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Table Of Contents
Release Notes for the Cisco 10000 Series ESR
for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2
Upgrading to a New Software Release
Upgrading Software from Earlier Cisco IOS Releases
Upgrading Software on Redundant PREs
New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 and 12.0(23)SX1
New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX
Multirouter-Automatic Protection Switching
MPLS Traffic Engineering Fast Reroute
DiffServe Aware Traffic Engineering for MPLS
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving
Single Rate 3-Color Marker for Traffic Policing
Cisco 10000 ESR MIB Enhancements
Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2
Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1
Obtaining Technical Assistance
Release Notes for the Cisco 10000 Series ESR
for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2
April 21, 2003
These release notes provide information about Cisco IOS software Release 12.0(23)SX2 for the Cisco 10000 Series Edge Services Router (ESR). These release notes describe new features, memory requirements, hardware support, software platform deferrals, and changes to the microcode and related documents.
Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 includes the new features and updates provided in Release 12.0(23)SX and Release 12.0(23)SX1. Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX includes all of the new features introduced in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)S. To review the release notes for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)S, go to www.cisco.com and click Technical Documents > Aggregation > Cisco 10000 Series Edge Services Routers > Cisco 10000 Series ESR Release Notes > Release Notes for the Cisco 10000 Series ESR for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)S.
You can also view the release notes for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)S at the following URL:
These release notes contain the following sections:
•Upgrading to a New Software Release
•New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 and 12.0(23)SX1
•New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX
•Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2
•Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1
•Obtaining Technical Assistance
Upgrading to a New Software Release
For specific information about upgrading your Cisco 10000 series ESR to a new software release, see the Cisco 10000 Series ESR Software Configuration Guide at the following URL:
For general information about how to upgrade to a new software release, see the product bulletin Cisco IOS Upgrade Ordering Instructions located at:
For information about how to order Cisco IOS software, refer to the Cisco IOS Software Releases URL:
Upgrading Software from Earlier Cisco IOS Releases
Upgrading from Cisco IOS Release 12.0(21)SX or Release 12.0(21)SX1
If you are upgrading your software from Cisco IOS Release 12.0(21)SX or Release 12.0(21)SX1 to Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2, you must upgrade the eboot image on the Cisco 10000 series edge services router (ESR). If you fail to upgrade the eboot image, the ESR configuration may not load properly, and a checksum error appears on the console. If you are upgrading the software from an earlier Cisco IOS release, you do not need to upgrade the eboot image.
Upgrading from Cisco IOS Release 12.(14)SL or from Earlier 12.0(x)SL-based Releases
If you are upgrading your software from Cisco IOS Release 12.0(14)SL or from earlier 12.0(x)SL-based releases to Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2, save your current configuration file. If you decide to reinstall Release 12.0(14)SL or an earlier release, you must also reinstall the configuration file associated with that release. This is because some Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) configuration-file entries in Release 12.0(23)SX2 are not compatible with Release 12.0(14)SL or earlier releases.
Upgrading Software on Redundant PREs
When you upgrade software on redundant Cisco 10000 series Performance Routing Engines (PREs), be sure to download the software to both the active PRE and the standby PRE before you reload both PREs. For more information, refer to the "Upgrading Software on Redundant PREs" section in the "System Startup and Basic Configuration Tasks" of the Cisco 10000 Series ESR Software Configuration Guide at the following URL:
Note In the procedure at the above URL, specify c10k-p10-mz instead of c10k-p6-mz for image name.
System Requirements
This release requires that you have the PRE1 version (part number ESR-PRE1) of the Performance Routing Engine (PRE) installed in the Cisco 10000 series ESR chassis. To verify which PRE is installed in the ESR, use the show version command.
Memory Requirements
The following table lists memory requirements for the ESR.
Feature Set by Router Image Name Flash Memory DRAM Memory Runs From
Edge Services Router
Service Provider/ Secured Shell 3DES
New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 and 12.0(23)SX1
Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 contains no new features. The release fixes several known problems (see the "Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2" section). Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2 includes all of the features in Release 12.0(23)SX. For information about those features, see the "New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX" section below.
Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1 also contained no new features, but fixed several open bugs (see the "Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1" section).
New Features in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX
The following sections describe the new features and improvements introduced in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX:
•Multirouter-Automatic Protection Switching
•MPLS Traffic Engineering Fast Reroute
•DiffServe Aware Traffic Engineering for MPLS
•Link Fragmentation and Interleaving
•Single Rate 3-Color Marker for Traffic Policing
•Cisco 10000 ESR MIB Enhancements
Multirouter-Automatic Protection Switching
The multirouter-automatic protection switching (MR-APS) feature allows switchover of SONET connections in the event of circuit failure. MR-APS is often required when connecting SONET equipment to telco equipment. APS refers to the mechanism of using a "protect" SONET interface in the SONET network as the backup for a working SONET interface. When the working interface fails, the protect interface quickly assumes its traffic load.
The protection mechanism provided by MR-APS has a linear 1+1 architecture, as described in the Bellcore publication TR-TSY-000253, SONET Transport Systems; Common Generic Criteria, Section 5.3. The connection may be bidirectional or unidirectional, and revertive or non-revertive.
MR-APS provides a protection mechanism in which the "working" and "protect" SONET interfaces are on separate routers. MR-APS also allows both interfaces to be on the same router. However, in this case, we recommend you use single router-APS instead.
Single router-APS (SR-APS) provides a protection mechanism in which the working and protect interfaces are both on the same router. This protection mechanism provides a linear 1+1 unidirectional, non-revertive architecture. Note that the ESR supports bridging in the SR-APS implementation.
For more information on this feature, see the following URL. Note that the documentation includes aps commands for POS interfaces. However, the same commands also apply for ATM interfaces.
Recommendation for MR-APS Configurations with Limited Static Routes
If your MR-APS configuration has a limited number of static routes (for example, less than 10), we recommend that you use the following command for gigabit Ethernet, ATM, and POS interfaces that have static routes configured for them.Router(config-if)# ip route static update immediate
The command adds static routes to the routing table immediately when an interface becomes active, rather than after a route dampening period ends.
•Currently, the ESR supports MR-APS only on OC-12ATM interfaces.
•The aps reflector command is not supported in this release.
Multicast for MPLS/VPN
The Multicast for Multiprotocol Label-Switching (MPLS)/Virtual Private Network (VPN) feature allows service providers to offer multicast services over their MPLS core network. Multicast for MPLS/VPN allows end-user customers to improve productivity and communication flow for applications such as corporate communication, e-learning, data warehousing, content synchronization, trading stocks and commodities (stock quotes and ticker information), and emergency messaging services.
Live video and Video-on-Demand applications also require a multicast solution that offers scalability, efficiency, and performance. As demand grows for multicast and VPN, enterprises will require service providers to enable multicast across VPNs. Multicast for MPLS/VPN provides that solution.
MPLS Traffic Engineering Fast Reroute
The Fast Reroute (FRR) link protection feature of MPLS traffic engineering provides link protection to label-switched paths (LSPs). MPLS traffic engineering automatically establishes and maintains LSPs across the backbone using Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP). Paths for LSPs are calculated at the headend, based on the LSP resource requirements and available network resources such as bandwidth. Under failure conditions, the headend determines a new route for the LSP. This provides for the optimal use of resources. However, due to messaging delays, recovery at the headend is not as quick as recovery at the point of failure.
FRR link protection enables the router to reroute traffic around a failed link without involving the headend in the rerouting decision. This provides quicker recovery time and prevents any further packet loss caused by the failed link. The headend of the tunnel is also notified of the link failure through the IGP or RSVP; the headend then attempts to establish a new LSP that bypasses the failure.
For more information about this feature, see the following URL:
Note Local reroute prevents any further packet loss caused by a failed link, and gives the headend of the tunnel time to re-establish the tunnel along a new, optimal route.
The Fast Reroute link protection feature works only on:
•Packet over SONET (POS) links (SDH in the European standard)
•Links that use MPLS global label allocation (GLA)
DiffServe Aware Traffic Engineering for MPLS
The DiffServer Aware Traffic Engineering feature extends DiffServe quality of service (QoS) over an MPLS backbone that uses traffic engineering. Bandwidth pools assigned to tunnel interfaces ensure that critical data is associated with a tunnel that has enough bandwidth to transport data over the MPLS network. For information about this feature, see the following URL:
eiBGP Multipath Load Sharing
This section describes the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Multipath Load Sharing for external BGP (eBGP) and internal BGP (iBGP) in a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Network (VPN) feature. This feature allows you to configure multihomed autonomous systems and provider edge (PE) routers to:
•Distribute traffic across eBGP and iBGP paths in BGP networks
•Import eBGP and iBGP paths from multihomed and stub networks
BGP installs up to the maximum number of paths allowed (configured by the maximum-paths command). BGP uses the best path algorithm to select one multipath as the best path, insert the best path into the routing information base (RIB), and advertise the best path to BGP peers. Other multipaths may be inserted into the RIB, but only one path will be selected as the best path.
The multipaths are used by Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) to perform load balancing on a per-packet or per-source or destination pair basis. The eiBGP Multipath Load Sharing feature performs unequal cost load balancing by default by selecting BGP paths that do not have an equal cost of the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). To enable this feature, configure the router with MPLS VPNs that contain VPN routing and forwarding instances (VRFs) that import both eBGP and iBGP paths. The number of multipaths can be configured separately for each VRF.
Note This feature operates within the configuration parameters of the existing outbound routing policy.
For more information about this feature, see the following URL:
Route Reflector Limitation—With multiple iBGP paths installed in a routing table, a route reflector will advertise only one of the paths (one next hop). If a router is behind a route reflector, all routers that are connected to multihomed sites will not be advertised unless separate VRFs with different RDs are configured for each VRF.
Memory Consumption Restriction—Each IP routing table entry for a BGP prefix that has multiple iBGP paths uses additional memory. We recommend not using this feature on a router with a low amount of available memory and especially when the router is carrying a full Internet routing table.
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving
Interactive traffic (Telnet, voice on IP, and the like) is susceptible to increased latency and jitter when the network processes large packets, (LAN-to-LAN FTP transfers traversing a WAN link, for example), especially as they are queued on slower links. The Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) feature reduces delay and jitter on slower-speed links by breaking up large datagrams and interleaving low-delay traffic packets (such as voice) with the smaller packets resulting from the fragmented datagram. LFI was designed especially for lower-speed links where serialization delay is significant.
The Cisco 10000 series ESR implementation of LFI provides the following benefits:
•Supports the following encapsulation protocols:
–Frame Relay (FRF.12) end-to-end
–Multilink PPP (MLPPP)
•Supports LFI on up to 1000 ESR interfaces.
•Prioritized traffic is always sent intact, while all other traffic is subject to fragmentation.
•During packet reassembly, the ESR detects and discards any packets that are missing fragments.
Cisco 10000 Series ESR LFI Limitations and Restrictions
The following limitations and restrictions apply to the Cisco 10000 series ESR implementation of LFI
•Multilink LFI is restricted to 1-link bundles only.
•Multilink PPP must be enabled on an interface that has interleaving turned on. To enable LFI on an MLPPP interface, use the ppp multilink interleave command.
•Multilink PPP over ATM (MLPoATM) is not supported.
•The show frame-relay fragment command does not support the following statistics:
fragments received (in_frag)
fragments dropped (drop_frag)
fragments transmitted (out_frag)
•The show frame-relay fragment interface command does not support the following statistics:
in fragmented pkts
in fragmented bytes
in dropped reassembling packets
in timeouts
out interleaved packets
out fragmented pkts
out fragmented bytes
out dropped fragmenting pkts
Cisco 10000 Series ESR LFI Implementation Notes
The following sections provide information about the LFI implementation on the Cisco 10000 series ESR:
•Configuring LFI on a Frame Relay Interface—Method 1
•Configuring LFI on a Frame Relay Interface—Method 2
•Configuring LFI on a Multilink PPP Interface
MLPPP LFI Packet Counts
On an MLPPP interface that has LFI enabled, each packet fragment is counted as a separate packet in the interface's input and output statistics. For example, if a single packet is fragmented into three packets, the the show interface stats command and the show interfaces commands show a count of 3 for Packets In and Packets Out, rather than a count of 1.
Configuring LFI on a Frame Relay Interface—Method 1
One way to configure LFI on a Frame Relay data-link connection identifier (DLCI) is to:
•Use the command frame-relay interface-queue fair to enable Frame Relay weighted fair queuing on the physical interface.
•Create a Frame Relay map-class that defines the traffic to prioritize for interleaving. You can also include the following command to define a priority queue for an RTP packet flow:
frame-relay ip rtp priority start_port_number port_range [max_bandwidth]
•Set the LFI fragmentation size (in bytes) by including the following command in the map-class. Specify a fragmentation size of at least 128 bytes, which is the minimum size supported by the ESR.
frame-relay fragment fragment_size
•Attach the map-class to the DLCI.
•Use the Frame Relay QoS CLI to configure user-defined queues on the DLCI.
The following is a sample configuration showing this method of configuring LFI. (In this example, fragment size is 384 bytes and the bandwidth for the priority queue is 307 kbps.)interface Serial5/0/0.1/1:0encapsulation frame-relayframe-relay class PQ_FR_CLASS_0frame-relay interface-dlci 17frame-relay interface-queue fairmap-class frame-relay PQ_FR_CLASS_0frame-relay fragment 384frame-relay ip rtp priority 16384 10 307
Configuring LFI on a Frame Relay Interface—Method 2
You can also use a nested policy and access lists to configure LFI on a Frame Relay DLCI as follows:
•Use the priority command to create a priority queue and use a policy map to associate a class of traffic with the priority queue.policy-map qos_pq_cbwfq_0class acl_101priority percent 10
•Create a nested policy and include it in the Frame Relay map class.
•Use the following command to set the fragmentation size (in bytes). Specify a fragmentation size of at least 128 bytes, which is the minimum fragmentation size supported by the ESR.
frame-relay fragment fragment_size
The following is a sample configuration showing this method of configuring LFI. (In the example, fragmentation size is 768 bytes and bandwidth for the priority queue is 10 percent of the link bandwidth.)interface Serial5/0/0.1/1/1/1:0ip address 10.1.1.102 255.255.255.0no ip directed-broadcastencapsulation frame-relayframe-relay class PQ_FR_CLASS_0frame-relay interface-dlci 17access-list 101 permit udp any eq 16384 any eq 16384access-list 102 permit udp any eq 3000 any eq 3000class-map match-all acl_101match access-group 101class-map match-all acl_102match access-group 102policy-map qos_pq_cbwfq_0class acl_101priority percent 10class acl_102bandwidth percent 30policy-map outer_policyclass class-defaultshape 768service-policy qos_pq_cbwfq_0map-class frame-relay PQ_FR_CLASS_0service-policy output outer_policyframe-relay fragment 768
Configuring LFI on a Multilink PPP Interface
To configure LFI on an MLPPP interface, do the following:
•Use the following commands to configure multilink operation on the interface:
Command Purpose
ppp multilink
Enables multilink operation on the interface.
ppp multilink fragmentation
Enables multilink fragmentation on the interface.
ppp multilink fragment-delay milliseconds
(Optional) Specifies the maximum delay (in milliseconds) for fragmentation (for example, you can specify that voice traffic has a maximum fragmentation delay of 20 milliseconds). MLP uses this value to choose a fragment size.
ppp multilink interleave
Enables real-time packet interleaving on the bundle.
•Identify the traffic to prioritize for interleaving.
•Use the priority command to create a priority queue and use a policy map to associate that class of traffic with the priority queue. The priority command gives priority to a class within the policy map.
•Attach the policy map to an interface to assign that traffic classification and action to the interface.
The following commands show an example of how to configure LFI on an MLPPP interface:class-map match-all VOIPmatch ip rtp 16384 16383class-map LESS_CRITICALmatch access-group 101policy-map VOIP_PRIclass VOIPpriority 50class LESS_CRITICALset ip precedence 5interface Multilink1ppp chap hostname multilink_name-1ppp multilinkppp multilink fragment-delay 8ppp multilink interleaveservice-policy output VOIP_PRImultilink-group 1interface Serial 2/1encapsulation pppppp multilinkmultilink-group 1
Note The ip rtp priority command is not included as a policy action. Instead, the priority configuration defined on the interface determines which traffic is placed in the priority queue.
Single Rate 3-Color Marker for Traffic Policing
The single rate 3-Color Marker feature meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets different colors, based on the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and two associated burst sizes: Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS). CIR is measured in bytes of IP packets per second (and it includes the IP header, but not link specific headers). CBS and EBS are measured in bytes.
Previously, the ESR supported a single rate, 2-color marker. The single rate, 3-color marker allows the ESR to classify packets that violate the EBS. This feature is useful, for example, for ingress policing of a service, where service eligibility is determined only by the burst's length, and not its peak rate.
The single rate 3-color marker uses the following colors to classify packets:
•Green (conforming)—Packet size is at most Bc or CBS and within the CIR allowance.
•Yellow (exceeding)—Packet size is greater than the CIR allowance but is at most Be or EBS bytes and within the available surplus.
•Red (violating)—Packet size is greater than both the CIR allowance and the available surplus. This is because either the packet's size exceeds Be or EBS or because a previous packet used some of the surplus and the traffic since then has not slowed sufficiently to acquire the surplus needed for the current packet.
The marker starts with a surplus equal to Be or EBS, and replenishes the surplus by the amount of unused CIR allowance until the surplus reaches Be or EBS.
Configuring the Single Rate Three-Color Marker Feature
To configure this feature, do the following:
•Use the police command to set the feature's mode and to assign values for the CIR, CBS, and EBS:Router(config-pmap-c)# police CIR CIR_bps burst-normal burst-max conform-action action exceed-action action violate-action action
For conform, exceed, and violate action, you can specify one of the following actions: transmit, set-dscp-transmit, set-prec-transmit, set-mpls-exp-transmit, or set-qos-transmit.
Using the Feature
The 3-color marker can be used to mark a packet stream in a service, where different, decreasing levels of assurances (either absolute or relative) are given to packets which are green, yellow, or red. For example, a service might:
•Discard or deny all red packets because they exceed both the committed and excess burst sizes.
•Forward green packets because they are guaranteed for delivery.
Cisco 10000 ESR MIB Enhancements
MIB capabilities on the Cisco 10000 series ESR have been enhanced as follows:
•The CISCO-ENTITY-EXT-MIB and CISCO-OAM-MIB were added.
•Support was verified for the following MIBs: ATM-MIB, CISCO-AAL5-MIB, CISCO-ATM-EXT-MIB, SONET-MIB, RFC1315-MIB, CISCO-FRAME-RELAY-MIB, and CISCO-RF-MIB.
•Support was added for MPLS-LSR-MIB mplsInSegmentOctets and mplsInSegmentOctets.
•The IF-MIB was enhanced to support MPLS.
•MIBs were enhanced to support the ESR high-availability feature.
For more information about the ESR MIB capabilities for this release, see the Cisco 10000 Series ESR Leased Line MIB Specifications Guide (version 3) at the following URL. (Table 3-1 in the "MIB Specifications" section of the guide lists the MIBs supported in this release.)
SNMP Trap Filtering
Use the SNMP trap filtering feature to filter linkDown traps so that SNMP only sends a linkDown trap if the main interface goes Down. If a Cisco 10000 series ESR interfaces goes Down, all of its subinterfaces go Down, which results in numerous linkDown traps for each subinterface. This feature filters out those subinterface traps. This feature is turned off by default.
To enable the SNMP trap filtering feature, issue the following CLI command. Use the no form of the command to disable the feature.[no] snmp ifmib trap throttle
Limitations and Restrictions
PRE Network Management Ethernet Port
Ensure that the Fast Ethernet NME port on the PRE is configured for auto-negotiation mode, which is the system default. Duplex mode can cause problems, such as flapping. If the port is experiencing such problems and has been configured for duplex mode, use the no half-duplex or no full-duplex command to disable duplex mode.
Controlling the Rate of Logging Messages
It is important that you limit the rate that system messages are logged by the Cisco 10000 series ESR. This helps to avoid a situation in which the router becomes unstable and the CPU is overloaded. To control the output of messages from the system, use the logging rate-limit command.
We recommend that you configure the logging rate-limit command as follows. This rate-limits all messages to the console to 10 per second, except for messages with critical priority (level 3) or greater.Router(config)# logging rate-limit console all 10 except critical
For more information on the logging rate-limit command, see the Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference.
Frame Relay
The following limitations apply to the Cisco 10000 series ESR implementation of Frame Relay:
•The ip rtp reserve command is not supported.
•Only one priority queue per VC is allowed.
Nested Policy Feature
The following limitations and restrictions apply to the Cisco 10000 series ESR nested policy feature:
•Nested policies support no more than two hierarchy levels.
•For additional restrictions and limitations on creating nested policies, refer to the "Configuring Nested Policies on the ESR" section of the Cisco document at the following location:
•The nested-policy shape rate is reserved for nested-policy traffic only. Excess bandwidth is not used for other traffic.
•DotP marking is not supported, nor is 802.1P (including matching and marking the 802.1P header).
Note The actual shape rate applied to nested-policy traffic might differ from that specified in the policy. For example, a specified shape rate of 10.5 Mbps might be mapped to 11 Mbps. Use the command show policy-map interface to determine the actual shape rate.
Testing Performance of High-Speed Interfaces
Cisco IOS software running on the Cisco 10000 series ESR has multiple queues for all classes of traffic over high-speed interfaces. The software selects a queue based on the source and destination address for the packet. This ensures that a traffic flow always uses the same queue and the packets are transmitted in proper order.
When the Cisco 10000 series ESR is installed in a real network, the high-speed interfaces work efficiently to spread traffic flow equally over the queues. However, using single traffic streams in a laboratory environment may result in less-than-expected performance.
To ensure accurate test results, you should test the throughput of the gigabit Ethernet, POS, or ATM uplink with multiple source or destination addresses.
Tip To determine if traffic is being properly distributed, use the show hardware pxf cpu queue command.
Important Notes
Cisco Discovery Protocol
Unlike other Cisco routers, on the Cisco 10000 series ESR the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is disabled by default. You can enable CDP on an interface using the cdp enable command.
Frame Relay and PPP Sessions
You can run up to 4000 Frame Relay sessions or 4000 PPP sessions, and you can configure up to 800 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) peers on the Cisco 10000 series ESR. The ESR also supports up to 512 Multilink Point-to-Point (MLP) protocol sessions and up to 1024 MLP bundles.
Performance Routing Engine 1 (PRE1) on the Cisco 10000 Series Edge Services Router
In order for Cisco IOS Release 12.0(22)S and later releases to run on the Cisco 10000 series ESR, the Performance Routing Engine (PRE) installed in the chassis must be the PRE1 version (part number ESR-PRE1). You can verify which PRE is installed in the chassis by using the show version command.
Note The Cisco 10000 series ESR does not support mixing two different PRE revisions in the same chassis. Do not install a PRE and PRE1 in the same chassis.
VLAN Session Support
The Cisco 10000 series ESR provides session support for 4000 802.1Q VLANs.
Inserting a New Line Card
Unlike other Cisco routers, if you insert a new or different line card into a Cisco 10000 series ESR chassis slot that previously had a line card installed, the line card initially reports that it is administratively Up.
RBE Subinterfaces
To ensure that the Performance Routing Engine (PRE) microcode has adequate IP address space, use IP addresses in a contiguous address space. Also, use the ip unnumbered command on the RBE subinterface.
Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2
This section lists problems that are fixed in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX2.
The mstat and mtrace commands now work correctly over a multicast distribution tree (MDT) tunnel.
The show ip pim mdt history command now displays the correct reuse value for MDT data groups. Previously, in cases where one MDT data group was being reused and another group was being used only one time, the command incorrectly showed that both groups were being reused.
When the default MDT group is removed on the remote provider edge (PE), the Cisco 10000 series ESR no longer stops responding or experiences spurious access.
The router no longer loses tunnel information when an MDT default group is removed from a remote PE.
The router no longer displays a card provisioning conflict message when the configuration is downloaded after a Cisco IOS software reload. Previously, this message appeared even though the cards were never removed from the chassis and the configuration was not changed.
The router now forms data MDTs consistently when configured for use in a multicast Virtual Private Network (VPN) environment.
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) router process no longer experiences a memory leak when OSPF sham links are configured in a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VPN environment.
When configured for multicast VPN, the router now correctly triggers an assertion when it receives data on a tunnel interface.
When configured for multicast VPN, the router now handles MDT data mappings correctly. Previously, when the router was configured as a receiving PE router, the router deleted MDT mappings too quickly, or did not delete them at all.
When you use the priority command to assign link bandwidth to priority-queue traffic, the traffic is dequeued and scheduled at the specified bandwidth. Previously, the traffic was dequeued and scheduled at the full link bandwidth, which was incorrect.
Setting the MAC rewrite index to zero no longer causes the parallel express forwarding (PXF) network processor to reload.
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) now correctly handles 1-part dequeuing with two buffers.
The Parallel eXpress Forwarder (PXF) no longer generates a T1 SW Exception error when multicast traffic with an IP precedence of 5 is sent over the priority queue.
The PXF no longer fails when the router is passing multicast VPN traffic.
When multicast VPN and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), the router no longer generates a LINK-2-LINEST message when it receives a broadcast IP packet on a multicast VPN tunnel.
Resolved Caveats in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1
This section lists problems that were fixed in Cisco IOS Release 12.0(23)SX1.
MIB walks on the sonetVTIntervalTable and sonetFarEndVTIntervalTable (SONET-MIB) now work correctly. Previously, information in the tables was deleted after 24 hours, which caused MIB walks to loop.
SNMP now provides correct values for the MIB objects atmTrafficDescrType and atmTrafficQoSClass for all types of PVCs. Note that this problem was a duplicate of CSCdp53356, which has been fixed.
On Cisco channelized OC-12 and channelized STM line cards, the SNMP MIB object ifOperStatus now correctly shows T1 layers as Down when all other layers are Down.
A traceback message no longer appears during stateful switchover (SSO) testing of PPP.
The Cisco 10000 series ESR now shapes traffic correctly when LFI is enabled on an MLP bundle running over a T1 channel.
Previously, when a priority queue (PQ) was underloaded and fragmentation queues (FQs) were overloaded, the PQ Max latency and Avg latency values were higher than they should have been. The latency values are now correct. Note that this problem was a duplicate of CSCdz70148, which has been fixed.
The show interface command now shows correct input and output byte counts for MLP interfaces with LFI enabled. The clear counters command also clears the output packet and byte counters as it should.
A traceback message no longer appears while using the 3-color policer to police 1000 VLANs.
A stateful switchover (SSO) no longer causes a Cisco 10000 series ESR with redundant PRE-1 cards and channelized OC-12 or channelized STM line cards to experience a traceback or %CEF fibidb error.
The show frame-relay fragment command increments the "out-frag" and "out fragmented" counts as it should. Previously, the counts did not increment.
Cisco channelized T3 (CT3) line cards no longer stop responding when 1000 Frame Relay or MLP interfaces (with LFI enabled) are configured over two CT3 line cards. Note that CSCdz49702 is a duplicate of this.
A PXF failure no longer occurs when a fast reroute (FRR) is performed after a primary link fails. This problem was observed when the Cisco 10000 series ESR was configured as an MPLS traffic engineering (TE) tunnel head and FRR break point, and the primary link had 500 tunnels.
The Cisco 10000 series ESR now processes priority traffic correctly. Previously, when priority traffic arrived in a burst or exceeded the configured rate, the traffic experienced a longer-than-expected delay.
A PXF microcode reload no longer breaks MPLS/VPN multicast traffic forwarding. Previously, a reload could cause Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) VPN routing/forwarding (VRF) neighbor relationships to be lost. When this happened, the Cisco 10000 series ESR stopped forwarding VRF multicast traffic.
Previously, when the Cisco 10000 series ESR received PIM (*,G) joins with (S,G)R prune, the router incorrectly forwarded only the (*,G) joins to the rendezvous point (RP). Now, the router correctly forwards the (*,G) joins with (S,G)R prune.
When two redundant provider edge (PE) Cisco 10000 series ESRs are connected to a single Virtual Private Network (VPN), both routers might send different multicast distributed tunnel-Join (MDT-Join) updates to the VPN source. This can cause the receivers to toggle between different MDT data groups, which results in intermediate data loss for the receivers.
Previously, the Netflow aggregation test failed to match the correct prefix, mask, and AS values for source, destination, prefix, and AS types of aggregation schemes. Now, the values match as expected.
Open Caveats
Table 1 describes the open caveats in this release.
Table 1 Open Caveats
Caveat Description General CSCdz02942
After a stateful switchover (SSO) in a redundant PRE system, the MIB objects ifLastChange (IF-MIB) and atmVclLastChange (ATM-MIB) might not match sysUpTime.0 (MIB-2), but they should. This problem can occur:
•After a second switchover
•When the standby PRE is reset, followed by a switchover
•When the standby PRE is inserted in the chassis later, after insertion of the primary PRE
Workaround: None.
The Parallel eXpress Forwarder (PXF) diversion statistics do not clear when you issue the microcode reload all command, although they should.
Workaround: Reload the Cisco IOS software.
After you issue the commands shutdown and no shutdown on a Cisco channelized OC-12 line card, the show controller t3 command incorrectly displays the T3 controller as Down. The controller is really Up.
Workaround: Issue the shutdown command, wait several seconds, and then issue the no shutdown command on the SONET interface. Doing so sets the T3 interface to Up in the show controller t3 command.
A routing policy does not count packets of 65 bytes or larger. The packets are transported, but not counted.
Workaround: None.
A traceback occurred during testing of IP multicast.
Workaround: None.
The Cisco 4-port channelized OC-3 line card experiences low through put and packet loss when configured with 252 SONET interfaces (VT E1 unframed).
Workaround: None.
On a Cisco channelized 4-port STM-1 line card with 756 interfaces, each at 512 Kbps with SDH framing and AU-4-TUG-3 controllers, the line protocol failed to initialize for several interfaces.
Workaround: None.
When an ICMP echo request (ping) packet is received on an interface that has access control list (ACL) logging enabled, the PXF can fail and a Local Bus Exception error message appears.
Workaround: Disable ACL logging on the interface.
When the traffic policing max burst size is set to a small value, the policing exceed function does not work correctly.
Workaround: None.
SNMP and MIBs ( see also General) CSCdz50531
The SONET-MIB does not update the intervals in the sonetVTIntervalTable or sonetVTFarEndIntervalTable for channelized STM and channelized OC-12 AU-3 TU controllers.
Workaround: None.
When SNMP trap filtering is enabled (snmp ifmib trap throttle), SNMP does not generate a notification when a subinterface is shut down, although it should.
Workaround: None.
When SNMP trap filtering is enabled on a Cisco 1-port channelized OC-12 line card, the T3 layer generates a linkDown trap when the SONET layer is shut down. When trap filtering is enabled (snmp ifmib trap throttle), no trap should be generated.
Workaround: None.
Stateful Switchover CSCdy66774
After a stateful switchover (SSO), the first packet sent through UDP is lost.
Workaround: Issue the following CLI command to configure the ESR to check before sending the first IP packet to make sure that an ARP entry exists for the destination (which must be connected through a fast Ethernet interface). In the command, A.B.C.D is the destination IP address and H.H.H is the 48-bit hardware address.conf tarp A.B.C.D H.H.H
eiBGP Multipath Load Sharing CSCdy88837
If eiBGP multipath is configured in an MPLS network and one of the links is configured as eBGP, traffic may not be distributed through all links. This problem occurs when MAX Paths EIBGP is enabled under the address family. In this case, the IP BGP table displays multiple routes to a destination network (eBGP and iBGP paths), but the IP Route VPN table only shows iBGP paths.
Workaround: Disable eiBGP and use the weight command to forward traffic through eBGP or iBGP paths.
When the ESR is configured as a provider edge (PE) router with 100 VPNs, the number of packets reported at an ingress port might not reflect the actual number of packets forwarded by the ESR. This problem occurs on gigabit Ethernet (gigE) line cards when a gigE port is configured as a subinterface on a VLAN and traffic is sent to each VLAN ID from another router.
Workaround: None.
Traffic might not be load balanced through iBGP paths when MPLS eiBGP or iBGP max-paths is configured. For example, two iBGP paths might exist to the next hop but the PXF only forwards traffic through one of them. This means one of the links is not being used.
Workaround: If traffic is being forwarded through the slower links, you can shut down the slower link to allow the faster link to forward traffic.
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving CSCdy75500
The show frame-relay fragment command truncates the Frame Relay interface name for Channelized 4-port STM-1 line cards.
Workaround: None.
When class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ) is used with LFI enabled and multiple queues are configured for a link, packets are dropped from underloaded queues rather than overloaded (congested) queues. This problem occurs when traffic with different packet sizes is sent to different queues, which causes fragmentation on some queues but not others.
Workaround: Be sure to use a priority queue when you enable LFI.
When LFI is enabled, the show frame pvc command sometimes shows invalid counts for input and output packets and bytes.
Workaround: None.
Obtaining Documentation
Cisco provides several ways to obtain documentation, technical assistance, and other technical resources. These sections explain how to obtain technical information from Cisco Systems.
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Registered Cisco.com users can order a single Documentation CD-ROM (product number DOC-CONDOCCD=) through the Cisco Ordering tool:
All users can order monthly or quarterly subscriptions through the online Subscription Store:
Ordering Documentation
You can find instructions for ordering documentation at this URL:
You can order Cisco documentation in these ways:
•Registered Cisco.com users (Cisco direct customers) can order Cisco product documentation from the Networking Products MarketPlace:
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Documentation Feedback
You can submit comments electronically on Cisco.com. On the Cisco Documentation home page, click Feedback at the top of the page.
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We appreciate your comments.
Obtaining Technical Assistance
Cisco provides Cisco.com, which includes the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) Website, as a starting point for all technical assistance. Customers and partners can obtain online documentation, troubleshooting tips, and sample configurations from the Cisco TAC website. Cisco.com registered users have complete access to the technical support resources on the Cisco TAC website, including TAC tools and utilities.
Cisco.com offers a suite of interactive, networked services that let you access Cisco information, networking solutions, services, programs, and resources at any time, from anywhere in the world.
Cisco.com provides a broad range of features and services to help you with these tasks:
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To obtain customized information and service, you can self-register on Cisco.com at this URL:
Technical Assistance Center
The Cisco TAC is available to all customers who need technical assistance with a Cisco product, technology, or solution. Two levels of support are available: the Cisco TAC website and the Cisco TAC Escalation Center. The avenue of support that you choose depends on the priority of the problem and the conditions stated in service contracts, when applicable.
We categorize Cisco TAC inquiries according to urgency:
•Priority level 4 (P4)—You need information or assistance concerning Cisco product capabilities, product installation, or basic product configuration. There is little or no impact to your business operations.
•Priority level 3 (P3)—Operational performance of the network is impaired, but most business operations remain functional. You and Cisco are willing to commit resources during normal business hours to restore service to satisfactory levels.
•Priority level 2 (P2)—Operation of an existing network is severely degraded, or significant aspects of your business operations are negatively impacted by inadequate performance of Cisco products. You and Cisco will commit full-time resources during normal business hours to resolve the situation.
•Priority level 1 (P1)—An existing network is "down," or there is a critical impact to your business operations. You and Cisco will commit all necessary resources around the clock to resolve the situation.
Cisco TAC Website
The Cisco TAC website provides online documents and tools to help troubleshoot and resolve technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. To access the Cisco TAC website, go to this URL:
All customers, partners, and resellers who have a valid Cisco service contract have complete access to the technical support resources on the Cisco TAC website. Some services on the Cisco TAC website require a Cisco.com login ID and password. If you have a valid service contract but do not have a login ID or password, go to this URL to register:
If you are a Cisco.com registered user, and you cannot resolve your technical issues by using the Cisco TAC website, you can open a case online at this URL:
If you have Internet access, we recommend that you open P3 and P4 cases through the Cisco TAC website so that you can describe the situation in your own words and attach any necessary files.
Cisco TAC Escalation Center
The Cisco TAC Escalation Center addresses priority level 1 or priority level 2 issues. These classifications are assigned when severe network degradation significantly impacts business operations. When you contact the TAC Escalation Center with a P1 or P2 problem, a Cisco TAC engineer automatically opens a case.
To obtain a directory of toll-free Cisco TAC telephone numbers for your country, go to this URL:
Before you call, check with your network operations center to determine the level of Cisco support services to which your company is entitled: for example, SMARTnet, SMARTnet Onsite, or Network Supported Accounts (NSA). When you call the center, have your service agreement number and your product serial number available.
CCIP, CCSP, the Cisco Arrow logo, the Cisco Powered Network mark, the Cisco Systems Verified logo, Cisco Unity, Follow Me Browsing, FormShare, iQ Net Readiness Scorecard, Networking Academy, and ScriptShare are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn, The Fastest Way to Increase Your Internet Quotient, and iQuick Study are service marks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; and Aironet, ASIST, BPX, Catalyst, CCDA, CCDP, CCIE, CCNA, CCNP, Cisco, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert logo, Cisco IOS, the Cisco IOS logo, Cisco Press, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems Capital, the Cisco Systems logo, Empowering the Internet Generation, Enterprise/Solver, EtherChannel, EtherSwitch, Fast Step, GigaStack, Internet Quotient, IOS, IP/TV, iQ Expertise, the iQ logo, LightStream, MGX, MICA, the Networkers logo, Network Registrar, Packet, PIX, Post-Routing, Pre-Routing, RateMUX, Registrar, SlideCast, SMARTnet, StrataView Plus, Stratm, SwitchProbe, TeleRouter, TransPath, and VCO are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and certain other countries.
All other trademarks mentioned in this document or Web site are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (0303R)
Copyright © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved.


text:
A Change of Heart on RIMM
Last week, after Jefferies' Peter Misek upgraded Research In Motion (RIMM), I suggested that you take the opportunity to sell into strength and wait until after the company reports in December before buying.
It was bad advice. I changed my mind subsequently and went long the stock....342 more words left in this article. To read them, just click below and try Real Money FREE for 14 days.
There's no substitute for a trading floor to get great ideas, so Jim Cramer created a better one at Real Money and blogs there exclusively. We then added legendary hedge fund manager, Doug Kass, with his exclusive Daily Diary and best investing ideas. Staffed with more than 4 dozen investing pros, money managers, journalists and analysts, Real Money Pro gives you a flood of opinions, analysis and actionable trading advice found nowhere else, and allows you to interact directly with each expert.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Editor's note: This market commentary is provided by the Dairy Division at FCStone in Chicago, Ill.
Class III was mixed through the first half of 2014, settling anywhere from +1¢ to +22¢ on the day, while the second half settled anywhere from +1¢ to +6¢. March futures saw the biggest move, settling up +22¢, although it is still some 56¢ off its highs set a week ago. Currently the Class III 2014 pack is trading at $19.40/cwt., just 6¢ off its highs.
There's "hand to mouth" buying due to these high prices – mixed with expectations of a seasonal, post-Super Bowl slowdown. The demand picture seems to be good from an export perspective as previous sales continue to move product offshore. Internationally, Australia seems to be seeing more production problems due to excessive heat, while forage quality seems to still be a large concern preceding spring flush. Excessive dry conditions in the Western U.S. are on the forefront of many market discussions as well.
The block price is down 2.50¢ since last Thursday, at $2.33/lb. With barrels down 2¢ yesterday, to $2.30/lb., the spread is 3¢, inside the historical range of 3¢-5¢.
The CME Grade AA butter was down 4.25¢ from last Thursday, at $1.85/lb. USDA weekly stocks were up 8.5% from the previous week, but are 19.1% below last year. Overall it seems that there is a bit of inventory rebuilding; however, cream supplies are tight. Selling activity in the butter market during January decreased from December and was below the 2013 monthly average. After bottoming out at $1.5225/lb. on Dec. 30, the price has settled into a range between $1.88-$1.90/lb. since the peak of $1.94/lb. on Jan. 22.
Feb. 6 spot session results:
Block cheese: $2.33 (up 0.5¢)
Barrel cheese: $2.30 (down 2.0¢)
Grade A NFDM: $2.0175 (up 1.75¢)
Butter: $1.85 (down 3.0¢)
Today's expectations:
• Class III & Cheese to open slightly higher
• Dry Whey to open mixed
• Class IV & NFDM to open weaker
• Butter to open steady
Grain futures
Corn prices held steady on another strong week of export sales, even as China announced the canceling of 220,000 tons of corn. As of Feb. 1, US corn sales now total a record portion of projected annual exports, and the flurry has is prompting traders to consider even larger corn export potential.
Soybean values surged higher on strong export sales as well. With record South American supplies available in spring, traders continue to look for China purchases to slow.
Today's expectation:
Grains look to open mixed
The trading of derivatives such as futures, options, and swaps may not be suitable for all investors. Derivatives trading involves substantial risk of loss, and you should fully understand those risks prior to trading. Any reference to past performance is not indicative of future results. All references to futures/options trading are made solely on behalf of FCStone, LLC. All references to swap execution and bi-lateral swaps are made solely on behalf of INTL Hanley, LLC. FCStone, LLC will clear swaps when applicable. Swaps are only available to eligible counterparties. All observations of economic, political and/or market conditions are not intended to refer to any particular trading strategy, promotional element or quality of service provided by INTL FCStone Inc. and its subsidiaries and should be construed as market commentary. All recommendations to buy or sell a specific derivative or forecasting statements regarding market activity and the pricing thereof should be construed as a solicitation in any jurisdiction in where such an offer or solicitation would be legal. Proper context and guidance including but not limited to the particular trading objectives, financial situations and the needs of the intended audience were taken into consideration when this recommendation was prepared. Contact your account representative for specific advice to meet your specific trading preferences or goals. These materials represent the opinions and viewpoints of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the viewpoints and trading strategies employed by INTL FCStone Inc. and its subsidiaries. Sources of information believed to reliable were used in preparing such observations, and no guarantee or representation regarding the accuracy of those sources has been made. INTL FCStone Inc. and its subsidiaries are not responsible for any redistribution of this material by third parties, or any trading decisions taken by persons not intended to view this material.


text:
From the upcoming first-person shooter...
For a great selection of video game action figures and collectibles, check out BigBadToyStore.com, ToyWiz.com, PastGenerationToys.com, Urban-Collector.com, ToyDorks.com, HobbyLinkJapan.com, and Sekaido.com.
To insure your action figure collection, get in touch with our sponsor Collectibles Insurance.
As revealed in our story HERE, NECA had acquired the license to Crytek's upcoming first-person shooter, Crysis 2. Slated for release early 2011 (February) will be the main hero of the title: Alcatraz in Nanosuit 2 Armor. The action figure, pictured above fully painted, will feature his SCAR assault rifle (not pictured) and over 28 points of articulation.
Pre-orders are currently being accepted at BigBadToyStore.com.


text:
Dr. Ken Dowler
Associate Professor, Criminology
Contact InformationEmail: email@example.com
Phone: 519.756.8228 ext.5754
Office Location: Grand River Hall #140
Academic Background
Ph.D. Wayne State University, Sociology 2003
M.A. University of Windsor, Sociology & Criminology 1998
B.A. University of Windsor, Honours Criminology 1996
Additional Information
Representative Publications
Dowler, K. (2012) Sex lies and videotape: The presentation of sex crime in local television news. In Diane Naugler (ed.) Canadian Perspectives in Sexualities Studies: Indentities, Experiences, and the Contexts of Change (pp. 366-376) Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press
Welsh, A., Fleming, T. & Dowler, K. (2011). Constructing crime and justice on film: Meaning and message on cinema. Contemporary Justice Review, 14(4): 457-476.
Dowler, K. & Arai, B. (2008). Stress, gender and policing: The impact of perceived gender discrimination on symptoms of stress. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(3): 123-35.
Dowler, K. & Sparks, R. (2008). Victimization, contact with police and neighborhood conditions: Reconsidering African American and Hispanic attitudes toward the police. Police Practise and Research: An International Journal, 9(2):1 -20.
Dowler, K. (2007). Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The Relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes and perceived police effectiveness. In D. Champion (ed.) Crime Prevention in America (pp. 39-49). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall. (Reprint).
Dowler, K. (2007). Media Criminology in a Television World. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 14(3): 237-242.
Fleming, T., Ramcharan, S., Dowler, K., & de Lint, W. (2007). The Canadian Criminal Justice System. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson Education Publishing.
Dowler, K. & Zawilski, V. (2007). Public perceptions of police misconduct and discrimination: Examining the impact of media consumption. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35 (2): 197-203.
Dowler, K., Fleming, T., & Muzzatti, S. (2006). Constructing crime: Media, crime and popular culture. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48(6): 837-850.
Dowler, K. (2006). Sex, lies and videotape: The presentation of sex crime in local television news. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(4): 383-392.
Dowler, K. (2005). Satisfaction, burnout and perception of unfair treatment: The relationship between race and police work. Police Quarterly, 8(4): 476-489.
Dowler, K. (2004). Comparing American and Canadian local television crime stories: A content analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 46(5): 573-596.
Dowler, K. (2004). Dual realities? Criminality, victimization, and the presentation of race on local television news. Journal of Crime and Justice, 27(2): 79-99.
Dowler, K. (2003). Media consumption and public attitudes toward crime and justice: The relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes and perceived police effectiveness. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 10(2): 109-126.
Dowler, K. (2002). Media influence on citizen attitudes towards police effectiveness. Policing and Society, 12 (3): 227-238.
Dowler, K. (2002). Media influence on attitudes towards guns and gun control. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(2): 235-247.


text:
Diffusing Bubble Bombs
Proper Valve Sizing for Severe Service Can Help Lessen Wear and Damage from Cavitation
This article was printed in CONTROL's November 2009 edition.
By Gerald Liu, PE
Instrument technicians are often called by their instrument engineers to look at repeated control valve failure problems during plant shutdowns. From a maintenance point of view, the definition of "severe service" in control valves can be based on how long the valves last.
If the same or similar damage is observed in a control valve for two consecutive shutdowns, the service conditions experienced by that valve can be classified as severe service, and so the valve can be defined as a severe-service control valve. Of course, other definitions of severe service exist. The responding instrument engineer has two ways to tackle this problem. In general, the process conditions could be questionable, and/or the valve could be unsuitable for handling the process conditions, i.e. not sized correctly.
For any plant operating for many years while production was maintained without change, process conditions after reconfirmation can be considered valid and good. In such cases, the instrument engineers should take a closer look at how the damaged valve serving the process conditions was sized, rather than just ordering the same valve using control valve data sheets from when the plant was built. This enables instrument engineers maintaining the control valves to rewrite specifications for procuring and engineering new control valves best suited for the application. This is the best practice for eliminating repeated failures.
However, it's not unusual for the supplier of the damaged valve to try every means to discredit the instrument engineers by approaching their management to negotiate for a solution to monitor the valve problems without eliminating them. Using an asset management system to monitor control valves plant-wide while continuing to supply the same parts for the damaged valves is an unwise approach.
The relationship between the process conditions and the velocity (in the control valve in this case) is governed by this derivation of the Darcy's Equation:
P1 – P2 = f (L/D) pv2 / 2 gc
in which P1 and P2 are, respectively, the upstream and downstream process fluid pressures of the control valve, while f (L/D) is the loss coefficient or resistance (the k-factor) of the control valve trim; v and p are respectively the fluid velocity and the fluid density at the exit of the control valve trim; and gc is the universal gravitational constant of 32.2 lbmft/lbfs2.
Assuming incompressible flow, if the k-factor of the control valve trim is small, then the trim exit fluid velocity will be high because the trim can't dissipate much of the fluid energy. With kinetic energy increasing quickly according to the second order of velocity, it causes internal damage by cavitation, vibrations and/or unacceptable control valve noise. If the trim exit kinetic energy is excessive, piping and downstream equipment can be damaged (Figure 1).
Conversely, if the k-factor of the control valve is large enough to reduce the exit fluid kinetic energy to a safe value, damage to the control valve or downstream components can be eliminated. With compressible flows, for a given trim exit fluid kinetic energy, the density of the fluid at the trim outlet becomes smaller when P2 gets lower, and thus the outlet velocity becomes higher. This can cause objectionable noise problems when vent valves with very low pressure outlets are concerned. This explains why a good low-noise vent valve requires a high k-factor, such as 10, has many stages (often 30), and is expensive. In actual practice for design of gas vent valves, the trim exit fluid kinetic energy should often be less than 1 psi to meet EPA noise standards.
However, while trying to reduce cavitation in valves, a challenging question arises—why rewrite the control valve specification for in-house use when ISA already has so many established control valve specifications and standards readily available? The answer is simple—ISA standards on control valves do not consider or calculate the k-factor/loss coefficient of control valve trims. In ANSI/ISA S75.01 standard, "Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves," paragraph 4.3, "Piping geometry factor Fp," it's stated that the factor ∑k is the algebraic sum of the four effective velocity head coefficients of all fittings attached to, but not including the valve. ANSI/ISA S75.01 calculates the flow capacity and the impact of flow choking (cavitation, flashing and sonic flow) on the Cv of control valves. It doesn't calculate the capabilities of the control valves to resist the damage from flow choking.
To calculate the capability of a control valve, one has to use a method called trim analysis. That is, one must consider the trim flow geometry, then evaluate the total k-factor/loss coefficient based on trim inlet area or trim outlet area, substitute into the Darcy's equation above for a given set of process conditions, and use 70 psi as the criteria for the trim exit outlet fluid kinetic energy. If both sides of the equation are satisfied, then the control valve with the selected trim is capable of handling the process conditions.
Other methods of calculating the k-factor of a control valve trim exist. For complicated trim geometries, or when manufacturers won't provide information about their trims, one can still do iterative calculations by assuming a value for the k-factor of the trim, calculating the Cv's to see how close the calculated Cv's will match with the Cv's published (at various valve openings) by the specific valve manufacturer. If the calculated Cv's match with the published Cv's to within 5% at various valve openings, then the assumed k-factor will become the k-factor of the trim in question.
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text:
Pittsburgh -- Dick's Sporting Goods' net income for the quarter ended Oct. 30 dropped to $16.9 million, compared with net income of $18.9 million for the year-ago period.
Sales rose 9% to $1.08 billion, from $990 million.
Same-store sales increased 5.1%, with a 3.8% increase in Dick's Sporting Goods stores, a 2.4% increase in Golf Galaxy and an 82.4% increase in e-commerce.
Edward W. Stack, chairman and CEO, said the retailer is optimistic about the performance and about future growth opportunities, "including the potential to more than double our network of Dick's Sporting Goods stores and to fuel the growth of our Golf Galaxy and e-commerce businesses, while continuing to drive margin expansion and deliver long-term shareholder value," he said.
In the third quarter, the company opened 12, remodeled eight and relocated one Dick's Sporting Goods stores, as well as closed 12 underperforming Golf Galaxy stores. Currently, the company operates 437 Dick's Sporting Goods stores in 42 states, and 79 Golf Galaxy stores in 29 states.


text:
Topic: Angel With a Broken Wing
Dear Friends,
It will be six years in January that I lost my Dear Dad and it feels like a lifetime ago since I felt the warmth of his embrace. There have been oceans of tears in that time, but also moments of crystal clarity and I wanted to share one of these moments with you in the hope that you will find some comfort in these words.
We've all had life events that break us and hopefully we've been able to put the pieces back together but we are never the same; sometimes the pieces don't fit back the same way and sometimes there are gaps in the mosaic of our hearts- but there is a beauty in that unbroken-ness.
In my mind, I imagine that the broken who have been pieced back together can be like earthly angels with a broken wing. Despite sadness, there is often a way to comfort. Intense pain resulting from losses somehow connects us and in a Divine and Holy way, we have the power to heal each other and in so doing we transform ourselves by being for others what we need for ourselves; we can transcend our pain and infuse it with meaning in the process.
Angels with broken wings can't fly; at least not by themselves. But together with other such single-winged beings, they can soar because alongside a similarly fragmented soul they miraculously become whole. We can be them if we choose... we can lift each other up; and that gives me hope... we are meant to carry each other; to lighten each other's hearts even when our own is heavy laden.
So, if we accept this broken-ness, it can be a blessing when we recognize that together we can take flight... and to think that it is the Breath of God who gently directs our course, this reminds me of His perfect and Divine choreography, that we often will only be able to appreciate from the ultimate destination when we finally, softly, and safely land by His side.
Many times I lose this clarity because I still view the world through sad eyes, but more times than not I am able to remember that my Dad expects me to live and sometimes the only way I can do so is in his honour.
I wish you all peace of heart and spirit,
God Bless,
Missing U


text:
Perkins aims for All-Star bid at home ballpark
ANAHEIM -- Twins closer Glen Perkins got his first taste of what it's like to be an All-Star last year, and the Minnesota native remains hopeful he'll be able to represent the Twins in this year's Midsummer Classic at Target Field on July 15.
Perkins is off to another impressive season, as he ranks third in the American League with 19 saves and is also 3-0 with a 3.34 ERA. He's also struck out 42, walked six and given up two homers in 32 1/3 innings.
"As awesome as last year was being my first chance to go, playing at home would be something," Perkins said. "It would be a pretty neat feeling. Growing up in Minnesota and all those things, it would be really special."
Perkins didn't see any action last year in the All-Star Game at Citi Field, but he said it was still a great experience, and one he'd like to duplicate at his home park. But Perkins said he tries not to think about it too much, as it's out of his control.
"You try not to," Perkins said. "It's at the back of my mind. It's hard not to know that we're playing there and that I want to be there. Making it last year gives you a better chance of making it this year. So I've been to an All-Star Game and I know what it's like, so I know how fun it would be at Target Field. So it's hard not to think about it."
Pitchers aren't on the All-Star Game ballot, but Perkins believes second baseman Brian Dozier and Kurt Suzuki are both deserving of being first-time All-Stars. Both are ranked in the top five at their position in the latest ballot update released Sunday. Perkins also mentioned right-hander Phil Hughes as another worthy candidate to represent the Twins at Target Field.
"Phil, Zuk, Doz, and myself -- I think we're all deserving," Perkins said. "I'd hope that the coaching staff chooses some of our guys."
Fans can cast their votes for starters at MLB.com -- online or on a mobile device -- using the 2014 All-Star Game MLB.com Ballot Sponsored by Experian until Thursday, July 3, at 10:59 p.m. CT. The 2014 All-Star Game will be played at Target Field on Tuesday, July 15 on FOX.
Rhett Bollinger is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Bollinger Beat, and follow him on Twitter @RhettBollinger. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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I was looking at the unofficial results of a tournament I just played, and for the intermediate division, there are no round ratings, whereas the open and advanced division have round ratings.
http://www.pdga.com/tournament/tourname ... termediate
There were only 7 out of 20 in the division that had established PDGA ratings. It ms my understanding that you need 8 players with ratings to play a the same pads.baskets in a given round to have a round rating. Three more players signed up to be members and do not have ratings yet. Will these rounds stay unrated or will they get rated once these 3 players get their ratings on July 1 when ratings update, so now there are 10 instead of 7 rated players?
The only round that we played the same tees/baskets as the advanced/pros was their round 2 and the intemediate round 3.


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The Maclean's Photo Daily 5
Andrew Tolson's pick of pix from the past 24 hours
Serbia's Novak Djokovic holds his trophy after defeating Britain's Andy Murray in the men's final at the Australian Open tennis championship in Melbourne, Australia . Rob Griffith/AP
A protester against Egypt's President Mohamed Mursi shows expended shotgun cartridges that he said was fired by riot police during clashes along Qasr Al Nil bridge in Cairo. Amr Abdallah Dalsh/REUTERS
A girl walks past a poster featuring a cat during the Athens 21st International Cat Show. John Kolesidis/REUTERS
Malian soldier Ousmane Cisse stands guard on an open road outside Sevare, Mali. Joe Penney/REUTERS
U.S. golfer Tiger Woods hits from a sand trap on the fifth hole during weather delayed fourth round play at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mike Blake/REUTERS


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Sex will be seriously sidelined at the upcoming Super Bowl.
That, at least, is the decision of the game's traditionally raciest advertiser, GoDaddy, which announced plans to air two spots during the Feb. 2, 2014, game, but without so much as a jiggle, wiggle or double-entendre giggle.
Even Danica Patrick, who will also return for the eighth consecutive year, will no longer be relegated to the role of sex kitten. Both of GoDaddy's Super Bowl spots will be humor-laden with a new brand message — but drop all sexual suggestiveness.
"We have to move on to the next phase," says Barb Rechterman, chief marketing officer. "We polarized some. I understand that. But I'm not ashamed of our past. Now we need to take this brand to a new level."
Yes, this is the same company that last year aired a 30-second Super Bowl spot solely focused on supermodel Bar Refaeli planting a lengthy French kiss on a flummoxed nerd.
Rebranding a company that's invested many millions on its current brand is a huge risk. For GoDaddy, under new leadership, a strategic decision has been made that standing out in a social-media age requires more than a rehash of the sexual teases of Super Bowls past.
The company is eager to move beyond the branding of its name and focus, instead, on convincing small-business owners that its domain naming and website-hosting services can help them.
So with all this in mind we've decided to take a look back at the lengthy roster of female models, actresses, personalities and athletes who have been GoDaddy Girls in the past. We did our best to pull the highest quality videos for each of the girl but if you have a better version please drop a link into the comments.
14. Amy Weber
13. Candice Michelle
12. Marina Orlova
11. Amanda Beard
10. Claudia Verela
9. Danica Patrick
8. Angelina Vitale
7. Leeann Dearing
6. Jillian Michaels
5. Michelle Hayden
4. Anna Rawson
3. Rachelle Wood
2. Natalia Velez
1. Bar Refaeli
[related_content 110177]
Copy via: USA Today


text: OverviewBack to top Champion Juicer - Juicer Standard Household Model G5-NG853S-White - Item# :100663UPC# :701842111311 Brand:Champion Juicer Ship Weight:23.06 Champion Juicer - Juicer Standard Household Model White The Champion Juicer is manufactured by Plastaket Manufacturing Co., located in the heart of California and began producing the Champion Juicers in 1955. A family owned business that is still strong today. The Champion Juicer is the answer to every juicing problem. Because it operates on the mastication process, the Champion Juicer chews the fibers and breaks up the cells of vegetables and fruits. This give you more fiber, enzymes, vitamins and trace minerals. This all results in the darker, richer color of the juice and a sweeter, richer more full-bodied flavor. DOMESTIC UNITS G5-NG-853-S, STANDARD US AND CANADIAN HOUSEHOLD UNIT Powered by a 1/3 horsepower electric motor. An Improved model with more starting torque, stainless steel motor shaft with latest design of front and rear endshield, front and rear ball bearings for smoother running and cooler operation.Manufactured as per CUL requirements for use in USA and Canada. Champion Juicers come in four available colors: Champion Juicer Standard Household Juicer (White) Champion Juicer Standard Household Juicer (Black) Champion Juicer Standard Household Juicer (Almond) Champion Juicer Standard Household Juicer (Silver) For a more heavy duty product, see Champion's Commercial Juicers: Champion Juicer Heavy Duty Commercial Juicer (White) Champion Juicer Heavy Duty Commercial Juicer (Black) Champion Juicer Heavy Duty Commercial Juicer (Almond) Champion Juicer Heavy Duty Commercial Juicer (Silver) Turn your Champion Juicer into a wheat grinder or grain mill with this versatile attachment. Champion Juicer Grain Mill Attachment for Champion Juicers FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Q: My juicer worked fine the first time but now when I plug it in it doesn't turn on? A: The newer model Champion Juicers have a sensor located on the juicing parts that will not allow the unit to operate unless all parts are properly positioned (refer to trouble-shooting section of the owner's manual). Q: My juicer produces warm juice even though I juice as slowly as possible. Why? A: Warm juice can only be created by operating the unit to slowly. The Champion requires a constant introduction of new material. (Average juice time to make 1qt. = 6 min) Q: Why does my juicer make a loud clicking noise when I feed vegetables into it? A:The clicking sound is created by the motor's centrifugal switch. 1st possibility is feeding the unit to aggressively. 2nd possibility could be a dull cutter. Q: What is the best way to keep my juicer looking new? A: Good clean up is important. Soaking the parts overnight in a strong solution of dish soap. If stains are extreme add bleach to the solution, then rinse thoroughly. Q: Is it safe to put my juicers parts in the dishwasher? A: NO, these parts are not dishwasher safe. The parts are made from stainless steel and then laminated with nylon. These two materials heat and cool differently and would eventually cause a problem. Q: What's the difference between the regular screen and the optional large hole screen? A: It's just like it sounds. The regular screen has holes that are smaller to allow less pulp into the juice. The large hole screen allows a much greater amount of pulp to enter juice. (Approximately 50% more pulp. This will vary depending on material). Q: Will the grain mill attachment work on my older Champion Juicer? A: The optional grain mill will work on all Champions produced over the years. Some small size modifications are required for customers having extremely old juicers. Q: How often should I replace my cutter? A: The cutter wear is based on usage. Customers using the Champion only occasionally may get 10-15 years of service. With heavy use the cutters need replacement every 18-24 months. If you have concerns our customer service people can assist you. For all repair and defect issues pertaining to Champion Juicer's 10 Year Limited Warranty, please see our Suggested Use tab.


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PARISHIONERS from Dudley and Worcestershire will be heading out on a tour of the Holy Land with The Bishop of Worcester, Dr. John Inge.
The Bishop will lead a party of 65 to visit Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee from January 29 to February 5 and the pilgrimage will include worship with local residents so the group can gain an understanding of the challenges faced by communities in that part of the world today.
Bishop John said: "Together, we will walk in the places where Our Lord walked, from the place of his birth to the place of his death and resurrection. We will pray in the places in which Jesus ministered and lived. This is a great opportunity to explore our faith, enlarge our hope, and deepen our love for the Lord.
"It's also a vivid reminder of the fact that the Christian faith is rooted in both geography and history. God chose the Holy Land as the place he became human, to suffer and to die for us and it was there that Jesus rose again almost exactly two thousand years ago."
People can follow the progress of the pilgrims in the Holy Land via the diocesan website www.cofe-worcester.org.uk


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ByAnnie's Soft and Stable
Use Soft and Stable in place of batting or other stabilizers in purses, bags, totes and more for a professional finish!
(3 reviews)
How do you like this product?
Share your thoughts with the Annie's community.
January 17, 2016
Annie's Soft and Stable was recommended by a Local quilt shop. They didn't have any in stock at the time and suggested the online catalog. I must say that I am extremely pleased with the product. I have tried another brand and have found Annie's Soft and Stable to be denser and firmer. This is a quality that I prefer when making bags or baskets as there is no "slouching" in the fabric. It is a little more costly, but I guess you get what you pay for. Great product and I am having a ton of fun with it.
December 26, 2014
I originally bought Soft and Stable to use in handbag patterns and never quite got around to making them. But this Christmas I found that small to medium wall hangings are great made with this product instead of batting. I quilted through the sandwich and put a binding on like a regular quilt. There's plenty of body to keep the wall hanging flat against the wall. And now I'm ordering more for a larger wall hanging! I haven't tried washing it yet, and won't for this application but it seem like a great quality product.
February 8, 2014
I have seen this sewn on a few things I think it is great. But the place where I know everyone is buying it they charge allot more then here. I will buy my stuff on this website.


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CSS Button No Image Css3Menu.com
Rob McQuown author archives.
December 13, 2011
by Rob McQuown
Bryce Harper, Logan Morrison, Matt Joyce, and Nick Markakis highlight this week's Keeper Reaper.
December 6, 2011
The Keeper Reaper returns for the month of December!
November 15, 2011
Managerial stats are now available for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, and player option information is now on the player cards.
October 25, 2011
Berkman, Ichiro, Duda, Heisey, Rajai, and Dirks make the Keeper Reaper's list this week
October 18, 2011
The Keeper Reaper examines the worthiness of Bruce, Holliday, Span, Revere, Colvin, Blackmon, and Leonys Martin this week
Season final stats are now available in the Player Forecast Manager (PFM) and on the Player Cards. The PFM allows fantasy owners to see how many fantasy dollars each player was worth.
October 4, 2011
BP's newest column examines which players are worth keeping in various fantasy formats
September 27, 2011
A look back at the best and worst outfield VP picks of 2011.
September 20, 2011
A Cardinal and a former Cardinal enter the VP arena this week having found themselves regular playing time.
September 13, 2011
Taking the sortables and player cards to whole new levels--literally.
Nyjer Morgan and Alex Rios join the outfield VP ranks this week.
September 6, 2011
Gerardo Parra and David Murphy join VP as the 2011 season begins to wind down.
August 31, 2011
Extreme power and speed picks join a very exciting VP week for outfielders.
August 24, 2011
The speedy Ben Revere and much-hyped Brandon Belt return to VP this week.
August 17, 2011
Indicators conflict about new VP-arrival J.D. Martinez, and Rob discusses the shake-ups in many major league outfields.
August 10, 2011
An enigmatic new Mariner and a serious power bat finally get shots in the majors and on VP this week.
August 3, 2011
There's lot of outfield turnover in VP this week given all of the weekend's trade deadline moves.
July 27, 2011
The presently uber-hyped Desmond Jennings joins VP this week along with the formerly uber-hyped Cameron Maybin.
July 20, 2011
While Dexter Fowler gets another shot, Dominic Brown has seen his last, and Rob teases a Brandon Belt writeup.
July 17, 2011
Game 1 of the Oakland/Los Angeles double-header has data feed errors, and is not included in any statistics today.
Major League Baseball trademarks and copyrights are used with permission of MLB Advanced Media, L.P. All rights reserved.Copyright © 1996-2017 Baseball Prospectus, LLC.


text: Partners with Jeff Gordon Children's Foundation for 10th straight year. All 425 locations under the VPS Convenience Store umbrella are set to launch fundraising campaigns beginning the week of June 24 through Saturday, July 21 to support research and treatment at select pediatric cancer hospitals through a partnership with the Jeff Gordon Children's Foundation. For


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Mail: Thanks for helping Aiden
Brewer at the Legislature: Mob rule
More opinion
Robertson and Delsing re-elected chair, vice chair of NWB
Goat Expo set first October weekend
More Ag News
North Platte St. Pat's struck quickly for two first quarter touchdowns and the defense did the rest on Thursday night in a 28-0 win over Centura in the first round of the Class C1 playoffs.
"It's just win baby, this time of the year," said Aufdenkamp. "It was a good win. Centura played hard. They're a well-coached team and they have a lot of young kids who are going to keep getting better."
St. Pat's (9-0) got good field position to open the game, getting the ball at its own 46 yard line after a short kick by Centura.
Matthew Buhrman got the Irish going with a 13-yard carry on first down and then three plays later, quarterback Sean Keenan scored a touchdown on a bootleg to the left side from 35 yards out and it was 7-0.
After stopping Centura, St. Pat's scored again when Keenan found tight end Mark Mayfield open for a 34-yard touchdown that made it 14-0, just under seven minutes into the game.
But after falling behind, Centura (4-5) showed some resistance and the Centurions kept the Irish from adding to the lead for nearly the rest of the first half.
With two and a half minutes remaining in the first half, St. Pat's got the ball just inside Centura territory after rugby punt by Jake Hickok.
On first down, Brandon Niesen gained 10 yards to move the chains. The Centurions then forced the Irish to another fourth and one situation at the 30. But Keenan drew the defense offside to get another first down with 1:30 left.
Niesen got to the 17 on the next play and that is where the senior running back scored from two plays later, giving St. Pat's a 21-0 lead 42 seconds before halftime.
Centura couldn't get much done, offensively. But it had a grand opportunity to get some momentum after blocking Joseph Clinch's punt and recovering at the Irish 11 with two minutes left in the third quarter.
The Centurions were called for holding on first down before getting just past the original line of scrimmage on a reverse to the left side by Jacob Osburn.
Travis Holcomb got a combined five yards on the next two carries to set up fourth and four at the five yard line.
But Holcomb, running up the middle as the quarterback in the Wildcat formation was stuffed for no gain and St. Pat's remained unscathed for the rest of the game.
With six minutes left in the game, the Irish added another score for good measure with Niesen scoring from three yards out.
Niesen set up his second touchdown by intercepting Centura quarterback Michael Hansen and returning it to the nine.
Aufdenkamp said that he liked what he saw from his team and he was impressed by the resolve Centura, who only had three seniors this season, showed.
"We've got some things that we're going to fix," he said. "Hopefully, Centura exposed some things that we can see on film and fix. I want to give Centura a lot of credit. They played tough. They're a good young team."
On Halloween night, St. Pat's will host West Holt in its second round game of the playoffs at Knights of Columbus Field. West Holt (7-2) outlasted Battle Creek 13-6 in its first round game on Thursday.
Centura 0 0 0 0 - 0
St. Pat's 14 7 0 7 - 28
First Quarter
SP-Sean Keenan 35 run (Brandon Niesen kick), 10:20
SP-Mark Mayfield 34 pass from Keenan (Niesen kick), 5:12
Second Quarter
SP-Niesen 17 run (Niesen kick), :42
Fourth Quarter
SP-Niesen 3 run (Niesen kick), 6:01
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


text:
My Peruvian Hairless Dog Is Smarter Than You ! Women T-Shirt
Product Color:
Product information
The Women T-Shirt My Peruvian Hairless Dog Is Smarter Than You ! is our old-school favorite. Perfect for use in sports where you are bound to sweat and need wide range of movement. Short sleeves to let cool air in on those hot and sunny days. Also great for every day use and to show everyone your love for My Peruvian Hairless Dog Is Smarter Than You !.
This product is made of the finest combed jersey which feels soothing against your skin. Shoulder-to-shoulder taping guarantees long life and a good fit. Peruvian Hairless Dog Women T-Shirt is available in 17 different color options. Heather Grey: 80% Cotton/20% Polyester. Remaining Colors: 100% Cotton.
Sku: TC2BL0000011360606060246WHLBYG000


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Ensemble™, Series 7611, 60" x 42" x 72" 6 Jet Tile Whirlpool Bath/Shower - Right-hand Drain
Select your color/finish:
KOHLER Biscuit
US List Price:
(based on selected color/finish)
Product Components: Wall Set (71114100), Whirlpool (76111120)
Delivering a sleek, ergonomic design, the Ensemble™ bath made of solid Vikrell® material by Sterling provides maximum soaking comfort, with built-in armrests and a contour back that percectly fits the body's natural curve.
- Provides a number of bathing options, bath, shower, whirlpool
- Designed with a 16" apron
- Oval bath with gently sloping backrest
- Made from solid Vikrell material for strength, durability, and lasting beauty
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- Realistic 6" x 6" tile wall surround with ample storage shelves
- Durable high-gloss finish provides a smooth, shiny surface that is easy to clean
- Adjustable flow control jets (color matched and factory installed)
- Adjustable flow control jets
- Pre-installed 1.25 hp whirlpool pump - ready to connect to water
Finesse™ Frameless Sliding Bath Door featuring Quick Install™ Mounting System
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Finesse™ Frameless Sliding Bath Door
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Finesse™ Frameless Sliding Door with Knob
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Grab Bar, 36", Thin, Straight
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Grab Bar, 12", Thin, Straight
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Grab Bar, 24", Thin, Straight
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Grab Bar, 32", Wide Grip, Straight
List Price: $100.60
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*Due to the differences in monitors, technical factors, and characteristics of some of our finishes, the colors shown here cannot be represented with all their true qualities. The color tiles should only be considered a guide *All prices are Manufacturer's Suggested List Prices in U.S. dollars. The price you pay at your local supply outlet may be different than the Manufacturer's Suggested List Price. These prices supersede previous prices and are subject to change without notice. These prices do not include shipping. Any sales tax applicable will be added to the prices.


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A GALA day to celebrate a Hereford museum's 40th anniversary is to take place this weekend.
Vintage, veteran and classic vehicles will also form part of the celebrations at The Waterworks Museum in Broomy Hill, with a cavalcade through Hereford before lining up in the museum courtyard.
Mayor of Hereford, Len Tawn, will officially open a newly restored Second World War Tangye water pump and Hereford Concert Band will also be performing.
The event takes place on Sunday (July 27) between 1pm and 5pm.
Visitors should wear something red to celebrate the ruby anniversary.