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and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
Hoffmann H.J.,University of Aarhus |
Santos A.F.,King's College London |
Santos A.F.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Santos A.F.,University of Coimbra |
And 14 more authors.
Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2015
The basophil activation test (BAT) has become a pervasive test for allergic response through the development of flow cytometry, discovery of activation markers such as CD63 and unique markers identifying basophil granulocytes. Basophil activation test measures basophil response to allergen cross-linking IgE on between 150 and 2000 basophil granulocytes in <0.1 ml fresh blood. Dichotomous activation is assessed as the fraction of reacting basophils. In addition to clinical history, skin prick test, and specific IgE determination, BAT can be a part of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with food-, insect venom-, and drug allergy and chronic urticaria. It may be helpful in determining the clinically relevant allergen. Basophil sensitivity may be used to monitor patients on allergen immunotherapy, anti-IgE treatment or in the natural resolution of allergy. Basophil activation test may use fewer resources and be more reproducible than challenge testing. As it is less stressful for the patient and avoids severe allergic reactions, BAT ought to precede challenge testing. An important next step is to standardize BAT and make it available in diagnostic laboratories. The nature of basophil activation as an ex vivo challenge makes it a multifaceted and promising tool for the allergist. In this EAACI task force position paper, we provide an overview of the practical and technical details as well as the clinical utility of BAT in diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. © 2015 John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Santos A.F.,St thomasHospital |
Santos A.F.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Santos A.F.,University of Coimbra |
Du Toit G.,St thomasHospital |
And 11 more authors.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2015
Background The management of peanut allergy relies on allergen avoidance and epinephrine autoinjector for rescue treatment in patients at risk of anaphylaxis. Biomarkers of severity and threshold of allergic reactions to peanut could significantly improve the care for patients with peanut allergy.Objective We sought to assess the utility of the basophil activation test (BAT) to predict the severity and threshold of reactivity to peanut during oral food challenges (OFCs).Methods The severity of the allergic reaction and the threshold dose during OFCs to peanut were determined. Skin prick tests, measurements of specific IgE to peanut and its components, and BATs to peanut were performed on the day of the challenge.Results Of the 124 children submitted to OFCs to peanut, 52 (median age, 5 years) reacted with clinical symptoms that ranged from mild oral symptoms to anaphylaxis. Severe reactions occurred in 41% of cases, and 57% reacted to 0.1 g or less of peanut protein. The ratio of the percentage of CD63+ basophils after stimulation with peanut and after stimulation with anti-IgE (CD63 peanut/anti-IgE) was independently associated with severity (P =.001), whereas the basophil allergen threshold sensitivity CD-sens (1/EC50 × 100, where EC50 is half maximal effective concentration) value was independently associated with the threshold (P =.020) of allergic reactions to peanut during OFCs. Patients with CD63 peanut/anti-IgE levels of 1.3 or greater had an increased risk of severe reactions (relative risk, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.2). Patients with a CD-sens value of 84 or greater had an increased risk of reacting to 0.1 g or less of peanut protein (relative risk, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8).Conclusions Basophil reactivity is associated with severity and basophil sensitivity is associated with the threshold of allergic reactions to peanut. CD63 peanut/anti-IgE and CD-sens values can be used to estimate the severity and threshold of allergic reactions during OFCs. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Santos A.F.,St Thomas Hospital |
Santos A.F.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Santos A.F.,University of Coimbra |
James L.K.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
And 19 more authors.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2015
Background Most children with detectable peanut-specific IgE (P-sIgE) are not allergic to peanut. We addressed 2 non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for the discrepancy between allergy and sensitization: (1) differences in P-sIgE levels between children with peanut allergy (PA) and peanut-sensitized but tolerant (PS) children and (2) the presence of an IgE inhibitor, such as peanut-specific IgG4 (P-sIgG4), in PS patients. Methods Two hundred twenty-eight children (108 patients with PA, 77 PS patients, and 43 nonsensitized nonallergic subjects) were studied. Levels of specific IgE and IgG4 to peanut and its components were determined. IgE-stripped basophils or a mast cell line were used in passive sensitization activation and inhibition assays. Plasma of PS subjects and patients submitted to peanut oral immunotherapy (POIT) were depleted of IgG4 and retested in inhibition assays. Results Basophils and mast cells sensitized with plasma from patients with PA but not PS patients showed dose-dependent activation in response to peanut. Levels of sIgE to peanut and its components could only partially explain differences in clinical reactivity between patients with PA and PS patients. P-sIgG4 levels (P =.023) and P-sIgG4/P-sIgE (P <.001), Ara h 1-sIgG4/Ara h 1-sIgE (P =.050), Ara h 2-sIgG4/Ara h 2-sIgE (P =.004), and Ara h 3-sIgG4/Ara h 3-sIgE (P =.016) ratios were greater in PS children compared with those in children with PA. Peanut-induced activation was inhibited in the presence of plasma from PS children with detectable P-sIgG4 levels and POIT but not from nonsensitized nonallergic children. Depletion of IgG4 from plasma of children with PS (and POIT) sensitized to Ara h 1 to Ara h 3 partially restored peanut-induced mast cell activation (P =.007). Conclusions Differences in sIgE levels and allergen specificity could not justify the clinical phenotype in all children with PA and PS children. Blocking IgG4 antibodies provide an additional explanation for the absence of clinical reactivity in PS patients sensitized to major peanut allergens. © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
Rotiroti G.,Imperial College London |
Shamji M.,Imperial College London |
Shamji M.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Durham S.R.,Imperial College London |
And 4 more authors.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2012
Background: Subcutaneous immunotherapy with high-dose grass pollen was first described more than 100 years ago. This treatment suppresses allergen-induced cutaneous late responses, with lesser effects on early responses. In contrast, low-dose subcutaneous immunotherapy has not shown clinical benefit. Uncontrolled reports from the early 20th century describe lowdose allergen inoculation directly into the dermis, an immunologically active area containing abundant dendritic cells and lymphatics. Objective: We sought to investigate the effect of low-dose intradermal grass pollen administration on cutaneous reactivity to allergen. Methods: Thirty adults sensitized to grass and tree pollens were randomized to receive (1) 6 repeat intradermal injections at 2-week intervals of grass pollen extract (estimated 7 ng of the major grass allergen Phl p 5 per injection), (2) 2 intradermal injections separated by 10 weeks, or (3) a single intradermal injection at 10 weeks. At the end of the study, cutaneous early and late responses were measured after double-blind intradermal injection with grass and birch pollen. Results: Participants who received 6 fortnightly intradermal grass pollen injections had markedly smaller cutaneous late responses to grass pollen than control subjects who received 2 injections separated by 10 weeks (P < .01) or a single injection (P < .001) and showed induction of grass pollen-specific IgG antibodies. Suppression was observed whether late responses were measured on the arms or the back. However, early responses were equivalent in all groups. Conclusion: Low-dose intradermal allergen, like conventional subcutaneous high-dose immmunotherapy, suppresses allergeninduced cutaneous late responses in a manner that is allergen specific, systemic, and associated with induction of IgG antibodies. © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
Gupta A.,Royal Brompton Hospital |
Gupta A.,Imperial College London |
Gupta A.,King's College London |
Gupta A.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
And 13 more authors.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | Year: 2011
Rationale: Little is known about vitamin D status and its effect on asthma pathophysiology in children with severe, therapy-resistant asthma (STRA). Objectives: Relationships between serum vitamin D, lung function, and pathology were investigated in pediatric STRA. Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D 3] was measured in 86 children (mean age, 11.7 yr): 36 with STRA, 26 with moderate asthma (MA), and 24 without asthma (control subjects). Relationships between 25(OH)D 3, the asthma control test (ACT), spirometry, corticosteroid use, and exacerbations were assessed. Twenty-two of 36 children with STRA underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and endobronchial biopsy with assessment of airway inflammation and remodeling. Measurements and Main Results: 25(OH)D 3 levels (median [IQR]) were significantly lower in STRA (28 [22-38] nmol/L) than in MA (42.5 [29-63] nmol/L) and control subjects (56.5 [45-67] nmol/L) (P < 0.001). There was a positive relationship between 25(OH)D 3 levels and percent predicted FEV 1 (r = 0.4, P < 0.001) and FVC (r = 0.3, P = 0.002) in all subjects. 25(OH)D 3 levels were positively associated with ACT (r = 0.6, P < 0.001), and inversely associated with exacerbations (r = -0.6, P < 0.001) and inhaled steroid dose (r = -0.39, P = 0.001) in MA and STRA. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, but not epithelial shedding or reticular basement membrane thickness, was inversely related to 25(OH)D 3levels (r = -0.6, P = 0.008). There was a positive correlation between ASM mass and bronchodilator reversibility (r = 0.6, P = 0.009) and an inverse correlation between ASM mass and ACT (r = -0.7, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Lower vitamin D levels in children with STRA were associated with increased ASM mass and worse asthma control and lung function. The link between vitamin D, airway structure, and function suggests vitamin D supplementation may be useful in pediatric STRA. Copyright © 2011 by the American Thoracic Society.
Sykes A.,Imperial College London |
Sykes A.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Sykes A.,Center for Respiratory Infection |
Macintyre J.,Imperial College London |
And 19 more authors.
Thorax | Year: 2014
Background Defective rhinovirus (RV)-induced interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-λ, production and increased RV replication have been reported in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from subjects with asthma. How universal this defect is in asthma is unknown. Additionally, the IFN subtypes induced by RV infection in primary HBECs have not been comprehensively investigated. Objective To study RV induction of IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-λ, and RV replication in HBECs from subjects with atopic asthma and healthy controls. Methods HBECs were obtained from subjects with asthma and healthy controls and infected with RV16 and RV1B, and cells and supernatants harvested at 8, 24 and 48h. IFN proteins were analysed by ELISA and IFN mRNA and viral RNA expression by quantitative PCR. Virus release was assessed in cell supernatants. Results IFN-β and IFN-λ, were the only IFNs induced by RV in HBECs and IFN-λ, protein induction was substantially greater than IFN-β. Induction of IFN-λ1 mRNA by RV16 at 48h was significantly greater in HBECs from subjects with asthma; otherwise there were no significant differences between subjects with asthma and controls in RV replication, or in induction of type I or III IFN protein or mRNA. Conclusions: IFN-λ and, to a lesser degree, IFN-β are the major IFN subtypes induced by RV infection of HBECs. Neither defective IFN induction by RV nor increased RV replication was observed in the HBECs from subjects with well controlled asthma reported in this study.
Sykes A.,Imperial College London |
Sykes A.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Sykes A.,Center for Respiratory Infection |
Edwards M.R.,Imperial College London |
And 22 more authors.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2012
Background: Asthmatic patients have defective rhinovirus-induced IFN-β and IFN-λ production from bronchial epithelial cells and IFN-λ from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. Whether bronchoalveolar lavage cells have defective type I interferon responses to rhinovirus is unknown, as are mechanisms explaining defective rhinovirus interferon induction in asthmatic patients. Objective: We sought to investigate rhinovirus induction of type I interferons in BAL and blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic patients and healthy subjects and to investigate mechanisms of any deficiency observed. Methods: BAL and blood mononuclear cells from atopic asthmatic patients and healthy subjects were infected with rhinovirus ex vivo. Interferon proteins were analyzed by using ELISA. mRNA expression of key components of interferon induction pathways were analyzed by using quantitative PCR. Results: Rhinovirus induction of type I interferon protein was delayed and deficient in BAL cells from asthmatic patients, and lower interferon levels were associated with greater airway hyperresponsiveness and skin prick test response positivity. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, TLR7, TLR8, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), caspase recruitment domain adaptor inducing IFN-β (CARDIF), IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), IκB kinase β (IKKB), IκB kinase ι (IKKI), interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7, and rhinovirus induction of expression of the virus-inducible molecules TLR3, TLR7, RIG-I, and MDA-5 were not impaired in these interferon-deficient BAL cells in asthmatic patients. Defective rhinovirus interferon induction was not observed in blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions: Rhinovirus induction of type I interferons in BAL cells is delayed and deficient and might be a marker of more severe asthma. Defective rhinovirus interferon induction in asthmatic patients was not accompanied by differences in the expression or induction of key molecules implicated in viral induction of interferons. © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
Jackson D.J.,Imperial College London |
Jackson D.J.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma |
Jackson D.J.,Center for Respiratory Infections |
Sykes A.,Imperial College London |
And 8 more authors.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | Year: 2011
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease, affecting up to 10% of adults and 30% of children in the Western world. Despite advances in asthma management, acute exacerbations continue to occur and impose considerable morbidity on patients and constitute a major burden on health care resources. Respiratory tract viruses have emerged as the most frequent triggers for exacerbations in both children and adults; however, the mechanisms underlying these remain poorly understood. More recently, it has become increasingly clear that interactions might exist between viruses and other triggers, increasing the likelihood of an exacerbation. In this article we begin with an overview of the health, economic, and social burden that exacerbations of asthma carry with them. This is followed by a review of the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbations, highlighting the various triggers responsible and multiple interactions that exist between them. The final section first addresses what preventative measures are currently available for asthma exacerbations and subsequently examines which of the new treatments in development might lessen the burden of exacerbations in the future. © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
Turner P.J.,Imperial College London |
Turner P.J.,University of Sydney |
Kumar K.,Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust |
Fox A.T.,Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust |
Fox A.T.,and Asthma Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology | Year: 2014
Background: Most children with egg allergy tolerate egg in baked foods, such as cake, but tolerance cannot be predicted with conventional allergy testing. We hypothesized that the skin prick test (SPT) wheal to unprocessed raw egg might predict tolerance of baked egg at formal oral food challenge (OFC). Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review to assess the utility of SPT wheal to egg extract (EE), raw egg (RE), and the ratio of EE:RE in predicting outcome of baked-egg OFC in children presenting to our tertiary referral centers with a physician diagnosis of egg allergy and following complete egg avoidance in their diet, between 2009 and 2013. OFC were performed following a standardized protocol using baked egg in cake, to a total dose equivalent to 3g egg protein. Results: Data were analyzed from 186 completed challenges: OFC was positive in 64 (34%) children and negative in 122 (66%). Six children experienced anaphylaxis at OFC. Children tolerant to baked egg were more likely to have a lower SPT to egg extract/raw egg and EE:RE (median 0.56) than their allergic counterparts (0.70, p < 0.05). However, ROC curve analysis demonstrated poor predictivity of challenge outcome, with AUC for SPT to egg extract, raw egg and EE:ER equal to 0.71, 0.63 and 0.60, respectively. Conclusion: EE:RE was not helpful in predicting outcome of baked-egg OFC. Indeed, SPT to egg extract was slightly better at predicting outcome than either SPT to raw egg or EE:RE. Unfortunately, tolerance to baked egg can only be predicted from previous history or through controlled exposure. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
George P.M.,Imperial College London |
Badiger R.,Imperial College London |
Shao D.,Imperial College London |
Edwards M.R.,Imperial College London |
And 5 more authors.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | Year: 2012
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal condition in which raised pulmonary vascular resistance leads to right heart failure and death. Endothelin-1 is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, which is considered to be central to many of the events that lead to PAH, and is an important therapeutic target in the treatment of the condition. In many cases of PAH, the aetiology is unknown but inflammation is increasingly thought to play an important role and viruses have been implicated in the development of disease. The Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune responses by initiating specific anti-bacterial and anti-viral defences in recognition of signature molecular motifs on the surface of invading pathogens. In this study, we set out to examine the expression of bacterial and viral TLRs in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and to establish whether their activation could be relevant to PAH. We found that the viral TLR3 and bacterial TLRs 4 and 6 were most abundantly expressed in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Using specific TLR ligands, we found that activation of TLRs 3 and 4 resulted in IL-8 release by human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells but that only TLR3 stimulation resulted in IP10 and endothelin-1 release. These data suggest that human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells express significant levels of viral TLR3 and respond to its activation by releasing endothelin-1. This may have importance in understanding the association between viruses and the development of PAH. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.


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Blue Table Post: One Big Step for Brooklyn Post Production
It's not easy to construct a creative sanctuary in Brooklyn. In fact, it can be downright torturous.
But Oliver Lief, founder of Blue Table Post in the borough's bucolic Boerum Hill neighborhood, is living proof of any number of inspirational clichés: Where there's a will there's a way? If you can dream it you can do it? Hang in there? Take your pick — they all apply to the determination that was required to make this artisan video/audio post production complex a reality.
Within a five-story building that Lief, a three-time Emmy Award-winning editor, purchased in 1996, Blue Table Post is hard to spot at first. The facility is nestled among a row of 19th and early 20th century homes on a quiet block, a decidedly non-standard setting that's just the first sign of something different awaiting inside. Get buzzed into the walled courtyard, and a terraced garden lays in wait. Suddenly, the creative sanctuary Lief envisioned seems possible.
An All-In-One-Boutique
Editing, color grading, graphics and VFX — for film, TV, advertising, documentary, VR and more — are all at hand at Blue Table Post. But Lief, whose credits include Showtime's Seven Deadly Sins and CNN's "Inside Man," knew not to stop there.
Audio stands at equal footing with all things visual via a 3-D Dolby Atmos Mix Room, designed by WSDG (Walters-Storyk Design Group) and helmed by Emmy Award-nominated recording mixer/sound designer Rich Cutler. The 250-square foot space is outfitted with an Avid S6 M-40 console and 20 speakers, including two Focal Twin Be-6 Nearfield Monitors and six ceiling-mounted JBL 8350's, a 5' x 9' screen, and comprehensive analog outboard for VO recording in the 50 sq. ft. iso booth. All Avid systems are linked through Ardis Technologies' DDP SAN.
Asked for the impetus behind starting Blue Table Post, Lief — who lives with his family higher up in the building and frequently roughed it with showers at the local YMCA during construction — laughingly cites "insanity" before getting serious. "As an editor, sometimes I found myself getting more and more disconnected from a project," he says. "Having the ability in one place to do everything meant a lot to me, and I thought it would appeal to other people. Cut, mix, color grade in the same place and for everyone to be able to communicate face-to-face, which gets lost sometimes these days."
There's a constant debate in the production and post world over which is better — the focused one-service shop or the all-under-one-roof facility. "Ultimately what matters is the end result," points out Lief. "If you try to do it all and you don't do it well, it's a failure. Between the two choices of a place that does it all and not well, and between places that just do one thing really well, of course I'd rather have (the latter). So maybe it's ambitious, but it helps being an editor because I know what I like. I have an opinion about what works, and that's where I'm coming from."
"The difference is not so much whether you're a one-stop shop or a place that only focuses on one thing, but I think the real difference is being a boutique versus being a factory," Cutler adds. "Whenever you go to any kind of a boutique for something, you're probably going to get better quality than when you go to a factory because boutique is more interested. Anybody can go and buy the equipment, but at the end of the day, it's the carpenter swinging the hammer that makes a difference."
Garden Start
Serenity is really within reach at Blue Table Post, where the welcoming feng shui springs from the landscape just outside.
"I always had a fantasy of building around a garden," says Lief. "Years ago I did some work at Spot Welders where I did a PSA, and my edit room was right off a garden there and I loved it. I worked long hours and it felt like nothing, and I also grew up gardening, so I always had this image like, 'Oh I could have a building around a courtyard.' I'm really happy to see people's reaction when they come into the space and then into the yard and how comfortable they seem to feel right away."
Picking which petunias to plant was the easy part for Blue Table – converting Lief's classic building into a multi-dimensional post facility was something else entirely. Working in a collaboration with architects Craig Shillito, Bob Kellner and Chris Ithurburn, WSDG served as the architectural/acoustic consultant on the project.
Led by WSDG Founding Partner John Storyk and Partner/Project manager Romina Larregina, the acoustic design proved to be a challenge that called for heavy construction. To insure a fully soundproof environment for the 3-D Dolby Atmos Mix Room, the building's original shallow cellar was excavated six feet to establish the comfortable 250 sq. ft. screening space. The result of the excavation was an extremely effective isolation environment, bolstered by room-within-room construction throughout the complex that allows Cutler to mix at high volumes without disturbing any of the edit rooms. Crossley Acoustics' Systems installation specialists provided connectivity, complemented by wide visual sightlines between the VO Booth and the Mixing/Screening Room.
It was trial by fire for Blue Table Post: Their very first project upon opening in 2016 was Michelle Obama's "We Will Rise" documentary for CNN, directed by Tony Gerber. The facility handled all of the editing, sound-mixing, color grading, graphics and VFX, with no less than narrator Meryl Streep in-house for nine days of intensive writing and VO.
"I work a lot with sound as an editor, it's really important, but I'm not a mixer," Lief notes. "Right from the beginning, I knew that audio was going to be a big part of it. WSDG did a great job, and they educated me along the way."
Linked by Audio
Cutler is a veteran sound mixer/designer with 30+ years of feature film, TV series and commercial credits including "Mad Men," "Iconoclasts," and Like Sunday Like Rain. His path to Blue Table came not from a common project or a cocktail mixer, but via social media.
"Oliver and I met on LinkedIn," he recalls. "I just sent him an invitation a few years ago and he accepted it, and then I responded to that. I sent him something like, 'Hey, this is who I am, this is what I do, I'd love to get together and talk to you about your audio post needs,' and he responded with, 'Yeah, let's get some coffee,' and we went and sat in Bryant Park.
"Oliver pulls out his MacBook Air and he's like, 'Well, this may be more than you were thinking about, but I'm doing this thing and I thought you might be interested.' He pulls out blueprints of his five-story brownstone being renovated in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn. I'm looking at this and thinking, 'Wow, this is really cool.'"
Lief saw Cutler's mixing versatility and took a leap of faith, asking him to lead Blue Table's audio department. "What I saw was his varied background," says Lief. "He mixed a pilot for 'Mad Men,' he'd done features, he'd done dramatic stuff, he'd done a lot of documentaries.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tree Care
Arlington Area Tree Services
We are state licensed and certified to diagnose and treat tree problems such as disease, insect infestations, and environmental stress. With decades of experience in the field, we are able to save many trees that might otherwise be lost. We combine the best of new technology with proven organic treatments as well.
Tree Feeding and Cultivation
We provide tree pruning and removal, as well as deep root feeding of trees. Our deep root feeding program is the very best available for your trees and shrubs, especially if they have been stressed by new construction or drought.
Contact us today to get started on your home or business landscaping project!
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Ron Phillips Landscaping
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Majestic Pineapple Doily Crochet Pattern .
Majestic Pineapples by Patricia Kristoffersen
This pineapple doily is appropriately — I think it is truly Majestic! The doily is worked in #10 crochet thread and the 32″ size makes it perfect for a round side table, table runner or even as an overly for a linen tablecloth for a beautiful holiday table. It would be fun to experiment with a thicker weight too, maybe a DK weight for a larger piece.
Click the button below for more information on this pattern.
Majestic Pineapples
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This website is a boutique collection of crochet patterns and crochet related items and is operated by Pattern Paradise. Pattern posts are a combination of both paid and free (at the time of posting). All patterns and photos are linked to the original source. Please respect any requirements as set forth by the copyright owner. The site contains affiliate links which help cover publication costs for the site. Should you choose to make a purchase, at no additional cost to you, I will receive a small commission from that sale.


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Posted on 09-16-2014
What is Rabbit Fever?
Many of you may have seen a recent news report about Rabbit Fever in El Paso county and undoubtedly have questions. Rabbit Fever is due to a bacterium called Francisella tularensis aka Tularemia. I have included a link (click here) to a website hosted by the American Veterinary Medical Association with accurate information regarding this disease The concern we have currently is the noticeable rabbit population boom this year and thus an increased risk of transmission to both people and pets. I have also included links below with further information regarding Tularemia
Although this may seem scary, consider only about 200 human cases of tularemia occur each year in the United States.
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Bucks County Technical High School summer baseball camp
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Information about Bucks County Technical High School summer baseball camp, and registering for departmental seminars and elective lectures. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches at different division levels have different recruiting practices. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Bucks County Technical High School Baseball information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Bucks County Technical High School.
As a student athlete, you can play college sports competitively at an intercollegiate level, or just for fun via intramurals. Please keep in mind that few students will qualify for athletic scholarships, and that college coaches sward available sports scholarship money judiciously.
Approximately 126,000 student athletes go to college on either a partial or full athletic scholarship, but the vast majority of college athletic teams have open tryouts, and walk-ons may land a position on the team if they are talented enough. If you've been recruited or made it past a walk-on tryout, that's when the real challenge starts. You still have to make it through daily practices, and several rounds of cuts in order to make the team. Nashua Community College field hockey may indicate that it's an option to delay college entrance by a year. An extra year in high school or prep school can allow players to mature mentally, bring grades and SAT test scores up, put on weight and gain strength. Beyond consideration for Bucks County Technical High School summer baseball camp, you may think about Paris Junior College course requirements for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
Football - Assistant Sophomore Coach
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NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Office Depot (ODP) shares are up 0.32% to $9.08 in afternoon trading on Tuesday on more than double its normal trading volume as the stock continues to gain after the company's shareholders voted and nearly unanimously approved its $6.3 billion merger with rival Staples (SPLS).
The company said that 99.5% of the votes cast were in favor of closing the deal with Staples which was first announced in February.
Office Depot shareholders will get $7.25 per share in cash and 0.288 of a share in Staples stock for each share they own.
The deal is subject to regulatory approval in the U.S., while regulatory agencies in China and New Zealand have already approved the merger.
TheStreet Ratings team rates OFFICE DEPOT INC as a Hold with a ratings score of C-. TheStreet Ratings Team has this to say about their recommendation:
"We rate OFFICE DEPOT INC (ODP) a HOLD. The primary factors that have impacted our rating are mixed some indicating strength, some showing weaknesses, with little evidence to justify the expectation of either a positive or negative performance for this stock relative to most other stocks. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its solid stock price performance, increase in net income and good cash flow from operations. However, as a counter to these strengths, we also find weaknesses including disappointing return on equity and poor profit margins."
Highlights from the analysis by TheStreet Ratings Team goes as follows:


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If you are going to be in the Cincinnati area, and are a new mom or mom-to-be or know of any, then check out the baby expo,
Baby Baby Boom Boom
Saturday April 7th - 12-4 PM
at the Elements Conference & Event Center
1974 Lebanon Rd. Sharonville, OH 45241
There will be over 50 vendors, free prizes, kids games and more!
Come by our Shaklee Wellness Booth to say hi and register to try and win our FREE raffle!
Admission is FREE!
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Wednesday, March 28, 2012
Baby Expo April 7th
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The Year of the Tiger is a sign in the Chinese Zodiac which represents an unpredictable and rebellious personality.
Featured Music:
"Can You Feel It" by Kid Gloves
"Gopher Mambe" by Yma Sumac
"Mambuloo" by Mo' Horizons
Danny: Since when do you speak Chinese?
Sam: Mandarin.
Danny: Mandarin.
Sam: Since I learned eighty percent of high rollers were Chinese.
Danny: Oh. So how did you land Zhao? I thought he only played in Monte Carlo.
Sam: I found out his daughters go to school in New York and he doesn't get to see them very often, so I organized...
Danny: So you organized a little reunion. Very nice.
Sam: Xie-xie.
International Episode Titles:
Czech Republic: Rok Tygra (Year of the Tiger)
Original International Air Dates:
Denmark: March 26, 2004 on TV3
Germany: October 7, 2007 on kabel eins
Czech Republic: February 25, 2009 on TV Nova
Slovakia: March 2, 2010 on Markiza
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what i got so far
hope u can help me in ways of things to add and maybe some C&C on the dragon?
what i got so far
hope u can help me in ways of things to add and maybe some C&C on the dragon?
Last edited by Joey-b; October 8th, 2005 at 02:34 PM.
It might be easier to crit all your stuff if you'd put it all in 1 thread.
I don't like the bright happy BG with the dragons flames. Pick a lightsource and stick with it. You seem to want the flames as the main lightning, but that can never compete with the sun. Make the sky a nightversion.
The dragon has nice blue highlights, but the shadows are pretty boring black. It flattens the dragon, some deep reddish tones could liven the beast up.
The BG is rather boring now, compositionwise. The castle is in the middle exactly with two lumps that must be mountains next to it. This would look way more impressive if you zoomed out and draw a whole attackscene and the complete castle on a hill, or zoomed in on the dragon, making him fight a knight. ATM, the castle is pretty much doomed.
That's my 2 cents.
I'm usually not one to draw dragons, but something about the length of the dragon's body bothers me. The dragon looks kinda short, like as if it's missing some more spine and bones. The part that leaps out at me the most is the transition from the neck to the torso to the thighs. It just seems cramped, for the lack of a better word.
Perhaps like suggested - a change in perspective?
ShroudStar's Sketchbook
I tend bitch a lot about wings, but that's because people always seem to do them in horribly inaccurate and non-functional ways. There's no way an animal like that could fly with those. Wings are like arms, the bits that hold the membrane are like hands.. they're not posts with stringy bits sticking out of them. Take a look at bats for good reference. Also look at any flying mammal or bird and you'll see that their wings are connected quite far down on their body--usually past the hip. Not to the armpit! They need that area to generate lift.
http://www.hitchams.suffolk.sch.uk/s...images/bat.jpg for a skeleton (see how it just looks like big arms and hands?)
The way you've done them here reminds me strongly of dead leaves. I doubt that's what you're going for.
Insects have wings more like that, but a dragon couldn't possibly fly like an insect for various reasons. It just looks implausible. Concepts are always better when they look like they could really happen.
I also agree that the light source is a bit confusing. The fire seems to be darker than the sky which I think hardly (if ever) happens, and there's not much ambient light going on. If the sky were that light, it would be lighting up the rest of the dragon, right? So you'd be getting a lot more stuff there. It's a rather complex situation you've thought up here.. I think it would fix it just to make the sky darker and add more ambient light to the castle and dragon to have it make more sense.
I think the best area of this painting is the tail. I think it works very nicely. Keep it up!
Art is long and time is fleeting
The main crits have been already said.
But for the horns, they don't really seems symetric to me.
One thing that have nothing to do with the drawing itself though.
This kind of thing is called a wyvern, not a dragon.
Winged iguana = Dragon
Scaly chicken = Wyvern
Last edited by Althael; October 5th, 2005 at 02:38 PM.
lots of very good comments thx allot u guys
i tried to fix up his muscle structure as u can c on his shoulders and wings.. better like this??
i also changed the whole head .. cause it sucked imo
i adjusted the wings
and removed the whole bg.. havent got a clue what to with it yet.. thats a bad thing right? damn..
here tis
you need to work out a composition before hand.
the composition is more than just line and shape...
its values too.
try playing around with ideas until you really get the important things to stand out.
Last edited by DSillustration; October 7th, 2005 at 02:20 PM.
- Dan Dos Santos
Hi joey,
the chosen colours are quite nice, but shapes and values should be reworked. Some examples: when we can see the dragon clearly, the towers he's standing on, should not be kinda blured.
The tail looks too "sharp" in front of these towers.
The shape of the fire doesn't look right. Simply look up some reference (for ex. a flamethrower) and apply what you see.
You also should rework the whole lighting situation.
It's a good start, but there are still some things to do in order to approve...
Keep it up and you'll surely get there.
"Happen to every guy sometimes this does."
ds illustration - yeah i have allot of trouble with that.. hmm i make things boring but ill try thx allot for the paintover.. although the tower idea is gone.. he's gonna sit on a rock
edit : btw.. the back lighting u did.,. mad me realize what i mess i made of the lighting.. thx allot.. ill fix that up to!
yodaah - ur crits.. they're based on the paintover dsillustration did.. and its blurry because it was just to show what was ment
but thx.. i guess lol
Last edited by Joey-b; October 7th, 2005 at 03:06 PM.
I think why is torso looks flat is because you have no twisting going on with the spine. Did u ever learn about juxtaposation? (hell if i can spell it). Anyway his hips and shoulders seem to be facing the exact same way. hes got one leg up on that tower which would cause twisting, but i think it would look alot more dynamic if you added some kind of twisting up near the shoulders to compliment the placement of the hips, as well as the fluidity it could create when going towards the head. You might be able to get away with minor reworking overall.. maybe.. but thats what i think might be wrong with that torso bit. I think you got some potential with this for sure, hope you get it finished and lookin sexy!
uh.. i never learned anything haha.. i never took lessons but thx for the crit i c what u mean.. ill fix it.. ull c in the next update but for now.. here is my new setting
far from finished but enough to crit i hope. ./just wanna thank u guys for all ur help
The dragon's pose made sense when it was pearched on the towers, bit now it seems awkward and unnatural. It's a good example of the problem with figuring things out on the fly, rather than doing thumbnails and sketches so you really know where you are going with a piece.
Tristan Elwell
**Finished Work Thread **Process Thread **Edges Tutorial
"Work is more fun than fun."
-John Cale
"Art is supposed to punch you in the brain, and it's supposed to stay punched."
-Marc Maron
well i did make a few thumbs.. and this was one of m.. made about 6 bg for it.. and fg's ... and i first went with the tower one.. but later one.. i started to like this idea more so..
but uh why does it look unnatural?
Did some detailing on the moon clouds mountains and rocks.. and played some more with the colors..
im liking it i guess.. that deosnt happen allot hha... anymore C&C plz?
quoteI] yodaah - ur crits.. they're based on the paintover dsillustration did.. and its blurry because it was just to show what was ment[/I]
sorry man, I really misunderstood that. I think it's quite cool like that, also concerning values. The background really suits the dragon, even better than the "city/towers- suggestion".
Go on !
"Happen to every guy sometimes this does."
Developed Actively by the makers of the Best Amazon Podcast


text:
Bonanomi suffers unlucky break at Monza The 2008 World Series Renault didn't start in the best possible way for Marco Bonanomi. The season got underway at Monza on the last 26th and 27th of April, with the usual dou- ble race format. Bonanomi...
Bonanomi suffers unlucky break at Monza
The 2008 World Series Renault didn't start in the best possible way for Marco Bonanomi. The season got underway at Monza on the last 26th and 27th of April, with the usual dou- ble race format. Bonanomi was entered by British team Comtec, owned by Jonathan Lewis and featuring Martin Donnelly in its management. The Italian driver had a good start in the initial collective tests, running consistently on top. In qualifying, Marco took the second fastest time of his group, and the second overall. During Race 1, he was una- ble to complete even a single lap, as he was hit by Charles Pic at Parabolica, ending up in the gravel with a broken suspension. On race 2, while running second behind leader Van der Garde, a controversial episode happened at lap 7. Bonanomi was defending him- self from the attacks of Wickens, and took a central line while approaching to the Roggia chicane. Wickens placed one wheel on the outside, without having the chance to catch up and staying clearly behind. At that point, Bonanomi changed his line to get the ideal corner's entry, hitting the rival who went off-track. Despite the resulting crash was total- ly involuntary, the stewards decided to stop him with a black flag.
"I thought that, after the win scored at Dubai, my trademark bad luck had been finally gone, but Monza proved that the troubled times have not ended yet. I experienced a great qualifying session, but Pic took me out at Parabolica on lap 1, Race 1, forcing me to retire. The French driver wasn't punished for such behavior. On Race 2, I had a con- tact that ultimately led me to black flag. I didn't even see Wickens and I tried to keep my ideal line. As it's clearly visible from the TV images, my helmet was pointed toward the corner's apex. I never raced to wreck my rivals out, and all I can say is that nothing was intentional. Unfortunately, race control decided to park me for the day, but I accept an respect their decision. I'm disappointed because I could have had good runs for podium and I found myself with no points after two raecs. I hope to have a better wee- kend at Spa-Francorchamps."
-credit: marco bonanomi


text: "A lot of things about adventuring are not that dissimilar to being an entrepreneur. If you're an entrepreneur, you're trying to create things that have never been created before, you're trying to do it better than anybody else has done it, you're trying to make sure that you protect the downside, so that if it all goes wrong it's not going to bring everything else you've created crashing down. And if you're an adventurer, again you're trying to achieve things that haven't been achieved before, and again you're trying to protect the downside. And the downside can be your life." Richard Branson


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Mount Airy's InFusion on the market
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Yes Knits in Tirupur
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text:
Why volume is (almost) everything
Finding Coders
If you're starting from scratch, you'll need a lot of users to attract a strong development community.
I have a friend who has been working on an open source project for about three years. Lately, he has become a little discouraged because few people seem to be helping with the project, so we discussed some of the issues.
First of all, most of his users are not programmers. Some users do provide input, test changes, and verify bug fixes, but few users contribute even the smallest piece of code.
His user base is also relatively small. Although the potential number of users could be in the hundreds of thousands, he has intentionally limited the number until the code reaches a more polished state.
I told him that when I first met Linus in May 1994, the Linux kernel had just reached the v1.0 stage. At that point, someone calculated that there were over 124,000 people using and contributing to Linux.
My friend's face turned a little pale.
Then I told him my formula for success in free and open source software:
"If a million people are using your code, then at least one-half of them will feel something is wrong with it. A quarter of that half million might have the time to change the code, if they have the skills. One tenth of that 125,000 will not only have the time and skills, but also the inclination to do some coding. A small percentage of those 12,500 people will not have any children, so they will be able to concentrate enough to complete the effort. Finally, three patches will come in from three different people, and you will reject two of them because you do not like the solution or coding style."
Now, I say this with my tongue in my cheek, but this formula still highlights an important point: To reach a small number of potential contributers, you might need a relatively large user base. For this reason, it is absolutely necessary for Free Software people to go out and spread the gospel of Free Software to anyone who will listen.
"World Domination" is more than just saving money for your government and bringing better technology to your business. World Domination is about having a big enough pool of interested, skilled, motivated people to keep a large number of projects going.
Some other considerations for building a strong development community are:
- Ease of immersion – A new programmer who is overwhelmed by having to go to many different pages, read eons of mailing lists, and learn to fit a culture that is specific to the project might not ever get comfortable enough to contribute. Consider adding a "newbie developer" section to the project site to provide background information for potential coders.
- Inclusion – More often than not, the lack of inclusion is a reason why potential programmers don't stay. Interacting with others is an important part of any project leader's skill set. Be sure you "spread the glory" by acknowledging contributions and recognizing good work. At Digital, I once commended a senior programmer for doing a good job, and this person actually broke down in tears. Even after several good raises and bonuses, my colleague had never been praised for doing a good job on a specific piece of code.
If you have a great project, do not be afraid to market that idea. Be up front about where the project is and where you are going. Sell the vision, and do everything you can to build a strong team of contributors. Hopefully, you will attract enough community to make your project self-sustaining.
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Linus Torvalds Invites Attackers to Join the Kernel Community
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Are you ready for DevOps? Try your luck with the beta version of Linux Professional Institute's new DevOps exam.
Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.


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Event Archive - Victoria Symphony
Mon. May 17th 2010 @ Royal Theatre (All Ages)
8pm - 10pm
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Victoria Symphony
In its 70th year of operation, the Victoria Symphony is Vancouver Island's largest and most active performing arts organization. With over 50 performances in its season, which spans September to May, the Victoria Symphony continues to engage and inspire the community with high-quality concerts in seven diverse series and also with its outstanding e... more info[Upload Show Photos] // [Add Video] // [Add Review] // [Upload Poster]


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text: Hi, I just picked up GGR. In common with a lot of people, I've only ever seen this on TV. It looked OK, like your average TV movie, and I was surprised to hear that it was shown theatrically at 2.35:1. I wasn't sure why the director wanted to use such a wide ratio for a film that was mostly based in a cramped office. Then I saw the W/S DVD... All I can is, I am very impressed at the effectiveness of the widescreen composition in this film. It reveals the office with so much clarity (it's much bigger than it looks in the TV version), and it's great being able to see from one side of the room the other. I love the way that the director has framed shots of the key players in the film - using lighting and shallow focus to make them stand out against the drab office interior. And the tracking shots, eg. of Jack Lemmon as he follows Kevin Spacey across the office, work so much better in the scope frame. I know that widescreen Super 35 transfers look much better than the 4:3 versions for SFX-laden films (Terminator 2, Titanic etc.), but this is the first time I've seen what a difference composition makes to a non-SFX film. Anyone else have any good examples of films with really great widescreen compisition? -- J.


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Context Object in ASP.Net
Context Object in ASP.Net
- The context object is used to pass values from one page to another page.
Syntax :- Context.Items["value"] = "MeeraAcademy";
Example :-If you want to send a data from 'send.aspx' page to 'receivepage.aspx' page.First, we have to create a Context and then assign value to Context Object.
Context["Name"]='MeeraAcademy';Redirect the page to the next page
Response.redirect("receivepage.aspx");After redirecting a page we have to receive that Context value in string variable.
str Name=Context["Name"].ToString();


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This job listing has expired! Click here to view the latest ICT / Telecommunications jobs in Nigeria
Product Manager Job Responsibilities:
Develops products by identifying potential products; conducting market research; generating product requirements; determining specifications, developing marketing strategies.
Product Manager Job Duties:
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Application closes 9th August, 2016.
Remuneration: Very attractive


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OKI High Capacity Feeder with Caster Base - Media tray / feeder - for C911dn, 931, 931dn, 941dnItem#: 9825261 | Model#: 45530802
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OKI High Capacity Feeder with Caster Base - media Product Details
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The PE1V21016 from Pasternack Enterprises Inc is a Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Frequency 7390 to 8050 MHz, Power 3 to 6 dBm, Supply Voltage 4.5 to 5.5 Vdc, Supply Current 20 to 22 mA, Tuning Voltage 0.5 to 9 Vdc. More details for PE1V21016 can be seen below.
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Slide to see the images
This little girl is white/liver in color and she has a white tail. tails & dew claws were done at 3 days of age, first shots will be given at 6 weeks, parents on premises, AKC, Springer's are great family dogs and great with kids. These are field dogs and for you hunters we will start to train them with feathers. Then you can train them the rest of the way when you get them. If you have any questions please text or email. Thanks!


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Learning for life at Surrey Street where the social, emotional, spiritual, physical and learning needs of every member of the school community are met.
Hello and welcome to Ladybird Class!
I hope everyone had a wonderful holiday and are ready to start our Year One adventure together!
PE days are on Tuesday and Wednesday. Children must bring in the correct PE kit which should ALL be named. No earrings are allowed to be worn on P.E days.
It is also very important that all children must bring in their book bags, water bottles and a waterproof coat to school EVERYDAY.
If you have any queries or problems please come and have a chat with us.
Please continue to support your children with their learning at home.
Thank you
Mrs Morrell and Mrs Zarrouq


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Global Views/p>
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170A Time Delay Cylindrical Fiberglass Fuse 8300VAC
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I love making my home smell homey and inviting, and my favorite way to do that is with candles. I love the homey baking smells- pumpkin, hazelnut, cinnamon, cake bake, apple.
When we went on our date last week, we found a Yankee candle in Harvest- it smells like cinnamon and nutmeg to me. I really love it, and it was on clearance! Walmart has a store brand I like in Hazelnut too. The candles last forever and we get so much enjoyment from them!


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Written on: 18/10/2013 by welshsue (1 review written)
Excellent prices, quality products and fast delivery.
The only thing I would say is the communication could be better. One of my items was out of stock and rather than email me to let me know, the delivery arrived without them. The paperwork stated refund and the amount but in spite of emailing to ask how long I would need to wait for this, the refund hadn't appeared after 3 days. Had to open a paypal dispute to obtain the refund. Still no reply to original email. The missing item meant the postage cost was reduced but there was no mention of refunding for that, it was only paid back because it was mentioned in the dispute.
Customer services poor.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Studio's Credit Only Policy. " Read More
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" Why DHGate not accepting mastercard when they advertise it? " Read More


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Download this beautiful bookmark: What is true
What is true?
Imagine you are in a room. There are no windows. You can't see what is beyond the four walls. The only way out is through the door, but it's locked. There are five different sets of locks, and it is impossible to get out. So you stay, even though you desperately want out.
One day you hear a whisper.
Try the doorknob. [Read more…]


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Lavica Apartments
Podstrana, Croatia
Lavica Apartments
Podstrana, Croatia
Timeshare Owner?
Post your timeshare at Lavica Apartments for rent or sale in less than five minutes!
Lavica Apartments in Croatia are located in the village of Lavica, a pearl in the Adriatic, and is situated near the town of Split on the way to Dubrovnik. This is approximately 8km from Diocletians Palace, the harbour and the bus station.
The Lavica Tourist Village is situated along the seashore in the small town of Podstrana. Podstrana is situated alongside two rivers on the coast and it is surrounded by sandy beaches and lush Mediterranean vegetation. The town of Trogir, ancient centre of the Illyrian provinces Salona, Epetium, with its National Parks and natural beauty is also close by and well worth a visit.
The lovely holiday apartments at Lavica Village in Croatia have been recently renovated, have air conditioning and fully equipped kitchens. They also have satellite television and terraces. Please note that this resort is not suitable for wheelchair users, as there are a large number of steps.
Guests staying at the Lavica Apartments have the option of using the nearby Grand Hotel Lav facilities and services, the cost for using the pool is 20 per person, per day and leisure facilities include a world class Spa and Wellness Centre with a long list of treatments and massages, the latest fitness equipment and a circular indoor pool. Other activities available at the Hotel include retail therapy at the Shopping Arcade and Promenade, two tennis courts, watersports and scuba diving, as well as an extensive animation and activities programme. Reception is open from 9am to 9pm. If you plan to arrive outside these hours please contact the Resort in advance regarding key collection.
The resort now offers a buffet style breakfast. If booked in advance the fee for breakfast is 9 Euro per person, per day. If booked onsite then it is 10 Euro per person, per day.
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- Biking
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Fabijan d.o.o. Strozanacka 80 21312
Podstrana, CroatiaNo available map for Lavica ApartmentsAccuracy not guaranteed. Contact the resort to confirm the address before making plans.
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Windshield Wipers - Category
Windshield WipersFeb 6th, 2017
Today at MiTech Automotive we're going to talk about windshield wiper blades. Now that may seem like a pretty mundane... (Read more)
Looking Down The Road In Hartford: Wiper BladesAug 18th, 2011
It's said that 90 percent of our driving decisions are based on visual information. Our wiper blades play an important... (Read more)


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Confucius and nationalism
[A short note before I begin: Being neither a Confucian scholar nor an historian, I'm probably going to make a right fool of myself with this post. But what the hell, that's what blogging is all about, so here goes.]
Sam Crane of the Useless Tree has a fascinating and very thought-provoking post on Confucianism and nationalism, or should that be the abuse of Confucianism to bolster nationalism. I don't really want to talk about his main point- that Confucianism can not be used to bolster or justify nationalism- I mean, he does that well enough and there's nothing I can add to this discussion. But his post set my mind off on yet another tangent, back to some things that Jeremiah of the Granite Studio got me thinking about a while ago.
I can't remember what it was exactly that Jeremiah posted that got me thinking this way, but a few months back he did a series of posts which got me thinking about such things as nationalism, national identity, the definitions of 'China' and 'Chinese', and how all of these things relate to Chinese history. Or, what makes things that happened hundreds or thousands of years ago on land that now falls within the borders of the People's Republic 'Chinese history'? Might seem like a simple question, but the reality of Chinese history very quickly muddies the waters.
I mean, ask any class of regular Chinese English students which was the first dynasty in Chinese history. I guarantee you, after a moment of confusion, several will answer, "The Qin!" Wrong. That was the first dynasty to cover a unified China. Check in any history book or any dictionary that includes a list of the Chinese dynasties and you'll see Xia, Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period, and Warring States Period and then Qin.
[tangent: My Xinhua Zidian bilingual edition lists Western Zhou from about (yes, they wrote 'about') 1066 BC (very precise-looking date for an 'about') to 771 BC, then Eastern Zhou from 770 BC to 256 BC, Spring and Autumn from 770 BC to 476 BC, and Warring States from 475 BC to 221 BC, with Western and Eastern Zhou being two subsets of Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States being two subsets of Eastern Zhou. I don't really understand the technicalities here, so I won't attempt to explain any of this.]
Back to the topic, go on to remind them that the Qin was only the first dynasty to unite China and that there were, in fact, earlier dynasties, and you'll still be very lucky if anybody mentions the Xia, although there's a good chance somebody will start talking about the legendary and mythical rulers of pre-Xia times. If that happens, they'll most likely say "Yellow Emperor!", as if one emperor makes a dynasty.
Anyway, if we go by the typical first reaction to that question, the Qin Dynasty, because it was the first to unite China, then:
- Are Confucius and Lao Zi even Chinese? Remember, they lived before the Qin.
- Hang on a minute, if Qin is the first Chinese dynasty because it was the first to unite China, then just what the hell were they uniting? If the Qin represents the beginning of China, which is what "first dynasty" would imply, then the pre-Qin world contained no China, so it wasn't uniting China, it was founding China. Now the Yellow Emperor is going to be really mad to hear about that.
And a multitude of other questions of that ilk. Indeed, if the Qin was the first, then what existed before then?
Now, clearly, 'Chinese history', whatever that may be, stretches back before the Qin. Qin was, after all, one of the states doing all that warring. And it would seem that a lot of modern China's national and cultural identity is taken from the pre-Qin world- a prime example being the nationalistic abuse of Confucius that Sam Crane was railing against in that post linked to above. The Yellow Emperor is also another prime example- he is still an object of veneration, if not outright worship.
Now let's go back to Prof Crane's post. Here are three translations of a passage from the Analects, 3.5, a passage that Prof Crane tells us contains basically the only reference to anything approaching 'China' or a 'nation' Confucius is known to have made:
First up, the David Hinton version:
The Master said: "Those wild tribes in the far north and east - they still honor their sovereigns. They're nothing like us: we Chinese have given up such things."
Second, Ames and Rosemont:
The Master said: "The Yi and Di barbarian tribes with rulers are not as viable as the various Chinese states without them."
Third, Simon Leys:
The Master said: " Barbarians who have rulers are inferior to the various nations of China who are without."
Prof Crane then quotes part of a footnote Leys has on this passage:
...this important passage raises fascinating problems of interpretation. There are two ways of reading it - with opposite meanings. It say either "Barbarians who are fortunate enough to have rulers are still inferior to Chinese who do not have such luck," or "Even barbarians have rulers - in this respect, they are unlike (i.e. better than) the Chinese who do not have any."
Through the ages, commentators have inclined now to the first reading, now to the second, in a way that often reflected their own historical circumstances....
Now I have to say I have no idea what this passage means or how it should be translated. Unfortunately, if I do still have a copy of the Analects, it is either in New Zealand or in Yanqing, so I can't check it myself. And if I could, my complete lack of knowledge of Classical Chinese would mean that I have nothing to add to any discussion of the translation or meaning of this passage. But the key here, the way I see it, is the second paragraph of that footnote from Leys:
Through the ages, commentators have inclined now to the first reading, now to the second, in a way that often reflected their own historical circumstances....
[yeah, I decided to highlight what I think is the key phrase]
And you know, I think we can apply that to modern people and our views of history.
A little more quoting from Prof Crane, then I'll stop plagiarising and get around to making my point (assuming, of course, that I do actually have a point to make):
Chinese nationalism, as we know it today, is a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as are virtually all modern nationalisms everywhere. Indeed, it did not really become a mass nationalism until the 1930s, when Japan invaded (following the analysis of Chalmers Johnson), or maybe the 1920s (if we buy the argument of Arthur Waldron).
[note: not sure if Prof Crane's links are going to work here.]
Y'know, I would've traced the origins of Chinese nationalism back to the late Qing, perhaps using 1840 and the Opium War as a convenient starting point. My understanding of that period, which I have to state out loud, clearly, right here, comes as much from Hong Kong films as from history books, of course, so I'm hardly in a position to dispute the analysis of real scholars. But my understanding is that the late Qing saw a rising Han (汉, for the sake of maximum clarity) nationalism in reaction to both foreign invasion and an increasingly corrupt, decadent and clearly collapsing Qing. The Qing was founded by the Manchus, remember, and I was under the impression that many Han of the late Qing viewed the Qing as the descendants of barbarian, foreign invaders, and that the world would be put right when they were replaced with a Han government and the 洋鬼子 (amazing how that word pops up so quickly on my pinyin input doohickey!) put back on their ships and sent home. And then, of course, came the 1911 revolution, the Republic and the Kuomintang with its distinctly modern, Western ideas learned in places like Japan and Europe. One of these new-fangled ideas was, of course, a distinctly modern, Western concept of Nationalism and such things as the inviolable, indivisible nation-state.
Now, one thing I should make clear: I do not intend to equate 'modern' and 'Western'. That would be a serious, serious mistake that I've seen far too many Chinese people make. What I mean by modern, Western ideas like Nationalism is that the idea came from the West, and is therefore Western in origin, and that it is a very modern concept, a very recent phenomenon. In terms of the development of Nationalism, the West isn't really terribly different from China. Anyway, modern does not equal Western.
So where was I? Trying to get to the point, whatever that may be....
Right, so Nationalism, it would seem to me, is a very modern idea with its origins in the West. It's an idea that has spread rapidly around the world and has, in many places, produced some rather odd, spectacularly weird, and viciously brutal results.
And many of these results can be seen in modern people's interpretations of history and applications of history to the modern world. I could give you plenty of examples from all corners of the globe, but that would inevitably stir up far more trouble than I really want to deal with. The application of Nationalism to history has resulted in some seriously insane politics, the kind of politics I'd rather keep well, well away from my blog.
So if Nationalism is so thoroughly warping our understanding of history, what are we to do?
Well, we could go back to Confucius. I much prefer Lao Zi, personally, but Confucius would seem to fit the bill here. Now, remember, I'm no Confucian scholar and I'm probably about to make a right fool of myself, but anyway, my understanding of Confucius is that he looked back to an earlier period in which the Chinese nation was as it should be, that period being the Zhou. And no, I'm not accusing him of any kind of proto-nationalism. My understanding was that he saw the Zhou as being Civilisation. He was obviously aware of the existence of barbarian peoples around the borders of China, but I suspect that he thought that with proper education, they too could be civilised. In any case, I don't think he saw the Chinese nation in the highly politicised way we see the nation-state today. I think he saw it in a cultural sense, somewhat similar to the pre-Bismarck Germany.
I mean, my understanding of 'China' in this sense is that around the time of the Xia Dynasty, the concept of 'Hua Xia/华夏', meaning the collective of the Chinese peoples, a 'nation' in the sense of a cultural identity, developed. And this is how the Qin could be the first dynasty to unite China and not the dynasty that founded China. The Qin brought all the Chinese states and peoples together into one political unit for the first time.
So, when looking at Chinese history, especially pre-Qin history, we must be careful not to approach it with our concept of the modern nation-state. The same applies when looking at Chinese philosophy, especially of the pre-Qin period. Actually, the same applies everywhere.
I think we also need to understand that China developed out of a group of different, but mostly Sinitic, peoples coming together in ancient times exchanging ideas, languages, technologies, cultures, and gradually building themselves up into what became the Xia Dynasty and Huaxia, which then gradually, over all these thousands of years, developed into the modern China we all know and love today.
I think I'll need to get lunch before I try writing any more of this.
Right, so now that I have displayed for the world to see my complete ignorance of Confucianism and Chinese history, you can all laugh at me.


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Cotter named Scotland coach - from 2014
New Zealander Vern Cotter has been hired to coach Scotland to the 2015 Rugby World Cup, from next year.
The Scottish Rugby Union said on Monday that Cotter will take over for two years from June 2014, when his contract with French club Clermont Auvergne ends.
Scott Johnson, the interim coach since November, was appointed director of rugby but will stay in charge of Scotland for a second straight Six Nations next year, then hand over to Cotter to give him a year's buildup to the World Cup in England.
Cotter, at Clermont since 2006, led the club to the recent Heineken Cup final and said after a Top 14 semifinal loss last weekend that next season would be his last at the club.
The SRU concluded the contract with Cotter months ago, chief executive Mark Dodson said, but waited until the end of Clermont's season to make the announcement.
"To have secured someone of his caliber is a coup for Scotland," Dodson said. "It's a measure of our standing that we have him on board."
Cotter, who will advise Scotland in the meantime, said in a statement he was thrilled and honored to be the next coach.
The former No. 8 coached Bay of Plenty in New Zealand and helped the Crusaders win successive Super Rugby titles before he moved to France.
Under Cotter, Clermont was French runner-up for three straight years before winning the Top 14 in 2010, and has been knocked out in the semifinals each season since then.


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Victor B: THANKS FOR THE THANKS! lol
MacTire: i don't think it's too great though. :/ :] but i'm happy it's art work that i have to progress on! that's half the fun! thanks!!
Porg: thank you! yes it's ball point blue pen work. i'm learning it and feeling comfortable with it... meaning i need to switch up my medium again! keep it interesting you know.
it's that time again!
edit: tuesday's Sargent study. (source)


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11月 21, 2014 合計視聴数:: 5673 今日は: 1
Hotel B and B Cesa Ciasates Canazei, B&B Cesa Ciasates is located in Canazei, 700 metres from the Canazei-Pecol cable car with links to the Sella Ronda ski circuit. It features free bicycles. The rooms in Alpine style offer a balcony with mountain views, 薄型テレビ(衛星チャンネル付), 、専用バスルーム. Guests of the Cesa Ciasates have access to a ski storage room a fitness centre. A garden with a playground for children is also available. Hiking and mountain biking trails start right on the doorstep. (Hotel B and B Cesa Ciasates Canazei hotels 予約).