text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 24, 1991
|Filing date
|Jan 12, 1990
|Priority date
|Jan 12, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William B. Gardner, Jane F. Kuhl, Calvin M. Miller, Linn F. Mollenauer
|Original Assignee
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (51), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to optical communications systems, and, in particular, to multiport optical devices for transferring optical signals, or portions of optical signals, from one transmission element to another.
With the growth of optical communications systems, the need for various multi-port optical devices has arisen. Such devices generally facilitate the implementation of new technology which increases the telecommunications capacity. For example, in effecting wavelength division multiplexed systems, three-port multiplexers for connecting sources with different wavelengths to a communication line, such as an optical fiber, are required. Additionally, the development of bidirectional transmission lines requires multi-port directional couplers which permit a terminal to receive a portion of a light signal while allowing the bulk of the signal to be transmitted to other terminals. More recently, all-optical, long distance communications systems have been proposed where fiber loss is periodically compensated by optical gain, such as from Raman or erbium amplifiers. Specifically this means that, in silica-based optical fiber, radiation of wavelength λs can be amplified by means of pump radiation that is down-shifted in wavelength from λs by a amount corresponding to shifts in wave number by about 100 to 600 cm-1. In such systems, polarization insensitive, wavelength dependent directional couplers are required for injecting the down-shifted Raman pump radiation.
The traditional approach of combining individual bulk components such as mirrors, lenses, prisms, and the like are limited by their poor insertion loss, large size, weight, and high cost. In attempts to overcome these difficulties, various proposals have been made for providing three and four port devices, such as couplers, switches, and demultiplexers/multiplexers, which are less costly and more reliable and efficient than prior art devices. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,213,677 discloses the use of a beam splitter between two graded index lenses. An optical signal from a fiber coupled to one surface of a lens is partially reflected from the beam splitter back to a fiber coupled to the same surface and also partially transmitted to a fiber on the opposite surface of another lens. By controlling the reflectivity of the beam splitter, the splitting ratio of the incoming light between two output ports may be adjusted. Replacing the beam splitter with an interference filter, consisting of a number of thin film layers, converts the the optical device into a wavelength demultiplexer or multiplexer. While such devices perform acceptably, once the transmissive characteristics of the filter or splitter have been set, the optical functionality and properties of the devices are immutable. Moreover, the cost associated with the fabrication of an interference filter is relatively high due to the number of layers required to achieved the desired transmission property.
Exemplary of the optical devices affording wavelength selective coupling is U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,849. There, an optical resonant cavity comprising two parallel dielectric mirrors permits resonance in a selected band of channels. Optical signals from a main trunk are coupled to one of the mirrors at an end face of the resonant cavity and, moreover, are coupled from the one mirror to an output port of the main trunk by evanescent coupling. Those signals to be coupled are selected according to the resonant condition of the cavity. However, because coupling between input and output ports in the main trunk is accomplished by evanescent coupling, it is necessary to employ tapered waveguides within the coupling region of interest or non-tapered waveguides suspended in air, which cause significant fabrication difficulties.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an optical device which is economical and affords efficient coupling among transmission elements as well as affords ease of fabrication. It is a further object of the invention to provide such a device where the functionality may be conveniently and dynamically altered to suit a particular need. Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide an optical device which is substantially insensitive to polarization.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved in accordance with the invention which is a multiport optical device for transferring optical signals, or portion of optical signals, from one transmission element to another. The inventive optical device utilizes a pair of graded index (GRIN) lenses having an interposed Fabry-Perot etalon. Moreover, the functionality of the device may be modified by changing the transmission characteristics of the etalon, which may be effected by varying the optical path length and the reflectivies of the mirrors. In operation, the optical device uses the GRIN lenses as image transfer lenses between input and output ports, wherein the wavelength selectivity therebetween is afforded by the filtering mechanism associated with the Fabry Perot etalon. With the optical signals having an angle of incidence substantially normal to the Fabry Perot etalon, the optical device is relatively polarization insensitive.
In one exemplary embodiment, a pair of GRIN lenses are separated by a small gap, with each GRIN lens having an end surface coated with a reflective mirror such that the two mirrors and the cavity enclosed therein form a stable Fabry Perot etalon. In accordance with the principles of the invention, the functionality of this device is modified by varying the optical path length of the etalon. For example, the optical device may be used as a wavelength multiplexer or as an optical splitter. Moreover, by utilizing a piezoelectric transducer, the optical device may be converted to operate as an optical switch.
A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the following description of a specific illustrative embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the appended drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary optical device in accordance with the principles of the invention; and
FIG. 2 shows the transmission and reflection characteristics of a typical Fabry Perot etalon.
A multi-port selective optical device in accordance with the teachings of this invention may be used for coupling, splitting, switching and demultiplexing/multiplexing optical signals. Shown in FIG. 1 is an exemplary multi-port optical device comprising 1/4 pitch graded index (GRIN) lenses 103 and 106 which are positioned such that their center axes are colinear. GRIN lenses, which are well known in the art, are optical glass rods with a radial refractive index gradient. Generally, the radial index n(r) of commercially available GRIN lenses resembles a parabolic function given by n(r)=no (1-A�r2 /2), where no is the refractive index along the center axis, A is the lens profile constant and r is the radial coordinate. For a review of the basic properties of graded index lenses and their applications in communications systems, see W. J. Tomlinson, Applied Optics, Vol. 19, No. 7 (1980). Mirrors 104 and 105 coat an end surface of GRIN lenses 103 and 106, respectively, and, moreover, are separated by a distance, 1, so that Fabry Perot etalon 109 is formed therebetween. It should be understood, however, that the Fabry Perot etalon may instead be formed by bulk mirrors interposed between the GRIN lenses.
Optical fibers 101 and 102, which are positioned near end surface 112 at a distance, δo, from the center axis, are in a symmetric relation thereto but perpendicular to end surface 112. In a similar manner, optical fibers 107 and 108 are positioned close to end face 111 at a distance, δo, from the center axis of GRIN lens 106. In operation, optical device 100 uses the GRIN lenses as image transfer lenses between input and output ports, wherein wavelength selectivity therebetween is afforded by the filtering mechanism associated with the Fabry Perot etalon. In contradistinction to prior art devices utilizing graded index lenses, optical device 100 does not employ any passive or dispersive optical elements having immutable transmission characteristics, such as multilayer interference filters or beam splitters. Instead, the transmission characteristics of the etalon employed can be dynamically altered by changing the optical path length thereof and, consequently, the functionality of the optical device may be tailored to the desired need.
Optical signals that emanate from optical fibers 101 and 107, respectively, are incident on respective end surfaces 112 and 111. These incident optical signals propagate close to the optical axis, intersect the optical axis, and then propagate away from the optical axis. In other words, the optical signals propagate in an undulating manner. One pitch is defined as a periodic length of the GRIN lens through which an optical signal propagates until it reaches a position where the same positional and angular deviation from the center axis again occurs. It is well known in the art that the pitch, P, is related to the lens profile constant A as P=2πA-1/2.
Fabry Perot etalons have a transmission characteristic with peaks and nulls in the spectral domain which is dependent on the separation between the mirrors. It is contemplated that the transmission peaks of the etalon will be positioned according to the results desired therefrom. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the typical transmission/reflection versus frequency profile of a Fabry Perot etalon shows a separation, Δν, between the transmission peaks known as the "free spectral range". In particular, the "free spectral range" is related to the separation, 1, by the relationship Δν=c/2lcosθ, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and θ is the internal angle of incidence. It should be noted that the transmissivity, T, is related to the reflectivity, R, as T=1-R and, moreover, is given by the following mathematical relationship: ##EQU1## where λ is vacuum wavelength of the incident light, r is the reflectivity of the mirrors and n is the refractive index of the medium enclosed between the mirrors. For a more detailed discussion of Fabry Perot etalons, see for example, the textbook "Principles of Optics", by Max Born et al., pp. 323-69 (1975). Additionally, it should be noted that the wavelength, λ, is related to the frequency, ν, by the following relationship: λ=c/ν. Hence, a reference made to wavelength is to be understood to encompass a reference in the alternative to frequency via the relationship above.
In this case, it is desired to couple an optical signal emanating from fiber 107 having a wavelength λp to fiber 102 while allowing an optical signal emanating from fiber 101 having a wavelength λs to be transmitted to optical fiber 102. In other words, optical signals in fibers 101 and 107 are to be multiplexed onto optical fiber 102. To this end, a transmission peak wavelength of Fabry Perot etalon 109 will be positioned to substantially coincident with the wavelength λp, while restricting wavelength λs to lie within a transmission null region (a reflective region), called the "free spectral range region". A simple way to position the transmission peaks of the etalon is to change the cavity length, i.e., the spacing between mirrors 104 and 105, such as by a piezoelectric transducer. It should also be possible to adjust the transmission characteristic of the etalon by inducing a change in the refractive index of the optical medium enclosed within the etalon cavity.
Accordingly, the optical signal from fiber 101, which is incident on end surface 112, is converted into a parallel beam and intersects the optical axis at the surface of mirror 104 at an angle of incidence substantially normal to mirror 104. As such, polarization effects dependent on deviations from normal incidence become minimal. The optical signal is, then, reflected from mirror 104 due to the transmission characteristics of etalon 109 and coupled to optical fiber 102. Furthermore, the optical signal emanating from fiber 107 is efficiently coupled into optical fiber 102 because the combined length of lenses 103 and 106 is 1/2 pitch, which affords a one to one imaging between the fibers. Similarly, it is apparent that incident light from fiber 108 having a wavelength, λp, may also be coupled into fiber 101. Accordingly, if optical signals at λs are injected into fibers 101 and 102, and optical signals at λp are injected into fibers 107 and 108, then it is possible to couple optical signals from fibers 101 and 107 into fiber 102 and, moreover, couple optical signals from fibers 108 and 102 into fiber 101.
By reciprocity, an optical signal comprising two wavelength components, λs and λp, incident on end surface 112 from fiber 101 may be demultiplexed onto fibers 102 and 108, respectively. That is, light having a wavelength λp will be coupled into fiber 108 while light having a wavelength λs will be coupled into fiber 102. Thus, the optical device, shown in FIG. 1, may serve as both a wavelength multiplexer and demultiplexer with wavelength selectivity dependent on the transmission characteristic of the Fabry Perot etalon which can be varied by adjusting the separation between the GRIN lenses, i.e., the cavity length.
While in the above description, the optical signals have contained only a single wavelength component, it is contemplated that these signals could comprise a plurality of wavelength components. In such a case, however, the signals which are to be coupled from fiber 101 to fiber 102 should have wavelengths lying within a free spectral region of the etalon whereas those components which are to be coupled from fiber 107 to fiber 102 should lie within a transmission peak region. Given that the half-power width, ν1/2, for the transmission peaks is given by the below relationship, it should be possible to achieve the desired results through a judicious selection of the mirrors' reflectivity and the cavity length of the etalon: ##EQU2## where F, called the Finesse, is given by ##EQU3##
In the case where it is desired to tap-off, i.e., split, a certain percentage of optical power from fiber 101 to fibers 102 and 108, the optical device shown in FIG. 1 may be utilized for that purpose. The percentage of tap-off power will be determined by the ratio of transmissivity to reflectivity for the Fabry Perot etalon. For example, by varying the reflectivity of mirrors 104 and 105, it is possible to adjust the transmissivity and reflectivity of the etalon for a particular wavelength so that a predetermined percentage of an optical signal propagating in fiber 101 can be coupled into fiber 102, while the remaining power is coupled into fiber 108. It should, of course, be realized that the cavity length should be adjusted so that the desired transmission and reflection ratio is positioned at the desired wavelength.
In the manner described above, optical device 100 can perform various optical functions. It is further possible, however, for optical device 100 to serve as an optical switch. Light incident from optical fiber 101 may be switched between fiber 102 and fiber 108. For instance, utilizing a piezoelectric transducer, a transmission peak of the Fabry Perot etalon can be adjusted to be substantially equal to the wavelength of the light emanating from fiber 101. As such, the light will be efficiently coupled into fiber 108 as described aboveherein. However, by changing the cavity length of the etalon via the piezoelectric transducer so that the wavelength of the light emanating from fiber 101 lies within a free spectral range region, the light will instead be coupled into fiber 102.
The coupling loss between fibers 101 and 102, and fibers 107 and 102 will be predicated upon several factors, such as the cavity length, fiber offset δo, numerical aperture of the lenses, as well as other factors. Lens aberration reduces the lens to fiber coupling and presents itself as an intrinsic loss in the optical device. Misalignment between the fibers and the GRIN lenses introduces an additional loss in the optical device. Ideally, the two 1/4 pitch GRIN lenses should produce a one to one image between the input and output ports. It is expected that the alignment will be less sensitive to transverse offset than the angular tilt and the longitudinal position. In addition, the excess loss will depend strongly on the modal distribution of the light in the input fibers if multimode fibers are employed.
In the fabrication of the various optical devices, standard GRIN lenses may be utilized. For example, various GRIN lenses having the trademark name of SELFOC� may be purchased from Nippon Sheet Glass Co. While the embodiments aboveherein employed GRIN lenses having a 1/4 pitch length, the various optical functions may be achieved so long as the length of the GRIN lenses are a positive odd integer multiple of 1/4 pitch. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the mirrors coated on the end surfaces of the GRIN lenses may be formed by standard evaporation techniques. Particularly, the mirrors may consist of a metallic film, a dielectric film and the like.
In order to better understand the performance of the optical device 100, it is interesting to note the effects of various physical parameters. For example, in order to access the input and output ports, the input fibers are offset from the center axis by amount δo which causes a tilt φ in the collimated beam inside the Fabry Perot cavity, given by: ##EQU4## where So and nL are the fundamental spot size and the maximum index of refraction of the GRIN lens, respectively. Unfortunately, this tilt introduces two sources of insertion loss: increased coupling loss at the output fiber and a loss due to the incomplete overlap of reflected beams within the cavity. Due to the tilt in the cavity beams, the beam path is displaced toward one side of the cavity with each successive reflection, i.e., "walkoff". The result is a resonant condition in which the beams existing in the cavity do not completely overlap and, thus, the efficiency of their interference is reduced. Moreover, this is manifested as a dimunition in the peak transmissivity of the cavity's resonant wavelengths.
Based on Gaussian beam propagation model, the effects of different design parameters on coupling loss were examined with the express assumption that no transverse or angular misalignment existed. GRIN lenses 103 and 106 were modeled as 1/4 pitch lenses having a 2 mm diameter, a numerical aperture of 0.16, a length of 16.3 mm and a lens profile constant √A mm-1 of 0.8964 at a wavelength of 0.83 μm. Additionally, the fiber offset, cavity length and reflectivity of the mirrors were set to 31.25 μm, 198 μm and 0.975, respectively. Assuming that light emanating from fiber 101 had a wavelength of 1.5 μm and a mode field radius of 5.2 μm, the "walk-off" loss and coupling loss were determined to be 0.15 and 0.16 db, respectively. Further simulations, indicated that maximizing the fundamental spot size, So, minimizes the tilt produced by the GRIN lens for a given fiber offset since the beams would have a larger area of overlapping. Clearly, it would therefore be desirable to use GRIN lenses that have a large So, i.e., small numerical aperture, in order to minimize insertion loss.
Since the reflectivity of the mirrors, which determines the finesse of the Fabry Perot etalon, is set by the system requirements, it is generally not a parameter that can be changed in order to minimize the coupling loss. However, calculations indicate that increasing the reflectivity increases the number of reflections in the cavity, leading to a greater "walk-off" and, thus, a greater total coupling loss. For instance, in the above example, increasing the mirrors' reflectivity from 0.975 to 0.99 increased the "walk-off" and coupling loss to 0.69 and 0.99 dB, respectively. With consideration to the length of the cavity, it is not surprising that longer cavities exhibit greater total loss since the beams have a greater physical distance to travel. However, it is anticipated that for lengths of less than 50 μm, the total coupling loss will be a few tenths of a dB, well within acceptable limits for most applications. It is further anticipated that using an index-matched cavity will allow the same optical path length, yet reduce the amount of "walk-off" since physically the cavity is smaller. Apposite to the consideration of loss are the effects of the fiber offset. From eq (4), it is evident that the tilt is determined, in large part, by the offset of the fibers. Hence, by reducing the fiber offset, the loss may be kept to a minimum. If for example, two fibers are placed side by side in a single glass ferrule and centered on the GRIN lens, the minimum achievable offset is one-half the diameter of the fiber.
It is contemplated that the present optical device will be useful in numerous applications in optical communications systems. For example, it may be used in bi-directional optical communications systems for coupling amplifier pump radiation onto a transmission fiber in order to compensate for fiber loss. Other applications will be readily obvious to those skilled in the art seeking a low cost, polarization insensitive, highly efficient device for coupling, demultiplexing/multiplexing or switching optical signals.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 12, 1990
Owner name: AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, A CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GARDNER, WILLIAM B.;KUHL, JANE F.;MILLER, CALVIN M.;ANDOTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005223/0643;SIGNING DATES FROM 19891222 TO 19891227
Owner name: BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES, INCORPORATED, A CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GARDNER, WILLIAM B.;KUHL, JANE F.;MILLER, CALVIN M.;ANDOTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005223/0643;SIGNING DATES FROM 19891222 TO 19891227
|Jan 25, 1995
|Fee payment
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|Mar 2, 1999
|Fee payment
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|Feb 4, 2003
|Fee payment
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text:
03:19:31 am
03:19:31 am
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
i call my voice mail also and am unable to key pin because screen is dark
Proximity sensor which is located near the earpiece makes the screen dark when making a call. Try cleaning the upper part of the phone, something maybe blocking the sensor.
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text:
SAN FRANCISCO — The future seems to keep getting here more quickly than we expect. We can monitor our kids from a hand-held device, our takeout might soon be delivered by robots, and self-driving cars are already cruising our streets.
But as more of this technology goes mainstream and interacts with consumers, the legal exposure for companies similarly expands. Here's an overview of where liability litigation and emerging tech are likely to collide.
Driverless Cars
Liability on the roads right now is pretty much a driver-centered issue; if you smack into someone's rear bumper because you're glued to Snapchat, the fault is yours. But as driverless cars make their way onto the roads, the picture becomes a lot more complicated, said Farella, Braun + Martel insurance lawyer Dennis Cusack in our latest podcast.
Right now, the autonomous cars that are on the road are "hybrids," with human operators who are expected to remain alert even when in autonomous mode. Parsing whether the machine or the human failed can be a complicated endeavor, especially when other cars on the road are not autonomous. It took federal regulators months to determine whether Tesla was at fault in a May 2016 crash involving an automated Tesla Model S and a tractor-trailer. (They ultimately could not find any defect.)
But product liability for manufacturers could take on a whole new dimension with the advent of totally self-driven vehicles. "I think the presumption we're going to have at the outset is that, if there is an accident with a fully autonomous car, the car and the manufacturer are going to be at fault," Cusack said. Expect car manufacturers and insurance companies to tangle in court over who should pay for the damage.
One of the big questions for "Internet of Things" device manufacturers is whether they'll be held liable for security gaps. There's been no shortage of data breach litigation in recent years (more on that below). But what's now emerging is a line of cases that test whether companies can be sued simply because of the existence of a security flaw. It's a notion that defense attorneys balk at, but say could be a significant threat. It brings into the crosshairs any device "that can be found or alleged by a security researcher down the road to have a flaw or a vulnerability," said Megan Brown, a partner at Wiley Rein in Washington.
The Federal Trade Commission is already fighting in federal court with D-Link Corp., a Taiwanese manufacturer of wireless routers and Internet cameras, over the use of simple, hard-wired passwords in its devices. And some civil plaintiff attorneys have been arguing that consumers would have paid less for their devices if they had known about security weaknesses. The issue goes beyond small electronics to large manufactured goods such as cars. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit will likely hear oral arguments soon in a case against Toyota, Ford and General Motors (Cahen v. Toyota Motor, 16-15496) centering on whether plaintiffs have standing to sue over security gaps in their systems.
Whether it's land rights, air rights or nuisance claims, drones pose a raft of potential legal challenges for the courts. Depending on how quickly Amazon sends delivery drones zipping over our heads, one of the specific questions they could confront soon is whether homeowners can sue to stop drone operators from passing over their property. "The property issues relating the air above you really haven't been developed," said John Yanchunis, a class action attorney at Morgan & Morgan in Tampa.
If that sounds like a cloudy legal issue, companies also have more basic concerns. With some drones collecting hours upon hours of video data, another big question for some large companies is the extent of their legal liability in managing that data. An attorney for BNSF said at a recent conference that the railway operator has had to wrestle with whether it could be found negligent for missing a track problem that an inspection drone might have captured on video.
In the meantime, drone makers are also busy on the regulatory front, pushing to ease Federal Aviation Administration rules that generally require operators of small "unmanned aerial vehicles" to keep the craft within line-of-sight.
Data Breaches
With hacking by state and nonstate actors alike showing no sign of abating, litigation over data breaches seems to be here to stay. Although the U.S. Supreme Court's Spokeo decision made it more difficult for data breach victims to assert standing, it has not extinguished that line of litigation, note Alexander Southwell and several other Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher attorneys in a recent blog post.
Among the cases to watch in that space: the multidistrict litigation over the Yahoo data breach, which affected over 500 million account holders worldwide, and the ongoing case in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia over a breach affecting more than 20 million government workers. Yanchunis, who is lead counsel in the Yahoo MDL and is also involved in the OPM case, is confident about plaintiffs' position.
"The law in four circuits has gone to the point where if your information is taken," he said, "you have the right to litigate your interest in how your information is protected going forward."
Ben Hancock is a San Francisco-based reporter for The Recorder and Law.com. He writes about the future of litigation, including third-party finance, legal data analytics, and artificial intelligence in the law. Contact Ben at firstname.lastname@example.com. On Twitter: @benghancock


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The 99-Cent Only Stores Cookbook
Aired October 15, 2008
Times are tough, but that doesn't mean you have to go without gourmet meals. Find out how you can whip up a masterpiece ... with ingredients from the 99 Only Store!
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HYPEBEAST 100: The innovators from all realms of creativity in the spotlight.
With in-depth interviews, focused features and fashion-forward editorials, our print publication features long-form coverage of the topics valued by readers.
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21 Easy Sewing Projects: DIY Designs and Sewing craft Ideas
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Latest Comments
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Denim Pocket Pincushion
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If you're looking for easy denim crafts that don't require any new fabric, this project is for you. Use old, tattered or ill-fitting jeans to create your own Denim Pocket Pincushion from Cyndee Kromminga. Use the reverse applique technique to add a star to your creation.
- Adult size blue jeans
- Scissors
- 3-inch star-shaped cookie cutter
- Marking pen
- Fabric scrap
- Sewing machine
- Small pointed scissors
- Compass
- Straight pins
- Stuffing
Cut out the back pockets from an old pair of adult jeans. When doing so, cut around the pockets, through the fabric of the jeans. Each pocket will resemble a little bag.
Lay one pocket on your work surface with the back facing up. Center a 3-inch star-shaped cookie cutter on the pocket and trace around it using a marking pen.
Cut a fabric scrap slightly smaller than the stitched edges of your pocket. With the pocket facing right side up, insert the fabric in the pocket with its right side facing up.
Place the pocket under the presser foot on your sewing machine with the marked star facing up. Sew the shape of the star on the marked lines.
Using small pointed scissors, carefully cut out the front layer of the star shape 1/4 inch inside the stitched lines. Remove the cut denim to reveal the fabric that is sandwiched between the layers.
Center and trace a circle around the cut star using a compass. Make the circle as large as your pocket will allow. Cut out the circle through all the layers. Place the remaining pocket on your work surface with the wrong side facing up. Center and pin the cut circle on the pocket with the star facing up. Sew the circle to the pocket using a 1/4-inch seam allowance and leaving a 2-inch opening for stuffing.
- Cut the backing around the circle. Fill the pincushion with stuffing. Close the opening using the same 1/4-inch seam allowance as was used on the rest of the cushion's edge.
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Tuesday, October 28, 2014
Monnit In Business Monitoring Sensor Deal With Sprint
Salt Lake City-based wireless sensor developer Monnit and telecom carrier Sprint are in a deal to offer up wireless monitoring to businesses, using Monnit's technology. Sprint and Monnit said the new offering for its customers is specifically aimed at facility and plant management for its business customers. Financial details of the arrangement were not announced. The two said that Monnit currently offers up over 40 different types of wireless sensors--including temperature, humitiy, access, motion, water, light, and other sensors--all of which can be connected to a cellular gateway from Sprint. Monnit is led by Brad Walters.


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Auction Date: 10/12/2016 at 10:30 am
REEL & SPOOLS: (4) BFR magnum bar stock alloy salmon fly reel, 4" diameter, rear disc brake adjuster, fine with 3 spare spools lined and padded reel case
The auction took place on 10/12/2016. We will update the website with the latest price list shortly. Please come back later.


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|08 Dec 2016
google drive share option
Hi, the right click - google drive - share in windows explorer gives me this, any fix?
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2016
windows 7 ultimate x64
This is a known google drive issue: it gets blocked by a variety of extensions in you browser. Try disabling (or adding the google drive address) to any add blockers. Ideally test without any extensions and then reenable one by one until you find the guilty party...
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2016
I thought that also, but that's not the case, I tried disabling all the extensions in Chrome, no result. Thanks.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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No option to change folder icon when connecting to a share
Hi all I'm after some help, I have a shared folder on a Windows 7 machine within a small home network. When connecting to this shared folder from an XP machine and right clicking and taking the customize option there is no option to "Change Icon" This option is available when trying from the...
|General Discussion
Win 7(32b) won't share second drive
Have Dell Dimension 8400 I fixed up with new disk and 4g ram. Put a clean Win7 32 install on the new 500g disk, and formatted the old 250 as a spare disk. Nice box! My main machine is a Win7 64b Ultimate box - I can network to an XP SP3 box, and the Dell 8400 main disk (made a folder there and...
|Network & Sharing
Bing Grows, Google Stagnates, Yahoo Loses Market Share.
Source - Bing Grows, Google Stagnates, Yahoo Loses Market Share - February 2010, US search data - Softpedia
Share option in properties/menu missing
So i have all sharing options turned on, home network. I could copy files from xp and i could access etc. but the problem is that i cant share a folder. The option in folder properties, context menu or menu bar is totally missing. File and printer sharing is enabled.
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No share option on libraries
I have windows 7 on 2 machines at home. My workstation is W7 home prem, and the lappy is W7 Enterprise. Been struggling to share libraries between them, mainly due to what I think is firewall issues (outpost pro on workstation, windows fw on lappy). I've just noticed that on the lappy I can...
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Share Folder option greyed out
I am having a mini-lan with a couple of mates running Vista 64 and I cant seen to share one of my drives (or any folders) becuase the "share" option is greyed out!?!? The network is fine because they can both access my "public" folder but is there any way to enable sharing?? Cheers, ...
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"Highway" legislation makes changes to tax-filing deadlinesThe Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015 (the Act), signed into law July 31, 2015, modified several tax provisions.
Cross-border considerations for individualsBaker Tilly and Collins Barrow international tax specialists discuss the tax, legal, and personal financial planning challenges when moving to or from the US and Canada.
Succession Reset: Family Business Succession in the 21st CenturyA study of family owned businesses conducted by Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP and Baker Tilly International indicates that the majority of US family business owners are not succession-ready.
Identifying and preventing retirement distribution planning mistakesUnderstanding the complicated rules of retirement distribution planning can prevent missteps and help preserve significant portion of an individual's assets.
Final regulations for not-for-profit hospitals under the Affordable Care ActThe IRS released new rules in the form of regulations for NFP hospitals. These rules mandated by the Affordable Care Act are mandatory for NFP hospitals in order to maintain their not-for-profit 501(c) (3) status.
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The typical asking rate per listing is in the $50's per square foot per year. The Coral Gables Section submarket is seeing a a boost in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate went up $12 per sqft per year. That's a 25% increase in rent.
Compared to the rest of the Gold Coast market, the Coral Gables Section region has more expensive rates, and you'll need to pay a premium to be in this hot region.
In the last 90 days, 324 listings have been listed, so you'll want to check back regularly for new listings. About 7% of the office spaces in the Coral Gables Section are subleases, so you will probably have to consider a longer term lease. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet available, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
Even though the median size is 2,780 sqft, there are still 0 new availabilities below 2,000 sqft. Most buildings in this area are close to 11 stories. Most buildings in this market were built in 1980 and are Class A.
A large portion of this region is residential, but there's plenty of office_space. Professional services is the dominant industry in this market. Commute by public transit is the most popular way to get to work amongst Coral Gables Section residents. Commuting between 30 and 45 minutes a day is the norm for those who opt to reside in this part of town.
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Coral Gables Section.
Get email notifications when new listings are posted that match your requirements.


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The League
League Rep Side
Club Secretaries Login
Next Weeks Fixtures
|Home Team
|Away Team
|Kick off Time
|30th Sep
|Balti Sports
|Sturminster Newton
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Blandford Utd
|Mere Town
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Bridport Res
|Hamworthy Utd Res
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Gillingham Town
|Merley Cobham Sports
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Hamworthy Recreation
|Sherborne Town Res
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Holt Utd
|Swanage Town & Herston
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Milborne Port
|Parley Sports
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Wareham Rangers
|Shaftesbury Town Res
|3.00 pm
|30th Sep
|Westland Sports
|Dorchester Sports
|3.00 pm
|27th Sep
|Dorset Premier League
|Army Intelligence Corp
|19.45 pm
The DPL (Sponsored by CADBURYS BUSINESS PARK) Update
Latest Updates - Latest News - News Section
Site Updated - 18:43 on 26/09/2017
League Representative Side
FA Vase 1st Round Draw
SWANAGE TOWN & HERSTON FC's reward for their progress into the 1st Round will be an AWAY trip To South West Peninsula League Side - BODMIN TOWN FC on Saturday 21st October 2017 - Kick Off 3.00pm
FA Vase
Owing to Swanages continued run in the FA Vase, their next round will be played on October 21st, this will mean that the DPL League Cup Tie Hamworthy Recreation v Swanage Town & H will now be Postponed and re arranged for another date. This now means Hamworthy Recreation will be spare on the 21st.
Match Day Round Up
FA Vase - CONGRATULATIONS
The Swans are at it again after another Epic tie at Days Park culminating with a late injury time winner that sees them progress into the 1st Round proper on October 21st. Leading 2-0 at Half time through goals from Beard (33) & Atkinson (41) they were pegged back in the 2nd half as 2 Hartigan goals (68 & 75) drew the visitors deservedly level. However Swanages never say die attitude proved crucial again as Beard scored his 2nd and Swanages 3rd in the 92nd minute to book their place in the hat for Mondays 1st Round draw.
CAMERON BEARD wheels away after scoring Swanages injury time winner
Picture courtesy of ST&H FC & @andythephoto
8 games today produced 53 goals as Balti Sports returned to the top of the table after a 4-3 win at Cranford Avenue against Gillingham Town but they can count themselves fortunate after leading 4-0 at one stage. Hamworthy Recreation thumped Milborne Port 7-0 on the road, another high scorer were Dorchester Sports who thumped Sherborne Town Res 10-0 at the Avenue Stadium with Will Turland bagging 6 goals. Holt United comfortably won at Parley Sports 5-2, with Blandford United also winning on the road 4-2 at Sturminster Newton. Westland Sports defeated their opponants Hamworthy United Res 2-0 at Alvington. Merley Cobham Sports welcomed Mere Town and drew 1-1. In the remaining game in the Purbecks, Wareham Rangers and Bridport Res shared 12 Goals !! with the visitors edging the goal fest 7-5.
Top Goalscorer & Golden Glove
The totals for the above awards in the Panels on the right hand side are for LEAGUE GOALS & LEAGUE CLEAN SHEETS only, NO CUP STATS ARE INCLUDED.
Good Luck
On behalf of the League, we send the very best wishes to ALL at Swanage Town & Herston FC for their FA Vase Tie against Fawley AFC this week end.
DCFA Senior Trophy -Rnd 2 Draw (Selected Fixtures)
BLANDFORD UNITED v Verwood Town Res
Poole Borough v DORCHESTER SPORTS
BALTI SPORTS v Lower Parkstone CFC
MILBORNE PORT v HOLT UNITED
WAREHAM RANGERS v Allendale
HAMWORTHY RECREATION v Corfe Castle
SHAFTESBURY RES v Lyme Regis
Piddletrenthide Utd v MERLEY COBHAM SPORTS
HAMWORTHY UTD RES v SHERBORNE TOWN RES
PARLEY SPORTS (Holders) v BRIDPORT RES
Corfe Mullen v STURMINSTER NEWTON or Wimborne Town Development
ALL Ties to be played on the 4th November 2017 - Kick Off - 1.30pm
Match Day Round Up
Leaders Balti Sports suffered their 1st defeat of the season after a 5-3 defeat at the hands of Hamworthy Recreation at Magna Road meaning Swanage Town & Herston take over at the top after defeating their visitors Bridport Res 4-1. Westland Sports travelled to Blandford Utd and won 3-1 whilst Gillingham Town won by the same score at Hardings Lane against Wareham Rangers. Holt United defeated Merley CS 3-0 at Petersham Lane, Mere Town beat Sherborne Town Res 4-1 at home with Hamworthy United Res winning by the same scoreline at Milborne Port. Parley Sports picked up a welcome 2-0 win at home against Shaftesbury Res, finally Dorchester Sports thrashed Sturminster Newton 6-1 at Barnetts Field.
League Representative Side
Please see details of our 2 forthcoming matches for the Representative side.
For Squad details, please follow link below;
DPL League Cup - Round 1 - UPDATED
Following Yesterdays 2 Preliminary ties, please see Updated Draw for Round 1 - The Draw was made at the Secretaries meeting before the start of the season.
Blandford Utd v Holt Utd
Hamworthy Recreation v Swanage Town
Sherborne Town Res v Parley Sports
Shaftesbury Res v Dorchester Sports
Milborne Port v Sturminster Newton
Westland Sports v Bridport Res
Merley CS v Balti Sports
Hamworthy Utd Res v Mere Town
All ties to be played on October 21st - 2017
Kick Off 2.00pm
Match Reports
The Latest Match Reports can be found in the NEWS SECTION and will be updated every week on a Sunday Evening.
Match Day Round Up
SWANGE TOWN & HERSTON 4-3 Ash United - After Extra Time.
Swanage are at it again after this dramatic win 4-3 after Extra Time this afternoon. The Swans took the lead through Cameron Beards 11th minute effort only to be pegged back and fall behind 2-1 by Half Time. Into the 2nd Half and with time running out Graham Rose made it 2-2 in the 83rd minute. So to Extra time and Rose got his 2nd and Swanages 3rd to give them the lead in the 101st minute only for Ash Utd to get their 3rd 10 minutes later, further chances came and went and so with a replay looming and time up on the clock, up stepped Aaron Scott to score a dramatic winner for the Swans to send the Locals wild and secure a place in the next Round on the 23rd September when they will host Wessex League side, Fawley AFC. Kick Off 3.00pm
Blandford United progress to Round 2 after an excellant 2-0 win at Gillingham Town, joining them in Round 2 will be Hamworthy Recreation who also won on the road, 4-0 at Wareham Rangers.
Dorchester Sports hand Holt United their 1st defeat of the season after deservedly winning 5-2 at the Avenue Stadium, whilst Merley Cobham Sports turned around a HT defecit to beat Bridport Res 4-2 at home. Leaders Balti Sports were held to a 3-3 draw by Hamworthy Utd Res who led at HT at the College. Westland Sports entertained Sturminster Newton at Alvington and won 5-0 whilst Shaftesbury Res travelled to Sherborne Town Res and came away with all 3 points after a fine 5-1 win.
DPL Respect Marks
Congratulations to Sherborne Town FC Reserves for winning the Games 1-5 Respect Award based on marks given by the Match Referee for, The Behaviour of the Players, The Behaviour of the Management Team and the effectiveness of the Captain.
Their winners Cheque will be dispatched shortly of £75.00
Upto & Including 02/09/17
Good Luck
On behalf of the League, we send the very best wishes to all at Swanage Town & Herston FC for their FA Vase Tie against Ash United FC this week end.
Dorset Senior Trophy 1st Round Draw
STURMINSTER NEWTON FC v Wimborne Town FC Development
Tie to be played Saturday October 7th - Kick Off 2.30pm
ALL Other sides received a BYE into Round 2
Somerset Senior Cup 2nd Round Draw
WESTLAND SPORTS FC V Middlezoy Rovers FC
Tie to be played Saturday October 7th - Kick Off 2.30pm
Club Notices & Advertisments
Hamworthy Recreation FC have posted details of their "Comedy Night" scheduled for November in the Club Notices & Advertisment page on this Web Site.
Match Day Round Up
Its as you were at the top of the table as Balti Sports won a 9 goal thriller 5-4 at home against Blandford Utd to remain in pole position, Swanage Town & Herston remain in 2nd place after a 3-2 win at Days Park against Shaftesbury Reserves. Hamworthy Recreation move up in to 3rd place after a 3-1 win at the Avenue Stadium against hosts Dorchester Sports. Gillingham Town welcomed Hamworthy Utd Res with the match ending 3-3 at Hardings Lane, Mere Town continued their impressive start to the season as they won again, this time beating their visitors Wareham Rangers 4-3. Merley Cobham Sports were the top scorers of the day as they thrashed Sherborne Town Res 10-1 at home, Parley Sports got a welcome 1st win of the season on the board as they beat Bridport Reserves 1-0 at home. Holt United travelled to Sturminster Newton with the Bulls running out impressive 5-1 winners.
In the Somerset Senior Cup, Milborne Port lost 8-2 at home to Bridgewater Town Reserves whilst Westland Sports progressed into the next round after a comfortable 6-1 win at Hutton FC.
Match Day Round Up
In the early kick off, Mere Town entertained Westland Sports, which resulted in a 0-0 draw. In the late games, Shaftesbury Reserves picked up their 1st win of the season by beating Sturminster Newton 3-0 at home whilst Balti Sports moved back to the top of the table after 2 second half goalds sealed their 2-0 win at Bridport Reserves.
Wareham Rangers v Holt United was Postponed, due to an unfit pitch, in accordance with League Rules.
Match Day Round Up
Swanage Town & H secured a decent 2-0 win at Merley CS to go top of the table , Blandford Utd bounced back from their weekend defeat with a 3-2 win at hosts Parley Sports, another side to win 3-2 on the road were Dorchester Sports who triumphed at Milborne Port despite going down to 10 men early on. In the late games Gillingham Town carried on their recent good form with a 4-0 win at Hardings lane against Sherborne Town Res.
Match Day Round Up
Swanage Town & H returned to winning ways after their 6-5 defeat midweek, when they came from being behind at the break to beat visitors Hamworthy Recreation 2-1 at Days Park. Gillingham Town continued their good form by beating visitors Blandford Utd 5-0, Merley CS scored 2, 2nd half goals to overcome their visitors Shaftesbury Res 3-1 at home. Westland Sports entertained Holt Utd at Alvington with honours even after a 1-1 draw, another draw this time 0-0 was shared between Sturminster Newton Utd and their visitors Parley Sports. Mere Town comfortably beat visitors Milborne Port who remain rooted to the bottom of the table, whilst Bridport Res returned from their trip to Sherborne Town Res with all 3 points after a 3-1 win. Balti Sports remain top this evening after beating Wareham Rangers 4-0 at the College.
Match Day Round Up
In the early kick off Dorchester Sports beat Bridport Res 5-2 at the Avenue Stadium. In the late games Swanage welcomed Balti Sports to Days Park and what followed was simply unbelievable, Balti went 3 up after 14 minutes, Swanage pulled 1 back, further goals apiece and a sending off for a Swans player saw the visitors lead 4-2 at half time. Swanage then got back to 4-4 only to have another player sent off, back went Balti in front only for Swanage with 9 men to draw level at 5 a piece, however with minutes remaining Balti went 6-5 up and hold on for the win. Meanwhile, Blandford Utd picked up an impressive 4-1 at Shaftesbury Res.
Match Day Round Up
Westland Sports ran out convincing 5-0 winners against Sherborne Town Res, Sturminster Newton won for the 3rd time this season after beating Milborne Port 2-0 at home whilst Hamworthy Recreation and Parley Sports played out a 7 goal thriller at Magna Road with the home side edging it 4-3. In the late Kick Off's Gillingham Town welcomed Mere Town to Hardings Lane, with the home side winning 4-0, meanwhile at the County Ground, Hamworthy Utd Res defeated Wareham Rangers 4-1.
Westland Sport's Anthony Herrin puts them 1 up against Sherborne Town Res
Match Day Round Up
8 games played today and another bumper goal haul of 48 goals across the League. Swanage Town & Herston sit atop of the table tonight with the only 100% record after their 3rd win of the season after defeating Hamworthy Utd Res 4-2 at Days Park. Balti Sports thrashed Parley Sports 8-1 at Cranford, whilst Merley CS thrashed Milborne Port 9-1 at home. Holt United welcomed Gillingham Town to Petersham Lane and despite going 1 down ran out convincing 5-1 winners. Mere Town continued their good start to the season with a 2-0 win at home against Bridport Res, Westland Sports entertained Hamworthy Recreation at Alvington with the home side edging a tight game 1-0. Shatfesbury Res and Dorchester Sports played out an 8 goal thriller at Cochrams with the visitors edging it 5-3. Finally, Sturminster Newton surrendered their 100% start going down 4-2 at home to an impressive Wareham Rangers.
Holt United FC Goalkeeper CHRIS LYNCH receiving his;
"Golden Glove [14 Clean Sheets] " award for 2016/17
From Lg Chairman, Mr Mike Mock before todays Holt v Gillingham Town match.
Merley CS v Milborne
Photo courtesy of Steve Harris - email@example.com
Holt v Gillingham
Photo courtesy of Terry Lucas - GTFC
Sin Bin Trial UPDATE
After 2 Rounds of games, we have seen reported to date, 5 Sin Bin recordings, this = 0.29 per match - Dissents last season ran at 0.46 per match.
Sin Bin Table:
FA Inter League Cup
Dorset Senior Cup 1st Round Draw
Wimborne Town FC v GILLINGHAM TOWN FC
Verwood Town FC v Sherborne Town FC
SWANAGE TOWN & HERSTON FC v Shaftesbury FC
Bridport FC v Weymouth FC
BYES - Dorchester Town FC - Hamworthy United FC - Poole Town FC - Portland United FC
Ties to be played W/C 30th October 2017
Match Day Round Up
In the early kick offs, Swanage Town & Herston won a tight Purbeck Derby at Wareham Rangers 1-0. Dorchester Sports and Balti Sports shared the spoils 1-1 at the Avenue Stadium. In the late matches, Sturminster Newton remain unbeaten as they won again 3-0 for the 2nd successive game this time at Sherborne Town Res. Shaftesbury Res welcomed Mere Town and after a scoreless 1st half, the game went on to finish 2-2
Match Day Round Up
Milborne Port welcomed Gillingham Town to the Rec for their 1st Home game as a DPL side this evening, however it was the visitors who ran out deserved 3-0 winners. Merley Cobham Sports picked up their 1st win of the season after defeating their hosts Parley Sports 2-1. Hamworthy Recreation made it 2 wins from 2 after beating Blandford United 2-1 at Magna Road. In the late Kick Off, Hamworthy United Reserves pulled off a superb 1-1 draw against defending Champions Holt United at the County Ground.
Match Day Round Up
Not a good day for the Leagues New boys, with Shaftesbury Reserves unable to raise a side for their match at defending champions Holt United, it was left to Milborne Port to try and get a winning start to life in the DPL when they travelled to days park to play Swanage Town & Herston, however it was the Swans who ran out emphatic 10-1 winners with the hosts Cameron Beard scoring 6. Dorchester Sports welcomed Blandford United to the Avenue Stadium with the hosts winning 7-1, Balti Sports also found their scoring boots after defeating Sherborne Town Reserves 6-0 at Raleigh Grove. Mere Town were also 6-0 winners beating their visitors Hamworthy United Res, there were also opening day wins for Wareham Rangers who defeated visitors Westland Sports 2-1, whilst Sturminster Newton and Hamworthy Recreation both won on the road, the Cherries won 3-1 at Bridport Reserves whilst Rec won 4-3 at Merley Cobham Sports. In the final game Gillingham Town and Parley Sports played out a 2-2 draw at Hardings Lane.
Action from Merley Cobham Sports v Hamworthy Recreation
Photo courtesy of Steve Harris - email@example.com
Action from Mere Town v Hamworthy United Reserves
Photo courtesy of MTFC
Action from Gillingham Town v Parley Sports
Photo courtesy of T. Lucas GTFC
Match Postponed
Opening day and we have a match Postponed;
Holt United v Shaftesbury Town Reserves is OFF due to the Away side being unable to raise a Team due to illness.
Shaftesbury Town FC will be charged in accordance with League Rules for a non fulfilled fixture.
The New Season is Here ...........
Today sees the start of the New Dorset Premier Football Season Sponsored by Cadburys Business Park, on behalf of the League Management Committee, we wish ALL our Clubs a Very Succesfull, Competitive & Respectful season ahead.
Somerset Senior Cup 1st Round Draw
Hutton FC v WESTLAND SPORTS FC
MILBORNE PORT FC v Bridgewater Town FC Reserves
Ties to be played - 2nd September 2017 - ko 2.30pm
- DPL MATCH REPORT NEWSLETTER - Edition 10 -
24th September 2017
- FA Religious Festivals Calendar 2017-18
07th September 2017
- Lifesaving Defibrillators
05th September 2017
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01st September 2017
- FA Player Registration NEWSLETTER
07th September 2017
The League Table
|Balti Sports
|Dorchester Sports
|Swanage Town & Herston
|Hamworthy Recreation
|Mere Town
|Actual @ 26/09/2017
|Ham Rec
|Swanage T & H
|Balti Sports
|Gillingham Town
|Dorchester Sports


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Making Government And The Political Class Subservient To Freedom AgainThe following is based on a email that has been zipping around the email word recently. The email laid out some interesting changes some Americans would like to see made to the broken political and governmental processes we currently have in this country.
Before getting into the detail's of the proposed changes, consider what can be done when ordinary people get passionate and involved in making a better world. According to the email, the 26th amendment (granting the right to vote for 18 year-olds) took only three months eight days to be ratified. This was before email, personal computers, smart phones, Twitter, Facebook, and other modern ways to communicate. Furthermore, according to the email, of the twenty seven amendments to the Constitution, seven took one year or less to become the law of the land...all because of public pressure.
So, let's call this movement the "Congressional Reform Act of 2011," an act that would include the following components:
1. Term Limits. This is consistent with the old adage: "If you are not part of the solution then you must be part of the problem." Many, many of our politicians have been around for decades. If they have not solved any of our major problems in that time, there is no reason to keep them around in the vain hope that they might eventually figure things out.
2. No Tenure / No Pension. A Congressman collects a salary while in office and receives no pay when they are out of office.
3. Congress (past, present and future) participates in Social Security. All funds in the Congressional retirement fund move to the Social Security system immediately. All future funds flow into the Social Security system, and Congress participates with the American people.
4. Congress can purchase their own retirement plan, just as all Americans do. Most Americans no longer have any chance of receiving a traditional pension. Politicians, whose pensions are paid by the very people who no longer can get a pension, should not be entitled to something most Americans can not receive.
5. Congress will no longer vote themselves a pay raise. Congressional pay will rise by the lower of CPI or 3% but only if the voters agree that they are doing a good job. This approach requires that the political class actually be successful in their job before getting rewarded, much like the plight of most working Americans.
6. Congress loses their current health care system and participates in the same health care system as the American people. No argument on this one.
7. Congress must equally abide by all laws they impose on the American people. No argument here either.
8. All contracts with past and present Congressional members are void effective 1/1/11. In agreement but there might be some legal issues here, i.e. can you renege on past agreements? If you can, then great. If not, then at least start with future generations of politicians.
9. Allow only individual Americans to contribute to election campaigns. No corporate donations, no PAC donations, no union donations, no fancy sounding front group donations, just individual Americans exercising their freedom of expression by sending directly to a politician's campaign fund.
The American people did not make this contract with Congressional members. They made all these contracts for themselves. Serving in Congress is an honor, not a career. The Founding Fathers envisioned citizen legislators, so ours should serve their term(s), then go home and back to work.
Before closing, lets go back to term limits one more time. It is any easy concept to grasp but when you start thinking about what this would actually look like, the permutations can make you crazy. Thus, we would like you to vote on one of the four options when it comes to term limits:
- Option A - Senators get a maximum of twelve years via two six year terms and House members get a maximum of twelve years via six two year terms. Presidents get a maximum of eight years via two four year terms.
- Option B - Senators get a maximum one six year term and House members get a maximum of six years via three two year terms. Presidents get a maximum of eight years via two four year terms.
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1 7/23/20151 Lecture 4 CSCI-260-W02
2 Agenda Homework: common problems, questions Last lecture review 1.4 – Class Organization 1.5 – Data Structures 1.6 – Basic Structuring Mechanisms 1.7 – Comparing Algorithms: Big-O Analysis
3 1.3 Review Questions Name some specific Java methods you know What are the 2 major Java data types? How many primitive types? What are they? What happens if you do not provide any Java constructors in your code? What happens if you only provide constructors with passed parameters?
4 1.4 Organizing Classes During object-oriented development 100s of classes can be generated or reused to help build a system. The task of keeping track of these classes would be impossible without organizational structure. Some important ways of organizing Java classes are –Composition: classes are inserted inside one another (has a) –Inheritance: classes are organized in an is-a hierarchy –Packages: group related classes together into a single named unit
5 Composition public class Student { protected String lastName; protected String firstName; protected float gpa; protected int credits; protected Date startDate; protected Date graduationDate; // Constructor public Student(String lastName, String firstName, int startMonth, int startDay, int startYear) { this.lastName = lastName; this.firstName = firstName; gpa = 0.0; // not necessary credits = 0; // not necessary startDate(startMonth, startDay, startYear); } // Observers public float getGPA() { return gpa; } public int getCredits() { return credits; } // Transformers public void addCredits( int newCredits) { credits += newCredits; } … } UML Diagram Student #lastName : String #firstName : String #gpa : float #credits : int #startDate : Date #graduationDate : Date +Student(lastName : String, firstName : String, startMonth : int, startDate : int, startYear : int) +getGPA() : float +getCredits() : int +addCredits(credits : int) Date...
6 Inheritance Allows programmers to create a new class that is a specialization of an existing class. We say that the new class is a subclass of the existing class, which in turn is the superclass of the new class.
7 Example of Inheritance public class IncDate extends Date { public IncDate(int newMonth, int newDay, int newYear) { super(newMonth, newDay, newYear); } public void increment() // Increments this IncDate to represent the next day. // For example if this = 6/30/2005 then this becomes 7/1/2005. { // increment algorithm goes here }
8 Declaring and Using Date and IncDate Objects Date myDate = new Date(6, 24, 1951); IncDate aDate = new IncDate(1, 11, 2001); System.out.println("mydate day is: " + myDate.getDay()); System.out.println("aDate day is: " + aDate.getDay()); aDate.increment(); System.out.println("the day after is: " + aDate.getDay()); See Extended Class Diagram next slide. myDate day is 6/24/1951 aDate day is 1/11/2001 the day after is: 1/12/2001
10 Packages Java lets us group related classes together into a unit called a package. Packages provide several advantages, i.e.: –let us organize our files –can be compiled separately and imported into programs –make it easier for programs to use common class files –help avoid naming conflicts (two classes can have the same name if they are in different packages)
11 Using Packages A Java compilation unit can consist of a file with –the keyword package followed by an identifier indicating the name of the package: package someName; –import declarations, to make the contents of other packages available: import java.util.Scanner; –one or more declarations of classes; at most one of these classes can be public (the rest can have package access): public class Aclass [extends …] [implements …] The classes defined in the file belong to the package, the imported classes are not The name of the file containing the compilation unit must match the name of the public class w/in the unit, so that Java can locate all public classes: Aclass.java Each Java compilation unit is stored in its own file The Java system identifies the file using a combination of the package name, and the name of the public class in the compilation unit: packagename.Classname Thus, a package with multiple public classes must be implemented with multiple compilation units, each in a separate file. In order to access the contents of a package from within a program, you must import it into your program: import packagename.*; // gets all files in a package, not recommended import packagename.Classname; // gets only specified file, recommended The Java package is defined to work seamlessly with hierarchical file systems: import ch03.stacks.*; // works for /ch03/stacks/*
12 1.5 Data Structures The way you view and structure the data that your programs manipulate greatly influences your success. A language's set of primitive types (Java's are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, boolean) are not sufficient, by themselves, for dealing with data that have many parts and complex interrelationships among those parts. Data structures provide this ability.
13 Data Structures Defined Suppose you need to deal with some identical objects as a whole or individually, i.e.: –Students in a classroom Give each one the grade Assign the classroom based on # of people registered –Peas in a can Take out some on top for the soup, but leave the ones on the bottom for the salad We need a mechanism that would allow us to generically apply same action to individual members of a group, or to manipulate the whole group at once Thus, Data Structures are: –Universal handling of organized data –Separated into abstract and implementation levels
14 Implementation Dependent Structures ArrayLinked List Underlying implementation is an inherent part of the structures definition. Elements accessed by their position in the structure Available as a basic construct in most high-level programming languages Chain of elements where each element is linked to the one that follows it in the list One of the primary building blocks for more complicated structures
15 Implementation Independent Structures Sorted List Tree Stack Queue Graph Organization is not tied to underlying implementation approach. Abstract. Organization is based on order in which elements are placed inside: Linear organization based on LIFO (Last In, First Out) approach Linear organization based on FIFO (First In, First Out) approach Linear organization based on values of the elements (each predecessor is followed by its successor) Non-linear organization based on hierarchical relationship between its elements (several children can have only one parent, and root has no parent) Non-linear organization where connections (edges) describe the relationship between the elements (nodes or vertices)
16 1.6 Basic Structuring Mechanisms There are 2 basic structuring mechanisms provided in Java (and many other high level languages) to implement all of the structures defined above. References Arrays
17 References Are memory addresses Sometimes referred to as links, addresses, or pointers Java uses the reserved word null to indicate an absence of reference A variable of a reference (non-primitive) type holds the address of the memory location that holds the value of the variable, rather than the value itself. This has several ramifications …
18 Assignment Statements
19 Be aware of aliases
20 Comparison Statements
21 Garbage Management Garbage –The set of currently unreachable objects Garbage collection –The process of finding all unreachable objects and deallocating their storage space Deallocate –To return the storage space for an object to the pool of free memory so that it can be reallocated to new objects Dynamic memory management –The allocation and deallocation of storage space as needed while an application is executing
22 Java Arrays Refresher Handled by reference 2 ways to create (instantiation can but doesnt have to be in the same statement as declaration): –As a regular object (element values are assigned separately): float numbers = new float[5]; or float numbers[]; numbers = new float[5]; –Using initialization lists: float numbers = {2.3, 4.0, 5.25, 1.3, 2.2}; or float numbers; numbers = new float[]{2.3, 4.0, 5.25, 1.3, 2.2}; The element of the array is accessed with the subscript: numbers[3] = numbers[1] + 2.6; –Java protects against out-of-bound subscript by throwing ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Java arrays have unmodifiable public instance variable length that can be queried to retrieve the size of the array: int a = numbers.length; // a will be assigned with value 5 You can use arrays of objects: Circle screen[]; You can use multi-dimensional arrays Point xyRef[][];
23 1.7 Comparing Algorithms: Big-O Analysis There can be more than one algorithm to solve a problem.
24 Counting Operations To measure the complexity of an algorithm we attempt to count the number of basic operations required to complete the algorithm To make our count generally usable we express it as a function of the size of the problem
25 Counting Operations Example If N = size of array, the number of operations required is 3N + 4 But –too dependent on programming language and counting approach –difficult if problem/algorithm is more complicated Problem: return true if sum of numbers in the array is > 0, false otherwise Set sum to zero while more integers Set sum to sum + next int if sum > 0 return true else return false 1 3N+1 1 1
26 Isolate a Fundamental Operation Rather than count all operations, select a fundamental operation – an operation that is performed the most, and count it. –i.e., if the problem is to sort the array elements, count the number of times one element is compared to another element,, only count comparison operations when comparing sorting algorithms.
27 A Further Simplification: Big-O Notation Measure the complexity of an algorithm as the number of times a fundamental operation is performed, represented as a function of the size of the problem. –For example, an algorithm performed on an N element array may require 2N 2 + 4N + 3 comparisons. Big-O notation expresses computing time (complexity) as the term in the function that increases most rapidly relative to the size of a problem. –In our example, rather than saying the complexity is 2N 2 + 4N + 3 we say it is O(N 2 ). This works just as well for most purposes and simplifies the analysis and use of the complexity measure.
28 Common Orders of Magnitude O(1) is called bounded or constant time. –The amount of work is not dependent on the size of the problem. O(log 2 N) is called logarithmic time. –Algorithms that successively cut the amount of data to be processed in half at each step typically fall into this category. O(N) is called linear time. –i.e., adding together the elements of an array is O(N). O(N log 2 N) is called N logN time. –Good sorting algorithms, such as Quicksort, Heapsort, Mergesort presented in Chapter 10, have N logN complexity. O(N 2 ) is called quadratic time. –Some simple sorting algorithms are O(N 2 ) algorithms. O(N k ) is called polynomial time. –Quadratic time is just a particular (quickest) case of polynimial time. O(2 N ) is called exponential time. –These algorithms are extremely costly.
29 Comparison of Growth Rates Nlog 2 NNNlog 2 NN2N2 N3N3 2N2N ,09665, ,096262,144 requires 20 digits ,3842,097,152 requires 39 digits ,04865,53616,777,216 requires 78 digits t
30 Three Complexity Cases Best case complexity –Related to the minimum number of steps required by an algorithm, given an ideal set of input values in terms of efficiency Average case complexity –Related to the average number of steps required by an algorithm, calculated across all possible sets of input values Worst case complexity –Related to the maximum number of steps required by an algorithm, given the worst possible set of input values in terms of efficiency –Often gives the same result as an average case complexity which is more difficult to estimate, thus worst case complexity is usually used to simplify analysis yet still provide a useful approach
31 Ways to Simplify Analysis of Algorithms Consider worst case only –But average case can also be important, especially if worst case probability is negligible Count a fundamental operation –Careful; make sure it is the most used operation within the algorithm! Use Big-O complexity –Especially when interested in large problems
32 Sum of Consecutive Integers Algorithm Sum1 sum = 0; for (count = 1; count <= n; count++) sum = sum + count; Algorithm Sum2 sum = ((n + 1) * n) / 2;
33 Finding a Number in a Phone Book Algorithm Lookup1 Check first name While (unsuccessful) Check the next name Algorithm Lookup2 Search area = entire book Check middle name in search area While (unsuccessful) If middle name > target name Search area = first half of search area Else Search area = second half of search area Check middle name in search area
34 Todays Homework Exercise 29, 30, 34 –Build on class modeling and class organization TODO: –Recreate the classes as described Can download and reuse textbook code –Add additional features from all listed exercises –Create the documentation as if you were writing these classes from scratch Build on existing textbook diagrams and descriptions –Create a test application that tests all functionality of both classes by creating array of dates to be tested – make sure it holds enough dates to test all possible cases (for example, leap years). You can use Exercise 42 to start.
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