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Vintage Sunrise Cowl Neck Poncho
This listing is for the crochet pattern only for the poncho. This does not include the finished product for the Vintage Sunrise Cowl Neck Poncho. If you'd like to order the finished item, please click this link:
This poncho features a granny square stitch pattern as well as another fun stitch pattern resembling a sunrise or a fan. The skill level is Easy, so it's a great pattern for anyone to work with. It works up quickly, and would make a fun fashionable accessory to your wardrobe for all seasons!
It is a one-size-fits-most pattern, but it can be adjusted by changing yarn weight or hook size.
This pattern is also suitable for use as a prayer shawl to bless someone in need of love, healing, and friendship.
This pattern is Copyright © 2016 thebluestarboutique.etsy.com with all rights reserved.
This pattern is intended for personal use only. Reproduction in any manner, including electronic reproduction, printing multiple copies and sharing them, electronic copying and sharing, scanning, posting to the internet, selling or otherwise distributing in any way is prohibited. If you really like the pattern and want to share where you got it - now that would be much appreciated! Please refer your friends back here to purchase the pattern.
If you want to use this pattern to make products for sale or for charity, please feel free to do so. I would ask that you include a note that you got the pattern from The Blue Star Boutique with a link back to the shop. Of course, this part is not mandatory, but it sure is appreciated!
If you have any questions at all, please don't hesitate to contact me!
Here are some housekeeping notes:
Payment is expected within 2 days of purchase. If you are purchasing a digital file, there are no refunds or returns.
Special thanks to my pattern testers:
Michele Orr
Heather Anne Kemp
- Page created: February 9, 2016
- Last updated: February 10, 2016 …
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West Cumbrian MP Jamie Reed has tabled a Parliamentary Motion and written to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, to raise concerns relating to the retirement age of Civil Nuclear Police Officers.
Currently, Home Office Police are able to retire at 60. However, the Government have so far refused to afford the same retirement age to Civil Nuclear Police, whose retirement age is to be linked to the state pension age of 65, rising in stages to 68.
This has raised a number of concerns, including from the Civil Nuclear Police Federation, that a retirement age of 65 to 68 could affect operational safety.
The Civil Nuclear Constabulary undertake an important role in national security through protecting nuclear materials. The largest nuclear site that the Constabulary polices is in Jamie Reed MP's Copeland constituency, at Sellafield.
Copeland MP Jamie Reed said:
"Government must act to extend the pension age of 60, which is afforded to Home Office Police, to Civil Nuclear Police Officers.
"This is a very concerning issue that will affect many Officers based in my constituency, at Sellafield.
"Given that is is obligatory for Civil Nuclear Police Officers to carry arms, given the physical demands of the job, and given the complex and vital role that Officers play in responding to incidents of national security, they must be afforded the same retirement age as Home Office Police."

subset: commoncrawl


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Legitimately Consolidating Debt to Reduce Your Burden
Overseeing obligation in functional and inventive ways is an essential piece of individual fund. Various credits make migraines for you as your consideration gets occupied by such a variety of various advances all consuming gigantic lumps of hard earned money through high loan costs. Many individuals stay uninformed of the handy arrangements lying unutilized in various shades of obligation combination like:
• Personal unsecured obligation solidification advances.
• Secured solidification advances, for example, home value credits, and
• Debt administration programs.
Paying off debtors combination, the fundamental thought is to join every one of your obligations together into one single advance, under a solitary reimbursement program with much lower intrigue so that the omnibus credit gets to be distinctly simpler to oversee, and less demanding to reimburse.
Unsecured (No Collateral) Debt Consolidation Loan
In this technique an unsecured individual credit (which means an advance without insurance) is profited keeping in mind the end goal to clear different obligations. A fundamental essential for this kind of advance is that your FICO score ought to be sufficiently solid to guarantee that you get a reasonably bring down loan cost. This thusly will have the impact of bringing down the credit portions, making it less demanding on your compensation parcel. On the off chance that you happen to fall in this class there are many credit choices that banks and money related establishments offer. In this kind of advance recall that the financier will go out on a limb (advance being unsecured) and subsequently, the investor will demand higher FICO assessments. This is perfect for clearing unsecured obligations like different Mastercard contribution exceptional.
Home (Property) Equity Loans
Such a credit is not quite the same as the unsecured advance in that the home or some other landed resource is set apart as guarantee for this advance. It gets to be distinctly less demanding for the investor to allow bring down financing costs not at all like FICO rating connected unsecured advances. Yet, this builds the hazard for the borrower on the grounds that an advance default may mean direct abandonment. Taking a chance with your home for reimbursing Mastercard duty is too enormous a peril to go up against. Ideally this kind of advance ought to be utilized on the off chance that you have different loaning like auto advances and business credits to reimburse that are more voluminous sum shrewd, and require milder augmented reimbursement periods at lower rates of intrigue.


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A Chinese supercomputer has created the largest ever digital version of the cosmos.
Sunway TaihuLight, the world's fastest computer, has modelled the birth and early expansion of the universe using 10 trillion digital particles, a new report claims.
The supercomputer modelled these particles interacting with one another using quadrillions of calculations per second to model the cosmos.
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Sunway TaihuLight (pictured), the world's fastest computer, has modelled the birth and early expansion of the universe using 10 trillion digital particles, a new report claims
In astronomy, researchers simulate the universe by breaking down its mass into particles.
These particles interact with one another through physical forces such as gravity.
A supercomputer can simulate these interactions using quadrillions of calculations per second.
The more particles are involved in the simulation, the more precisely the scientists can replay and forecast the universe's evolution.
This process can shed light on many issues such as the nature and spread of dark energy.
With a simulation comprising 10 trillion particles, the Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer created the largest ever model of the cosmos.
According to the South China Morning Post, the machine simulated the cosmos by breaking it's mass down into trillions of particles.
It used 10 million CPU cores to create its version of the universe - known as N-body simulation.
The work was completed by the National Supercomputer Centre in Wuxi, and involved computer scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
'This is just a warm-up exercise,' Professor Liang Gao, chair scientist of the computational cosmology group at the National Astronomical Observatories, said.
'We just got to the point of tens of millions of years after the Big Bang
'It was still a very young stage for the universe - most galaxies were not even born.'
Professor Gao said that the universe his team created is five times larger than any previous attempts.
But while China's simulation was sustained for an hour, a European model created in June, which was the previous biggest attempt, lasted for 80 hours.
Academics from the University of Zurich recreated a simulation of 25 billion virtual galaxies, which were generated from two trillion digital particles.
'The challenge of this simulation was to model galaxies as small as one tenth of


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Dungeons and Dragoners Undergoing Manifestation
Fallcrest stands amid the Moon Hills at the falls of the Nentir Vale. Here travelers and traders using the King's Road that runs north and south, the dwarven Trade Road from the east, and the river all meet. The surrounding ridges shelter several small valleys where farmers and woodsfolk live; few are more than six or seven miles from the town. In general the people outside Fallcrest's walls earn their living by farming or keeping livestock, and the people inside the walls are artisans, laborers, or merchants. People with no other prospects can make a hard living as porters, carrying cargo from the Lower Quays to the Upper Quays (or vice versa). When the Iron Circle attacked, Fallcrest's army stood no match and were wiped out within a fort night. The armies of the Iron Circle burned and pillaged most of the farms and killed most of the livestock, leaving Fallcrest poor and desolate with a massive food shortage. Those who remained loyal to the Nerathi quickly succumbed to hunger and the need to support their families, surrendering to the Iron Circle. Strangely, the Iron Circle only left partial occupation within the city and drew back most of their troops within a few years time. It appeared as though they merely were sent to crush their spirits. In the decades since the attack of the Iron Circle, Fallcrest has struggled to reestablish itself. The town is a shadow of the former city; little trade passes up and down the river these days.


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Georgia head football coach Mark Richt and head basketball coach Mark Fox will make stops in south Georgia next month, as will offensive coordinator Mike Bobo.
The annual UGA Days tour kicks off tomorrow, with two stops in southwest Georgia.
Richt and Fox will be in Albany on May 12 at the Hilton Garden Inn.
Two days later, Fox and Bobo will be in Tifton at the UGA Tifton Campus Conference Center.
The coaches will meet and greet with fans, and will be open to all Georgia alumni and fans.
All rights reserved.


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A Member of Palyul Sangha International
New Audio Teaching: See the Truth with a Quiet Mind . . . Pathgate Teaching Updates: England: 24th June - 27th August 2017 ... For details visit: Teaching Schedule
Classical Chinese Martial Art is the physical discipline of Mind and Energy. The following articles are a brief introduction to the Classical Chinese Martial Arts.
© 2017 Pathgate Institute of Buddhist Studies |
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Open April 14 - November 19
Reserve: 800-562-2470
Info: 574-277-1335
50707 Princess Way
Granger, IN 46530Get Directions
RV Sites, Tent Sites
Check-in: 1:00 pm, Check-out: 11:00 am
Check-in: 2:00 pm, Check-out: 11:00 am
Camping at its best! These spacious logdes have all the comfort you know from home. Just bring your bedding, personal items and towels. It's like your own little house out in the greens!
Sleeps up to 6 people.
Cozy and comfy this is what describes this cute deluxe cabin thebest. It comes with all comfort you can expect, this is camping at a new level. Bring your bedding, personal items and towels.
Sleeps up to 4 people.
Enjoy the beautiful deck, sitting outside, away from the beaten passes underneath the trees and relax. Half kitchen, full bath and room for 6 people round up this awesome cabin experience.
Sleeps up to 6 people.
*The picture shown is an example of a site type category and may not be the actual site reserved.


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How to hide parent domain and only show subdomain in url
Thank you for taking the time to help me with this.
I'm even willing to send whoever gives me the first correct answer money via paypal to show my gratitude if its allowed. I'm very new to creating websites and working with wordpress. But I have an issue that is really stressing me out…
I have a website, "website.com". This was my original website I signed up with my hosting with. I purchased another website thru namecheap, "supernice.com" and have it forwarded to my domain at "supernice.website.com" The problem arises when I go to supernice.com, my url shows it as "supernice.website.com". I don't want it to show it as a subdomain. Especially when they have absolutely nothing to do with each other at all. How can I have just my subdomain show up as "supernice.com" in the browser without forwarding it in a frame. (I want to keep it SEO friendsly) There has to be a way I can display this. I've looked everywhere to no avail, and my website is just lying in wait until I can figure this out. Any detailed instructions will be greatly appreciated.
Thanks in advance
- The topic 'How to hide parent domain and only show subdomain in url' is closed to new replies.


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Book List | Rocky Mountain Smiths
To check out item(s) click on the add to cart button.
|Metallurgy Fundamentals
Provides instruction and information on the basic principles of metallurgy. Emphasizes the practical aspects of metallurgy. Explores the behavior of metals subjected to metallurgical processes and explains why certain material properties are desired and how these properties are attained. DLC: Iron--Metallurgy.
Includes index.
Iron - Metallurgy; Steel - Metallurgy
Publisher Goodheart-Willcox Pub. 1992. 256 pages
|Non-Technical Chats On Iron And Steel;: And Their Application To Modern Industry;
From a review by Houston Area Blacksmiths' Association (HABA): "This is one of the best books on the history of iron as well as why heated iron does certain things. This is one of the few books that attempts to give a layman some understanding why iron looses its magnetism when heated to a particular temperature. Coverage includes a wide range of metals; including wrought iron." A reprint by Lindsay Publications Inc; 1992
Iron; Steel
Publisher Frederick A. Stokes Co. 1917. 358 pages


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 2008
|Filing date
|May 3, 2006
|Priority date
|Jun 12, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mark A. Conkling, Wen Song, Nandini Mendu
|Original Assignee
|North Carolina State University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (99), Non-Patent Citations (99), Classifications (24), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation application of, and claims priority to, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/356,076, filed Jan. 31, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,220 on Dec. 4, 2007, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/021,286, filed Feb. 10, 1998 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,661 on Jul. 1, 2003 and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/049,471, filed Jun. 12, 1997. The entire contents of each of these applications are incorporated by reference herein.
This invention was made with Government support under National Science Foundation Grant No. MCB-9206506. The Government has certain rights to this invention.
This invention relates to plant quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) and to DNA encoding this enzyme. In particular, this invention relates to the use of DNA encoding quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase to produce transgenic plants having genetically altered nicotine levels, and the plants so produced.
The production of tobacco with decreased levels of nicotine is of interest, given concerns regarding the addictive nature of nicotine. Additionally, tobacco plants with extremely low levels of nicotine production, or no nicotine production, are attractive as recipients for transgenes expressing commercially valuable products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic components, or food additives. Various processes have been designed for the removal of nicotine from tobacco. However, most of these processes remove other ingredients from tobacco in addition to nicotine, thereby adversely affecting the tobacco. Classical crop breeding techniques have produced tobacco plants with lower levels of nicotine (approximately 8%) than that found in wild-type tobacco plants. Tobacco plants and tobacco having even further reductions in nicotine content are desirable.
One approach for reducing the level of a biological product is to reduce the amount of a required enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to that product. Where the affected enzyme naturally occurs in a rate-limiting amount (relative to the other enzymes required in the pathway), any reduction in that enzyme's abundance will decrease the production of the end product. If the amount of the enzyme is not normally rate limiting, its presence in a cell must be reduced to rate-limiting levels in order to diminish the pathway's output. Conversely, if the naturally-occurring amount of enzyme is rate limiting, then any increase in the enzyme's activity will result in an increase in the biosynthetic pathway's end product.
Nicotine is formed primarily in the roots of the tobacco plant and is subsequently transported to the leaves, where it is stored (Tso, Physiology and Biochemistry of Tobacco Plants, pp. 233-34, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa. (1972)). An obligatory step in nicotine biosynthesis is the formation of nicotinic acid from quinolinic acid, which step is catalyzed by the enzyme quinoline phosphoribosyl transferase ("QPRTase"). QPRTase appears to be a rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway supplying nicotinic acid for nicotine synthesis in tobacco. See, e.g., Feth et al., "Regulation in Tobacco Callus of Enzyme Activities of the Nicotine Pathway", Planta, 168, pp. 402-07 (1986); Wagner et al., "The Regulation of Enzyme Activities of the Nicotine Pathway in Tobacco", Physiol. Plant., 68, pp. 667-72 (1986). The modification of nicotine levels in tobacco plants by antisense regulation of putrescence methyl transferase (PMTase) expression is proposed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,369,023 and 5,260,205 to Nakatani and Malik. PCT application WO 94/28142 to Wahad and Malik 30 describes DNA encoding PMT and the use of sense and antisense PMT constructs.
A first aspect of the present invention is an isolated DNA molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:1; DNA sequences which encode an enzyme having SEQ ID NO:2; DNA sequences which hybridize to such DNA and which encode a quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase enzyme; and DNA sequences which differ from the above DNA due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. A peptide encoded by such DNA is a further aspect of the invention.
A further aspect of the present invention is a DNA construct comprising a promoter operable in a plant cell and a DNA segment encoding a quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase enzyme positioned downstream from the promoter and operatively associated therewith. The DNA encoding the enzyme may be in the antisense or sense direction.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making transgenic plant cell having reduced quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) expression, by providing a plant cell of a type known to express quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase; transforming the plant cell with an exogenous DNA construct comprising a promoter and DNA comprising a portion of a sequence encoding quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase mRNA.
A further aspect of the present invention is a transgenic plant of the species Nicotiana having reduced quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) expression relative to a non-transformed control plant. The cells of such plants comprise a DNA construct which includes a segment of a DNA sequence that encodes a plant quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase MRNA.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method for reducing expression of a quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase gene in a plant cell by growing a plant cell transformed to contain exogenous DNA, where a transcribed strand of the exogenous DNA is complementary to quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase mRNA endogenous to the cell. Transcription of the complementary strand reduces expression of the endogenous quinolate phosphoribosyl gene.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method of producing a tobacco plant having decreased levels of nicotine in leaves of the tobacco plant by growing a tobacco plant with cells that comprise an exogenous DNA sequence, where a transcribed strand of the exogenous DNA sequence is complementary to endogenous quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase messenger RNA in the cells.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method of making a transgenic plant cell having increased quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) expression, by transforming a plant cell known to express quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase with an exogenous DNA construct which comprises a DNA sequence encoding quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase.
A further aspect of the present invention is a transgenic Nicotiana plant having increased quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) expression, where cells of the transgenic plant comprise an exogenous DNA sequence encoding a plant quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method for increasing expression of a quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase gene in a plant cell, by growing a plant cell transformed to contain exogenous DNA encoding quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method of producing a tobacco plant having increased levels of nicotine in the leaves, by growing a tobacco plant having cells that contain an exogenous DNA sequence that encodes quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase functional in the cells.
Nicotine is produced in tobacco plants by the condensation of nicotinic acid and 4-methylaminobutanal. The biosynthetic pathway resulting in nicotine production is illustrated in
The present invention encompasses a novel cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) encoding a plant quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) of SEQ ID NO:2. As QPRTase activity is strictly correlated with nicotine content, construction of transgenic tobacco plants in which QPRTase levels are lowered in the plant roots (compared to levels in wild-type plants) result in plants having reduced levels of nicotine in the leaves. The present invention provides methods and nucleic acid constructs for producing such transgenic plants, as well as such transgenic plants. Such methods include the expression of antisense NtQPT1 RNA, which lowers the amount of QPRTase in tobacco roots. Nicotine has additionally been found in non-tobacco species and families of plants, though the amount present is usually much lower than in N. tabacum.
The present invention also provides sense and antisense recombinant DNA molecules encoding QPRTase or QPRTase antisense RNA molecules, and vectors comprising those recombinant DNA molecules, as well as transgenic plant cells and plants transformed with those DNA molecules and vectors. Transgenic tobacco cells and plants of this invention are characterized by lower or higher nicotine content than untransformed control tobacco cells and plants.
Tobacco plants with extremely low levels of nicotine production, or no nicotine production, are attractive as recipients for transgenes expressing commercially valuable products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic components, or food additives. Tobacco is attractive as a recipient plant for a transgene encoding a desirable product, as tobacco is easily genetically engineered and produces a very large biomass per acre; tobacco plants with reduced resources devoted to nicotine production accordingly will have more resources available for production of transgene products. Methods of transforming tobacco with transgenes producing desired products are known in the art; any suitable technique may be utilized with the low nicotine tobacco plants of the present invention.
Tobacco plants according to the present invention with reduced QPRTase expression and reduced nicotine levels will be desirable in the production of tobacco products having reduced nicotine content. Tobacco plants according to the present invention will be suitable for use in any traditional tobacco product, including but not limited to pipe, cigar and cigarette tobacco, and chewing tobacco, and may be in any form including leaf tobacco, shredded tobacco, or cut tobacco.
The constructs of the present invention may also be useful in providing transgenic plants having increased QPRTase expression and increased nicotine content in the plant. Such constructs, methods using these constructs and the plants so produced may be desirable in the production of tobacco products having altered nicotine content, or in the production of plants having nicotine content increased for its insecticidal effects.
The present inventors have discovered that the TobRD2 gene (see Conkling et al., Plant Phys. 93, 1203 (1990)) encodes a Nicotiana 20 tabacum QPRTase, and provide herein the cDNA sequence of NtQPT1 (formerly termed TobRD2) and the amino acid sequence of the encoded enzyme. Comparisons of the NTQPT1 amino acid sequence with the GenBank database reveal limited sequence similarity to bacterial proteins that encode quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) (
Quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase is required for de novo nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In tobacco, high levels of QPRTase are detected in roots, but not in leaves. To determine that NtQPT1 encoded QPRTase, the present inventors utilized Escherichia coli bacterial strain (TH265), a mutant lacking in quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (nadC). This mutant cannot grow on minimal medium lacking nicotinic acid. However, expression of the NtQPT1 protein in this bacterial strain conferred the NadC+ phenotype (
The present inventors examined the effects of Nic1 and Nic2 mutants in tobacco, and the effects of topping tobacco plants, on NtQPT1 steady-state mRNA levels and nicotine levels. (Removal of apical dominance by topping at onset of flowering is well known to result in increased levels of nicotine biosynthesis and transport in tobacco, and is a standard practice in tobacco production.) If NtQPT1 is in fact involved in nicotine biosynthesis, it would be expected that (1) NtQPT1 mRNA levels would be lower in Nic1/Nic2 double mutants and (2) NTQPT1 mRNA levels would increase after topping. NtQPT1 mRNA levels in Nic1/Nic2 double mutants were found to be approximately 25% that of wild-type (
Transgenic Plant Cells and Plants
Regulation of gene expression in plant cell genomes can be achieved by integration of heterologous DNA under the transcriptional control of a promoter which is functional in the host, and in which the transcribed strand of heterologous DNA is complementary to the strand of DNA that is transcribed from the endogenous gene to be regulated. The introduced DNA, referred to as antisense DNA, provides an RNA sequence which is complementary to naturally produced (endogenous) mRNAs and which inhibits expression of the endogenous MRNA. The mechanism of such gene expression regulation by antisense is not completely understood. While not wishing to be held to any single theory, it is noted that one theory of antisense regulation proposes that transcription of antisense DNA produces RNA molecules which bind to and prevent or inhibit transcription of endogenous mRNA molecules.
In the methods of the present invention, the antisense product may be complementary to coding or non-coding (or both) portions of naturally occurring target RNA. The antisense construction may be introduced into the plant cells in any suitable manner, and may be integrated into the plant genome for inducible or constitutive transcription of the antisense sequence. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,453,566 and 5,107,065 to Shewmaker et al. (incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). As used herein, exogenous or heterologous DNA (or RNA) refers to DNA (or RNA) which has been introduced into a cell (or the cell's ancestor) through the efforts of humans. Such heterologous DNA may be a copy of a sequence which is naturally found in the cell being transformed, or fragments thereof.
To produce a tobacco plant having decreased QPRTase levels, and thus lower nicotine content, than an untransformed control tobacco plant, a tobacco cell may be transformed with an exogenous QPRT antisense transcriptional unit comprising a partial QPRT cDNA sequence, a full-length QPRT cDNA sequence, a partial QPRT chromosomal sequence, or a full-length QPRT chromosomal sequence, in the antisense orientation with appropriate operably linked regulatory sequences. Appropriate regulatory sequences include a transcription initiation sequence ("promoter") operable in the plant being transformed, and a polyadenylation/transcription termination sequence. Standard techniques, such as restriction mapping, Southern blot hybridization, and nucleotide sequence analysis, are then employed to identify clones bearing QPRTase sequences in the antisense orientation, operably linked to the regulatory sequences. Tobacco plants are then regenerated from successfully transformed cells. It is most preferred that the antisense sequence utilized be complementary to the endogenous sequence, however, minor variations in the exogenous and endogenous sequences may be tolerated. It is preferred that the antisense DNA sequence be of sufficient sequence similarity that it is capable of binding to the endogenous sequence in the cell to be regulated, under stringent conditions as described below.
Antisense technology has been employed in several laboratories to create transgenic plants characterized by lower than normal amounts of specific enzymes. For example, plants with lowered levels of chalcone synthase, an enzyme of a flower pigment biosynthetic pathway, have been produced by inserting a chalcone synthase antisense gene into the genome of tobacco and petunia. These transgenic tobacco and petunia plants produce flowers with lighter than normal coloration (Van der Krol et al., "An Anti-Sense Chalcone Synthase Gene in Transgenic Plants Inhibits Flower Pigmentation", Nature, 333, pp. 866-69 (1988)). Antisense RNA technology has also been successfully employed to inhibit production of the enzyme polygalacturonase in tomatoes (Smith et al., "Antisense RNA Inhibition of Polygalacturonase Gene Expression in Transgenic Tomatoes", Nature, 334, pp. 724-26 (1988); Sheehy et al., "Reduction of Polygalacturonase Activity in Tomato Fruit by Antisense RNA", Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA, 85, pp. 8805-09 (1988)), and the small subunit of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in tobacco (Rodermel et al., "Nuclear-Organelle Interactions: Nuclear Antisense Gene Inhibits Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Enzyme Levels in Transformed Tobacco Plants", Cell, 55, pp. 673-81 (1988)). Alternatively, transgenic plants characterized by greater than normal amounts of a given enzyme may be created by transforming the plants with the gene for that enzyme in the sense (i.e., normal) orientation. Levels of nicotine in the transgenic tobacco plants of the present invention can be detected by standard nicotine assays. Transformed plants in which the level of QPRTase is reduced compared to untransformed control plants will accordingly have a reduced nicotine level compared to the control; transformed plants in which the level of QPRTase is increased compared to untransformed control plants will accordingly have an increased nicotine level compared to the control.
The heterologous sequence utilized in the antisense methods of the present invention may be selected so as to produce an RNA product complementary to the entire QPRTase mRNA sequence, or to a portion thereof. The sequence may be complementary to any contiguous sequence of the natural messenger RNA, that is, it may be complementary to the endogenous mRNA sequence proximal to the 5′-terminus or capping site, downstream from the capping site, between the capping site and the initiation codon and may cover all or only a portion of the non-coding region, may bridge the non-coding and coding region, be complementary to all or part of the coding region, complementary to the 3′-terminus of the coding region, or complementary to the 3′-untranslated region of the mRNA. Suitable antisense sequences may be from at least about 13 to about 15 nucleotides, at least about 16 to about 21 nucleotides, at least about 20 nucleotides, at least about 30 nucleotides, at least about 50 nucleotides, at least about 75 nucleotides, at least about 100 nucleotides, at least about 125 nucleotides, at least about 150 nucleotides, at least about 200 nucleotides, or more. In addition, the sequences may be extended or shortened on the 3′ or 5′ ends thereof.
The particular anti-sense sequence and the length of the anti-sense sequence will vary depending upon the degree of inhibition desired, the stability of the anti-sense sequence, and the like. One of skill in the art will be guided in the selection of appropriate QPRTase antisense sequences using techniques available in the art and the information provided herein. With reference to
The present invention may also be used in methods of sense co-suppression of nicotine production. Sense DNAs employed in carrying out the present invention are of a length sufficient to, when expressed in a plant cell, suppress the native expression of the plant QPRTase protein as described herein in that plant cell. Such sense DNAs may be essentially an entire genomic or complementary DNA encoding the QPRTase enzyme, or a fragment thereof with such fragments typically being at least 15 nucleotides in length. Methods of ascertaining the length of sense DNA that results in suppression of the expression of a native gene in a cell are available to those skilled in the art.
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, Nicotiana 30 plant cells are transformed with a DNA construct containing a DNA segment encoding an enzymatic RNA molecule (i.e., a "ribozyme"), which enzymatic RNA molecule is directed against (i.e., cleaves) the mRNA transcript of DNA encoding plant QPRTase as described herein. Ribozymes contain substrate binding domains that bind to accessible regions of the target mRNA, and domains that catalyze the cleavage of RNA, preventing translation and protein production. The binding domains may comprise antisense sequences complementary to the target mRNA sequence; the catalytic motif may be a hammerhead motif or other motifs, such as the hairpin motif. Ribozyme cleavage sites within an RNA target may initially be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites (e.g., GUA, GUU or GUC sequences). Once identified, short RNA sequences of 15, 20, 30 or more ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target gene containing the cleavage site may be evaluated for predicted structural features. The suitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testing their accessibility to hybridization with complimentary oligonucleotides, using ribonuclease protection assays as are known in the art. DNA encoding enzymatic RNA molecules may be produced in accordance with known techniques. See, e.g., T. Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071; Keene et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,021; Donson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,367; Torrence et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,032; Joyce, U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,967; Gold et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,877; Wagner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,601; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,854 (the disclosures of which are to be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Production of such an enzymatic RNA molecule in a plant cell and disruption of QPRTase protein production reduces QPRTase activity in plant cells in essentially the same manner as production of an antisense RNA molecule: that is, by disrupting translation of mRNA in the cell which produces the enzyme. The term 'ribozyme' is used herein to describe an RNA-containing nucleic acid that functions as an enzyme (such as an endoribonuclease), and may be used interchangeably with 'enzymatic RNA molecule'. The present invention further includes DNA encoding the ribozymes, DNA encoding ribozymes which has been inserted into an expression vector, host cells containing such vectors, and methods of decreasing QPRTase production in plants using ribozymes.
Nucleic acid sequences employed in carrying out the present invention include those with sequence similarity to SEQ ID NO:1, and encoding a protein having quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase activity. This definition is intended to encompass natural allelic variations in QPRTase proteins. Thus, DNA sequences that hybridize to DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 and code for expression of QPRTase, particularly plant QPRTase enzymes, may also be employed in carrying out the present invention.
Multiple forms of tobacco QPRT enzyme may exist. Multiple forms of an enzyme may be due to post-translational modification of a single gene product, or to multiple forms of the NtQPT1 gene.
Conditions which permit other DNA sequences which code for expression of a protein having QPRTase activity to hybridize to DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 or to other DNA sequences encoding the protein given as SEQ ID NO:2 can be determined in a routine manner. For example, hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under conditions of reduced stringency or even stringent conditions (e.g., conditions represented by a wash stringency of 0.3 M NaCl, 0.03 M sodium citrate, 0.1% SDS at 60� C. or even 70� C. to DNA encoding the protein given as SEQ ID NO:2 herein in a standard in situ hybridization assay. See J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2d Ed. 1989)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)). In general, such sequences will be at least 65% similar, 75% similar, 80% similar, 85% similar, 90% similar, or even 95% similar, or more, with the sequence given herein as SEQ ID NO:1, or DNA sequences encoding proteins of SEQ ID NO:2. (Determinations of sequence similarity are made with the two sequences aligned for maximum matching; gaps in either of the two sequences being matched are allowed in maximizing matching. Gap lengths of 10 or less are preferred, gap lengths of 5 or less are more preferred, and gap lengths of 2 or less still more preferred.)
Differential hybridization procedures are available which allow for the isolation of cDNA clones whose mRNA levels are as low as about 0.05% of poly(A+)RNA. See M. Conkling et al., Plant Physiol. 93, 1203-1211 (1990). In brief, cDNA libraries are screened using single-stranded cDNA probes of reverse transcribed mRNA from plant tissue (e.g., roots and/or leaves). For differential screening, a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane is soaked in 5�SSC, placed in a 96 well suction manifold, 150 μL of stationary overnight culture transferred from a master plate to each well, and vacuum applied until all liquid has passed through the filter. 150 μL of denaturing solution (0.5M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl) is placed in each well using a multiple pipetter and allowed to sit about 3 minutes. Suction is applied as above and the filter removed and neutralized in 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1.5 M NaCl. It is then baked 2 hours in vacuo and incubated with the relevant probes. By using nylon membrane filters and keeping master plates stored at −70� C. in 7% DMSO, filters may be screened multiple times with multiple probes and appropriate clones recovered after several years of storage.
As used herein, the term 'gene' refers to a DNA sequence that incorporates (1) upstream (5′) regulatory signals including the promoter, (2) a coding region specifying the product, protein or RNA of the gene, (3) downstream (3′) regions including transcription termination and polyadenylation signals and (4) associated sequences required for efficient and specific expression.
The DNA sequence of the present invention may consist essentially of the sequence provided herein (SEQ ID NO:1), or equivalent nucleotide sequences representing alleles or polymorphic variants of these genes, or coding regions thereof.
Use of the phrase "substantial sequence similarity" in the present specification and claims means that DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences which have slight and non-consequential sequence variations from the actual sequences disclosed and claimed herein are considered to be equivalent to the sequences of the present invention. In this regard, "slight and non-consequential sequence variations" mean that "similar" sequences (i.e., the sequences that have substantial sequence similarity with the DNA, RNA, or proteins disclosed and claimed herein) will be functionally equivalent to the sequences disclosed and claimed in the present invention. Functionally equivalent sequences will function in substantially the same manner to produce substantially the same compositions as the nucleic acid and amino acid compositions disclosed and claimed herein.
DNA sequences provided herein can be transformed into a variety of host cells. A variety of suitable host cells, having desirable growth and handling properties, are readily available in the art.
Use of the phrase "isolated" or "substantially pure" in the present specification and claims as a modifier of DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins means that the DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins so designated have been separated from their in vivo cellular environments through the efforts of human beings. As used herein, a "native DNA sequence" or "natural DNA sequence" means a DNA sequence which can be isolated from non-transgenic cells or tissue. Native DNA sequences are those which have not been artificially altered, such as by site-directed mutagenesis. Once native DNA sequences are identified, DNA molecules having native DNA sequences may be chemically synthesized or produced using recombinant DNA procedures as are known in the art. As used herein, a native plant DNA sequence is that which can be isolated from non-transgenic plant cells or tissue. As used herein, a native tobacco DNA sequence is that which can be isolated from non-transgenic tobacco cells or tissue DNA constructs, or "transcription cassettes," of the present invention include, 5, to 3′ in the direction of transcription, a promoter as discussed herein, a DNA sequence as discussed herein operatively associated with the promoter, and, optionally, a termination sequence including stop signal for RNA polymerase and a polyadenylation signal for polyadenylase. All of these regulatory regions should be capable of operating in the cells of the tissue to be transformed. Any suitable termination signal may be employed in carrying out the present invention, examples thereof including, but not limited to, the nopaline synthase (nos) terminator, the octapine synthase (ocs) terminator, the CaMV terminator, or native termination signals derived from the same gene as the transcriptional initiation region or derived from a different gene. See, e.g., Rezian et al. (1988) supra, and Rodermel et al. (1988), supra.
The term "operatively associated," as used herein, refers to DNA sequences on a single DNA molecule which are associated so that the function of one is affected by the other. Thus, a promoter is operatively associated with a DNA when it is capable of affecting the transcription of that DNA (i.e., the DNA is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). The promoter is said to be "upstream" from the DNA, which is in turn said to be "downstream" from the promoter.
The transcription cassette may be provided in a DNA construct which also has at least one replication system. For convenience, it is common to have a replication system functional in Escherichia coli, such as ColE1, pSC101, pACYC184, or the like. In this manner, at each stage after each manipulation, the resulting construct may be cloned, sequenced, and the correctness of the manipulation determined. In addition, or in place of the E. coli replication system, a broad host range replication system may be employed, such as the replication systems of the P-1 incompatibility plasmids, e.g., pRK290. In addition to the replication system, there will frequently be at least one marker present, which may be useful in one or more hosts, or different markers for individual hosts. That is, one marker may be employed for selection in a prokaryotic host, while another marker may be employed for selection in a eukaryotic host, particularly the plant host. The markers may be protection against a biocide, such as antibiotics, toxins, heavy metals, or the like; may provide complementation, by imparting prototrophy to an auxotrophic host; or may provide a visible phenotype through the production of a novel compound in the plant.
The various fragments comprising the various constructs, transcription cassettes, markers, and the like may be introduced consecutively by restriction enzyme cleavage of an appropriate replication system, and insertion of the particular construct or fragment into the available site. After ligation and cloning the DNA construct may be isolated for further manipulation. All of these techniques are amply exemplified in the literature as exemplified by J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2d Ed. 1989)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory).
Vectors which may be used to transform plant tissue with nucleic acid constructs of the present invention include both Agrobacterium vectors and ballistic vectors, as well as vectors suitable for DNA-mediated transformation.
The term 'promoter' refers to a region of a DNA sequence that incorporates the necessary signals for the efficient expression of a coding sequence. This may include sequences to which an RNA polymerase binds but is not limited to such sequences and may include regions to which other regulatory proteins bind together with regions involved in the control of protein translation and may include coding sequences.
Promoters employed in carrying out the present invention may be constitutively active promoters. Numerous constitutively active promoters which are operable in plants are available. A preferred example is the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter which is expressed constitutively in most plant tissues. In the alternative, the promoter may be a root-specific promoter or root cortex specific promoter, as explained in greater detail below.
Antisense sequences have been expressed in transgenic tobacco plants utilizing the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. See, e.g., Cornelissen et al., "Both RNA Level and Translation Efficiency are Reduced by Anti-Sense RNA in Transgenic Tobacco", Nucleic Acids Res. 17, pp. 833-43 (1989); Rezaian et al., "Anti-Sense RNAs of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Transgenic Plants Assessed for Control of the Virus", Plant Molecular Biology 11, pp. 463-71 (1988); Rodermel et al., "Nuclear-Organelle Interactions: Nuclear Antisense Gene Inhibits Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Enzyme Levels in Transformed Tobacco Plants", Cell 55, pp. 673-81 (1988); Smith et al., "Antisense RNA Inhibition of Polygalacturonase Gene Expression in Transgenic Tomatoes", Nature 334, pp. 724-26 (1988); Van der Krol et al., "An Anti-Sense Chalcone Synthase Gene in Transgenic Plants Inhibits Flower Pigmentation", Nature 333, pp. 866-69 (1988).
Use of the CaMV 35S promoter for expression of QPRTase in the transformed tobacco cells and plants of this invention is preferred. Use of the CaMV promoter for expression of other recombinant genes in tobacco roots has been well described (Lam et al., "Site-Specific Mutations Alter In Vitro Factor Binding and Change Promoter Expression Pattern in Transgenic Plants", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86, pp. 7890-94 (1989); Pulse et al. "Dissection of 5′ Upstream Sequences for Selective Expression of the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia rbcS-8B Gene", Mol. Gen. Genet. 214, pp. 16-23(1988)).
Other promoters which are active only in root tissues (root specific promoters) are also particularly suited to the methods of the present invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,252 to Conkling et al.; Yamamoto et al., The Plant Cell, 3:371 (1991). The TobRD2 root-cortex specific promoter may also be utilized. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/508,786, now allowed, to Conkling et al.; PCT WO 9705261. All patents cited herein are intended to be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The QPRTase recombinant DNA molecules and vectors used to produce the transformed tobacco cells and plants of this invention may further comprise a dominant selectable marker gene. Suitable dominant selectable markers for use in tobacco include, inter alia, antibiotic resistance genes encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Another well-known dominant selectable marker suitable for use in tobacco is a mutant dihydrofolate reductase gene that encodes methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase. DNA vectors containing suitable antibiotic resistance genes, and the corresponding antibiotics, are commercially available.
Transformed tobacco cells are selected out of the surrounding population of non-transformed cells by placing the mixed population of cells into a culture medium containing an appropriate concentration of the antibiotic (or other compound normally toxic to tobacco cells) against which the chosen dominant selectable marker gene product confers resistance. Thus, only those tobacco cells that have been transformed will survive and multiply.
Methods of making recombinant plants of the present invention, in general, involve first providing a plant cell capable of regeneration (the plant cell typically residing in a tissue capable of regeneration). The plant cell is then transformed with a DNA construct comprising a transcription cassette of the present invention (as described herein) and a recombinant plant is regenerated from the transformed plant cell. As explained below, the transforming step is carried out by techniques as are known in the art, including but not limited to bombarding the plant cell with microparticles carrying the transcription cassette, infecting the cell with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a Ti plasmid carrying the transcription cassette, or any other technique suitable for the production of a transgenic plant.
Numerous Agrobacterium vector systems useful in carrying out the present invention are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,355 discloses a method for transforming susceptible plants, including dicots, with an Agrobacterium strain containing the Ti plasmid. The transformation of woody plants with an Agrobacterium vector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,855. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,838 to Schilperoort et al. discloses a binary Agrobacterium vector (i.e., one in which the Agrobacterium contains one plasmid having the vir region of a Ti plasmid but no T region, and a second plasmid having a T region but no vir region) useful in carrying out the present invention.
Microparticles carrying a DNA construct of the present invention, which microparticle is suitable for the ballistic transformation of a plant cell, are also useful for making transformed plants of the present invention. The microparticle is propelled into a plant cell to produce a transformed plant cell, and a plant is regenerated from the transformed plant cell. Any suitable ballistic cell transformation methodology and apparatus can be used in practicing the present invention. Exemplary apparatus and procedures are disclosed in Sanford and Wolf, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050, and in Christou et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580. When using ballistic transformation procedures, the transcription cassette may be incorporated into a plasmid capable of replicating in or integrating into the cell to be transformed. Examples of microparticles suitable for use in such systems include 1 to 5 μm gold spheres. The DNA construct may be deposited on the microparticle by any suitable technique, such as by precipitation.
Plant species may be transformed with the DNA construct of the present invention by the DNA-mediated transformation of plant cell protoplasts and subsequent regeneration of the plant from the transformed protoplasts in accordance with procedures well known in the art. Fusion of tobacco protoplasts with DNA-containing liposomes or via electroporation is known in the art. (Shillito et al., "Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants by a Number of Methods, Including Electroporation", Methods in Enzymology 153, pp. 3 13-36 (1987)).
As used herein, transformation refers to the introduction of exogenous DNA into cells, so as to produce transgenic cells stably transformed with the exogenous DNA.
Transformed cells are induced to regenerate intact tobacco plants through application of tobacco cell and tissue culture techniques that are well known in the art. The method of plant regeneration is chosen so as to be compatible with the method of transformation. The stable presence and the orientation of the QPRTase sequence in transgenic tobacco plants can be verified by Mendelian inheritance of the QPRTase sequence, as revealed by standard methods of DNA analysis applied to progeny resulting from controlled crosses. After regeneration of transgenic tobacco plants from transformed cells, the introduced DNA sequence is readily transferred to other tobacco varieties through conventional plant breeding practices and without undue experimentation.
For example, to analyze the segregation of the transgene, regenerated transformed plants (R0) may be grown to maturity, tested for nicotine levels, and selfed to produce R1 plants. A percentage of R1 plants carrying the transgene are homozygous for the transgene. To identify homozygous R1 plants, transgenic R1 plants are grown to maturity and selfed. Homozygous RI1 plants will produce R2 progeny where each progeny plant carries the transgene; progeny of heterozygous RI1 plants will segregate 3:1.
As nicotine serves as a natural pesticide which helps protect tobacco plants from damage by pests. It may therefore be desirable to additionally transform low or no nicotine plants produced by the present methods with a transgene (such as Bacillus thuringiensis) that will confer additional insect protection.
A preferred plant for use in the present methods are species of Nicotiana, or tobacco, including N tabacum, N rustica and N glutinosa. Any strain or variety of tobacco may be used. Preferred are strains that are already low in nicotine content, such as Nic1/Nic2 double mutants.
Any plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a vector of the present invention. The term "organogenesis," as used herein, means a process by which shoots and roots are developed sequentially from meristematic centers; the term "embryogenesis," as used herein, means a process by which shoots and roots develop together in a concerted fashion (not sequentially), whether from somatic cells or gametes. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristems, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem).
Plants of the present invention may take a variety of forms. The plants may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; the plants may be clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the transcription cassette); the plants may comprise grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., a transformed root stock grafted to an untransformed scion in citrus species). The transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, first generation (or T1) transformed plants may be selfed to give homozygous second generation (or T2) transformed plants, and the T2 plants further propagated through classical breeding techniques. A dominant selectable marker (such as nptll) can be associated with the transcription cassette to assist in breeding.
In view of the foregoing, it will be apparent that plants which may be employed in practicing the present invention include those of the genus Nicotiana.
Those familiar with the recombinant DNA methods described above will recognize that one can employ a full-length QPRTase cDNA molecule or a full-length QPRTase chromosomal gene, joined in the sense orientation, with appropriate operably linked regulatory sequences, to construct transgenic tobacco cells and plants. (Those of skill in the art will also recognize that appropriate regulatory sequences for expression of genes in the sense orientation include any one of the known eukaryotic translation start sequences, in addition to the promoter and polyadenylation/transcription termination sequences described above). Such transformed tobacco plants are characterized by increased levels of QPRTase, and thus by higher nicotine content than untransformed control tobacco plants.
It should be understood, therefore, that use of QPRTase DNA sequences to decrease or to increase levels of QPRT enzyme, and thereby to decrease or increase the nicotine content in tobacco plants, falls within the scope of the present invention.
As used herein, a crop comprises a plurality of plants of the present invention, and of the same genus, planted together in an agricultural field. By "agricultural field" is meant a common plot of soil or a greenhouse. Thus, the present invention provides a method of producing a crop of plants having altered QPTRase activity and thus having increased or decreased nicotine levels, compared to a similar crop of non-transformed plants of the same species and variety.
The examples which follow are set forth to illustrate the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting thereof.
TobRD2 cDNA (Conkling et al., Plant Phys. 93, 1203 (1990)) was sequenced and is provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 1, and the deduced amino acid sequence as SEQ ID NO:2. The deduced amino acid sequence was predicted to be a cytosolic protein. Although plant QPTase genes have not been reported, comparisons of the NTPT1 amino acid sequence with the GenBank database (
To determine the spatial distribution of TobRD2 mRNA transcripts in the various tissues of the root, in situ hybridizations were performed in untransformed plants. In-situ hybridizations of antisense strand of TobRD2 to the TobRiD2 mRNA in root tissue was done using techniques as described in Meyerowitz, Plant Mol. Bid. Rep. 5,242 (1987) and Smith et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5,237 (1987). Seven day old tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedling roots were fixed in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde, embedded in Paraplast Plus (Monoject Inc., St. Louis, Mo.) and sectioned at 8 mm thickness to obtain transverse as well as longitudinal sections. Antisense TobRD2 transcripts, synthesized in vitro in the presence of 355-ATP, were used as probes. The labeled RNA was hydrolyzed by alkaline treatment to yield 100 to 200 base mass average length prior to use.
Hybridizations were done in 50% formamide for 16 hours at 42� C., with approximately 5�106 counts-per-minute (cpm) labeled RNA per milliliter of hybridization solution. After exposure, the slides were developed and visualized under bright and dark field microscopy. The hybridization signal was localized to the cortical layer of cells in the roots (results not shown). Comparison of both bright and dark field images of the same sections localized TobRD2 transcripts to the parenchymatous cells of the root cortex. No hybridization signal was visible in the epidermis or the stele.
TobRD2 steady-state mRNA levels were examined in Nic1 and Nic2 mutant tobacco plants. Nic1 and Nic2 are known to regulate quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase activity and putrescence methyl-transferase activity, and are co-dominant regulators of nicotine production. The present results are illustrated in
RNA was isolated from the roots of wild-type Burley 21 tobacco plants (Nic1/Nic1 Nic2/Nic2); roots of Nic1-Burley 21 (nic1/nic1 Nic2/Nic2); roots of Nic2-Burley 21 (Nic1/Nic] nic2/nic2); and roots of Nic1Nic2− Burley 21 (nic1/nic1 nic2/nic2).
Four Burley 21 tobacco lines (nic) were grown from seed in soil for a month and transferred to hydroponic chambers in aerated nutrient solution in a greenhouse for one month. These lines were isogenic, except for the two low-nicotine loci, and had genotypes of Nic1/Nic1 Nic2/Nic2, Nic1/Nic1 nic2/nic2, nic1/nic1 Nic2/Nic2, nic1/nic1 nic2/nic2. Roots were harvested from about 20 plants for each genotype and pooled for RNA isolation. Total RNA (1[μg) from each genotype was electrophoresed through a 1% agarose gel containing 1.1 M formaldehyde and transferred to a nylon membrane according to Sambrook et al. (1989). The membranes were hybridized with 32P-labeled TobRD2 cDNA fragments. Relative intensity of TobRD2 transcripts were measured by densitometry.
It is well known in the art that removal of the flower head of a tobacco plant (topping) increases root growth and increases nicotine content of the leaves of that plant. Topping of the plant and is a standard practice in commercial tobacco cultivation, and the optimal time for topping a given tobacco plant under a known set of growing conditions can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Tobacco plants (N tabacum SRI) were grown from seed in soil for a month and transferred to pots containing sand. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for another two months until they started setting flowers. Flower heads and two nodes were then removed from four plants (topping). A portion of the roots was harvested from each plant after the indicated time and pooled for RNA extraction. Control plants were not decapitated. Total RNA (1 μg) from each time point was electrophoresed through a 1% agarose gel containing 1.1M formaldehyde and transferred to a nylon membrane according to Sambrook, et al. (1989). The membranes were hybridized with 32P-labeled TobRD2 cDNA fragments. Relative intensity of TobRD2 transcripts were measured by densitometry.
Relative TobRD2 levels were determined in root tissue over 24 hours; results are shown in
Escherichia coli strain TH265 is a mutant lacking quinolate phosphoribosyl transferase (nadC−), and therefore cannot grow on media lacking nicotinic acids.
TH265 cells were transformed with an expression vector (pWS161) containing DNA of SEQ ID NO:1, or transformed with the expression vector (pKK233) only. Growth of the transformed bacteria was compared to growth of TH265 (pKK233) transformants, and to growth of the untransformed TH265 nadC− mutant. Growth was compared on ME minimal media (lacking nicotinic acid) and on ME minimal media with added nicotinic acid.
The E. coli strain with the QPTase mutation (nadC), TH265, was kindly provided by Dr. K. T. Hughes (Hughes et al., J. Bact. 175:479 (1993). The cells were maintained on LB media and competent cells prepared as described in Sambrook et al (1989). An expression plasmid was constructed in pKK2233 (Brosius, 1984) with the TobRD2 cDNA cloned under the control of the Tac promoter. The resulting plasmid, pWS161, was transformed into TH265 cells. The transformed cells were then plated on minimal media (Vogel and Bonner, 1956) agar plates with or without nicotinic acid (0.0002%) as supplement. TH265 cells alone and TH265 transformed with pKK2233 were plated on similar plates for use as controls.
Results are shown in
DNA of SEQ ID NO: 1, in antisense orientation, is operably linked to a plant promoter (CaMV 35S or TobRD2 root-cortex specific promoter) to produce two different DNA cassettes: CaMV35S promoter/antisense SEQ ID NO: 1 and TobRD2 promoter/antisense SEQ ID NO: 1.
A wild-type tobacco line and a low-nicotine tobacco line are selected for transformation, e.g., wild-type Burley 21 tobacco (Nic1+/Nic2+) and homozygous nic1−/nic2− Burley 21. A plurality of tobacco plant cells from each line are transformed using each of the DNA cassettes. Transformation is conducted using an Agrobacterium vector, e.g., an Agrobacterium-binary vector carrying Ti-border sequences and the nptII gene (conferring resistance to kanamycin and under the control of the nos promoter (nptII)).
Transformed cells are selected and regenerated into transgenic tobacco plants (R0). The R0 plants are grown to maturity and tested for levels of nicotine; a subset of the transformed tobacco plants exhibit significantly lower levels of nicotine compared to non-transformed control plants.
R0 plants are then selfed and the segregation of the transgene is analyzed in R1 progeny. RI1 progeny are grown to maturity and selfed; segregation of the transgene among RI2 progeny indicate which RI1 plants are homozygous for the transgene.
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|U.S. Classification
|800/317.3, 800/288, 800/285, 800/286
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 17, 2009
|Certificate of correction
|Mar 16, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 16, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
The route 105, 1175
Total distance 238 km
Spotted along the 1175
As soon as I ascended along the 1175 I was freezing, definitely the coldest morning so far.
These were probably feeling the same way and enjoying a bit of warmth here
Another virtually dried up tributary
Exploring the turn offs I saw on yesterdays ride and the first new village at N17.18925 E098.63167
The next village at N17.20751 E098.62814
A working phone box too
Further on and approaching civilisation by the look of it
It never really warmed up today and its unusual feeling cold when off road riding
I was not expecting to find this out in the wilds at N17.26815 E098.60082
Could someone translate this please
I encounter this guy who informed me of a track that goes to Chiang Mai via Omkoi.
I waypointed where it starts and its something to explore some other time when its warmer and I can get out early.
I am not posting the co ordinates on here as I dont want anything of mine lifted by the Bangkok lifter
I ride on as there is another village along here to explore
When I see this I think I am nearly there but no sign of anything
I pass a guy who tells me there are two more villages and the nearest is another five km away.
I ride a bit further then call it a day at this bridge as time is getting on and I have a long ride back
One more village on the way back at N17.25953 E098.58609.
Here the rice being milled
I was expecting an easy days exploring but yet again there were other turn offs that I didnt have time to explore
There were two more small settlements that I passed through at N17.25006 E098.59609 and N17.25905 E098.59252
On the way back and just like yesterday afternoon the buffaloes are in the river
Lasagna, salad and garlic bread at Casa Mia for 160 Baht


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Tuesday, March 27, 2012
Jackie Gamber's Sela Blog Tour Underway Today!
Sela Blog Tour Begins Today!
Today is the first day of Jackie Gamber's Sela Blog Tour! Expect lots of fun interviews, guest blog posts, contests, reviews, and more, over 36 straight tour dates!
Today Jackie interviews her own character, Jastin Armitage, from the Leland Dragon Series. Lisa's World of Books is the host!
Visit and be sure to leave a comment!
The full list of tour dates is as follows:
March 27 Lisa's Book Reviews
March 28 Watch Play Read
March 29 Stuck In Books
March 30 Fade Into Fantasy
March 31 Ian's Realm
April 1 Jelly Bean Chair Reviews
April 2 Once Upon A Time
April 3 A Book Vacation
April 4 Jess Resides Here
April 5 Soliloquy
April 6 Vilutheril Reviews
April 7 Ritesh Kala's Book Review
April 8 Sci Fi Guys
April 9 Unputdownable Books
April 10 Edi's Book Lighthouse
April 11 Workaday Reads
April 12 Eva's Sanctuary
April 13 Book and Movie Dimension Blog
April 14 Babs Book Bistro
April 15 Azure Dwarf Horde of Fantasy and SciFi
April 16 Fade Into Fantasy
April 17 Reading Away the Days
April 18 Splash of Our Worlds
April 19 Ali's Bookshelf
April 20 Sheila Deeth
April 21 I Heart Reading
April 22 All-Consuming Media
April 23 Spellbound By Books
April 24 One Thrifty Gurl
April 25 Evie Bookish
April 26 Booklady's Booknotes
April 27 Ella Bella Reviews
April 28 I Smell Sheep
April 29 The Haunting of Orchid Forsythia
April 30 Darlene's Book Nook
May 1st From The Bookshelf of T.B. (special tour encore and wrap-up visit)
Posted by Seventh Star Press at 5:43 AM
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text:
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This manual covers the service and repair procedures for the Honda BF75, BF100, and BF8A outboard motors.
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Number of pages: 119
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