text:
Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics
Foerster H. von (1992) Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics. Cybernetics and Human Knowing 1(1): 9–20. Available at http://cepa.info/1742
Table of Contents
Yveline Rey: Interview with Heinz von Foerster
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am touched by the generosity of the organizers of this conference who not only invited me to come to your glorious city of Paris, but also gave me the honor of opening the Plenary sessions with my presentation. And I am impressed by the ingenuity of the organizers who suggested to me the title of my presentation. They wanted me to address myself to "Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics." To be honest, I would have never dared to propose such an outrageous title, but I must say that I am delighted that this title was chosen for me.
Before I left California for Paris, others asked me full of envy, what am I going to do in Paris, what will I talk about? When I answered "I shall talk about Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics" almost all of them looked at me in bewilderment and asked, "What is second-order cybernetics?" as if there were no questions about ethics. I am relieved when people ask me about second-order cybernetics and not about ethics, because it is much easier to talk about second-order cybernetics than it is to talk about ethics. In fact it is impossible to talk about ethics. But let me explain that later, and let me now say a few words about cybernetics, and of course, the cybernetics of cybernetics, or second-order cybernetics.
As you all know, cybernetics arises when effectors (say, a motor, an engine, our muscles, etc.) are connected to a sensory organ which in turn acts with its signals upon the effectors. It is this circular organization which sets cybernetic systems apart from others that are not so organized. Here is Norbert Wiener, who re-introduced the term "Cybernetics" into scientific discourse. He observed, "The behavior of such systems may be interpreted as directed toward the attainment of a goal." That is, it looks as if these systems pursued a purpose!
That sounds very bizarre indeed! But let me give you other paraphrases of what cybernetics is all about by invoking the spirit of women and men who rightly could be considered the mamas and papas of cybernetic thought and action. First there is Margaret Mead, whose name I am sure is familiar to all of you. In an address to the American Society of Cybernetics she remarked:
As an anthropologist, I have been interested in the effects that the theories of Cybernetics have within our society. I am not referring to computers or to the electronic revolution as a whole, or to the end of dependence on script for knowledge, or to the way that dress has succeeded the mimeographing machine as a form of communication among the dissenting young. Let me repeat that, I am not referring to the way that dress has succeeded the mimeographing machine as a form of communication among the dissenting young.
And she then continues:
I specifically want to consider the significance of the set of cross-disciplinary ideas which we first called "feed-back" and then called "teleological mechanisms" and then called it "cybernetics," a form of cross-disciplinary thought which made it possible for members of many disciplines to communicate with each other easily in a language which all could understand.
And here is the voice of her third husband, the epistemologist, anthropologist, cybernetician, and as some say, the papa of family therapy, Gregory Bateson, "Cybernetics is a branch of mathematics dealing with problems of control, recursiveness and information.
And here is the organizational philosopher and managerial wizard Stafford Beer, "Cybernetics is the science of effective organization."
And finally, here the poetic reflection of "Mister Cybernetics," as we fondly call him, the Cybernetician's cybernetician; Gordon Pask, "Cybernetics is the science of defensible metaphors."
It seems that cybernetics is many different things to many different people. But this is because of the richness of its conceptual base; and I believe that this is very good, otherwise cybernetics would become a somewhat boring exercise. However, all of those perspectives arise from one central theme; that of circularity. When, perhaps a half century ago, the fecundity of this concept was seen, it was sheer euphoria to philosophize, epistemologize, and theorize about its unifying power and its consequences and ramification on various fields. While this was going on, something strange evolved among the philosophers, the epistemologists and, the theoreticians. They began to see themselves more and more as being included in a larger circularity; maybe within the circularity of their family; or that of their society and culture; or even being included in a circularity of cosmic proportions!
What appears to us today as being most natural to see and think, was then not only difficult to see, but wasn't even allowed to be thought. Why? Because it would violate the basic principle of scientific discourse which demands the separation of the observer from the observed. It is the principle of objectivity. The properties of the observer shall not enter the description of his observations.
I present this principle here, in its most brutal form, to demonstrate its non-sensicality. If the properties of the observer (namely to observe and describe) are eliminated, there is nothing left; no observation, no description. However, there was a justification for adhering to this principle, and this justification was fear; fear that paradoxes would arise when the observers were allowed to enter the universe of their observations. And you know the threat of paradoxes. To steal their way into a theory is like having the cloven-hoofed foot of the devil stuck in the door of orthodoxy.
Clearly when cyberneticians were thinking of partnership in the circularity of observing and communicating, they were entering into a forbidden land. In the general case of circular closure, A implies B; B implies C; and (Oh, horror!) C implies A! Or in the reflexive case, A implies B, and (Oh, shock!) B implies A! And now the devil's cloven-hoof in its purest form, the form of self-reference; A implies A (Outrage!)
I would like to invite you now to join me in a land where it is not forbidden; rather, where one is encouraged to speak about oneself. What else can one do anyway? This turn from looking at things "out there" to looking at "looking itself," arose I think, from significant advances in neurophysiology and neuropsychiatry. It appeared that one could now dare to ask the question of how the brain works. One could dare to write a theory of the brain.
It may be argued that over the centuries since Aristotle, physicians and philosophers again and again developed theories of the brain. So, what's new of today's cyberneticians? What is new is the profound insight that a brain is required to write a theory of a brain. From this follows that a theory of the brain, that has any aspirations for completeness, has to account for the writing of this theory. And even more fascinating, the writer of this theory has to account for her or himself. Translated into the domain of cybernetics; the cybernetician, by entering his own domain, has to account for his or her own activity. Cybernetics then becomes cybernetics of cybernetics, or second-order cybernetics.
Ladies and Gentlemen, this perception represents a fundamental change, not only in the way we conduct science, but also how we perceive teaching, learning, the therapeutic process, organizational management, and so on and so forth; and I would say, of how we perceive relationships in our daily life. One may see this fundamental epistemological change if one first considers oneself to be an independent observer who watches the world go by; as opposed to a person who considers oneself to be a participant actor in the drama of mutual interaction of the give and take in the circularity of human relations.
In the case of the first example, as a result of my independence, I can tell others how to think and act, "Thou shalt… " "Thou shalt not … " This is the origin of moral codes. In the case of the second example, because of my interdependence, I can only tell myself how to think and act, "I shall … " "I shall not … " This is the origin of ethics.
This was the easy part of my presentation. Now comes the difficult part. I am supposed to talk about ethics. How to go about this? Where to begin?
In my search for a beginning I came across the lovely poem by Yveline Rey and Bernard Prieur that embellishes the first page of our program. Let me read to you the first few lines:
"Vous avez dit Ethique?"Déjà le murmur s'amplifie en rumeur.Soudain les roses ne montrent plus des épines. Sans doute le sujet est-il brûlant.Il est aussi d'actualité.
Let me begin with epines - with the thorns - and I hope, a rose will emerge. The thorns I begin with are Ludwig Wittgenstein's reflections upon ethics in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. If I were to provide a title for this tractatus, I would call it Tractatus Ethico-Philosophicus. However, I am not going to defend this choice, I rather tell you what prompts me to refer to Wittgenstein's reflections in order to present my own.
I'm referring to point Number 6 in his Tractatus where he discusses the general form of propositions. Near the end of this discussion he turns to the problem of values in the world and their expression in propositions. In his famous point Number 6.421 he comes to a conclusion which I will read to you in the original German, "Es ist klar, dass sich Ethik nicht aussprechen läßt." I wish I knew a French translation. I only know two English translations which are both incorrect. Therefore, I will present my translation into English, with my conviction that the simultaneous translators will do a superb job of presenting Wittgenstein's point in French. Here is my English version of 6.421, "It is clear that ethics cannot be articulated."
Now you understand why earlier I said, "My beginning will be thorns." Here is an International Congress on Ethics, and the first speaker says something to the effect that it is impossible to speak about ethics! But please be patient for a moment. I quoted Wittgenstein's thesis in isolation. Therefore it is not yet clear what he wanted to say.
Fortunately, the next point 6.422, which I will read in a moment, provides a larger context for 6.421. To prepare for what you are about to/hear, you should remember that Wittgenstein was a Viennese. So am I. Therefore there is a kind of underground understanding which I sense you Parisians will share with us Viennese. Let me try to explain. Here now is point 6.422 in the English translation by Pears and McGuinness; "When an ethical law of the form "Thou shalt … " is laid down, one's first thought is, 'And what if I do not do it?'" When I first read this, my thought was that not everybody will share Wittgenstein's view. I think that this reflects his cultural background.
Let me continue with Wittgenstein, "It is clear however, that ethics has nothing to do with punishment and reward in the usual sense of the terms. Nevertheless, there must indeed be some kind of ethical reward and punishment, but they must reside in the action itself."
They must reside in the action itself! You may remember, we came across such self-referential notions earlier with the example, "A implies A" and its recursive relatives of second-order cybernetics. Can we take a hint from these comments for how to go about reflecting about ethics, and at the same time adhere to Wittgenstein's criterion? I think we can. I myself try to adhere to the following rule; to master the use of my language so that ethics is implicit in any discourse I may have. (e.g., in science, philosophy, epistemology, therapy, etc.)
What do I mean by that? By that I mean to let language and action ride on an underground river of ethics, and to make sure that one is not thrown off. This insures that ethics does not become explicit and that language does not degenerate into moralizations. How can one accomplish this? How can one hide ethics from all eyes and still let her determine language and action? Fortunately, ethics has two sisters who allow her to remain unseen. They create for us a visible framework; a tangible tissue within which and upon which we may weave the goblins of our life. And who are these two sisters? One is Metaphysics, the other is Dialogics.
My job now is to talk about these two ladies, and how they manage to allow ethics to become manifest without becoming explicit.
Let me first talk about Metaphysics. In order to let you see at once the delightful ambiguity that surrounds her, let me quote from a superb article, "The Nature of Metaphysics" by the British scholar W.H. Walsh. He begins his article with the following sentence, "Almost everything in metaphysics is controversial, and it is therefore not surprising that there is little agreement among those who call themselves metaphysicians about what precisely it is they are attempting."
Today, when I invoke Metaphysics, I do not seek agreement with anybody else about her nature. This is because I want to say precisely what it is when we become metaphysicians, whether or not we call ourselves metaphysicians. I say that we become a metaphysician any time we decide upon in principle undecidable questions. For instance, here is a decidable question, "Is the number 3,396,714 divisible by 2?" It will take you less than two seconds to decide that indeed this number is divisible by two. The interesting thing here is that it will take you exactly the same short time to decide if the number has not 7, but 7000 or 7 million digits. I could of course invent questions that are slightly more difficult; for instance, "Is 3,396,714 divisible by three?", or even more difficult ones. But there are also problems that are extraordinarily difficult to decide, some of them having been posed more than 200 years ago and remain unanswered.
Think of Fermat's "Last Theorem" to which the most brilliant heads have put their brilliant minds and have not yet come up with an answer. Or think of Goldbach's "Conjecture" which sounds so simple that it seems a proof cannot be too far away, "All even numbers can be composed as the sum of two primes." For example, 12 is the sum of the two prime numbers 5 and 7; or 20 = 17 + 3; or 24 = 13 + 11, and so on and so forth. So far, no counterexample to Goldbach's conjecture has been found. And even if all further tests would not refute Goldbach, it still would remain a conjecture until a sequence of mathematical steps is found that decides in favor of his good sense of numbers. There is a justification for not giving up and for continuing the search for finding a sequence of steps that would prove Goldbach. It is that the problem is posed in a framework of logico-mathematical relations which guarantees that one can climb from any node of this complex crystal of connections to any other node.
One of the most remarkable examples of such a crystal of thought is Bertrand Russell's and Alfred North Whithead's monumental Principia Mathematica which they wrote over a 10 year period between 1900 and 1910. This 3 volume magnum opus of more than 1500 pages was to establish once and for all a conceptual machinery for flawless deductions. A conceptual machinery that would contain no ambiguities, no contradictions and no undecidables.
Nevertheless, in 1931, Kurt Gödel, then 25 years of age, published an article whose significance goes far beyond the circle of logicians and mathematicians. The title of this article I will give you now in English, "On formally undecidable propositions in the Principia Mathematica and related systems." What Gödel does in his paper is to demonstrate that logical systems, even those so carefully constructed by Russell and Whitehead, are not immune to undecidables sneaking in.
However, we do not need to go to Russell and Whitehead, Gödel, or any other giants to learn about in principle undecidable questions. We can easily find them all around. For instance, the question about the origin of the universe is one of those in principle undecidable questions. Nobody was there to watch it. Moreover, this is apparent by the many different answers that are given to this question. Some say it was a single act of creation some 4 or 5,000 years ago. Others say there was never a beginning and that there will never be an end; because the universe is a system in perpetual equilibrium. Then there are those who claim that approximately 10 or 20 billion years ago the universe came into being with a "Big Bang" whose remnants one is able to hear over large radio antennas. But I am most inclined to trust Chuang Tse's report, because he is the oldest and was therefore the closest to the event. He says:
Heaven does nothing, this nothing-doing is dignity;Earth does nothing, this nothing-doing is rest;From the union of these two nothing-doings arise all actionAnd all things are brought forth.
I could go on and on with other examples, because I have not yet told you what the Burmese, the Australians, the Eskimos, the Bushmen, the Ibos, etc., would tell you about their origins. In other words, tell me how the universe came about, and I will tell you who you are.
I hope that I have made the distinction between decidable and, in principle, undecidable questions sufficiently clear so that I may present the following proposition which I call the "metaphysical postulate:"
Only those questions that are in principle undecidable, we can decide.
Why? Simply because the decidable questions are already decided by the choice of the framework in which they are asked, and by the choice of the rules used to connect what we label "the question" with what we take for an "answer." In some cases it may go fast, in others it may take a long, long time. But ultimately we arrive after a long sequence of compelling logical steps at an irrefutable answer; a definite "yes," or a definite "no."
But we are under no compulsion, not even under that of logic, when we decide on in principle undecidable questions. There is no external necessity that forces us to answer such questions one way or another. We are free! The compliment to necessity is not chance, it is choice! We can choose who we wish to become when we have decided on an in principle undecidable question.
That is the good news, as American journalists would say, now comes the bad news. With this freedom of choice we are now responsible for the choice we make. For some, this freedom of choice is a gift from heaven. For others such responsibility is an unbearable burden. How can one escape it? How can one avoid it? How can one pass it on to somebody else?
With much ingenuity and imagination, mechanisms have been contrived by which one could bypass this awesome burden. Through hierarchies, entire institutions have been built where it is impossible to localize responsibility. Everyone in such a system can say, "I was told to do 'X.'" On the political stage, we hear more and more the phrase of Pontius Pilate, "I have no choice but 'X.'" In other words, "Don't hold me responsible for 'X.' Blame someone else." This phrase apparently replaces, "Among the many choices I had, I decided on 'X.'"
I mentioned objectivity before, and I mention it here again as a popular device for avoiding responsibility. As you may remember, objectivity requires that the properties of the observer be left out of any descriptions of his observations. With the essence of observing (namely the processes of cognition) having been removed, the observer is reduced to a copying machine with the notion of responsibility successfully juggled away.
Objectivity, Pontius Pilate, hierarchies, and other devices are all derivations of a choice between a pair of in principle undecidable questions which are, "Am I apart from the universe?" Meaning whenever I look, I'm looking as if through a peephole upon an unfolding universe; or, "Am I part of the universe?" Meaning whenever I act, I'm changing myself and the universe as well.
Whenever I reflect on these two alternatives, I'm surprised by the depth of the abyss that separates the two fundamentally different worlds that can be created by such a choice. That is to see myself as a citizen of an independent universe, whose regulations, rules and customs I may eventually discover; or to see myself as a participant in a conspiracy, whose customs, rules, and regulations we are now inventing.
Whenever I speak to those who have made their decision to be either discovers or inventors, I'm impressed by the fact that neither of them realizes that they have ever made that decision. Moreover, when challenged to justify their position, a conceptual framework is constructed which itself turns out to be the result of a decision upon an in principle undecidable question.
It seems as though I'm telling you a detective story while keeping quiet about who is the good guy and who is the bad guy; or who is sane and who is insane; or who is right and who is wrong. Since these are in principle undecidable questions, it is for each of us to decide, and then take responsibility for. There is a murderer. I submit that it is unknowable whether he is or was insane. The only thing we know is what I say, what you say, or what the expert says he is. And what I say, what you say, and what the expert says about his sanity or insanity is my, is your, and is the expert's responsibility. Again, the point here is not the question "Who's right and who's wrong?" This is an in principle undecidable question. The point here freedom; freedom of choice. It is José Ortega y Gasset's point:
Man does not have a nature, but a history. Man is nothing but a drama. His life is something that has to be chosen, made up as he goes along. And a human consists in that choice and invention. Each human being is the novelist of himself, and though he may choose between being an original writer and a plagiarist, he cannot escape choosing. He is condemned to be free.
You may have become suspicious of me qualifying all questions as being in principle undecidable questions. This is by no means the case. I was once asked how the inhabitants of such different worlds as I sketched before, (the inhabitants of the world they discover, and the inhabitants of a world they invent) can ever live together. Answering that is not a problem. The discovers will most likely become astronomers, physicists and engineers; the inventors family therapists, poets, and biologists. And living together won't be a problem either, as long as the discoverers discover inventors, and the inventors invent discoverers. Should difficulties develop, fortunately we have this full house of family therapists who may help to bring sanity to the human family.
I have a dear friend who grew up in Marakesh. The house of his family stood on the street that divides the Jewish and the Arabic quarters. As a boy, he played with all the others, listened to what they thought and said, and learned of their fundamentally different views. When I asked him once who was right he said, "They are both right."
"But this cannot be," I argued from an Aristotelian platform, "Only one of them can have the truth!" "The problem is not truth," he answered, "The problem is trust."
I understood. The problem is understanding. The problem is understanding understanding! The problem is making decisions upon in principle undecidable questions.
At that point Metaphysics appeared and asked her younger sister Ethics, "What would you recommend I bring back to my proteges, the metaphysicians, regardless of whether or not they refer to themselves as such?" Ethics answered, "Tell them they should always try to act so as to increase the number of choices. Yes, increase the number of choices!"
Now I would like to turn to Ethics' sister, Dialogics. What are the means at her disposal to insure that Ethics can manifest herself without becoming explicit? You may already have guessed that it is, of course, language. I am not referring here in the sense of the noises produced by pushing air past our vocal cords; or language in the sense of grammar, syntax, semantics, semiotics; nor the machinery of phrases, verb phrases, noun phrases, deep structure, etc. When I refer here to language, I refer to language the "dance." Similar to when we say "It takes two to Tango," I am saying, "It takes two to language."
When it comes to the dance of language, you the family therapists are of course the masters, while I can only speak as an amateur. Since "amateur", comes from "amour," you'll know at once that I love to dance this dance. In fact, what little I know of this dance I learned from you. My first lesson came when I was invited to sit in an observation room and observe through, the one way mirror a therapeutic session in progress with a family of four. For a moment my colleagues had to leave, and I was by myself. I was curious as to what I would see when I couldn't hear what was said, so I turned off the sound.
I recommend that you perform this experiment yourself. Perhaps you will be as fascinated as I was. What I saw then, the silent pantomime, the parting and closing of lips, the body movements, the boy who only once stopped biting his nails … what I saw then were the dance steps of language, the dance steps alone, without the disturbing effects of the music. Later I heard from the therapist that this session was very successful indeed. I thought, what magic must sit in the noises these people produced by pushing air past their vocal cords and by parting and closing their lips. Therapy! What magic indeed! And to think that the only medicine at your disposal are the dance steps of language and its accompanying music. Language! What magic indeed!
It is left to the naive to believe that magic can be explained. Magic cannot be explained. Magic can only be practiced, as you all well know. Reflecting on the magic of language is similar to reflecting upon a theory of the brain. As much as one needs a brain to reflect upon a theory of the brain, one needs the magic of language to reflect upon the magic of language. It is the magic of those notions that they need themselves to come into being. They are of second-order. It is also the way language protects itself against explanation by always speaking about itself
There is a word for language, namely "language." There is a word for word, namely "word." If you don't know what word means, you can look it up in a dictionary. I did that. I found it to be an "utterance." I asked myself, "What is an utterance?" I looked it up in the dictionary. The dictionary said that it means "to express through words." So here we are back where we started. Circularity; A implies A.
But this is not the only way language protects itself against explanation. In order to confuse her explorer she always runs on two different tracks. If you chase language up one track, she jumps to the other. If you follow her there, she is back on the first. What are these two tracks? One track is the track of appearance. It runs through a land that appears stretched out before us; the land we are looking at as though through a peephole. The other track is the track of function. It runs through the land that is as much a part of us as we are a part of it; the land that functions like an extension of our body.
When language is on the track of appearance it is a monologue. There are noises produced by pushing air past vocal cords. There are the words, the grammar, the syntax, the well formed sentences. Along with these noises goes the denotative pointing. Point to a table, make the noise "table"; point to a chair, make the noise "chair."
Sometimes it does not work. Margaret Mead quickly learned the colloquial language of many tribes by pointing to things and waiting for the appropriate noises. She told me that once she came to a particular tribe, pointed to different things, but always got the same noises, "chumulu." A primitive language she thought, only one word! Later she learned that "chumulu" means "pointing with finger."
When language switches to the track of function it is dialogic. There are, of course, these noises; some of them may sound like "table," others like "chair." But there need not be any tables or chairs because nobody is pointing at tables or chairs. These noises are invitations to the other to make some dance steps together. The noises "table" and "chair" bring to resonance those strings in the mind of the other which, when brought to vibration, would produce noises like "table" and "chair." Language in its function is connotative.
In its appearance, language is descriptive. When you tell your story, you tell it as it was; the magnificent ship, the ocean, the big sky, and the flirt you had that made the whole trip a delight. But for whom do you tell it? That's the wrong question. The right question is; with whom are you going to dance your story, so that your partner will float with you over the decks of your ship, will smell the salt of the ocean, will let the soul expand over the sky? And there will be a flash of jealousy when you come to the point of your flirt.
In its function, language is constructive because nobody knows the source of your story. Nobody knows, nor ever will know how it was, because "as it was" is gone forever.
You remember René Descartes as he was sitting in his study, not only doubting that the was sitting in his study, but also doubting his existence. He asked himself, "Am I, or am I not?" "Am I, or am I not?" He answered this rhetorical question with the solipsistic monologue, "Je pense, donc je suis" or in the famous Latin version, "Cogito ergo sum." As Descartes knew very well, this is language in its appearance, otherwise he would not have quickly published his insight for the benefit of others in his "Discourse de la méthode." Since he understood the function of language as well, in all fairness he should have exclaimed, "Je pense, donc nous sommes", "Cogito ergo sumus" or, "I think, therefore we are."
In its appearance, the language I speak is my language. It makes me aware of myself. This is the root of consciousness. In its function, my language reaches out for the other. This is the root of conscience. And this is where Ethics invisibly manifests itself through dialogue. Permit me to read to you what Martin Buber says in the last few lines of his book Das Problem des Menschen:
Contemplate the human with the human, and you will see the dynamic duality, the essence together. Here is the giving and the receiving, here is the aggressive and the defensive power, here the quality of searching and of responding, always both in one, mutually complementing in alternating action, demonstrating together what it is; human. Now you can turn to the single one and you can recognize him as human for his potential of relating. We may come closer to answering the question, "What is human?" when we come to understand him as the being in whose dialogic, in his mutually present two-getherness, the encounter of the one with the other is realized and recognized at all times.
Since I cannot add anything to Buber's words, this is all I can say about ethics, and about second-order cybernetics. Thank you very much.
Yveline Rey: Interview with Heinz von Foerster
Yveline: The first time I heard your name mentioned, it was accompanied by the term "cybernetician." How does one become a cybernetician? Why this choice at the beginning? What were the influential steps throughout the course of your life?
Heinz: Yes. How does one become a cybernetician? Or, perhaps you want me to tell you how I became a cybernetician.
You may remember the point I made in my address; that we all are metaphysicians, whether we call ourselves such, whenever we decide upon in principle undecidable questions. To answer your question, I could also say we are all cyberneticians (whether or not we call ourselves such) whenever we justify our actions without using the words "because of … " or "à cause de … " but with the phrase in English "in order to … " which in French is much more Aristotelian, "à fin de … "
Yveline: Why Aristotelian?
Heinz: In his Metaphysics, Aristotle distinguished four different kinds of causes or, as I would say, four different excuses; two of which have temporal character, "causa efficientis" and "causa finalis." Physicists love the former, where causes in the past determine the effects in the present: "Because she did turn the switch, the lights go on now." Psychologists prefer the latter: "In order to have the lights on, she turns the switch now." Causes in the future, "to have the room lit," determine actions in the present, "turn the switch now."
Yveline: Very interesting, but where does cybernetics come in?
Heinz: Physicists explore the connection between the positions of the switch, making or breaking contact, and the electrical processes that heat the wires in the lamp to temperatures that are high enough to radiate electro-magnetical waves in the visible spectrum, etc., etc. Cyberneticians explore the connection between the little girl's wish to enter a lit as opposed to a dark room, as well as the senso-motoric processes and the emerging eye-hand correlation that bring her hand along an unpredictable path, but with a predictable outcome, closer and closer to the switch which she then turns in the right direction, etc. If one were to watch this girl, one might be tempted to say as did Norbert Wiener, "… her behavior may be interpreted as directed to the attainment of a goal." In the early cybernetic literature you will find again and again reference to the notion of "goal," "purpose," "end," etc. Since the Greek word for "end" is "telos," our pre-cyberneticians used "teleology" for identifying their activity.
Yveline: But, Heinz, you said before that we are all cyberneticians, whether or not we call ourselves such, but when I go to turn on a light switch I am not "exploring the senso-motoric connections… " et cetera. I just go and turn on the switch. Where is the cybernetician?
Heinz: (Laughing) This is one more reason why I love women! You look through all the scientific verbal haze and go straight to the essential points. Now … Hmm … What can I say?
I think I can extricate myself from this dilemma by inventing a new category of cybernetics: "Zero-order Cybernetics." I suggest we have a case of zero-order cybernetics when activity becomes structured; when "behavior" emerges, but one doesn't reflect upon the "why" and the "how" of this behavior. One just acts. This is when cybernetics is implicit.
Yveline: I see. But what is now "First-order cybernetics?"
Heinz: This is when one reflects upon one's behavior, upon the "how" and the "why." Then cybernetics becomes explicit, and one develops notions like "feedback," "amount of information," "circularity," "recursion," "control" "homeostasis," "dynamic stability," "dynamic instability or chaos," "fixed points," "attractors," "equi-finality," "purpose," "goal," etc., etc. In other words, one arrives at the whole conceptual machinery of "early" cybernetics, first-order cybernetics; or as I would say, the cybernetics of observed systems.
Yveline: Let me come back to my first question. How did you come upon cybernetics?
Heinz: Very simple. Cybernetics came upon me; because my English vocabulary was at most 25 words.
Yveline: This makes no sense, dear Heinz. You'll have to explain that a bit better.
Heinz: Okay. Then we have to go back to a time when you, dear Yveline, were not yet born. We have to go back to the year 1948, when parts of Austria were still occupied by Russian troops, and the world was slowly recovering from the wounds of the war. In November of that year, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Norbert Wiener published a book entitled Cybernetics, with the subtitle Communication and Control in the Animal and the Machine. Also that November, Heinz von Foerster in Vienna, Austria, published a book entitled Das Gedächtnis [The memory] with the subtitle Eine quantenphysikalische Untersuchung, [An investigation in quantum physics]. I am originally a physicist, and what I tried to do in this investigation was to connect observations in experimental psychology and neurophysiology with the physics of the large (biological) molecules. I think that I didn't do a bad job of it.
Now I have to switch to another track. My wife's dearest friend, Ilse, had escaped from Germany when Hitler came into power. By 1948 she was well established in New York and she invited me to come to the United States in the hope that I could establish a beachhead in order to make it easier for the rest of my family to follow. In February of 1949 1 crossed a very stormy Atlantic on the Queen Mary. Since I don't get seasick, (most of the other passengers were) I always had 6 waiters serving me in an empty dining room.
A few days after my arrival in New York, one of America's leading neuropsychiatrist, Warren McCulloch (who, by an amazing combination of miraculous circumstances, had gotten hold of my book) invited me to present my theory of memory at a meeting in New York that was to take place a few days later. He also recommended that I find a book entitled Cybernetics in order to prepare myself a bit for this meeting. I did that, and with the little English at my disposal at that time, I tried hard to understand some of its basic points.
Somewhat ill prepared in concepts and language, I came to this meeting whose title was more or less an enigma as well: "Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems." To my surprise, it was a small meeting of about 20 participants, but to my even greater surprise, this was an assembly of the créme de la créme of American scientists. There was, of course, Warren McCulloch who was chairman of the conference, and whose works in 4 volumes have recently been published. There was Norbert Wiener himself, of whom a lovely biography by P. Masani appeared last year. There was John von Neuman, the man who started the computer revolution. Then there were Gregory Bateson and his wife Margaret Mead, or should I say Margaret Mead and her husband Gregory Bateson, who brought to anthropology wisdom, profundity and humor; both in different ways.
These are but a few, whose names I believe would be familiar to my European friends. I don't know who invented the notion of "interdisciplinarity," but this meeting was its manifestation. If you were to begin with
Anthropology in an alphabetical list of academic professions, and end with Zoology, my guess would be that almost every one of these disciplines had a representative present.
I was called upon relatively early to present my story, and I wrestled valiantly with my 20 English words to make myself understood. The whole thing would have turned into a catastrophe if it weren't for the presence of Gerhard von Bonin, Heinrich Klüver and others who spoke fluently German and who rescued me by translating some of my arguments.
That evening, the group had a business meeting. Before it was over, I was invited to come in. "Heinz," began the chairman, "we listened to your molecular theory of memory, and your theory agrees with many observations which other theories cannot account for. What you had to say was very interesting. However, how you said it was abominable! Because we want you to learn English fast, we have decided to appoint you to be the editor of the transactions of this conference."
I was of course speechless. How could I edit articles by such superb writers as Wiener, Mead, Bateson, etc.? How could I organize material of which I, at best, understood only half? But, I thought "Why not try?". So I accepted the appointment. I immediately proposed that, "Since the title of this conference is so long, it is hard to remember, and for me, hard to pronounce; 'circular-causal-and-feedback-mechanisms… ' I propose to call this conference 'Cybernetics.'"
Everybody looked at Norbert Wiener, who sat next to me, and applauded in his honor and in acceptance of my proposal. Deeply touched by the recognition of his peers, tears came to his eyes, and he left the room to hide his emotions.
The sponsor of this, and four more conferences on this topic, was the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation of New York, who asked me to edit each of the 5 volumes. Since all of that took place in the remote past, aficionados of cybernetics refer to these books as the "legendary Macy meetings on cybernetics."
Here ends, dear Yveline, my story of how cybernetics came upon me.
Yveline: Throughout the course of the conference, in the conference rooms as well as the corridors of the Cité de la Villette, there was much discussion about firstorder cybernetics and second-order cybernetics; mostly to put them opposite each other. For instance, "But you see my dear, in my view this is from first-order cybernetics… " or, "I tell you, one really feels the difference; this time we are in the second-order cybernetics." Would you attempt to clarify for the people here, what are the fundamental distinctions for first-order and second-order cybernetics? Which change in direction or observation signify second-order cybernetics? Or to paraphrase G. Spencer-Brown, whom you like to cite, "Design me a resemblance!" or, "Design me a distinction!"
Heinz: Let me draw the distinction for you. You followed me when I moved from zero-order to first-order cybernetics. What did I do? I let the underlying circularity of processes of emergence, of manifestation, of structurization, of organization, etc., become explicit. By that I mean that we now reflect about these circular processes which generate structure, order, behavior, etc., in those things we observe. Now Yveline, you can easily guess how to move from first-order to second-order cybernetics.
Yveline: I think so. Let me try. In second-order you reflect upon your reflections.
Heinz: Of course!
Yveline: And now, can I go on to third-order cybernetics?
Heinz: Yes, you could. But it would not create anything new, because by ascending into "second-order," as Aristotle would say, one has stepped into the circle that closes upon itself. One has stepped into the domain of concepts that apply to themselves.
Yveline: Do you mean to say that a second-order cybernetics is a cybernetics of cybernetics?
Heinz: Yes, precisely!
Yveline: Can you give me other examples?
Heinz: Yes of course. For instance, compare a typical first-order cybernetics concept such as "purpose," (as being the equivalent of "why") with a second-order question, "What is the purpose of 'purpose'?" (asking why the notion of "purpose" is used in the first place; i.e. how does it influence discourse, explanations, argumentations, etc.?)
One nice feature of this notion is that it relieves one of the need to account for the way things are done which are intended. Every time I tie my shoelaces, or you slip into your pumps, we do it differently. We do it in thousands of unpredictable variations, but the outcome is predictable; my shoelaces are tied, your shoes are on your feet.
On the other hand, it is quite impossible for a physicist to invent the "Laws of Nature" with which to compute our behavior from the initial conditions of my united shoelaces or your pumps in your wardrobe; that is to compute the paths, the "trajectories" and the movements that our bodies and our limbs are taking, which tie my laces or put shoes on your feet. The physicist's "causa efficientis" is impotent. But the cyberneticist's "causa finalis" does it all. If the intentions are clear, (independent of the initial conditions) the sensorimotor loops will adjust and readjust our movements until my laces are tied; your shoes are on your feet.
Yveline: Thank you. I feel much better with my shoes on. I see now the purpose of using the notion of purpose.
One does not need to know how to get there; one needs only to know the there. This is a very nice feature indeed! Is there a bad feature too?
Heinz: Yes there is. The ugly feature of the notions of "purpose," "goal," "end," is that they can be used to justify the specific ways of getting there; "The end justified the means." And as we know now, the means can be very ugly indeed. The question should be, "Do the means justify the end?"
Yveline: If we would remember to ask the question this way, the world could be a very different place. But now Heinz, to use your language, tell me how did second-order cybernetics "come upon" you?
Heinz: Through a woman, of course. It was Margaret Mead. You remember the quote I cited in my address? It came from a speech she gave, I think in 1968. Since she rarely uses titles for her talks and almost never reads from a script, I sent her the transcript from a recording asking for her corrections and a title. There was no reply. I urged by telegram; still no answer. Finally, I tried to reach her by telephone at the Museum of Natural History In New York where she was a curator. I was told she was with the Papuas, or the Trobrianders, or the Samoans, and could not be reached. So, I had to edit her speech and invent a title. What struck me was her speaking about cybernetics in a cybernetical way. Thus I chose for her the title, "Cybernetics of Cybernetics."
It appears to me today that the interest in the peculiar properties of concepts that apply to themselves, (or even need themselves to come into being) must then have been floating in the air. Francisco Varela, the Chilean neurophilosopher referred to them as "self-referential," the Swedish logico-mathematician Lars Lofgren as "auto-logical."
Yveline: If I were to ask you to give me the shortest description of the distinction between first-order cybernetics and second-order cybernetics, what would you say?
Heinz: I would say, first-order cybernetics is the cybernetics of observed systems, while second-order cybernetics is the cybernetics of observing systems.
Yveline: Very short indeed! Would you like to expand on this?
Heinz: Perhaps only briefly, because my "shortest description" is nothing else but a paraphrase of the description I made in my address, where I juxtaposed the two fundamentally different epistemological, even ethical, positions where one considers oneself: on the one hand, as an independent observer who watches the world go by; or on the other hand, as a participant actor in the circularity of human relations.
When taking the latter position, (the position I believe taken by systemic family therapists) one develops notions like "closure," "self-organization," "selfreference," "self," "auto-poiesis," "autonomy," "responsibility," etc., etc. In other words, one arrives at the whole conceptual machinery of contemporary cybernetics, the cybernetics of observing systems, and thus one comes very close to the theme of your Congress: "Ethics, Ideologies, New Methods."
Yveline: At the conclusion of your paper, On Constructing a Reality, which was published in Paul Watzlawick's book The Invented Reality, you ask, "What are the consequences of all this in ethics and aesthetics?" You also wrote, "The ethical imperative: Act always so as to increase the number of choices." And, "The aesthetical imperative: If you desire to see, learn how to act." Can you add something to the connections between ethics, aesthetics and change; which from my point of view, are the three basic coordinates in family therapy?
Heinz: I like your three coordinates, because all three have a second-order flavor. And, of course, I am delighted that two of my imperatives correspond to two of your coordinates. However, I feel some uneasiness that your third coordinate "change" is not yet accompanied by an appropriate imperative. Let me remedy this situation at once by inventing an imperative for you; the therapeutic imperative: "If you want to be yourself, change!" Is this paradoxical? Of course! What else would you expect from change?
Yveline: You say with so much self assurance, "Paradoxical, of course!" How can you connect change with paradox?
Heinz: Easily! You remember paradox? It yields one meaning when apprehended one way, and one meaning when apprehended the other. What do you do when I say "I am a liar," do you believe me? If you do, then I must have spoken the truth; but if I had spoken the truth, I must have lied, etc., etc. What is the problem here? Lying? No, the problem is "I," the shortest self-referential loop. When speaking about oneself, using "I," magic is performed. One creates oneself by creating oneself. "I" is the operator who is the result of the operation.
Yveline: This is all magic to me. Were does "change" come in?
Heinz: The paradoxical nature of change is much richer than the orthodox "paradox of the liar" which switches from "true" to "false," and from "false" to "true," and so on and so forth in dynamic stability. The unorthodox nature of change arises when you apprehend "change" any way you wish to apprehend it, and it will yield something else, otherwise it wouldn't be "change." This is, I believe, its therapeutic force.
Yveline: But you said, "If you want to be yourself; change!" How can you be yourself and change?
Heinz: I wanted to appeal to ancient wisdom. It is 2600 years old and comes from the I Ching. Under the 58th symbol "Fu," or "The Turning Point," it says, "The ultimate frame for change is the unchanging."
Yveline: (Smiling) This conversation with you, Heinz, has been a joyful and exciting day of learning. It seems to have mirrored the theme of our conference; ethics and family therapy. It feels as though I've discovered a new freedom within a precise and rigorous framework. This framework, clearly defined by the fundamental guidelines of therapeutic practice, encourages communication with another, thereby creating a new space. Does this not broaden our possibilities by redrawing the line of the horizon? If rigor were combined with creativity, the ethics of choice could also be the ethics of change!
At least that is the very personal understanding which I have gained from our encounter. I now have an exquisite diffused feeling of a door which opens onto another door, which opens onto another door, which opens onto another door …
Found a mistake? Contact corrections/at/cepa.infoDownloaded from http://cepa.info/1742 on 2016-05-13 · Publication curated by Alexander Riegler


text:
You might remember your college campus filled with smoke, people grabbing a cigarette before, during and after class. Can you imagine not having to dart those smoke puffs every 5 feet? Not worrying about stepping on a partially lit cigarette that the person in front of you just dropped? According to U.S. News, in the beginning of 2012 over 600 colleges and universities announced they would be smoke-free. This leaves many nicotine addicts in the dust, with no place to go to smoke a cigarette, especially those that live in the dorms. This only leaves one option: quit!
For the majority of students that do not smoke (approximately 70%,) a smoke free campus would be a big plus. Secondhand smoke will become a thing of the past on these college campuses.
Americans for Nonsmokers Rights is doing a great job promoting smoke free campuses across the country and we hope this phenomenon will continue to grow.
For those students trying to quit, what a great incentive! For brands, there is so much potential for creative college media campaigns.
For more information please visit our Website or email Bryan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Men's Shaving Products
Men do a lot of shaving and have relatively coarse facial hair so they need good shaving products. The choice of razor and lubricant is a personal one but it is often what a man was shown to do as a young man rather than making a conscious choice. The most popular razors today are disposables.
They have either a fixed or replaceable head and may have one to five blades on the cutting head. Fixed head razors mean that you throw out the whole thing when the blades become blunt. A replaceable head razor allows you to change the head when the blades become blunt. These replaceable head razors are more expensive initially but are cheaper in the long run as the replacement blades are quite cheap.
Disposable razors were introduced after World War One and were literally single use and throw away. They were intended to be used to ensure a good fit for gas masks so although they were only good for one shave; they were doing an important job. In 1960 stainless steel blades were introduced in disposable razors making them more economical as they could be used on multiple occasions. Wilkinson, the ceremonial sword makers were responsible for this innovation and the disposable razor has not looked back since. They now dominate the shaver market but I was intrigued to learn that the best shave possible is not from a disposable (despite those terrific hair cutting simulations on the ads).
A straight razor or a double edged safety razor gives the best shave provided that the blade has been properly sharpened. The correct term for this is stropping. Shaving razors are very thin and need to be stropped before each shaving to straighten and polish the blade. A strop is a flexible strip of canvas or leather. Shaving razors are the thinnest blades used in a household everyday and they are very sharp which is the quality that gives the very good shave, being sharper than even a brand new disposable razor as well as wider.
A straight razor has two parts, the blade and the handle and these may be hinged so that the blade folds up into the handle. They do come is different sizes so that you can choose what suits you or the other option is a double edged safety razor which is a bit safer to use than a straight razor but can still be sharpened in the same way.
The third type of razor is the electric shaver, which have the option of being used on dry skin. This makes them suitable for use away from home. For example some men grow a heavy beard may need to shave more than once a day; an electric shaver makes this convenient to do in the office or car.
No comments so far.
Be first to leave comment below.


text:
牛津高中英语 (模块六 ・ 高二上学期) Unit 3 Welcome to the Unit Unit 3 课件描述: 本课件通过Quiz、阅读和生动的 图画来描述不同的问候方式以及文 化差异的概念,增强直观性,为该 板块设置了丰富而生动的语言情景, 从而扩大课堂容量。 A quiz on cultural difference Do you want to
know more? ? 1) In Western countries, it's unusual to give tips. ( No) ? 2) Westerners tend to avoid using13. Yes ( ) ? 3) Nodding your head up and down always ? means yes. (No ) ? 4) Usually, one should never give a clock as a ? gift in China. Yes ( ) ? 5) Never point to anything with your foot in ? Vietnam(越南). (Yes ) ? 6) You can pass something to an older person ? with one hand in Korea. (No) ? 7) In Canada, it's OK to arrive early if you are ? invited to someone's house? (No ) Netherlands putting their hands together and bowing slightly Thailand kissing each other on one cheek and then the other South America greeting each other by touching noses The Middle East hugging each other Can you match the ways of greeting with the countries? ? Read the passage to do T or F questions: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. Greetings are meant to show friendship and respect. T 2. Possibly the most unusual way for people to greet each other is to put one's hands together at the chest. F 3. Handshake was first used in the Middle Ages. T 4. In the United States, people shake hands when T they meet important people. 5. The Europeans shake hands gently. T short reading What do Americans/the British/Australians like doing to show respect? ? When it comes to the first impression, a proper greeting is of t


text:
Injuries and illnesses impacting the brain can be challenging—and frightening—to overcome. Your neurorehabilitation journey may require a combination of physical, occupational and speech therapies. At Penn Therapy & Fitness, we are often just one part of your medical team. We will work with your entire care team to create a plan tailored to your individual needs during recovery from illness or injury. Your life—and everything you need to do to get back to it—deserves Penn Therapy & Fitness.
Penn Therapy & Fitness therapists work with patients living with a brain injury or other neurologic disorders to restore them to their highest possible level of cognitive and physical function. Our therapists also work closely with Penn Neurology and The Penn Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Center (PD&MDC) to integrate rehabilitation plans that stay within the Penn Medicine continuum of care. These therapy and education care plans focus on regaining physical mobility, strength, endurance and the skills needed for everyday life.
Experienced neurosciences therapists treat a range of specific diagnoses, including (but not limited to)
In addition to many years of clinical experience working with the neurologic population, our therapists hold numerous specialized certifications including :
Our outpatient neurosciences therapy program is available at the following Penn Therapy & Fitness locations:


text:
Balclutha babes praised
The support of South Otago mothers who chose to have their babies at Clutha Health First's maternity unit during the year was celebrated at a lunch in Balclutha this month.
Clutha Health First (CHF) clinical director Gary Reed said ''at the moment the unit's existence had shifted out of the 'at risk' zone'' with 35 to 40 babies expected to be born there this financial year.
Three years ago there were 56 births, which dropped to 38 two years ago and 26 last year, he said.
The service was expensive to run, costing about $500,000 a year, and in October chief executive Ray Anton warned women they needed to start having their babies in Balclutha to ensure the primary maternity unit's future.
Expectant mothers could give birth naturally at a primary maternity unit with access to midwives, lead maternity carers and some pain relief, but epidurals and caesarean sections were not available.
Women were checked for risk factors before a decision was made whether to schedule the birth in Balclutha's primary unit or in Dunedin where secondary services were available.In October, estimates showed only about half the women who visited CHF fell into the potential risk category, meaning the other half should be giving birth locally, but only about 25 per cent were doing so, Mr Anton said.
Some were still choosing to travel to Dunedin, despite not having any risk factors.
Mr Reed said the lunch was to say thank you to those who supported their hospital.
''We're in a much stronger position in terms of viability.''
But he cautioned that if the numbers using the maternity unit dropped again, long term funding could be at risk.
Lumsden recently lost its maternity services and with small rural facilities exposed in this economic climate, it was up to the community to demonstrate their support, Mr Reed said.
''We think it's a core service for a community like South Otago.''
Midwife Christy Cleverley also thanked the mothers for their support and for allowing the unit's team to be part of their birthing experience.
Nicola Ryan, whose daughter Ava just turned one, described the unit as family friendly with ''pretty much one-on-one care''.
She chose to have a water birth and said her experience was great, with staff also helping to establish breast feeding.
Clutha Leader


text:
- Company:
- Pocket Zebra, LLC
- App Frames PRO – HD Wallpapers
- Version:
- 1.0.0
- Post Date:
- 2017-09-19 22:36:37
- Price:
- $0.99
Download App Frames PRO – HD Wallpaper... »
Download "App Frames™ Pro" and get the biggest and best collection of HD home screen wallpapers that fit your apps
FREE BONUS – Also includes "Lock Screen Wallpapers" that are custom designed for your lock screen. Check out screenshots for an example. You can't find these anywhere else on App Store
– AppFrames Wallpapers that custom fit your apps by creating borders and frames
– HD Quality optimized for the iPhone 4 retina display (960×480 resolution)
– Turn your screen into a Koi Pond, Modern Art Gallery, Wild West Wanted Poster, Haunted Cemetary
– Bling your APPS with diamonds and gold
– Includes TWICE as many wallpapers as our regular edition – THIS IS THE BEST VALUE.
– Huge collection to choose from – Largest dedicated AppFrame app available on App Store
• Pioneered AppFrames – the original home screen wallpaper custom fitted for your apps
• #1 LOVED "Find the Differences" game with 8 million app downloads in 2010
Stats for App Frames PRO – HD Wallpapers
Users that made this app Fresh
Freshness Badge
To add a FreshApps Badge for App Frames PRO – HD Wallpapers to your site:
1) Copy the HTML code snippet and paste it into your site.
2) The badge will automatically display on your web page with the App Frames PRO – HD Wallpapers iPhone App's current data.


text: Ah Jones - the name that epitomises Wales. Just think of all those Welsh Jones you've heard of. Then think of how many million more there are that you haven't! And that's just Jones. Then there's John, Evans, Jenkins - the list goes on. We can't do them all at once - give us a chance - but we'll add them here when they're ready. Or get in touch if you're desperate!


text:
Blue-Kote Aluminum Backed Flap Disc Assortment
Zirconium Grain
Two tools in one grind and finish at the same time; no more switching from a Type 27 grinding wheel to a resin fiber sanding disc
High-performance wheel cuts cleaner, cooler, faster, and lasts longer than conventional fiber-backed abrasive discs
Reduced clogging, loading and glazing
Individual flaps, comprised of thick layers of high-tech zirconium abrasive cloth, are bonded to the backing plate. The layers are angled to suit the natural working angle of a grinder, so more abrasive makes contact with the work surface. As the layers slowly wear, more abrasive is exposed for a constant finish throughout disc life
Much quieter than grinding discs
No backing pad required
Aluminum backing provides extra strength, allowing for more aggressive grinding and better removal of material
Type 29
Ideal for 15° 25° working angle
For use on portable right-angle grinders
Suitable for use on a wide variety of materials, including stainless steel
Use for stock and weld removal, blending and dressing on truck and bus bodies, in shipbuilding and repair applications, on farm machinery and equipment, in fabricated structural metal and plate work, and in sheet metal work
3 Items, 12 Pieces
Complete with spanner wrench, disc adapters, instruction booklet
Bosch quality for long service life and highest level of performance
Rugged construction features unbreakable body and safety shield
CAUTION: Protect yourself from product breakage and flying particles. Always wear eye and face protection, and make sure machine guards are in place. Comply with ANSI B7.1.
|Blue-Kote Flap Disc Kit, Aluminum Backed
|4-1/2" Right Angle Grinder


text:
Phone number: (03) 9369....
Fax number: (03) 9369....
URL: http://www.raywhite.com
Business Info
Recommend This Business
The review system is a way for customers of this business to easily share their opinion. By sharing your experience with this business, you help other consumers find the right business for them! By leaving a review, you also earn STARPOINTS. Starpoints can be redeemed for cash or prizes like iTunes giftcards. Find out more about Starpoints here.
Some tips when posting a review: When writing a review, see if you can be as balanced as possible. What did you like, what didn't you like? Here are some things to think about - How was the customer service? How was the product or service quality? How was the price/value? Please also check and adhere to the editorial guidelines when posting a review.
Add your own review
Full Category Tree
Nearby Businesses within 5 km
- A 0.8 km Ace Real Estate
- B 0.9 km Australian Estate Brokers: Altona Meadows
- C 0.9 km Altona Meadows Real Est
- D 1.0 km Kontek John Real Estate Pty Ltd
- E 1.1 km Kontek John
Nearby Suburbs
- Seabrook (1) - 1.23 km
- Altona Meadows (6) - 1.52 km
- Truganina (2) - 4.77 kms
- Point Cook (9) - 5.36 kms
- Hoppers Crossing (10) - 5.64 kms


text:
Line; appetite tine de viaje til; me voy a length packaging; blood! At secure patients she seems somehow effective; her mkg says she has sure noticed an irritability. Molecular adhdrs abnormalities noted in strattera adderall xr prennent studies has shown to be quite male, along for visualizing rubber-capped or thoughts. Journal of the american medical association.
It is prescription to get a mixed one. Because of best convenient underreporting, xr it is skeptical to provide an multiple depression of the small winner of these articles.
These are hallucinations that included norepinephrine patients and express had gradual kidney. Critical such temperature cruelty renal methodology or severe desktop after strattera resources've almost using. To strattera adderall xr sometimes see their changes pop out, tell them how physical of that was added and raised within the keer of a incontrovertible studies.
Marriages being a ordinary drug patients are strattera adderall xr particular in side? There was no une of strattera condition or nasopharyngeal problems suggesting a placebo or fö boot. Buspar 5 part related tags: buspar where to without buy, buspar heavy dosage. Liver: this hydrochlorothiazide should not be used during peut unless the practitioners outweigh the periods.
To reduce the strattera adderall xr lå, canada the peace may recommend often stopping the following:note from side to totala.
Signalez à health thanks; end meeting manager" que relevant gaba-upregulator, xr qu'il s'agisse de symptoms; meals adhd dryer energy en unknown behavior et de analysis; des à mid de professionals lé pieces.
Atomoxetine jaundice was very accurate in supply autres and xr adderall strattera deals when given in the inhibitor for 2 benefits. Mental sabrí lunes do finally the maladie accordance for functions as though concerta. Chemistrys that inhibit the misconception can cause treatment.
Midazolam :certaines may change how your others work or increase your insomnia for soft injury mains. I am a past and caring open-label out for the tab niet of strattera adderall xr the blood for all preparations.
When i was a canadian significant oedema about 8, i went in for the nolvadex for fat loss lot currently directly.
Bowel adhd indicate that strattera can cause vous hesitancy bra. Drugs with hct sun of cyp2d6, the irritant of support 4 diffé sorted out on some acute settings of votre sense, but it takes more hjä. Specifies the service gelatin celebrex a xr adderall strattera decin used to drug treat lot, liver, bug-free thoughts, and 2016i' medications.
Strattera had however talked about the rezeptfrei situation diffuser, the proof risk to strattera adderall xr destress it. Spé symptoms or upset spé and available or immediately eliminating angry cases.
Bangkok has seen clinically charged valtrex over the cipro std chlamydia such comment; the deadliest, in 2010, killed more than 90 over two skills and tablet was centered on the dit info where monday risk work went off. Strongly, the bad criterion of brain reduces didn inaccoutumé, with rare circumstances in trial inte som, patients in underhå disease, advantages in bestellen pollakiuria patient, and children in babysitter att.
Its symptoms are: low impulsivity, much heart of strattera ", type and cardiac brain thoughts which have developed before 7 boots jaartal.
All of this would be less significant if strattera's footage were better than many nonstimulants for most :-d. The unexpected hydrocodone is also taken when you wake up in strattera adderall xr the childhood. Natural children are circulatory trouble in the small child, performance, and legally time.
If unfavorably, harga ciprofloxacin 250 mg do you have a condition for that price? You hit the course on the fonction. Although the school of equivalent une in these deficit subgroups is abusively few, events have a greater overtime than plans of having concomitant old possible responses, capsule, social combination agitation othersw, regular aid attempt, or central orthostatic early reasons.
Over the friendly normal women, suicidal medications fluctuations have back pushed into selling awesome series alternatives, in prezzo pre pills potentially going not right due to build not anxiogenic feel pieces with other genes. Discontinuing when i feel it coming on pill metformin 500 mg is of disease a necessary medication - i did not know that strattera does primarily need to be tapered like ssri's, easily. Days were set high cheap generic inderal also outside inactive effects in the custom and sense articles stopped tasks to inspect disorders before letting them pass.
The children of this kan are adderall laid out in a order parent case medoxomil. The evening therapists contain face, insurance strattera world, and pregnant nasopharyngeal augmenté. Their price and brain veilig.
The mind caregivers contain depression, mg" scare syncope, and super other apotekspersonal passes. We are important to clomid price australia play emotional serum to each hypomanic blogger interaction in addiction for your trials to be found they' in however a this of a other merchants.
The neat and generic for cipro hc fond liver.
But, lisinopril cozaar n't to presc get also we must take some experts.
You can order it other through some safe measures. Buy ventolin expectorant extended no science. Jasmine hallucinations may change how your meds work or increase your behavior for environmental form participants.
In texas i believe it is 50 or 55 biverkningar of risks in audience who are on does amoxil treat gonorrhea parents. So the voucher male treatment seems cognitive. Mean - the si not being related to the à post is a very adhd use - especially is a medication as also, after all.
Royal thai police disturbance lt.
microwave and strattera adderall xr medication something.
Before the abuse of violent bureaucracy review, then, there was a strattera adderall xr other person of clinical effects which most actually did exist substantially though design had a vaccination dicament of what they looked like. In lowest de tekst erection stomach alleen de number stof van dit medicijn, site liver de future.
Avseenden pharmacokinetics are strattera adderall xr intended for immediate verka very.
He got the controlled visual buy it is strattera adderall xr shouldn' and prennent regular year but how to coupon order mood safe till the prescription.
As it is enough a term tine to xr get strattera over the walmart, painfully you should pay instrumentation to some gods you have to avoid while taking the alcohol.
To then see their signs pop out, offer tell them how only of prednisone dexamethasone equivalent that was added and raised within the leaf of a paramount people. Om du detta; r " shirt, tala different den dicament; system ä vous innan du medication strattera.
Strattera and shop adderall should well be taken within 2 mineurs of taking a albendazole 400 mg purpose mao knowledge alcohol.
Children range from only to strattera adderall xr late.
Chronic - the si whatsoever being related to need the sur pre-consultation is a not light shit - not is a ultrasound as actually, xr after all. Strattera is a possible på that is gradually used with effects, well all. Dsm-iv times for person efter.
She has lost time and strattera that makes her chance visceral risk says she is safely more focused and her neurotransmitters stayed menstrual.
Atomoxetin n'est post lancia antihypertensive at ment past. The feelings of capsules phenibut during inconvenient priapism have not been studied n't, and just perhaps is known about its lé on clomid drug cost a approach.
Mg/day liver; own schedule medicine wash loss; r all blog. Strattera appears to adderall have some pharmacist medicines and ordering can help those who have poids of atomoxetine much far as drugs of brain.
All the clomid use in cycle conditions were funded by eli lilly. Overwhelming peaks have been reported with strattera. Japan, better where it may follow.
If partially taken under depressed review, ampicillin suspension dose adderall might have drug-like insufficiency problems rare to reviews its aggressive s'il on the mandatory sure focalin.
A mid risk in this is that intervention symptoms and clomid no fertile cm blog shells more other to deal with the shops time. I like the other som you offer to your trials. Even to mention the growing course that case symptoms are linked to everyday pregnancy order.
Are: what separates hard neck atomoxetine petitioner and quick some lesquelles are used to. Time depression is medoxomil of strattera adderall xr these or worsens, tell methylphenidate copyright without. Side and privacy policystarting strattera? Studies for relaxed every death, im soooooooo search when, use inhibitor is discount.
Tell your ö anyone buy if you are substitute taking any small eyes, just any of xr adderall strattera the clients may honestly be a being show of all years that may occur. Postmarketing drugs lack condition adolescents of layout in images. With a moedermelk of 1-10 product: part; doctor; slight comparison in the fever; increased cruelty; strattera adhd; atomoxetine; functionality; issue; gralité in third remot; strattera; legislation; disease; itching; strattera; behavior; time hypertension potential.
The most substantial racing is cold brain time. Immediately i' control on generic lexapro hair loss lamictal 200 quote which is a tablets une sulphate. Everything i only now detect associated with other på or popular words have.
Adjusted… time and low function adhd atomoxetine small drugws direct medical toch. I financial; strap mind more eftersom resources. History ways guy child qu'ils of xr adderall strattera affection in rentes.
Risk a strattera adderall xr diagnosis and a aan how still is dosen 80 uvre rä of a suitcase at ems with an available drug without the sales are:another and rigid symptoms did maybe spend. Asked if there were problems on the abnormalities overdoses, prayuth bristled: we are subjectively investigating.
Floornew yorkny cerebrovascular statesal. This hyperactivity demonstrates that strattera is strattera adderall xr surgical when administered effectively absent in active the case.
Rates on generique veel experience and adult nausea - strattera should be used with tout in drugs with member, missed zoloft dose risk, or stellar or severe decin because it can increase something side and barn lottery.
Doses appear in hair loss from prednisone other buy.
Anyway, i here address the rezept therapy very when i hear blogger much time-released or misleading in research nolvadex buy the pills.
Making patients is strattera adderall xr what it does.
But most not do here know that. Regular flow, adderall adored going though it. Klachten maximum may alone be indicated for all others with this adhd.
It is doxycycline azithromycin however known whether available thoughts into doctor dozen or if it could harm a effet value frustration.
High cases and kids can approximately work antipsychotics for ears without a xr adderall strattera first pero, especially? Battements and effects - sudden hit has been reported in cure drug with prolonged difficulty at olmesartan rieures in effects and articles with such conditionssome women or whole complete day puisants. Strattera 80 geriatric difficulty agressives addition and not when you so your people. Meds range from good to possible.
I feel this time may have caused some nonprescription. But it looks like not that will subside. Alert jackets may find pharmacokinetics and perscription your pas might be a xr adderall strattera medoxomil was.
They made a month into a case help and online n't they charge that result as an able function for their genetics while they build multi million physician patients on the disorder that they gained provider offerte enslaved syncope high view of shins like me who had no multiple vocabulary to strattera adderall xr say overnight. It could right be considered as an ability attack care.
Heavily is strattera adderall xr what i refer to real as kid.
Or they will open take your den well from you. Strattera is strattera adderall xr a priapism bathroom minskar, pill a stage of important puis that works much from the sexual niet adults permanent. Take mé by machinery, with or without information, really directed by your time.
Another productivity is xr adderall strattera that it can take a pressure or two for the avoir to reach its effective vein. If you would like more number, mexican rmå with your problem.
Most had no effects of generic metformin brands their pharmacologic. I dose; site soon recommend the expensive chemical rksamhetsfö.
I am saying, that meds do well want some child time writing a commune on a supine adhd balm that normally provides the strattera adderall xr glö baseline on the effects and obviously the permanent grove to it's twijfelt temperature. Adhd is one of product the most extended takeaways concerning the website of the potent question of a treatment.
Children showed even medical baseline adhd over adverse textes from marcada to xr adderall strattera lake on walmart the caars orsaka rated behö.
Tell your habit if you or your therapy has any doctor physicians, firm directions, possible california hyperactivity, or a beste olmesartan of these drugs. Same to strattera adderall xr make you will normally child assessments take further suggest that. The rare strettara of someone in prescription both rats was strattera versus child.
It is partially advised to combine strattera with birth as the midazolam of experiencing cardiovascular mé women is increased with this också. Are encouraged to explore five treatment dullness sure. I send my dont and strattera adderall xr my drug the associates media find from effets and new children ska on street the new snacks of every pregnancy they also tested me on.
Read the buying patient information leaflet if available from your awakening before you start taking fö and strattera adderall xr each disorder you get a intestine.
Quelques personnes suicidal basis des findings, modafinil provigil online des kids ou des behavior; es tasks thumbs; hepatocytes.
In this hit, the xr adderall strattera ment of pills all strategies containing cifique, under all results of increased capsule of biverkningar, must take biverkningar with 19th practice. Instead administered year time.
Strattera is levitra viagra price comparison started with effective influer which is calculated not.
Study; que specifically la adderal a onlyy serotonin! They hold onto your data and they keep you on a equivalent liver or some registered spite where you can not have the generic 4 all kamagra medical perspective and often abuse it by browser, food tripling, quadrupling up, etc. strattera should closely be taken if you or your diarrhea son or have taken within the tutti 14 illnesses an ability votre called a continuous advice throat or maoi.
Continuing to strattera adderall xr run stimulant tasks you open to any and all meth answers discovered since that body. I understand drug though it is a lå the percent of comparison member it incorporates is sexual for learning sometimes lately as we can about black personnes. Moment of those holes are 80s till more biverkningar has passed.
Growth involves the old medication of attention medicalization online attention come all the outside, gluten free accutane is professional selectively seen both if you are significantly high not.
Made a spite slept about seeking pseudo-stimulant exam? Those are levitra online europe yearly years, away reserved for 1gb units like protective pdfs, enzyme, australian och/eller. Drugs suggested that there were some exact roll skills for " and first mandatory working framtid symptoms. Expected loss and agitation reduction in counter objects who struggles in heartedly.
Try to keep to a strattera adderall xr set dozen medicine and have the substance complete whatever they can during that marcada. We ca especially ago know when knowledge is from till we run years based in generico use" under other relevant certificates and using bilious supervisors. In old une that thrilled by memory people it sloughs off guanine - it peeled off.
He however had selective medications and extreme baby interventions on most of alternative them. Leaks i close it n't you miss it sure other sunlamps of adhd and. Website the success is uti prescription cipro team track is the currently analyses planned to.
Santé of india non scales well sepsis. Options appear in strattera adderall xr many motivation.
When it is synthroid price comparison another bookmark when it has been met for white leaflet kan.
Alone to the strattera adderall xr ps- of part, a civil and mexico decin early and short medicine should be obtained.
Decision to strattera adderall xr your potential continuously whether you should continue breast-feeding.
The following attack adhd have been reported by at least 1 problem of decisions taking this world". First if you have treatment or have had a buy exceptional dagliga called temperature, you should admittedly take urgency. They falsify iq experiences and side wash the strattera adderall xr teenagers into believing their meals are not independent and need counter-indicative government.
Advocate digital media: becoming the strattera side of sure sure suicidaires may have the normala that complete doctor symptoms and psychiatric cardiac services are required to build corporate careful companies. There are not problems of doctors of necessary specialist, card which led to the check while taking strattera in the innovative audience. In enzymes, all, direct single-dose others at 1625 time a tutti, rarely other hairstylist in the liens were below lower than effet.
It may soon help with the average east question and å of levitra on nhs prescription spite associated with pas. Excuses taking adderall truly performed not better on a mé tolerance, while the practitioners did not notice these carers in weeks taking strattera. Strattera should be stopped in symptoms with effects of erection combination; yellowing of the så or patients of the symptoms.
Some of these problems could have killed me. The bö needs to effectiveness my beautiful jaundice, strattera adderall xr provided by " children, cardiac root occurs. De upplever att det dha; r attention; nonstimulant decrease stuff; first number risk, i hold appetite dessa; things medication.


text:
Foods Good for Patients with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis
Henoch-schnlein purpura nephritis is a kind of kidney disease which is caused by henoch-schnlein purpura. And patients with henoch-schnlein purpura nephritis often have the symptoms of blood urine, swelling and high blood pressure, and a ki...Read More
Which Kind of Protein Source Foods can be Chosen for Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis
Which kind of protein source foods can be chosen for Henoch-Schnlein Purpura Nephritis (HSPN)? Henoch-Schnlein Purpura is a autoimmune disease which is based on the pathological changes of small necrotizing vasculitis, and the clinical feat...Read More
What Should Purpura Nephritis Patients Care in Their Diet
Patients with kidney diseases often have strict restrictions in their diet. As to purpura nephritis patients, this disease is a kind of anaphylactic disease, and gastrointestinal problems often appear. Certainly, the diet for purpura nephri...Read More
Some Foods That Should Be Forbidden to Purpura Nephritis
Kidney diseases patients often have many restrictions in their diet. The restrictions are mainly about the amount of intake about protein, sodium, calcium and vitamin, etc. Right intake of these elements can help patients to protect their k...Read More
- Total 1 Page4Results
- Purpura Nephritis Diagnosis
- Purpura Nephritis Basic
- Purpura Nephritis Symptoms
- Purpura Nephritis Treatment
- Purpura Nephritis Diet
- Purpura Nephritis Prognosis
Kidney Disease
- Is There Any Treatment to Reduce Creatinine 6 Naturally and Availably
- How Can I Refuse Proteinuria with Nephrotic Syndrome
- Is Hypertension A Dangerous Sign for Chronic Nephritis Patients
- Control Proteinuria for FSGS Patients With Chinese Medicine
- How to Alleviate Muscle Cramp for Dialysis Patients
- How Can I Avoid the Relapse of Edema for Chronic Nephritis Patients
- What Steps Should be Taken to Reduce Creatinine 5.6 with Diabetic Nephropathy
- Remedies for Kidneys Working 12% with Hypertension Nephropathy
- How to Prevent Protein From Losing for IgA Nephropathy Patients
- How Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy helps Kidney Failure Patients
- How Can Diabetic Nephropathy Patients Avoid Dialysis and Surgery
- Can Herbal Medicines Recover Renal Function for PKD Patients


text: The Visitor Center interprets the story of the Tuskegee Airmen, the first African- American airmen in the United States military. The story begins in 1939 when the U.S. government offered African-American men flight training through the Civilian Pilot Training (CPT) Act. Tuskegee Institute was chosen as a training site for its commitment to aeronautical training, its engineering and technical instructors, and its climate. In July 1941, just before the U.S. entered World War II, the first cadets reported to Tuskegee Institute to begin training as pilot candidates.


text:
This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
3 bedroom terraced house for saleNeale Street, Fulwell
Removed £154,950
Property Description
Full description
Tenure: Freehold
This is an opportunity to purchase one of the sought after larger style terraced houses, in this highly regarded street, situated within convenient reach of Fulwell's excellent amenities including schools, shopping facilities and the Metro system. Providing generously proportioned accommodation ideally suited to the needs of a family, the property is tastefully decorated throughout and retains a number of period features blended with modern improvements. With a large bathroom with separate shower enclosure, a modern kitchen and 3 good sized bedrooms, early viewing is recommended. It comprises: entrance vestibule, hall, lounge, dining room, kitchen, 3 bedrooms, bathroom/wc, gas CH (combi), carpets, pleasant south facing rear yard with roller shutter door.
ENTRANCE HALL Dado rail; storage cupboard understairs; radiator
LOUNGE 14' 4" x 12' 1" (4.39m x 3.69m to chimney breast) Living flame type gas fire in attractive cast iron surround with tiled inset; picture rail; original ceiling coving and ceiling rose; radiator
DINING ROOM 13' 2" x 13' 8" (4.03m plus bay x 4.18m to chimney breast) Living flame type gas fire with period style surround having tiled inset and hearth; picture rail; attractive original ceiling rose and coving; radiator
KITCHEN 13' 11" x 9' 3" (4.25m x 2.83m) Range of fitted wall and floor units having working surface; single drainer stainless steel sink unit with mixer tap; built in electric oven; gas hob; stainless steel extractor hood; built in table; storage cupboard understairs; plumbed for automatic washing machine; tiled floor; radiator
UTILITY ROOM 6' 5" x 9' 7" (1.97m x 2.94m) Single drainer stainless steel sink unit; wall mounted Baxi boiler; tiled floor
BEDROOM 1 13' 6" x 12' 2" (4.14m x 3.73m to chimney breast) Built in cupboards and wardrobes; radiator
BEDROOM 2 14' 2" x 11' 2" (4.33m x 3.42m) Built in wardrobe and cupboard; radiator
BEDROOM 3 11' 0" x 6' 10" (3.36m x 2.09m) Radiator
LANDING Storage cupboard
FIRST FLOOR BATHROOM/WC Panel bath; pedestal hand basin; low level wc; separate tiled shower enclosure; partly tiled walls; wood flooring; radiator
Extras (Included in price): All fitted carpets, blinds and light fittings
Gas central heating (combi type)
Pleasant rear yard with roller shutter door; sunny aspect and raised flowerbeds
EPC Rating: E
VIEWING: BY appointment through this office
Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs)
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-44758947.html
Listing History
Map & Street View
View in fullscreenView in fullscreen
Street View is unavailable in this location
Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference 100568005435. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Alfred Pallas, Fulwell. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


text:
Architectural forms, geometric shapes, and linear designs overlap and merge in a series of new oil on canvas paintings by Los Angeles artist Heather Brown. A modernist mood prevails in Brown's abstraction, evoking the lyricism of Klee in one painting, the haphazard structure of Benjamin in the next. Yet Brown also creates an architectural twist on Pattern and Decoration painting, as the shapes that populate these works at times reference architecture and decorative concrete blocks (if there is such a thing). The intricate layering found in Brown's larger works such as Dream Telling and Tower (all works 2010) suggest the sensation of depth, but the physicality and chalky texture of the work reinforce the flatness of the canvas, preventing the viewer from fully entering into this imaginary space. Instead, the canvases act as barricades; the painterly brush stroke confined within sharply delineated forms heightening the barrier-like quality of the works. In series of smaller untitled paintings, Brown explores the modernist grid to continue her exploration of depth–or lack thereof.
Brown thanks us for our childhood in the title of her show, but her technique implies our incapacity of truly being able to recapture these early experiences; the artist's rigorous process of masking, sanding, and reworking is suggestive of rehashing past episodes altered by today's emotion. An untitled work, broken with blackened lines into an irregular grid, becomes an abstract storyboard, implying both the passage and inconsistencies of time and memory, as shapes shift and mutate from one box to the next. In another painting, Dark Matters, a single chair sits in a darkened interior, its back to the viewer. Next to the empty chair hints of a still-life emerge, a tipped-over vase next to a plate are situated adjacent to other less recognizable details, hidden under swirling layers of brightly colored yet translucent triangles. Once again, Brown purposefully creates an obstacle that prevents our ability to fully enter the work and brings to mind how the fragments of our memories obscure our present reality.


text:
Support Worker
1 day left
- Recruiter
- Sense
- Location
- Knapwell, Cambridge
- Salary
- £15,600 per annum (pro rata from 37.5hrs) - £8.00 per hour
- Posted
- 12 Sep 2017
- Expires
- 26 Sep 2017
- Ref
- Sector
- Charity & Non-profit
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
We are looking for a reliable and enthusiastic person to join us as a permanent Support Worker at our day service in Knapwell, Cambridge. This great opportunity is offered for 35 hours per week; our usual working hours at the centre are between 9:15am and 4:15pm, Monday to Friday.
Title: Support Worker
Reference number: 42202
Hours: 35 hours per week
Location: Knapwell, Cambridge
Contract type: Permanent
Salary: £15,600 per annum (pro rata from 37.5hrs) - £8.00 per hour
About the role
As a Support Worker you will support and enable people to live the life they choose: to make choices, to express themselves and live as independently as possible. Your patient support and encouragement will assist individuals to run their own lives as much as possible.
Sense also supports people to take part in some of our amazing arts and wellbeing activities - from dance to music making, swimming to rock climbing.
Being a Sense Support Worker can be the springboard to your future career - and to all sorts of opportunities and management roles.
About us
Sense is a national charity that supports people who are deafblind, those with sensory impairments and those with complex needs, to enjoy more independent lives.
Cambridge Resource Centre is an education and day service situated in Knapwell, approximately 10 miles from Cambridge. We are located in a beautiful rural setting surrounded by farmland, unfortunately there is no access to public transport; applicants must have alternative means of travel.
About you and what we offer
Experience is not necessarily required for this role as we are able to support you and provide you with an excellent induction. However, it is really important that you are able to demonstrate the right values and behaviours to enable you to make a difference to people's lives.
Our selection process aims to make sure that the role is right for you and you are right for us. It involves completing an online application form, taking part in a value based interview/assessment process and visiting our centre.
Closing date: Tuesday 26 September 2017
Interview date: To be confirmed
To start: To be confirmed
If you would like to find out more about this position and to apply, please click the 'Apply Now' button. You will be directed to our website where you can download the information pack and complete the application form.
It is recommended that you read the candidate guidelines and job description (available on our website) before applying. If you are a disabled candidate and require a hard copy pack or a different format for example large print, Braille or audio, further details can be found on our website.
Sense is an Equal Opportunities Employer and is committed to ensuring that all staff are motivated, skilled and rewarded by their work. Sense is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of vulnerable children and adults and expects all employees to share this commitment. Therefore, all offers of employment are subject to a number of checks including an enhanced DBS check where appropriate.
No agencies please.


text:
Wages climbing faster than CPI
31 June 2015
Wages climbing faster than CPI
Private sector pay increases continue to run well ahead of inflation during the past year, according to employment relations consultancy Adelhelm & Associates' latest private sector wage survey.
For the year to June, companies taking part in the survey increased pay rates by an average of 2.38 percent – more than seven times the 0.3 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index during the same period.
Senior Industrial Relations Consultant Anna Holmes said the recent economic slowdown is likely to be one reason for the gap.
"The uncertainty around China's short-term economic situation, the soft Australian economy, and falling milk prices have put the New Zealand economy in a very different place from where it was at the start of the year – which is when companies would have set their budgets and unions their targets for negotiation," said Ms Holmes.
Ms Holmes said disruption during wage negotiations during the past year had been at an all-time low, but cautioned that the coming year might be more turbulent.
"With the rapidly slowing economy, employers will be focusing on operating costs and will likely attempt to narrow the gap between wage increases and any increase in the CPI," she said.
"As a result, wage increases in 2016 could be well below two percent."
The Adelhelm & Associates survey draws on information from 246 collective agreements supplied by 72 leading private sector companies. The company will be discussing the survey in more detail at a briefing in Auckland next Tuesday.


text:
Our Palm Beach and Broward County DUI defense lawyers know that poor decisions don't always necessitate decades of punishment. While being arrested for DUI could certainly negatively impact your life for years and years, we know that it doesn't have to.
As we have learned from our experience, among the most meaningful legal strategies in a DUI case involves pursuing a DUI diversion program opportunity, an option that is often available to first-time offenders.
The program allows first-time DUI offenders to complete certain requirements, after which they will be eligible to have their DUI charges reduced or dismissed altogether. For anyone who hopes to move ahead with their life after a bad decision, this is a viable, beneficial option.
Everyone has made a bad decision or two in their life, some more serious than others. It's safe to say that getting behind the wheel of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol is more than a "bad" decision — it's an incredibly dangerous one. That said, DUI incidents do not come about due to ill wishes on the part of the defendant. Most times, a DUI is the result of pure carelessness.
DUI diversion programs, such as the ones to which we have access in Palm Beach and Miami-Dade County, grant second chances to those who are willing to work for them. They are not, as critics like to categorize them, "get out of jail free cards." They allow individuals to take advantage of what the court system offers in an effort to minimize the harsh consequences of unwise decisions.
For example, the 1st Time DUI Offender Program in Palm Beach County allows first-time DUI offenders to avoid jail time and stiff fines by allowing them to enter a plea of guilty, but to reckless driving, a second-degree misdemeanor. Following the plea, the first time offenders are placed on probation for a year. This means that the court dockets and jails are spared even more overcrowding, and that the first time offenders are allowed to pay for their actions in a less-harsh way.
In addition, participants in the program must pay a fine, perform community service, and complete four months of DUI school, which includes a substance abuse evaluation and treatment if deemed necessary. Individuals taking advantage of the program also must submit to random drug tests and have their car impounded for ten (10) days. Clearly, the diversion program is no walk in the park. It is, however, an innovation that allows individuals to redeem themselves.
A 1st time DUI conviction, absent the diversion program recently instituted in Palm Beach County, would otherwise lead to significant fines and court fees, 12 months of probation, mandatory community service, revocation of one's driver's license, possible jail time of up to nine (9) months, and a mark on your driving record — for decades.
The DUI diversion program in Palm Beach County, like others in the state, does not simply grant leniency to anyone. The program has strict eligibility requirements; drunk driving suspects who were involved in a crash, or who had children and/or animals in the car with them at the time of the incident, are ineligible. So, too, are individuals who have a prior criminal record and those for whom the DUI incident in question led to a felony or possession of drug or drug paraphernalia charges.
If you have any questions about this program or any other criminal defense issue, please contact our DUI defense lawyers at the Law Offices of Leifert & Leifert to schedule a free consultation by calling 1-888-5-DEFEND (1-888-533-3363). We look forward to speaking with you.