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Squeezed. Pressed. Dried out. Drained. Crusty on the outside, empty on the inside.
Do any of these words describe you?
Sometimes we feel this way after an extremely busy season in our lives. Sometimes it occurs after a trying project is completed. Sometimes it even happens after the holidays or a vacation. We have felt the pressure, we have given, worked, and over-worked, stayed up late, exerted energy, had umpteen meetings, met the demands of co-workers and kids, cooked, cleaned, and been as super-human as we could possibly be. Now it has all caught up to us and we're done—physically, emotionally, mentally, and spiritually done. We've been going 90mph and we're flat out empty. Squeezed to the max. Like Elijah running from Ahab and Jezebel we cry out, "Lord, I've had enough!" (1 Kings 19:4).
As I was squeezing the last bit of toothpaste out of the tube recently, I laid it down on the vanity and couldn't help but notice two things. First, the tube literally looked like how I felt. I felt squeezed out, pressed, and drained. I felt crusty on the outside, empty on the inside. But the second thing I noticed was not only interesting, but ironic as well. I noticed the word "complete" on the tube of toothpaste. "Ha! That's funny," I thought. The empty, squeezed out tube was far from "complete." And when I feel squeezed, pressed, and empty, I feel far from complete as well. But you know what? I am. I am complete, and you are too. The Bible says "…and God has made you complete in Christ" (Colossians 2:10, GWT).
Say it out loud. "God has made me complete in Christ." Though we struggle, though we strain, though we feel pressed and squeezed, we are complete in Christ. Even King David, whose life was far from perfect and full of stress and sin, said "The Lord is my Shepherd, I lack nothing" (Psalm 23:1).
As you embrace this New Year with all its many challenges ahead, remember…the Lord is your Shepherd. Remember…you lack nothing. Remember…you are complete in Christ.


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Critic's Choice Dining Awards: A salute to the chefs who made 2016 so special
Submitted by Marie Silvio on
You guys had your fun. Now it's our turn.
For the past few weeks, you've voted to select the Readers' Choice Dining Awards, which we're announcing today. At the same time, we're announcing the critic's picks: 13 winners in nine categories for outstanding work in 2016.

subset: commoncrawl


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The first step is to confirm the password ***** this is the most common cause, possibly it got changes without you knowing or its written down wrong.
We check the password ***** windows via the following
Press the windows key + R and type in
Press enter
Right click on the wireless connection and click on Status
Then click on wireless properties
Click on the Security Tab and then click on Show Characters and you can then see the wireless password ***** to use
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enter that password *****
Let me know the results please
I can also do these steps for you, and have made a request via Additional Services. This is optional, and if you choose to do this, I can, with your permission, remote into your computer while you watch and do all these steps (and deal with any problems that arise during them) for you. Or if you do not choose to take this service, we can continue here. This is no problem at all. Just let me know please.
ok, but 99% of the time it says its wrong is because the password ***** ***** so we need to check this first please.
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you can change the password ***** it. If its saying the password ***** ***** then we need to confirm if this is the case.
the windows key is the key with the windows logo on it to the left of the Alt
someone has hidden it then.
Click this link, you see a sign in screen?
Or on this one?
How did you go with the last instructions?


text:
I've been promising for years to write a post about pedagogical translanguaging. In fact, probably about five years! But I always get stuck in the details… I want to present it accurately, and really show how it works. So I created (with the help of Ollydave) this short explainer video, so people can have a 2-minute introduction to a complex topic. Click on the picture above and enjoy!
Tag: bilingual education
The Perennial question – can children with SEN become bilingual?
… the real issue is not whether they should become bilingual, but how to best support them in their life with two or more languages. (E. Kay-Raining Bird)
I've written about the topic quite a few times over the years, because it is one that causes parents great concern. It is also a topic where misinformation is rife – one of the most common pieces of poor advice that parents get is from speech and language therapists, telling them their child is language delayed because they are bilingual. This is an incorrect presumption, but all too common. The following advice is almost always to drop a language, and of course, the language to be dropped is one of the home languages. The potential consequences for a child losing access to a language they have been exposed to all their life range from social isolation within the family to insufficient cognitive development, but they are always significant and avoidable. The article linked below is an interview with Elizabeth Kay-Raining Bird, who has been researching bilingualism in children with three different profiles: SLI (Specific Language Impairment), Down's Syndrome, and ASD (Austism Spectrum Disorders).
The full article is on Francois Grosjean's great blog Life as a Bilingual.
Privilege and Paradox in Bilingual Education
A few weeks ago I sat down with Donna Bardsley at Amsterdam Mamas, to record a podcast on bilingualism and bilingual education. The topics ranged from my own experience raising three kids with three languages, to the more complex, and compelling, issue of how language status affects children who are becoming bilingual. I've written about language status here before (like this one) but in this podcast we get a chance to go in depth on a topic that is often overlooked in discussions about bilingualism.
Many of you may have heard me speak over the years at different events, but for those who haven't, here is a chance to hear me live, on the Web! Click on the logo below to link to the podcast. Interview starts at 3:40.
Raising Bilingual Children: Six building blocks for success (Amsterdam)
It's that time a year again… once the school year is up and running, parents start thinking about how things are going with their little bilingual children. I meet more parents in the Sept-Nov block than at any other time of year! I visit many schools to provide parents with an opportunity to learn more about how to help their children become successfully bilingual. For readers who have children in schools that I don't visit (sorry!) there is an open-invitation seminar next week in Amsterdam as well.
My "Raising Bilingual Children" seminar is one of my favourites; I've been working on it for years, and each family I meet contributes to my understanding on bilingual/multilingual families and adds to my "book learning" and research background. I pack as much good information as possible into the 2-hour session, along with some moments of humour and time for asking questions. So if you are raising your children with two or more languages, this session will give you a solid understanding of the elements for success, and how to consider your family situation to make the best plan possible (and then how to change the plan when you need to….).
Thursday, October 15, 20:00-22:00 at the Jacaranda Tree Montessori – you can register at the link below.
Back to blogging? Send your question….
You may have noticed (if you notice these things…) that's it been a bit quiet on my end these days. I keep telling myself that I will blog "manyana" and well manyana never comes…. it's not for lack of interest, it's really just for lack of time (and sometimes inspiration).
Cue drum roll for excuses… I've just been really, really busy… Good busy, but busy nonetheless. I now lecture two days a week in a pre-service teacher training program (Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences), which gives me the opportunity to try and impact attitudes and practice about bilingualism in schools, which I think is so important. And I've had the chance to work with so many great schools over the last couple of years, from the German European School of Singapore to the Aga Khan Academy Mombasa and also local schools in the Netherlands as well. So it's not that I've stopped caring about bilingualism and bilingual education, it's just that I'm so busy talking about it that I have no time to write about it!
I'm planning several upcoming posts on schools and school issues, inspired by some of my work over the last year. I'd be delighted to write more posts for parents as well, but I am sadly lacking inspiration for new topics (I've written so many already!). If you are a parent with a question about your child's bilingualism, or your plan, and you'd be happy to have me answer in blog form (no names or identifying information) – please do send on your question! You can use the contact form on the site, or email me directly at firstname.lastname@example.com
Tot ziens!
Forum: Why educating English language learners means success for everyone
This welcome attention to English learners, however, will become hollow rhetoric if the federal government does not fund significant professional development for teachers. A majority of teachers today report that they do not feel prepared to work with English learners, and most teachers in fact have limited or no training regarding the unique challenges and opportunities that accompany teaching English learners.
This is an issue that has been a major part of my work for the last years – teachers who have language learners in their classrooms need appropriate and comprehensive training. And these days, that means most teacher need training. While this article focuses on the US, the situation is no different in most parts of the world. In Europe, economic migration is pouring children into local schools that need to learn the language *and* keep their own language to succeed at school. In the UK 1 in 6 primary school children do not speak English at home (check NALDIC for good statistics) and other countries are close behind. Pre-service teacher training programs need to address this as a part of initial teacher training, and schools need to address this by providing substantial training to all in-service teachers and support staff. It's not a luxury, it's a necessity!
via Forum: Why educating English language learners means success for everyone.
How Long Does It Take ELLs to Develop English Proficiency? – Learning the Language – Education Week
On average, it took the students 3.8 years to reach English proficiency. But over the course of the study, almost 20 percent of students did not score high enough on the state exam to be reclassified.
This is such a big question in education these days; how long does it take learners to become proficient in a new language through schooling? Most often, children are "graduated" from language support (where available) in a year or two. Very few schools can implement the 3-9 years of language support needed to ensure all children reach proficiency in the school language. This small-scale study in the US shows that learners took, on average, 3.8 years to reach proficiency, living in an English-speaking environment. We could extrapolate from this to presume that learners living in environments where the school language is not supported outside school (in international contexts) would need more time and support. How does your school, or your child's school, measure up?
How Long Does It Take ELLs to Develop English Proficiency? – Learning the Language – Education Week.
United Nations News Centre – On Mother Language Day, UN spotlights role of native tongue in education
Education in the mother language is an essential part of achieving these goals – to facilitate learning and to bolster skills in reading, writing and mathematics," she added, noting that taking this forward will require a sharper focus on teaching training, revisions of academic programmes and the creation of suitable learning environments.
Yes, yes and yes!
United Nations News Centre – On Mother Language Day, UN spotlights role of native tongue in education.
#IMLD: Books for kids
Firstly, I'd like to say that I think there should be more books for kids about being bilingual. I've had an idea in my head for years for a children's book, but it's still in my head…
Bilingual books are important not only to help children achieve literacy in both languages, but also to help them integrate their two (or more worlds) and see them represented in the same stories and books – much as the two or more sides of themselves, culturally, are integrated into one person. They are also very important for showing minority language speakers that their language has as much value and use as the school language, and for helping parents participate in the literacy process in their own language.
Diglot Books, make great bilingual books for kids, including an outstanding alphabet series – what bilingual child has not been confused when faced with a monolingual alphabet book? The unfortunate thing is that there are not so many books and languages available through Diglot – developing these books and getting good translations and getting them printed is all expensive in an increasingly digital world. So, if you are looking for books with Cornish (yes, really!), Dutch, French, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish or Welsh, this site is for you.
Nik Nak is a Belgian organisation that produces bilingual books in Dutch and other languages. They have quite a wide range of languages, many of which are minority languages, which is great. I've heard (anecdotally) that some of the translations are not fantastic but in my opinion, a bilingual book in the hand is worth two in the head…
Readers – please comment on this if you know of other bilingual book resources for children – I'd like to build up a hopefully-comprehensive list on my resources page.
California Puts More Attention on Long-Term English-Language Learners – Learning the Language – Education Week
Way to go California – recognising that being a language learner lasts a lot longer than the 1-2 years support usually given. It's a first step in narrowing the gap between those-who-can in the school language and those-who-can't… now let's follow it up with Mother Tongue/first language teaching in schools, and models that promote positive bilingualism rather than shift to monolingualism, and with proper training for all staff – teaching and non-teaching – that work with these pupils!
California Puts More Attention on Long-Term English-Language Learners – Learning the Language – Education Week.


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Tag Archives: apricot
62. Stuffed Cabbage Rolls (Hungarian Style) My 100th Post!
Yep, my 100th post! Well, at least that's what wordpress tells me. And although I didn't mention it at the time, I hit my 1 year mark at the end of February! This meal will commemorate both milestones. It's a … Continue reading
Posted in 1970s, Food, International Cuisine, Recipes, Retro Food, Retro Recipes Tagged almonds, apricot, cabbage, Ground Beef, Hungarian food, Jell-O, mandarin oranges, Nic Cage, Pudding, Rice, sauerkraut, tomato sauce 18 Comments
51. New England Patriots Clam Chowder and Cheese-Beer Bread
Championship Sunday. The best Sunday of the year. Seriously. Unless the Steelers are in the Super Bowl, I don't get too invested. Super Bowl Sunday is more about commercials and half-time shows. Non-football people watch the Super Bowl. It all … Continue reading
Posted in Food, Recipes, Retro Food, Retro Recipes, Soups & Stews Tagged apricot, Baking, bread, Brian, cheese, clam, football, fruit, Grease 2, Joe Flacco, New England Patriots, old bay, salad, shellfish, Soup 17 Comments
39. Bettan's Chicken
I looked up 'Bettan's Chicken' to see why it is named as such or what history there may be. But apparently there is none. I don't know who the hell Bettan is or why this is his chicken. It sounds … Continue reading
Posted in 1970s, Recipes, Retro Food, Retro Recipes Tagged almonds, apricot, Baking, Brian, broccoli, cake, casserole, chicken, mandarin oranges, pineapple, salad, sauce Leave a comment
116. Vanilla Bavarian Cream
I went back home to my beloved Pittsburgh for Labor Day weekend, so I've been off the grid. But don't worry, although I wasn't out and about on the Interwebs, I was still cooking. The weather was absolute crap when … Continue reading
Posted in 1970s, Dessert, Eggs, FAIL, Fruit, International Cuisine, Jell-O, Recipes, Retro Food, Retro Recipes Tagged apricot, cream, custard, dessert, eggs, fruit, Jell-O, Pittsburgh, Pudding 7 Comments


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"I probably would have stayed in the community and continued to work there had I felt support at all levels."
Related quotes
"Oh, you hate your job? Why didn't you say so? There's a support group for that. It's called EVERYBODY, and they meet at the bar."
"My success was due to good luck, hard work, and support and advice from friends and mentors. But most importantly, it depended on me to keep trying after I had failed."
"After considerable repair and renovation work, we are pleased to support this community by re-opening our doors and providing Lake Charles with much-needed additional hotel capacity."
"Where is the record that would support this? Where is the hard work that would be done? It's a big increase to go up 4% in the utility. These are increases that are 10% or above. These are not inconsequential."


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Most of you have probably heard of the Swedish witches who fly on their broomsticks to Blåkulla (blue hill) on the Thursday before Easter called Skärtorsdag in Swedish. Today. The tradition is for children to dress up as these witches, Påskharar (easter bunnies) or even black cats (though I think they are quite rare). … Continue reading Påskkärringar in Sweden
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The top 5 most famous sea and lake monsters reported from folk tales, sightings and legends.
Aquatic monster are probably the most believable crypto monsters out there. For starters they had a great hiding spot in the ocean when the asteroid, alien invasion, super aids or whatever wiped out the dinosaurs. They have legitimate reasons for leaving no clues and surviving this long without capture. It's hard to believe that Bigfoot's (bigfeets?) and related beast could go this long on land without leaving plausible evidence. Someone would've gotten a good video of them by now on their iPhone, unless they are really good at hiding behind trees. All we have is the famous Patterson Bigfoot video and that's grainier than the JFK assassination footage. But, sea monsters have a good reason for being so elusive to video capture because they live underwater. Until the iPhone comes out with a waterproof 10 pixel scuba cam, there's a limited group of people that can snap a good sea monster shot. For now we'll have to settle for a few ripples on the water surface which later turns out to be a log or moose. Either way it will end up getting 4 million views on YouTube.
So here's the top 5, some are good, some are bad but the one thing they all have in common is adorable nicknames.
5. Cadborosaurus
Location: The waters of Vancouver Island, South of Alaska.
First Sighting: 1734
Nickname: Caddy
Description: 40 – 50 foot long dark green and brown Huge snake-like body with large round eyes. Head that looks like a horse type mamal with elongated features and two sets of flippers close to the body.
From the Victorian Colonist , July 1997
A snorting, 20-foot-long "sea monster" was spotted by two university students off the shores of a Pacific coastal beach in Victoria, British Columbia, the pair said Friday. Ryan Green, 18, a Simon Fraser University business student, described the rocky-faced creature as a twin-humped, round-bodied monster that swam across Telegraph Bay near suburban Saanich. It was about 49 feet from the rock Green and his friend, Damian Grant, were sitting on. Green said he and the 19-year-old general arts student at the University of Victoria saw the heavy-breathing creature surface twice before it disappeared into the calm waters. "All of a sudden, this head comes up, like a whale with no spray. And then this hump, the size of an inner tube in diameter. And then another hump. It's nothing I've ever seen before," said Green. He stressed that the puzzled pair was sober at the time of the sighting. Ed Bousfield, a biology research associate with the Royal British Columbia Museum, said the reptile-like creature is probably a cadborosaurus, one of the last living dinosaurs. I phoned these two chaps and let them do the talking, and their observations absolutely tally with the classical profile of the cadborosaurus," Bousfield said. Bousfield, who is writing a book on the deep-sea, predatory cadborosaurus with scientist Paul LeBlond, said about 160 recorded sightings of the swift-swimming monster have been reported. Due to "incredibly bad luck", there are no such animals in captivity or museums, and a 1937 photograph is the only visible recording of the beast. "We get half a dozen records of sightings up and down the (Pacific) coast every year. All these people say the same thing about the animals, so there's got to be something there." He said the cadborosaurus was named in the 1930s after sightings in nearby Cadboro Bay.
Location: Okanagan Lake, in British Columbia, Canada
First Sighting:1926
Nickname: Ogo
Description: 15-20 foot humped, snakelike dark green body with a round, football shaped head.
The Ogopogo monster has a history of strong sightings. Roy W. Brown, editor of the Vancouver Sun, wrote, " Too many reputable people have seen [the monster] to ignore the seriousness of actual facts." The monster has a checkered reputation with some reports of it being peaceful and some dangerous.
The Indians of the Okanagan Valley reserve believe the Rattlesnake Island is the home of the Lake Monster. They call Ogopogo N'ha-a-tik, which means snake in the lake. Other natives to the Okanagan Lake Monster include the Chinook wicked one and "great-beast-on-the-lake". They claimed the beaches of Monster Island's were often covered with the parts of animals that had been attacked by the creature. The Indians feared the beast and would often toss an animal over the side of the boat as a sacrifice when crossing during storms. Early European settlers continued the custom of offering animals to Ogopogo as a sacrifice. They even had armed settlers patrol the shoreline in case the monster attacked.
Come on, look at that sweet face… Is that the look of something that would eat you?
3. Champ
Location: Lake Champlain, NY Canada Border
First Sighting: 1609
Nickname: Champie or Champy
Description: Long snakelike neck on a large round body with flippers. Large eyes sit on a long oval shaped head.
Champ is Americas answer to the Loch Ness Monster. Some claim it's just a publicity stunt used to stimulate the local economies, but Champie sightings have been happening for decades. Also I doubt Samuel Champlain, one of the first to spot the monster, did so thinking "aha! I just thought of a great way to sell some t-shirts". Champ was first discovered by the Native American tribes; the Iroquois and the Abenaki, who called the creature "Tatoskok". The most famous sighting was by Samuel Champlain a french explorer, who discovered Quebec and apparently named a huge lake after himself. Champlain spotted the creature while he was fighting the Iroquois, but Champ did not interfere in the battle. For one he's a pacifist and second he probably doesn't care for the French.
Champ became so popular that P. T. Barnum, in the late 19th century, put a reward of $50,000 up for a carcass of Champ. Barnum wanted the carcass of Champ so that he could include it in his epic World's Fair Show. Fortunately, the lovable beast escaped the hit put on him by the apparent monster murderer Barnum, and Champ sightings are still going strong today.
2. Kraken
Location: The Seven Seas, and your nightmares
First Sightings: Unknown
Nicknames: Leviathan, Crab-fish, Satan's pet goldfish, the colossal calamari, Steve
Description: A giant octopus or squid-like monster with a dozen tentacles.
Ok so three of those above nicknames are made up. While Kraken may not be number one on our list of most famous sea monsters, it is by far the most horrific, terrifying thing to come out of the ocean. Unless you count the movie Open Water which was just… terrible. The Kraken myths date back to Old Icelandic sagas which tells tales of a sea-monster of the Greenland Sea named Lyngbakr that fed on whales, ships and men. It would wrap it's tentacles around the ship, crack it like a twig and drag it to Davey Jones Locker. At least that's how it happened in Pirates of the Caribbean. We're not sure what happened in the saga's since we don't speak Icelandic.
Swede Jacob Wallenberg also described the Kraken:
… Kraken, also called the Crab-fish, which [according to the pilots of Norway] is not that huge, for heads and tails counted, he is no larger than our Öland is wide…Kraken ascends to the surface, and when he is at ten to twelve fathoms, the boats had better move out of his vicinity, as he will shortly thereafter burst up, like a floating island, spurting water from his dreadful nostrils and making ring waves around him, which can reach many miles. Could one doubt that this is the Leviathan of Job?
1. The Loch Ness Monster (who else)
Location: Loch Ness, Scotland
First Sighting: 7th century
Nicknames: Nessie
Description: Many different description types: typically described as a long snake like creature sometimes with one hump, sometimes with many humps. Small horse-shaped head.
Who else could have claimed the number one spot other than the most captivating crypto beast in the world (sorry Bigfoot). Loch Ness Monster is known to everyone and has had more sightings than any other unexplained creature. The most frequent speculation is that the creature represents a line of long-surviving Plesiosaurs similar to other supposed lake monsters in Scotland. Apparently Scotland has more than one lake monster and Ireland has leprechaun's. Strange little corner of the world, must have soemthing to do with Stonehenge.
Nessie gained mainstream attention in 1934 with the release the famous " Surgeons Photo" released by Dr. Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London gynaecologist. The photo was so famous because at the time no one believed a respected doctor would lie and create such an elaborate hoax. Come on he was a gynaecologist in the 1930's, we didn't even know they had those back then? Not to mention the photo looks like a duck or someone swimming, apparently the imagination was easier to captivate in the 30's. The photo was later revealed, during a deathbed confession, to be a hoax. The Dr. was put up to it by Marmaduke Wetherell who used the Drs to provide credibility to the staged claim. If you dig even further, you'll see that the whole thing was a revenge prank by Marmaduke to get back at a newspaper company, the Daily Mail, for insulting him (probably made fun of his name). Given what happen this may be one of the most successful pranks of all time.
Like all these monsters no real proof of Nessie has been seen but sightings still remain high. Nessie is a superstar referenced in movies, commercials, books, cartoons, TV shows and more. For all you South Park fans "I need about tree fity". Sad thing is some day we'll discover that all these monsters are just a near extinct line of Plesisoaurs and then the mystery will be gone. As soon as we discover they are real one of two bad things will happen: One: we'll try to save the species, against natures will, and they'll eventually grow in numbers, take over the seas and eventually kill all humans. Don't take our word for it, go rent Jurassic Park. Still I can see Bono holding a save the Plesisoaurs musical festivals. Thanks Bono, you just doomed the human race. Two: Interest in the newly discovered creature will be so high that we'll end up hunting the remaining few to put on display. Want to see the mysterious and elusive Loch Ness Monster? All you'll have to do is shell out $35 to check him out at Sea World. Sorry Nessie and Champ. But hey at least that murderous PT Barnum's not around to put a bounty on your head? And besides you won't have to be neighbors with Shamu to long… Bono will save you.


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Fantastic opportunity to own a unique and special home with a setting to match.Previously owned by one of the areas premier Builder /Craftsman. There are many special touches including wood working and Built in cabinetry. This home boasts kitchen and breakfast room with H/W floors opening to mud room/pantry & Dining Room with French Doors leading to patio, LR ,and family Room with fireplace & H/W floors. 2nd floor has Master BR suite with walk in/cedar closet , 3 additional BR;s , hall bath and 2nd flr laundry . Outbuildings include a two car garage, a second building which is used as a workshop complete with HVAC, ventilation system and powder room , could easily be used again as a second 2 car garage and a garden/potting shed with attached greenhouse. Best of all walk to town , train,parks, farmers market,restaurants and shopping!! Don't miss this amazing property!
Listing courtesy of Weichert Realtors-Paoli.
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Is Vitamins Supplements Good For You?
Vitamin supplement or supplements are actually decisive for us because if we don't absorption adequate vitamins required for our bodies, the vitamin supplement can fill in for the lack of the total amount of vitamins within our program.
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Are You Making The Most Of Your Home Business?
most of it but to do so wisely, you will have to notice a few tips and techniques that won't only help you to make money, but also shield you from losing all of your hard earned cash in the method.
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Affiliates, 3 Things You should Own though You don't Own something
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Additions and/or corrections to the database are encouraged! Simple Add/Edit Procedure.
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Lock Haven University nicknames
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
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Find information about Lock Haven University nicknames, and registering for departmental seminars and elective lectures. Not all recruiting is done like NCAA Division I teams. College coaches want to hear from serious recruits throughout their high school career. Don't be shy to send videos of your best games to college coaching staff or scouts. Finally, check with your major department for assistance with prerequisites, tuition payment deadlines, and Lock Haven University Athletics information. Please use the form above to request admissions info for Lock Haven University.
Stay in great shape, even through the off-season. Being physically fit includes knowing about nutrition, staying healthy, and not overworking your body before big games. Practice the basics, over and over, especially targeting skills related to your position. Become a super-specialist, and you'll always find your place on an athletic team. Keep your eyes on the ball, and sacrifice your body if you must, but don't drop the ball.
Watch the ball all the way into your hands, and get a good initial grip. Your sixth sense needs to be developed to stay aware of other players at the same time. Follow the advice that college coaches give you, and it will make a big difference in how you play. That's because most college coaching staff were star players at some point in their careers. Seton Hall University mens golf may encourage student-athletes to apply via early decision. Students who are considering applying via early decision should be aware of the rules and obligations that this commitment entails. Beyond consideration for Lock Haven University nicknames, you may think about Penn State Hazleton online classes for complementary electives to your primary course of study.
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Precisionsound – Finnish Concert Kantele (KONTAKT, EXS24, HALion)
The sound of the Kantele is unique and useful in many music genres, both for strumming and arpeggio style playing and melodies. The Finnish Concert Kantele Sample Set is a 36 stringed (A#0 to A#5) concert Kantele recorded in stereo in 4 velocity layers and 4 round robin layers per velocity layer. We recorded 3 types of articulations/picking… Read More »


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Featured property
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Deceptively spacious detached double bay fronted chalet bungalow in sought after residential location.
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A popular location in patcham surrounded by local bus routes. this could be your dream detached bungalow. getting into the city centre should be straight forward even without a car.…
4 Bedrooms Semi Detached House for sale
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Located in this sought after residential area and with plenty of kerb appeal, this attractive bay fronted 4 bedroom semi-detached house has all the right ingredients for family living…
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Mackie Avenue, Patcham, Brighton
Guide price 475,000 - 500,000this immaculate family home of contemporary design is one that must be viewed internally to fully appreciate what's on offer! the ground floor features…
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Morecambe Road, Patcham, Brighton,
An excellent opportunity to purchase this spacious and modernised four double bedroom semi-detached house, deceptive in appearance having been extended at the rear to offer excellent…
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Chain free! a popular location in patcham surrounded by local bus routes. this could be your dream detached bungalow. getting into the city centre should be straight forward even without…
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The way of life in an Equal Money System will reflect the understanding of every human being that we are all self-responsible for our actions and thoughts and will be based on humans that practically corrected self as One as Equal with Life, doing what is Best for All. Money will no longer be a motivation but just a tool for Equal Dignity. There will be no need whatsoever for one to be violent or abusive and such behavior will be prevented and/or treated immediately when someone will show the slightest intention of doing something that is harmful to other forms of Life or self. Everyone will be assisted to have the best Life experience possible in a way that will never cause abuse or harm.
Most of the abuse today happens because people are blinded with profit and because one cannot survive without taking money from someone else. Most of the people don't even have a chance to actually earn enough money for a dignified life and so they try to survive with whatever means possible, even if this means abuse and hurting another. People don't even have time to stop for a bit and realize that all of this abuse in the world is actually encouraged through the rules of money. So, start breathing effectively and with awareness of what is here in every moment as physical Life and realize how simple it is for all to live in dignity. All that each one of us has to do is to practically correct self to always do what is Best for All, to treat everyone as One an Equal as Life and to give to all as one would like to receive. This is simple common sense. Abuse and harm is not acceptable and all of this will end with Equal Money, especially the abuse that is motivated by money, because there will be no profit and people will be unable to have control over and/or influence another human being through money.
Equal Money is what we all want and it's an ingenious system that values Life itself and nothing else. There has never been such a great system of support anywhere else before. Find out more and join the unstoppable drive of Life in practical Oneness and Equality.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 1989
|Filing date
|Jun 25, 1987
|Priority date
|Jun 25, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ming-Luh Kao
|Original Assignee
|Racal Data Communications Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (20), Classifications (11), Legal Events (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of clock synchronization. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing clock synchronization in communication systems which are relatively insensitive to absolute timing such as digitized voice systems.
2. Background
In a communication system including a transmitter and a receiver, it is frequently desirable for a transmitter clock to be synchronized to a receiver clock. In some instances, this synchronization may prove inconvenient or costly. For example, consider the system shown in FIG. 1 wherein digitized compressed speech is transmitted from a first location over a communication medium to a second location. In the system shown in FIG. 1, analog speech is applied to the input of an analog to digital (A/D) converter 12 which is clocked by a first clock 14. Clock 14 operates typically at eight (8.0) Khz for sampling speech and produces an 8.0 Khz clock signal referred to herein as CLK1. The digitized samples from analog to digital converter 12 are passed to a compressor 16 which is also clocked by signal CLK1. Compressor 16 operates on the digitized speech signal to reduce its bandwidth by any of a number of known speech compression algorithms. Such speed compression algorithms may include silence detection and deletion and other known bandwidth reduction techniques. The output of compressor 16 is a compressed digital representation of the original analog speech signal which is fed to the data communications equipment (DCE) 18 for transmission over communications medium 20. DCE 18 may be a modem or other communications equipment and provides its own clock signal shown as CLKA back to compressor 16 so that compressor 16 is able to provide the compressed samples in a synchronous manner to DCE 18.
On the receiving end of the data communications medium 20 a similar DCE 22 is provided which receives the transmission from DCE 18 and derives clock signal CLKA from the transmitted data. This clock signal CLKA is delivered to a phase locked loop frequency synthesizer 24 which uses known techniques for synthesizing signal CLK1 from the derived clock signal CLKA. The derived CLKA is used to clock an expander 26 which receives the output of DCE 22 and expands the signal back into a string of digital signals which is then clocked by CLK1 and converted by digital to analog (D/A) converter 28. Digital to analog converter 28 converts the string of digital characters to an analog speech signal which closely resembles the analog speech signal input.
The approach described above, utilizes phase locked loop frequency synthesis to synthesize CLK1 from the derived CLKA from DCE 22. Phase locked loop frequency synthesis, while a relatively mature technology, is not without drawbacks and is somewhat costly in many instances. For example, in many sampled speech systems, it is standard and desirable to have the speech sampling clock operate at 8 Khz. Data communications clock rates are typically a multiple of 2400 hz and at the higher communication rates, which are presently required to support high quality compressed voice, it may be difficult to synthesize 8 Khz from the wide variety of data communication frequencies in common use without requiring a different circuit for each frequency. For example, assume DCE 18 and 22 are high speed modems operating at 14.4 kbps. The clock rate needed for the PCM codec is 1.536 Mhz (the T1 rate) which is a standard PCM clock rate for voice from which 8.0 Khz may be readily derived. However, to derive both 8.0 Khz and 14.4 Khz is somewhat more complex. In one approach, the T1 clock must be multiplied by 3 to obtain a multiple of 14.4 Khz. The multiple of 14.4 Khz is 320, so to derive 14.4 Khz from the T1 rate requires that the T1 clock be multiplied by 3 and divided by 320. While this is certainly possible to do, it requires that either a rather elaborate phase locked loop be used or that a different phase locked loop circuit be used for each data rate. Therefore, a different set of hardware is needed for 19.2 Kbps than for the 14.4 Kbps system described above. Thus, the economy of scale is not fully realized by using conventional phase-locked loop technology.
In addition to the expense required for providing this frequency synthesis, as well as the additional circuit complexity required, the generation of such high frequencies makes electromagnetic emissions more difficult to control and subjects the receiver to the problems associated with lock time, jitter and noise associated with the use of phase-locked loops. The present invention addresses the problem of synchronization of two clocks in certain environments such as digital voice in a manner which avoids such problems and which is easily implemented at very low cost. The circuit operates over a wide range of frequencies without hardware modification by simply supplying a new set of constants to be stored in memory.
The present invention has the advantage of providing a versatile circuit which can be used for a wide range of frequencies to allow a high volume usage which maintains low cost by implementation in integrated circuit form.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved timing synchronization circuit.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a low cost timing synchronization circuit suitable for use in compressed voice communication systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved control mechanism for control of a voltage controlled oscillator or the like.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a timing synchronization system which is easily utilized in systems having relative insensitivity to absolute timing.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following description.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an improved apparatus for use in compensating for differences in frequency between a first clock and a second clock, includes a comparing circuit for determining which of the first and second clocks is operating at a higher frequency and for producing and output indicative thereof. A slip detector determines when a complete one cycle slip has occurred between the first and the second clocks. A clock compensation circuit compensates for differences in the clock frequencies responsive to the slip detector circuit and the comparing circuit.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an improved method for compensating for differences in a first clock signal's rate and a second clock signal's rate, voice samples are transmitted from a first location synchronized to the first clock signal are received at a second location having a second clock for generating the second clock signal. The first clock signal and the second clock signal are compared to determine when a slip of one cycle has occurred and it is determined which of the first and second clock rates is greatest. At the second location, the process includes inserting an additional voice sample each time a predetermined number of slips occur if the second clock is running too fast relative to the first clock, and disregarding a received voice sample each time a predetermined number of slips occur if the second clock is running two slow relative to the first clock.
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularly in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a clock synchronization system using a phase locked loop frequency synthesizer.
FIG. 2 shows a clock synchronization system using the slip detector of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a detailed diagram of the slip detector of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a timing diagram of the slip detector of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5A shows a flow chart of the operation of an interrupt driven slip counter according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5B shows a flow chart of the operation of a clock correction routine according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows an alternative use of the present invention for controlling the voltage controlled oscillator of a phase locked loop.
Turning now to the FIGURES in which like reference numerals designated corresponding or similar parts in each of the several views and in particular to FIG. 2, a system analogous to that of FIG. 1 is shown in which the present invention is utilized instead of a phase locked loop to synchronized the transmitter and receiver clock. The transmission side of the communication channel 20 may be essentially identical to that shown in FIG. 1. On the received side however, the derived CLKA is provided to a slip detector 50 as well as to an intelligent expander 52. A second clock 54 is also provided which produces a local 8 Khz signal which is used to clock the digital to analog converter 28. The clock signal CLK2 from clock 54 is also provided to the intelligent expander 52 and the slip detector 50. Intelligent expander 52 may be a microprocessor or microcomputer based expander (as may be expander 26 of FIG. 1).
Slip detector 50 produces a signal SLIP which indicates that a one cycle slip has occurred between the derived clock A (CLKA) and signal CLK2. Intelligent expander 52 utilizes this signal SLIP to make appropriate adjustments to the signal from DCE 22 in the expansion process. The present invention makes a determination of the error in the receiver clock compared to the transmitter clock, using the transmitter clock as a reference. If the receiver clock is running too slow relative to the transmitter clock, the intelligent expander 52 will throw away a sample of data from DCE 22 whenever the error, as measured by comparing the number of accumulated slops with the number of slips which should have occurred, equals or exceeds the duration of one sample. Preferably in the case of speech, the intelligent expander will wait for a period of silence in the speech to throw away a sample of silence. If on the other hand, the received clock is running too fast compared to the transmitting clock, intelligent expander 52 will repeat a sample of the signal from DCE 22 whenever the accumulated error equals or exceeds the duration of one sample. Similarly the repeated sample may be a period of detected silence, but in the case of speech that is not absolutely necessary. In the preferred embodiment, slip detector 50 is also provided with a signal shown as MCLK. This is also a clock signal which is conveniently available to the receiver and may for example be the clock signal for the microprocessor based intelligent expander 52. Signal MCLK may be most any conveniently available clock signal which is much greater in frequency than signals CLK2 and CLKA.
For purposes of this document a slip will be defined as follows. Two clock signals of somewhat similar frequency are compared by observing their behaviour over time. At some point in time their leading or trailing edges will be close together and approximately coincide. With each passing clock cycle, the leading edges of the two clocks will get farther apart (the faster clock's leading edge leading the slower clock's leading edge) and then begin to get closer together again. When one complete cycle of this action has occurred so that the leading edge of the faster clock passes the leading edge of the slower clock, a slip is considered to have occurred. Another slip occurs when the leading edges once again pass. Analogous definitions can be made for non-rectangular clock waveforms.
Several techniques will occur to those skilled in the art for implementing this. The following preferred technique takes into account any appropriate frequency relationship between CLK2 and derived CLKA and is formulated to avoid real number mathematics in favor of integer math which is more easily and rapidly handled by a computer. In practice, a wide range of differences between the two clock frequencies are possible without adverse effects on the operation. Differences of 25% or more in the clock frequencies may be readily handled by the particular circuit shown. By way of example of the process of intelligent expander 52, consider a system wherein CLKA and derived CLKA are running at approximately 7200 Hz (one half of the 14.4 Kbps data rate of DCE 18 and 22).
In this example assume:
CLKA0 =the nominal frequency of CLKA=7200 Hz (1)
CLK2=8000 Hz (2)
and define the clock ratio:
so that if both numerator and denominator are divided by their least common divisor:
so we set:
Now define:
K0 =CLKA0 -CLK2=the nominal frequency difference between the two clocks=7200-8000=800 (7)
Now define an accumulated slip count per second which is the equivalent of:
where Δ is the error in CLKA when compared to the nominal CLKA0. For this example assume CLKA=7200.9 Hz so Δ=0.9 Hz. But, note that K is the output of a slip counter so that fractional values are not read but accumulate over time.
Now define a scaled correction count:
Ln =(K0 -K)�C2 +L'n-1 (10)
(where L'n-1 is the residue left over from the previous iteration of these equations.)
Now define the sample correction factor:
Mn =INT(Ln /C1) (11)
(where INT(X) equals the integer part of real number X) and define the residue:
Ln '=Ln -C1 �Mn (12)
To understand the relationship among these equations, consider the operation of a portion of the expander 52 as illustrated in Table 1. In these equations, subscripts have been used for L, M and L' to indicate the iterative nature of the process. For example, in the case of L, it is dependent on the previously calculated value of L' as indicated by the subscripts of n and n-1 in the above equations. This example case assumes that the intelligent expander reads it's slip counter (K) once every second. The example assumes that CLK1=8001 Hz so that CLKA=derived CLKA=(9/10) (8001)=7200.9 Hz, and thus Δ=0.9 Hz. CLK2 is 8000 Hz and CLKA=7200 Hz so C2 /C1 =10/9. Of course, these particulars are not to be limiting and are presented only by way of example. Further, it is assumed that the clocks start simultaneously at time 0. These assumptions are not to be limiting since other approaches are equally valid.
TABLE 1______________________________________TimeSeconds K L M L'______________________________________0 0 0 0 01 -800 0 0 02 -799 -10 -1 -13 -799 -11 -1 -24 -799 -12 -1 -35 -799 -13 -1 -46 -799 -14 -1 -57 -799 -15 -1 -68 -799 -16 -1 -79 -799 -17 -1 -810 -799 -18 -2 011 -800 0 0 012 -799 -10 -1 0______________________________________
By tracing through the equations above while considering the tabulated data of Table 1, it can be seen that for this particular example, there is no sample deletion at time 1 second because the integer portion of the correction count M is still less than 1. At time 2 seconds, a 1 sample correction is made and the residue L' held until the next iteration. As time goes on between 2 and 9 seconds, the residue value gradually builds up while a single sample is deleted each second. At time 10 seconds, the residue has accumulated to the point that it contributes an extra count to the correction count and 2 samples are deleted. At time 11 seconds, there is once again no correction as in time 1 second. The process repeats itself so that out of each 10 seconds there are 10 sample corrections with no correction on the first and 2 on the last second of each cycle.
Of course, it is likely that in actual use there will be some variation in the actual frequencies of the clocks as a result of temperature changes, jitter, etc. Thus, the above example is somewhat simplified for ease of explanation. However, the procedure outlined will function over a wide variety of circumstances. In the special case of both clocks being of equal nominal frequency, the process simplifies since the constants K0 =0, C1 =C2 =1. So for this special case, the calculations may be simplified. The present method may be implemented using a general purpose signal processor such as the Texas Instruments TMS series and may be changed to meet different frequency requirements by simply changing these constants. The present circuit will readily operate with frequency differences of 25% or more without modification.
Turning now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the slip detector 50 is shown in detail. Viewing FIG. 4 in conjunction with FIG. 3 may be helpful in understanding the circuit's operation. In FIG. 3, all latches are positive edge triggered with the top input representing a clock input and the bottom input representing a reset input. Signal CLKA is provided to one input of an AND gate 60 as well as the clock input of a latch 62. Signal CLK2 is supplied to the second input of AND gate 60 and a first input of AND gate 64. The output of AND gate 60 is connected to the input of an inverter 66 as well as a consecutive ones counter 68. Consecutive ones counter 68 is clocked by signal MCLK. The output of consecutive ones counter 68 is latched into a latch 70 under the control of inverter 66.
The output of latch 70 is provided to latches 72 and 74 which respectively store the maximum and minimum values from latch 70. The value stored in latches 72 and 74 are compared at comparators 76 and 78 with the output of latch 70 to determine if the output of latch 70 has exceeded the previously stored maximum or minimum value. If it has, the comparators 76 and 78 trigger registers 72 and 74 to store the new value of maximum or minimum value. Circuit 80 computes 90% of the maximum value stored in latch 72 and circuit 82 computes 110% of the minimum value stored in latch 74. Initially, latches 72 and 74 should be loaded with initial values which are updated as the circuit stabilized. Preferably, latch 72 is initially loaded with a very small value and 74 is initially loaded with a very large value so that the normal operation of the circuit can update both latches.
A comparator 86 receives the output of latch 70 and compares that with the output of circuit 80 to determine if the current value is greater than 90% of the maximum value. If so, comparator 86 produces a signal labeled "TRIGGER". Similarly, comparator 88 compares the output of circuit 82 with the output of latch 70 and if the value of the output of latch 70 is lower than 110% of the minimum value, comparator 88 produces a signal "ARM". The outputs of circuits of 80 and 82 are compared at a comparator 90 which produces an output "ACTIVATE" when the circuit has stabilized and there exists a significant difference between the minimum and maximum values.
Signals "ARM" and "ACTIVATE" and ANDed at AND gate 92 the output of which is coupled to one side of an OR gate 94. The output of OR gate 94 is provided to a latch 96 having an "ARM LATCH" output which is coupled back to a second output of OR gate 94. The "ARM LATCH" signal is also connected to AND gate 98 and is ANDed with signal "TRIGGER" on comparator 86. The output of AND gate 98 is coupled to one input of OR gate 100 the output of which is coupled to a second input of latch 96. Latch 96 provides an output "SLIP" which is fed back to a second input of OR gate 100. Latch 96 may be considered to be two one bit wide latches with the "SLIP" output associated with the upper input and the "ARM LATCH" output associated with the lower input and both latches sharing common clock and reset lines. Latch 62 is a one bit wide latch. The remaining latches may be of any desired width, for example 8 bits wide, which is convenient for the desired application.
Circuit 50 must also determine which of CLKA and CLK2 is running faster. This output is obtained from latch 62. The output of OR gate 100 is provided to the input of an inverter 102 as well as one input of an AND gate 104. The second input of AND gate 104 is coupled to the output of latch 62. The output of inverter 102 is connected to the second input of AND gate 64. The outputs of AND gates 64 and 104 are provided to the inputs of OR gate 106 which drives latch 62.
Operation of slip detector 50 is as follows and may be understood by simultaneous consideration of the timing diagram shown in FIG. 4. CLKA and CLK2 are ANDed together at AND gate 60 and the duration of time in which both signals are at a logical 1 is timed by a consecutive 1's counter 68 by simply counting the number of clock cycles of MCLK occurring during the period of time in which the output of 60 is high. This count is delivered to latch 70. After a stabilization period the maximum and minimum counts are stored in 72 and 74 and 90% of the maximum value is generated in 80 and 110% of the minimum value is generated in 82. Whenever the value from latch 70 is greater than 90% of the maximum value, comparator 86 knows that the clocks are near the point of their maximum overlap. Similarly, whenever the value of latch 70 is less than 110% of the minimum value, comparator 88 determines that the clocks are near their minimum amount of overlap. When the minimum amount of overlap is attained, latch 96 is armed and awaits the next point of maximum overlap in the clocks (output trigger). When this occurs, the latch 96 provides output a high output "SLIP", provided "ACTIVATE" is on. The 90% and 110% values are illustrative and may require adjustment in some circumstances.
The circuit of FIG. 3 provides the output "CLKA>CLK2" by noting that at the instant that "SLIP" makes a positive transition, the relative speed of the clocks is given by the instantaneous value of CLK2. This circuit is only needed if the nominal frequencies of CLKA and CLK2 are the same or very close. If CLK2 is low at this point, CLK2 is slower than CLKA and if CLK2 is high at this point. CLK2 is faster than CLKA. By definition, these are the only two cases which are allowed as one will always be faster than the other if a slip has occurred. The operation of this portion of the circuit is best understood by consideration of the previous comments while simultaneously studying FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.
Turning now to FIG. 5A, a flow chart of an interrupt driven embodiment of the slip counter operation of the system of FIG. 2 is given. In another embodiment, the microcomputer may poll a counter periodically. For purposes of this discussion, it may be assumed that CLKA=7.2 Khz and CLK2=8.0 Khz. In this embodiment the number of slips which occurs is counted by a microprocessor which implements expander 52. Whenever a slip occurs, the microcomputer is interrupted. Those skilled in the art will recognize many possibilities for implementation of the process of FIG. 5A as well as similar processes. The process begins at 150 and control passes to 152 where the value of the counter K is set equal to zero. A determination is made at 154 as to whether or not a slip has occurred. If not, the process awaits the occurrence of a slip. When a slip has occurred control passes to 155 where the microcomputer is interrupted. At step 156 it is determined whether or not CLK2 is faster than CLKA. If so, control passes to 158 where the slip counter is decremented by 1. Otherwise, the slip counter is incremented by 1 in 160 and control passes back to 154 in either case.
FIG. 5B is a flow chart describing the operation of the intelligent expander in repeating or throwing away samples to correct the clock. The process starts at 162 and at 163 the microcomputer reads K at predetermined time intervals The microcomputer then performs the conversion of K to M at 164 and resets K to zero at 166. If the absolute value of M is not greater than zero (M=0) the process exits at 170. Otherwise, control passes to 172 where the voice signal is checked for silence. If silence is not detected in 172, the process waits for a silent period. If silence is detected at 172, control passes to 174 where the value of M is checked to determine if samples are to be added or deleted. If the number of samples M is greater than 0, then the last sample is repeated M times at 176 to make the clock correction. If M is less than zero at step 174, control passes to 178 where M samples of silence are thrown away after which control passes to 180 where the procedure is exited.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations of the present process is possible. For example, rather than accumulating slips and samples to be deleted and then waiting for a period of silence, samples can be thrown away one at a time without seriously effecting the voice quality in most situations. Also, it may not be desirable to accumulate samples in waiting for a silence period in some situations. Other variations will occur to those skilled in the art.
The slip detector of the present invention may also be utilized in numerous other applications. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the present invention can be utilized for precision control of a voltage controlled oscillator in a phase locked loop. In this embodiment the jitter and noise normally present in the output of a phase locked loop can be radically reduced. In this arrangement, the output signal from a voltage controlled oscillator 200 labeled CLKVCO is provided along with a signal CLKIN to slip detector 50.
Slip detector 50 is also provided with signal MCLK which is the microprocessor clock for a microprocessor based microcomputer 210. Slip detector 50 operates as previously described and provides signal SLIP as well as signal CLKIN>CLKVCO to a counter 212. Counter 212 counts either up or down depending upon the value of CLKIN greater than CLKVCO. Counter 212 counts for a predetermined period of time determined by timer 214 which interrupts microcomputer 210 after this predetermined period of time. Microcomputer 210 then reads the output of counter 212 to determine how many slips have occurred over the time period generated by 214. This gives microcomputer 210 a long term average representation of how far off frequency voltage controlled oscillator 200 is running and is able to correct the frequency accordingly. That is, microcomputer 210 knows that over the time period of timer 214 the VCO 200 is operating out of synchronization with CLKIN by a total of plus or minus the count of counter 212 in clock cycles. From this information, microcomputer 210 can generate an error number used to control a controlled voltage source 216 which can then apply an error signal to VCO 200. This error signal is typically a DC voltage which provides correction to the voltage controlled oscillator's frequency. By utilizing this arrangement, VCO 200 makes corrections to its output frequency on a less frequent interval than is normal for a phase locked loop. The corrections are made based upon a long term average error. This results in substantially less jitter and noise generated by the voltage controlled oscillator. Also, stability of the present circuit is guaranteed, unlike the case of some phase locked loops. It should be noted, however, that the above approach provides only frequency locking and does not provide phase locking. However, frequency locking is adequate for many situations and phase locking can be provided in addition to use of the present invention with anticipated improvement in jitter reduction and stability.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations in the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 are possible. For example, analogous implementations may be generated for control of a digital phase locked loop. Other variations and modifications as well as other uses for slip detector 50 will occur to those skilled in the art.
Thus it is apparent that in accordance with the present invention, a method that fully satisfies the aims, advantages and objectives is set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spriit and broad scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 25, 1987
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