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SA a leader on carbon dioxide: expert
An internationally-recognised urban ecologist says South Australia is becoming a world leader in the push for renewable energy use.
SA is on track to take 20 per cent of its electricity from renewable sources by next year, five years ahead of an original target of 2014.
Ecologist Herbert Girardet says SA is overtaking some of the leading countries of the world.
But he says the state is also leading the world in some less desirable ways.
"You have a very, very high CO2 output per person. In Germany and Britain we have about nine tonnes of carbon dioxide per person and in South Australia it's 23 tonnes per person," he said.
"That is world record figures so certainly there is major scope for improvement there."
Topics: alternative-energy, air-pollution, pollution, greenhouse-gas, adelaide-5000, sa
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subset: commoncrawl


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Hair Masks with Pure Shilajit Resin have a very effective form of nourishing and healing effect on hair which lasts for long according to reports. Alopecia also known as hair loss is controlled by the application of Pure Shilajit Resin in the mask, and has been proven to have better progressive hair growth results than medical hair shampoo and conditioners.
Pure Shilajit Resin mask is not a single based component. In preparing a good hair mask, the following procedures are to be strictly followed:
In a small amount of water or burdock broth, 0.5 grams of Pure Shilajit Resin, 2 tablespoons of blue clay, and a few drops of vitamin E from the drugstore should be dissolved. The prepared hair mask is applied on the hair roots first and then applied on the hair ends. Afterwards for 40 minutes, a shower cap is put on with the hair mask live-in. On completion of 40 minutes, the hair mask is rinsed off the hair with warm water, only shampoo made with Pure Shilajit Resin is expected to be used on the hair.
Benefits of the hair mask are numerous as it strengths the hair, reduces hair loss, increases hair growth, hair is also made soft, silky and shiny.
Due to the embarrassing and extreme nature of alopecia, otherwise known as hair loss. It is advisable to use Shilajit Resin hair mask to promote hair growth and prevent any form of hair issues.
Pure Shilajit Resin is used in a prophylactic way to make the hair strong and it is normally applied weekly or twice in a month. This periodic application of the hair mask is adequate to ensure healthy nourishment of the hair follicles or hair roots, this ensures a stability of hair moisture thus preventing excessive hair oiliness or dryness.
Mask for stimulating the hair growth: In 150 ml of water, dissolve 0.5 grams of Shilajit Resin, then add a half tablespoon of honey, afterwards a few drops of sea buckthorn oil should be added to the mask and then rubbed into the hair scalp. For about 15-25 minutes, a shower cap should be put on with the hair mask live-in. After the time, rinse off hair mask with warm water.
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Hi DPians
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text: Tummy Control Swimwear is perfect for women want to look beautiful and feel great in their swimsuits. When it comes to swimwear, we're very particular about what we wear – we want to accentuate our best features. Slimming swimsuits for women are made of unique fabrics and have control panels that gently firm without creating bulges. Our figures change over time but with all of the tummy control swimsuits to choose from, there's no reason why we can't look great and feel great in our swimwear, regardless of our age and body type!


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in comprehensive school choice.
that students will benefit from increased educational options, including the best possible public schools, charter schools, magnet schools, vocational schools, private schools, parochial schools and every other kind of quality educational opportunity.
that parents should have the power to decide which school is best for their children.
that education resources should follow the child to the school chosen by the parents
in voucher programs and educational improvement tax credit (EITC) programs
that we should promote and duplicate the methods of schools that work.
that good teachers are the key to a good education.
that good teachers should be better paid, but that poor teachers must be terminated.
that any teacher layoff should be merit-based rather than seniority-based.
in flexible teaching environments that allow teachers to innovate in meeting their students' needs.
that teaching should be a first-choice profession for the best and the brightest.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 29, 1998
|Filing date
|Jan 10, 1997
|Priority date
|Nov 5, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Larry P. Koskan, Abdul Rehman Y. Meah, Robert J. Ross, Lai-Duien Grace Fan
|Original Assignee
|Donlar Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (15), Classifications (29), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/313,436, filed on Sep. 27, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,947, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/972,375, filed on Nov. 5, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,735.
This invention relates to a method for enhancing the productivity of plants. More particularly, this invention relates to absorption phenomena that facilitate the utilization of nutrients by plants through either seed, root or foliar pathways.
Organic acids and oligomers thereof have been shown to promote plant growth. Typical promoters of plant growth are described by Kinnersley et al., Plant Growth Regulation, 9, pp. 137-146 (1990) (lactic acid and relatively low molecular weight oligomers of lactic acid); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,997 to Kinnersley et al. (oligomers of glycolic and/or L-lactic acid) and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,953 to Danzig et al. (oligomers of thiolactic and thioglycolic acids). All of the forgoing approaches to plant growth promotion appear to focus on coordination as a means for increasing plant uptake of compounds vital to the growth of the plant, e.g., micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, zinc, copper, iron, boron, and the like.
A common approach to promoting plant growth has been, and continues to be, the use of nutrients (fertilizers), natural as well as synthetic. Synthetic nutrients usually provide nitrogen in a plant-usable form, such as urea for example, and/or inorganic nitrates, phosphates, or the like compounds. While such nutrients may be applied, more or less, at the convenience of the farmer, and may be applied as often as deemed desirable, the overuse of synthetic nutrients and the inefficient use of synthetic nutrients are major factors responsible for environmental problems such as eutrophication of groundwater, nitrate pollution, phosphate pollution, and the like. An overview of the undesirable effects of nitrogen fertilizer is presented by Byrnes, Fertilizer Research, 26, pp. 209-215 (1990).
To alleviate the problems attendant to inefficient nutrient use and nutrient overuse, there is an ongoing desire and need for environmental and production reasons to increase fertilizer efficiency and to enhance plant productivity.
The present invention addresses and ameliorates these problems by methods which provide a more favorable environment for enhancing the utilization of nutrients by germinating or growing plants resulting in enhanced plant productivity.
A method for enhancing plant productivity by achieving more efficient utilization of nutrients is provided.
The present method comprises supplying to a plant a composition containing a productivity enhancing amount of a substantially water-soluble co-polymeric acid having a molecular size larger than about 1,600 Daltons such that it is not absorbed by the plant. The amino acid content of the co-polymer is at least about 20 mole percent.
Particularly preferred for the present purposes are co-polymers of an amino acid, such as aspartic acid, and a carboxylic acid such as citric acid, adipic acid, or sulfoisophthalic acid.
The co-polymeric acids of this invention, when applied to plants, beneficially provide stress protection and promote nutrient uptake in environments containing salts present in concentrations that are normally toxic to plants. Further, a more favorable environment is provided to the plant which environment supplies the requisite nutrients at levels that are lower than usually are required with conventional fertilizers alone.
In the drawings, there are shown photographic reproductions of corn plants treated in a particular manner alongside a control corn plant. In each case a yardstick (36 inches) is shown positioned between the photographed plants to indicate scale. In particular,
FIG. 1 shows corn plants 40 days after planting, and treated with one-third of the recommended fertilizer dosage alongside a corn plant treated with the recommended dosage for the same fertilizer;
FIG. 2 shows a corn plant 40 days after planting, one treated with one third of the recommended fertilizer dosage alongside a corn plant similarly treated with the same fertilizer but also with 10 parts per million by weight of polyaspartic acid;
FIG. 3 shows corn plants 40 days after planting, both treated with the recommended fertilizer dosage and one plant also with 10 parts per million by weight of polyaspartic acid;
FIG. 4 shows corn plants 40 days after planting, one treated with the recommended fertilizer dosage and the other with one-third of the recommended fertilizer dosage but also with 10 parts per million by weight of polyaspartic acid; and
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of growth enhancement with polyaspartic acid.
The present invention is predicated on the discovery that polymeric acids, and co-polymeric acids in particular, of a molecular size too large to enter a plant nevertheless provide a favorable environment for enhanced plant productivity. The more efficient utilization of nutrients can be realized in the presence of the co-polymeric acid inasmuch as relatively lower nutrient dosages can be relied upon to provide the requisite nutrients to the plant.
Enhanced plant productivity is achieved by making nutrients more readily available to the plant through its seed, root feeding zone, foliar absorption and translocation mechanisms, growth medium, or combinations of the foregoing.
The term "enhanced plant productivity" as used herein means that one or more of the following factors is achieved: increased growth rate, increased biomass, higher yields and quality (i.e., increased protein content), accelerated rate of root formation, increased tillering, increased chlorophyll concentration and the like indicia. As described herein, the term "co-polymeric acids" refers to random or block co-polymers of a carboxylic acid and an amino acid having an acidic alkyl group. The term, "carboxylic acid", as used herein, is defined as a non-peptidal compound containing a carboxyl group, --COOH.
In general, the co-polymeric acids can be supplied to the plant in the form of aqueous liquids or substantially solids in any convenient manner of application.
Preferably, aqueous nutrient solutions supplied to the plant contain at least about 10 parts per billion (ppb) by weight, preferably about 0.1 to about 1,000 parts per million (ppm) by weight, more preferably about 1 to about 500 ppm by weight of the co-polymeric acid. Such solutions can be applied to the soil surrounding the plant so as to contact the plant's root system, can be applied to the plant's foliage, seeds, or reproductive parts, can be introduced into hydroponic gardening or farming systems, or made available to the plant in any other convenient manner, in an amount as is discussed in greater detail below.
Aqueous solutions containing the co-polymeric acid also enhance plant productivity under stressful growth limiting conditions, e.g., in a growth medium that contains salts or metal ions in concentrations normally toxic to plants or in growth medium depleted in certain nutrients.
The co-polymeric acids can also be applied to soil in substantially solid form, alone or in combination with nutrients. For example, granular, pelletized, dust or powdered forms of the co-polymeric acids can be applied by gravity or air blast equipment into the furrow, row or site at seeding or planting time. Dry granular or pelleted forms of the co-polymeric acids can be impregnated or pre-formed as carriers of nutrients and can then be used for surface application by ground rig or aircraft.
The co-polymeric acids, to be suitable for the practice of the present invention, must be substantially water-soluble, and have a molecular size sufficiently large to preclude absorption into the plant. To that end, the co-polymeric acids suitable for the present purposes, while hydrophilic, have a number average molecular weight (Mw) larger than about 1,600 Daltons.
Co-polymeric acids having a molecular size in excess of about 100,000 Daltons usually do not exhibit adequate solubility in water for the present purposes. Thus a co-polymeric acid of a molecular size not larger than about 100,000 Daltons is presently preferred. A particularly suitable molecular size is in the range of about 2,000 to about 100,000 Daltons.
The content of acidic amino acid residues of the co-polymeric acid is at least about 20 mole percent. The most preferred acidic amino acids are aspartic acid in either α form (I) or β form (II), optionally containing a cyclic imide (succinimide, III) as shown in Formula A, ##STR1## as well as glutamic acid in its α or γ form.
Random co-polymers as described above are within the purview of the present invention as are block co-polymers composed of several repetitive of poly(carboxylic acid) units and acidic poly(amino acid) units. For example, the polymeric acid component can be a block co-polymer of aspartic acid residues and L-lactic acid residues, a random co-polymer of aspartic acid residues and glycolic acid residues, a conjugated protein constituted by glutamic acid residue chains interconnected by one or more poly(carboxylic acid) residues or a polymer of acrylic acid.
Carboxylic acids and polymers thereof are commercially available. A preferred carboxylic acid is a member of the group consisting of an aliphatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic carboxylic acid, a cyclic carboxylic acid, and a derivative of the foregoing.
The carboxylic acid can be an aliphatic carboxylic acid wherein the carboxylic acid is a monobasic or polybasic carboxylic acid. Examples of preferred monobasic carboxylic acids are members of the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, aconitic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glycolic acid, and a derivative thereof. Suitable polybasic carboxylic acids are members of the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartartic acid, citric acid, a derivative thereof.
The carboxylic acid can be a hydroxycarboxylic acid. A preferred hydroxycarboxylic acid is a member of the group consisting of lactic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glycolic acid and a derivative thereof.
The aliphatic carboxylic acid can also be a fatty acid as long as the co-polymer remains substantially water-soluble. A preferred fatty acid is a member of the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachidonic acid and a derivative thereof.
The carboxylic acid can be an aromatic polybasic acid selected from the group consisting of phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and a derivative thereof.
Polymeric amino acids suitable for use in the present invention can be made, inter alia, by thermal condensation methods. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,597 to Koskan; U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,733 to Koskan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,952 to Koskan et al.; Little et al., American Chemical Society, 97, 263-279 (1991) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,981 to Harada et al. The preparation of aspartic acid co-polymers has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,919 to Koskan et al.
The starting materials for the polymerization, i.e., the respective amino acid. monomers, can exist as optical isomers and can be polymerized either as a racemic mixture or as segregated optical isomers.
Counterions for the acidic amino acid salts, i.e., for the polyaspartates and polyglutamates include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal cations, preferably Na+, K+, and Li+ ; alkali earth metal cations, preferably Mg++, Ca++ and Ba++ ; transitional metal cations, preferably Zn++, Co++, Fe++ and Fe+++ ; and NH4 +.
Particularly well-suited for the practice of the present invention are a co-polymer of aspartic acid and sulfoisophthalic acid in which the mole percent of aspartic acid is about 90% and that of sulfoisophthalic acid is about 10%, the co-polymer having a molecular size of about 2,565 Daltons; a co-polymer of aspartic acid and adipic acid in which the mole percent of aspartic acid is about 90% and that of adipic acid is about 10%, the co-polymer having a molecular size of about 7,640 Daltons; a co-polymer of aspartic acid and citric acid in which the mole percent of aspartic acid is about 80% and that of citric acid is about 20%, the co-polymer having a molecular size of about 1,653 Daltons.
The aforesaid co-polymeric acids increase the efficiency of fertilizers and the utilization of nutrients, both natural and synthetic. The nutrients can be those found naturally in the soil and plant growth medium or can be those which are added to the medium or can be those that are residual nutrients from previous nutrient treatments. More efficient utilization by the growing plants of both macronutrients, such as but not limited to, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and micronutrients, such as but not limited to, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) is accomplished by employing the co-polymeric acids of this invention.
There are many uses and applications for the present invention in its various aspects. Illustrative are uses in agriculture, gardening, horticulture, hydroponics, forestry, land reclamation (e.g., landfills, soils with relatively high salt concentrations, etc.), and the like.
Suitable dosage rates of co-polymeric acids of the present invention, so as to provide a sufficient productivity enhancing amount of the co-polymeric acid to the plant to enhance nutrient utilization by the plant can be about 2 to about 500 ounces of the co-polymeric acid per acre. Crops with an abundance of foliage, such as wood crops, grain crops, cotton, etc., usually are treated at dosage rates in an intermediate range, i.e., about 25 to about 250 ounces per acre. Relatively lower dosage rates within the foregoing overall range, i.e., about 2 to about 25 ounces per acre, usually are sufficient for agricultural row crops, flowering nursery crops, and the like.
The co-polymeric acid can be made available to the plant as a separate treatment, or the co-polymer can be supplied to the plant together with a plant nutrient or a combination of plant nutrients. Solid as well as liquid dosage forms can be utilized for this purpose, e.g., aqueous solutions as well as solid forms containing conditioning substances such as particulate clays, depending upon the desired mode of application.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which demonstrate more efficient utilization of plant growth nutrients by employing polyaspartic acid (PA) and co-polymeric acids thereof.
White corn (Early Sunglow; George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) was grown in a greenhouse in one gallon pots filled with Fafard 3B potting soil. To each pot was added Peters™ 20-20-20 fertilizer in an amount representing a full dose of nutrients or a 1/3 dose of nutrients. A portion of the pots so treated also received an aqueous solution of polyaspartic acid (PA) (50 ml; 10 ppm by weight of PA having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 3,000-5,000. The growth rates of the white corn plants in these pots were monitored, and representative plants were photographed 40 days after planting. These photographs are depicted in FIGS. 1 through 4.
These Figures show that the availability of PA to the plant enhanced plant growth at a reduced nutrient level, i.e., corn plants treated at one-third of the nutrient level but with 10 ppm of PA added (FIG. 4) show greater growth than corn plants will the full amount of nutrient. Corn plants grown using the full nutrient level also undergo enhanced growth when 10 ppm of polyaspartic acid is used along with the nutrient (FIG. 3). Both tests demonstrate a more efficient utilization of nutrients for plant growth.
White corn (Early Sunglow; George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) was grown in a greenhouse in one gallon pots filled with Fafard 3B potting soil. No fertilizer was added to any pot. A portion of the pots so treated received aqueous solutions of polyaspartic acid (PA) of varying dosage levels (50 ml of solution; 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 100 ppm, and 1,000 ppm of PA having a Mw of about 3,000-5,000. The growth rates of the white corn plants in these pots were monitored on a weekly basis and the data is shown in Table I, below.
TABLE I______________________________________GROWTH PATTERNS OF EARLY SUNGLOW CORN;NO ADDED FERTILIZER; SINGLE TREATMENT Height Change (inches)Dosages of PA Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4______________________________________Control (No PA) 13.0 9.0 6.4 5.2 1 ppm 12.5 9.4 5.4 5.7 10 ppm 11.6 11.0 5.0 7.0 100 ppm 11.4 10.4 6.4 7.21000 ppm 10.4 10.4 5.6 7.8______________________________________
The data shown in Table I indicates that after one week of growth, corn plants with no added fertilizers but with PA added in dosages of 1 to 1,000 ppm received no benefit from PA treatment. After week 2 of corn plant growth, a beneficial effect was shown at all four dosage levels of PA. After three weeks of growth, only the 100 ppm dosage level of PA showed a benefit over no PA treatment. Finally after four weeks of corn plant growth, a low level of plant growth was occurring but increased growth rate was observed with all four dosage levels of PA. In summary, during the initial stage (first week) of corn plant growth PA did not increase growth rate without added fertilizer. However, after the next three weeks of growth of the plant, PA treatment was beneficial to plant productivity, based on growth, even without added fertilizer. These results indicate that more efficient utilization of existing nutrients in the soil has occurred.
White corn (Early Sunglow; George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) was grown in a greenhouse in one gallon pots filled with Fafard 3B potting soil. No fertilizer or potassium source were added to the pots. The pots were treated with varying dosages of polyaspartic acid (PA) of about 3,000-5,000 Mw, as in Example 2. After a 40 day growing period, the plants were harvested and potassium content of the plants was determined.
TABLE II______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ON POTASSIUMUPTAKE; EARLY SUNGLOW CORN; NO ADDEDFERTILIZER; SINGLE TREATMENT/SOILDosage of % Increase ofPolyaspartic % Potassium In Potassium InAcid Used Corn Plants Corn Plants______________________________________ 0 ppm 2.6 -- 1 ppm 2.7 3.8 10 ppm 3.0 15.4 100 ppm 2.8 7.71000 ppm 3.2 23.1______________________________________
The data reported in Table II shows that a more efficient uptake of potassium by the corn plants resulted when PA was used without added fertilizer. At the 1,000 ppm dosage level, a 23.1% increase in potassium content was found in the corn plants.
White corn (Early Sunglow; George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) was grown in a greenhouse in one gallon pots filled with Fafard 3B potting soil as in Examples 2 and 3. No fertilizer or phosphorus-containing compounds were added to the pots. The pots were treated with varying dosages of polyaspartic acid (PA) (Mw 3,000-5,000) as in Examples 2 and 3. After a 40-day growing period, the plants were harvested and phosphorus content of the plants was determined. Results from this study are shown in Table III, below.
TABLE III______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ON PHOSPHORUSUPTAKE; EARLY SUNGLOW CORN; NO ADDEDFERTILIZER; SINGLE TREATMENT/SOILDosage of % Increase ofPolyaspartic % Phosphorus In Phosphorus InAcid Used Corn Plants Corn Plants______________________________________ 0 ppm 0.3 -- 1 ppm 0.36 20.0 10 ppm 0.34 13.3 100 ppm 0.38 26.71000 ppm 0.44 46.7______________________________________
The results listed in Table III show that use of PA at indicated dosage levels increased phosphorus uptake by corn plants when no fertilizer was added. This shows that a more efficient utilization of phosphorus sources existing in the soil has occurred. At the highest dosage level of PA, a 46.7% increase in phosphorus uptake by the corn plants was observed.
White corn (Early Sunglow) as was used in Examples 2, 3 and 4 was grown as before without added fertilizer. Again the same dosages of polyaspartic acid (PA) treatment for the corn plants was used as in Examples 2, 3 and 4. After a 40-day growing period, the plants were harvested and zinc content of the plants was determined. Results from this study are listed in Table IV, below.
TABLE IV______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ON ZINCUPTAKE; EARLY SUNGLOW CORN; NO ADDEDFERTILIZER; SINGLE TREATMENT/SOILDosage of % IncreasePolyaspartic Zinc In Corn of ZincAcid Used Plants, ppm In Corn Plants______________________________________ 0 ppm 29 -- 1 ppm 48 65.5 10 ppm 45 55.2 100 ppm 54 86.21000 ppm 79 172______________________________________
The above results from Table IV indicate that PA effectively increased the uptake of zinc in corn plants with no use of additional fertilizer. Even at a low dosage level of 1 ppm PA, a 65% increase in zinc uptake was observed. At a dosage of 1000 ppm of PA, a 172% increase in zinc uptake was found, further demonstrating the ability of PA to efficiently increase utilization of zinc in plant soil.
Duckweed (Lemna Minor L.) was grown in tap water containing as nutrient media a solution of Peters™ 20-20-20 fertilizer1 (3 g/1.2 L) and a 1/4-strength solution (750 mg/1.2 L) with and without 50 ppm by weight polyaspartic acid (PA). The nutrient media were adjusted to pH value of about 6.0. The Mw of the PA was about 3,000-5,000 (about 22 to about 40 repeating units).
3.90% Ammoniacal Nitrogen
6.15% Nitrate Nitrogen
9.95% Urea Nitrogen Available Phosphoric Acid (P2 O5) . . . 20% Soluble Potash (K2 O) . . . 20% Derived from: Ammonium, Phosphate, Potassium Nitrate, Urea. Commercially available from Grace-Sierra Horticultural Products Company, 1001 Yosemite Drive, Milpitas, Calif. 95035.
A single duckweed plant at the three-frond stage was placed in each flask. The flasks were then incubated under continuous light (500 lux) at 28��2� C. for 21 days.
After 21 days, the plants were harvested, oven-dried, and weighed. Results show that nutrient reduction by 75% reduced plant weight by 74%, and that (a) no significant reduction in plant growth was found when PA was present in the medium with 25% nutrients indicating a more efficient use of a limited amount of nutrients and (b) plant growth was enhanced when PA was present in the medium with 100% nutrients. The results are presented in Table V, below. All reported values represent averages from 3 to 5 replicates.
TABLE V______________________________________RESULTS Plant dry wt.-milligrams (mg)Treatment Expt. A Expt. B Average % Change______________________________________100% Nutrients 16.5 17.7 16.6 0100% Nutrients + PA 21.3 22.2 21.7 31 25% Nutrients 4.7 4.0 4.4 -74 25% Nutrients + PA 15.2 16.7 16.0 0______________________________________
The procedure described in Example 6, above, was followed except that a chemically defined nutrient medium having the composition described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,997 to Kinnersley et al. (Nickell's medium with Fe present as Fe2+ chelated with EDTA) was used. The plants were grown in five replicate flasks, harvested after 21 days, and the combined dry weight of the harvested plants was determined. The content of potassium and phosphorus in the plants and in the spent media was determined as well. The observed results are presented in Table VI, below.
TABLE VI______________________________________CHANGES IN BIOMASS Amount of Mineral (μg) Control/With PATreatment Plant Biomass (mg) Spent Media Plants______________________________________100% Nutrients/ 94.4/90.9100% Nutrients + 50 ppm PAPotassium (K) 11,610/11,740 1540/1530Phosphorus (P) 1170/1140 250/280 25% Nutrients/ 67.3/89.3 25% Nutrients + 50 ppm PAPotassium (K) 2420/1170 990/1530Phosphorus (P) 334/322 125/173 12.5% Nutrients/ 54.1/62.7 12.5% Nutrients + 50 ppm PAPotassium (K) 955/718 769/942Phosphorus (P) 190/192 89/111______________________________________
The above results show that nutrient concentration reduced by 75% caused a 29% reduction in plant biomass (94.4-67.3) and a 36% reduction in the potassium content of plants (1540-990). However, in the same treatments containing polyaspartic acid the plant biomass was barely reduced (90.9-89.3), and the potassium content was unchanged. Analysis of the spent media showed much less potassium in the media containing PA. This data also indicates that the polymers had increased the uptake of potassium into plants.
The above results also show a remarkably good correlation between potassium content and plant-biomass as can be seen in Table VII, below.
TABLE VII______________________________________CORRELATION BETWEEN POTASSIUM CONTENT AND BIOMASS Nutrients Nutrients + PANutrient Amount Biomass (mg) K (mg) Biomass (mg) K (mg)______________________________________100% 94.4 1.54 90.9 1.53 25% 67.3 0.99 89.3 1.53 12.5% 54.1 0.77 62.7 0.94______________________________________
Potassium is the most important metal needed for plant growth, and is the principal metal component of most fertilizers. However, heretofore no agent was known able to simultaneously increase the growth and potassium content of plants.
The content of other nutrients in plants from the full strength and 1/4-strength treatments described in Example 7, above, was determined. The observed results are set forth in Table VIII, below.
TABLE VIII______________________________________PLANT NUTRIENT CONTENT Amount, micrograms (μg) 25% Nutrients +Elements 100% Nutrients 25% Nutrients 50 ppm PA______________________________________Zn 9.2 2.6 3.7Mg 70 43 49Fe 2.5 1.0 5.9Ca 340 172 243Cu 3.9 3.7 3.2Mn 4.1 1.1 1.1Biomass, mg 94.4 67.3 89.3______________________________________
These results show that the content of most other minerals needed for plant growth was also greatly increased by the presence of PA. Particularly noteworthy is the substantial increase in the iron content at reduced nutrient level.
Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) was grown in tap water under conditions described in Example 6, above, and containing as nutrient media a solution of Peters™ 20-20-20 fertilizer at full strength (100% nutrients), half strength (50% nutrients), and one-quarter strength (25% nutrients), with and without 50 ppm polyaspartic acid (PA) (Code DGI-KI) of about 3,000-5,000 Mw.
The plants were harvested, oven dried, and weighed after 21 days. The average plant dry weight is reported in Table IX, below. All reported values represent 12 to 20 replicates.
TABLE IX______________________________________RESULTS Average Plant Dry Wt.Treatment milligrams (mg)______________________________________100% Nutrients 15.5100% Nutrients + PA 20.2 50% Nutrients 8.8 50% Nutrients + PA 15.1 25% Nutrients 3.7 25% Nutrients + PA 9.9______________________________________
The foregoing results are depicted graphically in FIG. 5. These results show that the addition of PA permits decreasing the nutrient level by about 50% without a significant decrease in plant growth. From FIG. 5 it can also be seen that while the addition of PA to the nutrient solution increased plant growth at all nutrient levels, the effect of PA was much greater at the relatively lower levels of nutrients. Specifically, an increase in plant growth of about 168% was noted when PA was added to a 25% nutrient solution, and an increase of about 29% was noted when PA was added to a 200% nutrient solution. Therefore, when limited amounts of nutrients were available for plant growth, use of PA increased the efficiency of usage of these nutrients.
Garden beans (Mayo's Red Peanut Bush) were grown in the greenhouse in gallon pots filled with Fafard 3B potting soil. Ten pots were given 50 ml of a 7,500 ppm solution of Peters™ 20-20-20 nutrient. Twenty pots were given 50 ml of a 2,500 ppm Peters™ nutrient solution, and 10 of these pots were also given four weekly treatments of 50 ml aliquots of a 1 ppm solution of PA in water. When the bean plants flowered, they were taken outside for insect pollination. The beans that grew were harvested. The weight of beans on each plant was then determined. Results in Table X, below, show that PA increased reproductive growth results in a greater weight yield of beans from each plant. The increase in bean yield in the 1/3 fertilizer treatment with PA compared to the fertilizer alone, was statistically significant with Duncan's multiple range test.
TABLE X______________________________________YIELD OF BEANS Average Fresh WeightTreatment of Beans/Plant, g______________________________________100% Nutrients 6.4 33% Nutrients 3.9 33% nutrients + 1 ppm PA 7.2______________________________________
The foregoing data show that when one-third the regular nutrient level was used along with 1 ppm of PA, the average fresh weight of bean/plant increased by 85%. This was a greater yield than was obtained when the 100% nutrient level was used. Under the conditions of limited nutrient availability, use of PA increased the efficiency of nutrient utilization resulting in increased bean yields.
A fast growing variety of rapeseed (Brasica rapus) was obtained from the Crucifer Genetics Cooperative at the University of Wisconsin. This variety was grown in 9-cm pots in a greenhouse. Pots were given 50 ml of a full strength solution of Peters™ 20-20-20 nutrient (7,500 ppm) in water, or the same volume of a 3,750 ppm solution in water. Some of the pots were given 50 ml of a 2 or 20 ppm solution of polyaspartic acid (PA) in water as a single treatment. Plants were pollinated by hand when they flowered. Mature seed pods were harvested. The observed results are reported in Table XI, below.
TABLE XI______________________________________RAPESEED HARVEST Average # Pods Average Dry Weight ofTreatment per Plant Pods per Plant, mg______________________________________Full Nutrient 3.8 20250% Nutrient 2.9 17450% Nutrient + 2 ppm PA 4.8 28350% Nutrient + 20 ppm PA 5.2 290Full Nutrient + 2 ppm PA 5.0 271______________________________________
The above results show that average grain yield was higher in plants given PA than in plants receiving nutrient alone. PA increased grain yield in plants given both full and M strength nutrient. In many plants yield was higher for plants given 1/2 strength nutrient +2 ppm PA than in plants receiving full fertilizer alone. This result shows that use of PA increased the efficiency of utilization of a limited amount of nutrients available to the rapeseed plants.
Duckweed was grown in tap water and in tap water solutions of polyaspartic acid (PA) following the procedure described in Example 6, above. Table XII, below, presents the compositions of the aqueous growth medium and the observed corresponding results. In each growth medium containing nutrients, the nutrient was Peters™ 20-20-20, and in each solution containing PA, the concentration of PA was 50 ppm.
TABLE XII______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ONDUCKWEED PLANTS GROWN IN TAP WATERAqueous Growth Medium Plant Dry Wt. (mg) % Change______________________________________A. Nutrient (2.2 g/L) 37Nutrient (2.2 g/L) + PA 78 111B. Nutrient (1.1 g/L) 18Nutrient (1.1 g/L) + PA 57 217C. Nutrient (0.55 g/L) 17Nutrient (0.55 g/L) + PA 22 72D. Tap water only1 20Tap water + PA 26 30______________________________________ 1 There is some mineral content in tap water.
In the above table, each treatment dosage of nutrient combined with PA is compared to the same nutrient dosage without PA (the control) and % change in plant weight compared to the corresponding control is given. The above results show that PA was least effective at promoting plant growth when it was given with treatment D that has no added nutrients. If, in fact, PA was acting as a fertilizer, it should have been most effective (as measured by relative % change over control) when plants had no added nutrient for growth. Actually, the reverse was observed to be true. PA was only effective in promoting plant growth in conjunction with a real nutrient source. In treatment D, when no nutrient was added, use of PA still permitted increased plant growth by facilitating uptake of minerals from the tap water.
Duckweed was grown in deionized water and in deionized water solution of polyaspartic acid (PA) following the procedure described in Example 6, above, except that the plants were harvested after four weeks instead of 21 days. Table XIII, below, presents the composition of the aqueous growth media that was used and the corresponding observed results. Because the biomass of each plant was so minimal, plants from eight replicate flasks of each treatment were combined to provide enough plant material to be weighed accurately.
TABLE XIII______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ONDUCKWEED PLANTS GROWN IN DEIONIZED WATERAqueous Growth Medium Plant Dry Wt. (mg) % Change______________________________________A. Deionized water 8B. Deionized water + PA 2 -75(50 ppm)______________________________________
The above results show that PA did not increase plant growth when added to deionized water from which all minerals had been removed. This effect would not have been observed if PA was functioning as a fertilizer.
The tests performed with duckweed plants as described in Examples 12 and 13, above, demonstrate (a) that PA had minimal biological activity when supplied to plants grown in tap water and (b) that PA itself showed no nutrient or fertilizer activity with regard to these plants when the plants were grown in deionized water.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,461 to Boehmke it is stated that K, Mg, and Ca salts of polyaspartic acid are suitable for use as fertilizers. No experimental evidence or examples are given to support this statement, however. The above tests with Duckweed plant in tap water and deionized water show that PA itself does not act as a fertilizer. It is likely that if the Ca, K and Mg salts of PA act as fertilizers, this activity is due to the nutrient value of Ca, K and Mg ions themselves rather than PA.
White corn (Zea mays L.) seed (5145 Truckers Favorite; George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) was planted in 8-cm black round pots with Fafard 3B potting soil. Each pot was given 0.3g, 0.15g, or 0.075g of Peters™ 20-20-20 nutrient. Five pots representing each treatment were kept as controls, five pots were given 50 ml of 5 ppm aqueous polyaspartic acid (PA) solution, and five pots 50 ml of a 500 ppm aqueous PA solution. After six weeks the plants were harvested, and the fresh weight and nitrogen content of the harvested plants was determined. The observed results are reported in Table XIV, below.
TABLE XIV______________________________________EFFECT OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ON CORN PLANTSTreatment Fresh wt., g Average N Content, mg______________________________________100% Nutrients 45.8 67.6100% Nutrients + 5 ppm PA 46.5 75.7100% Nutrients + 500 ppm PA 50.2 73.2 50% Nutrients 34.7 40.5 50% Nutrients + 5 ppm PA 45.6 57.6 50% Nutrients + 500 ppm PA 38.6 49.6 25% Nutrients 24.1 29.6 25% Nutrients + 5 ppm PA 31.7 36.2 25% Nutrients + 500 ppm PA 38.3 47.8______________________________________
Above results show that PA enables plants to be grown with a 50% reduction in nutrients without showing any reduction in growth. Simultaneously with increasing the corn biomass, PA also increased the nitrogen content of the corn. Plants grown with 25% nutrients and 500 ppm PA contained more nitrogen than plants grown with 50% nutrients that were given twice the amount of nitrogen.
A nutrient solution was made by adding Peters™ 20-20-20 nutrient (375 mg) to tap water (150 ml). The solution was divided into three aliquots. One 50-ml aliquot was maintained as a control. To another aliquot was added 1,000 ppm of polyaspartic acid, and 1000 ppm of lactic acid oligomer containing less than ten lactic acid residues and obtained by thermal condensation of 88% L-lactic acid by heating at 70� C. for 4 hours followed by heating under vacuum at 100� C. for 4 hours was added to the last 50-ml aliquot.
The turbidity of the samples were measured every day to ascertain the extent of microbial growth in each sample. Within a few days the solution containing the lactic acid oligomer had become milky, indicating microbial contamination. The sample containing polyaspartic acid remained substantially clear, even after 7 days. The observations are compiled in Table XV, below.
TABLE XV______________________________________TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS DAYS 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Control 0 0 0 0 0Polyaspartic Acid -0.04 +0.25 +0.26 +0.40 +0.95Lactic Acid Oligomer -0.11 +2.20 +3.45 +16.5 +382.0______________________________________
Results indicate that polyaspartic acid has a relatively longer life in the environment.
An illustrative aqueous composition suitable for incorporating polyamino acid or a crosslinked polyamino acid embodying the present invention and well suited for hydroponic farming is set forth in Table XVI, below.
TABLE XVI______________________________________HYDROPONIC GROWING MEDIUMNutrients ppm by weight______________________________________Nitrogen as N 50Phosphorus as P 48Potassium as K 210Magnesium as Mg 30Sulfates as SO4 -2 117Sodium as Na 3.619Chlorides as Cl 0.04Iron as Fe 3Zinc as Zn 0.15Copper as Cu 0.15Boron as B 0.5Manganese as Mn 0.5Molybdenum as Mo 0.1Water, q.s.______________________________________
Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) was grown in an aqueous solution containing relatively low levels of nutrients as shown in the following Table XVII.
TABLE XVII______________________________________LOW NUTRIENT COMPOSITIONNutrient Element Concentration (ppm as element)______________________________________Nitrogen (N) 12.5Phosphorus (P) 3Potassium (K) 12Calcium (Ca) 10Magnesium (Mg) 4Sulfur (S) 14Iron (Fe) 1Water, q.s.______________________________________
Tests were performed in which the plants were grown in separate flasks under controlled conditions employing the low nutrient solution which was enhanced by the addition of 50 ppm by weight of a selected co-polymeric acid, identified as Compound A, B or C in Table XVIII, below.
TABLE XVIII______________________________________CO-POLYMERIC ACID______________________________________A. aspartic acid (90 mole percent)- sulfoisophthalic acid (10 mole percent), sodium salt (Mw about 2,565 Daltons)B. aspartic acid (80 mole percent)-citric acid (20 mole percent), sodium salt (Mw about 1,653 Daltons)C. aspartic acid (90 mole percent)-adipic acid (10 mole percent), sodium salt (Mw about 7,640 Daltons)______________________________________
For evaluating stress protection, a similar series of tests were performed in which the plants were grown employing each of the foregoing compositions to which 3 ppm of Cu++ ion was also added. For each test, the enhanced nutrient solution was adjusted to pH 6.7�0.1 and five replications were performed, both with and without the added copper.
A single duckweed plant at the three-frond stage was placed in each flask. Each flask was then incubated under continuous light in a greenhouse at a temperature of about 28��2� C. for three days. The plants were then harvested, oven dried and weighed. The average dry weight of the plant is reported in Table XIX, below. All reported values represent an average of five replicates.
TABLE XIX______________________________________STRESS PROTECTION AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITYAVERAGE BIOMASS (mg)Compound no additional Cu++ 3 ppm Cu++______________________________________None (Control) 9.648 3.338A 11.314 5.270B 10.828 5.040C 12.766 4.916______________________________________
The data show that the addition of each of the co-polymeric acids to each low level nutrient solution resulted in enhanced plant productivity based on an average biomass increase of more than 10%. The data also show that the stress producing effect of copper toxicity limited plant growth to 35% as compared to the plant growth at non-toxic copper levels. The presence of each co-polymeric acid afforded a degree of stress protection by enhancing plant productivity to 47% for Compounds A and B and 39% for Compound C as compared to only 35% for the control.
The foregoing specification and the Examples are intended to illustrate the present invention, but are not to be taken as limiting.
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|May 2, 1985
|Sep 10, 1991
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|Composition and method for enhanced fertilizer uptake by plants
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|Dec 26, 1995
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|Dec 16, 1994
|Mar 11, 1997
|Bayer Ag
|Process for preparing polysuccinimide by high temperature reaction
|Byrnes, Fertilizer Research 26:209 215 (1990).
|Byrnes, Fertilizer Research 26:209-215 (1990).
|Kinnersley et. al., Plant Growth Regulation 9:137 146 (1990).
|Kinnersley et. al., Plant Growth Regulation 9:137-146 (1990).
|Citing Patent
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|Oct 29, 1998
|Sep 26, 2000
|Auxien Corporation
|Method for increasing plant productivity using glutamic acid and glycolic acid
|May 2, 2000
|Dec 18, 2001
|Emerald Bioagriculture Corporation
|Method for increasing plant productivity using glutamic acid and glycolic acid
|Apr 20, 2000
|Aug 13, 2002
|Emerald Bioagriculture Corporation
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|Sep 6, 2006
|May 19, 2009
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|May 22, 2012
|Regal Chemical Company
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|Jan 22, 2013
|Regal Chemical Company
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|Oct 26, 2006
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|Aug 17, 2006
|Feb 22, 2007
|King William E
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|Mar 8, 2007
|Roger Funk
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|Jul 6, 2009
|Dec 3, 2009
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|Slow-Release Fertilizer and Method of Making and Using Same
|Aug 24, 2010
|Aug 25, 2011
|King William E
|Slow-release fertilizer and method of making and using same
|Oct 28, 1999
|May 11, 2000
|Emerald Bioagriculture Corporation
|Method for increasing plant productivity using glutamic acid and glycolic acid
|May 1, 2001
|Nov 8, 2001
|Emerald Bioagriculture Corporation
|Method for increasing plant productivity using glutamic acid and glycolic acid
|Feb 21, 2012
|Aug 30, 2012
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|Phosphorus-free or low phosphorus fertilizer
|Jul 15, 2016
|Jan 19, 2017
|Evans Enterprises, Llc
|Compositions for enhancing plant nutrient uptake and method of their use
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 16, 1997
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I'm living in Slovenia, Europe. I love nature in all it's beauty. And, of course, I love taking photos at my trips, hiking, roamings... My mottos:think positive, work positive and life will be better and all good works comes back with good-once in our life. Enjoy and thank you for your kind words and WU friendship.
A break after seven days snowing....
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Friday January 18, 2013
Horjul, Slovenia
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One of 'Whittaker's' eccentricities is a fascination with the places where 'his' early Scottish song collectors hung out.
So, two weeks ago, he snapped this picture of Walter Scott's childhood doorway in George Square, just round from the University Library.
And now - wonder of wonders, an Edinburgh church historian has facilitated the location of the first site of an Episcopalian church, St Peter's Edinburgh, at 3 Roxburgh Place. Another door, oh yes indeed. A listed building, no less. This, ladies and gents, is the church where Alexander Campbell was organist. We're told it was in Nicolson Street, but actually Roxburgh Place is in a parallel street. Will Whittaker manage to gain access? Who knows, but we'll try!
The clergyman paid, out of his own pocket, for two flats on the ground floor, which were used as the church until the congregation grew and moved to different premises in 1807.


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Party Bus Santa Barbara is just the beginning of what is going to be a great evening at one of the many luxury destinations in the city. Take the ride with your friends to one of the many different hot spots in the city as you ride throughout in a Santa Barbara party bus rental. When it comes to preparing for a wedding, anniversary, or family reunion you want to make sure that you are capable of providing the most important people in your life with a transportation service that will be capable of providing you with the service you need. You can enjoy the interior space available within the party bus Santa Barbara it makes it easy for a fun and great ride.
Santa Barbara party bus is the transfer service you need to go to your wedding venue to celebrate your big day. With a vehicle full of bridesmaids and groomsmen sitting comfortable a party bus Santa Barbara is going to be capable of getting everyone there safely. With so many different things happening on your wedding it is important that you have your wedding party at the wedding venue. With an on time arrival at locations like the Canary Hotel, or at the beautiful Four Seasons-Santa Barbara location. If you want to be able to travel to one of the restaurants for the reception jump back into the Santa Barbara party bus and the chauffeur will take you to Blush Restaurant + Lounge or enjoy the find dining at the Secret Garden Inn & Cottages. The experience on your big day is important and arriving comfortably is key when it comes to planning a great evening in the city. Party Bus Santa Barbara will have the vehicle rental you need for your big day whether it is for 6 hours or for 10 hours.
Party Bus Santa Barbara
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Travel in an AC blasting party bus in Phoenix AZ. Stay warm in a party bus in Denver CO. Party bus rental in Dallas Texas makes everything more fun. With party buses in San Diego CA you can book family trips. Party buses Ft Lauderdale is for the best nightclubs. Party in a party bus in Austin Texas enjoy a sporting event. Miami Beach Party bus rentals allows for easy airport transfer.


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And they're off.
The gates open today in local races. People interested in running for, or keeping, a seat on area school boards and city councils can file for a place on the ballot starting today.
The election is Saturday, May 7. Early voting begins April 25 and ends May 3.
In Denton, city voters likely will see a full ballot in May. All the at-large seats are up for election, including the mayor's seat and two spots — Place 5 and Place 6 — on the City Council. Unlike district races (which are held in opposite years), city voters may cast a ballot in all three at-large races.
Place 5 council member Dalton Gregory and Place 6 council member Greg Johnson have maintained campaign war chests since their last election and are expected to run again. In addition, Mayor Chris Watts recently reopened his campaign finance network by appointing Bette Sherman as his treasurer.
All three would be running for their second two-year term, though Gregory previously served three terms as a district-level council member.
Other residents appear to be lining up to challenge the incumbents. For Place 5, Will Wooten has appointed Blake Meyer as campaign treasurer. A graduate student in information technology and decision sciences, Wooten is a well-known climate change activist.
Two other possible challengers chose to announce their interest in running during a political meeting at Robson Ranch retirement community late last year. Sara Bagheri, an attorney, announced her interest in running for Place 6, and Michael Cheves, a business consultant, announced his interest in running for Place 5. But neither has filed any campaign paperwork with the city secretary's office yet.
This year, heavy voter turnout at Robson Ranch could have its biggest impact yet on Denton elections. In 2013, Watts had broad support from Robson voters when he was first elected mayor. He previously served three terms as a district council member representing western Denton, including Robson Ranch. And last year, in the district races, Robson resident Kathleen Wazny sailed past her opponent (from northern Denton) to represent District 3.
At least one recall race will be on the ballot. A citizen petition requesting the recall of District 4 council member Joey Hawkins was deemed sufficient. Hawkins did not resign, which means the City Council is expected to order the recall election soon.
If District 4 voters agree to recall Hawkins, that seat likely would remain vacant until a special election in November to fill it. Much of southern Denton is represented by District 4.
Activists said they are continuing to work on another recall petition in District 1; however, there are only a few more weeks before such a petition would arrive too late for the May ballot.
The city charter does not allow signatures on a recall petition to be more than 45 days old, and it dictates the time frame for a petition to be evaluated. Feb. 19 is the last day a city can order a special measure, such as a recall election, for the May ballot.
The City Council's vote last summer to repeal a citizens ban on hydraulic fracturing is driving recall efforts. However, activists list other grievances on the petitions against the council members, including lack of support for ethics reforms and excessive tax incentives.
The seats of three Denton school board members are also up for election this May. They are Place 3, Dr. Glenna Harris; Place 4, Mia Price; and Place 5, Charles Stafford.
Ballots by mail
Residents who have a disability or are older than 65 may apply to receive all their ballots by mail. A new state law provides for the option, ostensibly to make voting easier for those who have a hard time getting to the polls.
Under the option, voters need apply only once, preferably at the beginning of the year, to receive their ballots for the primary election in March, the May and November elections, as well as any runoff ballots, by mail.
Others voters who require a ballot by mail to participate in the May 7 election, such as those who know they will be out of state during that time, have until April 26 to apply for a ballot by mail.
More information on voting by mail is available on the Denton County Elections Administration website at www.votedenton.com/early-voting-by-mail-absentee.
PEGGY HEINKEL-WOLFE can be reached at 940-566-6881 and via Twitter at @phwolfeDRC.


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Event Archive - Reemer, Anger & After, Point Five Zero
Fri. August 6th 2004 @ The Marine Club (No Minors)
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Point Five Zero
Spawned straight outta Burnaby BC, Point Five Zero has been spreading their own brand of alternative punk rock throughout the lowermainland. The band's ever changing style ranges from catchy pop-punk to in-your-face hardcore to alternative rock. Point Five Zero's energy charged live shows have earned them a place in BC's music scene. They've ripped... more info[Upload Show Photos] // [Add Video] // [Add Review] // [Upload Poster]


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The Florida State University Center for Multicultural Affairs
March—April 2011
A Year in Review The 2010-2011 School Year has truly been one to remember. Each week was packed full of events. The Center for Multicultural Affairs (CMA) affairs kicked off the school year with the Meet & Greet Mixer and the Multicultural Showcase. These events had over 200 students in attendance. Students were able to sign up to get involved with student groups, watch organizations perform, and receive free Rita's Italian Ice. We celebrated Hispanic Heritage Month with the Hispanic/ Latino Student Union during the months of September and October. November is American Indian Heritage Month (AIHM) and the theme was "You Have Pride, But Do You Have Honor?" During AIHM, the American Indian Student Union was restructured and regained status as a registered student organization. As the spring semester started we kicked of Martin Luther King Jr. Week, which was packed with events every day, and ended with our keynote speaker Jennifer "JJ" Jones and a day of service. The Black Student Union organized a wonderful Black History Month Celebration that students, faculty/staff, and Tallahassee community members participated in. Women's History Month was celebrated in March along with American Asian Awareness Month. In addition to many cultural celebrations, The Center for Multicultural Affairs held monthly Diversity Dialogues sessions where issues of identity, acceptance, and inclusion were discussed. In January, we held our annual Multicultural Leadership Summit. Lastly, we hosted our last two major events of the school year, FSUnity Day and the CMA Graduation and Recognition Ceremony. This year's FSUnity Day theme was "Show your True Colors" and students painted canvases to depict what that statement and unity meant to them.
What's Inside: A Year in
Review FSUnity Day
Rep Your Agency Week
Multicultural Stars
Mixer &
Showcase 2011 Congratulations! 5 CMA Scrapbook 6
Search for Multicultural Affairs on:
FSUnity Day On April 13th, 2011, The Center for Multicultural Affairs, The Division of Student Affairs, and the Florida State Campus celebrated our 7th annual FSUnity Day. This initiative brought the campus together for one day to celebrate the unity of department, students, faculty, and Registered Student Organizations as we continue to serve the students of Florida State University and the Tallahassee community. This year's theme was "Show Your True Colors." Students were able to show their true colors and artistic skills by painting what unity meant to them. In the course of an hour over 150 canvases were painted. In addition to painting there were also performances by Zeta Phi Beta Sorority Inc., From a City in Trees, and DJ D-Smooth. We also gave out free FSUnity Day T-shirts and Rita's Italian Ice. We would like to give a special thank you to all of our wonderful sponsors and planning committee for their hard work and dedication.
Rep Your Agency Week This school year the Center for Multicultural Affairs (CMA) introduced our newest program "Rep Your Agency Week" We highlighted different Agencies and registered student organizations that work with our office throughout the academic year. Students that were a part of these organizations were encouraged to stop by, mix and mingle, and take pictures with the CMA staff. Rep your agency week was held in October in the fall and in April in the Spring. If you would like CMA to rep YOUR Agency in the future email us at email@example.com and let us know!
Ambassadors for Multicultural Affairs Enjoy multiculturalism and diversity? Do you want to create an inclusive environment to all students at FSU? Ambassadors of Multicultural Affairs (AMA) may be the organization for you! AMA is dedicated to the preservation, promotion, and encouragement of diversity in the collegiate atmosphere, while encouraging its members to give humble service and respect to the campus community. We feel our job is not to enforce acceptance, but rather to facilitate the acceptance of all opinions and bring about positive, constructive, and uplifting changes towards openness and better understanding. For more information about Ambassadors of Multicultural affairs, please contact President, at email@example.com or visit us at: http://oma.fsu.edu/Ambassadors.html.
Chantell Dillard Chantell Dillard is a second year Junior majoring in Accounting. She was born and raised in the small town of Jupiter, FL. She is a proud member of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., a first generation college student. Chantell entered Florida State University through the C.A.R.E summer bridge program. Although she participated in the dual-enrollment program during high school, C.A.R.E really helped her transition from high school to college.
Aysha M. Daniels
The past two years Aysha M. Daniels has been a Graduate Assistant in the Center for Multicultural Affairs. Aysha is graduating from FSU this spring with a Master's Degree in Higher Education with a concentration in Student Affairs. She moved around often as a child livChantell said the following about herself "Every ing in Georgia, Texas, and Venezuela since I was a little girl, I have been passionate before spending most of her childhood about school and helping people. I know that in Miami, FL. Aysha received her the only way I will be able to accomplish my Bachelor's Degree in Anthropology with goals is through an education. I hope to one day find a job that I love as well as start my own a minor in Theories and Politics of business. This will help me achieve my ultimate goal of taking care Sexuality from the University of Florida. of my parents so they can have an early retirement." In her free time, Aysha enjoys going to the beach spending time with friends and family, and traveling. She also enjoys learning more about social justice issues, leadership, and service.
Artilis Carter
Artilis Carter was born and raised in Ft Lauderdale, Florida and is the youngest of three children. He isn't the only Seminole in his immediate family so choosing FSU wasn't tough. Artilis is a third year student studying criminal justice with a minor in psychology. Artilis did not waste any time getting involved on campus, his freshmen he joined the Black Student Union and has been an executive board member ever since. Working in the BSU is one of his passions and he also loves to see African American students get involved.
During her two years as a graduate student Aysha has worked diligently on many projects here in the office such as planning events during MLK week, advising student groups, planning the Multicultural Leadership Summit, and bringing Erin Davies with FagBug to Campus. As Aysha prepares to graduate we wish her well as we know she is going to do great things! Congratulations Aysha!
Love your CMA Familia, Artilis has been working with the CMA going on three years and has learned a lot. He has worked with the office to plan FSunity day 2011 and the 2011 Multicultural leadership Summit. Event planning is one of his many hobbies that include hanging out with friends and going to the movies. Artilis hopes to one day travel the world and learn many different languages.
Fagbug On March 23rd The Center for Multicultural Affairs and the Pride Student Union brought Erin Davies to campus, who was victim of a hate crime in Albany, New York. Because of sporting a rainbow sticker on her VW Beetle, Erin's car was vandalized. Erin decided to embrace what happened by leaving the graffiti on her car. She took her car on a trip around the United States and Canada. Along the way, Erin discovered other, more serious hate crimes and speaks about her experience. Erin Brought her rainbow VW Bug to Florida States campus and spoke about her experiences and what she is now doing to take action again hate crimes. She gave ways for others to get involved and be a part of the solution. The students that came thoroughly enjoyed her movie and her story. We hope this is just the beginning of many discussions such as this. If you would like more information about FagBug or how to get involved please visit her website www.fagbug.com, visit the Pride student union in the Oglesby Student Union, or visit the Center for Multicultural Affairs in the Globe in Suite 3100.
Mixer & Showcase 2011 The Center for Multicultural Affairs is already hard at work planning two special events for Seminole Sensation Week. These events will be the annual CMA Meet & Greet Mixer and the Multicultural Showcase. The mixer will be held on Thursday, August 25h in the Globe, where current and new students will be able to meet and mingle. Organizations will be given the opportunity to table, publicize upcoming events, and recruit new members. We will have lots of fun activities going on during this event and lots of FREE FOOD!
Does your organization need space on campus?
If you answered yes, then the Center for Multicultural Affairs may be able to help! CMA is currently accepting Student OrganizaThe annual Multicultural Showcase will be held on the evening of Frith day, August 26 in Moore auditorium. The event highlights diversity at tion Workspace applications for the 2011-2012 Florida State University through different student performances. The school year. Organizations Multicultural Showcase has always had a great turnout and past perhoused in the Center for formances have included spoken word from Poetic Lyricism, dancing from the groups Kollage Dance Troupe and CYPHER, step and/or stroll Global and Multicultural Engagement receive a performances from Theta Nu Xi Multicultural Sorority, Inc., Lambda desk, computer, two Tau Omega Sorority, Inc., Hermandad de Sigma Iota Alpha Incorpochairs, and a small storage rada, and others. If you and/or your organization is interested in tabling at the Meet area. For more information visit www.cma.fsu.edu or & Greet Mixer and/or performing at the Multicultural Showcase contact us at multiculturaplease contact email@example.com. firstname.lastname@example.com 4
We Hear Congratulations are in Order... Congratulations to all the new Greek Members...Spring 2011!
Congratulations to the New Agency Directors and their Administrations for the 2011-2012 school year: Asian American Student Union (AASU): Andy Silhanek-Director To Be Announced-Assistant Director Black Student Union (BSU): D'Mirtri Broome-Director Jeanine Clare Shua -Assistant Director Hispanic Latino/a Student Union (HLSU): Ivan Marchena-Director Lucy Caballero-Assistant Director
PRIDE Student Union (Pride): To Be Announced-Director To Be Announced– Assistant Director For more information on upcoming events, please visit www.cma.fsu.edu and check out our calendar!
Congratulations to the Class of 2011 On Wednesday, April 20th the Center for Multicultural Affairs had our annual Graduation and Recognition ceremony which recognizes graduating seniors who have promoted multiculturalism and inclusion on campus during their time here at Florida State. This year our office recognized 50 graduates who have made a difference on campus and in the Tallahassee community. At the ceremony the Seth Rossetti Scholarship was also awarded to Miss Edda Santos. Congratulations and good luck to all!
CMA Scrapbook 2010-2011 School Year
Published on Sep 21, 2011
This is the FSU Center for Multicultural Affairs News letter for the months of March and April of 2011


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Davy--an unassuming, yet subsequently bland law student--is destined to save the world. He knows this because a Possum Lady told him so. His friend Steve is an astronaut, at least according to Steve. Together they team up on a quest to gather an assortment of ancient artifacts with unreasonably elaborate names. On the way, they'll encounter an array of bizarre enemies, and even more bizarre allies. Still, for all the adventures that Davy will find himself entangled in, he'll need to remember, that even though he will save the world, he is only the second-most important person in the world.
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Numark Announces Mixtrack Edge DJ Controller
The Numark Mixtrack Edge is only an inch thick and can easily fit inside of a laptop bag or tablet style case as its about the same size as an iPad. The Mixtrack Edge is fully class-compliant which means it will work right out of the box without any additional drivers on PC and Mac. The aluminum jog wheels and chassis along with a built in protective cover make it ideal for traveling DJ's who need the protection against bumps and bangs.
The Numark Mixtrack Edge isn't really for everyone as its missing the EQ controls, pitch sliders, and a few other goodies that full-out DJ's need. The Numark Mixtrack Edge is more for a Niche type of market where a DJ just wants to do a quick set on the go (or in a hotel room/plane) or get some quick ideas to fruition for use on their "real" setup at a later time. The Numark Mixtrack Edge will come bundled with Virtual DJ LE and Algoriddim djay LE, but I'm sure they'll have mappings for all the others as the unit is released later this year for the low price of only $150.
I'm not sure if we'll get one in for a review considering its minimal setup, but stay tuned to this space as we'll definitely have more information on this product as time for release draws nearer... Check out the full press release below in the meantime and let us know what you think in the comments below!
Mixtrack Edge sports rugged Numark build quality, built-in audio, sleek aluminum platters, and a design that is less than one inch thin.
Cumberland, R.I. (April 10, 2013) – From the beginning, Numark's Mixtrack Series has given DJs the perfect mix of essential utility and professional capability. Mixtrack Edge brings the same spirit, offering advanced technology in a sharp design built for DJs on the go. Numark will unveil Mixtrack Edge at Musikmesse 2013 in Hall 5.1 at Booth B45 on April 10th in Frankfurt, Germany.
Mixtrack Edge's slim low-profile design features an integrated cover to protect the control surface and a full array of bright backlit controls surrounded by brushed aluminum, including sync, hot cue, loop, and two effects controls on each channel. An audio interface is built in for headphone cueing and PA system output. Slim metal platters control pitch bend, pitch fade, song selection, and cue mix.
"This is a controller for every DJ," said Chris Roman, Numark Product Manager. "Mixtrack Edge incorporates capabilities and design elements that make it a perfect go-to controller for cocktail hours, minimalist setups, or to keep with you all the time to work on or use for pre-gig prep."
Mixtrack Edge is class-compliant with both Mac® and PC and operates via standard MIDI, making it compatible with virtually any DJ software. It's also USB-powered, so no power adapter is required.
Numark will display Mixtrack Edge, along with another addition to the Mixtrack Series, Mixtrack Quad, a new four-channel controller that features a stunning array of colors on its platters and pads, giving DJs a fully interactive control surface.