text:
Building a Force
Canucks in Training
The Film
Running Time
49 s
Topical Film Company
Canadians practice infantry assault. Canadians rehearsing, "Somewhere in England", the form of attack they will soon be launching "Somewhere in France".' Long shot over tussocky grassland to extended line of troops walking away from camera towards 'shell-bursts' in the distance. Long shot of pyrotechnic 'shell-bursts'. Men in the trenches fire rifles, Lewis guns, throw grenades. A line of men advance with fixed bayonets - they are beset with explosions (sufficient in reality to decimate them) and go to ground.
Pieces of History
Overseas Training in the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Andrew Iarocci
the sole object of training is to prepare our forces for war, success in battle being constantly held as the ultimate aim... It is the function of training to develop the mental, moral, and physical qualities as highly as possible in each individual, and also to inculcate by theory and practice the methods of employing the various arms in co-operation to the best advantage...1
As this passage demonstrates, military instruction consisted of two fundamental aspects: training of the individual soldier and training of formations. When new recruits joined the service, they first needed to learn the basic skills of soldiering—marching, drill and marksmanship. Once these were mastered, the soldier would continue to train for his specialized trade, whether it be infantry, artillery, engineering, signals, medical or supply. Then the individual would join a formation based on his trade, and training continued at the unit level on a regular basis. The ultimate objective was for each component of the army to function cooperatively as part of the whole; this was achieved through exercises at the battalion, brigade and divisional levels.
The first overseas contingent of Canadian troops was formed at Valcartier, Quebec, during August-September 1914. Much of the time at Valcartier was occupied with administrative details, and limited training was accomplished before the contingent—soon to be known as 1st Canadian Division—embarked for England in October. Upon arrival, the division was posted to Salisbury Plain, a large British training area, where it remained until February 1915.
The weather that winter was especially wet, and until recently, scholars have agreed that relatively little training was completed before the division moved to France. Recent research suggests, however, that despite inclement weather and other distractions, most elements of the division engaged in productive training on Salisbury Plain. The infantry learned to manoeuvre in conjunction with artillery and machine guns. Other divisional elements, such as engineers, artillery and signals, as well as mounted and transport troops carried out their own specialized programs. The engineers, for example, learned how to construct field fortifications, while the artillery brigades rehearsed their gun drills. The divisional transport and ammunition columns, meanwhile, discovered the intricacies of moving supplies around the battle zone.
The training of 1st Division did not cease after it crossed the English Channel in February 1915. Upon arrival at the front lines near the Franco-Belgian border, the Canadians were matched up with experienced British troops for orientation tours. The evidence suggests that this formative experience was overwhelmingly positive. As one soldier later recalled, "nothing could surpass the patience of" his British teachers "or their brotherly kindness to us as comrades in arms."2 The Canadians also learned about the costs of war, as they suffered their first casualties and witnessed the damage inflicted on the landscape.
In the summer of 1915, the 2nd Canadian Division arrived in England and began to train at Shorncliffe Camp. The open ground was ideal for company and battalion manoeuvres, and much of the instruction revolved around the challenges of trench warfare. Some of the officers attended British courses, while others went to France for short combat tours with 1st Division.3 With the expansion of the Canadian Corps to four divisions during 1915-16, additional training space was required for the new arrivals in England. A camp was opened at Bramshott in late 1915, and additional camps were added in 1916, including Crowborough, Hastings, New Shoreham, Seaford and Witley.4
As the war progressed, a broad selection of specialized schools was established—both in England and in France—covering everything from hand grenade training to field sanitation. Instructional programs were gradually standardized, while the British Army Printing and Stationery Depot produced a vast selection of training literature on every conceivable subject.
New technology appeared on the battlefield throughout the war and was reflected in training programs. In April 1915, for example, the German Army introduced chemical weapons to the Western Front. All soldiers were issued with respirators for the duration of the conflict and gas drill became an important component of basic training. Later in 1915, the .303 calibre Lewis gun, a portable automatic rifle, was issued to British and Dominion forces. Here again was a new piece of equipment to be mastered. In common with other types of military training, the correct procedure was subdivided into a simple series of component tasks.
Not all military instruction revolved around weapons systems and tactics. Sport and physical exercise were also important; peak fitness was vital if soldiers were to function under the strain of battle. As the British Army Manual of Physical Training explained:
a soldier should be well disciplined, a good marcher, intelligent, smart, active and quick, able to surmount obstacles in the field and capable of withstanding all the strains and hardships of active service...5
Fitness was achieved through physical drills, "Swedish" exercises and regular sporting events. Organized games and competitions not only fostered physical fitness, but also improved morale and encouraged teamwork. During the summer months, battalions, brigades and divisions organized their own sporting events in rear areas. After the war a veteran fondly recalled a sports day from the summer of 1918:
Who lives that does not remember the day of brigade sports at Izel-les-Hameaux? There were races and jumps and hurdles, something for everyone, a ring to box and wrestle in, baseball and football championships. The day was fine... everybody was there. It was a gay scene, the boys of four battalions and the airmen who joined us for the fun, all rollicking together...6
By late 1916 the Canadian Corps was a veteran formation, and had suffered heavy casualties in a series of costly battles, including Second Ypres, Festubert, St. Eloi Craters, Mount Sorrel and the Somme. In addition to formal training routines, this practical and bloody battle experience shaped the capabilities of the Corps. At the same time, the high casualty rates meant that large numbers of new recruits were constantly arriving in France and Belgium. Some Canadian commanders were dissatisfied with the level of basic training displayed by these reinforcements, and decided to establish their own courses at the battalion, brigade or divisional levels. These short refresher courses helped to ensure that new arrivals were familiar with the basics of soldiering before being thrust into the unforgiving front lines.
Training was an ongoing process throughout the First World War, as Canadian units were created, consumed in combat, reformed, and once again committed to battle. Under the challenging tactical and operational circumstances of 1914-18, nothing could have prevented high casualties, but effective training improved the chances that soldiers would succeed on the battlefield.
1Training and Manoeuvre Regulations, 1913. London: General Staff, War Office, 1913, p. 10-11.
2George Drillie Scott Fonds, LAC, MG 30, E 28.
3G.W.L. Nicholson. Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1962, p. 113.
4David W. Love. "A Call to Arms": The Organization and Administration of Canada's Military in World War One. Winnipeg: Bunker to Bunker Books, 1999, p. 91.
5Manual of Physical Training, 1908. Rev. ed. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1914, p. 7-8.
6James H. Pedley. Only This: A War Retrospect, 1917-1918. Ottawa: CEF Books, 1999, p. 175-176.
Canadian Small Arms of the First World War
Phil White
Although the carnage of the First World War was unprecedented, there was nothing truly new about the small arms used during the fighting. The story behind these weapons and their terrible efficiency stem from the tremendous advances in science and technology made throughout the late 19th century.
By 1850, arms factories in Europe and the United States were making the most of advances in metallurgy and mass production, and were capable of manufacturing hundreds of rifles daily. Repeating rifles, which could fire several shots before being re-loaded, were used extensively during the American Civil War (1861-65), as were the first simple multi-barrelled machine guns. More powerful ammunition was available in the 1870s. The American inventor Hiram Maxim introduced the first true machine gun, capable of firing 450 rounds per minute, in 1884. The water-cooled barrel gave Maxim's machine gun the ability to fire for hours without stopping. By the turn of the century, most European and North American soldiers carried high-powered rifles that could fire 15 shots per minute at an effective range of 800 metres. The days of reloading a single-shot rifle, in the open, five or six times a minute, were long gone. The stage was set for the killing fields that were to come.
Two Rifles
Two late-19th-century inventions, the Lee-Enfield rifle and the Ross rifle, the first Canadian-made military rifle, are central to this story.
In the late 1870s, the British Army accepted Scottish-born Canadian James Paris Lee's rifle design for trials, ultimately resulting in the adoption of the Lee-Metford rifle, then later the Lee Enfield Mk 1 rifle. It was purchased by Canada and used in the South African War.
Sir Charles Ross designed his straight-pull bolt-action rifle and patented the design in 1897. The bolt mechanism, based on the Austrian Mannlicher rifle, also included Ross's own innovations. In theory, this type of bolt-action was very easy to use and could be reloaded very quickly. The more quickly a rifle can be re-loaded, the more firepower it provides. Its drawback was a complicated manufacturing process and its fragile loading mechanism. Ross revised his design, introducing it as the Model 1900, then later with an improved bolt mechanism in 1901, both of which were submitted to American trials as a potential service rifle.
After the South African War, Sir Fredrick Borden, Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence, lobbied unsuccessfully to have the Lee-Enfield rifle built by a British firm in Canada. When the British turned down Borden's request, the Canadian government turned to Ross and his rifle. After a series of modifications, Canada accepted the design, Ross built a factory at the Citadel in Quebec, and the rifle went into production. In 1904, the Royal North West Mounted Police received 1,000 rifles, the Department of Marine and Fisheries another 500. In the coming years, the rifle underwent continual modifications and developments to suit various requirements, including target shooting by the Canadian team at Bisley, where the Ross excelled. In August 1905, the militia received its first order of 1,000 Ross Mk 2 rifles. By 1911, the Mk 3 had been accepted and was being manufactured for the militia.
Britain tested the Ross rifle between 1900 and 1912, rejecting it because of problems with the design, including a propensity to jam.
The British Army continued to use the Lee-Enfield and in 1903, introduced the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield (S.M.L.E.) into service. The S.M.L.E., a shortened version of the Lee-Enfield Mk I, had been developed as a result of experience gained during the South African War. The design and construction were simple, if not crude, but also robust, functioning under less than ideal conditions.
Ross continued to develop and fine-tune his design, resulting in dozens of variations. Between 1903 and 1915, 419,130 Ross rifles were manufactured, with most going to Canadian troops, and some to Newfoundland and Britain.
The Canadian forces entered the First World War with the Ross rifle, Mk 2, Mk 3, and its subsequent variations. Almost immediately, its shortcomings became evident.
On March 10, 1915 the 1st Canadian Division went into battle at Neuve Chapelle, France. The Canadians were heavily engaged and, to the horror of the soldiers, their Ross rifles began to jam. The reasons for this were numerous: the ammunition provided was often inconsistent in size; muddy conditions allowed dirt to build up in the complicated loading mechanism, and the heat generated by rapid-firing caused the closely machined parts to expand and seize. A design flaw also made the bolt difficult to lock, if it had been assembled improperly, and some bolts were said to have blown back into the user's face. Canadian soldiers soon began discarding the Ross in favour of the British S.M.L.E. Mk 3*, when they could find them in the field. General E.A.H. Alderson, commander of the 1st Canadian Division, was forced to issue an order banning the use of the S.M.L.E by Canadian troops.
When the Canadians fought at the Second Battle of Ypres, in late April 1915, the Ross failed again. Outnumbered and facing the first gas attack of the war, the Canadians found their rifles jamming. Some reports had them "Clubbing furiously at their seized bolts with trenching tools and boot heels." By the end of the battle, hundreds had discarded their Ross rifles in favour of the trusted S.M.L.E.
By June 1915, British Field Marshal Sir John French ordered the Canadians under his command to be re-armed with the S.M.L.E. However, the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions that soon arrived in Europe still carried the Ross.
In May 1916, a study into the Ross's problems confirmed the jamming and recommended modifications to the rifle's bolt-stops. Earlier tests had reported the Ross worked well with Canadian ammunition made at Dominion Arsenals in Quebec, but this ammunition was in short supply. New, poorly fitted stocks made from improperly seasoned birch were also causing problems as the wood warped and pressed against the metal frames. In light of the report, a few rifles were re-built with 26-inch barrels, trimmed stocks and larger bolt-stops. Although the rifles were reported to have worked "superbly," soldiers had lost all confidence in them. In mid July, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig re-armed Canadians with the S.M.L.E. and the Ross was officially withdrawn from front line service by the end of that year.
By this time Sir Charles Ross was running into other problems. Skilled labourers were finding better work in the United States, machinery ordered in 1914 had yet to arrive, and supplies were increasingly difficult to secure. Ross won a $22,500,000 contract to make one million rifles for Russia, but had to let it go to the United States due to inability to meet his deadline. A second order from Russia was cancelled after the Mk 3 was withdrawn from Canadian service. On March 28, 1917, the Canadian Government expropriated the Ross Rifle Company. Canada's first and only national rifle had failed as a battlefield weapon.
The Machine Gun
In 1912, the British Army adopted the water-cooled Vickers Mk 1machine gun, an improvement over the 1884 Maxim design, as its standard machine gun. The slightly lighter Vickers, like the Maxim, made use of an ammunition belt, and could fire 450 rounds per minute. Its water-cooled barrel could sustain this fire over very long periods of time, often for hours. Classified as a medium machine gun, the Vickers Mk 1 was used primarily on a tripod from defensive positions. It could be fired directly at a visible target, or indirectly, like artillery, at targets or positions at long range or behind obstacles.
In response to the need to provide quick-moving infantry with machine gun support, light machine guns appeared on the battlefield in 1914. The Lewis, the first light machine gun used by the British and Canadian forces, had been introduced into service with the Belgian army in 1913. It weighed about 18 kg and could be carried "over the top" like a rifle, to give advancing troops added firepower.
Due to a shortage of light machine guns, the British and Canadians also adopted the Hotchkiss machine gun in 1916. The Hotchkiss was based on the French medium machine gun the Mitrailleur Mle. 09, modified for use as a light machine gun. Although lighter than the Lewis, the Hotchkiss was more complicated and was used mainly by the cavalry. The Hotckhkiss remained in service for training and home guard use after the First World War and was not declared obsolete until 1946.
The decisions regarding when and how to deploy, or advance against small arms fire relate to the concept of the 'beaten zone' or 'killing zone' that existed between the lines, and the time-versus-lead equations; the idea that a storm of bullets and/or artillery shells poured into a given area made the task of 'advancing to contact' extremely difficult, if not impossible. This led to obvious challenges: crossing the zone more quickly (tanks) or by stealth (surprise attack, often without pre-shelling); better tactics to bypass resistance (storm troops, combined arms warfare); and heavier bombardments to keep enemy heads down, destroy obstacles, etc; and in the meantime, drove troops into the ground (trenches) to escape slaughter.
Close Combat
Most of the casualties during the war were inflicted by artillery or small arms fire coming from a distance. However, there was still some close and brutal fighting, often as part of larger operations, but particularly during trench raids.
All rifles were fitted with bayonets, which took the form of a long knife or spike that could be attached to the muzzle of the rifle, effectively forming a spear. By the First World War, British, and Canadian soldiers had been training to use bayonets for 200 years and were very efficient in its use. The bayonet also had an enormous psychological impact. Hundreds or thousands of enemy troops running towards you firing their rifles, screaming and brandishing long blades or spikes, was a terrifying and demoralizing sight. Despite the psychological advantage, many officers considered the bayonet perfectly useless, even in the 19th century. Firepower and broken terrain could keep cavalry at bay from c1860 onwards in most battles, thereby removing the bayonet's one real advantage – warding off cavalry. When fighting in the confined spaces of the trenches, the length of a bayonet fixed to the muzzle of a rifle could be a great disadvantage. To this end, many soldiers equipped themselves with other weapons, both standard and non-standard issue. These weapons were especially important for trench raids.
Usually conducted at night, trench raiding was extremely brutal, tending to resemble medieval warfare. Soldiers made use of pistols, grenades, clubs, axes, morning stars, knives and even sharpened shovels. As a defensive measure, body armour was brought back into use and worn openly by infantry for the first time since the 17th century.
Pistols were issued officially to officers and NCOs exclusively, but they were also occasionally picked up or traded by soldiers and used for close fighting.
At the beginning of the First World War, Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defence, ordered 5,000 semi-automatic .45 ACP calibre Colt model 1911 (Government Model) pistols through one of his "Honorary Colonels," causing a short-lived political scandal. The pistols were issued to non-commissioned officers and made available to officers for purchase, along with some older Colt revolvers left over from the South African War. Canadian officers serving with the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, or other units assigned to British formations, were issued with Webley revolvers of various marks.
With the forces rapid expansion, the military needed more pistols by mid 1915. Due to shortcomings found with the Colt Model 1911, the government purchased 1,500 Smith & Wesson .455 Hand Ejector Second Model revolvers on August 21, with later orders for 13,000 between 1915 and 1917. Revolvers were considered more reliable in harsh conditions.
Immediately after the ceasefire of November 11, 1918, many First World War small arms developments were shelved. Advances had been made in designing lighter, more efficient machine guns and submachine guns, but, in the debt-ridden postwar years the last thing most governments wanted to spend money on was small arms.
The Department of Militia and Defence was now faced with the disposal of the unwanted Ross rifles. Some 120,000 Mk 2 and Mk 3 rifles were taken overseas and turned over to the British, and 20,000 were sold to the United States for training. Of the rifles sent overseas, 9,334 were later returned to Canada. The Ross continued in use as a sniper rifle throughout the war, and well into the Second World War, making use of its initial design as a sporting and target rifle. Many Ross rifles were also re-issued during the Second World War for training and Home Guard use and eventually made their way into the hands of the armies of China, Chile, the Baltic states, Spain, New Zealand, Holland, India, Indonesia and the Soviet Union.
The S.M.L.E. remained in service well into the Second World War and was replaced in 1942 by the Lee-Enfield No. 4. James Paris Lee's basic rifle design is still in limited service with the Canadian Forces in the 21st century with the Canadian Rangers and Cadets.
The machine gun continues to be a vital part of the arsenals of all armies. The Vickers machine gun was used in the Second World War, the Korean War, and was not officially declared obsolete until the 1960s. The Lewis gun saw limited service in the Canadian Army during the Second World War, notably at Hong Kong.
The bayonet is stilled issued and used as a standard attachment to most military rifles worldwide.
The small arms designs that were rooted in the late 19th century and used during the First World War evolved very little throughout the first half of the 20th century. Although infantry tactics evolved considerably and the casualty figures of the First World War seem incomprehensible today, killing over open sights remains the foot soldier's basic role.
Selected Bibliography
Edgecombe, David W. Defending the Dominion, Canadian Military Rifles 1855-1955. Ottawa: Service Publications, 2003.
---. Small Arms of the World: A Basic Manual of Small Arms. 12th rev. ed. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1983.
Ezell, Edward C. Handguns of the World: Military Revolvers and Self-Loaders from 1870-1945. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1981.
Hogg, Ian V. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Firearms. London: New Burlington Books, 1978.
---. Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th ed. Iola: Krause Publications, 2000.
Law, Clive M. Canadian Military Handguns, 1855-1985. Bloomfield, ON: Museum Restoration Services, 1994.
---. Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment in the 20th Century. Ottawa: Service Publications, 2004.
Maze, Robert J. Howdah to High Power: A Century of British Breechloading Service Pistols (1867-1967). Tucson: Excalibur Publications, 2002.
Meek, John F. Over the Top: The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, ON: John F. Meek, 1971.
Morton, Desmond. A Military History of Canada. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985
Nelson, Thomas B. The World's Submachine Guns. Cologne, Germany: International Small Arms Publishers, 1963.
Phillips, Roger. The Ross Rifle Story. Sydney, NS: John A. Chadwick, 1984.
Rawling, Bill. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Saunders, Anthony. Weapons of the Trench War, 1914-1918. Phoenix Mill: Alan Sutton, 1999
Skennerton, Ian D. The British Service Lee, Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield Rifles and Carbines 1880-1980. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1982.
---. The Lee-Enfield Story. Piqua: I.D.S.A. Books, 1993.
Other Materials
The Ross Rifle and other Small Arms in World War I
During the South African War, Canada requested that Great Britain supply the Canadian force with the British Lee-Enfield rifle but Britain refused. Since no manufacturer could be persuaded to establish a Canadian production facility, Canada would have to produce its own. Sir Charles Ross, a British aristocrat and inventor, offered to build a plant in Canada. He developed a 5-clip rifle model for the Canadian militia trials during August 1901 and this rifle became the Mark 1 Ross rifle which began production in 1903. In Mar 1903 the Canadian government signed a contract with Ross for 12 000 rifles to be supplied by the end of 1903.
Sir Sam Hughes, the future minister of militia and member of the 1901 militia committee, was a supporter of the Ross rifle. The Mark 1 Ross rifle was not delivered until 1905 and 1000 units were supplied to the RNWMP but various problems plagued this model of rifle and it was eventually recalled in 1906. Changes were made to the production model until 1910 when the various models of the Mark 2 were produced. Great Britain at that time was strongly urging Canada to adopt the Lee-Enfield rifle for its armed forces so as to have consistency within the Empire regarding weaponry, and because Canada refused to halt production of the Ross rifle, strains developed over imperial defence. The Mark 2 rifle was adopted by the Canadian armed forces in 1911, and in that year work was begun on the Mark 3, although few were produced before 1914. In the first years of WWI the Ross rifle received a bad reputation. It was seen as unsuitable for the "trench-and-charge" tactics employed during that war because of its weight, 9 lbs 14 ozs (c 4.5 kg), its overall length, 60˝ inches (c 1.5 m) with bayonet fixed, and the continual jamming problem plus the occasional "blowback." The cause of the jamming was eventually corrected but came too late for the rifle to maintain its use. In the summer of 1916 the rifle was withdrawn from service and by mid-Sept Canadian troops had been rearmed with the British-made Lee-Enfield. The Canadian government expropriated the Ross Rifle Co in March 1917 after paying Ross $2 million. The total production of the Ross rifle was approximately 420,000 with 342,040 units being purchased by the British. During WWII, the Mark 3 Ross rifle was given to the Royal Canadian Navy, the Veteran's Guard of Canada, coastal units, training depôts, the British Home Guard and the Soviets.
Reproduced with permission from The Canadian Encyclopaedia, Historica Foundation of Canada
Sir Sam Hughes, the future minister of militia and member of the 1901 militia committee, was a supporter of the Ross rifle. The Mark 1 Ross rifle was not delivered until 1905 and 1000 units were supplied to the RNWMP but various problems plagued this model of rifle and it was eventually recalled in 1906. Changes were made to the production model until 1910 when the various models of the Mark 2 were produced. Great Britain at that time was strongly urging Canada to adopt the Lee-Enfield rifle for its armed forces so as to have consistency within the Empire regarding weaponry, and because Canada refused to halt production of the Ross rifle, strains developed over imperial defence. The Mark 2 rifle was adopted by the Canadian armed forces in 1911, and in that year work was begun on the Mark 3, although few were produced before 1914. In the first years of WWI the Ross rifle received a bad reputation. It was seen as unsuitable for the "trench-and-charge" tactics employed during that war because of its weight, 9 lbs 14 ozs (c 4.5 kg), its overall length, 60˝ inches (c 1.5 m) with bayonet fixed, and the continual jamming problem plus the occasional "blowback." The cause of the jamming was eventually corrected but came too late for the rifle to maintain its use. In the summer of 1916 the rifle was withdrawn from service and by mid-Sept Canadian troops had been rearmed with the British-made Lee-Enfield. The Canadian government expropriated the Ross Rifle Co in March 1917 after paying Ross $2 million. The total production of the Ross rifle was approximately 420,000 with 342,040 units being purchased by the British. During WWII, the Mark 3 Ross rifle was given to the Royal Canadian Navy, the Veteran's Guard of Canada, coastal units, training depôts, the British Home Guard and the Soviets.
Reproduced with permission from The Canadian Encyclopaedia, Historica Foundation of Canada


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subset: commoncrawl


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Billings throws up a nifty little 11-spot in the third inning on the way to a 16-3 win. They hit early and often pounding out 18 hits.
Waring, Long, Bartles and Maunus all went deep. Josh Ravin walked six batters in 1 2/3 innings.
Billings is 19-17 on the year.


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drledford93 wrote:Quick question, Bradley--I noticed today that when the disc ripped out of my hand, it ripped the hardest off my pinky. (I throw with the ring stacked on the pinky for strength using the power grip.) Is this robbing snap and power? As I wrote to you, I've made a massive jump, but I know I'm losing power somewhere else and this is the one thing I can clearly see that you point out in your video.
Thoughts? Should I stop stacking the ring/pinky and focus that energy on the thumb/index pinch? This hammer technique has added soooooooo much power and spin on my throws, it's not funny...it's amazing!
Try putting the tips of your fingers all against the inside rim, with the first index joint resting against the bottom of the flight plate. You wouldn't think the disc would ever come out, but it does.


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Predator 2 Joins Ram This October...
Following their unveiling of the upcoming 1/4 scale Warrior Predator (see our story HERE), NECA passes along a look at the 1/4 scale City Hunter. Equipped with fully extended spear and retractable wrist claws, the City Hunter will star the same super-articulation of the smaller 7-inch figure, including double-jointed knees.
Look for both the new Quarter Scale City Hunter and Warrior Predator this October priced at around $70, similar to NECA's original Predator release last year (read our review HERE).
To insure your action figure collection, get in touch with Collectibles Insurance, the official insurance company of the Figures.com network. Say "Figures.com" to get 5% off your first term premiums.
To buy action figures, take a look at BigBadToyStore.com, RedfordFilms.com, Toynk.com, PastGenerationToys.com, BriansToys.com, ToyWiz.com, and MonkeyDepot.com.
For action figures, statues and sculptures, go to CSMooreStudio.com.


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"Publishing is not evolving. Publishing is going away. Because the word 'publishing' means a cadre of professionals who are taking on the incredible difficulty and complexity and expense of making something public. That's not a job anymore. That's a button. There's a button that says 'publish,' and when you press it, you're done." — Clay Shirky
"Publishing is in crisis. Publishing has always been in crisis, but today's version, fuelled by the digital boom, has some frightening symptoms. Trade publishers see their mid-lists hollowed, academic customers face budgetary pressures from higher education spending cuts, and educational publishers encounter increased competition across their markets. But over the centuries, forced change has been the norm for publishers. Somehow, they continue to adapt.
This ground-breaking study, the first of its kind, outlines a theory of publishing that allows publishing houses to focus on their core competencies in difficult times while building a broader notion of what they are capable of. Tracing the history of publishing from the press works of fifteenth-century Germany to twenty-first-century Silicon Valley, via Venice, Beijing, Paris and London, The Content Machine offers a new understanding of media and literature, analyzing their many connections to technology and history. In answer to those who insist that publishing has no future in a digital age, this book gives a rejuvenated identity to this ever-changing industry and demonstrates how it can survive and thrive in a period of unprecedented challenges." — from the book's descriptive material.
A fascinating book, and a very worthwhile read for all.


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PROMOTER Frank Warren is certain that former world light-heavyweight champion Nathan Cleverly has what it takes to fight his way back to the top.
Cleverly is set to return to the ring as a cruiserweight in Monte Carlo on February 1 against big-hitting African Junior Makubu.
And Warren believes that the Cefn Fforest fighter can certainly come again following his heartbreaking loss of his WBO title to big punching Russian Sergey Kovalev in Cardiff in August last year.
"I was confident (that he could beat him) but sometimes you get it wrong," said Warren of that crushing knockout defeat at the Motorpoint Arena.
"I did everything right from my point of view. It was a calculated risk and Nathan, like all boxers, wanted to earn a lot of money and the only way that could happen is with the involvement of American television.
"Showtime were very interested in Kovalev and so we went down that route to do that and I made the fight."
The veteran promoter believes that Kovalev is one of the hardest hitters around, but ultimately Cleverly fought the wrong tactics.
"No doubt about it, Kovalev is a monster!" Warren told Livefight.com. "He could really punch. But ultimately Nathan fought the wrong fight.
"There was a couple of moments when Nathan was throwing his straight punches and the other guy spat his gumshield out and went back to the corner and slumped down a little bit and I thought if Nathan keeps doing what he is doing and stays to the game plan then we shall see.
"But let me tell you, there are big punchers in this game and they don't last forever.
"Because I have always believed that a good boxer, with a good boxing brain and defence will always defeat a puncher because that's all they have to rely on. And most big punchers don't like it when they get some back.
"Kovalev is an exciting fighter and don't get me wrong, the best man won on the night. But it's now up to Nathan to re-group up at cruiserweight.
"He is going to fight now in February in quite a meaningful fight and if he can come through that it's certainly going to re-establish him.
"He is only a young man at 26 years of age, he has plenty of gas still left in the tank.
"And I do believe that on his day, he is a formidable fighter."


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If people noticed in the last couple of weeks, folks were asked to also make some Security Q&As for their account. I haven't seen them be used when logging into the SWTOR website but I assume they are for account verification in case of theft and such.
With the Authenticator, a strong password, being smart with PC security, you shouldn't have any troubles with your account.


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"Conference on
Stimulant Abuse Treatment"
Conference, Strasbourg, 10-12 May 2010
A Conference on stimulant abuse treatment, in Strasbourg on 10-12 May 2010, was attended by 70 policy makers, experts on treatment and representatives of international organisations and NGOs from 20 countries of Europe. The conference considered a variety of topics such as: the recent research findings on basic mechanisms and clinical effects of stimulants, epidemiology, comorbidity, pharmacological and psychosocial treatment modalities, polydrug use phenomenon, users' involvement, different target groups, prevention, reduction of harm and training of professionals.
There is a clear need for constant monitoring of ever changing trends and modalities of stimulant use across Europe. The conference discussed promising research results in pharmacological treatment of stimulant users and stressed the importance of combining increased pharmacological possibilities with psychosocial treatment.
The participants reiterated the need for harm measures as an integral part of approaches to tackle the problem. The conference pointed out that user groups are not adequately involved in finding more effective solutions to problems created by stimulants use. International cooperation is necessary to further develop treatment guidelines and further training of professionals in health, social, law enforcement should become a priority in Europe.


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Public Encouraged to Attend a Meeting About the Vienna Metro Station Capacity Study
Fairfax County Office of Public
12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 551
Fairfax, VA 22035-0065
July 1, 2005
Public Encouraged to Attend a Meeting
About the Vienna Metro Station Capacity Study
The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Fairfax County Department of Transportation and Providence District Supervisor Linda Q. Smyth are sponsoring a public information session as part of the ongoing study of the Vienna Metro Station's future needs. The meeting will be held on Tuesday, July 12, at 7:30 p.m. at the Oakton High School cafeteria, 2900 Sutton Road, Vienna.
The event is the first public meeting held as part of the study process. Residents are strongly encouraged to offer their thoughts about the station's future needs as community input will facilitate the capacity study. Preliminary findings on the station's usage and demographics also will be presented.
The capacity study will be key to facilitating timely improvements to meet the station's future needs. The study was proposed at the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors' March 21, 2005, meeting as a joint board matter by Providence District Supervisor Linda Q. Smyth and Lee District Supervisor Dana Kauffman. The Board of Supervisors approved implementation of the Vienna Metro Station Capacity Study during that meeting and included funding in the adopted fiscal year 2006 budget plan.
For more information about the event, please contact Michael Wing, Providence District Supervisor's Office at 703-560-6946, TTY 703-207-9407 or visit www.fairfaxcounty.gov/gov/bos/pd.


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'Zubrus is probably a rental player for the Sabres. His $1.85-million dollar salary this year helped Buffalo stay under the salary cap. But he's going to be an unrestricted free agent this summer, and reportedly turned down a three year offer from the Caps worth $10-million. Zubrus says he doesn't regret turning down that offer. "What difference does it make if you're hoisting the silver trophy?"'
You are here: Home / SabresBeat / Zubrus Joins Sabres


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It took Ryan Braun a month to admit and apologize for using performance-enhancing drugs.
And Braun still didn't get it right.
After coming out of hiding, he still hid behind a statement released by the Milwuakee Brewers.
Hasn't the organization been through enough than to release his words for him?
Braun's apology tour is apparently going to be quite the 112-step process. He finally admitted wrongdoing, which was the right thing to do, but he didn't put his face and emotions with those words.
Last month, Braun accepted a 65-game suspension for violating Major League Baseball's drug policy.
We want to see the remorse. The guilt for leaving his Brewers teammates to explain his mistakes. The pain of throwing a sample collector under his bus.
This was a start. But Braun has much apologizing left to do.
"I want to apologize for my actions and provide a more specific account of what I did and why I deserved to be suspended. I have no one to blame but myself," Braun said in a statement.
He sounds sincere and said he wants to help others avoid the mistakes he made. Hope that's the case.
Again, Braun – the hometown kid who played at Granada Hills High – needed to stand on his own, without dragging the Brewers into this performance-enhancing mess any more than he already has.
He seems contrite, but there is nothing visible to back that up.
"My family, my teammates, the Brewers organization, my friends, agents, and advisor had no knowledge of these facts, and no one should be blamed but me," Braun said in that statement. "Those who put their necks out for me have been embarrassed by my behavior, I don't have the words to express how sorry I am for that."
Braun also says he apologizes to sample collector Dino Laurenzi Jr., which was long overdue. Laurenzi lost his job. Braun won his appeal last year and kept earning millions.
And Braun kept his National League MVP trophy from the 2011 season in which Matt Kemp finished second in voting.
Tweeted former Dodger Steve Garvey: "I accept Braun's apology. @TheRealMattKemp deserved the NL MVP. Difficult to get how Braun showed up 4 the award."
And how he didn't show up for the apology. Just gave us words from a piece of paper.
It was a start, but not a good one.


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FOXBOROUGH, Mass.—Shane Vereen isn't afraid to admit it. During last year's New England Patriots playoff run, he was about as useful as a bikini in Saskatoon. Frankly, so was fellow running back Stevan Ridley.
Vereen was inactive for all of last postseason, and Ridley played one game—just four carries—and landed on the inactive list, too, when one of those carries ended in a fumble.
"It's a huge difference now," Vereen said Sunday after the Patriots toppled the Houston Texans, 41-28, at Gillette Stadium. "Last year, I was not even playing. This year, I was able to make an impact."
— Gronk done for playoffs: Reinjures arm he broke
Was he ever. Vereen finished the game with 41 rushing yards on seven carries, but excelled in the passing game with five catches for 83 yards. He scored three touchdowns, including a remarkable 33-yard catch at the left pylon on a floating pass from Tom Brady over the head of Texans linebacker Barrett Ruud. That was his third touchdown and staked the Patriots to a commanding 38-13 lead.
For Brady, there was satisfaction in seeing Vereen, now in his second year, haul in that pass. Vereen has struggled to stay healthy and establish consistency in his short time in the NFL, but Brady and his teammates have seen flashes of what Vereen can do in practice. He's quick and shifty, and though he's just 5-9, Vereen is powerful and skilled in the receiving game.
"It was a huge growing-up moment for him, it was very special," Brady said. "A lot of guys made big plays and we really needed it."
That includes Ridley, who has not let the fumbling issue linger. While Vereen racked up the three touchdowns and the highlight-reel plays, Ridley did a lot of the bread-and-butter work in the Patriots running game, helping the offense milk the clock with a big lead—an aspect of the game that has been a struggle throughout the season. Ridley finished with 82 rushing yards on 15 carries, scoring a touchdown. He had one catch for 13 yards.
— AFC championship: Brady-Lewis marquee matchup | Pats big favorites in Vegas
Ridley, also in his second year, is built about the same as Vereen, with a bit more heft—Ridley is 5-11, 220 pounds—but does better running between the tackles and is more of an every-down back. He racked up 1,263 yards during the regular season, which ranked seventh in the NFL.
All of this adds up to a different dimension for this Patriots offense—a bona fide running game. It has shown up at times throughout the season for New England, but whether coach Bill Belichick had enough faith in Ridley and Vereen to trust them in the playoffs remained a viable question coming into the game against the Texans.
With Danny Woodhead going down with a thumb injury on the first play of the game, Belichick had little choice but to turn to his youngsters. "These kinds of games," Belichick said, "you never know where the dial spins, where it's going to wind up, who it's going to end up on."
Should it end up on Ridley and Vereen again, the Patriots can start to feel confident in their ability to fulfill their roles. Consider that last year, in three playoff games, the Patriots' top two running backs—BenJarvus Green-Ellis and Woodhead—put together 273 total yards rushing and receiving. In Sunday's game alone, Ridley and Vereen wound up with 219 total yards.
If that kind of production comes as a surprise, well, count Vereen as surprised, too. "I don't come into the game knowing how much I am going to play," he said. "Or how much anyone is going to play. You never know. I come into the game ready to go and if my number is called, I know I have to do my job. You're given opportunities, and you have to execute those opportunities as best as you can and hopefully, the outcome is like it is tonight."
— What We Learned: Brady causes problems for Houston again
That would be a good thing when the Patriots are back home next week against the Ravens. In Week 3, when the Patriots blew a nine-point lead in the fourth quarter to lose 31-30 in Baltimore, the running game was largely to blame. Ridley had just 37 rushing yards, Vereen didn't play and, as a team, the Patriots gained 77 yards on the ground.
In the fourth quarter of that loss, the Patriots ran the ball four times for a net of zero yards on runs of 2 yards, minus-4 yards, 1 yard and 1 yard.
This time things may be different. "We feel like we are getting better," Vereen said. "We will always find ways we can get better, things we can improve on. We are going to have to keep it up now."


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HOUSTON - The Harris County Sheriff's Office is asking for help located a missing 56-year-old man.
Mario Rosalez-Perez was last seen in the 17000 block of Red Oak Drive and FM 1960 West on Saturday at 9 p.m. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and congestive heart failure, and becomes disoriented easily, officials said.
Rosalez-Perez is 5 feet 7 inches tall, 250 pounds with brown eyes and gray hair. He has a light brown complexion.
Anyone with information on his whereabouts is asked to call the Harris County Sheriff's Office Missing Persons unit at 713 -755-7427.
Copyright 2013 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Topic: Positron emission tomography for diagnosis and staging of bile duct ca
Positron emission tomography for diagnosis and staging of bile duct cancer.
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a resource for patients, friends, caregivers and loved ones.
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|La fundación de colangiocarcinoma (CCF) ahora ofrece servicios de traducción en Español.
Por favor publique sus preguntas en Español y un intérprete le va responder.
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Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Discussion Board → Websites → Positron emission tomography for diagnosis and staging of bile duct ca
Positron emission tomography for diagnosis and staging of bile duct cancer.
I think you are the one that I can ask for help;if you have time.
I am looking for the chemical structures -structural pictures of some Chinese herbs in English;any ideas where to look? Sloan-Kettering do have a very good section about herbs but no pictures of the formula.
God bless
Hi PCL,
No problem, I will help if I can. Is it any specific herbs that you are looking at? If so could you please let me know which ones.
Hi, Gavin,
Thanks for the quick reply. they are
1. Cordyceps sinensis.
2.Paeoniae lactiflorae Radix.
3.Oldenlandia diffusa or Hedyotidis herba.
4.Scutellaria baicalensis radix.
5.Bupleurum or Bupleuri Radix.
6.Forsythia suspensa or forsythiae Fructus.
8.Ganoderma lucidum.
9.Artemisia capillaris herba.
10.Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.
Take your time, If your find more than one ACTIVE chemical structure of each herb.just give me the most active one. thanks again.
By the way,most of them are used for liver and bile duct related diseases in the Chinese herbal medicine formulas for centuries. good luck and God bless.
Hi PCL,
I'll see what I can do. See if these are what you are looking for -
1 - http://www.hewo.com/hewo2008/article.aspx?id=1855
2 - http://www.poultryinfo.com.cn/product/3 … eony-P-E-/
3 - http://www.niwota.com/submsg/3498978/
4 - http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-580.html
5 - http://www.itmonline.org/arts/platygly.htm
6 - http://www.pipitech.com/product/forsyth … iaside.htm
7 - http://www.itmonline.org/arts/hoelen.htm
8 - http://www.gentcare.com/EnProductShow.asp?ID=304
9 - http://www.chlorogenic-acid.com/Post/Ch … ction.html
http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=c … i=scholart
10 - http://www.bikudo.com/product_search/de … atrol.html
Found this link that may be of interest to you. It seems to have the chemical structures of many chinese herbs etc -
http://www.bridgat.com/herbs_and_natura … 844_3.html
Don't know if these links are what you are looking for or not, but that is pretty much what I could come up with. I'm sure if you dig further through these links then you might find something else if these are not the sort of stuff that you were looking for.
I hope some of these are of use to you.
Best wishes,
I want to say thank you first ;I have not checked them all out yet,but from what the few I have checked out, I found what I am looking for and much more. Thanks!
Frankly Gavin,I will never look at what I wanted from the web sites you suggested,but that is good because you provided me different resources in the future for researching and purchasing better ingredients through different countries besides China.
BTW,you seem to have a special interest or keen sense in researching for companies. Thanks again and I know I am asking the right person to help me.
God bless.
Hi PCL,
Glad that some of these links were of use to you.
Best wishes,
The information expressed is not medical advice. The discussion boards are not intended to replace the services of a trained health professional or to be a substitute for the medical advice of physicians or other healthcare providers. Read the full disclaimer.


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Profit-Taking Kicks In
The bulls have done a nice job of delaying it, but some profit-taking is starting to kick in now. Apple (AAPL) is what's leading the action, and now that the selling has started to kick in there, it is spreading to the broader market.
Breadth is just mildly negative so far, but the reversal of the positive early action is giving the market a negative tone. As I discussed in my opening post, there are just too many stocks that are extended and not offering very good entry points right now. Apple is probably the most obvious example....164 more words left in this article. To read them, just click below and try Real Money FREE for 14 days.
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text:
Tokyo Responds to Chinese Plane, Sending Fighter Jets
TOKYO—Japan scrambled fighter jets over contested islands in the East China Sea after a small Chinese propeller plane entered what Tokyo considers its airspace.
Coming just three days before general elections in Japan, Thursday's move sharply escalates territorial tensions that have already damaged economic relations between the two neighbors.
The Japanese government said eight F-15 fighter planes from the Air Self Defense...


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Why Buy Crop Tops Online From Samtana?
When you Buy Crop Tops Online, 20% is donated towards The Mid-Day Meal Scheme to help feed School Children in India.
India's 2 biggest problems are Hunger and Illiteracy. Most children who attend government schools, come from very poor families. Their parents are predominantly daily wage earners who literally live hand to mouth. The truth is this – No Work, No Money; No Money, No Food.
The reality is that there are countless such families in India. We see them on our streets, in the scorching heat begging for food or money, desperately selling items we don't find useful and sometimes even thieving. No Child should go through this. It's just not on!
We see this everyday but we can rarely do anything about it. It's not our fault, we have our jobs to go to and families to take care of. That is alright! It is what you should be doing anyway, Family should always come first! But, is there an easier way to help these children without disrupting our daily lives? Yes! – The True-Blue Project
The True-Blue Project gives you the opportunity to make a difference in someone's life. When you buy a product from Samtana, WE donate enough to provide upto 60 mid-day meals to school children. Remember, you are not only feeding children but also keeping them in school. You are giving these children HOPE!
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To help you get started, we're giving you 10% OFF your first purchase to experience our products. Use the code: "TRUBLU10".
Happy Shopping Heroes!


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Its not rocket science, try putting your bias aside and looking at it logically.
I understand it needed to be nerfed, but going from 3 to 1 PLUS the trinkets nerfs, I dont think you understand how much of a nerf in damage that really is considering our sustained damage outside of burst is mediocre at best.
Warriors have some of the best sustained damage?
Im just curious how GC went from, "TFB is only good for PvP videos" to "Nerf it by 80 percent" in like 2 weeks. It is a dumb mechanic and they should get rid of it completely.


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Alpha Phase Editions of Gemini, Orbitron and first deluxe OSM - Cyclops.
Three new Outer Space Men figures are now up for pre-order exclusively at StoreHorsemen.com. These include Alpha Phase Editions of Gemini, Orbitron and the Four Horsemen's very first deluxe Outer Space Man - Cyclops. These are priced at $50.00 per set of three figures and will begin shipping to customers after the 2012 San Diego Comic Con (July 12 - 15, 2012).
To insure your action figure collection, get in touch with Collectibles Insurance, the official insurance company of the Figures.com network. Say "Figures.com" to get 5% off your first term premiums.
To buy action figures, take a look at BigBadToyStore.com, RedfordFilms.com, Toynk.com, PastGenerationToys.com, BriansToys.com, ToyWiz.com, and MonkeyDepot.com.


text: Anyone who argues not to play the bench is just down right stupid, but I don't think anyone is arguing that. What people are arguing is to not play the full bench at the same time, instead mix them in with the starters so the Heat can't take advantage of our bench. Vogel should go 10 deep, but do it in a way that won't cost us a big lead.This quote is hidden because you are ignoring this member. Show Quote


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Ben Franklin Bridge/Up & Over
Thursday, April 18, 2013
Where and When
Time: 1:00pm - 5:00pm
Location: Leave from Newtown Campus
Contact: email@example.com
Event Information
Our guided tour takes us on the high pedestrian walkway across the Delaware River to experience the history, boldness and thrill of one of the world's beautiful bridges. This two-mile adventure with Tony Wolf features magnificent views and lots of steps.
Students $15
Public $27


text: With Strong Regional Roots, SECO Branches Out Into Worldwide Education By John Sailer Wednesday, July 2, 2014 10:00 AM Former SECO president, Darby Chiasson, OD (l), passed the organization's leadership to new president, James Herman, OD, at the SECO 2014 event. ATLANTA—Expanding on the "education destination" status it has built in the southeastern U.S. over the last nine decades, SECO International is working toward bringing educational opportunities to optometrists across the globe. After successfully hosting an event in England last year in conjunction with the U.K.'s Association of Optometrists (AOP), the two organizations are again partnering to bring the "London 2014 Education Destination" to England, Sept. 28 to 29, 2014. Based on last year's demand, "London 2014" is moving to a larger location in central London, the Holiday Inn London-Bloomsbury. This year's event will focus on optometry as a specialist area with sessions targeted at therapeutics, prescribing rights and the contrasts between U.K. and U.S. patient care. COPE and CET continuing education credits will be available for U.S. and U.K. practitioners respectively. As the "London 2014 Education Destination" approaches, Vision Monday met with SECO's new president, James Herman, OD, to discuss the organization's global expansion as well as other initiatives he plans to implement during his term. Vision Monday: What initiatives do you have planned? James Herman, OD: Our number one goal is always to provide the best education worldwide. We're always looking at ways to make what we do better, so we conducted clinical surveys at SECO to find out how we can better serve our attendees. In addition, we have our partnership with the AOP in England, and we're looking to continue to grow that meeting. We had a wonderful meeting in 2013 and expect even better things in 2014. I would also like to enhance our relationship with our 12 associations. That's always been a personal goal of mine as long as I've been involved with SECO. The optometric community may be unaware of our national and international influence. Many people would be surprised to find that although 57 percent of our attendees are from the Southeast, that means that 43 percent are not. This year, 49 states and 19 foreign countries were represented. One of my objectives is to let people know that this is not a regional meeting; this is a national, if not international, event that continues to grow in that fashion. We've heard some people refer to us as a regional meeting, and certainly 90 years ago when we started we were. We are far beyond that now, and I think it's time that we let people know how international we really are. I'm also looking to expand our exhibit hall and our relationships with industry, so that will be an emphasis for 2015. VM: Will there be other meetings like the one in London? JH: We're always talking. There's nothing planned at the moment, but there are other folks who've approached us. We want to do it, and we want to do it right. It is our mission to advance optometric education worldwide, so if the opportunity is there, we'll do it. VM: SECO instituted one-on-one meetings this year. What exactly are they and how did they come about? JH: Some other places have done them. This is SECO's first attempt, and by all measures it seems to have gone very well. Many of our vendors want an opportunity to network one-on-one with doctors or other buyers of ophthalmic equipment and services, so it gives them an opportunity outside of the normal environment of the exhibit hall to sit down and talk. It's appealing to both sides, and something I think will grow into the future. VM:What's your professional background that brought you to become president of SECO? JH: I have been president and have gone through the chairs of the West Virginia Optometric Association, now the West Virginia Association of Optometric Physicians. I did it twice. I just have a deep love for the profession of optometry and always wanted to do something. When I got an opportunity to be the West Virginia's representative on the board of trustees here in the year 2000, I fell in love with this organization, the people in it and what it means to optometry.


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I have three quick ideas for today's column, with the hope that one of them will resonate with you.
Next week I'll be away, so please check in on Twitter and on Columnist Conversation for any quick thoughts I might have.
First, Linn Energy (LINE), a core holding of mine, today bought Berry Energy (BRY) in an all-stock deal, paying a 19% premium and more than the Reuters estimate of intrinsic value for the company. In spite of all this, Linn shares are UP almost 5% this morning, not what you'd expect for a company that is supposedly overpaying for a target. That's how you know that Linn has been massively undervalued by the Street and deserves investment, even more so now.
With the purchase Linn adds 30% of proven reserves where it counts, in liquids and crude production in California, but particularly in the Permian basin where Linn has already terrific infrastructure and Berry's assets are a terrific fit. Go on, add that to their very healthy -- and I believe extremely safe -- 8% dividend. You want more? OK, Linn remains one of the best takeout targets in the patch and anything under $40 is a gift. Even with the jump today, it's a buy.
SM Energy (SM) proved today that the Eagle Ford and the Bakken are easily No. 1 and No. 2 in hot-hot-hot plays in domestic liquids and crude oil. By increasing proven reserves by 40% over 2011 and decreasing its production costs per barrel of oil equivalent, SM energy seems finally on the right track for a turnaround a long time in the making (2012 was an admittedly horrible year). It's still losing money, reporting an adjusted $0.57 a share of losses, but with today's stronger report, shares are likely to reemerge above $60, a key technical level that represents a fresh breakout. SM Energy is finally one you can own again.
Finally, reports from the front in the ongoing negotiations that would keep BP (BP) from going to trial for its Deepwater horizon catastrophe of 2010 aren't good. With multiple states in the negotiation, all with very big hands out to maximize the money they feel they are entitled to from the mega-cap oil company, a settlement continues to be very unlikely. It is what BP needs more than anything right now, to finally get Deepwater Horizon behind them and have some closure on the litany of lawsuits that seem to have no end. If they are forced to go to trial, the future is hard to predict. Clean Water regulations put the possible fines between $5 billion and more than 4x that, a big difference to be sure. Still, BP seems resigned to go through the long pains of a trial. It didn't even participate in negotiations this time, letting the states duke out their claims among themselves first.
It remains tough to own BP at this price with all this still hanging over them.


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The American Dairy Association and Dairy Council (ADADC) uploaded a video for their new campaign "Your milk comes from a good place." ADADC is a regional checkoff organization in charge of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Featured below is a video from Walnut Ridge Dairy, with owner Skip Hardie.
If you've seen this before, it's because we originally put five of them up before they were approved. Four more are on the way. Enjoy!


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Crimson Skies is an action-packed collectable miniatures game of dogfighting and barroom-brawling in an aviation-dominated world. Every plastic figure comes prepainted and fully assembled. The Crimson Skies collectable miniatures game has no cumbersome rulebooks or complex record keepingall the game information needed to play each figure is on that figures unique patent-pending combat dial. Rules sold separately.


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Note that in the following that I do not use the word "role" even though that's the Perl 6 term. This is deliberate to make it clear I'm only talking about Perl 5 traits. Even when I discuss Class::Role I'll call it a trait. Yes, I know that's awkward
Well, first and foremost, Class::Trait [cpan.org] is the only Perl module to have a substantially complete implementation of traits as described in the classic "traits paper [unibe.ch]" that introduced most programmers to traits.
As for Class::Role, it appears to have the s
We are using Class::Role in a very large production system. There were never any problems in installing it.
You make some very good points about traits there. I was probably thinking too much in terms of "smart Java interfaces" to see the whole power of traits. The reason we originally chose to use Class::Role was the name. I really like the term role, because it creates nice pictures in my head
Basically the only thing we are using roles for at the moment is to implement methods which are empty in th
Are you saying, in your example above, that "Entity" is effectively a Java interface and "Historian" provides the implementations? If so, that's a very interesting way of going about things. I'll have to think about that.


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New president for Philly's Independence Mission Schools
A non-profit organization set up to manage a network of independent Catholic schools in Philadelphia has a new president.
Aldo Cavalli, the new head of Independence Mission Schools, wants to keep former parish schools in 16 Philadelphia area neighborhoods open and affordable to parents. He believes outside management will help make that possible.
"The most important thing we're going to bring to the schools is just good management practices, keeping overhead costs at a minimum, and still providing quality leadership and oversight to ensure that there's good academic accountability," Cavalli said.
The mission schools currently serve about 4,200 students. Many are from low-income in communities, and many are not Catholic.
The schools were removed from parish control last year as part of restructuring effort by the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.
Independence Mission Schools will assume formal control of the schools for the beginning of next school year.
"We want to make it an affordable quality education that [parents] can commit to and feel confident that its going to be there in the coming years," Cavalli said.


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Extra Clean! Runs Great! Leather! California Special Edition! The best kept secret in townMattingly Motors offers a family friendly atmosphere and a hassle free buying experience. Our Price guarantee says that we will beat any competitors price by $500.00 . We have a strong base of loyal customers because we strive for satisfaction and we know that you have a choice. We pride ourselves in offering our customers some of the best prices and the best values in the area! We also offer warranties on all vehicles and we accept trade-Ins. Due to our competitive pricing we recommend you call us to verify that the vehicle you are interested in is still available. Make the mattingly choice and you won't be disappointed!
Price may exclude tax, title, tags, governmental fees, any emissions testing charges and any finance charges (if applicable). Unless otherwise stated separately in the vehicle details, price does not include documentation, processing, administrative, closing or similar fees. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.


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Are these two closely-related, but nonsynonymous topics fair-game for discussion here. or would that violate the forum rules?
I'd love to have a discussion about both if anyone else is interested.
'); var yuipath = 'clientscript/yui'; var yuicombopath = ''; var remoteyui = false; } else // Load Rest of YUI remotely (where possible) { var yuipath = 'http://yui.yahooapis.com/2.9.0/build'; var yuicombopath = 'http://yui.yahooapis.com/combo'; var remoteyui = true; if (!yuicombopath) { document.write('
Are these two closely-related, but nonsynonymous topics fair-game for discussion here. or would that violate the forum rules?
I'd love to have a discussion about both if anyone else is interested.
It could be a very interesting discussion, but I doubt it would go very far without straying into being a religious debate.Forum: Market Square
Not a board for it? Talk about it here.
Not a board for debating politics, religion, or other potentially charged topics along the same lines.
Agreed, which is why I questioned whether or not it would be deemed appropriate by the mods. It's too bad, as 21st-century science has made these two very fascinating questions.
As long as you keep it civil and nobody starts making accusations/throwing fits/name calling/etc. then it will be okay.
Also as to the religion part, it is impossible to have a discussion about it without religion being discussed because if you exclude religion then you have made the choice to not include it. Kind of like if you choose not to decide you still have made a choice.
So play nice and have a good time, but keep it civil.
/end thread
"Yeah, but how did that get there?" --A question you could ask for everything, ever.
Right, cdash. That's called the first cause paradox (amongst other names), and it applies to every worldview, whether theistic, deistic, or atheistic. If you ever come across someone who uses the "Who created God?" grade-school-level philosophy, be sure to ask them to apply that same question to whatever it is they believe to be the ultimate source of reality, and watch them go red in the face. Pseudo-skeptics, all of them.
There are only two possibilities: Either something has always existed, or something arose from absolute nothingness. I find the former to be the more reasonable conclusion, but to each his own.
I think you can have a discussion contained to the origins of earth and life on earth without getting into the existence or acts of god. There are a mountain of facts to go on. If you tried to stretch it past that to the start of the universe itself, however, then it becomes unavoidable. As CDash said, ultimately "where did that come from" is a question with infinite answers.
Last edited by Kstat; 04-24-2013 at 04:44 PM.
It wasn't about being the team everyone loved, it was about beating the teams everyone else loved.
Division Champions 1955, 1956, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Conference Champions 1955, 1956, 1988, 2005
NBA Champions 1989, 1990, 2004
The "mountains of facts" all call into question whether abiogenesis and Darwinian evolution are the the causes for the origin and subsequent diversification of life. My own personal, but highly-educated, opinion is that both concepts are archaic, being formulated in a time of ignorance, and are held to today largely for dogmatic, rather than scientific, reasons.
Just out of curiosity, can you expand on "highly educated?" I'm not questioning you at all, I'm just interested in how much academic work you have done in such an area. Admittedly, I haven't done any, so I am interested in those that have dug deeper than myself.
Also, if we narrow this scope to the origin of human life, what are your scientific beliefs?
Generally, I see a lot of validity to two viewpoints.
1. Everything came out of nothingness leading to conclusions of either:
a. everything having been created by a higher power who had the foresight to plan for and design in evolution as a method of making our planet more easily self-sustaining due to diversity of consumption and productivity of all living things whether they have recognizable intelligence or not
b. having randomly sprung forth over some incredibly long period of time due to an imbalance of some kind in the "energy" of whatever nondiscernible dimension which caused a point of origin of an enormous release of "energy" in our discernable dimensions which has caused virtually infinite manifestations of matter and antimatter, including life as we currently define it
2. Everything has always existed and either
a. randomly assimilated into various states of all forms of energy and matter / antimatter including what we define as life
b. has been meticulously utilized by a higher power of some kind with such omnipotence that even seemingly random interactions ultimately have equal and opposite reactions, including the creation of and destruction of what we define as life
In my opinion, evolution, whether planned by a higher power (perhaps even one that exists in dimensions postulated by scientists to exist which have yet to be able to actually observe) or simply due to the continued course of interactions of energy and all forms of matter, is now actually observable through our photographic and video records of just humans over the course of those technologies, and even moreso when we see drawings and paintings from hundreds of years ago, assuming that they are reasonably accurate. We as humans are taller and heavier. Even our facial structures seem to be changing over time.
Even in our homes it is obvious when comparing homes without remodeling changes from over the years. Cabinetry is significantly taller today than it used to be, toilets are taller and a little more elongated, furniture and bedding is larger overall. Again, we are taller and heavier than we once were, and the rate of change seems to be accelerating, likely due to improved nutrition and healthcare and the different characteristics which have now become more desirable. I believe that the ease of supporting a taller and heavier stature has led to an evolution of a good portion of our species at a far more rapid pace.
Where it all started though, I wasn't there when / if it did, and have no clue whether the reports of being able to see back to a half billion years of the instant of the "big bang" are accurate, or if somehow there is more complexity in the system than we are capable of understanding given current technological and logistical obstacles and we are actually way off even in our assumptions about what we perceive to be constants.
Maybe our universe is contained inside the equivalent of a subatomic particle that is constantly changing and interacting with others within an incomprehensibly large system which we would perceive as other dimensions if we were capable of doing so?
This crap used to drive me crazy when I would contemplate it. What would there be if there wasn't life? There has to be something right? The fact that there is life is pretty much a miracle IMO. I've always been one to question but just that fact makes a GOD (whatever anybody might define as God) a more likely possibility. Even the people that believe in evolution have to admit that everything started from something. What created that something in the first place?
Regardless of how life came to be, there's still the much deeper question of how/why nature permits life to exist in the first place. Even if one accepts abiogenesis and Darwinian evolution, those only explain how the potential for life to exist was realized, not how/why that potential exists in the first place. This is the question of the nature of nature; it not only wonders how/why existence is, but why it is as it is.
This is a passionate subject to me as one who is a proud member of Team Science. I highly recommend you read this whole article if you are at all interested in learning the way evolution really works. I just pasted a snippet.
Evolution: A Game of Chance | Observations
By Christie Wilcox | January 11, 2012
One of the toughest concepts to grasp about evolution is its lack of direction. Take the classic image of the evolution of man, from knuckle-walking ape to strong, smart hunter: We view this as the natural progression of life. Truth is, there was no guarantee that some big brained primates in Africa would end up like we are now. It wasnt inevitable that we grew taller, less hairy, and smarter than our relatives. And it certainly wasnt guaranteed that single celled bacteria-like critters ended up joining forces into multicellular organisms, eventually leading to big brained primates! Evolution isnt predictable, and randomness is key in determining how things change. But thats not the same as saying life evolves by chance. Thats because while the cause of evolution is random (mutations in our genes) the processes of evolution (selection) is not. Its kind of like playing poker the hand you receive is random, but the odds of you winning with it arent. And like poker, its about much more than just what youre dealt. Outside factors your friends ability to bluff you in your poker game, or changing environmental conditions in the game of life also come into play. So while evolution isnt random, it is a game of chance, and given how many species go extinct, its one where the house almost always wins.
99.99% of all the species that have ever existed are now extinct.
Last edited by PaceBalls; 04-26-2013 at 02:23 PM.
This is such a complicated subject. I find that while it can be interesting and rewarding to research and read about it, it can also be a huge turn off. The former for the obvious reasons, the latter because I tend to wrinkle my nose when people get arrogant. "It must be God." "There can't be a God." "That is impossible." In my opinion those kinds of quotes get said a lot and I usually find it arrogant and presumptive.
For me, I think there are things that sound 'magical' to me that may nonetheless be part of reality. I also think our culture is saturated in nonsense, and I think science goes a long way in removing the garbage, but I sometimes fear it throws the baby out with all of the bathwater, too.
I don't know what the answers are. I like science, I think it's a super important, super powerful tool/method, but I don't like how some people get dogmatic about it and treat it like a belief system. I also think there might be a God, there might be an afterlife, we may be more than our physical bodies, time might be more of an illusion than we think it is. But I don't know. I wish I did. I feel like I won't ever know for sure.
Frankly, it gets hard to even read up on certain topics like this because there's usually a strong bias injected into the research and analysis. A lot of people make assumptions and treat them as facts and then attack, ridicule, and discredit anything that might suggest their assumptions are wrong. And I find that very unscientific, and I find that extremely unproductive at best, destructive at worst.
Speaking of what I find unscientific, the popular Saganism, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence," fits that bill in my opinion. Why? Because who gets to rule on or to decide what qualifies as 'extraordinary'? I think the answer is nobody. I think an adjective like 'extraordinary' has no place in science. What might seem ordinary to you may seem extraordinary to someone else, and vice versa.
Claims require evidence in order to be proven as fact. Whether or not anyone does or does not find those claims 'extraordinary' is completely irrelevant.
I think Sagan defined what he meant by "extraordinary" as being contrary to established laws of science.
Thus if I claim to have built a perpetual motion machine, my evidence better be pretty good to warrant anyone paying me even a moment of attention.
If I claim that it rained a whole lot last week then my assertion is pretty much obvious (or not) to anyone in a position to have shared that experience, and I need not have much data to support that assertion.
The poster "pacertom" since this forum began (and before!). I changed my name here to "Slick Pinkham" in honor of the imaginary player That Bobby "Slick" Leonard picked late in the 1971 ABA draft (true story!).
I see your point, but this concept still falls prey to subjectivity with regards to how much or what kind of evidence does it take to be seen as 'extraordinary' and again who gets to make that call? The one making the claim? The one denying the claim? Someone else? It's subjective to try to label it as 'extraordinary' or even 'pretty good'.
And what if the claim has to do with something difficult to capture? I mean 'we all thought' giant squids were a myth for however many centuries... until they finally documented one. You know? It's one thing if the claim is based in newtonian physics (in terms of how easy or difficult it is to replicate the claim), but what if it isn't?
I'm a passionate Christian and a young minister (though not yet ordained), so I have an opinion on this. I will not shove it down anyones throat so if anyone has any questions about the truth of creation, message me or email me. Though, if you message me to argue you are not going to get a response so do not bother.
As it says in Romans 14:
Welcome those who are weak in faith, but do not argue with them about their personal opinions.
Last edited by BearBugs; 04-26-2013 at 06:28 PM.
Someone needs to put down the 1960's textbooks and read some 21st-century peer-reviewed literature. The notion that random mutation is the driving creative force behind evolution is a relic of a past ignorance; it has no basis in reality.
Hicks is 100% correct. All claims require sufficient evidence; nothing more, nothing less. What Sagan really means by "extraordinary" is claims which challenge his metaphysical presuppositions, thus, it becomes a statement of dogmatism, not skepticism.
For example, Sagan accepted both abiogenesis and the notion that random mutation could, and did, engineer life -- two seemingly extraordinary claims -- while never observing either. He accepted them because they gelled with his worldview, thus, his standards for what qualifies as evidence were significantly lowered. Sagan was as dogmatic as any Christian zealot, and in some ways even worse, as he masqueraded his dogmatism as proven science.
I agree there are things that can't be explained, but the skeptical mind would naturally require more evidence as proof and be on the side of caution rather than belief in regards to outrageous claims such as miracles clairvoyance and magic or whatever.
Last edited by PaceBalls; 04-27-2013 at 12:04 AM.
Did you read the article?
The whole point of this article is that mutation plays a part but selection is the guiding force. How can you dispute that?
What is this new fangled 21st century evolution you so highly tote then? Are you going to tell me something about Intelligent Design?
Last edited by PaceBalls; 04-27-2013 at 12:16 AM.
Obviously there are going to be cases where the vast majority would agree that it is probably an extraordinary claim, but it is still a subjective adjective that has no place in science, and it's especially ridiculous to try to objectively describe evidence as extraordinary or not extraordinary. Evidence is evidence. How 'extraordinary' it allegedly is or is not is subjective.
Selection is a culling process; it eliminates the absolute weakest of organisms, nothing more. If it's the primary "guiding force" for Darwinian evolution, then I say it's time we give Darwinian evolution a nice burial in the pseudoscience cemetery, right next to astrology. As the saying goes, natural selection can explain the survival of the fittest, but it can't explain the arrival of the fittest, and that's where the heart of the controversy lies.
Wait for it....wait for it.....
Well, I guess we're waiting for it.
Hey GRH, what can explain the arrival of the fittest??
And what does that mean?
[~]) ... Cheers! Go Pacers!


text:
Brian had a Comcast tech come to his house to replace a router, one of two broken ones they provided. The operation shouldn't have taken but a moment. Instead the tech was on hold with Comcast for 90 minutes. And he fell asleep. Brian made a video documenting the affair.
A troll by the name of Lance gurgled on Brian's blog, "not a Comcast tech /// Comcast corporate policy says no shorts."
Because of course, besides this, Comcast is the queen's tits when it comes to customer service. If the guy's gonna fall asleep on the couch, we doubt strict adherence to dress codes is his first concern.
"Snakes on a Comcast Internet Connection" [Snakes on a Blog]


text:
Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE)
Recruitment status was: Active, not recruiting
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Alzheimer Disease
|Drug: alphatocopherol Drug: Selenium Drug: Placebo replacement for vitamin E Drug: Placebo replacement for Selenium
|Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Primary Purpose: Prevention
|Official Title:
|Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE)
- Effect on the incidence of dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) over time [ Time Frame: 7 to 12 years (depending on enrollment date) ]
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|May 2002
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|August 2014
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|January 2014 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: 1
vitamin E and selenium
Drug: alphatocopherol
400 IU daily
Other Name: Vitamin EDrug: Selenium
200mcg daily
Experimental: 2
vitamine E and placebo
Drug: alphatocopherol
400 IU daily
Other Name: Vitamin EDrug: Placebo replacement for Selenium
1 placebo pill daily
Experimental: 3
selenium and placebo
Drug: Selenium
200mcg dailyDrug: Placebo replacement for vitamin E
1 placebo pill daily
Placebo Comparator: 4
placebo and placebo
Drug: Placebo replacement for vitamin E
1 placebo pill dailyDrug: Placebo replacement for Selenium
1 placebo pill daily
Detailed Description:
Studies show that increased oxidative stress (from excess free radicals) may damage brain cells and is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies show increased oxidation of brain lipids (fats), proteins, carbohydrates (sugars) and DNA in AD. Although the causes of AD are not known, it is believed that oxidative stress is part of what damages brain cells in AD and probably other brain diseases. Animal and tissue culture studies of vitamin E and selenium suggest that they can protect brain cells from damage. This research study is being done to see how safe and effective vitamin E and selenium may be in preventing AD and other brain illnesses. These illnesses are more common in people over the age of 60 to 65. A potential benefit of participating in the PREADVISE study is that early detection of memory changes can lead to early diagnosis and treatment. Also, some participants may decrease their risk of getting AD if the supplements are effective. The findings of this study may also help in the research and understanding of AD.
Only participants who are taking part in the SELECT study (a study that looks at the use of vitamin E and selenium for preventing prostate cancer) may apply to participate in the PREADVISE study about how useful vitamin E and selenium might be for preventing memory changes with age (including Alzheimer's disease and other disease that can affect the brain). African American and Hispanic men who are age 60 or older may take part. Men of other ethnic groups aged 62 or older may take part. The SELECT doctors or staff will review the applicant's medical history and drugs to verify that they have no conditions that would exclude them from this study. About 10,000 men will take part in this study.
The PREADVISE study examinations will be done during the participant's annual SELECT visit at the clinic where the SELECT studies are being conducted. There will be one study visit for each year the participants are in SELECT (7 to 12 visits). Each visit for PREADVISE will consist of a brief screening of the participant's memory, and an update (if any) of the participant's family history of dementia and medications. If memory changes are suggested by the brief memory screen, the participant will be asked to take a longer memory screen to further evaluate the potential for memory changes. If the longer memory screen also suggests problems with the participant's memory, the participant will be asked to see his family doctor or a PREADVISE doctor for a more complete medical exam to find the possible causes of the memory change. Results of the doctor's medical exam, with the consent of the participant, will be sent to the PREADVISE doctors for their review to help with the diagnosis. Results of the memory checks will not be given to the participants. However, if the participant does have a medical workup for memory changes, this information will be given to the family doctor after the medical workup is completed. A portion of the blood sample that was taken when the participant entered SELECT might be analyzed and tested for a genetic risk factor associated with Alzheimer's disease, called Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The results of this test will be used for research purposes only.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|60 Years to 90 Years (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Participating in SELECT Prevention study;
- 62 years or older if other ethnic origin, or 60 years or older if African-American or Hispanic;
- General good health with no neurological or psychiatric illness.
Exclusion Criteria:
The SELECT doctors or staff will review the PREADVISE applicants' medical history and drugs to verify that they have no condition(s) that would exclude them from this study. The participant must not have any of the following neurological conditions based on self report (were told by a physician):
- Alzheimer's disease, or any other form of dementia such as Pick's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, significant cognitive and motor impairment from a stroke or corticobasal degeneration;
- Huntington's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, manic-depressive disorder, or schizophrenia;
- The participant must not have had a head injury with prolonged loss of consciousness (over 30 minutes) within the past five years;
- The participant must not have a current alcohol or substance abuse diagnosis, or must have been treatment free for the past 24 months;
- The participant must not have had a diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder in the past 4 months and must not currently be under treatment for depression or anxiety disorder. [A participant who was previously diagnosed with depression or anxiety disorder but completed treatment more than four months ago is eligible.];
- The participant must not currently use of any of the following medications: Aricept, Cognex, Exelon, Reminyl, or Hydergine;
- The participant must not have blindness, deafness, language difficulties or any other disability that may prevent completion of the memory screen.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00040378
Show 91 Study Locations
|Principal Investigator:
|Frederick Schmitt, PhD
|Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
|Principal Investigator:
|Richard Kryscio, PhD
|Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
Additional Information:
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
|Responsible Party:
|Frederick Schmitt, Professor, University of Kentucky
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00040378 History of Changes
|Obsolete Identifiers:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
5R01AG019241 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
|Study First Received:
|June 25, 2002
|Last Updated:
|February 21, 2013
Keywords provided by Frederick Schmitt, University of Kentucky:
Alzheimer Disease
Vitamin E
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Alzheimer Disease
Vitamin E
Brain Diseases
Central Nervous System Diseases
Nervous System Diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurocognitive Disorders
Mental Disorders
Growth Substances
Physiological Effects of Drugs
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Protective Agents
Trace Elements
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017


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