text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 5, 2000
|Filing date
|Mar 13, 1998
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Theodore F Morse
|Original Assignee
|Brown University Research Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (57), Classifications (27), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made with government support under grant number 49620-96-1-0083 awarded by the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The government has certain rights in this invention.
Priority is herewith claimed under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) from copending Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/041,716, filed Mar. 27, 1997, entitled "Ultra High Numerical Aperture High Power Optical Fiber Laser", by Theodore F. Morse. The disclosure of this Provisional Patent Application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This invention relates generally to solid state laser devices and, in particular, to optical fiber lasers.
High power optical fiber lasers are becoming of increasing interest as a consequence of the efficiency, lower cost, and availability of arrays of diode pump lasers. Such arrays of diode pump lasers can have an output power approaching 100 W or greater, and serve as an ideal pump source for optical fiber lasers.
The purpose of the optical fiber laser is two fold. First, the output from a diode array is highly multi-mode, and thus, there is a limiting factor to the brightness. There are many situations in which the beam quality of a single mode fiber with less power is more desirable than a higher powered multi-mode array. These applications can include materials processing, surgery, sources for high power communications between satellites, as well as applications in terrestrial communications systems. A second reason is that the fiber laser can transform the wavelength of the diode array to a different wavelength regime, preferably one that is not currently available to high power diodes. An output emission in the "eye safe" region beyond 1.5 microns would fall into this category. Also, and with specific reference to surgical applications, a fiber laser operating at 1.95 microns has two orders of magnitude higher water absorption, and thus a higher interactivity with tissue, than does a diode array operating at either 800 nm or 980 nm.
When the energy from a diode array is focused into a fiber laser, if the laser is single mode, there will be, at best, inefficient coupling into the fiber core. Much of the energy will be present in the form of skew, or helical rays that merely circle the axis of the fiber where the core is located. If, however, this symmetry is broken by placing the core off-center, or if a slab geometry with one axis of the slab longer than the other, it will be possible for these rays to intersect the core as they travel along the fiber. In the case of the slab geometry, an outer coating of a low index of refraction plastic can cover the slab. The combination then functions as a multi-mode structure that guides the high energy of the pump light from the diode array. Also, some diode arrays are configured as rectangles, which provides a suitable geometry for coupling into the multi-mode rectangle in the fiber. A known type of laser constructed in accordance with this approach may be referred to as a "double clad" optical fiber laser.
One of the disadvantages of present double-clad optical fibers is that the outer coating is a polymer. While this coating material has been shown to be suitable to permit single mode operation (CW) at a level of 50 W in a ytterbium fiber laser, it is clear that as power demands increase a polymeric coating will not be adequate. This is true at least for the reason that any interaction of the high power laser diode pump source with the polymeric cladding or coating layer will destroy the laser.
Also, the lowest index of refraction polymer that is presently available is approximately 1.35. This implies that the numerical aperture of the fiber is limited to less than 0.5. The numerical aperture of the fiber laser is a measure of the acceptance angle for the pump light, and the higher the number, the easier it is to couple the high energy pump source into the fiber. By example, space communications applications require as high a numerical aperture as possible and, for reasons of long term reliability, an all-glass fiber laser.
Diode bar arrays are now commercially available, and can be arranged to produce power levels in the many tens of Watts. The power is delivered through multi-mode fibers, or arrays of fibers bundled together. However, a fiber having a low numerical aperture will not efficiently accept the radiation of these devices in such a manner that single mode laser radiation will result, as would occur by having the pump radiation from the diode array serve as the energy source to create an inversion in a rare earth doped optical fiber laser. Since single mode operation is desired for high brightness, with a core typically 5-10 microns in diameter, it is not possible to focus the light from the fiberized output of the diode array into the single mode core. The brightness theorem specifies that the numerical aperture of the fibers coming from the diode source, times the fiber area, must be a constant. Thus, the high intensity light from the fiberized output of the diode array cannot be focused into the core of a single mode fiber.
In order to circumvent this restriction, and as was alluded to above, it known that a fiber preform can be ground into a rectangle with the core in the center. The preform is pulled with a low index polymer as a coating, which serves to confine light focused into the rectangular region. As the light proceeds down this rectangular section of the fiber, it bounces back and forth, and is absorbed by the core of the fiber. This creates an inversion in the core, which is single mode, and is an indirect technique for avoiding the restriction of the brightness theorem which states, as noted above, that the product of area times numerical aperture (for the source and fiber receiving radiation) must remain constant.
A distinct disadvantage of this type of cladding pumped fiber is that the outer cladding which confines the light in the rectangular area is a soft plastic. If any of the high intensity light interacts with this material, it will instantly be degraded. Also, in space applications, or if one desires to deposit or sputter an anti-reflecting coating on the fiber end, the soft plastic material will significantly outgas.
Nevertheless, these fibers are playing an increasingly important role in telecommunications, space applications, and materials processing.
In light of the above discussion, a consideration is now made of an alternate approach that has led to an all glass, higher numerical aperture fiber. First, however, reference is made to early work done at Bell Laboratories on optical fibers by Kaiser et al. In this work, which predated any of the now commonly used techniques for the fabrication of optical fibers, it was realized that an index difference was necessary to obtain guiding in a glass fiber. The solution that was arrived at, since at that time there were no suitable techniques for preform fabrication, was that of an "airplane" fiber. In this fiber, a quartz slide was placed in a quartz tube, and a rod was placed along the quartz slide. Effectively, the numerical aperture of this device was high, because the quartz core was surrounded by air. After a fiber was drawn the losses were such that transmission over a hundred meters was obtained.
It is a first object and advantage of this invention to provide an improved optical fiber, suitable for use in an optical fiber laser, that overcomes the foregoing and other problems.
It is another object and advantage of this invention to provide an optical fiber laser having a high numerical aperture and that does not rely on the use of polymeric cladding materials.
It is another object and advantage of this invention to provide an optical fiber laser having a high numerical aperture and that does not rely on the use of conventional glass slide and glass rod techniques.
The foregoing and other problems are overcome and the objects and advantages are realized by methods and apparatus in accordance with embodiments of this invention.
Disclosed herein is an optical fiber structure that includes: an optical fiber comprising a rare earth doped core (that may be single mode or multi-mode), or several single mode cores, surrounded by a silica material; a glass cylinder tube containing the optical fiber along a length thereof such that the doped core is located at a center of the glass cylinder for a single core, or arranged geometrically around the center for multiple cores; and a support structure disposed between the light guiding section of the optical fiber optical fiber and an inner wall of the tube that functions as a portion of the support structure of the light guiding portion of the optical fiber. The support structure is arranged such that the effective cladding of the core is a gas contained between the optical fiber and the inner wall of the tube for providing the optical fiber with a numerical aperture that is approximately one.
In one embodiment the support structure is formed of a plurality of portions of the silica material that extend away from said core as one or more cross arms. The cross arms are obtained by machining an optical fiber preform. In this embodiment the inside of the support tube is "down doped" with an appropriate index reducing oxide.
In another embodiment the support structure is formed from a lower index of refraction glass filament or strip that is helically wrapped around the core doped section of the preform. This structure is then surrounded by a quartz substrate tube.
A polarization maintaining embodiment of this invention is also described, as are methods for fabricating the optical fiber structures. The optical fiber structures can be used as gain elements in optical fiber lasers, such as those having applications in communications, medical, and manufacturing environments.
To reduce the overall length of the fiber, a chirped Bragg grating may be written into the multi-mode section of the fiber, inside of which is contained a single mode rare earth doped fiber. If the grating is written into a germanium doped cladding at the pump wavelength, the grating serves as a mirror that effectively halves the needed absorption length. If the multi-mode structure of the total cladding is doped with, for example, Yb, then 100% reflecting Bragg chirped mirrors written at the Yb wavelength confine the lasing operation between these mirrors and effectively reduce the needed length of the cladding pumped fiber significantly.
The above set forth and other features of the invention are made more apparent in the ensuing Detailed Description of the Invention when read in conjunction with the attached Drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an optical fiber preform with a rare earth doped core.
FIG. 2 depicts the optical fiber preform of FIG. 1 and illustrates the machining of the shaded areas to leave a cross-form glass structure that contains the core. The axes of the cross-form glass need not be at 90 degrees to one another.
FIG. 3 illustrates the cross-form glass preform with doped core after the machining step of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 depicts the cross-form glass preform of FIG. 3 located within a down doped substrate tube.
FIG. 5 illustrates in greater detail the configuration described in FIG. 4, in accordance with a first embodiment of this invention, and shows a high power, high numerical aperture optical fiber laser with a single web.
FIG. 6 illustrates, in accordance with a second embodiment of this invention, a high power, high numerical aperture optical fiber laser with a single web.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a helically wrapped preform in accordance with a further embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 8 is cross-sectional view of an optical fiber structure that is pulled from the helically wrapped preform of FIG. 7.
FIGS. 9A and 9B depict a multiple core embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a silica optical fiber preform 1 with a rare earth doped core 2. The preform 1, with a diameter typically in the range of about 20 mm to 30 mm, itself may be doped throughout by using a rare earth doped substrate tube. This embodiment is of importance for, by example, a Yb--Er co-doped fiber laser. Even without a rare earth doped substrate tube, a thin silica substrate tube can be used, and using a chemical vapor deposition process such as MCVD, a multi-mode rare earth doped guiding structure can be formed, for example Yb, and within the core of this structure a single mode core either singly doped with Er, for example, or with Er--Yb can be formed. If a chirped Bragg grating is written in the outer structure, lasing would occur in the Yb, which would pump the Er in the core. This can result in significantly shorter cladding type fiber lasers, as described in further detail below.
Suitable rare earth dopants include Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, combinations of Er, Tm and/or Yb, and, in general, any of the rare earths. The use of Tm was considered for the following reason. Tm, which is known can lase between 1650 nm and 2009 nm in a silica host, has a fluorescence peak near 1840 nm, depending upon detailed doping of the host. There is a water absorption peak at 1942 nm, which makes Tm a candidate for doping a fiber for medical applications, since radiation absorption in tissue is mainly determined by water absorption.
It is noted that Tm can be affected by photo-darkening as a consequence of multi-photon effects. This deleterious photo-darkening can be significantly reduced by the introduction of dopants that absorb at some small multiple (in energy) of the pump wavelength. That is, if four photons are associated with damaging photo-darkening, then an absorber at the level of three photons will prevent the Tm from being raised to the level at which photo-darkening occurs.
In FIG. 2 the preform 1 is machined so as to remove the shaded areas. This can readily be done with precision machining techniques, such as a milling operation. The result of the machining process is the formation of a cross-shaped glass structure 3 that contains the centrally located doped core 2, as is illustrated in FIG. 3. It is not necessary that the two arms of the "cross" be at right angles to one another.
As is illustrated in FIG. 4, a next step takes the cross-shaped fiber preform structure 3 and places it in a substrate tube 4 whose inner diameter has been machined (and preferably optically polished) to accommodate the cross-shaped fiber preform structure 3. The machined preform 1 is then fused to the tube 4, the resulting structure is then fused onto appropriate handles, and is pulled into an optical fiber using known techniques. The outside diameter of the resultant optical fiber structure is, typically, between 300 and 1000 microns. The substrate tube 4 could have deposited on the inside surface one or more "down doped" layers 4A comprised of boron or fluorine. Down doping refers to the introduction of atoms into the glass whose function is to lower the index of refraction when compared with that of silica. The final structure of the optical fiber is essentially identical to that of the preform 1 illustrated in FIG. 4, although reduced significantly in diameter. The area between the cross-shaped fiber preform structure 3 and the down doped layers 4A is preferably filled with air or an inert gas such as argon. As such, the effective cladding of the multi-mode section of the core 2 is a gas, such that a numerical aperture that is equal to or approaching unity may be obtained.
A consideration will now be made as to how induced stress may be used to obtain a polarization maintaining cladding pumped fiber in the case of the above described double cross arm embodiment.
More particularly, FIG. 5 illustrates a technique to fabricate a high numerical aperture optical fiber 10 that is polarization maintaining. In order to achieve this effect in a conventional fiber it is known that stress-induced birefringence is employed.
In accordance with this aspect of the invention the cross-shaped structure 3 is machined such that the web or cross-sectional area of the two cross arms are different (e.g., one cross arm has dimensions of 100�300 microns while the other has dimensions of 150�300 microns), but the area at the points of attachment (3A, 3B) to the tube 4 is substantially identical for both arms. If the inner section 4A of the substrate tube 4 is down doped appropriately with boron, for example, the following will occur as the fiber is pulled. Since the down-doped region 4A will have a lower glass transition temperature than the high content silica of the cross structure 3 or the substrate tube 4, these elements will solidify first leaving a lower viscosity contact between the cross structure 3 and the substrate tube 4. The radius of the fiber at this point is thus fixed. As the down doped region 4A cools, its thermal expansion coefficient is higher than that of the quartz regions, and a tensile stress will be imparted as a consequence of the mismatch of thermal expansion between the down-doped region 4A and the surrounding quartz regions. If the attachment areas 3A and 3B of both arms of the cross structure 3 are the same then, as a consequence of a smaller cross-section in one arm of the cross structure 3, there will exist a higher stress. Consequently, the index of refraction of the core will be different along the two axes of the cross structure 3. With proper attention to the thickness of the down doped region 4A, and the different thicknesses of the webs or cross arms, the optical propagation constants in the two directions will be different, as is the case of a polarization maintaining fiber.
A second, somewhat simpler embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 6. In this embodiment a machined slab of preform 3C that includes the centrally located doped core 2 (i.e., the core 2 is collinear with the longitudinal axis of the preform), is placed within the quartz tube 4, with the appropriate down doping layer(s) 4A formed on the inner surface of the tube 4. Again, an advantage of such a structure is the stabilization of the flat preform 3C during fiber draw, such that a larger aspect ratio of the machined preform 3C may be maintained. Also, as previously described, the effective cladding of the multi-mode section of the core is a gas, so that a numerical aperture approaching unity may be obtained.
While the embodiment of FIG. 5 shows the use of four extending support arms, and the embodiment of FIG. 6 the use of two extending support arms, it should be realized that three extending arms could be employed as well.
These embodiments of the invention provide a number of advantages over the prior art. A first advantage in that an all glass structure may be readily obtained, thus permitting an extension to even higher pump powers and, associated with this, higher laser output powers. A second advantage is realized by a consideration of the fact that the cladding of the fiber can be a gas with a refractive index of 1.0, resulting in a large increase in the NA (Numerical Aperture) of the optical fiber. For example, considering silica as the multi-mode guiding structure with an index of refraction of 1.458, the NA for the resulting structure exceeds 1, where 1 is the limiting asymptotic value for the acceptance angle. This represents an enormous improvement in the ease with which pump light can be coupled into the cross formed guiding structure 3.
By virtue of the fact that there are a multiplicity of guiding structures (two in the case illustrated in FIG. 5), the amount of absorbed pump light can be increased without exceeding structural damage limitations. That is, since the area for pump absorption increases the pump energy into the fiber can increase proportionally.
Bragg gratings have been employed in the core of a cladding pumped optical fiber in order to obtain more efficient lasing action. In accordance with an aspect of this invention a consideration is now made of two modifications that reduce the length of the cladding pumped fiber laser. First, consider the situation in which a multi-mode structure is deposited within a thin walled tube and in which a grating may be written. Inside this structure a core is deposited. Both the multi-mode and the single mode structure have a sufficient amount of Ge incorporated so that a grating may be written. A conventional technique, using for example a phase mask and UV illumination, can be used to write the grating. The grating that is written in the multi-mode structure could be at the pump wavelength, and, for an end-pumped configuration, the grating is placed at the exit end of the fiber. This grating is preferably "chirped", i.e., it covers the full wavelength spectrum of the multi-mode core. The pump light is thus reflected back from the end, thereby eliminating the need to pump from both ends and effectively reducing by one half the length of the optical fiber laser. In a further embodiment there is deposited a lasing rare earth, such as Yb, in the large multi-mode core. Gratings are then written such that the Yb would lase, with the gratings acting as dichroic mirrors with respect to the pump, and the lasing radiation is confined between these two mirrors. This embodiment thus significantly shortens the cladding pumped configuration. By using doped substrate tubes that contained either germanium and/or rare earth doping, the entire structure rather than just the deposited multi-mode region may participate in this process.
A further advantage that is obtained by the use of this invention relates to the overall geometry of the structure. More particularly, there are difficulties present in pulling a cladding type optical fiber from a preform with a length to width ratio that exceeds approximately 4-5. In this case instabilities and twisting occur, and it is difficult to maintain the fiber such that it is centered in the polymeric coating. In accordance with the teachings of this invention this problem is avoided by virtue of the fact that the outer coating of the fiber, which does not interact with the light traveling in the fiber, is a cylindrical structure. This may be accomplished with only one section of machined preform as indicated in FIG. 6.
Another advantage is in the ability to obtain a polarization maintaining cladding pumped optical fiber. This may be achieved as described above and illustrated in FIG. 5. Such an arrangement may be of importance for sum and frequency difference applications.
Finally, it should be noted that although the foregoing embodiments have been described in the context of an optical fiber structure wherein the external cladding is silica (i.e., the tube 4), it is within the scope of the teaching of this invention to employ rare earth doped, low loss substrate tubes such that the multi-mode cladding can function as a fiber laser.
Further now in accordance with this invention a structure is described that is more stable and more readily drawn than the conventional "airplane" fiber referred to above, and which furthermore is comprised of all glass and has a high numerical aperture.
Referring to FIG. 7, to obtain this embodiment of the high numerical aperture fiber one starts with the fiber preform 1 having the core 2, and then "wraps" the preform 1 with a low index of refraction glass rod or strip 5 in a helical or "candy cane" configuration. The glass strip material 5 can be obtained from "canes" pulled down from a Heraeus step index preform, and may have a diameter of about 1 mm to 2 mm. The strip 5 may also be comprised of a low index fluorine doped silica material. In practice, the strip 5 is wrapped around the preform 1 with a predetermined pitch of the order of, for example, 2 mm, and the structure is then heated to a temperature of about 1750� C. to fuse the glass strip 5 to the preform outer surface. The glass strip 5 can typically have a numerical aperture of 0.24 with respect to the silica. The resulting "candy cane" configuration is then sleeved with an outer quartz tube 6 and, after pulling the fiber, the result is shown end-on in FIG. 8. Note that the glass strip 5 serves to separate and isolate the preform 1 from the surrounding tube 6, and the intervening space can contain air or an inert gas. As the preform/strip combination is heated and pulled into an optical fiber the pitch of the glass strip helix (typically about 2 mm on the preform 1) increases and uncoils as the fiber is pulled. The resulting pitch in the pulled optical fiber may be of the order of a meter, and the outer diameter of the resulting pulled fiber may typically be of the order of 475 microns, although it can be pulled to larger or smaller diameters. The bend radii are such that the fiber can be conveniently coiled. The lower index of refraction strip 5 that supports the lasing part of the preform 1 is elliptical in shape, as would be expected from the conic section of a circle, and it attaches the lasing section of the fiber to the outer substrate tube 6. The inner area is filled with air or an inert gas, such as Ar, and, except for the area of contact with the supporting section, the resulting numerical aperture of the fiber is 1.0. That is, it has the ability to gather in light arriving from any angle. The critical angle of light acceptance thus becomes 90 degrees.
When used in an optical fiber laser the lasing section of the fiber is preferably end pumped from a suitable pumping source, such as the above mentioned diode array, although it is within the scope of the teachings of this invention to pump the optical fiber laser from the side, assuming that the surrounding tube is transparent to the pump wavelength.
This process permits the fabrication of a fiber with a NA that is effectively 1.0, since the cladding that is pumped is surrounded by a gas (e.g., dry air or argon). For example, the preform is filled with dry Ar during the draw process to minimize the effects of OH contamination.
A coating can be placed on the outside of the resulting pulled fiber. This can be a "hard" acrylic coating that will not outgas in the manner of the softer, low numerical aperture coatings that are presently used in cladding pumped fibers, thereby enabling the resulting optical fiber laser to be used in low pressure applications, such as in space or in vacuum deposition chambers, without experiencing the deleterious effects of polymer outgassing. The coating may be any one of many commercially available acrylate materials used in the fiber optic industry to obtain a hard, durable coating.
It was found that a simple hand cleaving operation was able to consistently provide a uniform cleave, and that polishing was not necessary.
The cylindrical symmetry of the lasing section of the fiber shown in FIG. 8 suggests a manner in which a polarizing maintaining fiber may be obtained with the helically wrapped configuration. More particularly, if, in the preform before wrapping with the rod 5, holes are bored adjacent to the core and fire polished, glass rods 10 (shown in dashed outline in FIG. 8) of a higher expansion coefficient may be inserted into these holes. When the fiber is pulled, the thermal expansion mismatch will induce high stresses. This insures that the stress induced refractive indices parallel and perpendicular to an axis joining the center of these holes will be significantly different. This structure can then be pulled into the optical fiber in a manner illustrated in FIG. 8, and the resulting cladding pumped configuration is polarization maintaining.
In order to increase the pump capture efficiency, multiple single mode lasing cores may included. Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, four preforms 1 are cut into pie shaped wedges 1A-1D each containing a respective core 2A-2D. The wedges 1A-1D are then fitted together, as in FIG. 9A, wrapped with the rod 5, inserted into the glass tube 6, and then the assembly is heated and pulled into an optical fiber as described previously. The resulting optical fiber structure, shown in FIG. 9B, contains the four multi-mode cores 2A-2D that are arranged geometrically around the center axis. The four cores 2A-2D provide a higher brightness than would a four moded multi-mode core.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 13, 1998
Owner name: BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, RHODE ISLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MORSE, THEODORE F.;REEL/FRAME:009036/0302
Effective date: 19980313
|Mar 5, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 17, 2008
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 5, 2008
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 28, 2008
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20080905


text:
robust (0.4-18)
Port of the S+ "Robust Library".
Methods for robust statistics, a state of the art in the early 2000s, notably for robust regression and robust multivariate analysis.
Kjell Konis
Author(s): Jiahui Wang, Ruben Zamar <email@example.com>, Alfio Marazzi <firstname.lastname@example.com>, Victor Yohai <email@example.com>, Matias Salibian-Barrera <firstname.lastname@example.com>, Ricardo Maronna <email@example.com>, Eric Zivot <firstname.lastname@example.com>, David Rocke <firstname.lastname@example.com>, Doug Martin, Martin Maechler <email@example.com>, Kjell Konis <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
License: GPL-2
Uses: fit.models, lattice, MASS, robustbase, rrcov
Reverse depends: msProcess, pcadapt
Reverse suggests: broom, CerioliOutlierDetection, robustbase
Released 5 months ago.
9 previous versions
- robust_0.4-16. Released over 3 years ago.
- robust_0.4-15. Released over 4 years ago.
- robust_0.4-11. Released over 4 years ago.
- robust_0.3-19. Released over 5 years ago.
- robust_0.3-11. Released over 7 years ago.
- robust_0.3-9. Released almost 8 years ago.
- robust_0.3-4. Released about 9 years ago.
- robust_0.3-3. Released about 9 years ago.
- robust_0.3-0. Released over 10 years ago.
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Related packages: ROptEst, ROptRegTS, RandVar, RobLox, RobRex, covRobust, coxrobust, distr, mblm, multinomRob, mvoutlier, quantreg, robustbase, rrcov, sandwich, wle, robfilter, FRB, RobAStBase, robustX … (20 best matches, based on common tags.)
Search for robust on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit robust on R Graphical Manual.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Steamboat Springs needs to triple investment in local roads to maintain good condition, study suggests
March 2, 2017
Steamboat Springs — The state of Steamboat Springs' road system is strong, but city streets will need a much bigger annual investment from the city's budget to avoid crumbling in the coming years.
That's according to a broad new study of the health of the city's 78.6 miles of roads.
The $50,000 study utilized high-tech trucks armed with lasers and cameras to check on the quality of all of the city's streets.
The Phoenix-based consulting company that executed the study told the Steamboat Springs City Council Tuesday that if the city wants to maintain the overall good quality of its road system, it will need to nearly triple its annual road maintenance budget from about $700,000 to $2.15 million.
If it doesn't, the consultants warned, the city should expect to see its backlog of roads in poor condition grow above the current 8 percent and its deferred maintenance costs skyrocket in the future.
Recommended Stories For You
The study ultimately found about 66 segments of city streets are in poor condition and on the cusp of falling into disrepair and requiring reconstruction.
But overall, the city's roadway system was given a grade of 63 out of 100, which puts it in the study's "good" category.
The scoring system does not consider a road to be "poor" until it falls below a score of 40.
"This is going to be a great tool to use moving forward," City Streets Superintendent David Van Winkle said Thursday.
The report, which was the first of its kind issued in the city's history, was also eye opening for council members.
It essentially gave city officials the first overall report card for the city's road system, which is valued at $110 million.
Many City Council members indicated that while they are open to investing more in city roads to avoid future deferred maintenance costs, they don't think the city's investment will ultimately triple in the coming years.
"We're not going to go from $700,000 to $2 million. We can't," Councilwoman Kathi Meyer said. "But we can work and make sure that backlog (of roads needing immediate attention) doesn't (increase) really dramatically."
Council President Walter Magill said the city has likely been underfunding its annual road maintenance budget by keeping the investment at a static $700,000 for 11 years.
But like Meyer, he thinks the city's budget realities will prevent a dramatic increase in funding.
"It's just the fact of the budgeting of the city," he said. "It's certainly due for a 25 percent increase, maybe, and maybe that will take us a long way."
Which city roads are in the poorest condition?
The presentation showed a picture of Apres Ski Way near the intersection of Ski Trail Lane as a poorly rated road.
Spring Hill Road was among the highest rated in terms of quality.
Much of the study, including detailed breakdowns of all of the road conditions that were provided to city staff, and future road maintenance scenarios, have not been made public.
Steamboat Today is seeking more portions of the study, including maps showing road conditions throughout the city and their grades.
To reach Scott Franz, call 970-871-4210, email firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter @ScottFranz10


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Will Lexus bring an LS F to the Tokyo motor show? Luxury
September 21, 2017
September 21, 2017
First Drives
Auto Shows
Spy Shots
Car Tech
What just might be the most hyped car of this century is nearly in customer hands. The 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon is now in production, and the first customer car has rolled off the assembly line. A spokesperson for Fiat Chrysler Automobile [NYSE: FCAU] confirmed to Motor Authority that the... read more
Large, luxurious coupes and convertibles aren't big sellers, though the vehicles often play the important role of brand halos, or "dream cars" as... read more September 4, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Prototypes for various versions of an updated Mercedes-Benz C-Class range have been testing for a while. Only a week ago we saw the updated C63 from Mercedes-AMG. Today... read more August 31, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Bentley's Continental GT is now one of the oldest models in production, with the original coupe having first appeared on the scene as far back as the 2003 Geneva auto... read more August 29, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
There's a new 8-Series coming, and this time around BMW M will launch its own high-performance version of the car: the M8. BMW rolled out a prototype for the M8 during... read more August 15, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
BMW is working on a flagship coupe that will revive the 8-Series name, and we have fresh spy shots and video of prototypes. BMW confirmed the model in May with the reveal of... read more July 27, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
A classic Mercedes-Benz is a wonderful machine. The cars tend to be rock solid, and they last forever when maintained properly. Jay Leno has one in his collection, and it... read more July 25, 2017 by Jeff Glucker
The Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat is very, very fast. The Dodge Challenger SRT Demon is even faster. So naturally, rather than calling it a job very well done, Dodge is... read more July 18, 2017 by Brandon Turkus
Mercedes-Benz's S-Class sedan has been updated for 2018 with some visual tweaks to the exterior and cabin, plus a revised powertrain lineup. The automaker has confirmed... read more July 16, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Genesis, like most major players in the luxury segment, has opted for the sensible albeit boring alphanumeric naming practice popularized by the German marques. With... read more July 14, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Volvo in June said it's spinning off its in-house tuner, Polestar, into a standalone brand for high-performance electrified cars. Polestar will still tune Volvo cars... read more July 13, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
This is another story of "what could have been." Audi had plans to chase down the large, luxury coupe segment near the end of the last century, and its attempt was what you... read more July 11, 2017 by Sean Szymkowski
The Maserati GranTurismo is entering its 10th year on the market but still manages to look as good as the day it debuted. Nevertheless, with a successor likely some years off... read more June 28, 2017 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
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text: Tender Is the Night could anyone please help me with this question in tender is the night? How far does fitzgerald suceed with creating n impact on the reader by writing his novel not on chronological order? Asked by Symone2 on 10 Nov 16:37 Last updated by anonymous on 21 Nov 15:48


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Nebraska Wesleyan University swim team
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Find info concerning Nebraska Wesleyan University swim team, and registering for discussion sections and departmental electives. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. Coaches are going to be more drawn to players who display genuine interest in their program throughout the recruitment process. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Nebraska Wesleyan University Swimming information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Nebraska Wesleyan University.
A lifeguarding certification is valid on average, anywhere from one to three years. Although guarding lives is the primary responsibility of lifeguards, always teach your younger swimming students the buddy system. Buddies can save lives, and rescue a drowning swimmer. In addition, don?t forget to clear the pool before taking a break as a lifeguard, or let other lifeguards know they need to watch your area. Although all rescues are serious, some are more intense than others.
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MSG - Are You Ready To Rock? lyrics
Are You Ready To Rock? by MSG
You know the sound, you got the feeling,
You know there's no going back
It's all you see, all you believe
You must have that sound
You gotta rock , and get down
Some crazy dreams, make your head spin round
Let's rock and get down
You heard the word ,now it's all over town
Out in the streets, the kids stand and wait their time
Tell me how do you feel, do you wanna rock tonight
Are you ready, are you ready to rock
Tell me you're ready, tell me you're ready to rock!
There's no mistake, no denying
We're just one of a kind, there's no conceit
Seems like we're all black sheep
Abiding our time, you wanna rock and get down
Love that sound, makes our heads, Spin round and round
Let's rock and get down
I said the word, now gather around!
Out in the streets, the lights hit nameless crowd
Black n'silver mystique
Beam on a face with grace, and shout out.
Are you ready are you ready to rock
Tell me you're ready, tell me you're ready to rock!
Recommended sitesA-Z Lyrics Universe
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Lyrics/song texts are property and copyright of their owners and provided for educational purposes.


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Super easy to qualify.
I bought my X1 last year. My credit was okay high 600's I got approved very fast with a 2.9 apr. Love my car they were friendly and helpful all around.
View your top Auto Loan recommendations and compare rates on Credit Karma.FIND RECOMMENDATIONS
I bought my X1 last year. My credit was okay high 600's I got approved very fast with a 2.9 apr. Love my car they were friendly and helpful all around.
When dealing with BMW Financial Services I was deceived and over charged for wanting to end lease
These reviews were written by current and former borrowers in the last year.
I was supposed to be on autopay, but they messed up and didn't put me on it. Next thing I know I'm late for payments and they put a mark on your credit after 30 days that they won't take off no matter what. I could pay ten times the payment that was late, it was just because of their mistake that this happened. Now my credit is ruined. Don't use them.
Please be aware that you are up for a scam at the end of your lease return. They will sent you and unexpected high bill for basic wear on tare and no one will listen to you when you try to reason with them.
If you defer a payment, or payments during the loan, they tell you the payments will be moved to the back of the loan, just extending payments. Not so! They will stick you with a huge lump sum payment at the end of the loan(interest), even after they required you to make an interest payment at the time of the deferment. Stay away from this subprime lender.
I had a loan with BMW and paid it off in advance electronically.. I tried to get my title however, was told I needed to wait 20 days to insure the funds cleared. What is this 1975. Funds to clear? It was sent to my account to theirs. Then I was told needed to wait at least 15 days so there wouldn't be a dispute. Idiots, a dispute can take place 6 months later.
When I wanted to speak with a manager was flat our refused!
They are arrogant and rude!
The rates were great but customer service along the lines of a Comcast, United Airlines and Wells Fargo.
Bottom of the barrel
When dealing with BMW Financial Services I was deceived and over charged for wanting to end lease
The last seven payments went entirely to intrest, not one cent to principle. Never been late, infact paid ahead by several hundred dollars. Really shady company.
You can pay more than the minimum amount and your next payment and/or total interest charge is reduced.
Quick title if loan is payed off early - just follow their instructions on this.
BMW customer service rude, unprofessional and doesn't even know how to treat customer. The worst part is they don't keep their promise. I had an arrangement with them to take care my past due. I was instructed to make payment through WU and I did. The reposession agent still showed up. It is just terrible period.
Got 2.9 financing rate. No money down and just drove off!!
What were your credit scores?
Great service. Love my car
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3VR NVR-4016-002T0 (NVR-4016-002T0)Item#: 40461604 | Model#: NVR-4016-002T0
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text:
There are total 14 letters in Stomatoplastic, Starting with S and ending with C.
Total 954 words created by multiple letters combination of Stomatoplastic in English Dictionary.
Words that starting with Stomatoplastic
Words that containing Stomatoplastic
Words that ending with Stomatoplastic
Definition of the word Stomatoplastic, Meaning of Stomatoplastic word :
a. - Of or pertaining to the operation of forming a mouth where the aperture has been contracted, or in any way deformed.


text: Rocky is shy at first but is a real sweetheart. He is 1 year old and was surrendered to us. Rocky is very timid, but warming up to his foster mom. He is friendly and likes his wire crate. Rocky is learning to walk on a leash. Rocky is getting along with the female dog in the foster home. If you like to meet him call the shelter at 638-6966 or email at email@example.com


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544 S Silver Avenue, White Cloud, Michigan
$165,0003 Beds2+ BathsActive
$165,0003 Beds2+ BathsActive
544 S Silver Avenue, White Cloud, Michigan 49349 - Very uniquely built home on 4.5 acres. Home offers 3 good size bedroom and 2.5 bathrooms. As you enter the home you are greeted with and open floor plan with tons of character. Most of the wood and stone in the home came from the local area. The kitchen has been updated nicely along with a 1 year old roof. The basement has tons of room to finish off with high ceilings. Very private setting with tons of trees and a nice deck with gazebo to enjoy summer entertainment outside.
Listing Courtesy of Keller Williams Plymouth


text:
Dan Crist
Crist was a great teacher who engaged all of his students into class discussions - even the quieter kids! One of the things I loved most about his teaching was that he taught us how to not rely on the textbook for way to do things. He showed us how to apply certain things, use equations and solve problems in a way that the textbooks didn't show. That was we knew more than one way to do almost everything. He also taught us how important it was to enjoy everything!
Definitely has high expectations for his students. Can be very strict on certain matters, but overall one of my favorite high school teachers! "Do work" and don't be stupid and you'll get along great! He is great at engaging students with stories and also when it comes to math. Class was challenging but I learned more than I expected out of myself and looked forward to this class every day. He still remembers me even though I graduated years ago!
He teaches several classes and I personally found the two I had with him challenging. However, Crist is a great guy, extremely funny, intelligent, and very likeable. He's eager to be engaged with his students through tennis, storytelling, and food. He seems like he enjoys teaching, and despite his sometimes strict attitude, he can be laidback, and is a great teacher. He's why I enjoy math, and probably wouldn't do as well if he wasn't teaching.
He starts the class out in a good way and he teaches very well.
Hilarious, good teacher and coach, almost rational to a point of irrationality but if you are on his good side you'll love his class
Sarcastic. Wastes class time. Decent math teacher - explanations can be confusing. Entertaining stories. Good advice on subjects not totally related to math lessons. Definitely picks favorites.
Mr. Crist is great, he teaches well, and keeps math interesting. But I still can't shake the feeling that some of his stories are maybe exaggerated >.> Good teacher good person=good.
he's a nice guy, with funny stories, but he has his favorites & treats them accordingly, while not really explaining the math & leaving us to fend for ourselves. tests are hard. could be more helpful
really nice and funny but the curriculam is hard to understand and is unaplicable to real life. not really his fault though...
Mr. Crist is a funny guy and always ties his stories into what your going to learn about or whats happening at the time. he makes fun of people but the people who should be worried are those he doesnt
Mr. Crist is an awesome teacher! He tells great stories before starting class work, and he's very amusing. He does pick on students a bit, like teasing, but it's never mean. He's one of my fav's!
he makes fun of kids, but hes kool and strict when it comes to tests for the honors kids..
wow mr.crist is a great teacher. In class he always starts off with a funny story that at least half the time pertains to the topic. One of my favorite teachers. Hope you get him!
Crist is absolutely hilarious. He has a joke about everything almost... and it actually relates to the work we do in class [most of the time]. It's not easy, but it's still fun!
Probably the best teacher I've ever had, great at explaining math and then explaining why we need to know it.
His class wasn't the easiest, but he helped me understand so much more math... and I loved his stories and jokes.
I love his jokes. Ive laughed in every one of his classes.
Coolest teacher ever!! I loved his class and he is soo funny!!
He always takes the time to explain something when you need help. He's awesome and makes learning fun.
A great teacher, lets you have fun in class, but you still lear alot.
Cool Guy. Teaches but jokes a lot. No pity laughs for Crist; they should come with authenticity.
He scares me at times, but he is a good teacher. He takes time to explain the lessons and go over homework. Go Mr. Crist!
Easy going teacher. Easy class, but you still learn.


text:
J Curtis Photography
With Over 20 years of experience as an Architectural Photographer, J Curtis is one of the leading photographers in the United States. Specializing in Architectural Interiors and Exteriors, his images have been featured in dozens of magazines, including Colorado Homes and Lifestyles, Better Homes and Gardens, Travel and Leisure and many others.
Contact information
phone: 303-394-1526
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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There'll never be another "King Kong" to compare to the original. Though the plot was simplistic and innocent, there was always a sense of wonder and adventure to the film that's hard to replicate today. I hope someday they'll find an original, pristine, and uncut copy of the film in some faraway vault. I'd even settle for a scratchy copy of the spider sequence, like some of the scenes in the restored "Metropolis". Until then, gems like the radio scripts will have to do.
At least we still have the Jack Benny homage to Kong in the Chevrolet Program "Who Killed Mr. X?" (NBC Red, 6-2-33).
Simply amazing…the past stsys alive..even under stranger circumstances than most scifi…
Publication of the scripts would be nice. A serious attempt to re-record them from the scripts would be really cool. Presumably the music and sound effects would have been fairly straightforward.


text:
Filter Results:
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- Wen-Sheng Liu, Yu-Diao Kuan, +4 authors Che-Hsin Lee
- Marine drugs
- 2013
Reducing hyperpigmentation has been a big issue for years. Even though pigmentation is a normal mechanism protecting skin from UV-causing DNA damage and oxidative stress, it is still an aesthetic problem for many people. Bacteria can produce some compounds in response to their environment. These compounds are widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical… (More)
- Man-Chin Chen, Wen-Wei Chang, Yu-Diao Kuan, Song-Tao Lin, Hui-Chun Hsu, Che-Hsin Lee
- Innate immunity
- 2012
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to metastasis. Resveratrol exhibits potential antitumor activities; however, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the EMT of melanoma have not been demonstrated. Here, a new role for LPS in promoting EMT is described. LPS-induced EMT was identified by examining the markers of EMT. To assess the… (More)
- Wen-Wei Chang, Yu-Diao Kuan, Man-Chin Chen, Song-Tao Lin, Che-Hsin Lee
- Experimental biology and medicine
- 2012
Systemic administration of Salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to the preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that CSCs are the root of cancer and induce metastasis and recurrence. The objective of this study was to examine if Salmonella could inhibit the growth of… (More)
- Wen-Wei Chang, Chih-Ho Lai, +4 authors Che-Hsin Lee
- International journal of cancer
- 2013
The use of preferentially replicating bacteria as oncolytic agents is one of the innovative approaches for the treatment of cancer. The capability of Salmonella to disperse within tumors and hence to delay tumor growth was augmented when combined with chemotherapy. This work is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of antitumor effects by the… (More)
- Yu-Diao Kuan, Che-Hsin Lee
- Oncotarget
- 2016
Over the past decades, Salmonella has been proven capable of inhibiting tumor growth. It can specifically target tumors and due to its facultative anaerobic property, can be more penetrative than other drug therapies. However, the molecular mechanism by which Salmonella inhibits tumor growth is still incompletely known. The antitumor therapeutic effect… (More)
- Wei-Kuang Wang, Meng-Fan Lu, Yu-Diao Kuan, Che-Hsin Lee
- American journal of cancer research
- 2015
Systemic administration of Salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to its preferential accumulation in tumor sites, the enhancement of host immunity, and the inhibition of tumor growth. However, the underlying mechanism for Salmonella-induced antitumor immune response via oral delivery remained uncertain. Herein, we used mouse colorectal cancer (CT26) as… (More)
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Africa's 'Light Bulb Moment' and its Lead Role in the Global Renewable Energy Transformation
Africa's 900 million people use less energy than Spain's 47 million. In sub-Saharan Africa, 621 million people have no electricity whatsoever. Each year, 600,000 Africans — half of them children — die from household air pollution, caused by fuelwood and charcoal used for cooking. Africa's lack of access to clean, Continue Reading →


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How to enhance versatility and reduce maintenance and floor space requirements
Stanley Engineered Fastening, Chesterfield, MI, is a Stanley Black & Decker Inc. company, specializing in design and development of cost-effective fasteners, assembly tools, and stud and welding systems. Items in the diverse line include fasteners and clips for metals and plastics, screws and bolts, torque nuts, threaded inserts, and a range of other products to meet individualized sealing and securing requirements.
To convey these various items to packaging lines, Stanley had been using large static conveyors that were requiring significant maintenance and downtime for repairs. The company realized that it needed to convert to more efficient conveying equipment.
After evaluating alternatives, Stanley decided to try a DynaCon light-weight plastic modular conveyor system from Dynamic Conveyor (www.dynamicconveyor.com). Stanley determined that this easily reconfigurable conveyor system could be purchased at a cost in line with standard conveyor prices, while offering greater flexibility and considerably reduced maintenance. The conveyors also are compact, requiring less floor space.


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It´s been about three days since Invader Studios kicked-off a Kickstarter camping for their upcoming survival horror game "Daymare: 1998", and so far the game has collected almost 17,000 Euros. However, there is still over 160,000 Euros missing before "Daymare: 1998" has reached it´s Kickstarter goal. Nevertheless, I am still happy to inform you all that Daymare: 1998 is coming to PS4 and Xbox One with addition of a fixed camera mode:
"Daymare: 1998 coming on Playstation 4 and Xbox One with addition of a fixed camera mode
Shortly after the beginning of the Kickstarter campaign, which has so far gained over 500 backers, Invader Studios it's excited to reveal two huge surprises linked to their third person survival horror Daymare: 1998.
The first will make console players happy – in addition to the Steam PC version, Daymare: 1998 will make its way to Playstation 4 and Xbox One, ensuring the game can be enjoyed on a variety of systems.
The Invader team said: "following the brilliant start of the Kickstarter campaign of Daymare: 1998, we are extremely grateful to all the people that put their trust in us and are supporting us in an unbelievable way, we received unexpected support that allows us to put the console version in to the initial goal. This make us happy to address the many fans who asked us for a PS4/Xbox One version in the initial hours of the Kickstarter campaign ".
But this is not all. Following the nostalgic feeling of the game, the Invader Studios team is also revealing a fixed camera mode that will give all the old school survival horror fans something to look forward to. In addition to the support of the Capcom legends, that have worked on the most important Resident Evil games, like K. Aoyama (Director of Resident Evil 3: NEMESIS) and S. Nakai (enemy designer of the Resident Evil saga), the fixed camera mode is completing the circle that begun in the 90's.
While waiting to see a dedicated gameplay video, that will be published during the campaign (together with other very huge surprises that we cannot yet share), you can find a small preview .gif attached.
We remind you also that the Kickstarter campaign of Daymare: 1998 is available at the following link: http://kck.st/2lV1FHb" – Invader Studios
So, what do you guys and girls think about "Daymare: 1998" so far? Let us know your thoughts in the comment section down below!
Robin "V-Act" Ek
The Gaming Ground
Twitter: @TheGamingGround
More by Robin Ek:
Tags: Daymare, Daymare: 1998, Indie games, Invader Studios, Kickstarter, Survival horror games
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