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INTRODUCTION TO RDBMS A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the relational model. A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables. Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a single table. Almost all full-scale database systems are RDBMS's. Small database systems, however, use other designs that provide less flexibility in posing queries. RDBMS data is structured in database tables, fields and records. Each RDBMS table consists of database table rows. Each database table row consists of one or more database table fields. RDBMS store the data into collection of tables, which might be related by common fields (database table columns). RDBMS also provide relational operators to manipulate the data stored into the database tables. Most RDBMS use SQL as database query language. Edgar Codd introduced the relational database model. Many modern DBMS do not conform to the Codd¶s definition of a RDBMS, but nonetheless they are still considered to be RDBMS. The most popular RDBMS are MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle and MySQL.
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INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply Oracle) consists of a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. As of 2008, Oracle had become a major presence in database computing. An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications. Enterprise grid computing creates large pools of industry-standard, modular storage and servers. With this architecture, each new system can be rapidly provisioned from the pool of components. There is no need for peak workloads, because capacity can be easily added or reallocated from the resource pools as needed. Physical and logical structuring in Oracle An Oracle database system ² identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance ² identified persistently by an instantiation number comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory-structures that interact with the storage. Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor). Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds cache information such as databuffers, SQL commands and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (which hold transactional history). Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and for some forms of data replication.
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The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and physically in the form of data files. Tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments; for example, Data Segments, Index Segments etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage. At the physical level, data-files comprise one or more data blocks, where the block size can vary between datafiles. Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage with the help of information stored in the SYSTEM table space. The SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary ² and often (by default) indexes and clusters. (A data dictionary consists of a special collection of tables that contains information about all user-objects in the database). Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMS also supports "locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in bitmaps in their own headers rather than in the SYSTEM tablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed" tablespaces). If the Oracle database administrator has instituted Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters), then multiple instances, usually on different servers, attach to a central storage array. This scenario offers numerous advantages, most importantly performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g, grid computing has introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) CPU resources from another node (computer) in the grid. The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL (Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.
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PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Difference between RDBMS and DBMS S. No data integrity. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 RDBMS It is use to establish relationship concept between two database objects i. 2. It is less secure. also important. requirements. 4. tables. It is more secure.e. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 4 . Both are used for storage. Keys are used. It reads tables internally. It is possible to store and retrieve It is possible to store and retrieve large fewer amounts of data in it. 3. Examples: FoxPro Examples: SQL Server MS-Access Oracle Similarities between RDBMS and DBMS 1. It reads data as files internally. It does not support null values. It is possible to edit record in both DBMS and RDBMS. present. It support single user. Normalization concept is not Normalization is present. It support multiuser. Data integrity concept is present. Both store data in the form of tables. Support null values. amount of data in it. It is easy to retrieve data in both.no DBMS 1 There is no relationship concept. No keys are used. It requires low software and It requires high software and hardware hardware requirements. Used for smaller organizations Large organizations where large where security is not major amount data is maintain and security is concern.
Max 255 bytes.d) Holds a Number value with a maximum number of digits of "size" total. number(size. The various Data Types along with their description are shown below: Data Type char(size) varchar(size) number(size) Date Description Holds fixed-length character string. Holds Number value with a max number digits specified in parenthesis. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 5 . Holds variable-length character string. with a maximum number of "d" digits to the right of the decimal.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Data Type A data type is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics. Size is specified in parenthesis. a limited number of such data types come built into a language. Some data types in SQL are: char. number. and how they are stored. Usually. Holds a Date value. The language usually specifies the range of values for a given data type. Each language has its own data types. date etc. how the values are processed by the computer. Max size is specified in parenthesis.
The above statement creates an empty table (containing no records) named Details having fields-e_no.) Query: create table emp1(e_no number.b_no. a new table can be created.dept. Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name Query:To select all the column from the table:select * from studentcse.dept varchar2(10). . A row represents a single record while a column represents attributes/fields which can be thought of as one of the components contributing to make a record.name varchar2(10)..name. SQL Select This statement is used to view data from the table. Syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name1 data_type. column_name2 data_type. It consists of rows and columns. A table can be considered as a basic structure within which data is stored. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 6 .desg varchar2(10)). While creating a table. data types have to be mentioned for each field.b_no number.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Create Table With CREATE TABLE..desg.
we make use of the clause Where.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS The Where Clause We might want to retrieve records which satisfy a particular condition. Thus Where clause is used to specify a selection criterion. For example. we can get rid of this problem. To do this. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 7 . Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name Query: select distinct * from studentcse. Adding the word Distinct to Select. The SQL Select retrieves values from database table which may be repetitive. we want to retrieve Employee names from database table Employee with salaries above 14000. Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition Query: select * from studentcse where marks>300. The Distinct Keyword Distinct keyword is used to retrieve values that are distinct or non-repetitive.
We can arrange data according to the sequence we need to put them into. Query: select * from studentcse order by rollno desc. Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name Query: select * from studentcse order by rollno. Unless Explicitly stated.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Sorting Sorting is an important feature of any database. the order by clause sorts the result in ascending order. SQL Delete The SQL delete is used to delete rows from a database table. Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 8 . Order by Clause ORDER BY is used to get the result in the sorted manner.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 9 . Query: delete from studentcse where name='Radhika' and marks>300. Query: drop table studentdet. attributes.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: delete from studentcse where rollno=106. DROP TABLE If the user want to delete a table (the table structure. Query: delete from studentcse where name like '__n%'. and indexes will also be deleted) Permanently then drop command can be used for the purpose. Syntax: DROP TABLE <table_name>.
we can use the UPDATE command. Query: truncate table student1. we might find that there is a need to modify the data. SQL Update Update statement is used to edit or update data in the table. Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name>. Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value WHERE column_name = old_value MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 10 . To do so.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS TRUNCATE Truncate command is used to simply get rid of the data but not the table itself. Once there's data in the table.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 11 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: update studentcse set marks=721 where rollno>205. Query: update studentcse set marks=marks+10 where rollno>205 and name like 'Anish'.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Modify Table: alter table: Once a table is created in the database. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 12 . Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name Query: alter table studentdet1 drop column s_address. ALTER TABLE is basically used to Change Add Drop a a a column column column name . Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name datatype Query: alter table studentdet1 modify(s_name varchar2(20)). there are many occasions where one may wish to change the structure of the table.Change the data type for a column Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype Query: alter table studentdet1 add(s_address varchar2(10)).
Tab: This command is used to view all the tables. Syntax: select column_name alias_name from table_name. Syntax: select * from tab. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 13 . Query: rename emp to emp2.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Rename Column Alias are used to rename a table¶s columns for the purpose of a particular query.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 14 . Query: describe emp2. Syntax: describe tablename.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Describe: This command is used to describe the structure of the the structure of the table.
subtraction are used on the database. multiplication.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Arithmetic Functions: Various functions like as addition. Query: select sal/10 from emp2. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 15 . division. Query: select sal+10 from emp2. Syntax: select <arithmetic operation>fieldname from <tablename>.
-. ).PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Logical Operators: Oracle provides a set of built-in operators-Arithmetic Operators (+. AND. <). Comparison Operators ( =. OR). *. These operators take as input one or more arguments (operands) and return a result. Logical operators (NOT. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 16 . The various Operators along with their description are shown below in tabular form: Operator Description = > < >= <= <> LIKE AND OR NOT Equal Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Not equal to String comparison test Logical And returns TRUE when both the specified conditions are true Logical Or returns TRUE when atleast one of the specified conditions is true Logical Not returns TRUE when none one of the specified conditions is true Query: select * from studentcse where marks>300. >.
226.387). select ename from employee where ecity like 'APS' AND ecode IN(select ecode from company where desg like 'Manager'). MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 17 . The BETWEEN keyword is used to test whether or not a value is present between the two values mentioned in the query followed by the keyword BETWEEN.... value2.333.') Query: select * from student where sid in(101. Syntax: SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN ( value1. Syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2 Query: select * from students where rollno between 111 and 113.336.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Range Searching: SQL In & Between The IN keyword is used to test whether a value(s) is present in the list of values specified after the keyword IN.
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <column_name> Not between <Range1> and <Range2>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Not between The NOTBETWEEN .. These values can be numbers.. AND operator selects a range of data between two values. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 18 . text. or dates.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 19 . select * from studentcse where name like 'A%'.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Pattern Matching: The Like Clause: The Like condition can be used to search for a particular pattern in a column in a database table. Syntax: SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern Query: select * from studentcse where name like 'R%' and marks>300. select * from studentcse where name like '__m%'.
Syntax: Select sysdate from dual. Syntax: select * from dual. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 20 . Its predefined in ORACLE database.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS ORACLE Table dual Dual is a dummy table.
(i) AVG (Average): It returns the average value of a column. Syntax: SELECT min(column) FROM <table_name> MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 21 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS -. Syntax: SELECT avg(column) FROM <table_name>. (ii) MIN (Minimum): It returns the lowest value of a column in a table.AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS: Aggregate functions operate against a collection of values. but return a single value.
Syntax: SELECT max(column) FROM <table_name>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 22 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (iii) MAX(Maximum): It returns the highest value of a column in a table.
It can also be applied on dual table. Syntax: Select abs(value) from <table_name> (ii)SQRT (Square root) It is used to find square root of any numeric value.NUMERIC FUNCTIONS: Numeric functions are applied on any table having numeric data.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS -. (i) ABS (Absolute): It returns the absolute value of any numeric data. Syntax: Select sqrt(value) from <table_name>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 23 .
of digits desired after decimal ) from MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 24 . round(value. Syntax: Select power(value.no. Syntax: Select <table_name>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (iii) POWER: This numeric function calculates the power of any numeric value.power of value) from <table_name> (iv) ROUND: This function is used to get a rounded figure of a decimal value.
Syntax: Select trunc(value. Syntax: Select extract (<value_name> from µvalue¶) from <table_name>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 25 . of digits desired after decimal) from <table_name>. (vi) EXTRACT function: It returns a value extracted from a date or an internal value.no.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (v) Trunc: It shows the specified number of digits after truncating the other digits after decimal.
(viii) FLOOR Function: It returns the immediate smaller integer of given decimal value.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (vii) MOD: This function returns the remainder provided two numbers dividend and divisor.divisor) from <table_name>. Syntax: Select FLOOR(value) from <table_name> MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 26 . Syntax: Select MOD(dividend.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (ix) CEIL Function: It returns the immediate greater integer value of the given decimal value. Syntax: Select CEIL(value) from <table_name> MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 27 .
STRING FUNCTIONS: There are various functions in SQL that can be applied on the string type data. with all letters uppercase.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS -. Syntax: Select ascii(char) from <table_name>. (i) ASCII: It returns the decimal representation in the database character set of the first character of string. Syntax: Select upper(string/column_name) from <table_name>. (ii) UPPER: It returns char. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 28 .
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (ii) LOWER: It returns char. Syntax: Select initcap(string/column_name) from <table_name>. Syntax: Select lower(string/column_name) from <table_name>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 29 . with all letters lowercase. (iii) INITCAP: It returns char. with first letter of each word capitalized.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (iv) LPAD & RPAD: What this function does is that it fills up the extra space in the field with the padding either from the left or from the right. Syntax: select lpad(fieldnames) from tablename. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 30 .
If you omit fmt. The value n can be of type NUMBER. then n is converted to a VARCHAR2 value exactly long enough to hold its significant digits. or BINARY_DOUBLE. DATE. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 31 . Syntax: Select to_number(µvalue¶) from <table_name>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS --CONVERSION FUNCTIONS: (i) To_Char: TO_CHAR (number) converts n to a value of VARCHAR2 datatype. BINARY_FLOAT. format) from <table_name>. (ii) To_Number: It is used to convert character to number datatype. Syntax: Select to_char(value. using the optional number format fmt.
µformat¶) from <table_name>. Syntax: Select to_date(µdate¶.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS (iii) To_Date: It converts a character field to a date field. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 32 .
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS GROUP BY CLAUSE: GROUP BY. was added to SQL because aggregate functions (like SUM) return the aggregate of all column values every time they are called... Syntax: SELECT column1. and without the GROUP BY function it was impossible to find the sum for each individual group of column values.<aggregate function>(column2) FROM <table_name> GROUP BY <column1>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 33 .
. it would be impossible to test for result conditions... Syntax: SELECT column1. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 34 . was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used against aggregate functions (like SUM). and without HAVING.<aggregate function>(column) FROM table GROUP BY column1 HAVING <aggregate function> condition..PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS HAVING CLAUSE: HAVING.
-. If there are rows in Employees that do not have matches in Orders. Syntax: SELECT <column1>.right outer join or full outer join. those rows will not be listed. --Outer Join: Outer join uses two tables to extract the data .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS JOINS: Sometimes we have to select data from two or more tables to make our result complete.keyfield> = <second_table. y LEFT OUTER JOIN MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 35 .keyfield>. <column3> FROM <first_table> INNER JOIN second_table ON <first_table. We have to perform a join. <column2>.It displays all the rows of first table or second table or both depending on left outer join .INNER JOIN: The INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables where there is a match.
Syntax: SELECT <cloumn1>. Syntax: SELECT <cloumn1>. y RIGHT OUTER JOIN: It displays all the rows of the second table of the join.keyfield> = <second_table. <column2>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS It displays all the rows of the first table of the join.keyfield>. <column3> FROM <first_table> LEFT JOIN second_table ON <first_table.keyfield> <second_table. ON <column3> FROM = <first_table>RIGHT second_table <first_table. JOIN <column2>.keyfield>. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 36 .
JOIN second_table <column2>.keyfield>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS y FULL OUTER JOIN It displays all the rows of the first table and second table of the join. Syntax: SELECT <cloumn1>. ON <column3>FROM = <first_table>FULL <first_table.keyfield> <second_table. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 37 .
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 38 . ----INTERSECT: It select the common tuples in both the tables.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS UNION and INTERSECT operations ----Union: It is used to combine the tuples of two different tables.
Primary key constraint: This declares a column as the primary key of the table. If you write the keyword NOT NULL after the data type of a column. It is similar to default constraint except that only one column can be specified as primary key. Check constraint a. gross decimal). Example b. this means the column can never be empty. Example MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 39 . Primary key constraint c. Unique constraint: This constraint ensures that no two rows have same value in the specified column(s). Default constraint d. ename varchar2(9) NOT NULl. Unique constraint b.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Constraints in SQL A constraint is a condition or check applicable on field or set of fields. Different Constraints a. Consider the following SQL command Create table employee (ecode integer NOT NULL.
Check constraint: This constraint limits values that can be inserted into a column of a table. When a user does not enter value for the column (having default value). Default constraint: A default value can be specified for a column using the DEFAULT clause.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS c. d. Examples MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 40 . automatically the defined default value inserted in the field.
Duplicate values are allowed in simple index. Syntax: DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name. Query: create index id on studentcse(rollno).Create Index: It creates a simple index on a table.Drop index: It is used to vanish the existing index. -. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 41 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS INDEXES Indices are created in an existing table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes. It is possible to create an index on one or more columns of a table. -. Syntax: CREATE INDEX <index_name> ON <table_name> (column_name). they are just used to speed up queries. and each index is given a name.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 42 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: drop index id.
Syntax: Create view <viewname> as select <columnname1. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database. to a view. --CREATE VIEW: This command creates the view of a table. A view contains rows and columns. or join statements in a view. and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming from a single table. WHERE.. Using Views A view could be used from inside a query. You can add SQL functions.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS VIEWS: A view is a virtual table based on the result-set of a SELECT statement.'&name').name from studentcse where rollno>300. By adding functions. it allows you to present exactly the data you want to the user. insert into vw values(&rollno. or from inside another view. a stored procedure. etc. joins. just like a real table. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 43 . where. Query: create view vw as select rollno.columname n>From <table_name>. The database design and structure will NOT be affected by the functions.«««.columname2.
("Precision" in this context refers to the number of digits which the variable can hold.Exception-handling (optional) END /* Sample comment spanning multiple lines. */ Numeric variables variable_name number(P[. PL/SQL's syntax strongly resembles that of Ada.) MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 44 . "scale" refers to the number of digits which can follow the decimal point. functions. and just like Ada compilers of the 1980s the PL/SQL runtime system uses Diana as intermediate representation. A few years later. and anonymous blocks. Basic code structure PL/SQL programs consist of procedures. PL/SQL is one of three languages embedded in the Oracle Database. triggers and anonymous blocks) followed by Oracle Reports v2. it was included in the Oracle Database server v7 (as database procedures. one can further append these in round brackets. the programmer appends the variable type NUMBER to the name definition.. packages. Each of these is made up of the basic PL/SQL unit which is the block.. used in the Oracle database. functions. History PL/SQL made its first appearance in Oracle Forms v3.Program proper EXCEPTION -. Some other SQL database management systems offer similar extensions to the SQL language.Declaration block (optional) BEGIN -. Blocks take the general form: DECLARE -.S]) := value. To specify the (optional) precision(P) and the (optional) scale (S). separated by a comma.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS INTRODUCTION TO PL/SQL PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to the SQL database language. the other two being SQL and Java. To define a numeric variable. The key strength of PL/SQL is its tight integration with the Oracle database.
char.'dd-mon-yyyy'. To define a character variable. There follows in brackets the maximum number of characters which the variable can store. The TO_DATE function can be used to convert strings to date values. binary_integer Character variables variable_name varchar2(L) := 'Text'. The function converts the first quoted string into a date. integer. nchar. nchar2. float. the programmer normally appends the variable type VARCHAR2 to the name definition. smallint. long raw. 'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = To convert the dates to strings one uses the function TO_CHAR (date_string. decimal.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS A selection of other datatypes for numeric variables would include: binary_float. Programmers define date variables by appending the datatype code "DATE" to a variable name. Oracle provides a number of data types that can store dates (DATE. long. bfile Date variables variable_name date := '01-Jan-2005'. for example: TO_DATE('31-12-2004'. TIMESTAMP etc). dec. using as a definition the second quoted string. format_string). clob. blob. however DATE is most commonly used. int. raw. numeric. binary_double.'dd-mm-yyyy') "or" TO_DATE American') ('31-Dec-2004'. DATETIME. double precision. real. Other datatypes for character variables include: varchar. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 45 .
dml..sql writtens querys by using ddl. PL/SQL is programming language used to write various sql statements together.manipulation of data using DML. Embeded SQL is used to embed SQL statements in C.Advantage of pl/sql over sql is.DML..SQL statements are invoked from a host environment like C/C++..One more advantage is subprogramming like procedures and functions.you can write many sql statements within a pl/sql block.dcl etc.where plsql uses cursors. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 46 .Foxpro like languages. Java or any other programming languages...PL/SQL is used for Cursors and Triggers .Pascal. In sql querys process at a time where as in plsql it done step by step or recoed by record . We can write cursors for fetching number of records at a time. 3..procedures etc..DDL statements.Cobol. SQL is Structured Query Language used for DDL. 2. SQL is a structured query language used for various operations such as retrieval.. Embedded SQL .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Difference between SQL and PL/SQL 1.triggers. And also packages and triggers. Both sql and pl/sql are languages used to acess data with in oracle data base.
including the Oracle server. The following Oracle products contain a PL/SQL engine: y y y y y Oracle server Oracle Forms (Version 3 and later) SQL*Menu (Version 5 and later) Oracle Reports (Version 2 and later) Oracle Graphics (Version 2 and later) Page 47 MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 . When an application calls a procedure stored in the database. is a special component of many Oracle products.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS PL/SQL Execution Environment The PL/SQL engine. which processes PL/SQL program units. The procedure (or package) is stored in a database. and the PL/SQL and SQL statement executors work together to process the statements within the procedure. Oracle loads the compiled procedure (or package) into the shared pool in the system global area (SGA).
Also. For example. you can pass anonymous blocks to Oracle from applications developed with these tools: y y y y y Oracle precompilers (including user exits) Oracle Call Interfaces (OCIs) SQL*Plus Server Manager Oracle Enterprise Manager MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 48 . you can call a stored procedure from Oracle Forms (Version 3 or later).PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS You can call a stored procedure from another PL/SQL block. which can be either an anonymous block or another stored procedure.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Displaying user message on the screen Set server output on Set server output off MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 49 .
WHEN x = 2 THEN sequence_of_statements_2. ELSIF x = 2 THEN sequence_of_statements_2. The CASE statement simplifies some large IF-THEN-ELSE structures. END IF. CASE WHEN x = 1 THEN sequence_of_statements_1. ELSE sequence_of_statements_N. ELSE sequence_of_statements_N. The ELSIF and ELSE parts are optional so it is possible to create simpler IF-THEN or. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 50 . END CASE. IF-THENELSE constructs. IF x = 1 THEN sequence_of_statements_1.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Conditional Statements The following code segment shows the IF-THEN-ELSIF construct.
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 51 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Write a PL/SQL block to find greatest number among three numbers.
END CASE. including basic LOOP statements. LOOP statements Syntax: LOOP statement1. statement2. and Cursor FOR loops. ELSE sequence_of_statements_N. WHILE loops.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS CASE statement can be used with predefined selector: CASE x WHEN 1 THEN sequence_of_statements_1. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 52 . WHEN 2 THEN sequence_of_statements_2. Loops can be terminated by using the EXIT keyword. or by raising an exception. Looping As a procedural language by definition. FOR loops. END LOOP. PL/SQL provides several iteration constructs.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Write a PL/SQL block that display table for entered no using for loop. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 53 .
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS WHILE loops Syntax: WHILE LOOP ..do something. END LOOP. END LOOP... Sequential Statements Syntax: GOTO record Where record is place in the PL/SQL to which goto label shift the control of program. FOR loops Cursor FOR loops FOR RecordIndex IN (SELECT person_code FROM people_table) LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 54 .person_code)..PUT_LINE(RecordIndex.
COMMIT. A roolback statemet given at the SQL prompt can be used to undo a part of entire transaction. The changes made to the table is a two step process.identifies a point in transaction to which you can later roll back. SAVEPOINT. Rollback [to[savepoint]savepointname]. ROLLBACK. Oracle treats a series of operators as a single entity. 3. 4. Syntax: Commit. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 55 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS TRANSACT-SQL (T-SQL) It is a part of PL/SQL. 1. secondly to make change permanent a commit statement has to be given at SQL prompt. First the changes requested are done. 2.restore database to original since the last COMMIT. SET TRANSACTION. Savepoint savepoint_name.Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use.saves work done.
date of change of price and oldprice. The price change is to be than recorded to the table oldprice along with productnumber (pno). Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 56 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: If price of product 10 is less than 4000 then change the price to 4000.
Update salary of Raman & Teena by 2000 & 1500. Insert a record in employ2 table. If total_salary>20.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: Write a PL/SQL block of code as following: 1. 3. made to the salary of the person.000. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 57 .000 then undo the update. then check. To see that the total salary does not exceed 20. 2.
When a query returns multiple rows. one. When the last row has been processed. depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. you can execute FETCH repeatedly until all rows have been retrieved. First. Then. and CLOSE. Explicit Cursors The set of rows returned by a query can consist of zero.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Cursors PL/SQL uses two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. FETCH. we initialize the cursor with the OPEN statement. Cursor Attribute Values %FOUN %ISOPE %NOTFOU %ROWCOU D N ND NT OPEN before exception FALSE after First FETCH NULL TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE exception NULL NULL FALSE FALSE exception 0 0 1 1 before NULL after TRUE Next FETCH(es) before TRUE after TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE data dependent data dependent data dependent Last FETCH before TRUE after FALSE MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 58 . one can declare a cursor in the declarative part of any PL/SQL block. or package. including queries that return only one row. or multiple rows. which identifies the result set. one can explicitly declare a cursor to process the rows. subprogram. We use three commands to control a cursor: OPEN. Moreover. we release the cursor with the CLOSE statement. PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements.
. Passing Cursor Parameters We use the OPEN statement to pass parameters to a cursor. Each fetch retrieves the current row and then advances the cursor to the next row in the result set. and parameter stands for the following syntax: cursor_parameter_name [IN] datatype [{:= | DEFAULT} expression] Opening a Cursor Opening the cursor executes the query and identifies the result set. where return_type must represent a record or a row in a database table. Closing a Cursor The CLOSE statement disables the cursor. Unless we want to accept default values. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 59 . we can reopen it. For cursors declared using the FOR UPDATE clause.. and the result set becomes undefined.)] [RETURN return_type] IS select_statement. which consists of all rows that meet the query search criteria. we name it and associate it with a specific query using the syntax: CURSOR cursor_name [(parameter[. the OPEN statement also locks those rows. Fetching with a Cursor The FETCH statement retrieves the rows in the result set one at a time. Once a cursor is closed.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS CLOSE before FALSE after TRUE TRUE exception data dependent exception exception FALSE Declaring a Cursor When we declare a cursor. each formal parameter in the cursor declaration must have a corresponding actual parameter in the OPEN statement. parameter].
you can use cursor attributes to get information about the most recently executed SQL statement Using Cursor Attributes Each cursor or cursor variable has four attributes: 1) 2) 3) 4) %FOUND %ISOPEN %NOTFOUND %ROWCOUNT. and CLOSE statements to control the SQL cursor. we can use cursor attributes to get information about the most recently executed SQL statement.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Implicit Cursors Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not associated with an explicitly declared cursor. You cannot use the OPEN. But. and CLOSE statements to control the SQL cursor. Although we cannot use the OPEN. Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not associated with an explicitly declared cursor. FETCH. When appended to the cursor or cursor variable. We can refer to the most recent implicit cursor as the SQL cursor. these attributes return useful information about the execution of a data manipulation statement. PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recent implicit cursor as the SQL cursor. FETCH. You can use cursor attributes in procedural statements but not in SQL statements MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 60 .
(i. %ROWCOUNT MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 61 . SQL%ISOPEN Oracle closes the SQL cursor automatically after executing its associated SQL statement.. or select into statement. SQL%NOTFOUND %NOTFOUND is the logical opposite of %FOUND. In the following example. As a result. my_ename. the implicit cursor attributes yield null the implicit cursor attributes are referred by preceding the implicit cursor attribute with cursor name. or DELETE statement affected no rows. UPDATE. . the values of the cursor attributes always refer to the most recently executed sql statement. Otherwise. update. or a SELECT INTO statement returned one or more rows.. UPDATE. before oracle opens the sql cursor. %NOTFOUND yields FALSE. Thereafter. %FOUND yields NULL. %NOTFOUND yields TRUE if an INSERT. delete. you use %FOUND to insert a row if a delete succeeds: DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = my_empno. or returned by a SELECT INTO statement. SQL%ROWCOUNT %ROWCOUNT yields the number of rows affected by an INSERT. or DELETE statement affected one or more rows.delete succeeded INSERT INTO new_emp VALUES (my_empno. %FOUND yields TRUE if an INSERT.e sql).PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS IMPLICIT CURSOR HANDLING implicit cursor attributes return information about the execution of an insert. IF SQL%FOUND THEN -. SQL%FOUND Until a SQL data manipulation statement is executed. or a SELECT INTO statement returned no rows. UPDATE. %ISOPEN always yields FALSE. %FOUND yields FALSE. or DELETE statement. Otherwise.).
you use %ROWCOUNT to take action if more than ten rows have been deleted: DELETE FROM emp WHERE . IF SQL%ROWCOUNT > 10 THEN -.. or a SELECT INTO statement returned no rows. In the following example.more than 10 rows were deleted . UPDATE.. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 62 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS yields 0 if an INSERT.. END IF.. or DELETE statement affected no rows.
Output: Records of employee table before execution: Program: Records of employee table after execution: MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 63 .PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: Write a PL/SQL block of code to display a message to check whether the record is deleted or not using sql%notfound.
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 64 .
Query: Write a PL/SQL block of code to display a message to check whether the record is deleted or not using sql%found. Output: Records of employee table before execution:
Records of employee table after execution:
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250
Page 65
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250
Page 66
Query: Write a PL/SQL block of code to display a message to give the no of records deleted by a delete statement in PL/SQL block. Output: Records of employee table before execution:
MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250
Page 67
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Records of employee table after execution: MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 68 .
we need the name of columns and table to which the variable correspond. b. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 69 .<column_name>%type.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Implicit cursor handling Kinds of variables: The types of attribute are a. %Rowtype a. %Type: This attribute is used when declaring variables that refer to data base column by using type variable. %Type b. %Rowtype: This attribute is used to declare the single variable for various columns in a table. Syntax: variable_name <table_name>.
employee(ENO.HRA.ENAME. Using %type: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 70 . the table employee has the following column.BP.DA.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query1: Write PL/SQL code to calculate total salary of employee having Employee number 100.TOTAL).
HRA.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: Write PL/SQL code to calculate total salary of employee having Employee number 100. the table employee has the following column.TOTAL). employee(EMPNO.BP.ENAME. Using %ROWTYPE: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 71 .DA.
b. Syntax: open <cursor_name>.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Methods or steps to perform explicit cursor management a. Exit from loop. c. e. MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 72 . Open a cursor: It is use to open cursor explicitly that is by the user. Declare a cursor: A cursor is declared in the declare section of a PL/SQL block. Syntax: cursor <cursor_name> is select <statement>. Fetch data from cursor into memory variable: Syntax: fetch <cursor_name> into variable_name. Close a cursor: Syntax: close <cursor_name>. d.
ename. Using %rowtype: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 73 . job of employees of department number 10.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: Write a PL/SQL block to display eno.
job of employees of department number 10.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: Write a PL/SQL block to display eno. ename. Using %type: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 74 .
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: To display ename and eno.ename. Using %type: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 75 . Emp(eno. sal of top 3 highest paid employees.salary).
ename. Emp(eno.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: To display ename and eno. Using %rowtype: Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 76 . sal of top 3 highest paid employees.salary).
Query: To display eno. ename. job of employee of department number 10 with the help of cursor for loop.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Cursor for loop Syntax: For <variable_name> in <cursor_name> Loop <SQL statement>. Before execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 77 .
PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 78 .
Before execution After execution MONIKA/CSE 6th SEM/7026030250 Page 79 . ename.PRACTICAL FILE OF RDBMS Query: To display eno. salary of top 3 highest paid employees with the help of cursor for loop.


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The Relaxation Artist
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As a light worker and intuitive energy practitioner I am able to connect with you in a way that brings deep healing to the mind, body, heart and soul. Clients have had transformative energetic shifts that bring them a tremendous amount of holistic ease and restoration. They all seem to experience an overwhelming sense of peace. I often receive beautiful messages for them which are shared after the session.
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I love to see the before and after results. Regardless of the kind of pain my clients are suffering from...physical, emotional and/or mental they always leave feeling renewed and relaxed. They are also filled with a sense of optimism..
San Antonio, TX 78247
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Laura C.
Jan 18, 2017
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I was gifted coaching sessions with Janie and I can't tell you how much it changed my life. Our time together wasn't just coaching it was doing. It was digging up old hurt and learning to heal from it to beable to move forward. She taught me too change my thinking to a more positive state,she encouraged me to rise up to change and step forward with confidence, she brought out the joy in me that I would give to everyone else but never had it for me. She helped me transition from walking in fear to walking in my self worth and strength. After a year of transformation, growth and healing.. I truly was walking in faith, strength, worth and pure joy. It led me to be confident to date again and finding my soulmate and husband. My life has been forever changed and I'm completely grateful to Janie for her sharing her gift and wisdom with me.
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Dec 8, 2016
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Service so great I went again and looking forward to another session!
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Dec 8, 2016
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Janie is incredible. She is well formed and informed in her field. So many accurate correspondences. I have definitely benefitted greatly from Janie's work. She is sweet, authentic and gives from the heart. 100% recommended. She's the real deal. Do it!
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Jul 4, 2014
Janie provides one of the most relaxing and spiritually enhancing massages I have ever received. The atmosphere was perfect and it's like she can read your body. She seemed to know where all the pain was and was able to do everything perfectly. Many times I've dozed off during her massages. By far one of the BEST massage therapists I have EVER seen.
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This was the most spiritual, relaxing and motivational experience I've ever had! Janie truly has a gift to help guide you through life's journey. She has given me so much to look forward to and prepare for my future! She is a blessed soul that will change your life!!
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May 29, 2014
I didn't know what to expect going into my first session with Janie but it turned out to be one of the most amazing experiences I've had! From the moment you meet her you feel the love and good energy radiating off of her! I was feeling so lost and confused in my life and after a session with her, she helped me realize the things in my life that needed adjusting to live a more fulfilling and happy life. I haven't felt this optimistic and relaxed in a while! I'm so thankful God put her in my path!
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Mar 12, 2014
My amazing experience with Janie was life changing! She helped me realize things about myself that I needed to work on in order for me to be truly happy. Since my treatment with her I have been working on those things, and my life is already becoming more fulfilling. I'm more outgoing, more loving, more caring, & more spiritually happy. Janie has been a true blessing & I know God put her in my life path for a reason! Janie you are such an amazing woman full of positive energy & you make a positive impact on everyone you touch! Love you!!
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Saņem informāciju par jaunajiem Atlants.lv darbiem!
Akcija: ZiņotājsPRO uz 6 mēnešiem - bezmaksas!Abonēt bez maksas
Margaret Atwood - relationship between three of her poems.
Margaret Atwood is a Canadian poet, novelist, and critic, noted for her feminism and mythological themes. She was born in 1939 in Ottawa, about the same time World War 2 started. Her life was lived in a time of male dominance, which she did not like. She expressed her views of this by writing, and her writings showed many of the feminine views that she believes in. According to a reviewer, Atwood's writings are obtained from the "traditional realist novel," where often the female protagonist is representative of an 'everywoman' character, and is victimized by gender and politics. In her st…
- "How does Margaret Atwood portray the role of women in the Republic of Gilead?"
- A Separate Peace: character relationship between Phineas and Gene
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Enterprise Solution Architect - Richmond, VA
The client's Information Technology Division is seeking an experienced solution architect to participate with the architecture team. This individual will provide strategic planning, guidance, and support for solution and integration capability of enterprise architecture which includes methodologies, design patterns, and standards. The selected candidate will work collaboratively with operations, development and IT service management staff to continue evolving expertise in the architecture patterns and standards.
Additionally, the individual in this position will define and document standards and work with teams to incorporate those into solution designs utilizing centralized broker, secure data gateways, hybrid cloud integration, and message queuing. The selected candidate will provide integration expertise and leadership in core solutions and technologies.
This individual will contribute to the design, maintenance, enhancement, communication of enterprise architecture. The architect will define integration reference architectures, patterns, standards and templates; define and maintain the service catalog, perform technology and application reviews and make recommendations for improvements to the client's IT planning and implementation processes; provide oversight and facilitate research, evaluation, selection, development and implementation of software technology and product standards as well as design standard configurations for both on premises and cloud configurations.
This individual will be expected to maintain positive and productive relationships with all customers and vendors, to understand customer needs, and to translate them into appropriate automated solutions. The selected candidate will communicate technical terms and concepts to non-technical staff, educate technical staff on evolving technology standards and approaches and effectively communicate with all levels of management across all divisions of the agency.
Minimum Qualifications
Possess strong knowledge in applied application, information, and integration architecture concepts; possess comprehensive IT analytical skills and strong problem-solving skills; have a working knowledge of various multi-user, multi-tasking operating systems/platforms (Unix, Windows, z/OS); and a working knowledge of various development platforms (Java, .NET, SharePoint…) . Demonstrated skills to produce relevant solution design artifacts including but not limited to: requirements, use cases, test cases, sequence diagrams, data models, conceptual, logical , and physical systems designs; to prepare written communications and presentations; and be proficiently skilled with Microsoft Visio.
• Deep understanding of web services and various web service standards including SOAP and REST
• Deep understanding on XML and XML schema concepts
• Deep understanding of reference data and master data as applied to the storage and provisioning of the data
• Familiarity with Master Data Management (MDM), reference data management and data warehouses
• Familiarity with normalized data models (e.g. party data model) and star schemas
• Experience with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and practices. Must have designed and implemented reusable services using SOA principles
• Experience with Service discovery, ,delivery and cataloging
• Experience creating data services from the master database and make those services available to the entire enterprise
• Experience with hybrid cloud integration
• Experience with secure data gateways
• Experience with Integrating solutions using SOAP, REST and data adapter APIs
• Experience with a centralized broker such as enterprise service bus and hub-and-spoke and how they relate to federated and mediation techniques.
• Experience creating a canonical data model using XML and other formats and developing services using this model
• A system model that defines the APIs, data flow and rules of engagement to the system such that components can be built to interface with it in a standardized way.
Preferred Qualifications
• Experience implementing a roadmap for transitioning to hybrid and cloud architectures
• Experience implementing modern approaches to integration of disparate platforms and systems
• Knowledge of transportation business processes and business culture.
• Experience with process frameworks (like SOA, ITIL or COBIT) and with Agile approaches to solution delivery.
• Degree in business administration, public administration, engineering, information technology or related field.
Special Instructions to Applicants
• This position requires a fingerprint-based background check.
• No relocation expenses provided, local interviews
Required/Desired Skills
Required /Desired
of Experience
Experience with Service Oriented Architecture(SOA) principles and practices. Must have designed and implemented reusable services using SOA principles
Experience with Service discovery, delivery and cataloging
Experience creating data services from the master database and make those services available to the entire enterprise
Experience with secure data gateways
Experience with Integrating solutions using SOAP, REST and data adapter APIs
Experience with a centralized broker such as enterprise service bus and hub-and-spoke and how they relate to federated and mediation techniques
Experience creating a canonical data model using XML and other formats and developing services using this model


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Words containing gyricl
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Axiom - DDR3 - 8 GB - DIMM 240-pin - 1866 MHz / PC3-14900 - unbuffered - ECC - for HP Workstation Z1 G2, Z420, Z620, Z820Item#: 9884886 | Model#: AX55193766/1
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Axiom - DDR3 - 8 GB - DIMM 240-pin Product Details
Capacity: 8 GB
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OEM Manufacturer Equivalent Part Number: HP E2Q93AA
Type: DRAM
Technology: DDR3 SDRAM
Form Factor: DIMM 240-pin
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Speed: 1866 MHz (PC3-14900)
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Expansion / Connectivity
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YOKG Automobiles was established in 2007. Since then, it has specialized in buying and selling used cars. It operates from its head office that's located at 412 N Main St Ste 100, Buffalo, WY 82834 USA. Today, the company is different from the one that began operating 10 years ago. Its used car business is one of the most technologically advanced in the U.S.A.
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*Another image from this tiny little chapel that sits on the edge of a high cliff over looking the sea. I was alone there and slept in the chapel in a cloud of incense surrounded by these glorious images, with cracked, dirty glass covering them. These are original paintings, not prints. The golden lights are reflections of the candles in the dirty glass.
I'm so glad the Greek people have left the paintings right were they are, even though bird shit was on a beautiful painted crucifix of Jesus. It all seemed, just right.
I love Mary's pure and gentle face. A beautiful image of sweet Love and compassion. Oh, the sunset that night was absolutely beautiful with a fierce, fiery glow.*


text:
This two-day course is designed to provide a sound introduction to.NET Core for programmers who already know the C# language. It is current to .NET Core 1.0.1 and Visual Studio 2015. The course focuses on core portions of the .NET Framework that are common across many application areas. It starts with an introduction to the architecture and key concepts of .NET. The course then discusses class libraries, packages, metapackages and frameworks. The following chapters discuss important topics in the .NET programming model, including delegates and events, I/O and serialization, memory management, processes and threads. The course concludes with a chapter on threading, which includes an introduction to the Task Parallel Library (TPL). The course is hands-on, with many programming examples. The goal is to equip you with the foundations of this important new technology from Microsoft. The student will receive a comprehensive set of materials, including course notes and all the programming examples.
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text:
have a strong PR team working hard to book media to help me promote my new book, "All Fired Up". This past weekend Albuquerque, I taught a local TV host how to properly prepare ribs for the smoker.
I've Become a Steak Snob
An amazing Filet Mignon on top of a huge diver scallop with Gouda cheese and red wine sauce.


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text:
Sunday 18 June - Father's Day Classic Car Show
Saturday 12 and Sunday 13 August - Vintage Vehicle Rally
Sunday 3 September - Classic Car Rally
The Epping Ongar Railway is holding three classic car/vehicle shows at North Weald Station this year. These events are open to pre-booked cars and vehicles only, as our parking space is limited to about 80 vehicles.
Entrance for those who have pre- booked is completely free. Pre- Booked Classic vehicles and their drivers and passengers are eligible to half price concessions regarding travel on the buses and the trains.
12th and 13th August is a two day event for Vintage Vehicles and others, and we are inviting entries from Clubs and individuals of Traction Engines of all sizes, Stationary engines, cars registered before 1980, commercials, tractors, classic motor bikes, army vehicles, etc.
On Sunday 3rd September, there will be a Classic Vehicle and Car Show. All makes and years of vehicles will be considered for entry. This can include modern classics. Again all must be pre-booked in advance so as we can allocate the limited parking spaces. Concessions will be given as above.
All entries must be in place before 10.30am as there will be a lot of public activity, entry after then may be refused due to Health and Safety issues.
North Weald Station, Station Road, CM16 6BT is in North Weald Village, on the B181, near the Kings Head Pub.
All enquiries to the organisers please:
Kelvin Knappitt firstname.lastname@example.com, or
Adam Rist - email@example.com (for steam traction on 12th and 13th August Rally only)
Specific details will appear on our Special Events page nearer the date of the show.


text:
In a recent defensive gun use story from Cleveland, Ohio, a man said that he had a concealed carry permit because his past employer required it. From cleveland.com:
He said he has a concealed carry permit because he used to work at a barbershop, and the owner required barbers to get their concealed carry licenses for their protection.
I suspect that more businesses will take this approach. It brings about many benefits. Last year, we had the example of a Georgia business owner who required his employees to be armed, supplying them each with a Taurus Judge revolver when they showed him their concealed carry permit.
Here are a few of the advantages a workforce that carries:
1. Employees with a concealed carry permit are a deterrent to robbery and physical attacks on the business premises. This may seem obvious, but you will find many who claim, without support, that it is not so. Having more than one employee armed at a location makes it an extremely unattractive target. There are too many variables, and too much to go wrong for any thinking robber.
2. There is an obvious, clear screening process to limit employees to a select, high quality level. Permit holders self select as one of the most law abiding, responsible groups in the nation. Their crime rates are only a fraction of those of police officers and are many more times as law abiding as the general population.
3. Your employees are part of a group that puts a high value on personal responsibility and self reliance. This is the group least likely to blame you for personal failures, or to see your business as a potential source of a "liability lottery". They look ahead, see problems, and do things about them.
4. The state is now doing a continuous screening process for you, one that's actionable and clear. If an employee has legal problems (according to the state, not the employer), their permit will be taken from them, a clear red flag to the employer.
In some states there is another benefit.
Wisconsin, Kansas, and Tennessee offer immunity from lawsuit if the employer allows employees to be armed. From Wis. Stat. § 175.60(21)(b), (c):
(b) A person that does not prohibit an individual from carrying a concealed weapon on property that the person owns or occupies is immune from any liability arising from its decision.
From kslegislature.org 75-7c10(c)(2)
(2) Any private entity which does not provide adequate security measures in a private building and which allows the carrying of a concealed handgun shall not be liable for any wrongful act or omission relating to actions of persons carrying a concealed handgun concerning acts or omissions regarding such handguns.
(a) A person, business, or other entity that owns, controls, or manages property and has the authority to prohibit weapons on that property by posting, pursuant to § 39–17–1359, shall be immune from civil liability with respect to any claim based on such person's, business's, or other entity's failure to adopt a policy that prohibits weapons on the property by posting pursuant to § 39–17–1359.
The advantages to a workforce that carries are clear.
©2017 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.
33 Responses to Requiring CCW for Employees: A Smart Move
I should send this to our corporate office, as it stands now we cant even have a weapon of ANY kind, even in our vehicles.
Have fun changing your flat without a tire iron.
baseball, golf?
lots of nice sports out there too?
In PA, this is a problem. Requiring employees be armed for work means employees need to be act235 certified (medical exam, psych test, 40 hours of class, and recertification), it's a crime not to be act235 certified when required to carry for work. Then there's the issue of your insurance carrier, the upward rate adjustment and any requirements the carrier places upon you as conditions of the policy.
Could an employer require a permit, but not mandate carry? Allow it, not require it?
I guess so. Or an employer could just do a PSP PATCH criminal history check for $10.
If your hoplophobic insurance company is trying to stick it to you om premiums if employees are armed, or deny you coverage outright, then screw 'em and go somewhere else.
It's true, lots of insurance companies will balk and providing coverage. Many are letting their politics and prejudices make their business decisions for them. Others just don't have the experience and actuary data to price the risk properly. So they avoid insuring what they don't understand.
Still, there are plenty of insurers out there who will provide coverage, who will do so at no additional premium, and some who will charge lower premiums than before this coverage.
There are dozens of school districts in Texas who have armed staff/faculty members, for example. At least one district's experience goes back to 2007. They've switched providers twice over that time and reduced annual premiums by about $5,000 each time.
Comparisons to professional armed security guards, whose liability coverage is higher than unarmed guards, is faulty because it fails to understand the nature of the risks. Armed guards don't cost more because the guards are armed and there's greater risk of negligent discharges or other wrongful shooting. Their coverage costs more because what they guard tends to have higher market value and increases the probability of an event.
Remember, premiums price the risk of loss. Loss itself is a function of both the probability of an event and the dollar magnitude of the event. School shootings are exceedingly rare, despite the rhetoric out there. Armored car robberies? Oh man, last year Houston experienced about a dozen of them, most with shots fired and casualties, some with deaths.
My employer pays extra to carry on the job, after sending employees to active shooter class.
Not to play Devil's advocate, but do we really want to require people to have a CCW? Like, you can run background checks on people without having them get a CCW, and there's a lot of good people that don't or shouldn't get a gun, let alone carry it.
That said, guns are a really good indicator for the kind of person you're dealing with.
I feel that an employer gets to pick the requirements for their employees. Some require background checks, good credit, some jobs only go to parents. This isn't much different.
Obviously it ALL jobs required a cc, then a large portion of the population would not be able to get a job. But I for one can't fault an employer for trying to make their place safer and their ensuring their employees are more reliable
That's not a bad point. We talk a lot about how law abiding abd upstanding concealed carry license holders are, ans as a group they may well be.
However, that's a self-selected group. The traits wr admire about these people pre-existed the holding of the license, though in some cases carry a firearm can reinforce those existed good qualities.
Simply taking someone who can pass the license requirements and instructing them to obtain one, may not yield the same results because they did not have the other traits that drove them to obtain one on their own. They're just following pre-employment instructions.
All in all a good list and excellent points I hadn't fully considered before
I didn't see explicitly stated in the list but sort of danced around. People with a CC permit are generally more proactive and responsible, makes them more likely to be more productive to the business as a whole
A very positive quality to have in any employee these days
My employer pays for the licensing class and the license itself. It's not a lot but it is way better than banning carry on the job.
The question mark is missing from the title.
I have problems with this. First of all, someone should be able to get a job in a barber's shop without undergoing the sort of background check mandating for carry permits (which is a whole different issue). The extension of big brother into all areas of life is disturbing and someone who had a drug conviction years ago or a DUI shouldn't have to explain that to every potential employer.
Second, this strikes me as employers trying to turn their employees into armed guards without providing the benefits, indemnities or training. Allowing employees to carry should be more than sufficient if the motive is for them to be able to keep themselves safe.
"First of all, someone should be able to get a job in a barber's shop without undergoing the sort of background check mandating for carry permits"
Someone can – just not THAT barbershop, if that's a policy you disagree with. Or THAT Stop-n-Rob. Or THAT cab company (which, BTW, sound like a couple jobs that could really benefit from a policy like this one…) Those are the choices people make in the job market – I mean, you wouldn't catch me dead working for PETA, the Brady Bunch, or Mike Bloomberg. It's simple – if you don't like an employer's policies or ethics, work somewhere else!
"The extension of big brother into all areas of life is disturbing and someone who had a drug conviction years ago or a DUI shouldn't have to explain that to every potential employer."
I fully agree with your assessment of creeping big brotherism; but this isn't the government intruding into people's lives, it's a single private business. Or a few businesses, or even a growing trend – it's not like this will take over a huge segment of the job market, or be implemented at large corporations based in large cities. So people won't have to explain that to EVERY potential employer, just a small percentage… what, 10 or 15% tops?
I don't mean to sound argumentative, just my thoughts regarding your thoughts.
Yes, you SHOULD be able to cut hair without a background check. Guess what? The barber's union made sure you can't. They pushed the Ohio Legislature to pass a law requiring a criminal background check to cut hair. This, of course, provides a barrier to entry to the profession, keeping provider numbers low and fees high. http://barber.ohio.gov/Forms.aspx
This occurs in many professions and many states. It's ricockulous, and it is why we need to vote in legislatures who have the courage to repeal bad laws.
Voting is great, but it's not the only battlefield. The courts are another. An amazing group doing heroic work in the area of economic liberty litigation is the Institute for Justice. IJ.org
Check them out, then cut them a check. They haul governments into court all over the country to get these unconstitutional incumbent-company-protecting laws voided. And they win.
I am in a situation where a particular law in this state requires that certain of our employees receive the equivalent of a CHL background check through the State Police except for the fingerprints. I laughingly but somewhat seriously said that maybe we should just have them get CHL's (shall issue state) and there is the proof of responsibility and compliance with the other law.
Can one not carry concealed in a private business in Ohio without a CHL? Why not just require thy carry while on the job?
I am an older female working at a gas station all hours of the night, alone. When i asked if i am permitted to carry my gun for self defense, the answer was no, even though i do have my permit. If something happened to me, i think they should be held accountable. Am pursuing other employment!
Unless carrying on the job is illegal, not just against company policy, get yourself something small enough to disappear inside a pocket and carry it. What your boss doesn't know won't hurt either of you. If ever you do need to defend yourself. losing a job isn't as bad as getting crippled or killed.
It's easier to apologize after you've shot an armed robber than to ask permission to carry. My employer has the same rule. And I say, concealed means concealed.
While pleasant to consider, these types of actions I have a hard time foreseeing outside of small businesses and those who carry high theft items.
Working for a global-scale company based out of CA, we are unlikely to ever see that happen, even in our TX offices. On the other hand, I was pleased to hear how upset our CA-based labor lawyer was when she learned that TX HR was telling employees that they couldn't leave firearms in their vehicles. Actually demanded that they stop the misinformation and provide accurate information to all who had been given the bad info.
Excellent! Glad to hear they got slapped for it. I'm sure corporate legal departments really hate dealing with all the wildly different, even conflicting state laws they're forced to comply with. But unfortunately, that's the price of doing (interstate) business.
After left-clicking the first hyperlink within the caption (under the image), and reading the report, there is no mention of the perp being in possession of any weapon.
Additionally, my interpretation of the perps' subsequent actions, once confronted by the owner/renter, was an action of retreat. Please help me with this, granted there was a 'break-in' or 'invasion', but once the perp/fleeing-felon has begun to retreat, where is the justification to shoot?
OK, let's say the first shot was justified; due to intruder in the home. The perp retreated into the bathroom and locked the door. How is the owner/renter, at this point, justified to fire multiple -or any amount of additional shots- into and possibly through a locked door, an obstacle separating the perp from the owner/renter who has stated the perp retreated into the bathroom?
Let's also not forget the owner/renter left the possible imminent threat to a safe area to retrieve his weapon of choice, then returned to the possible imminent threat -instead of barricading and remaining in the bedroom while dialing 911–; yes 'castle doctrine' is in effect. Is there not a strong possibility that the owner/renter will face criminal charges? Not to mention the repairs he now has to deal with.
Seriously, enlighten me.
"However, effective with the passage of SB 184, in 2008, under what is known as the "Castle Doctrine," if the lethal force was inflicted against a person in your home, temporary place of residence, or occupied car, you are now entitled to a presumption that you acted in self-defense. In this situation, the burden has now shifted to the prosecution to prove that you did not act in self-defense."
The home owner is presumed justified because he was in his home. Also, there is some sort of provision for the use of force in "defense of residence." I'm not sure what that means. Ohio laws are harder than most to figure out with a simple google search.
Furthermore, the threat isn't over until you know it's over. The guy in the bathroom could be buying time getting ready to attack.
Hmm, sounds brilliant. Business owner essentially put the burden of a criminal background check on the employee and the government. Considering the Democrats have started to argue and submit legislation that declare it discrimination to reject a candidate based on their criminal past, this is a brilliant move.
Our parent company is French. This idea has about as much chance as me getting the last chicken wing while standing behind Rosie O'Donnell in the buffet line.
It could be worse…like one chicken wing left with her standing behind you.
When I was working as a Flight Instructor and Commercial Pilot in Waterford, MI the owner of the FBO offered a CHL course from a Detroit SWAT officer and encouraged carry since we were largely a cash business and our aircraft are quite the desirable asset. There was even an unofficial rule that all charter flights would have at least one armed crew memeber, it went well until we lost a turbo over Lk. Erie and almost had to divert into Cananda. The rest of the time it was never an issue and sent the right message.
Ironically, except for one CO in Texas, I had to stop carrying when I started flying in the Navy. You can have 2000lbs of HE and 150rds of 20mm but we can't trust you with a 9mm.
I imagine those state law immunities will be all for naught when OSHA declares that allowing people in a business who are not licensed as armed security guards or private detectives violates the General Duty Clause.
It is one way to weed out bad job candidates too; those with criminal records or just too much SJW in them.


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Lightroom 4.1 performance improvement tip
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Re: Lightroom 4.1 performance improvement tip
In reply to Shiner • Jul 16, 2012
Thanks - you saved my day!
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