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Ernst & Young
Benchmarking for value: better business outcomes through better transformational outsourcing dealsJuly 19, 2013 | Outsource Magazine
This paper sets out a point of view on how transformational outsourcing deals can be made more successful and valuable by selecting a single supplier early, and appointing a Benchmarking for Value Advisor to mitigate the price and value assurance … Read More
Visions of the Future: The Next Decade in BPOJuly 5, 2013 | Outsource Magazine 2
This article originally appeared in Outsource magazine Issue #32 Summer 2013.
This is an extraordinary time for the BPO space, with huge leaps in business technology, process, and theory taking place against the backdrop of tumultuous economic conditions, the ongoing … Read More
Time for the CIO to jump on the wave of changeOctober 11, 2012 | Outsource Magazine
For many years, CIOs have sought to successfully tread the path to becoming a true partner to their business and the executive management team. As a recent Ernst & Young study (DNA of the CIO) finds, however, only a limited … Read More
Recruitment Process TechnologyJuly 2, 2012 | Outsource Magazine
This article originally appeared in Outsource Magazine Issue #28 Summer 2012
The highly sophisticated tools now available to recruiters would boggle the minds of their predecessors of only a couple of decades ago – but what is the … Read More
Bribery, corruption and outsourcing responsibilityDecember 6, 2011 | Outsource Magazine
In the current economic environment the move towards outsourcing, particularly offshore, is unsurprisingly attractive. Suppliers, staff or distributors may be cheaper, know how to navigate a foreign business culture or language and have demonstrated success and contacts in a highly … Read More


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subset: commoncrawl


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Sometimes, there's a fine line between reviewing a book and revealing a book. You go into a review wanting to know a little — enough to know if it's worth your bucks, maybe — and end up learning more than you'd hoped.
Over at InfoDad.com, they've run an excellent review of Mangaman. Enthusiastic. Well-thought-out. It's kinda spoiler-y, however. I wouldn't even really classify it as a review, actually — it's less a tool for people to decide if they want to buy the book and more a discussion/analysis of the book. So if you care not about spoilers, or if you've read Mangaman and are looking for some interesting thoughts about it, check out InfoDad!


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Headset, Over the Head, On Ear, Black, PTT
OTTO| Zoro #: G2435106| Mfr #: V4-10315
Zoro #: G2435106Mfr. Part #: V4-10315
$127.42 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G2435106 Mfr #: V4-10315
|Push To Talk: Yes
|Volume Control: No
|Color: Black
|In Ear / On Ear / Over Ear LOV: On Ear
|Item: Headset
|Includes: Headset, cable, PTT, radio connector, clothing clip
|Noise Canceling: No
|One Ear / Two Ear: One Ear
|Headset Style: Over the Head
|Features: Padded Headband
|Country of Origin (subject to change): United States
Product Description
Headset, Headset Style Over the Head, On Ear, One Ear, For Use With Harris Mfr. No. P7100, Volume Control No, Push To Talk Yes, Noise Canceling No, Color Black, Features Padded Headband, Includes Headset, cable, PTT, radio connector, clothing clip


text:
- Home
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Balletto back after 17-month absence
HALLANDALE BEACH, Fla. - Trainer Tom Albertrani nominated Balletto for last Saturday's Grade 2 Rampart Handicap, then said she wasn't quite ready for that type of race. But she should be plenty ready for Thursday's $37,000 feature at Gulfstream Park, a one-mile optional claiming event for fillies and mares, four of whom will compete under a claiming tag of $250,000.
will be one of the two members of the field not running with a price on her head. Owned and bred by Sheik Mohammed's Darley Stable, Balletto was generally considered the second best 2-year-old filly in the country after finishing second behind champion Sweet Catomine in the 2004 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. Three weeks earlier, Balletto had became the first horse bred in the United Arab Emirates to win a Grade 1 race in the United States, when she captured Belmont's Frizette Stakes.
Balletto went back home for the winter after the Breeders' Cup, returning to the U.S. the following spring to prepare for her 2005 campaign. But shortly after arriving here she suffered a case of colic that required surgery, and it was announced in early June she would be retired to the breeding shed. Several months later, however, the plan changed when veterinarians gave Balletto a clean bill of health. By October she was back in training with Albertrani, who shipped her to Payson Park for the winter. She has been working steadily since mid-February for her return.
Edgar Prado will ride Balletto on Thursday for the first time since guiding her to her maiden win at 2.
is the only other member of the field not running for a claiming tag. She, too, will be making her 2006 debut, having been freshened since rallying to win a second-level allowance race under Prado at Aqueduct on Nov. 10. A daughter of Wild Rush, Carmandia is owned by the Buckram Oak Farm and will be ridden for the first time by leading jockey John Velazquez.
figures to improve off her third-place finish in her U.S. debut going six furlongs on Feb. 22. That was her first start since she won the Group 1 Tanteo de Potrancas Stakes in her native Chile last June.
Leona's Knight, Running Bobcats, and Take D'Tour complete the lineup and it would be an upset of major proportions if any of them beats Balletto. Of the three, Running Bobcats has the best credentials, having won a stakes at 3. She is returning to the allowance ranks for the first time since beating third-level optional claiming foes at Calder on Dec. 2.


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The Substitute (1996)HD Closed Captioning
Robert Mandel
Open iTunes to preview, buy, and download this movie.
About the Movie
When a teacher is assaulted by gang members at school, her boyfriend, a soldier of fortune named Shale, decides to take matters into his own hands. He becomes the new substitute teacher, and goes undercover to investigate the lethal street gang. Shale discovers that the thugs are heavily involved with drug dealing, and that the principal himself "assigns" their illegal activities.
Rotten Tomatoes Movie Reviews
- Reviews Counted: 22
- Fresh: 9
- Rotten: 13
- Average Rating: 4.6/10
Top Critics' Reviews
Rotten: The entire setup is too garish to be credible.
Fresh: There's a sense of shrewd observation throughout The Substitute that makes it come alive and seem quite a few cuts above such usual genre fare.
Fresh: Those who appreciate the irony of a killing machine turned loose on a pack of nasty students will find The Substitute a source of nonstop delight.
Rotten: The title changes, the actors change, and the superficial details of the story change, but it is always about exactly the same thing: heavily armed men shooting at one another.
Customer Reviews
The Best of School Action
If your were a fan of The Principal or Dangerous Minds, this is right up your alley, This is the best of the school action movies, just because the cast is great it not a one or two people that famous there several great actors, and a great storyline that just give it that great action movie feel.
Worst movie ever.
If you like action, or movies at all, don't ever see this movie.
This film like many formulaic films of the anglo-teacher coming in to save the poor disenfranchised Black and Brown inner city students is repulsive, ignorant and racist. I've liked Director Mandel' previous efforts but this one is a sad reminder that "The Substitute" needs some schooling!
Viewers Also Bought
- The Substitute 2: School's Out
- Steven Pearl
- View in iTunes
- The Substitute 3: Winner Takes All
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- Above the Law
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- Sniper
- Luis Llosa
- View in iTunes
- Hard to Kill
- Bruce Malmuth
- View in iTunes
- $7.99
- Genre: Action & Adventure
- Released: 1996
- © 1996 and 1999 Artisan Pictures, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Antique Moonstone Necklace$1,470.00
Antique Moonstone Necklace
Bezel Set Diamond Bracelet$1,980.00
14k white gold bracelet is bezel set with 2.00 carats total in round brilliant diamonds and features a safety catch.
Diamond and Ruby Estate Ring$17,250.00
Original 18k yellow gold ring is perfectly restored and features a center bezel set Old Mine cushion diamond weighing 1.71 carats, graded as mounted to be G Color and VS2 Clarity. Each ruby was meticulously cut to fit snugly in the channel halo surrounding the center diamond, with an outer 18k white gold halo set with pave round diamonds. The twenty two rubies total .66 carats and the twenty eight pave diamonds total .56 carats. The gallery and shoulders of the ring feature exceptional hand engraving.
This is a one of a kind ring and is subject to prior sale. Sizing is available upon request; please contact us for details.
Diamond Cocktail Estate Ring$14,658.00
Diamond Cocktail Estate Ring
Ebel Brasilia with Mother of Pearl Face and Diamond Markers$1,250.00
Preowned Ebel Brasilia with a stainless steel bracelet and rectangle case, Roman numerals, and diamond markers against a mother of pearl dial. The watch has a quartz movement. This is a one of a kind item and is subject to prior sale.
Emerald and Diamond Estate Ring$3,240.00
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Kirk Kara "Pirouetta" Collection Diamond Semi Mount$3,320.00
Kirk Kara "Pirouetta" handmade semi mount is pave set with .23 carats in round diamonds. The semi-mount is available in your choice of 18k white gold, yellow gold, rose gold, or platinum. The semi mount is also available in the two tone options shown. The rings are shown with the complementary "Carmella" band.
Kirk Kara designs are custom made to order. This price is for the mounting only; we have an extensive inventory of handpicked diamonds and will be happy to help you choose the perfect center stone.
Mexican Fire Opal and Emerald Pendant Necklace$2,470.00
Mexican Fire Opal and Emerald Pendant Necklace


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Home | The Crest | The Priory | Shiels | Ralph Gardner | Harbour | Fish Quay |Slide Show | Resources | Tyne Lives
Ron Wright describes sanitary conditions of North Shields
North Shields like most places around here, especially Newcastle all started at the river and it was all on the river. Eventually it pushed itself up the banks; basically the rich people went and lived up the banks because the smell and the dirt and the effluent was that bad in the Low Town as it was called, that you could hardly imagine it. If you think that from the Ferry Landing by Collingwood Mansions to Kaley's (sic) at the other end of the Fish Quay, the big white building, the ship's chandlers, there was five toilets for that whole area. So everything was thrown out on the street. The streets just ran in effluent and cholera was rife. Life expectancy in the late early 1900s was 45 years. Whereas at Cullercoats, life expectancy in the 1850s there was seven people who reached the age of 100: that purely because of their life style. They washed in the sea; they lived in the sea; they ate herring. There was one wag said one day we have, "herring and spuds for dinner. The next day we have spuds and herring." That was basically their life style was fish and oily fish but they didn't have the effluent and they didn't have the cholera; North Shields to Cullercoats is less than two miles.
Everything was on the Low Town and eventually the ship owners and the people who were becoming rich, because of the Industrial Revolution, they moved up to the top basically so they could look down on what they were seeing, which was theirs; keep an eye on it, but also to get away from the smell. Places like Dockwray Square were built. If you go to Dockwray Square now it is supposedly a facsimile of what Dockwray Square was. It is not exactly, but it is as close as and it remains with the square in the middle. They were huge, big Victorian houses, three and four stories. They would have had servants. The ship owners lived there. That was the place to live.
By the 1930s, 1940s, Dockwray Square was pretty run down, pretty seedy and it was eventually demolished in the 1950s and lay derelict for quite some time until the built the current Dockwray Square.
The other thing, obviously with the Fish Quay is, because it was fish, it was smelly down there. There was more than that. There was a tanner's and there was, (I forget the exact terminology) but it made fish meal by boiling fish. Apparently, there was this green pallor just used to hang over the top. The smell was almost as bad as the Walker Bone Yard, which now is no more. The whole area was geared to the maritime industry, but because we had such a large amount of people, there were other industries down there. There was pottery; there was a tanner's, as I said previously and in order to cure the leather and to dye the leather they used to use dog excrement. There was women who used to go around and jealously guard their patch for picking dog excrement. But, it all sort of shows how smelly it must have been.
© Copyright Ron Wright 2007-8


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Democratic Rep. Filemon Vela: Pelosi 'doesn't help our candidates'
Posted June 23
Texas Rep. Filemon Vela Jr. explained Friday why he had joined a handful of Democratic members calling for House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to resign from her leadership post.
"She just doesn't help our candidates in those swing districts with independent voters and Republican voters," Vela said on CNN's "Newsroom" Friday. Vela's comments come after he and several Democratic colleagues met privately Thursday afternoon to discuss ousting the house minority leader.
The increased calls for Pelosi's resignation as minority leader follow the defeat of Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff by Republican Karen Handel in the special election for Georgia's 6th Congressional District seat Tuesday -- the fourth special election loss for Democrats in their bids to win seats vacated by House GOP members who joined President Donald Trump's Cabinet.
Vela supported Pelosi when Ohio Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan challenged her for the top leadership position after the 2016 election. But, Vela insisted "that would all change now," adding that while the House Democratic Caucus ultimately determines who the new leader would be, "if it's somebody like Tim Ryan, I would certainly support him."
Despite calling Pelosi a "historic figure" and "prolific fundraiser," the Texas congressman also questioned whether her fundraising efforts were really worth it.
"When you take a look at the last four election cycles, all that money has been for naught," he said, citing Democratic losses in 2012, 2014, and 2016, as well as the four special election losses.
At a news conference Thursday afternoon, Pelosi defended her leadership against mounting criticism from her own party and attacks from Republicans. "I love the arena. I thrive on competition," she said, later adding: "I think I'm worth the trouble."


text: AppleMyst Comes to the iPhone/iPod TouchMark Wilson5/04/09 11:48amFiled to: SoftwareIphone mystIpod touch mystMystiPhoneAppleapp storeiPhone Appsappsipod touchiPodhasGallery=thumbs57EditSend to EditorsPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkMyst is now on the iPhone. It's a $6, 730MB download that requires 1.5GB of free space to install. Yowzah! [App Store via 9to5Mac via bbGadgets and MacRumors]


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First Fidelity Adds Tier I Capital
First Fidelity Bancorp said it completed a private placement of $221 million in equity with Banco Santander of Spain.
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Today's colour actually turned out to be stunning and I am so in love! Julep's "India"!
Julep's "India" was part of the infamous Wanderlust Collection of August 2014. I say infamous because that was the month the company seemed to fall apart. I nearly jumped ship. For those of you who don't know, Julep is mainly a nail polish subscription box company. They have been around for roughly 3 years and ship to the US and Canada. They have quite a loyal following and create a monthly collection of nail colours, nail care and beauty products. I've been a subscriber since September of 2013. In August 2014 the company was undergoing some changes (moving warehouses or some such nonsense, the real truth, I am sure will never be fully known) and absolute mayhem ensued. Many of us who ordered never received anything despite being lied to over the phone & told our boxes were shipped (in my case I was told 3 times on the phone that my box was absolutely 100% shipped but then 2 days after the 3rd call I received an email that I would not be receiving a box, too bad for me). Some subscribers received empty boxes, some received gum wrappers, another got an old pen with a chewed on pen cap, some got 10 of the same colour polish, others received only 1 polish out of the 10 they ordered, etc., etc. It was a total shit show. I nearly unsubscribed. I had actually initiated a chargeback with my bank to get my money back (over $100CND) but Julep agreed to refund me directly (so I reversed it) which ended up taking almost a month! I also had a lot of reward points I had accumulated and wanted to redeem before leaving.
I am still with Julep but I skip most months now and my trust in them has never been fully redeemed. I still have one foot out the door and I see myself leaving very soon. I don't buy much from them anymore -- which is sad, I used to buy the full collection every month. But I don't like being lied to. If they had been honest with me, it would have been a whole different outcome. Lesson one in customer service: NEVER lie to people. They don't like it. And they will never trust you again.
Anyway, this polish was from that collection. I picked it up from someone who did get it and wasn't interested in it. Oddly, I haven't used it until this manicure! I don't know if it was from sitting so long or it was always like this but when it dried it had a really funky smell, like mothballs. Even after I put a topcoat on (Seche Vite) I could still smell it through the topcoat. Not sure if it was the pigments they used or what but it lasted a few days. Ew. :/
I used 3 coats of polish for this mani. No issues with the formula, just the mothball smell.
Under LED desk lamp.
Macro under LED desk lamp.
Indoors, bright daylight (no direct sun), near windows.
Outside, bright daylight (no direct sun).
Macro direct sun.
Direct sun.
I really love the colour and the shimmer is really pretty for summer. Very oceanic. The blue is super saturated and rich. Definitely wear a base coat with this colour, all blues like this are likely to stain. I wear a base coat under ALL my manicures to protect my nails though I know some people don't (no idea why!) -- but for sure wear them under blue/green/red (these tend to stain).
Where to buy? The Julep website but as of this moment they are presently sold out of this shade (they also only ship to US/Canada). You can try StoreEnvy and eBay and other sale/swap sites also.
NB: I purchased this polish myself. I have NO affiliation with the polish maker or websites discussed in this post.


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My Health eChart
There are no current alert messages at this time. Text Link Here.
Home > Education & Training > School of Nursing > Alumni Association
Please consider paying your alumni membership dues. The dues are used for student nurse scholarships.
Dues amounts are as follows:
Please email any changes to Diane Fitzthum, administrative secretary, at the School of Nursing, at email@example.com.
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CARFAX 1-Owner... Navigation...Moonroof...Leather seats... $1,600 below NADA Retail! Heated seats...Back up camera...iPod / MP3 INPUT... Java Metallic exterior and Charcoal interior... Steering wheel controls...Keyless entry... See more!KEY FEATURES INCLUDELeather Seats, Navigation, Sunroof, Heated Driver Seat, Back-Up Camera, Premium Sound System, Satellite Radio, iPod/MP3 Input, Bluetooth, Aluminum Wheels, Remote Engine Start, Dual Zone A/C, Heated Seats, Heated Leather Seats. MP3 Player, Remote Trunk Release, Keyless Entry, Steering Wheel Controls, Child Safety Locks. Nissan 3.5 SL with Java Metallic exterior and Charcoal interior features a V6 Cylinder Engine with 270 HP at 6400 RPM*.EXPERTS explains The CVT is more responsive when you press on the gas pedal compared to its competitors, and the simulated stepped gears reduce some of the engine drone that others suffer from.. Great Gas Mileage: 32 MPG Hwy.EXCELLENT VALUEThis Altima is priced $1,600 below NADA Retail.SHOP WITH CONFIDENCECARFAX 1-OwnerWHY BUY FROM USAt our dealership, it's our mission to provide the drivers of Metairie LA and surrounding locations with prestigious, luxury cars, SUVs & Hybrid Vehicles from Lexus. From unparalleled customer service to world-class quality, we implement our high standards every day to meet your exacting expectations as customers by selling the finest new and used Lexus cars ever built. As a certified Lexus dealer in Metairie, we go above and beyond to implement our expertise and experience to assist you.Pricing analysis performed on 9/21/2017. Horsepower calculations based on trim engine configuration. Fuel economy calculations based on original manufacturer data for trim engine configuration. Please confirm the accuracy of the included equipment by calling us prior to purchase.
Price may exclude tax, title, tags, governmental fees, any emissions testing charges and any finance charges (if applicable). Unless otherwise stated separately in the vehicle details, price does not include documentation, processing, administrative, closing or similar fees. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.


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Dear Drugs-Forum readers: We are a small non-profit that runs one of the most read drug information & addiction help websites in the world. We serve over 4 million readers per month, and have costs like all popular websites: servers, hosting, licenses and software. To protect our independence we do not run ads. We take no government funds. We run on donations which average $25. If everyone reading this would donate $5 then this fund raiser would be done in an hour. If Drugs-Forum is useful to you, take one minute to keep it online another year by donating whatever you can today. Donations are currently not sufficient to pay our bills and keep the site up. Your help is most welcome. Thank you.
Experiences - when did you have your first cigarette?
Discussion in 'Tobacco' started by nitrogen, Oct 12, 2009.
Page 1 of 4
Page 1 of 4


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Root Cellar Diary: Aftermath
Winter is over; spring is here; we no longer need a root cellar.
I planted peas in my garden today.
We picked up our first CSA vegetable shipment last week.
It's official: winter is over; spring is here; we no longer need a root cellar.
Fact is, we never needed a root cellar because, you know, it's 2012.
Still, during the colder months, it was nice to have a big walk-in refrigerator, and it was super convenient having a lot of vegetables available whenever we needed them.
During the past winter, I learned a little about managing a root cellar, like "Be vigilant (especially regarding rodents and rot)" and "Keep the damn place humidified."
I also learned we don't like squash. When I went in to check out the cellar last week, I found a large container full of rotting squash that we just never got around to eating. I realized: I don't like squash.
Will I have a root cellar next year? Hell's yeah! And every time I go downstairs to pull out an onion or a bunch of spuds for dinner, I will thank the lord that I'm not a sodbuster relying upon this single store of goods to get me through the winter.
Reader Comments
4 Comments - Add Your Comment
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John Hubbuch from Oak Park
Posted: April 16th, 2012 7:37 AM
I thought that root cellars went out with the ice box and the clothesline. I'm intigued about the new possibilities for my basement.
David Hammond from Oak Park, Illinois Facebook Verified
Posted: April 13th, 2012 2:19 PM
Right, yes, and by that reasoning, I like chitterlings, too, I just don't eat them often. Actually, I eat them only once per decade (the grilled skewer of them we nibbled in Hong Kong takes care of this decade, so I don't have to confront them again until sometime between 2020 and 2030. I can wait.
Carolyn Berg from Oak Park
Posted: April 12th, 2012 6:19 PM
I must object - we do like squash, particularly the dark skinned kabocha squash which we ate several of. The problem was that we just don't care to eat squash very often. We probably should have only bought six of them instead of a bushel.
Dave Coulter
Posted: April 12th, 2012 5:55 PM
When the squash seems squalid I turn to tater tots :)
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Waldo Lydecker's Journal.
"How singularly innocent I look this morning."
Friday, May 12, 2017
His topic: "Donor Dos and Dont's"
Cannon (right) was released from federal prison last September after pleading guilty to accepting bribes in office.
Friday, May 12, 2017
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Call Toll Free: 877-985-2695
Almost any person of any age can get cellulitis, and unfortunately children are not spared from this condition. Cellulitis is a common ailment among children, mainly because they are prone to breaks in the skin due to cuts, bites and other wounds that they get from being physically active.
Similar to adults, cellulitis in children occur when bacteria enter the dermis. These harmful microorganisms can enter through cuts, insect bites that have been scratched, animal bites and puncture wounds. Chickenpox rashes may also lead to cellulitis.1 In infants, it's said that accidental injury by the caregiver or self-injury2 (for example, if the baby's sharp, untrimmed nails grazes and causes scratches on her skin) may lead to this illness.
Cellulitis starts as a small, inflamed and painful area on your child's skin, and spreads to the rest of the body. It usually occurs in the lower legs, face and arms or hands. The skin may appear reddish and warm to the touch, and your child may wince or cry when the affected skin is touched.
In some cases, red streaks may radiate outward from the main site of the infection. Blisters or pustules (pus-filled pockets) may also be present.3
Once the redness begins to spread throughout the skin, your child may feel sick and develop a fever accompanied by sweats and chills. Infants who have a cellulitis infection may be fussy and feverish. If the infection appears on an area near lymph nodes, you may notice these glands being swollen as well.
The incubation time (the period starting from when the bacteria enter your child's body up to when the symptoms manifest) varies from one child to another, depending on the organism that caused it.
However, there's no need to worry about keeping your children away from other members of your family because cellulitis is not contagious. Be warned, though, that the bacteria that cause cellulitis may be passed on through an open wound, so make sure to wash and clean cuts or other abrasions that your other family members may have.
If you notice any of the symptoms, it's best to bring your child to your physician immediately. Doctors can usually diagnose cellulitis through physical examination, but in some cases, especially for very young children, a blood culture may be necessary to check for bacteria growth. If the results show a positive blood culture, it means that the bacteria have already spread to the bloodstream, a condition known as bacteremia. If not treated, it may lead to septicemia, an infection that affects various systems of the body.
Although it's downright impossible to keep children from getting scrapes or wounds, as they are usually very active and playful, you can implement steps to take precautions. For example, if your child is into sports or loves to explore, make them wear protective equipment like elbow and knee pads, helmets and shin guards. If traveling to a bug-infested area, make them wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, or use a safe insect repellent to protect them from insect bites.
If your child does get wounded, use plain soap and water to wash the cut or injured area. However, if your child has a deep puncture wound or has been scratched or bitten by an animal (such as a dog or cat), consult your physician immediately. Cellulitis can happen very quickly after an animal bite.4
• Cellulitis: Introduction
• What Is Cellulitis?
• Cellulitis Types
• Cellulitis Causes
• Cellulitis Symptoms
• Cellulitis In Children
• Cellulitis Treatment
• Cellulitis Vs Erysipelas
• Cellulitis Prevention
• Cellulitis FAQ
Cellulitis Symptoms
Cellulitis Treatment
Cellulitis Symptoms
Cellulitis Treatment
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Category : Property for sale Posted : 31/07/2015 Price : 3400000.00 INR Location : Ghaziabad(Uttar Pradesh)
In various Indian metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad etc. the project coordinator jobs are available in huge number. In other cities like Gurgaon, Noida and Pune also people with great people management skills can aspire to start a career as project coordinator. In this job, a person needs to be proactive and needs to have great interpersonal skills.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 12, 2000
|Filing date
|Mar 6, 1998
|Priority date
|Jan 28, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ronald W. Parker, James W. Grace, Gerald W. Siter, Eli K. Dabora, John T. Bahns, Baki Cetegen
|Original Assignee
|Probot, Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (10), Classifications (11), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/072,829 filed Jan. 28, 1998.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a system for testing electrical conductivity of electrical circuits; and more particularly, to a system that utilizes a non-contact plasma probe when testing electrical continuity and electrical shorts in circuit traces on printed wiring boards.
2. Description of the Prior Art
During the manufacturing process of printed wiring boards (PWBs) it is helpful to be able to test whether the printed circuit traces on the PWBs have electrical continuity from a starting point to a terminal point and are not shorted to adjacent circuit traces at any point along the printed circuit trace.
Conventional PWB testing means usually require a test probe to mechanically contact the PWB in order to perform the continuity test. Mechanical contact probes are inefficient because they require actual physical contact with each wiring trace that is to be tested. This process necessitates moving the conductive contact probes around to various locations on the printed wiring board. A probe physically moved by a preprogrammed X-Y coordinate mechanism is inefficient due to the number of rotations of either the probes or the PWB required to test the circuit traces. The "bed of nails" approach is also inefficient due to the number of physical contacts required by the probes on the PWB. These conventional mechanisms also have the drawback that as the size of components on the PWB have decreased the likelihood of damage to the PWB components, as a result of testing by contact probes has greatly increased. In an effort to avoid damage caused by probes impacting upon a PWB, non-contact probes have been developed. Present methods of non-contact testing include the following prior art patents.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,623 (LePage) discloses a laser-activated plasma chamber for non-contact testing. This reference discloses employing a laser-activated plasma in a metallic chamber that makes electrical connection to a node under test. This process utilizes a laser device to generate a plasma, which is then used to detect presence or absence of electrical current. This method requires a laser to generate the plasma and is inefficient because of the high energy requirements of the laser.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,279 (Millard et al.) discloses a non-contact electrical pathway. This patent discloses a method for establishing a signal pathway to and from a circuit through a conductive surface on the circuit by utilizing a laser beam to generate a plasma. The focused laser beam is directed towards a surface of a foil and forms a hole in the foil that yields a strand or a stream of plasma on the opposite side of the foil. A positioning mechanism is used to place a spot of the plasma on the surface of the board. The board is then laterally moved so that the spot of plasma can be selectively brought to the surface of conductive areas or paths, which represent circuit board connections. This method requires the use of a laser, which necessitates high energy consumption. This method further requires the additional apparatus of an optical system, a focusing lens and a foil to implement the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,645 (Prokoff et al.) discloses testing a circuit board by using an array of electrodes. A non-homogenous electric field is applied to the array and signals denoting the characteristics of the electric potential are generated.
As can be seen from the present state of the art, there exists a need for an improved method of testing conductivity of printed traces that does not require a laser. It would be desirable to utilize a single conductive stationary mechanically contacting probe and at least one non-contacting plasma probe such that the speed of the testing procedure would be increased and fragile elements on the PWB would not be damaged by moving a physically contacting probes about the PWB.
The present invention increases the speed and accuracy by which the electrical integrity of printed traces on PWBs is determined. One embodiment of the present system has a single conductive probe mechanically contacting a PWB at a single location and at least one non-contacting probe that does not physically contact the conductive traces of a PWB. A current sensing device is coupled between the conductive probe and the non-contacting probe for determining the amount of current passing through a conductive trace under test.
The system also includes a voltage source that enables the printed wiring board to receive an initial voltage. The non-contact probe makes electrical contact with the PWB by expelling a plasma. This plasma can be generated in a plasma generating chamber that has at least one electrode through the chamber for providing an electrical charge for the gas or liquid medium in the chamber. The system may also include a flow restrictor that maintains a desired pressure of the fluid as well as a pulse generating circuit that is coupled to the chamber for providing a pulse for generating a plasma. A second embodiment of the present system is directed to a system having a plurality of non-contacting probes that do not physically contact the PWB.
FIG. 1 shows a single non-contact probe and a contact probe for detecting trace conductivity.
FIG. 2 shows a plurality of non-contacting probes for detecting trace conductivity.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of pulse amplifier circuitry.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic of a measuring circuit.
FIG. 5 shows a plasma-producing chamber of a non-contact probe.
FIG. 6 is a timing diagram for one cycle of a continuity test performed by the present system.
FIG. 7 shows testing two surfaces of the PWB during a single test session.
FIG. 8 shows a plurality of non-contacting probes and a contact probe for detecting trace conductivity.
Printed wiring boards (PWBs) have numerous applications in electronic components. In order to determine whether or not a printed wiring board has been fabricated properly it is necessary to determine whether the printed traces properly conduct electrical current from the beginning of the trace to the end of the trace. It is necessary to test the integrity of a trace without the testing apparatus damaging the PWB.
The present invention discloses a new and improved system for testing electrical conductivity of traces on printed wiring boards. This system utilizes a plasma jet, or stream as a conductive medium between the measurement system and the PWB under test. In addition, the system uses a single mechanically contacting probe physically connected to the PWB to provide electrical connection to the PWB in a single location. This connection provides a ground element to the circuit created during the testing procedure. The use of a single mechanically contacting probe reduces the risk of damage to the printed wiring board since the physically contacting probe is not repeatedly moved about the PWB.
A non-mechanically contacting plasma probe may then be systematically moved about the PWB without being in physical contact with the circuit traces on the PWB. This feature enables the testing to be performed at a desired trace location on the PWB without physical contact by the probe with any trace or component on the PWB. This testing procedure will not damage or destroy any fragile elements on the wiring board. The testing procedure may also be performed with a plurality of non-contacting probes without the mechanically contacting probe.
FIG. 1 shows a conducting mechanical contact probe 110 connected to the printed wiring board 115, which has circuit traces 114(a) and 114(b). Circuit traces 114(a) and (b) may be different locations on the same trace or separate traces. The placement of the probes on the traces 114(a) and (b) depends upon the type of test being performed.
Once in place, the contact probe 110 is stationary and need not be moved to a second location on the PWB while the conductivity of the circuit traces 114 is determined. The mechanically contacting probe 110 is connected to a current sensing circuit 169 by wire 118.
The current sensing circuit 169 includes measurement circuit 172 and a current source 170. The current source 170 includes an oscillator 165. The oscillator 165 generates an A.C. signal with a frequency from approximately 30 hertz to approximately 20 megahertz. A typical amplitude range would be between approximately 0.5 millivolts and 1000 volts. The oscillator 165 enables the testing of a trace 114 to be performed using A.C. signals.
The measurement circuit 172 is connected to the current source 170 by wires 121 and 122. Wire 122 is connected to the positive terminal of the current source 170 and wire 121 is connected to the negative terminal of the current source 170. The electrical potential driving the current from the current source 170 may be in the range of 200 to 700 volts DC. Current is passed from the current source 170 to the measurement circuit 172 through wire 121. Current is passed from the current sensing circuit 169 to the non-contact probe 120 through wire 119.
The non-contact probe 120 receives fluid through fluid tube 142. Fluid tube 142 is connected to a fluid source (not shown).
A voltage producing circuit 189 includes a trigger, pulse generator and pulse power amplifier. Trigger 182 is connected to a pulse generator 175, which is connected to a pulse power amplifier 180 by wires 301(a) and 301(b). Wire 126 connects the negative terminal of pulse power amplifier 180 to non-contact probe 120 thereby providing a pulse of energy to non-contact probe 120. The positive terminal of pulse power amplifier 180 is connected to the non-contact probe 120 via wire 123.
The non-contact probe 120 produces a plasma 198 that electrically connects the non-contact probe 120 to PWB 115. In one embodiment, the PWB 115 becomes charged, it takes on capacitive characteristics and may be referred to as a P.C. board capacitor or PWB network. In this mode, the P.C. board exhibits characteristics of a capacitor that is located between two or more physically unconnected networks. One of these networks may consist of a ground or power plane. Another of these networks may consist of a printed circuit trace. The printed circuit trace network may traverse multiple layers of the PWB. This enables a measurement of the relative capacitive characteristics or discharge characteristics.
The conducting mechanical contact probe 110 does not have to be moved. However, the contact probe 110 may be moved to physically contact a different location on PWB 115.
Tests may be performed by placing the probes at different locations on the same trace and based on a measurement of current, determine whether there is a path for current to flow along the trace. The entire length of a trace may be tested by placing the probes at either end of a trace under test.
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment that utilizes a plurality of non-contacting probes 120(a), 120(b) to perform a conductivity test of circuit traces 114(a) and (b) on a PWB 115. The components of non-contacting probe 120(b) are identical to those of 120(a). Each probe has an associated pulse power amplifier 180(a), 180(b). Wires 301 and 302 connect the associated pulse power amplifier to the pulse generator 175. Wires 301 and 302 have two components as shown in wire 301(a) and (b) of FIG. 1.
In this embodiment two plasmas 198(a) and 198(b) can be generated by a corresponding non-contact probe 120(a) and 120(b). Plasmas 198(a) 198(b) are used to form paths between ends of a printed circuit trace to be tested. A difference of potential is placed across both plasmas and includes the printed traces to be measured. The potential is placed across the circuit so that a current flows through each of the plasmas as well as through the trace being tested. The amount of current that passes through the plasmas and the trace is measured over a finite period of time. Based upon the total current, a determination is made whether the trace is carrying sufficient current for circuitry to be attached to the PWB. In this embodiment the non-contact probes are moved about the PWB producing plasmas that contact the traces to be tested.
FIG. 3 shows the circuitry of the pulse power amplifier 180 of FIG. 1, which provides a pulse that is applied to the non-contact probe to generate a plasma.
When a pulse is applied to the inputs 301(a) and (b) of pulse amplifier 180, it causes a first optical coupling device 322 and a second optical coupling device 324 to energize. A silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) 390 in optical coupling device 324 turns "on" and causes a pulse to be generated by a high pulse generating circuit 391. This pulse has a magnitude of approximately 2,000 volts, which appears across load 353. Load 353 may be the electrode of the non-contact probe (not shown). This high voltage pulse is buffered by diode blocking array 351. At the same time a bias current through a Darlington transistor 361 is allowed to flow to a high current generating circuit 395. The transistor 361 provides a current path to variable resistor 310 of the high current generating circuit 395. Resistor 310 also limits the amount of current out of high current generating circuit 395.
After a period of about 30 microseconds, the high voltage spike produced by SCR 390 decays to a lower level and only the high current generating circuit 395 continues to provide energy to the load 353. This constant current continues until the pulse to optical coupling device 324 and optical coupling device 322 is discontinued, or until the power supply capacitors 364 are discharged.
Incoming pulses from wires 301(a) and 301(b) are isolated from three power supplies 321, 325, and 326 through optical coupling devices 322 and 324.
Power supply 321 is a DC power supply, of approximately 12 volts, and is used in conjunction with diode 327 to provide bias current to high current generating circuit 395. Once transistor 361 is triggered, a current path to resistor 310 is established.
A second power supply 326 supplies current to high current generating circuit 395. Power supply 326 is a DC voltage source that provides a voltage of between 150 and 250 volts. Power supply 326 utilizes filter capacitors 364.
A third power supply is a transformer 325 that provides DC power to the high pulse generating circuit 391. Power supply 325 ranges from 150 volts to 250 volts in magnitude.
A Zener diode 327 derives power from power supply 326 and supplies power to the drive circuitry, which includes transistor 361 and variable resistor 310, which drives high current generating circuit 395. Transistor 361 is also used as a power switch and is able to interrupt current to the high current circuit 395. Transistor 361 can allow or interrupt the high current output from the high current generating circuit 395.
The transistor side of optical coupling device 322 is used to turn transistor 361 fully "on" or fully "off". Therefore, output current to load 353 can be controlled by the external circuitry of the trigger (not shown) and pulse power amplifier circuit 180.
The total output current for the high current generating circuit 395 is connected to the load 353 through the high voltage blocking diode array 352. The blocking diode array 352 protects the high current section from the 2,000 volt DC spikes of voltage produced by SCR 390. A radio frequency choke 345 also helps to prevent these high voltage spikes from damaging the high current generating circuit 395.
FIG. 4 shows measurement circuit 172, which is used to perform an electrical continuity test of a PWB. A voltage is applied across the PWB by the non-contact probe that receives a pulse from an associated pulse amplifier. (An example of the pulse amplifier is shown in FIG. 1.) This charges the PWB and traces, which are represented by PWB network 411. When the PWB network 411 is charged, it takes on capacitive characteristics. PWB network 411 represents the capacitance that is to be measured and thus enable the electrical conductivity of a trace to be determined. A positive DC supply 418 and a negative DC supply 419, of equal magnitude, are used as measurement circuit voltage sources. The magnitude of supplies 418 and 419 is between 250 and 500 volts. Two other DC supplies 420 and 425 are generated from the DC supplies 419 and 418, respectively. Supply 420 is arranged to produce a power supply for operational amplifiers 431 and 437 and multiplexor 410. Supply 425 produces power for operational amplifiers 426, 434 and 435.
A FET transistor 440 measures the current stored in PWB network 411 at the time of discharge of the PWB network 411. The measurement output 416 may be connected to an A/D converter (not shown) and stored in memory (not shown). The PWB network 411 is discharged using voltage source 419 to eliminate interference with subsequent tests. In order to quantify adequately the amount of current that has to be measured for a given period of time, the following equations may be used:
Q=coulombs of charge;
V=voltage across the printed wiring board between probes on the PWB
I=current in Amperes
t=time in seconds
Thus Q=It and
FIG. 5 shows that the non-contact probe 120 may be a plasma probe. This plasma probe includes a chamber body 130 that forms a chamber volume 190 to contain a fluid 140. The chamber body 130 is typically a non-metallic material and may be a ceramic material with a displacement of about 100 cubic millimeters. The fluid 140 may be a gas, such as argon or nitrogen. A desirable fluid is one that can replenish itself a desired percentage after every pulse. The chamber body 130 also has an inlet port 155 into which the fluid 140 is forced. The chamber body 130 also has a flow restrictor 150 that may be fabricated from a porous material such as sintered aluminum. The restrictor 150 maintains a pressure gradient between fluid inside the chamber area and the ambient air outside of the chamber area. The degree of restriction depends upon the porosity of the flow restrictor 150.
The fluid 140 enters the chamber volume 190 through an inlet orifice 166, which can range in diameter from approximately 0.001 and 0.015 inches. An insulating layer 145, such as ceramic, provides a layer of thermal and plasma insulation between the chamber volume 190 and the chamber body 130. Disposed within the chamber body and extending into the chamber volume 190 is an electrode 160. The electrode may be made of any electrically conductor material such as tungsten.
At the terminal end of the chamber body 130 is an outlet orifice 165 for the expulsion of plasma generated in the chamber volume 190, which is disposed within chamber body 130. The outlet orifice 165 can range in diameter from approximately 0.0005 to 0.006 inches. The magnitude of the diameter of the outlet orifice 165 is a function of the spatial distribution of plasma required for a particular application. As the dimensions of the traces decreases, the diameter of the outlet orifice should also decrease.
The plasma is generated by a high-energy pulse being released into the chamber volume 190 over a finite period of time.
In order to facilitate the production of ions (e.g. modify the plasma characteristics) in the chamber volume, a chemical seedant, such as cesium, can be added.
FIG. 6 shows a timing diagram for one test cycle. The cycle begins at "t0", with a firing pulse. The PWB network, which comprises the PWB and traces, begins to charge. It should be noted that there will be little charge transferred to the PWB network between "t0" and "t1" because the resistance of the plasma path is very high. That is, a low resistance path has not yet been established. At "t1", which is approximately 50 microseconds after "t0", the desired conductive plasma path has been established. (This conductive path has relatively low-resistance.)
During the time between time period "t1" and "t2", a precise amount of charge is placed on the PWB network.
Between time "t2" and "t3" there is a brief period that is used to switch from the circuitry used to charge the PWB network to the circuitry that will measure the voltage across the PWB network.
During the time between "t3" and "t4", a measurement is made of the voltage level to which the PWB network has charged.
The time between "t4" and "t5" is used to switch from the measurement circuitry to the discharge circuitry.
Time "t5" begins the discharge cycle of the PWB network. The same amount of charge that was put on the PWB network is now removed. The rate at which the charge is removed may be more rapid than the rate at which the charge was put on the PWB network. Therefore, there is a shortened discharge period between "t5" and "t6". Although the measurement is done at the end of "t6", the conductive plasma persists for approximately 30 microseconds after the measurement is complete. This time is represented as time period "t6" to "t7".
FIG. 7 shows that two surfaces of the PWB may be tested simultaneously. The figure shows four probes 120(a), (b), (c) and (d), two on each side of the PWB. The number of probes may be any number that may be placed on the PWB. Each probe has an associated pulse power amplifier 180(a), (b), (c) and (d). The wires 123(a), (b), (c) and (d) and wires 126(a), (b), (c) and (d) connect an associated pulse power amplifier to an associated probe.
FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the present invention that utilizes two non-contact probes 120(a) and 120(b) in conjunction with a mechanically contacting probe 110. In this embodiment the speed of the test is increased by using a plurality of non-contact probes 120(a) and (b) to test electrical conductivity through a printed trace 114.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in detail, it should be apparent that modifications and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Sep 29, 1970
|Agency Ind Science Techn
|Method of testing an electronic device by use of an electron beam
|Mar 21, 1972
|Nov 13, 1973
|Us Air Force
|Method for the investigation of thin films on a semiconductor substrate in a scanning electron microscope
|Jul 20, 1983
|Sep 18, 1984
|Luigi Tozzi
|Plasma jet ignition apparatus
|Jun 6, 1983
|Feb 25, 1986
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for the contact-free testing of microcircuits or the like with a particle beam probe
|Feb 16, 1984
|Mar 25, 1986
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Inspection of multilayer ceramic circuit modules by electrical inspection of unfired green sheets
|Jul 6, 1983
|Jul 15, 1986
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Apparatus for testing electrical microprinted circuits utilizing ionizing gas for providing electrical connections
|Sep 2, 1986
|Nov 10, 1987
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Apparatus for electrical function checking of wiring matrices
|Dec 23, 1986
|Aug 30, 1988
|Cummins Engine Co., Inc.
|Plasma jet ignition apparatus
|Oct 2, 1986
|Sep 13, 1988
|Testamatic Corporation
|Electro-luminescent method and testing system for unpopulated printed circuit boards, ceramic substrates, and the like having both electrical and electro-optical read-out
|Sep 2, 1986
|Oct 11, 1988
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Device for electrically checking printed circuit boards
|Dec 19, 1988
|Oct 30, 1990
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Drive device for an apparatus for electrical function testing of wiring matrices
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|Dec 18, 1990
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Scanning electron microscope based parametric testing method and apparatus
|Feb 15, 1990
|Jan 8, 1991
|Photon Dynamics, Inc.
|Voltage imaging system using electro-optics
|Dec 27, 1985
|Jan 15, 1991
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Particle beam measuring method for non-contact testing of interconnect networks
|Jun 15, 1989
|Mar 12, 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for contactless testing of conducting paths in a substrate using photon-assisted tunneling
|Jun 12, 1992
|Jan 12, 1993
|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
|Non-contact electrical pathway
|Feb 26, 1992
|Apr 13, 1993
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Laser-activated plasma chamber for non-contact testing
|Apr 10, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|Atg Electronic Gmbh
|Method of and apparatus for testing circuit boards and the like with an inhomogeneous electric field
|Sep 20, 1993
|Dec 6, 1994
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|Method for particle beam testing of substrates for liquid crystal displays using parasitic currents
|Mar 25, 1993
|Apr 4, 1995
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System using induced current for contactless testing of wiring networks
|Jul 28, 1995
|Jun 17, 1997
|Nec Corporation
|Method and apparatus for detecting short circuit point between wiring patterns
|May 31, 1994
|Oct 21, 1997
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus and method for testing circuit board
|Apr 26, 1996
|Jul 14, 1998
|Sandia Corporation
|Capacitive charge generation apparatus and method for testing circuits
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 2004
|Jun 27, 2006
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Device for inspecting element substrates and method of inspecting element substrates using electromagnetic waves
|Jun 19, 2006
|Sep 1, 2009
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Method for fabricating light-emitting device through inspection
|Aug 21, 2009
|May 8, 2012
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Socket connector for connection lead of semiconductor device under test with tester
|May 30, 2008
|Oct 23, 2012
|Finisar Corporation
|Pulse voltage age acceleration of a laser for determining reliability
|Jan 15, 2014
|Dec 20, 2016
|Photon Dynamics, Inc.
|Electrical inspection of electronic devices using electron-beam induced plasma probes
|Mar 29, 2004
|Sep 16, 2004
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Device for inspecting element substrates and method of inspection using this device
|Oct 28, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Tan Michael R T
|Method and apparatus for non-contact testing of microcircuits
|Dec 23, 2004
|Jun 29, 2006
|Dutton David T
|Systems and methods for a contactless electrical probe
|Jun 19, 2006
|Oct 19, 2006
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Device for inspecting element substrates and method of inspection using this device
|Aug 21, 2009
|Feb 24, 2011
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc
|Socket connector for connection lead of semiconductor device under test with tester
|U.S. Classification
|324/754.03, 324/501, 324/537, 324/763.01, 324/754.24
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 6, 1998
Owner name: PROBOT, INCORPORATED, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PARKER, RONALD W.;GRACE, JAMES W.;SITER, GERALD W.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009059/0959;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980225 TO 19980303
|Mar 12, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 12, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 24, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 23, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 12, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 30, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120912


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Two Carleton Bachelor of Humanities graduates have been offered the chance to study with some of the brightest minds in the world this fall.
Roy Sengupta, who will be picking up his degree at spring Convocation, has accepted an offer to study at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Mass., while Leonor Vulpe Albari, a 2014 alumna, has been accepted to the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, as well as a number of other prestigious law schools around the globe.
Their successful admissions to some of the world's greatest educational institutions is a symbol of what can be achieved through a degree in the arts.
We talked to the two budding law students about how the Bachelor of Humanities program helped them realize their goals.
Roy Sengupta
Why did you choose Carleton University's Bachelor of Humanities program?
Roy: The Bachelor of Humanities stressed a broad-based education, such that a student would come away from the program having learned about religion, philosophy, literature, politics, music, art and … (it) emphasized discussion groups and primary source readings. I was glad that my educational experience in the Bachelor of Humanities program would not consist merely of reading out of textbooks, but that I would, rather, gain access to some of the most meaningful texts of human history, from the Iliad to Don Quixote.
Could you describe your general experience in the Bachelor of Humanities program?
Roy: I am constantly amazed at the amount of meaningful contact I am able to have with professors on a day-to-day basis in this program and I absolutely feel that the conversations I have had with my professors have contributed immensely to my own academic development. Not only this, but I have found that the culture of the Bachelor of Humanities program is also very intellectual. Students in the Bachelor of Humanities love what they do and love what they study … the discussion groups were helpful in allowing me to succeed during the law school interview process. Having already had regular experience in organizing and expressing complex thoughts in a disciplined manner, law school interviews proved to be far less intimidating.
Parting words of wisdom?
Roy: I really do believe that this is one of the best universities in Canada. From the excellent support offered to students, to the myriad extra-curricular opportunities, to the well-functioning administration and unique programs, such as the Bachelor of Humanities, Carleton University offers so many different tools to ensure the success of each of its students.
I would say if I was to give any words of advice, it would be that people should take chances. I certainly could not have anticipated four years ago that I would be accepted to Harvard Law School, but a big part of why I was offered admission was simply because I was willing to take the chance and apply there in the first place. And I think that's important, that people think big, dream big and strive to do significant things in whatever field they are passionate about.
Leoner Vulpe Abari
Could you describe your general experience of the Bachelor of Humanities program?
Leonor: I think one of the best aspects of the humanities program is that in every core class there are two professors and only about 50 students. The professors attend all your discussion groups so they are able to give students a lot of help and guidance … Though I know some students do well in big classes, I personally enjoyed the smaller class sizes in humanities. Most professors were also very willing to meet outside class time with students to discuss the readings, assignments, etc. I took advantage of that a lot, and before I would start writing an essay I would often discuss the outline with my professor and make sure I was on the right track.
As well, in first year you spend the year slowly learning how to write essays. You start with one-page papers, then two-page papers, and by the end of the year you are finally writing six-page papers, but they are (hopefully!) excellent six-page papers. This first year taught me how to write essays and to organize my ideas, and that skill has been extremely useful for me since I left humanities.
Could you discuss some of the "great books" that helped form your personal perspectives and which may have lead you to study law?
Leonor: I don't think there was one text in particular that pushed me to do law. Rather, I learned a lot from the program as a whole, and after humanities I wanted to apply that knowledge to the present and in a more practical way—which I thought I could do with law. You read such a variety of texts in humanities, from the Old Testament and Plato's Republic, to Shelley's Frankenstein and Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil, that you end the program with a well-rounded view of the world.
Did you participate in the humanities mentorship program?
Leonor: I participated in the mentorship program during my fourth year in humanities. I needed help deciding what to do next; I had applied to some programs in Canada, including NPSIA (the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs) at Carleton and to programs in the Netherlands. The mentorship program co-ordinator, Barbara Garner, put me in touch with a graduate of NPSIA. Though I ended up choosing the Master's of Law (LLM) at Maastricht University in the Netherlands, it was helpful to talk to my mentor about his experience at NPSIA. My mentor also gave me information about how a degree from abroad would be received in Canada.
You have some serious decision-making and planning to do. Can you speculate on your next steps?
Leonor: I have decided to go to law school and I am currently trying to decide between McGill and Oxford … I think it is in large part thanks to humanities that I have the luxury of this choice. One of the reasons I did so well during my LLM in the Netherlands is that I have learned to write clearly and precisely, to read and to think, which my years in humanities taught me.
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We say "EVERY KID NEEDS A SWRING" because it's true and our goal, plain and simple, is make it happen. Before 2010 Swrings were sold for playgrounds and playrooms but then occupational therapist discovered it is a powerful resource tool for their work with children on the autism spectrum. So... our work has doubled but our rewards have tripled!
Children with autism may be puzzling, but they're kids and they need to play, which helps them learn. The Swring is tons of fun and makes them laugh, communicate, share and come out of their shells. There is more to life than therapy.
They usually have difficulties with balance and body orientation, core muscle development, and joint positioning. The Swring rotates and spins much like a gyroscope, helping the children get in touch with gravity and helping body parts (like knees) talk to other body parts (like shoulders).
One really exciting outcome for many kids is that for the first time they enjoy playing in close contact with other kids. Why? The Swring works better when 2,3 or 4 kids are on it, so they are rewarded for "learning" to tolerate being right next to each other. Makes sense!
Another biggy is creativity with teacher after teacher reporting gains by leaps and bounds in unusual clever and thoughtful things the kids say while riding. One child said the Swring was her 'valentine maker' and another loved to ride the upper ring imagining she was causing snow flakes to fall. And on it goes as new levels of sensations never before dreamed of become daily classroom adventures.
The Swring promotes healthy, active play for a kid's growing body. Occupational therapists say the Swring improves vesibular awareness, balance and core strength. They note that kids are thinking better, calmer, more organized and have better target accuracy. Also, creative play ideas can emerge during use of the Swring such as astronauts flying in space ships and acting like"Jack in the Beanstalk". With the SwRing, healthy active play happens everyday.
Back yards and play areas become tons of fun the minute a Swring is installed. Everyone knows it's fun to swing, but swinging is boring compared to Swringing. Playground swings just go back and forth while a Swring spins and revolves with four layers of rings to sit or stand on. It moves around and around in big circles, and also spins in smaller circles at the same time! Swrings safely hold, up to four, even five spinning, swinging kids at once! Sound like fun? It's tons of fun! We like to say it is part merry-go-round and part swing but it is really way more than that. It can also be used as monkey bars for climbing, or as an outdoor gym by children at play! It is also a wonderful indoor toy, easily installed in a normal sized room. A SWRING is incredible! It is ton of fun!