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Party Bags Ideas
Party bags ideas have many different types of design patterns and, most of the time; the designs are based on the themes of the parties. Besides themes, party bags will also vary depends on the occasions.
Attend any party for kids or even adults and you're likely to see dozens of gift bags waiting by the door. Also known as goody bags or party favor bags, these small bags usually consist of candy or small snacks and a few inexpensive gifts. The bags typically fit the theme of the party, using toys that relate to the character associated with the party. Ideas for party bag favors should relate to the main theme of your party.
There are many types of different party bag ideas and it all depends on, especially the theme of party but not limited to that. For a beach party or outdoor party, purchase small buckets like those used for building sand castles or playing in the sand. The buckets are fairly cheap and come with a shovel, spade or some other type of toy. If you find only the buckets, purchase other sand-building toys and add a set to each bucket. Buy one bucket for each child attending the party and write their name on the front. You can add other beach or sun items as well, including inexpensive kid-size sunglasses. As most party bags include some form of candy, add a few miniature candy bars, taffy or bubble gum, depending on the age of the children. It's also possible to skip the candy completely and include only the toys.
Canvas totes come in a variety of colors and sizes, guaranteed to fit your party theme. Purchase plain bags and decorate the front with your party theme. For a cowboy party or western party, add images of horses and cowboy hats or boots. Decorate girl's bags with tiaras and makeup. Wait for the paint to dry and then fill with small toys, candy and other items. Use the same type of things that you would in traditional goody bags.
Fuel the imaginations of little magicians at your party with magic bags to take home with them after the party. This works especially well when there is a magic theme to the party or if a magician is hired to entertain. Decorate blue gift bags with stars and fill them with mini-wands, decks of cards and little novelty magic tricks from toy stores. There are many small and inexpensive magic tools that can be purchased at party supply stores, such as the disappearing coin trick or finger cuffs.
Besides that, you can also give teens a little something to take home with them or to use at the party. Fill gift bags with disposable cameras for use at the party; guests can keep a record of the party from their own points of view and share pictures with each other later on. Include personalized notebooks for school or pencils and pens. Include a CD of a current and popular artist that the group of teens often listens to.
On the other hand, adult birthday party bags are more dependent on the theme of the event and the demographic of the guests. A bag with custom golf balls and cigars is more appropriate for male guests, just as a bag with fine loose-leaf tea and an infuser is geared more toward women. In a mixed party, aim for gender-neutral favors, like personalized tins filled with mints. For higher budget affairs, order fortune cookies with a custom fortune for each guest. If the party incorporates game-playing, add some custom-made playing cards to the bag, with the date and a party title printed on them. Throw in a gift card to the local coffee shop—just $5 on a card treats your guests to their morning latte.
Different types of party will have different types of designs for the party bags. As an example, graduation party hosts have many options when it comes to party favor bags. Fortune cookies, for example, are the perfect favor for a party where many of the guests are fresh out of school. A silver fortune cookie key chain is a more permanent reminder of the unknowable future. Chocolate coins are a tongue-in-cheek favor, since graduates are temporarily poor. Monogrammed card holders are a nod to the future for college graduates. Everyone appreciates gift cards; high school graduates can use them to help furnish the dorm room. And college graduates can use all the help they can get if they have loan payments.
Incoming search terms:
- gift bag ideas
- gift bags ideas

subset: commoncrawl


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'HazMap' App Will Show People Public Hazards; App Will Look Like 'Pokemon Go?' Will Use Crowd-Sourced Data?
In the near future, people will be able to avoid public hazards like floods, open manholes, or simple cracks on the road that may potentially harm or danger the public. This would be thanks to "HazMap," a mobile application will inform people where these hazards are.
According to Techcrunch, "HazMap " was one of the many applications that came out from "Disrupt London 2016 Hackaton" and was created by risk management insurance provider Craig Polly and software engineer Oras Al-Kubaisi. The mobile application will use global information system (GSI) mapping through Esri.
"HazMap" will use crowd-sourced information of public hazards and other maintenance projects happening in public spaces without the need to contact local authorities through email or phone call. The application will work similar to Nainatic's popular Pokemon-themed game "Pokemon Go" and will also offer badges, according to Techcrunch's report.
HazMap wants to be like Pokémon Go for reporting hazards in public spaces https://t.co/H1OFVYqoF2 #TCDisrupt
— TechCrunch (@TechCrunch) December 5, 2016
To report public hazards through the "HazMap" mobile application, users will need to snap pictures of public hazards they find, and this will be reported to appropriate agencies and local authorities. In the "HazMap" website, users will be able to view these reported public hazards through a live map similar to "Pokemon Go," helping users keep track of public hazards in their area.
"HazMap" will also have a dashboard that ranks municipalities depending on how fast they can solve user-submitted reports of public hazards. For now, "HazMap" works only in UK, but plans of making the mobile application available globally are on the table. Also, "HazMap" is only available for Android devices for now, but will soon have an iOS version.
"HazMap" will contact local authorities once a user-submitted public hazard was posted, and this will push the proper authorities to work on the reported public hazard. And with the public hazard available for "HazMap" users to see the live map, developers hope that it will urge local authorities and agencies to address the problem faster.


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Saturday, May 19, 2012
Hi! Sometimes you need a card with just that simple sentiment ;) My card was inspired by the challenge at Flourishes Timeless Tuesday #169. This week Maki has a really fun one, to pick an alphabet and use supplies/elements that begins with that letter on your project.
I picked the letter "C" for my card - Circles, Copics, Cutting. I used the patterned paper from My Mind's Eye with circles on it for the background & a Circle doily, Copics markers for colouring and I did some cutting around the stamped image.
The main image was stamped with Memento Peanut Brittle and I also stamped the larger floral image on the doily circle using Memento Cantaloupe (another C?).
Love this challenge and thanks to Maki for making it so fun!
Thanks for visiting me today.
Products used : Flourishes Botanical Bookplates Vol 1 & Magnolias (sentiment), Flourishes Bookplate die, Memento Peanut Brittle, Rich Cocoa & Cantaloupe, Copic Markers, My Mind's Eye Lost & Found 2 - Sunshine 6x6 pad, Tim Holtz washi tape, MFT Mini Doily Circles die-namics, Ivory cardstock.
6 comments:
- Greta said...
Wow--gorgeous, artistic card! Love your colors & design!
- May 20, 2012 at 11:56 AM
- Marie said...
Lovely card, Kary. Love the colors on your image. Thanks for sharing with Flourishes.
- May 20, 2012 at 3:02 PM
- Silke Ledlow said...
Kary, this is another beautiful card! Love all the added *C's*...thanks for joying us again this week...hugs ~S~
- May 20, 2012 at 8:15 PM
- Makiko Jones said...
This is very pretty!! I love the designer paper you used and the yellow floral. Thank you for playing along at the FTTC.
- May 21, 2012 at 9:56 PM
- Lindsey said...
Beautiful! I love the mix of images, papers and colours.
- May 22, 2012 at 8:48 PM
- Lisa Arana said...
gorgeous, I love how you incorporated the pattern paper so well into your design.
- May 25, 2012 at 9:48 PM
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Brevard CC employee health benefits
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Info concerning Brevard CC employee health benefits, and registering for elective seminars and lectures. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Browse accredited business management programs online. You can train in as little as two years to begin your career as a financial professional. Concentrating on Brevard CC employee health benefits, for example, you may gain an advantage in corporate recruiting being done on-campus. Check with the workforce development department for course registration deadlines, and employee benefits program requirements. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Brevard CC.
Human resources specialists must recruit, screen, and interview job applicants. They often are tasked with other duties such as compensation and benefits, and employee training. To fill a job opening, human resources managers may choose to recruit on-campus at a local university, sponsor a job fair, or simply place job ads online. Each method has advantages in employment screening, and built-in drawbacks regarding issues such as wages and salaries, healthcare, pensions, and union practices.
Potentially, the best candidates may be hired through on-campus recruiting, the resources required may be prohibitive. Online ads would attract a larger applicant pool, but many applicants may lack proper qualifications. Hiring decisions must take into account a limited advertising budget, as well as the necessity of maintaining low employee turnover. With a bachelor's degree, the average salary for human resources specialists was $58,350 annually, as of 2017. Beyond major requirements within the workforce development department, you may consider Lassen College video courses as a complementary elective to your primary course of study.
Human Resources Specialist-Wichita, KS
Assisting with data management and file maintenance to include day to day data entry and employee data maintenance in the HRIS. Line of Business..
3 days ago Financial Analyst South America
Amcor Flexibles Americas
Corporate Finance, BG VP Finance, BU FD, Site CEO's and CFO's. The Leadership competencies which will apply to Finance..
1 day ago Patient Resolution Supervisor
Peak Vista Community Health Centers
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2 days ago


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Three years married and lovely as can be, Alycia and Austin are also brave souls; they had no issue climbing over the new-and-improved (i.e. more dangerous to climb over) safety barricade at the end of the boardwalk to get to the glorious place that is the base of Snoqualmie Falls. A few photos, a few new friends, a few wet cameras, and a beautiful evening was had by all. I shot this session together with my friend Max, check out some of his images from this evening at Maxwell Smithers Photography!
Interested in having me photograph you and yours? CONTACT ME HERE


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Under the supervision of the Director of Information Technology, leads the daily management of the university's Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, serves as the resource manager for all systems integrations and provides for oversight management of all operational enterprise applications and legacy interfaces.
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
Capital University offers a rich benefits package that includes medical, dental, vision, retirement, family education benefits, long-term disability, life insurance and free parking.
Candidates should submit a cover letter and resume to:
Steve TerryDirector, IT email@example.com
For more information on Capital University, visit our website at www.capital.edu.
Capital University is an equal opportunity employer, and supports a diverse and inclusive campus community. Capital University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, religion, sex, gender, age, disability, veteran status, or other characteristics protected by the law.


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Sunday, February 08, 2015
Teaching Social Psychology
I am teaching a course in Social Psychology this term for the MSc online program where I have an affiliation. Although social neuroscience has had quite the growth over the past decade and we all get experience in the neurobehavioral syndromes resulting from certain types of brain disease and damage, the course has been a good reminder to me that just about any graduate student in psychology and in neuropsychology would benefit by a good course in core social psychological principles as it relates to normal behavior by mentally and neurologically healthy adults.
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Pilot schooled on proper chopper use after touching down next to a P.E.I. Tim Hortons
A coast guard helicopter pilot has been schooled on the appropriate use of the aircraft after touching down in a field near a Tim Hortons in P.E.I. for a coffee fix.
The chopper landed in a barren field in the small Island community on March 16, prompting surprised onlookers to take to social media with comments about the unusual sighting and photos of the red aircraft whipping up poofs of snow as it set down.
READ MORE: HMCS Charlottetown, Canadian Coast Guard and Air Force responding to vessels in distress
It also caught the attention of the commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard, who asked for an internal probe to determine if any unusual circumstances required the aircraft to land there.
Fisheries spokeswoman Sarah Gilbert says the fact-finding exercise found the aircraft did not have to land there for operational reasons.
READ MORE: Opposition wants details on 'potentially life-threatening' changes to Coast Guard
She says coast guard helicopters are flown by Transport Canada pilots who follow protocols that state government aircraft are to be "used safely, efficiently and with the utmost respect for taxpayer dollars."
Gilbert says officials have instructed the pilot on aircraft usage – specifically, that crews not land at similar locations in the future.
© 2017 The Canadian Press


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In a first page article, marketwatch writes "On the brink of a meltdown".
It further states (fear and hope organization is ours!):
1. The fear part: "The global financial system is on the brink of a meltdown and additional steps must be taken immediately by the richest nations to calm jittery bankers and investors, the IMF warns.
2. The hope part: "IMF confident governments will act in time to avert crisis"
But what is the real truth?
According to this modest blog, our previoous post announced that the stock market has bottomed, and all the actions are really not needed. It is too late. All what is needed is a new legislation to make sure that crooks will not come back in the future and do what they have done: writing insurances, and providing credit with nothing or little to back these obligations. It is not average subprime Joe who caused this (I want to make sure that you understand that average Joe subprime borrower is JUST the scape goat).
If you want to receive a report on the real reasons (with causes and effects in chain reaction) for this mess, email us at marketwarnings (at) gmail (dot) com ,
and we will send it to you. You will then understand the whole "scam" better than 99% of the people on the planet, and use this information to take care of your financial situation.
Financial crisis: IFM warns system on edge of collapse (but we disagree: we are at the stock market bottom!)Posted by Market Warnings
In a first page article, marketwatch writes "On the brink of a meltdown".


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4/25/2009 (12:57 am) by ROLANDHAZARD
If I'm not going to work on my home desktop for the next 12 to 14 hours, should I turn it off?
4/25/2009 (2:25 am) by awesomeo
From a maintenance standpoint, it isn't really going to matter. I turn mine off because it uses around 300 watts to do nothing. It also collects X hours worth of dust on it's fans and remains open to the internet (though behind my firewall). Also, what if some failure were to happen? If my CPU cooler suddenly decided to stop working, I wouldn't be there to catch it. If it burst into flames, I wouldn't be there to put it out.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 12, 2006
|Filing date
|Sep 19, 2003
|Priority date
|Sep 20, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John R. Grassi, John Campbell, George W. Kuhlman
|Original Assignee
|Alotech Ltd. Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (68), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (1), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/412,176, filed Sep. 20, 2002.
The present invention relates to the casting of metals. More particularly, the present invention relates to the lost pattern process for the casting of metals. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the lost pattern mold removal casting of metals.
One of the processes that is used for the casting of metals is investment casting, commonly known in the art as the lost pattern process. The lost pattern process is often used to create castings of complex shapes, increased dimensional accuracy (such as control of wall thickness), and/or smooth surface characteristics.
In the lost pattern process, a pattern is made and sacrificed when the molten metal is poured. A variety of pattern materials may be used, such as foam, wax, frozen mercury, or frozen water. The material to be used for the pattern depends upon the metal that is to be cast and the specific design considerations for the cast part. The lost pattern process using a foam pattern, i.e., the lost foam process, will be described herein, although it is to be understood that the invention may be used on any known lost pattern process.
The lost foam process involves the injection of foam beads, typically of polystyrene, into a cavity in an aluminum die, where the beads are expanded by steam to fill the cavity. The expanded beads form a pattern that conforms to the shape of the die cavity. Turning to
With reference to
Turning to
The flask 16 is set aside to allow the cast part to cool and solidify, also known as freezing. Once cooling is complete, as
However, the lost foam process has some well-known disadvantages. For one, the tooling is highly complex and therefore expensive. Complex parts, such as cylinder heads and blocks, can only be made by specialist tool makers. For these reasons, the process is generally limited to those parts requiring long production runs.
Also, the contact of molten metal with the foam of the pattern causes the evolution of undesirable fumes, creates contamination of the backing aggregate as the styrene decomposes and prematurely cools the molten metal. In addition, as the styrene foam decomposes, it may release hydrogen, which is captured by the molten metal and thus creates significant defects. A lack of uniformity of the density distribution in the foam may also prevent a smooth or predictable filling of the mold, allowing the molten metal to advance more rapidly in some sections of the mold and then fold back as other sections fill, thereby enfolding defects.
These disadvantages have been reduced by a number of alternative techniques in the lost foam casting process. For example, once the pattern is in the flask and supported by the backing material, the foam may be removed before the molten metal is poured. This elimination of the foam before pouring the molten metal may be performed according to the Replicast Process, as known in the art. In this manner, the disadvantages associated with the molten metal contacting the foam may be reduced or eliminated.
Other processes, such as counter-gravity filling (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,182) and the application of pressure after pouring the molten metal, have also reduced some of the disadvantages of the lost foam process.
Still, the foam patterns are relatively weak and must withstand handling and being dipped in the ceramic slurry. This causes designs of patterns to focus on strength rather than better filling, thereby sacrificing optimum casting process characteristics. The weakness of foam patterns also often leads to distortion of the patterns when the backing material is poured around the pattern in the flask. Such weakness of the patterns leads to a need for a coating that may lend more structural support to the patterns.
Other disadvantages of the lost foam casting process are associated with the slow cooling of the cast metal. As mentioned above, after the molten metal is poured into the mold, the mold is typically set aside until enough heat has been lost from the metal so that it has solidified, whereupon the casting is removed from the mold.
The sand that serves as the backing material in lost foam casting is most commonly silica. However, silica experiences an undesirable transition from alpha quartz to beta quartz at about 570 degrees Celsius (� C.), or 1,058 degrees Fahrenheit (� F.). In addition, a silica backing aggregate typically does not allow rapid cooling of the molten metal due to its relatively low thermal conductivity.
Rapid cooling of the molten metal is often desirable, as it is known in the art that with such cooling the mechanical properties of the casting are improved. Moreover, rapid cooling allows the retention of more of the alloying elements in solution, thereby introducing the possibility of eliminating subsequent solution treatment, which saves time and expense. The elimination of solution treatment prevents the quench that typically follows, removing the problems of distortion and residual stress in the casting that are caused by the quench.
As a result, it is desirable to develop a lost foam casting process and related apparatus that provide the advantages of increased structural support of the pattern and more rapid solidification of the cast metal.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a process for the lost pattern mold removal casting of metals is provided. The process includes the steps of forming a pattern from a material, forming an erodable aggregate coating around at least a portion of the pattern to form a mold, the coating including a particulate or granular material and a binder, removing the pattern from the mold, delivering molten metal into the mold, contacting a solvent with the mold, cooling the molten metal such that it at least partially solidifies to form a casting, and removing at least a part of the mold.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an assembly for the lost pattern mold removal casting of metals is provided. The assembly includes a mold, at least a portion of which includes an erodable aggregate.
In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided for the lost pattern casting of metals whereby a lost pattern mold is at least partially eroded and the casting is cooled and solidified by contact with a solvent. The apparatus includes, an erodable lost pattern mold, an erodable backing at least partially surrounding and supporting the mold, and a nozzle for delivering a solvent to contact at least a part of the mold and the backing.
In still another embodiment of the invention, a process for the lost pattern casting of metals is provided. The process includes the steps of forming a pattern from a material, forming a ceramic coating around at least a portion of the pattern to form a mold, forming an erodable backing around at least a portion of the mold, removing the pattern from the mold, delivering molten metal into the mold, contacting a solvent with the erodable backing to erode at least a part of the backing, cooling the molten metal such that it at least partially solidifies to form a casting, and removing the ceramic coating.
The invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts or certain process steps, preferred embodiments of which will be described in detail in this specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and wherein:
Referring now to the drawings, wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the invention and not for the purposes of limiting the same,
Turning to
In a preferred embodiment, the aggregate of the erodable coating 32 may be composed of approximately spherical particles, which impart a good surface finish to the casting. Of course, the particulate material may be of any other defined shape as well, such as pentagonal, hexagonal, etc., as well as irregularly shaped. The size of the particles should be fine enough to allow the creation of a good surface finish on the casting, but the size may be increased if the coating 32 is to be permeable to vent gases.
An exemplary material to be used for the particulate material of the erodable coating 32 is cenospheres, a constituent of fly ash. Cenospheres are inert, naturally occurring hollow microspheres comprised largely of silica and alumina. Although their physical and chemical makeup may vary, a typical cenosphere may contain, e.g., about 55–75 weight percent (wt. %) amorphous silica, 10–25 wt. % alumina, 1–10 wt. % sodium oxide, 1–10 wt. % potassium oxide, 0.1–5 wt. % calcium oxide and 0.1–5 wt. % iron oxide. The exact composition of the cenospheres is not critical. Cenospheres are light in weight with a specific gravity ranging from about 0.70 to about 2.35, depending on the grade. They have low thermal capacity and thus extract little heat from molten metal, allowing increased flow of molten metal in the mold.
Other exemplary materials that may be used for the particulate material include, but are not limited to, crushed pumice particles (an amorphous foamed mineral); silica sand; ceramic, glass or refractory micro-bubbles; and mixtures of the above. Other types of volcanic glass such as perlite may also be used. Generally, any type of granular material having a quantity of trapped air between and/or within the packed particles and having a low heat capacity and thermal conductivity may be used.
The aggregate of the erodable coating 32 is bonded with a binder that is soluble. The binder may be an inorganic material that will pick up little or no hydrogen, preventing detrimental exposure of the molten metal to hydrogen. As a result, the binder may contain no water or hydrocarbons. Such a lack of water or hydrocarbons also allows the erodable coating 32 to be dried at high temperatures or heated up to the casting temperature of the metal, well above the boiling point of water. The binder may also have low gas evolution when the molten metal is cast, reducing the need for a coating 32 that is permeable. The avoidance of a permeable coating 32 allows the use of more finely sized particles for the aggregate, which is advantageous, as described above.
An exemplary binder possessing the described characteristics is based on phosphate glass, a binder that is known in the art. Phosphate glass is an amorphous, water-soluble material that includes phosphoric oxide, P2O5, as the principal constituent with other compounds such as alumina and magnesia or sodium oxide and calcium oxide. Other exemplary binders include inorganic silicates, such as sodium silicate, borates, phosphates, sulfates, such as magnesium sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Further exemplary binders include systems wherein an organic binder, such as urethane, is added to a known inorganic binder and the organic binder is in the range of from about 1 weight percent (wt. %) to about 51 wt. % of the binder system.
The proportion of the mixture of the binder and the particulate material in the erodable coating 32 is determined by the viscosity needed to effectively coat the pattern 28 and gate 30. For example, the proportion should yield a workable slurry that allows the coating 32 to coat all exterior surfaces of the pattern 28, while remaining thick enough to support the pattern 28 and provide an effective containment of the molten metal. It is to be noted that other additives that are known in the art may be included in the erodable coating 32 to aid in wetting and the reduction of foaming.
With reference to
The binder of the erodable backing 34 can be the same as that described above for the erodable coating 32. A primary difference between the composition of the erodable coating 32 and the erodable backing 34 is the amount of binder. For the erodable backing 34, a very low percentage of binder may be used compared to the erodable coating 32, due essentially to the function of the erodable backing 34 as a support medium, rather than a coating medium. The amount of binder in the erodable backing 34 may be fifty percent (50%) or less than that used in a mold for conventional (i.e., not lost pattern process) casting.
Other differences between the composition of the erodable coating 32 and the erodable backing 34 can include additives for specific processing considerations, or specific particulate material and binder material choices. For example, the erodable coating 32 may include cenospheres as the aggregate and a binder based on phosphate glass, while the erodable backing 34 may include a particulate material of silica (or other) sand and a binder of an inorganic silicate.
An advantage to the use of the binder in the erodable backing 34 is the creation of a free-standing mold 35, thereby eliminating the need for a flask 16 (referring back to
Turning to
After the metal is poured, the erodable backing 34 and the erodable coating 32 are progressively subjected to the action of a solvent. As mentioned, the binder of the erodable backing 34 and the erodable coating 32 is soluble. Thus, the solvent dissolves the binder and thereby causes the backing 34 and the coating 32 to decompose.
An exemplary solvent is water. Water is environmentally acceptable and has high heat capacity and latent heat of evaporation, allowing it to absorb a significant amount of heat before evaporating. It can thus provide an optimum cooling effect to enable rapid solidification of the cast metal. The water can be at ambient temperature or can be heated. In some instances, it may be possible to use steam in place of water.
Other solvents may include liquids or gases that decompose the binder and cool the cast metal. For example, known quenching agents may be used with appropriately soluble binders. Moreover, a grit may be entrained in the cooling fluid (liquid or gas) and used to decompose the erodable backing 34 and the erodable coating 32 by abrasion, at the same time as the backing 34 and/or the coating 32 are being washed away by the fluid.
An exemplary manner of delivery of the solvent is by a spray nozzle 36 that directs a jet of solvent 38, such as water, at the erodable backing 34. The jet 38 may be delivered in any suitable configuration from a narrow stream to a wide fan and may be a steady stream or a pulsating stream, as dictated by the particular application.
The delivery of solvent, i.e., the spray, may begin at the base of the mold 35. The mold 35 can be lowered to allow the nozzle 36 to deliver the solvent in a progressive manner to intact portions of the erodable backing 34 so that the backing 34 decomposes. Once the backing 34 is decomposed in a particular area, the solvent continues to be delivered to the coating 32 to cause the coating 32 to decompose as well. In the alternative, the mold 35 may remain stationary and the nozzle 36 may be caused to move in order to progressively deliver a solvent jet 38 to decompose the erodable backing 34 and the coating 32. In order to allow the entire circumference of the backing 34 and the coating 32 to be contacted by the jet 38 for rapid decomposition, they may be rotated or the spray nozzle 36 may be moved about them. Also, several spaced jets can be used, if desired, as described below. An exemplary method and apparatus for the removal of the mold is described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/614,601 filed on Jul. 7, 2003 and entitled "Mold Removal Casting Method and Apparatus", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The rate and pressure of delivery of the jet 38 are of a setting that is high enough to decompose the erodable backing 34 and the erodable coating 32, yet low enough to allow the solvent to percolate through the backing 34 and the coating 32 so that percolated solvent arrives at the cast metal ahead of the full force of the jet 38. For example, high volume, low pressure delivery in a range of about 0.5 to 50 liters per second, Lps (10 to 100 gallons per minute, gpm) at a pressure ranging from 0.03 to 70 bar (0.5 to about 1,000 pounds per square inch, psi) may be advantageous. In this manner, the percolated solvent causes the formation of a relatively solid skin on the cast metal before the metal is contacted by the force of the jet 38, thereby preventing distortion of the metal or explosion from excessive direct contact of the solvent with the molten metal.
An additional consideration is the increased binder composition of the erodable coating 32 compared to the erodable backing 34. The increased binder composition amount requires more solvent to decompose the erodable coating 32 than the erodable backing 34, thereby slowing the approach of the solvent to the cast metal and reducing the undesirable effects of sudden, forceful contact of the solvent 38 with the cast metal. This action of the coating 32 to provide a temporary protection of the casting from the force of the water is one of the major advantages of the coating 32. It effectively enhances the robustness of the erosion/solidification process. Ultimately, however, the process can be made to work without the coating 32, as is evident of course from the existence of direct chill casting of aluminum alloy billets by the continuous casting process. In this analogous process, the careful progression of the action of cooling water jets on the unprotected casting surface as the casting passes through the jets is known in the art.
To enhance percolation of the solvent 38 through the erodable backing 34 and/or the erodable coating 32, a surfactant, as known in the art, may be added to the binder formulation. In addition, at least some of the heat that is absorbed from the molten metal by the coating 32 and the backing 34 may increase the temperature of the solvent as the solvent percolates through, thereby increasing the energy of the solvent and causing it to erode the backing 34 and the coating 32 more rapidly.
Another consideration for the rate and pressure of the delivery of the jet 38 is the contact of the solvent with the cast metal once the erodable backing 34 and the coating 32 have decomposed. The rate and pressure of the jet 38 must be low enough to prevent damage to the casting, but must be high enough to overcome the formation of a vapor blanket. A vapor blanket is formed by the evaporation of the solvent that has percolated through the erodable backing 34 and the coating 32 to contact the metal in forming the skin on the casting. The vapor blanket reduces the transfer of heat away from the cast metal and is detrimental to the rapid cooling that is necessary to obtain the desirable properties and effects that are described above. Thus, it is advantageous to adjust the jet 38 to overcome the vapor blanket.
Control of the jet 38 may be exercised in at least two ways. The rate and pressure of delivery may be set to achieve all of the above parameters, or two separate settings may be used. If two separate settings are used, one setting may be established for decomposition of the erodable backing 34 and at least a portion of the erodable coating 32, while a separate, reduced setting may be timed to replace the decomposition setting when the jet 38 is about to contact the cast metal. Of course, the manner in which the jet 38 is delivered, i.e., narrow stream, wide fan, steady flow, intermittent pulse, etc., will likely affect the rate and pressure settings of the jet 38 accordingly.
The solidification of the casting beginning at its base and progressing to its top allows the most recently poured metal (i.e., in the gate) to remain in a molten state for the maximum length of the time so that it may continue to feed the casting. By feeding the casting for a longer period of time, voids created by shrinkage of the metal upon cooling are minimized. Solidification from the base of the casting to the top also allows length or longitudinal changes to take place before solidification is complete, thereby eliminating any significant buildups of internal stress that often occur in quenching.
It is important to note that a single nozzle 36 is not limited to a base-to-top direction of spray as described above. Depending on the application, it may be desirable to spray the jet 38 from the top of the mold 35 to the bottom, from a midpoint to one end, or in some similar pattern. Some geometries of casting may benefit from the cooling being arranged horizontally, from one or more sides or ends of a casting to another, or simultaneously to meet at a central feeder, etc.
The application of solvent is not limited to a single direction or nozzle. For example, two or more nozzles may be present, eroding the backing 34 and the coating 32 from multiple directions. Each nozzle can spray a respective jet at the backing 34 and/or coating 32, decomposing them more rapidly and uniformly. Any number of nozzles may be present, as a great number of nozzles may be advantageous for large or complex castings, or a few nozzles may provide optimum coverage for other castings. As described above, the mold 35 may be rotated and moved vertically to allow complete distribution of the jets, or the nozzles may be moved while the mold assembly remains stationary.
In addition, when multiple nozzles are used, it may be advantageous to time the function of the nozzles to complement one another. For example, the bottom nozzle may be engaged, thereby spraying a jet at the bottom of the mold 35. The bottom nozzle may be turned off and side nozzles may be engaged to spray other jets at the mold 35, and so on. Such coordinated timing of multiple nozzles may optimize the decomposition of the mold 35 and/or the direction of cooling of the cast metal to provide the desired characteristics of the casting.
Moreover, when multiple nozzles are used, combinations of solvents and/or temperatures may be employed. For example, some nozzles could deliver jets of one solvent, while other nozzles deliver jets of a different solvent. Some nozzles could also deliver solvent at a first temperature, while other nozzles deliver the solvent at a different temperature.
Other solvent delivery systems are possible. One could, for example, direct the solvent to the erodable backing 34 and/or coating 32 via an impeller, over a waterfall, or other means. In addition, steam may be delivered under pressure toward the erodable backing 34 and the coating 32. Furthermore, it is conceivable that a binder and solvent combination could be developed of such effectiveness that the erodable backing 34 with the cast metal and the coating 32 could be eroded without rapid movement of the solvent, such as by dipping or immersing them into a bath of the solvent. In such a system, the water or other solvent (whether flowing or stagnant) would progressively dissolve the soluble binder, slowly disintegrating the erodable backing and/or coating. Thus, while one means of applying the solvent is via a nozzle, other means and combinations of means are also conceivable. The same considerations that are described above apply to these alternative delivery techniques, as the conditions of the delivery system must be adjusted according to the desired rate and manner of erosion.
As the backing 34 and the coating 32 decompose when sprayed with the solvent, at least some of the constituents may be reclaimed. The particulate material, and in some cases the binder, can be gathered for drying and re-use. Moreover, the solvent can be collected, filtered and recirculated for further use. In some systems, it may also be possible to reclaim the binder as well through a reclamation system as known in the art.
As mentioned above, the use of the binder in the erodable backing 34 allows the mold 35 to be free-standing and thus eliminates the need for a flask 16 (referring back to
In the case of the absence of a coating 32, the aggregate and binder mixture are compacted around the pattern to make a mold 35 of sufficient density in the traditional manner.
In the case of the use of a coating 32 on the pattern 28, the use of the binder in the backing material 34 also leads to a mold 35 that needs no active compaction and may therefore be more loosely compacted. This in turn reduces the curing time of the mold 35 and reduces the re-condensation of moisture in parts of the mold 35 that have already cured, leading to greater mold strength. Thus, the mold 35 has greater strength than would be expected, given the limited amount of binder used. The looser compaction may also create greater permeability of the mold 35, reducing problems of gas entrapment in casting.
Thus, the cast metal is exposed to the solvent as the erodable backing 34 and the erodable coating 32 decompose, causing the cast metal to cool rapidly and solidify. With reference to
The gate 42 is normally trimmed from the casting 40, a step traditionally performed as a separate operation in the prior art. With the present invention, at least one jet of solvent may be designed to deliver solvent at a rate, volume and area sufficient to cut the gate 42 off, thereby eliminating an additional process step of the prior art.
As mentioned above, the elimination of the foam prior to casting may be a valuable step to improve the quality of the cast products. The foam may be eliminated by very hot gas, such as heated air, or the mold 35 may be placed in a heated furnace enclosure. Fume extraction during this step should also take place. Also as mentioned above, such heating of the mold 35, even if it is only over its internal surface, will greatly increase the potential for the filling of narrow sections of extensive area, which may constitute a major advantage of the process.
In accordance with the present invention, a substantially cooled casting that has been separated from the mold 35 is achieved rapidly. The mold 35 is allowed to only define the shape of the cast product and not to extract heat from the casting. The extraction of heat is carried out by the controlled process of freezing the casting with a solvent in a directional manner to promote the maximum properties and stress relief of the casting. By carrying out the heat extraction in a separate step, the filling of the mold 35, whether by gravity pouring, tilt pouring, or by counter gravity filling, encourages flow of the molten metal while minimizing premature solidification, allowing castings of complex geometry or thin sections to be achieved.
Other embodiments of the invention are also possible. For example, a ceramic coating of the prior art 14 (referring back to
Turning to
It is also possible to use the solvent delivery system with a ceramic coating of the prior art 14 (
With reference again to
As is apparent from the foregoing detailed description, a method for the lost pattern casting of metals, is also disclosed. The method comprises the production of castings in accordance with the steps that are presented in the process detailed in
It is to be noted that the invention is suitable for the lost pattern, i.e., investment, casting of any metal, including non-ferrous alloys based on magnesium, aluminum and copper, as well as ferrous alloys and high temperature alloys such as nickel-based and similar alloys.
With the present invention, one can avoid the use of a coating. The necessity for a coating is removed because loose, unbonded particulate material is no longer used, it being replaced by weakly bonded aggregate. Thus, the danger of collapse of the mold during filling is thereby avoided. The coating is one of the major control problems for lost foam castings, since its viscosity and thickness of the coat has a major effect on filling, but is not easily controlled. Advantages of avoiding the coating include reduction of cost and reductions in drying time and the large inventory and floor space needed for drying patterns.
A serious defect that is hard to avoid in the prior art is the penetration of the coating into tiny crevices of unsealed glued joints, which leads to cast-in sharp cracks in the surface of the casting. In addition, any loosely compacted foam is also faithfully replicated, causing the casting to suffer cosmetic defects, or even fatigue-enhanced problems. Surrounding the foam pattern directly with an aggregate instead of a ceramic slurry allows these difficulties to be smoothed over, because the larger particle size of the particulate material of the aggregate cannot penetrate such minute surface features of the foam, and is thus a major advantage of avoiding the coating.
During casting, it is also to be expected that the liquid styrene degradation product will be able to disperse more readily directly into an aggregate without the presence of a coating. When attempting to disperse into the coating, the 'wicking' action of the coating causes the coating to take up the liquid, so that the coating becomes temporarily impermeable to the escape of gases, particularly the entrained air and other low boiling point volatiles in the foam itself. Thus, there is considerable danger of gas entrapment.
The invention has been described with reference to several preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
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Owner name: ALOTECH LTD. LLC, GEORGIA
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Owner name: ALOTECH LTD. LLC, GEORGIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRASSI, JOHN R.;KUHLMAN, GEORGE W.;REEL/FRAME:014848/0269
Effective date: 20030920
|May 21, 2010
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|Jan 24, 2017
Owner name: ALOTECH LIMITED, LLC, OHIO
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:ALOTECH, LTD.;REEL/FRAME:041061/0681
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Photo. SDGM (Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha)
Displacement: 815 ton.
Length: 76,2 meters.
Beam: 8,35 meters.
Draught: 4,50 meters.
Propulsion: Inclined compound. Cylindrical return tube. 1,400 hp.
Speed: 15 Knots.
Armament 2/ 47 mm pounder guns.
Complement 50.
Jaceguai was Ex British built Racecourse Class HMS Fairfield. Initially used by Brazilian Navy as a Survey ship. She was acquired and incorporated on17/02/1937. With Brazil entry in the war, Jaceguai was reclassified as a Corvette.
Photo SDM From Jose Henrique Mendes Collection


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A rather spicy holiday over here! Since my CHILLI CHOCOLATE PANCAKES on Sunday I almost eat a spicy dish every day 😉 my stomach isn't that happy about it nor my tongue but my heart is 😉 and the chills are happy to be used 😉 inspired by one of my favorite foodies and bloggers Siobhan from @superfoodsiobhan and her recipe for a CHILLI GINGER STIR-FRY I created my own favorite spicy stir-fry version 😀 warms the whole body during the cold days but also a nice thing on any other day 😀 my ANNABELLE'S SPICY STIR-FRY 😀 I combined it with a spicy porridge 🙂 spicy meets spicy 🙂 I love it! 😀 it was the ideal lunch for me on Tuesday and yesterday so I didn't want to keep my creation secret 😀 sharing is caring, isn't it 😉 let'share spicy food love
You need :
- 1 tbs coconut oil
- 1/2-1 onion, chopped
- 1 clove of garlic, chopped
- 1 tsp chilli flakes
- 1 knob of ginger, finely chopped
- 1 handful cashews or other nuts
- 1/2 cup black or kidney beans
- 1/2 tbs tomato paste (Optional)
- 1/2-1 can mung bean sprouts
- 1 courgette, sliced/chopped
- 1 red pepper, chopped
- 1/2 green pepper, chopped
- 1-2 chillis, finely chopped
- 1-2 carrots, chopped
- 1 cup brussel sprouts
- 1 cup lychees, pealed and seed removed and chopped
- Juice of 1/2 lemon/lime (Optional)
- Other veg/fruit OPTIONS: mushrooms, corn, spinach, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, peas, green beans, mango, papaya
- Spices of choice (ground ginger, cayenne, cumin, coriander, herbs, …) pepper and salt to taste
- 1 tbs tamari on top
Start by toasting the cashews/nuts in a frying pan for five minutes or roasting them in the oven until they are lightly browned, then set them aside to use later.
Heat coconut oil in the pan and add your onion, ginger, chili flakes and garlic (and tomato paste if using) and cook until soft, about 5 minutes. Then add your carrot, peppers and further veg and cook for another 5 minutes tossing occasionally! Next, add the chillis, mung bean sprouts, beans, corn if using and fruits into the pan, and continue to cook evenly. After another 3-5 minutes, when everything has softened and is well combined and flavoursome, add spice and lemon juice to taste and serve with the roasted/toasted cashews/nuts on top and some tamari!
Enjoy with brown rice, porridge, buckwheat, quinoa or other and maybe with some fresh coriander and basil 😀
LINK to Siobhan's recipe : http://www.superfoodsiobhan.com/2013/11/chilli-ginger-cashew-stirfry.html?m=1


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page Federal Contract Compliance – Commercial Items February 10, 2011 Midwest SBLO Meeting
page1 Introduction Presented by Ray Suennen Governmental Contracts Compliance Coordinator Integrys Energy Services, Inc firstname.lastname@example.com
page2 Federal Regulations This presentation is focused on compliance with Federal contract requirements for commercial items and subcontracting plan technical issues FAR parts #s and clauses #s are identified for reference purposes
page3 Definitions Commercial ItemFAR 2.101 1) Any item, other than real property, that is of a type customarily used by the general public or by non-governmental entities for purposes other than governmental purposes, and has been sold, leased, or licensed to the general public; or has been offered for sale, lease, or license to the general public
page4 Definitions Commercial Item 2)Any item that has evolved from an item in # 1 through advances in technology or performance …… 3)Any item in # 1 & 2 with commercially available modifications or minor modifications...... 4)Any combinations of #s 1. 2 & 3 that are available to the general public ……
page5 Definitions Commercial Item 5)Services such as installation, maintenance, repair, training & others for support of an item in #s 1-4 that the general public is provided… 6)Services competitively offered commercially based on catalog or market prices ….. Examples include electricity, a welder, an automobile,, drywall, a toothbrush, cabinets, cabinet installation …….
page6 Federal Regulations Commercial Plan A commercial plan is the preferred type of subcontracting plan for contractors furnishing commercial items. FAR 52.219-9 (g)
page7 Federal Regulations Commercial Plan -Covers the offeror's fiscal year -Applies to the entire production of commercial items sold -Includes the entire company or a portion thereof (division, plant or product line) 19.701
page8 Federal Regulations Commercial Plan & Indirect Costs -May include a proportionate share of indirect costs 52.219-9(d)(1) -Total value of projected subcontracts to support the sales 52.219-9(d)(2) Company wide plans include all indirect costs
page9 Federal Regulations Commercial Plan - Includes offeror's planned subcontracting for both commercial and Governmental business - One plan in effect at a time -One Contracting Officer approves 52.219-9 (g)
page10 Federal Regulations Subcontracting Plan Requirements Negotiated Acquisition15.000 1) Is amount is expected to exceed $ 650,000 for non-construction, or $1.5 million for construction; and 2) Do subcontracting possibilities exist The selected offeror must negotiate an acceptable subcontracting plan with Contracting Officer 19.702
page11 Federal Regulations Subcontracting Plan Requirements Sealed Bid Acquisition 6.401 & 14.101 1) Is amount is expected to exceed $ 650,000 for non-construction, or $1.5 million for construction; and 2) Do subcontracting possibilities exist The selected offeror must submit a subcontracting plan to the Contracting Officer 19.702
page12 Federal Regulations Subcontracting Plan Exceptions Not Required 1) From small business concerns 2) For personal service contracts 3) When performance entirely outside of the US and its outlying areas 19.702
page13 Federal Regulations Commercial Plan Reports -Subcontracting Plans are due 30 working days before the end of fiscal year 19.704(d) Once approved, submit to the non-primary Contracting Officers 19.704(d) -Summary Subcontracting Reports (SSR), due 30 days after the close of the reporting period 19.704(a)(10) -Yr-End Supplementary Rprt - SDB due 90 days after submitting Y/E SSR 52.219-9(L)(2)(iii)
page14 Federal Regulations Commercial Items Certain laws are not applicable to or are modified for subcontracts at any tier for the acquisition of commercial items or components FAR 12.504 This is a significant factor in determining the applicable regulations and reporting requirements
page15 Federal Regulations Commercial Items Two very important clauses 52.212-5Contract Terms and Conditions Required to Implement Statutes or Executive Orders-Commercial Items Is required in contracts when the Government purchases a commercial item from a Prime ContractorFAR 12.301(b)(4)
page16 Federal Regulations Commercial Items Two very important clauses 52.244-6 Subcontracts for Commercial Items Is required to be included in Federal contracts with the Prime Contractor for non-commercial items and applies to subcontracts at all tiers (flow down clause) FAR 44.403(a)
page17 Federal Regulations Commercial Items "To the maximum extent practicable, the Contractor shall incorporate, and require its subcontractors at all tiers to incorporate commercial items or nondevelopmental items as components of items to be supplied under this contract." FAR 52.244-6
page18 Federal Regulations Commercial Items Why does the Government want to use commercial items? - should be less expensive (avoid developmental costs) - shorter time frame to obtain (avoid the development time period) - supply of product exists (manufacturing facilities exist) - market prices already exist (competitive)
page19 Federal Regulations Federal Compliance Requirements There are two independent sources that require compliance with the Federal Government's Contract Terms and Conditions 1)Selling directly to the Federal Government 2)Selling to Federal Government Contractors or Subcontractors
page20 Federal Regulations Federal Compliance Requirements 1) The Federal Government includes the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) clauses in their contracts with the Prime contractor 2) Your suppliers, who are Prime Contractors (or subcontractors of Primes) include the Federal Contract Requirements in their Terms and Conditions in their subcontracts with your company
page21 Federal Regulations Federal contracting involves - Compliance with the FAR Terms & Conditions FAR Clauses Additional business requirements for Socioeconomic Commitment - Small Business Subcontracting Program Supplier Diversity Program
page Federal Regulations Federal contracting requires - Adhering to specific requirements focused on purchasing (Socioeconomic) -Collecting additional data (certify size & type) -Additional record keeping (status,dates,NAICS) -Maintenance of records (current/accurate) -Specific reporting (small bus & diverse supplier) -Compliance reviews/audits (Subcontracting Program) 22
page23 Small Business Administration Socioeconomic Program The need to provide opportunities to - Diverse Suppliers (Preferential Suppliers) Disadvantaged Women Veterans & Service-Disabled Veterans (those who have served and sacrificed for our country) Economically Deprived Areas - All Small Businesses ("SB")
page24 Definition - Small Business A Small Businesses (SB) 1) Is organized for a profit Excludes Non-profit organizations Governmental agencies 2) Must have a place of business in the US (an office or plant)
page Definition - Small Business A Small Business 3) Operates primarily within the US or makes a significant contribution to the US economy ( pays US income taxes / uses American products/labor) FAR 19.001 "Concern" Note - some foreign companies located in the U.S. are a "Large Business" due to the overall size of their parent company and subs 25
page Definition - Small Business A Small Business FAR 19.102(b)(1) 4)Does not exceed the size standard for its industry. Size standards are determined by NAICS code by each product or service NAICS – North American Industry Classification System code It is possible to be a Small Business for one NAICS code and a Large Business for another NAICS code 26
page Size Standards – NAICS Codes Methods used to Determine Size of Business 1)Employees Average number over last 12 months 2)Revenues Average for last three years 3)Specific industries (many listed) Electricity – 4 M mega watt hours sold in prior year 19.102 27
page28 Size Standards – NAICS Codes To Determine the Size of a Business Include employees/revenues/MWhs from - All companies of common ownership - Foreign affiliates - Not-for-profit affiliates - All companies of common interest Joint ventures – 2 methods Spouses business - FAR 19-101(2)
page29 Size Standards – NAICS Codes To Determine the Size of a Business Common Ownership includes all affiliates - Business in question - All subsidiaries - Parent company - All sister companies (must consider control – 19.101)
page30 Size Standards – NAICS Codes What is a Large Business? Simply - everything that does not qualify as a small business - Government agencies - Non-profit organizations - Foreign companies (non-taxpayers) - Businesses that exceed the Small Business Size Standards
page Definition - Small Business Small Business Certifications Contractors acting in good faith may rely on written representations by their subcontractors regarding their status as SB, SDB, WOSB, VOSB, SDVOSB or HUBZone Business concern 52.219-8(d) The Year-End Supplemental Report for Small Disadvantaged Business spend on eSRS requires NAICS codes 31
page Size Standards - NAICS Codes To cross reference SIC to NAICS codes, and to lookup NAICS codes use website - http://www.naics.com/search.htm A complete NAICS code listing is at – http://www.sba.gov/contractingopportunities /officials/size/table/index.html http://www.sba.gov/contractingopportunities /officials/size/table/index.html Then select PDF format 32
page33 Definitions FAR Clauses - The Terms and Conditions of the Federal Government as written in the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) which implement the purchasing laws and executive orders of the U.S. Government (Code of Federal Regulations "CFR") -FAR Clauses all start with "52.2" - Includes both Flow Down Clauses and clauses that do not flow down
page34 Definitions FAR Flow Down Clauses Terms and Conditions that originate when a business has a contract with the Federal Government (called a Prime Contractor) The Flow Down T&C are to be included in the Prime Contractor's subcontracts to its suppliers (called First-Tier subcontractors) Most Flow Down T&C are to be included in First-Tier subcontracts to their suppliers (Lower Tier subcontractors)
page35 Definitions Incorporate by Reference 52.103 When a FAR Clause is included in the Terms and Conditions only by identifying its FAR number, title and date, it has the same meaning and effect as if it was listed in full text within the document e.g. 52.222-26 Equal Opportunity (Mar 2007) Used in Federal contracts and may be used with Flow Down Clauses in subcontracts
page Definitions Contract 2.101 A mutually binding legal relationship obligating a seller to furnish the supplies or services … and the buyer to pay for them Includes, but is not limited to, bilateral instruments and purchase orders which become effective by written acceptance or performance 36
page Definitions Contracting 2.101 "Purchasing, renting, leasing, or otherwise obtaining supplies and services from non- federal sources" Relate these definitions to taxes 37
page38 Subcontract "Any contract entered into by a subcontractor to furnish supplies or services for performance of a prime contract or a subcontract" 52.203-13(a) Any agreement … entered into … for supplies or services required for the performance of the contract or subcontract 52.219-9(b) Definitions
page39 Subcontract (Direct Costs) "Also includes a transfer of commercial items between divisions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor or a subcontractor" 15.401 "Includes a transfer of commercial items between divisions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of the contractor or subcontractor at any tier" 52.244-6 Definitions
page40 Subcontracting or Spend All purchases/acquisitions/expenditures/ commitments for operations & capital Acquisitions from all sources, unless specifically excluded Report Spend (not revenues or net income) to the Agency that you sold to (not IRS) Definitions
page Definitions Subcontracting/Spend – excluded items - Payroll - includes deferred comp-401K employee/employer relationship 52.219-9(a) - Taxes - all types – government collects, do not enter into a subcontract to pay taxes and is not for supplies or services 52.219-9(a) - Inter-company charges, shared services and allocations from affiliated companies (indirect costs) 52.219-9(L) 41
page Definitions Spend/Subcontracting – excluded items - Depreciations/amortization – not current period subcontracts - prior expenditures, not "entered into in period" 52.219-9(a) - Offsets to revenues - rebates, refunds, uncollectable accounts/bad debts does not involve the purchasing of supplies or services for the performance of the subcontract 52.219-9(a) - Non-U.S. operations 42
page43 Federal Regulations Commercial Items – Flow Down Clauses FAR 52.212-5 (e)(1) and 52.244-6 (c)(1) specifically identify the only FAR Clauses that are required to be flowed down to subcontractors Even some of the identified flow down clauses are exempted based upon other FAR Clauses
page44 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR FLOW DOWN CLAUSES To comply with the terms and conditions of the Federal requirements, a firm can posted the applicable FAR Flow Down Clauses on their website. The link must contains the FAR Clause #, the FAR Clause Title, and the effective date. The address of the Federal Government's website should also posted, which is where the FAR Clauses in full text are located
page45 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Flow Down Clauses Verbiage All subcontracts and solicitations for goods and services for the Contractor (or subcontractor) and all of its subsidiaries must contain reference verbiage to the FAR Flow Down Clauses Federal Acquisition Regulations ("FAR"); The FAR Clauses listed at http://www.companyname.com/supplier.aspx are incorporated by reference, as applicable. http://www.companyname.com/supplier.aspx
page46 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clauses in Full Text The FAR Clauses in full text are located on the Federal Government's website at https://www.acquisition.gov/Far/loadmainre.html https://www.acquisition.gov/Far/loadmainre.html The FAR Flow Down Clauses per our commercial contracts are as follows:
page47 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Flow Down Clause Numbers & Titles 52.222-21Prohibition of Segregation of Facilities (Feb 1999) 52.222-26Equal Employment Opportunity (May 2007) 52.222-35Equal Opportunity for Special Disabled Veterans, Veterans of the Vietnam Era, and Other Eligible Veterans (Sep 2006) 52.222-36Affirmative Action for Workers with Disabilities 52.222-50Combating Trafficking in Persons (Feb 2009) 52.203-13Code of Business Ethics and Conduct (Apr 2010) 52.219-8Utilization of Small Business Concerns (May 2004) 52.204-10Reporting Executive Compensation and First-Tier Subcontract Awards (Jul 2010)
page48 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clause Responsibilities 52.222-21(A) Employment law, applies if have 15 or more employees, applies to all subcontracts 52.222-26(A) 52.222-35Applies when subcontract is $100,000 or more, promotes fair and equal treatment of veterans for employment opportunities 52.222-36(A)(Jun 1998) 52.222-50Ethical law relating to buying and selling of people, commercial sex acts and using forced labor, only violations reported
page49 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clause Responsibilities 52.203-13Applies to subcontracts over $5 million, promotes ethical conduct within business, a written ethical policy, distribute the policy, and ethical training, only violations reported 52.219-8Applies to subcontracts over $150,000, promotes practices for purchasing from small businesses, and small diverse businesses, no reporting
page50 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clause Responsibilities 52.204-10Applies to subcontracts of $25,000 or more, flows down only TEGE & subs to subcontractor, TEGE reports, information will be made public Part 1Provide general information on subcontracts and subcontractors, includes amount of subcontract Part 2Provide names & compensation of 5 highest paid executives, need to document exemption reason Most companies are exempt, since less than 80% of revenue is from Federal sources, those not exempt, will be providing to many companies
page51 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clause Responsibilities Some suppliers may not like these, do we really need to include these FAR Clauses? FAR 52.222-26 states - "The Contractor shall include the terms and conditions of this clause in every subcontract"… FAR 2.101 defines "shall" Shall means the imperative. (absolutely necessary)
page52 Terms & Conditions – FAR Flow Down Clauses FAR Clause Responsibilities If a supplier needs assistance with locating the FAR clauses in full text or would like to generally discuss the clauses or why they are required, assistance may be appropriate Providing general information may be helpful, but guidance or interpreting what the clauses mean in relationship to their company is the supplier's responsible.
page53 Federal Regulations Commercial Items Exempt required flow down clauses can include 52.222-54 E-verify COTS exemption 22.1803(c)(1) 52.226-6Promoting Excess Food Donations52.226-6(c) Applies only to subcontractors "who will perform, under this contract, the provision, service, or sale of food in the United States"
page54 Federal Regulations Commercial Items FAR 12.504 Laws not applicable or modified; Walsh-Healey Act Examination of Records of Contractor Drug-Free Workplace Act Transportation in American Vessels Fly American Cost Accounting Standards
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definition Socioeconomic Programs Purchases from (Spend to) - Diverse Suppliers (preferential suppliers must be Small Businesses) - Other Small Businesses 55
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions Other Small Business (non-diverse) Criteria 1) Must meet the NAICS size standard (must be a small business) 2) Owned by at least 51% by US citizen(s) 3) Daily management and controlled is by US citizen(s) 4) Owned by any ethnicity or sex e.g. – could be a 30 year old Caucasian male 56
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions Diverse Supplier (Preferential Suppliers) A)Are small businesses owned by CategoriesAcronym Women WOS Disadvantaged Individuals SDB Veterans VOS Service-Disabled Veterans SDVOS 57
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions Diverse Suppliers 1- Ownership of the business must be at least 51 percent owned by the specific category. 2- Daily operations must be controlled and managed by the specific category 3- Category owners must be a US citizen e.g. - A women-owned business must be at least 51% owned and controlled by one or more women. 58
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions Diverse Suppliers Disadvantaged individuals must be socially and economically disadvantaged, included are - Minorities (except the wealthy) - Disabled individuals (if qualified) - Any other individual if qualified, no matter the ethnicity or sex - Indian Tribes - Alaskan Native Corporation 59
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions Diverse Suppliers - also includes B)HUBZone Business (HUBZ) (Historically Under-utilized Business Zone) 1)Located in an economically disadvantaged area 2)At least 35% of its employees live in an economically disadvantaged area 3)Is controlled and at least 51% owned by a US citizen 60
page Socioeconomic Program – Federal Definitions HUBZone Business Is certified by the Small Business Administration (SBA) Is a Federal Government certification HUB Business Is certified by a specific state (TX & NC) They are not the same. A HUB Business does not meet the Federal standards 61
page Socioeconomic Program Goals Federal Goals to Contractors Diverse Supplier Type % of Spend Women-owned 5% Disadvantaged 5% Service-Disabled Veteran 3% Hub Zone 3% Total Diverse Spend 16% Total Spend to Small Businesses 23% (Diverse & Non-diverse) 62
page Federal Goals to Contractors % of Spend Not specifically identified 7% Categories for additional Spend - Veteran-owned (VOSB) 3%++ - WOSB, SDB, SDVOSB & HUBZ - Other Small Businesses (non-Diverse) 63 Socioeconomic Program Goals
page Annual Reporting Requirements - Small Business Subcontracting Plan (projections/budget – calendar year) - Small Business Subcontracting Report - Year-End Supplemental Report for Small Disadvantaged Businesses (actual results based on Government's fiscal year – October 1 - September 30) The reports summarize the Subcontracting Program 64 Subcontracting Program Reporting
page Subcontracting Program Reporting 1) Scope of Reports - Either by the entire company or a portion thereof (division, plant or product line) FAR 19.701 - Applies to the entire production of commercial items sold FAR 19.701 - Identifies Spend of the -Socioeconomic Program 65
page Subcontracting Program Reporting 2)Company Goals Subcontract award data reported by prime Contractors and subcontractors shall be limited to awards made to their immediate next-tier subcontractors. Credit cannot be taken for awards made to lower tier subcontractors, unless the Contractor or subcontractor has been designated to receive a small business or small disadvantaged business credit from an ANC or Indian tribe FAR 52.219-9 (L) 66
page Subcontracting Program Reporting 2)Company Goals Purchases from a corporation, company, or subdivision that is an affiliate of the prime Contractor or subcontractor are not included in these reports 52.219-9 (L) (exception – pass through purchases) Indirect costs, such as general & administrative, are proportionately included in a commercial plan 67
page Subcontracting Program Reporting 2)Company Goals Example $ mil. %. Fed% Total Small Business 150 8.3 23.0 Large Business 1,650 91.7 Total Company 1,800 100.0 Goals are stated in dollar amounts and percents (percents are key) Small Business includes Diverse Spend 68
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting 3) Goals for Diverse Spend $ M. %. Fed % Women 27 1.5 5.00 Disadvantaged 30 1.7 5.00 Service-Disabled Vet 4 0.2 3.00 Veterans 10 0.5 0.00 HUBZone 9 0.5 3.00 Totals 80 4.4 16.00 Note - Planned goals are less than Federal preferences 69
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting Goals for Diverse Spend.$ Mil. %.. % Total Small Business 150 8.3 Total Diverse Suppliers 80++ 4.4 53% Non-Diverse Small Business Spend $ 75 ?? 4.2 50% actual ++ Some Diverse Spend may be in more than one category and may be counted multiple times 70
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting Diverse Spending Multiple Credit Reporting Purchases from a Diverse Supplier that qualifies in multiple diverse categories results in being able to report the actual spend in each of the qualifying diverse categories. Spending $100 with ABC Company entitles the contractor to take a $100 credit in each category that ABC Company is certified in. 71
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting Diverse Spending Multiple Credit Reporting ABC is a certified women, service disabled, veteran owned company, the reportable spend is Women$100 Service-disabled veteran$100 Veteran$100 Total Goal Credits$300 Actual Spend $100 72
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting Diverse Spending Multiple Credit Reporting FAR does not directly state the multiple credit process, but requires the use of the eSRS system. In the goals section (2c) on the eSRS system is the following – Socioeconomic Categories: Each of these items is a subcategory of "Small Business Concerns" and may not add to match the total in "Small Business Concern" due to the following: In some cases the same dollars may be reported in more than one block. 73
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting 4) Subcontracting Procedures Description of policies and procedures that will be used to direct and support the achievement of the Goals and how they comply with the Federal Government's Acquisition Policy for small businesses Includes outreach, notification, training, purchasing, documentation & reporting 74
page Subcontracting Plan Reporting Federal Government's Acquisition Policy To provide - 19.201 maximum practicable opportunities in its acquisitions to small businesses veteran- owned small businesses service-disabled veteran-owned SB HUBZone small businesses small disadvantaged businesses women-owned small businesses 75
page76 Federal Contracting Contract Award Criteria Weight A) Company responsibility/technicals 4 B) Past performance 5 Includes Socioeconomic Program 1 (Must meet technical criteria of #A & B in order to be considered for pricing, evaluation criteria may be 50%) C) Price 10 (Evaluation criteria may be 50%)
page77 Summary FAR Clauses and Socioeconomic Program are - Terms & Conditions - of the our sales contracts - flowed down from our suppliers - To be incorporated into our purchasing processes - Promoted through a Supplier Diversity Program
page78 Summary Socioeconomic programs are focused on 1) supporting all small businesses 2) supporting small businesses with social and/or economic barriers (Supplier Diversity)
page79 Summary The Federal Contracting Process - Contracts are on the government's forms - The government made most of the rules - The government oversees the rules - The government enforces the rules - We have agreed to comply with their rules
page80 What are your questions and comments? Summary
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