearbook 2014 Short Story Competition and you could win a cash prize of £500, a place on an Arvon residential writing course of your choice and see your work published on www.writersandartists.co.uk. Arvon run a number of diverse and exciting courses across an array of genres so there is something for everyone regardless of what facet of literature you're interested in!
All you have to do is write no more than 2,000 words relating to the theme of 'The Visit' and email it to [email protected] with "WAYB14 competition" as the subject line. The deadline is 15 February so there's not a lot of time left! For more about the terms and conditions, check out the Writers & Artists website

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If you are interested in adopting in the North West, please complete the form below and someone from your selected agency will get in touch. Adopt North West covers a number of adoption agencies in the North West and it will be one of these agencies that progresses your application.
We are particularly looking for prospective adopters for older children, boys, siblings and children with additional needs or from mixed and ethnic minority backgrounds. Completing the form does not commit you to anything.
For general enquiries or just to find out more, please check that the answer isn't already in our FAQs section.


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Violin/Viola Teachers
Whitefield School wishes to appoint a minimum of two violin/viola teachers to work alongside the music department. Successful candidates will be employed by the school and be part of the Music in Secondary Schools Trust - the Andrew Lloyd Webber Programme.
We will be joining the MiSST programme in September; each Y7 student will be given a stringed instrument when they join the School and will receive a group lesson each week within curriculum time. Peripatetic tutors teach small groups under the direction of the class music teacher.
This position is an opportunity for talented and accomplished violin and viola players to develop their teaching skills through working under the guidance of the class teacher and within this ground breaking programme.
The school is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expects all staff and volunteers to share this commitment.
All new staff at Whitefield School benefit from an excellent induction programme as well as access to our extensive training opportunities. Other incentives in our warm and friendly working environment include access to a clear structure of promotion opportunities, free gym access and regular staff events arranged by our dedicated staff association team.
Please download Application Form here
Please download Job Description here
If you have any further queries in relation to this vacancy please contact Christina McGhan – Human Resources Manager on 020 8455 4114 ext. 206. Please forward your completed application form by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com
Closing Date: 31/07/2017
Interview Date: Week commencing the 4th September 2017
Whitefield School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children. The successful candidate will be required to complete an enhanced DBS check in line with Section 115 of the Police Act 1997.


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The City of Pearls has the charm to awe everyone with its two-fold nature; one reflecting the onset of technology, while the other still nurturing the ancient history of Nizams and Shahs. Hyderabad attracts countless software engineers and other techno-heads from within the country and even the world. Apart from that, its historic and cultural vivacity would also keep you cemented to this city and make you fall in love with it.
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Hyderabad is also known as Cyberabad or Cyber City due to the emergence of information technology here. It has a number of IT companies that attract lakhs and thousands of engineers to this city. The city has experienced great development in terms of infrastructure to inhabit the increasing inflow of migrants. It is also connected to major cities like Pune, Mumbai, Chennai, etc., via road as well as railway network. There is a proposed network of rapid transit system that would ease the connectivity in the city. It has three national highways passing through it that connects it to various cities.
The city has inhabited a number of migrants in the past years; this has had a drastic effect on its population. The population of Hyderabad was around 6.8 million according to the 2011 census. This number has reached a height of 10.1 million in the present year, i.e., 2016. The sex ratio in the city is 945 females for every 1,000 males. Although the literacy rate of the city is not that high, it is still increasing and has reached 82.96%.
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The Pearl City nurtures two different lifestyles within its precincts. While one is the modern and technologically advanced Cyberabad, the other part is still known for its rich heritage and historic charm. It is a heaven for all the foodies as it offers the best Mughal cuisines like the famous Biryani. Hyderabad holds a number of historical sites within its precincts that enable the people to know the history of the city more deeply.
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Hyderabad real estate has seen a tremendous change in the past few decades. The establishment of several IT companies has made it a hot destination for the youth. Many localities have been built to suit the needs of every category of people. Some of the key localities that have seen the major development are listed here: Begumpet, Hyderguda, Ameerpet, Sri Nagar Colony, Banjara Hills, Kukatpally, Gachibowli, Uppal, Abids, Jubilee Hills, etc.
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There are a number of builders who have toiled to make the city of Hyderabad the way we see it today. They have not only built amazing buildings for residential purposes but also offered great commercial spots. They are always open with advertisements like "Hyderabad Properties for Sale" and "Real Estate for Sale in Hyderabad". Some of the top builders in Hyderabad are given here: Prestige Builders, Mahindra Lifespaces, L and T realty, Mantri Group, Indiabulls, DLF, SMR Holdings, Dream India group and others.
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Real estate in Hyderabad has seen a drastic change due to the countless projects that are either in the pipeline, ready to be offered to the public or work-under-progress, waiting to be launched in the coming years. Many top builders are coming up with various types of property for sale in Hyderabad that would not only enable the people to have a roof over their head but also match all their desires. One can find all types of residential as well as commercial property in Hyderabad to suit their budget.
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Telangana Housing Board has come up with 2,222 HIG, 1,413 MIG and 2,653 LIG flats to provide easy and budget friendly property in Hyderabad. There are various other projects undertaken by the government to improve the infrastructure of the city. Some of these are Hyderabad Metro Rail, Pharma City in Mucherla and Google at Gachibowli.
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Hand Loomed Polyester Rug
Jax Stripe Rug, 2x3',Blue/Gray
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Handwoven of recycled fibers on a pit loom, the Jax Stripe Rug exhibits a gentle variation of hues in the flat weave. This eco-friendly and durable rug is an ideal layer for high-traffic areas indoors or out. DETAILS YOU'LL APPRECIATE Made from recycled polyester and poly propylene. Hand-woven on pitloom, unwashed. KEY PRODUCT POINTS Easily rinses clean. Imported. Rug Pad recommended (sold separately); combine or cut pads to fit your order. Dimensions & Care DIMENSIONS 2' wide x 3' long (24" wide x 36" long) CARE AND MAINTENANCE Vacuum regularly and/or shake to remove dust. For best results, use a vacuum cleaner without a beater brush, on a low-power setting. May be rinsed regularly with an outdoor hose and mild soap. Allow for rug to dry completely before use after exposure to excessive water from a hose or heavy rain. Turn rug around occasionally to equalize wear. Blot spills immediately with a white cloth. Harsh chemicals may damage or fade rug. Do not leave in standing water for extended periods of time to avoid mold/mildew growth. For indoor/outdoor use. Shipping & Easy Return Info SHIPPING UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 4-5 business days. Next Day Delivery and Processing We can arrange for next day delivery to most destinations within the contiguous 48 states, for an extra charge of $17.50 per address. If we receive your order by 6pm PT Monday through Friday, you'll receive your order the next business day; orders placed on Friday after 6pm PT through Sunday will arrive on Tuesday. Note: Next Day Delivery service is not available for some oversized items, White Glove Delivery, out of stock items, personalized items or for items shipped directly from the manufacturer. Surcharges Select oversized items have an additional delivery and processing surcharge; this charge is listed below the item price. View the complete Shipping and Delivery Information page. EASY RETURNS You can return eligible item(s) within 30 days of receiving an order or 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery items for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required. Monogrammed items and Made to Order furniture or rugs are not eligible for returns. Review the full list of ineligible items and our refund policy below before starting the process. Easy Ways to Return: Stores - You can return most non-furniture items to your local Pottery Barn store for free. Bring to UPS Location (under 70 lbs) - See our full Easy Returns Policy to start the process. Details: Ineligible Items Items non-eligible for returns or exchanges: Monogrammed items Mattresses Gift cards Made to Order items, including custom rugs and furniture Final sale items (with prices ending in $.X7 or $.X9) Items damaged through normal wear and tear Questions? See our full Easy Returns Policy.
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Project Description
Brighter than other grow lighting, the brightness is equal to a 1000w HPS.
Lumini Grow Systems,a leading designer and manufacturer of high-quality LED grow lighting, proudly announces the release of the LuminiGrow 450R1 model. It will bring new features and innovations to the industry and raises the bar for the competition.
The LuminiGrow 450R1 provides your plants with the perfect blend of light for all stages of plant growth.100% of the LEDs light is absorbed by plants compared to just 10% of traditional HPS lighting. Plants grown under the LuminiGrow 450R1 produce lush leaves, big buds, and flowers.
A unique form of spectral design, for precise color blending and optimal plant growth. With the new design light intensity can be varied on four independent channels, to find the desired color and intensity mix. We use the new and popular technology, DMX and PMW to control 4 channels, giving each channel a dimmer and a timer, VEG,UVB,Bloom and Full spectrum modes.
Project Details
- Date January 3, 2015
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The Last of Us Confirmed for PS4
Earlier today sites reported that the PS Store in America was advertising The Last of Us coming to the PS4, no confirmation was made and many suspected this to be an early leak on Sony's part. It has now been confirmed by Arne Meyer, Community Strategist at Naughty Dog, that The Last of Us will be coming to the PS4 in summer 2014. This edition of the game will be named 'The Last of Us Remastered' and will be in glorious 1080p.
Moving our efforts to the PS4 has allowed us to remaster an already phenomenal looking The Last of Us in 1080p with a list of upgrades including higher resolution character models, improved shadows and lighting, upgraded textures, along with even more improvements. We love setting challenging technical hurdles for us when working on each game – and this is no different. We've been working hard on The Last of Us Remastered to release a next-gen evolution worthy of the 200+ Game of the Year awards, not to mention the acclaim and expectations of our fans. We will be revealing more detailed information about the upgrades for the PS4 version in the coming months.
Gamers will also be happy to know that the remastered edition will come with all major content releases that are already out for the PS3. This will include:
- Left Behind single player expansion
- Abandoned Territories multiplayer map pack
- Reclaimed Territories pack
With the release of Tomb Raider on PS4 earlier this year, it seems to be a new trend to release the best titles on last-gen consoles once more. Whether we can actually see and feel a difference is yet to be said, here's hoping that the remastered edition of The Last of Us will in fact be just that and more.
Source: EU PlayStation Blog


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The Wizarding World of Harry Potter has given Universal Studios an enormous boost in visits – Universal Studios has always been the second largest theme park in Florida to Walt Disney World, but several analysts have been suggesting that the popularity of Harry Potter may lead to Universal Studios usurping the Mouse's position as head cheese of the theme park industry.
Walt Disney World officials beg to differ, however. After a St. Petersburg newspaper interviewed Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Chairman Tom Staggs, the Disney corporation seems to be confident in its ability to keep visitors coming back for the magical time that only Mickey Mouse and his cast of characters can provide.
Obviously, the influx of visitors and the incredible magnetic draw of Harry Potter has taken away a bit of Disney's thunder. Harry Potter is one of the most popular franchises in the world and the opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter has prompted explosive gains for Universal Studios.
Despite this, however, Stuggs maintains that while it definitely hasn't helped Walt Disney World to have been hit with such competition, it's not a hard negative in any sense, and the impact on Disney World's gains haven't been overly dramatic.
Stuggs was interviewed on the deck of Walt Disney World's newest cruise ship, the Disney Dream. He feels that there is still room for Disney World to move forward with its renovations and become a better park due to the competition – in fact, the huge remake of Fantasyland is in part due to the need to provide a better park experience for visitors.


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Rental return is approximately $320 - $330 per week.
This property must be sold. Don't delay your inspection, you will be pleasantly surprised. Call today.


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Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Wake Forest Gear!!!
8 comments:
Love the Nike shorts. I have the exact same pair, except they're Carolina instead of Wake. Got them at UNC's Student Store when I was a senior a couple years ago, and I still love them.ReplyDelete
Wishing you luck on getting into Wake! It's a nice school and -- yes, I'm kind of biased since it's my hometown, but -- Winston-Salem can be a cool town. I mean, we gave the world Krispy Kreme. So you're welcome! And Old Salem is pretty neat if you're into history. It's like a small Williamsburg. Winston's downtown scene isn't that big, but I always remember Wake kids making trips to Chapel Hill. Especially at Halloween. And it's only about an hour and a half or so from Boone, so there's always skiing in the winter.
How exciting! Emily Giffin who wrote the Something Borrowed/Something Blue books went there. Do you have any idea yet what you are going to do as far as a major?ReplyDelete
LeBarron - Thank you so much for the info!! I want to learn as much as I can about Winston Salem!!ReplyDelete
Taylor - I think that Wake's health and exercise science major is amazing...but i honestly don't know what i want to do!!
How could I have forgotten the greatest part about Winston-Salem?! The Belk in Hanes Mall usually has THE BEST sales on Lilly and some on Vineyard Vines. My best friend and I are always on the look out there.ReplyDelete
That skirt is just darling! I think I'm going to visit there this summer, actually.ReplyDelete
I have some friends that go to Wake and love it! Good luck with Wake!ReplyDelete
One of my best friends is at Wake Forest for medical school and she absolutely loves it! Definitely see you going to school there. Best of luck!ReplyDelete
That top skirt is so cute! My boyfriend is waiting to hear from them about law school next year! Good luck! My fingers are crossed for both of you:)ReplyDelete