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Based on previous posts I've seen, five seems to be the general consensus.
by Rohit7 months ago
I set up my hubpages account more than six months ago. The site has sufficient content, The association from google adsense is still pending saying Account Not Active An AdSense account does not exist for this login,as...
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Hi Hubbers, I checked my account yesterday on August 20, 2016 and to my surprise the Google Adsense has approved my application. It is hardly even two months, when I signed up.
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After writing on Hubpages for 7 months I finally got Google Adsense approval after applying for it every time I wrote a Hub. I've only written 10 Hubs but this will be an incentive to write more given the time &...
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Dear experienced Hubbers,The first time I posted status like this, I was told that I need to at least wait for my hubs to age (2mons). I need to make 10 to 15 hubs. I tried applying once again since I met the...
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How To Start Placing Sports Bets On The Internet
Putting down sports wagers online has detonated into a multi billion dollar industry. There are presently various sports books online a large portion of which are found seaward in spots like the Caribbean and Central America. The reason internet sports betting is so famous with bettors is that they have a superior possibility of winning. Another enormous in addition to is that it doesn't require a mess of investment to put down wagers with an online sports book. There is a gigantic advantage to having the capacity to put down your wagers online without leaving your home.
To begin getting a charge out of the advantages of sports betting online you have to locate a dependable and reliable online sports book. It is sufficiently simple with the web index postings, simply sort in "sports betting" and you will discover a ton to browse. When you locate a couple you like information their names and discover surveys and read them to perceive what different players consider them and perceive how they are evaluated. When you are finished with your examination pick a couple you are happy with and open records with them to begin. Opening a sports betting record on the internet is simple. You should simply to search for a connection generally like "Enlist" or "Open Account" then tap on it and give the data requested and pick a username and secret key which you will use in your each visit.
With a specific end goal to put down a wager you need to have some cash on your sports betting record first. So your next stride is store some cash. This should be possible with check, wire or Visas at present however at the season of this writing in July of 2006 the United States Congress is voting on forbidding the utilization of charge cards for online betting. When you have stored your cash for your sports betting record, it is likewise imperative to check for your bonus after your store since most bookmakers really give some kind of bonuses or limited time special after your first store.
Presently you are prepared to put down your wagers however before you do this, read and ensure you see how to put down a wager at your picked sports book. There are numerous internet sports betting destinations nowadays that have diverse sorts of chances that may change a lot and this can be confused. So if conceivable pick a chances arrangement that you are more acquainted with.

subset: commoncrawl


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SAMSUNG R7 360° Wireless Smart Sound Multi-Room Speaker – White, White Price: £ 399.00
Posted on 22/12/2016 by Deal Advisor | Comments Off on SAMSUNG R7 360° Wireless Smart Sound Multi-Room Speaker – White, White Price: £ 399.00
PC World Offer: SAMSUNG R7 360° Wireless Smart Sound Multi-Room Speaker – White, White from Audio Systems For just: GBP399.00
Fill your home with sound using the contemporary Samsung R7 360° Wireless Smart Sound Multi-Room Speaker in white. Aerodynamic sound The R7 features a unique design which delivers even, omni-directional sound to fill the entire room thanks to Samsung's Ring Radiator technology. A contemporary, minimalist design means the R7 blends seamlessly into any home interior, with accessories (sold separately) for placement on the floor or ceiling. Wireless listening Enjoy wireless music from your smart devices or PC – simply download the Samsung Multiroom App for iOS or Android or use your Windows PC or Mac to control playback. Supporting wireless streaming from services such as Spotify, Napster and Rdio, you'll be able to listen to all your favourite songs and radio stations. Expand your listening Add additional speakers from the Samsung range and enjoy stereo sound – simply place compatible Samsung multi-room speakers in different rooms around your home to synchronise music or play a different song in every room. Compatible with all 2014 and later Samsung Smart TVs, 7 series home entertainment system and 7 series soundbars, you'll be able to connect the R7 to create a surround sound system for an immersive entertainment experience. Never run out of choice with over 40 million songs included Enjoy 12 months of unlimited music complimentary with this Samsung 360 Audio product. Stream music directly from your mobile device, and listen to the latest artists and bands without any ads or interruptions. Online music services such as Deezer, Spotify Connect and Tune In Radio let you pick tracks and play them straight through the speaker, so you're always up to date with the best music. With support for high resolution audio, the Samsung R7 360° Wireless Multi-Room Speaker delivers a sophisticated and immersive listening experience. More Details…


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Byron Scott was fired by the Cleveland Cavaliers on Thursday and the veteran coach believes he was not given a fair chance to turn the situation around.
"I'm disappointed, more than anything,'' Scott said in a telephone interview. "I don't think I got a fair shake.''
Scott will pick up things from his Cavaliers office before returning home to California on Saturday.
"I'll land on my feet,'' Scott said.
"I'm a straight shooter.''


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Some of the most effective exercises for building the abundance mindset are also very simple. This article will give you a few easy things you can do right now to feel more abundant and therefore begin to create a more prosperous life.
Never embark on a trade without first performing careful analysis and studying every one of the possible outcomes.
It would have been possible to make money by purchasing the dollar at its lower point because it over reacted and then mean reverted.
Unemployment will probably exceed 35 percent.
With out some feeling of organization when it's time to file your own income taxes, you will encounter issues. That's of course in the U.S., but it's also true of Panama! The choice lies with the American people, and the future of our nation depends upon which way they choose and that's the most important fact of all.
I've heard so many people say that they've went to a pawn shopa couple of times and didn't find anything. Peak oil. Just envision tapping into a marketplace your competition haven't even regarded as! You never know. The software is supposed to be your end of looking for an investing software that will actually work and something that could help you fix all of your past debts and problems. humphhhh... She then proceeded to buy a complete new wardrobe, refurnish her house even though what was in it was relatively new, bought a new and fairly expensive auto, purchased some jewelry, and took a number of her lady friends on all expense paid (by her) trips, including several months in Europe. Best Street Festivals on Earth
You may want to enlist the aid of a licensed health insurance broker in Florida. We are more than $16 trillion in debt, we went from a record budget surplus about ten years ago to almost a trillion dollars of deficit in 2013, and the numbers keep adding up, yet Congress unapologetically appropriates $587 million for what is labeled as "Educational and Cultural Exchanges Program."
CSBS promotes the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions and the overall banking system through two key activities: bank supervision and examination, and comprehensive training and education programs for http://freeforexforyou.com/forex-bonus state bank examiners.
They know how to implement the latest hardware, software, and network applications available. And everything stays the same. What do you know that everyone else doesn't?
Apart from improving your smile, they also provide treatments for misaligned bites that affects the smiling, chewing and most important cleaning of the teeth. Well, first the paper-making industry will fail and so will forestry maintenance, leading to even more unemployment. Our debt is a bigger enemy than any foreign force, as by 2020 the interest on the debt to China could approach funding their military.
The remaining number either use online directory assistance, mapping services and the newer services including Enhanced Directory Assistance, wireless short messaging, wireless e-mail notification and wireless mapping and direction services. "Casino" is the Italian word for "house".
You may even need to test out automatic systems that will do every very little factor for you.
An FX cross pair is unique and provides the investor with a short-term, highly liquid vehicle that offers diversification and perhaps some element of currency hedging as a result of the deployment of capital to this asset class.
Courtney went back to work at their family's Dairy Queen and resisted temptations. Where the Market Stands; Where it's Headed:
Tip #6: Participate in a home trading program
Ignorance is the mis-identification of the Spirit with the earthly. If steps are not taken to minimize it, it can destroy any business! Kahului, Hawaii gauge data: It shows a swing of nearly 16 ft. Some campaigns you can bid $1.00 to $2.00 (and I almost always start out with a bid of $1.00 or $2.00). Demo forex trading, while valuable in many respects, comes with caveats that every new tradermust be aware of.
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Furthermore, banks were allowed to invest in a somewhat broader set of assets, and the scope of antitrust laws was reduced.
Sign up for a proposal or produce a buy by way of that link and earn similar added points, from hundreds to thousands of points for each proposal.
Top investors who were smart enough to take advantage of this once-in-a-life-time precious metals bull market have reaped incredible profits. We serve our prospective consumer, and we end up with a customer. This will teach nothing. And often times we are partly to blame by not being that cohesive as a ethnic group or supporting our own fellow actors or their projects.
Abundance Mindset Simple Abundance Exercises
Some of the most effective exercises for building the abundance mindset are also very simple. This article will give you a few easy things you can do right now to feel more abundant and therefore begin to create a more prosperous life.
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Look out: The 10 Rising Tech Trends of 2012
Here's TechRepublics breakout of the Gatners Top 10 Tech Trends for 2012, with select quotes from Gartner's David Cearly. 1. Media tablets and beyond - "The implications for IT is that the era of PC dominance with Windows as the single platform will be replaced with a post-PC era where Windows is one of a variety of environments IT will need to support." 2. Mobile-centric applications and interfaces - "When building user interfaces for multiple ... read more
Maximising Value on Your Exit
5 Key steps and areas to Maximise your Value Planning for the Exit properly Identify strategic acquirers Creating competitive tension and leverage for the deal Negotiation Avoiding the Bear Traps 1. Planning for Exit If you want to maximize the value of your company on exit you need to plan properly - but what exactly do you do to prepare for your sale? Timing / Valuation expectations Timing is a ... read more
ICON secures investment for Nanosolutions provider, IOTA
IOTA NanoSolutions Limited, a specialist formulation company, is pleased to announce today that it has completed a financing round to support the commercialisation of its proprietary nanodispersion formation technology, ContraSolTM. New investor, QIB(UK) Plc joins Unilever Ventures Limited (UV) in this financing round. Poor solubility of active ingredients can pose formulation constraints, impair the performance of product ingredients and restrict the wide use of commercial materials. ContraSolTM allows the transformation of ... read more
ICON secures investment for SaaS provider, Element8
Element8 Limited is a leading provider of change management and business transformation software for global enterprises and major public sector companies. The company has developed xpointTM, a SaaS based software environment which delivers successful change at a dramatically improved rate. Based on Microsoft's SharePoint® platform, this Enterprise 2.0 product will strengthen any organisation's capability to evolve and meet the challenge of change by automating the most demanding of their knowledge-based business ... read more
ICON advises LalPac on its sale to AIM listed IDOX Plc
ICON is pleased to announce the sale of LalPac to IDOX. LalPac is one of the UK's leading providers of licensing management software and services, supplying over 131 local authorities. The company has developed leading, proprietary software which makes the issuing, tracking and management of statutory compliance matters more cost effective. The company is profitable and has a high quality SaaS style recurrent revenue stream. IDOX Plc is a leading ... read more
What could your business be worth?
Company Valuation 2011/2012 is widely expected to be a busy time in the mergers and acquisitions market, if you are thinking of selling your company and would like an appraisal of your current company valuation, we can help you determine: • What your business might be worth in the current market • What factors will affect your value and how you can maximise your return on exit • What the process, timings and potential costs are Information ... read more
10 Facts about Selling Your Business – are you ready?
10 Facts about Selling Your Business - are you ready? For most entrepreneurs the sale of their company is a significant and potentially life changing event. It's also, however, a field in which many CEOs have little or no experience. For anyone looking to achieve the most their exit, here is a list of ICON's top tips for maximising the valuation on the sale of your company. 1) Ensure your business ... read more
Cleantech venture investment was up by 28% compared to the previous year, making 2010 the second highest year for investment after 2008.
New research has shown that throughout 2010, clean technology venture investments in North America, Europe, China and India totalled US$7.8bn across 715 deals. The Cleantech Group, which released the statistics, said cleantech venture investment was up by 28% compared to the previous year, making 2010 the second highest year for investment after 2008. With more than 700 deals, the figure was also a new annual record. Venture investment in the ... read more


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Did you know that just two teaspoons of sugar can create a chain reaction that spirals your body into utter chemical imbalance?
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Given the processed and fast-paced world we live in, it should come as no surprise to you that sugar is everywhere in the foods we eat. Sugar has a long shelf life, it's cheap and it makes things taste sweet… Read more…


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This gorgeous weather is making my daily photos look nice :)
30 September 2015
29 September 2015
29 September 2015
A crane fly on a window.
I managed to get a shot this time; a couple of weeks' ago, I was trying to photograph one of these, when Georgie came up to see what I was doing and promptly ate the 'model'!
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 5:58 pm 0 comments
28 September 2015
28 September 2015
Whilst many of my photographic friends conscientlously stayed awake and recorded wonderful shots of last night's
'Blood Moon', this muppet fell asleep after deciding, just before 2am, to have a little sit down.
Next thing I knew it was 5.30am and I'd missed it :(
'Blood Moon', this muppet fell asleep after deciding, just before 2am, to have a little sit down.
Next thing I knew it was 5.30am and I'd missed it :(
This is the last shot on my camera before I fell asleep: an ordinary full moon in the early degrees of Aries.
27 September 2015
27 September 2015
The lovely autumnal sunshine we're having at the moment is making my daily picture-finding a lot more enjoyable.
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 5:14 pm 0 comments
26 September 2015
26 September 2015
25 September 2015
25 September 2015
24 September 2015
24 September 2015
I have known this lovely lady for ... blimey, it must be 30 years, give or take a couple of years. I don't often see her anymore because she now lives in Western Australia.
She's over in the UK visiting her family at the moment, so it was fab to catch up with her today.
23 September 2015
23 September 2015
Buttons. Lots of, at the Witney Sewing & Knitting Centre. I also went to T4 Cameras, where James and Mark charged me the princely sum of £2 for sorting out my camera. Phew.
Big thanks to Carol for driving. x
22 September 2015
22 September 2015
A very uninspiring photo; I just haven't been in the mood to find a decent shot.
It's rained. And rained.
And I'm cold.
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 4:46 pm 0 comments
21 September 2015
21 September 2015
20 September 2015
20 September 2015
Today, I went over to Coleshill with Tracey and Din, for the National Trust's '1940's Day'. Lots to see and do, and I particularly enjoyed the demonstrations by the members of the Home Guard.
Here, a Sergeant demonstrates different types of detonator cables.
There were guns, a hand grenade and fiery explosions.
Thanks to D and T for a lovely day :) x
The bad bit of the day was my 7D falling from my holster. I now have a cracked screen :( But this was taken after the fall/crack, so I think the camera is still working okay.
19 September 2015
19 September 2015
My lovely girl is back from Venice (she went as part of her Art & Design course).
She brought me back this pretty Venetian glass bead bracelet.
18 September 2015
18 September 2015
17 September 2015
17 September 2015
16 September 2015
16 September 2015
"Won't you walk into my parlour? said the [garden] spider to the [hover] fly."
When I saw this in the garden this morning I was fascinated.
That is a very efficient 'shroud' the spider has made for the poor hoverfly.
15 September 2015
15 September 2015
This plant has grown under the fence from next door. The purple flowers are bell-shaped, and as you can see, very hairy!
I've done a bit of googling, and think it is probably Campanula rapunculoides (Creeping Bellflower)
14 September 2015
14 September 2015
Possibly one of my most boring photos all year. I haven't done much today because after only 6 days back at the germ factory they call 'school', my youngest is full of snot, fever and cough. So you've got a picture of lunch
(jolly tasty it was, too).
13 September 2015
13 September 2015
12 September 2015
12 September 2015
After consulting the weather forecast, Tracey and I decided White Horse Hill would be a good place for a sunset this evening.
Unfortunately, the sun disappeared a lot quicker than we anticipated,
but it was still lovely to be out and in such a beautiful spot.
Thanks for driving, T x
11 September 2015
11 September 2015
A lovely sunny day for a quick jaunt to Millet's Farm this morning.
Thanks for the invite and for driving, Carol :D x
10 September 2015
10 September 2015
With many thanks from Lou and me, to Sue for the flowers. You shouldn't have, but they are lovely.
Thank you xx
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 2:46 pm 0 comments
Labels: Chrysanthemum, Flora, Gift, Lensbaby, Macro
9 September 2015
8 September 2015
8 September 2015
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 6:34 pm 0 comments
Labels: Blue Flower, Flora, Garden, Macro
7 September 2015
7 September 2015
If I'd got off my backside and gone and taken this shot last week, there would have been a lot more straw bales in it.
The farmer has begun to collect them up now.
6 September 2015
6 September 2015
In my experience, when one is out taking photos and encountering other people, they fall into three categories.
The first group just ignore you.
The second seek to engage you - either to express interest, or to question you about what you're doing, and perhaps ask you to get off their land.
The third group cannot help themselves but act up to the camera, and this guy fell into that third category. "You're not going to plaster me across Facebook are you?" he asked.
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 10:07 pm 0 comments
5 September 2015
5 September 2015
Today didn't pan out as I had expected, so you've got a shot of some late lavender,
growing at the front of the house.
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 10:49 pm 0 comments
4 September 2015
And now for something completely different. When the idea was first mooted of taking photos at a boxing event, I wasn't at all sure: I don't really like boxing. But the opportunity to shoot something completely different was too tempting.
I could've done without the blood that landed on me, but the nice man in the corner wiped it off with his towel.
At least it didn't get on the lens.
3 September 2015
3 September 2015
I may live to regret this (after having had 'issues' with a previous shot of a leaf) but what's a girl to do when she sees a particularly beautiful leaf just begging to be photographed?
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 2:46 pm 0 comments
2 September 2015
2 September 2015
Today felt like a sitting-somewhere-peaceful day. I couldn't get where I wanted to go because a large lorry was blocking the narrow road; so I went here instead.
1 September 2015
1 September 2015
Posted by Lynn/Kitty at 3:29 pm 0 comments
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With a stay at Leonidas Hotel & Apartments in Rethymnon, you'll be near the beach and convenient to Kara Mousha Pasha Mosque and Fortezza Castle. This hotel is within close proximity of Rethymnon Town Hall and Ecclesiastical Museum.
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Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and an elevator (lift).


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College Readiness, College Completion, and Race by Michael J. Petrilli
The EdNext Blog
America's High School Seniors' Reading and Math Scores Have Hit a Wall by Joy Resmovits
L.A. Times article
Closing the Expectations Gap
Achieve's Annual Report on the Alignment of State K-12 Policies and Practice with the Demands of College and Careers
College and Career Readiness: What Do We Mean?
ConnectEd / The California Center for College and Career
The Challenge of College Readiness by David T. Conley
The Prepared Graduate Vol. 64, Number 7
April 2007
Redefining College Readiness by David T. Conley
Prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
March 2007
The High School/College Disconnect by Michael W. Kirst
Educational Leadership Vol. 62, Number 3
November 2004
Do you want to help close the College Readiness Gap and improve the current college prep and assessment landscape? Join our email list to participate in the BetterRhetor community. Keep up with news and events, receive notices of new entries on the LevelUp Blog, and always feel free to write us at email@example.com or via the Contact page with any thoughts or questions.


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Best views in SE Mich! Breathtaking Barton Hills estate on a premier 4.5 ac site overlooking Barton Pond. Stunning Frank Lloyd Wright inspired design seamlessly blends upscale living spaces & incomparable surroundings thru extraordinary design, abundant glass, superior craftsmanship & natural materials. Remarkable flowing flrplan. Enjoy water & nature views from every rm. Dramatic formal living & dining rms. Gourmet kit w/hearth/brkfst rm w/FP. Beautiful sunrm & terrace. Tranquil mstr wing w/incredible bath/dressing rms & private access to dual offices. Gorgeous bdrm wing w/4 suites + au pair suite. Spectacular LL w/FR, full bar/kit, theater, billiards rm, wine cellar, gym/hot tub/sauna & steam rm & sports rm. Easy entertaining w/Lutron lighting/sound. 2-level heated 7car gar w/glass drs. Circle drive w/fountain. Commercial mechanical & security systems & elevator. Transcendent home loaded w/amenities & premium finishes on gorgeous private setting w/many terraces & unbelievable views.
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Open regional funds for South-East Europe – promotion of EU integration through regional cooperation
Project description
Title: Open regional funds for South-East Europe – promotion of EU integration through regional cooperation
Commissioned by: German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia
Overall term: 2012 to 2018
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia have made EU membership one of their top priorities. While they are each at different stages in the accession process, they face many common challenges when it comes to reforming their economic and political systems and public administrations. The European Commission has made regional cooperation in South-East Europe a key condition for potential EU accession.
The national institutions responsible for coordinating and steering the EU accession process use regional dialogue platforms to engage in mutual learning. They form regional networks and jointly discuss good practices. They are accelerating the EU accession process by meeting prescribed standards. Stability is increased in the region, the potential for conflict is reduced, and working relationships are established and maintained in a spirit of trust.
The project team coordinates, advises and supports the network of ministries for foreign affairs. It works with high-level ministerial representatives to devise regional learning and dialogue platforms which reflect the needs of the ministries. Based on jointly agreed profiles, the foreign ministries and the project team together select individuals to participate in the learning and dialogue platforms.
The EU is using the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) to provide funding for 'enlargement countries'. This funding is dependent upon the progress achieved by beneficiary countries and their needs, both of which are determined on the basis of the Commission's evaluations and annual strategy documents. The project team is assisting the countries to set up a new network of IPA structures. The aim of the network is to promote the sharing of knowledge and experience with regard to strategic planning, institutional conditions, decentralised financial management and monitoring and evaluation procedures. Its focus is on activities relating to the strategic programming and monitoring of EU accession activities, which lay the foundation for the management of IPA funding.
EU integration authorities and EU directorates within the ministries for foreign affairs are working on issues in the accession process which affect all countries in equal measure. One example is the preparation and harmonisation of negotiating positions in cooperation with line ministries. This enables the relevant institutions to perform their role in the accession process more effectively.


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Would you like to be a member of our research panel? Join here - there's (nearly) always a great incentive offered for your views.
bleeding... early pregnancy 5+6 weeks...(18 Posts)
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text: Do you have the perfect photo or image to make a great personalised jigsaw puzzle? Just upload your photo and select your size and we will choose one of our 'whimsy' designs to suit your photo or image and create an exquisite wooden jigsaw or personalised gift! Whether you have a holiday photo from a trip to Venice or skiing in the mountains, we will have a 'whimsy' cut design to go with your image. With our delightful 'whimsy' shaped jigsaw pieces and superior quality, a Wentworth Wooden Puzzle makes the perfect gift that can be treasured forever. If you've ever wanted to design your own puzzle, why not start with a high quality wooden jigsaw? Upload your image to get started, it's easy! NB: In order for your puzzle to be of the highest quality, please check your image before uploading. Ideally we need a jpeg (image file) of between 1MB and 5MB. Any less and the image may be pixilated, and larger and it will struggle to upload.


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Date : 11 / Nov / 2017
Time : 7:30pm
Address : Huddersfield Town Hall Corporation St Huddersfield HD1 2TA
Tel : 01484 221900
Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra
Huddersfield Town Hall
In the first concert of our 2017/2018 season, the Huddersfield Philharmonic perform Mahler's epic Seventh Symphony and Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No.1, performed by Ukrainian award winning pianist Slava Sidorenko. Slava has performed with the orchestra on two occasions and it is always an honour to share the stage with a such a thoughtful and sensitive musician. Of all Mahler's symphonies, the Seventh is the most enigmatic, and in its musical language the most radical and forward-looking. Schoenberg regarded it as the work that signalled the end of romanticism.
Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1
Mahler Symphony No.7
Soloist: Slava Sidorenko
Conductor: Robert Guy


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Are you looking for GED testing locations in Rose OK? The GED exam is only given in pencil and paper format. Typically in order to sit for the General Education Development test the student must be over 17 years old. The GED examination fee in the state of Oklahoma typically varies from $40 to $90.
The GED examination consists of five topics: language arts (reading), language arts (writing), mathematics, science and social studies. Each test gives a score between 200 and 800. Many states require test takers to get a score of 410 on each of the five sections and an overall average of 450 for the GED test to pass.
Most GED testing sites in Rose OK are offered at:
- Rose High Schools
- Rose Community Colleges
- Rose Independent School District
- Rose Adult Education Centers


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- Record Label: Don Giovanni
- Release Date: Apr 23, 2013
- Critic score
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Apr 26, 2013I hear Wheel slightly differently every time I listen to it, but what stays the same is the overarching feeling that there is some ungraspable quality to it, something indefinable in the way these songs come together, as if multiple worlds are eclipsing each other while remaining individually visible.
May 1, 2013Stevenson and her band have been improving in every aspect since their inception, and they've nailed it here on Wheel.
Apr 26, 2013Her stunning brand of Americana pop translates the 21st century breakdown into something worrying and sweetly touching.
Alternative PressApr 26, 2013Lovely and heartfelt, Wheel is an introspective delight. [May 2013m, p.90]
Apr 26, 2013Thematically, the album is rich and varied, but there is a slight inability to maintain a through-line musically that can prove to be jarring on occasion.
Apr 29, 2013It's Laura Stevenson's third album, and the third that leaves you feeling warmly disposed but unconvinced, gamely professing your interest to see what she does next time around.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 8, 1977
|Filing date
|Oct 14, 1975
|Priority date
|Oct 14, 1975
|Publication number
|Salvatore J. Bonsignore, Sabert N. Howell
|Original Assignee
|Cbs Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (29), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to light dimming systems, and more particularly to apparatus for controlling the intensity of electric lamps for illumination control on television and theatrical stages or in similar applications where accuracy as well as specialized control are required to effect predetermined lighting cues.
To achieve the precise control of illumination required for television studio and stage lighting often requires as many as 400 separate lamps, and it may be desirable to vary the intensity of selected lamps or banks of lamps while leaving the intensity of other lamps or banks of lamps unchanged. Typical lighting control systems in current use utilize a multiplicity of power outlets arranged in a grid on a supporting structure above the stage or studio, with each of the multiplicity of lamps connected to a respective outlet. Alternating current power for the lamps is supplied to the outlet from a central power source, and control of the intensity of the individual lamps is achieved with a plurality of dimmers housed in a large assembly of dimmer racks and may include 40 to 60 or more dimmers of 6KW to 12KW each. Multiple conductors, one from each of the dimmers, are connected to a power patch selector panel from which power-carrying conductors are wired to the grid outlets. By preselected "patching" of the conductors from the dimmers and the conductors to the grid outlets, a given dimmer is operative to control the intensity of a given lamp or group of lamps. The dimmers are controlled from a lighting control console which houses control signal generating equipment, one for each of the dimmers. Such systems are complex, cumbersome (in that a large room is normally required to house the racks of dimmers), and expensive. For example, all currently available SCR dimmers suitable for stage use, regardless of their capacity, contain all of the elements necessary to provide control from the console, one of the more expensive components of which is the control circuit. Consequently, the initial cost of each individual dimmer is high and does not decrease proportionally with a decrease in dimmer capacity; that is, the cost of a 2KW dimmer, for example, is not significantly lower than the cost of a 12KW dimmer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a more compact, less expensive, and more convenient dimming control system than heretofore available for controlling intensity levels of a multiplicity of lamps to fulfill the needs of television and theatre.
It is another object of the invention to provide such a system whereby the user can precisely control small, and consequently less expensive, dimmers employed on a dimmer per lamp basis.
These and other objects of the invention are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment which includes a small, solid state dimmer circuit of the SCR-type for each of a multiplicity of lamps. Each dimmer and its associated lamp are connected in series and directly connected to a respective one of a multiplicity of power outlets, all of which are energized from a main power source connected to the outlets through a circuit breaker panel. The dimmers associated with a preselected group of lamps are controlled in unison by a common time-variable pulse driver mounted in a remote console, the pulse signals for firing the SCR's in the group being coupled from the console by miniature coaxial signal cables. A single pulse generator is capable of driving up to 10 or more dimmers in unison, although in most situations the preselected group might consist of a lesser number, typically six. The lamps of the system are grouped into a desired number of preselected groups, the lamps of each of which, although not necessarily located adjacent to each other, are controlled together, the console containing a number of pulse generators equal to the number of groups. Thus, the number of the control signal generators, one of the more expensive elements of the control system required to control a given number of lamps, is less than the number needed to control the same number of lamps in currently available systems, and, since the dimmers are employed on a dimmer per lamp basis, they can be of smaller capacity, and consequently of lower cost, than the dimmers employed in current systems, which may be called upon to carry the energizing current for several high wattage lamps.
A better understanding of the construction and operation of the invention will be had from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical prior art controlled dimmer lighting system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a controlled dimmer lighting system embodying the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an individual dimmer and the time-variable pulse driver for controlling the same.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical studio lighting system in current use consisting of a multiplicity of power outlets, usually supported on an overhead structure above the studio or theatre stage and arranged in a grid pattern for convenience in plugging in a comparable multiplicity of luminaires, which may be of differing wattages. For illustrative purposes, four outlets are shown at 10, 12, 14 and 16, to which four luminaires 18, 20, 22 and 24 are respectively connected. Depending on the specific lighting function of the luminaires, they may be of the same or different wattage, and it will be understood that they represent but a few of a larger number of separate lamps found in typical systems, sometimes numbering as many as 400.
Alternating current power for the lamps, normally at 60 Hz and 120 volts, is supplied by a power source 26 which includes power switch gear and circuit breakers. The source 26 supplies power to a multiplicity of dimmers, which are usually of the solid state SCR-type and mounted in a large assembly of dimmer racks 28 and placed in a separate dimmer rack room. A typical installation may include 40 to 60 or more dimmers of 6KW to 12KW each. Each of the dimmers is connected to a power patch selector panel 30 for assigning grid outlets for each luminaire to a dimmer as required for illumination of a given scene. It will be appreciated that cables having high current-carrying capacity are required for cabling the power source to the dimmer racks, from the dimmers to the patch selector, and from the patch selector to the grid outlets. Each of the dimmers is controlled by its own dimmer control circuit, all of which are contained in an operator lighting control console 32, enabling the operator to control the intensity of given ones or groups of the luminaires as determined by the assignment of outlets to a dimmer and the lighting cues for the particular program.
The control dimmer lighting system according to the present invention, shown in block diagram in FIG. 2, includes the conventional grid of power outlets, only four of which are shown at 36, 38, 40 and 42, it being understood that a much greater number are found in the usual lighting system. The outlets are energized from a power source 44, which includes the usual main circuit breakers for the system, through load circuit breaker panels 46. Only a single cable pair is required to couple the power source 44 to the load circuit breaker panels, and since the invention contemplates the control in unison of a plurality of lamps included in preselected groups, a number of cables corresponding to the number of preselected groups are connected from the load circuit breaker panel 46 to their respective grid outlets. The diagram of FIG. 2 illustrates a group consisting of four outlets all of which are energized by a common cable 48 connected to its associated circuit breaker in the load circuit breaker panel 46.
Unlike the typical lighting system of the prior art in which a large capacity dimmer may be called upon to control the intensity of one or several luminaires, the present system employs a dimmer for each lamp. As shown, each of the lamps 50, 52, 54 and 56 of the illustrated preselected group of four lamps has associated therewith a respective dimmer unit 58, 60, 62 and 64. The dimmers are preferably of the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) type, and since the great majority of the lamps used in a typical studio lighting system have a wattage of 2KW (although a few 5KW to 10KW lamps may also be used), and the dimmer will not be called upon to control lamps other than its associated lamp, the dimmers may be of relatively low capacity, 2KW being adequate for use with almost 98% of the lamps found in a typical system. Each dimmer is connected in series with its respective lamp and to a respective grid outlet. The individual dimmer units contain only a small pulse transformer for coupling control pulses to the dimmer, two silicon controlled rectifiers, a heat sink for the rectifiers, nd the usual inductor for suppression of SCR pulse radiation, which, too, can be smaller than in currently used dimmers because of its lower current handling requirement. Thus, the dimmer can be contained in a very small package, permitting it to be mounted near the luminaire, if desired, to be built into raceways, or to be hung in grid on the conventional overhead structure.
An important aspect of the system according to the invention is that the dimmer units associated with a preselected group of luminaires, a group of four in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 and a group of six in FIG. 3, are slaved to the lighting control console 66 by applying the same firing control pulses to the SCR's in each of the dimmers in the group via miniature coaxial signal cables. The console 66 contains a plurality of pulse generating systems, one for each preselected group of lamps, each of which is capable of driving a sufficient number of the SCR dimmer units to suit the needs of the preselected group, typically six to 10 lamps. It will be evident that if each of the dimmer units for controlling a group of four lamps has a capacity of 3KW, it is possible to control with a single pulse generator a total wattage of 12KW (assuming that none of the four lamps has a wattage greater than 3KW), a wattage comparable to the capacity of present large dimmers. Alternatively, control of the same wattage can be obtained with a single pulse generator driving six dimmers, each with 2KW capacity, and six 2KW lamps. The required power in the individual driver pulses is essentially the same whether the dimmer being fired has a wattage of 2KW or 12KW.
The present invention eliminates the power patch panel of prior art systems, and with it the disruptive buzz and hum generated in the studio because of the concentration therein of high currents, and the need for the operator to patch line power voltage. Instead, assignment of luminaires to a given console control is achieved by a control signal patch board system located at or built into the console 66, enabling the console operator to accomplish all patching, at low voltage, by means of a small pin board.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a time-variable pulse generating system suitable for controlling the intensity of six studio lamps in unison, coupled to a representative SCR dimmer unit 58 for controlling one of the lamps 50 in a preselected group. The dimmer unit 58, which has design parameters appropriate to the wattage of the lamp 50 it is intended to control, includes a small pulse transformer 70 having a primary winding 72 and two secondary windings 74 and 76 for coupling control pulses from the pulse generator to a pair of silicon controlled rectifiers 78 and 80. Silicon controlled rectifier 78 is connected with its anode-to-cathode path between the end A of secondary winding 74 and the end B of secondary winding 76, and silicon controlled rectifier 80 is connected in inverse parallel arrangement with silicon controlled rectifier 78, that is, with its cathode-to-anode path between the aforesaid ends of the transformer secondary windings. The end A of secondary winding 76 is connected through a diode 82 to the gate electrode of silicon controlled rectifier 78 and the end B of secondary winding 74 is connected through diode 84 to the gate electrode of silicon controlled rectifier 80, the purpose of the diodes 82 and 84 being to insure application of only positive-going pulses to the gate electrodes. The anode of SCR 80 and the cathode of SCR 78 are connected to the line side L of the power source 44 (at grid outlet 36 in FIG. 2) through an inductor 86 and the cathode of SCR 80 and the anode of SCR 78 are connected to one terminal of lamp 50, the other terminal of which is connected to the neutral side of the power source 44. The purpose of the inductor 86 is to slow the buildup of current in the lamp upon rapid switching of the SCR's so as to reduce radio frequency radiation of high frequency components of electrical pulse interference into the television system with which the lighting control system is associated.
Control pulses for the dimmer unit 58 (and for up to five other dimmer units in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3) are provided by a time-variable pulse generating system mounted in the control console 66. A low level, unidirectional signal, for example, 10 volts, from a remote source (not shown) is applied to terminals 90 and 92, the positive and negative input terminals to the control circuit, respectively. This signal is applied across potentiometer 94 which, together with a resistor 96 is an adjustable voltage divider which constitutes the control for adjusting the intensity of the stage lighting. The control signal is applied to a variable pulse generator 98 for generating high energy, short duration pulses and may be any of several designs commercially available for use in dimmer circuits and other SCR applications. For example, circuit 98 may be a unijunction transistor trigger circuit of the kind described in an Applications Engineering note of Aladdin Electronics issued January 1965, entitled "Designing the Unijunction Trigger Circuit for SCR Applications", or as described in Skirpan U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,797. Typically, such pulse generators deliver 5 volt, 2ma pulses with a pulse width typically of 6μs or longer, with the time delay of its firing inversely proportional to the controlling input current as determined by the setting of potentiometer 94.
The pulses delivered by conventional pulse generators of this type not having sufficient energy to be transmitted without amplification to a remotely located dimmer unit, and since, if six dimmer units were to be driven from a common driver six separate amplifiers would be required, the pulses from the driver 98 are utilized to generate a plurality of synchronized pulse trains of sufficient energy to be transmitted without amplification over miniature coaxial pulse signal cables to remotely located dimmer units.
To this end, AC power from the source 44 is stepped down to thirty volts and coupled to the console by transformer 100, it being essential that the console and the stage lamps be energized from the same source to ensure proper phase relationship between the control pulses and the AC power being controlled. The secondary winding of transformer 100 is connected through the parallel-connected resistor 102 and capacitor 104, through several turns of wire threading a plurality of torroidal ferrite cores 106 through 116 to constitute a primary winding for all of the cores, through a pair of silicon controlled rectifiers 154 and 156 and then through resistor 118 to the common ground side of the secondary winding. Each of the cores 106 through 116 has a separate secondary winding 120 through 130, respectively, one terminal of each being connected to a respective terminal 132 through 142 on a dimmer driver patch board 144. Thus, the ferrite cores constitute six transformers having a common primary winding and individual secondary windings.
Control pulses for the remote dimmer units are produced in the secondary windings of the ferrite cores by switching the alternating current in the primary winding in timed relationship with the trigger pulses produced by the driver circuit 98. This is accomplished by coupling the drive pulses from circuit 98 through a pulse transformer 146 having a primary winding 148 and two secondary windings 150 and 152 to trigger an SCR circuit including silicon controlled rectifiers 154 and 156. The anode-to-cathode path of SCR 154 is connected between the A terminal of secondary winding 150 and the B terminal of secondary winding 152, and SCR 156 is connected in inverse parallel arrangement with SCR 154; that is, with its cathode-to-anode path between the aforesaid terminals of the secondary windings. The terminal B of secondary winding 150 is connected to the gate electrode of SCR 156 via diode 158, and the gate electrode of SCR 154 is connected to the A terminal of secondary winding 152 via diode 160, the diodes being provided to ensure that only positive pulses are supplied to the gate electrodes of the two SCR's. The anode of SCR 154 and the cathode of SCR 156 are connected to the 30 volt AC source 100 through the primary turns of the ferrite cores 120 - 130. Thus, the current in the primary winding passes through the SCR's 154 and 156 and returns to the source through resistor 118 and an indicator lamp 162 connected in parallel therewith. The intensity of the lamp 162, which is mounted on the console, is controlled by the phase relationship of the drive pulses from driver 98 applied to transformer 146 and the occurrence of the application of each half cycle of AC line voltage from source 100 to the SCR's 154 and 156, and thus provides to the console operator an indication of the relative brightness of the stage lighting lamps which, it will be seen, are controlled by the same phase relationship. Lamp 162 may be a 28 volt lamp, and since the currents necessary to energize the ferrite core transformers is relatively small, the silicon controlled rectifiers 154 and 156 may be very small, a capacity of one to two amperes being sufficient.
The described connections of the silicon controlled rectifiers 154 and 156 to the console AC voltage provides synchronization of the occurrence of a gating pulse in each of secondary windings 150 and 152 and the occurrence of the application of a half cycle of AC console voltage to the silicon controlled rectifiers. Thus, silicon controlled rectifiers 154 and 156 are gated into conductivity at successively occurring half cycles of the AC voltage, the angle of their gating, that is, the time of their firing in a half cycle, depending upon the time of the triggering of the unijunction transistor contained in the driver circuit 98. Because the inductance of the ferrite cores 106 through 116 precludes a buildup of current sufficiently fast to follow the essentially instantaneous switching of the SCR's when gated into conductivity, the current inrush in the primary winding of the ferrite cores induces a sharp positive-going pulse in each of the secondary windings of the ferrite cores, followed by a negative-going overshoot. These positive-going pulses are synchronized with the trigger pulses from driver circuit 98 and when applied to the dimmer circuit 58, which is powered from the same source as that supplying the console and utilized in the generation of the trigger pulses, will gate the SCR's 78 and 80 into conductivity at the same time in successively occurring half cycles that the SCR's 154 and 156 are fired. It will be understood that the primary winding 72 in the dimmer unit 58 and the windings of the ferrite cores are all so polarized as to produce positive firing pulses at the B end of windings 74 and 76 upon occurrence of a positive going sine wave potential at the anodes of SCR's 78 and 80.
A resistor 117 and a capacitor 119 series connected across the lamp 162 together with resistor 102 and capacitor 104 and a capacitor 103 connected across the secondary winding of transformer 110 serve to increase the amplitude of the pulses produced in the secondaries of the ferrite cores.
The pulses generated in the ferrite cores are, as indicated earlier, coupled to respective terminals of a dimmer drive patch board 144 and are there available for selective connection, as by a patch cord 170, to any one of the illustrated six pin board terminals 172 through 182 of a lamp dimmer patch board 184, which terminals are, in turn, connected to the inner conductor of six miniature coaxial signal cables 186 through 196, respectively, the outer conductors of which are connected together and to the common ground of the secondary windings of the ferrite cores. In FIG. 3, coaxial cable 196 (which corresponds to conductor 68 in FIG. 2) is shown connected to the primary winding 72 of pulse transformer 70 in the dimmer unit 58 for coupling pulses thereto for controlling the firing of SCR's 78 and 80 of the dimmer unit; it will be understood that the other five coaxial cables 186 through 194 (or selected ones of them) would be connected to the pulse transformers of the dimmer units associated with the other lamps of a predetermined group, the intensity of which it is desired to control in unison. The described connections of the dimmer driver board and the lamp dimmer board enables the console operator to patch, at low voltage, selected lamps to a given console control channel, thus eliminating the above-discussed hazard and other disadvantages of the power patch panel used in prior art systems.
Reverting to the pulse generating system itself, the operation of the trigger circuit containing SCR's 154 and 156 is stabilized by a feedback connection from the ungrounded terminal of resistor 118 through rectifier 198 and a voltage divider network consisting of resistors 200 and 202 and a smoothing capacitor 204 connected across the input terminals to the driver circuit 98.
It is to be understood that although the time-variable pulse generating system of FIG. 3 has the capability of controlling six separate dimmers in unison, on a dimmer per lamp basis, the described system is capable of producing up to ten or more individual control pulse train outputs, and, of course, a number less than six may be used. It is to be understood, also, that although the system of FIG. 3 is a preferred technique of generating control pulses for a plurality of dimmer units, other systems may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention of controlling a plurality of dimmer units, on a dimmer per lamp basis, from a common control channel. In this connection, it will be recognized that a single control panel is illustrated in FIG. 3 and that a typical control console would contain a multiplicity of such control channels, equal in number to the desired number of groups of lamps used in a particular lighting system.
The dimmer per lamp system of the invention has the important advantage of portability in that the individual, relatively small capacity dimmers may be hung in a grid, stacked at one side of the studio, located in another room, attached near the individual luminaire or built into raceways in the overhead structure. The need for the large dimmer room associated with prior art installations is eliminated, thereby effecting a saving of the rental of such a room. Additionally, the power patch panel of prior art systems is eliminated, thereby providing additional valuable space where it counts most, namely, in the studio. Elimination of the power patch panel also eliminates the heavy concentration of high currents which has been a source of disruptive buzz and hum in the studio. The acoustic noise of the smaller dimmer, possible in a dimmer per lamp system, is lower than that of most commercially available dimmers, the level being sufficiently low to permit their use in the studio. The system is safer than conventional systems because all control is at the low voltage of the console, eliminating the requirement for the operator to patch line power voltage, and provides greater operating economy since all patching can be accomplished by the console operator by means of small pin boards. Moreover, the invention permits remote pickups to be set up and dismantled more quickly than with existing systems, and most importantly, small remotes can now have a dimming facility which has been previously denied them. Large remotes no longer have to carry large, bulky equipment in order to provide a proper patching capability.
Apart from the above-enumerated advantages, the invention provides a significant cost advantage over prior art systems. A comparison between the cost of equipping at current prices a medium-size studio having an area of 6100 square feet and a grid height of 18 1/2 feet with current installation practices and using the dimmer per lamp system of the invention, shows a saving of approximately 30% using the dimmer per lamp system.
From the foregoing, it is seen that a studio lighting system constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention, has many advantages in terms of cost savings, space savings, labor savings and time savings, and makes available to small remotes a dimming facility which has not been previously available.
As various changes may be made in the form, construction arrangement of the described system without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and without sacrificing any other advantages, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense except as set forth in the following claims.
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text:
Cloud ecommerce platform Demandware has a new name. Following the acquisition of the company by cloud CRM company Salesforce, the platform is now known as Salesforce Commerce Cloud. The new platform now promises to provide personalised shopping experiences that span web, mobile, social and in-store – and then to extend (more…)
Category Archives: Products & Services
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