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By Caroline M. Tanner, M.D., Ph.D.
Originally published in the Spring 2011 issue of PDF's Newsletter, News & Review.
Scientists generally agree that most cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) result from some combination of nature and nurture — the interaction between a person's underlying genetic make-up and his or her life activities and environmental exposures. A simple way to describe this is that "genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger." In this formulation, "environment" has a very broad meaning — that is, it refers to any and all possible causes other than those that are genetic in origin.
The interactions between genes and environment can be quite complex. Some environmental exposures may lower the risk of PD, while others may increase it. Similarly, some people have inherited a genetic makeup that makes them more or less susceptible to the effects of toxicants, or poisonous agents, than others. The effect of a combined exposure can be greater — or lower — than a single exposure. All of this means that the particular combination of factors leading to PD is likely to be unique for each person. These combinations, in different ways, may trigger a common series of biological changes that will ultimately lead to the disease.
Scientists are beginning to tease apart the non-genetic factors that influence PD risk. In particular, epidemiologists are working to identify differences in the experiences of people who develop PD, compared to those who do not. But identifying these risk factors can be difficult. And when we do identify them, they serve only as clues. They do not provide a direct explanation for the cause of Parkinson's, so scientists must supplement these population studies with laboratory experiments.
The following is a list of some of the risk factors for which we have found some evidence of an association with PD. For the most part, it is too soon to make recommendations for how to prevent Parkinson's based on this research. However, these results may help us to understand the causes of PD, and provide direction for future research and therapy development.
Potential Risk Factors
Age. About one percent of people over age 60 have Parkinson's disease, compared with just 0.001 percent of people 45 or younger.
Gender. Parkinson's is more common in men than in women. It is not known whether this is due to genetic factors, hormones or differences in behavior.
Head Injury. Traumatic brain injury — injury that results in amnesia or loss of consciousness — has been associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's years after the injury. Laboratory studies suggest that such injury may provoke inflammation in the brain, which could lead to the development of PD.
Area of Residence. There are differences in the geographic distribution of PD. These could be due to differences in environmental factors, some of which are referenced below, and differences in genetic risk factors. Alternatively, they could be traced to differences in the methods that are used to count people with PD. While studies are too few to provide definitive patterns, some have been suggested. For example, Parkinson's prevalence is higher in the Inuit population in Denmark than it is among other Danes, possibly reflecting a greater dietary intake among the Inuits of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs (see page 7). In the agricultural California central valley, living in a home near to fields where the pesticides paraquat and maneb were used was associated with PD in one report. Another study reported greater incidence of PD in urban areas with high levels of industrial emissions of the metal manganese, and possibly copper (see more on page 7).
Occupation. Certain occupational categories or job titles have been associated with a higher incidence of PD, but results have been inconsistent. The relationship between welding (the process of fusing substances, usually metals) and PD has been a recent focus of controversy. In some reports for example, studies of people who are referred for medicolegal evaluation (an examination to determine the legal aspects of a workplace) welding has been suggested to cause Parkinson's symptoms or earlier onset of PD.
However, in most other studies, including several in large national occupational and disease registries, welding has not been associated with PD risk.
A higher frequency of PD has been associated with many other occupations, but only a few occupations have been associated with PD in multiple studies, including agricultural and industrial workers. By contrast, lower rates of Parkinson's are associated with shift work and jobs involving vigorous physical work. While we can hypothesize that the agricultural or industrial jobs may involve greater exposure to toxicant chemicals, further study in other populations is needed to understand if certain occupations are actually associated with a higher risk of PD. Some of the studies investigating specific toxicant exposures are described in the next sections.
Pesticide Exposure. Of all the chemical exposures that have been linked to Parkinson's, pesticides have been reported the most consistently. Recent research has shown higher rates of Parkinson's among people who were exposed to pesticides over a long period of time as part of their work. Investigating other types of pesticide exposure, such as home use, is more challenging. However, hobby gardening and home pesticide use have each been associated with PD in one report. Although few studies have identified specific pesticides as leading to PD, those that have been so identified include the insecticides rotenone and permethrin (used in clothing and mosquito netting to kill mosquitos); organochlorines such as beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH — used in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s); and the herbicides paraquat and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). It is important to note that most people who are exposed to these pesticides do not go on to develop Parkinson's. The herbicide 2,4-D is one of the chemicals making up Agent Orange, used as a defoliant during the Vietnam war era. Although Agent Orange has not been proven to cause PD, the US Department of Veterans Affairs has ruled that veterans with PD who served in Vietnam between January 9, 1962 and May 7, 1975 are eligible to receive disability compensation from the Veterans Administration.
Exposure to Metals. Occupational exposures to various metals have been suggested to be related to the development of PD. But long-term exposure to metals is not easily measured, and the results of studies measuring PD risk and specific metals have been inconsistent. For example, high dose manganese exposure, a metal mentioned earlier, is known to cause a form of parkinsonism called manganism. Whether there is a relationship between manganese exposure and PD has been a point of interest, with focus on welders who may be exposed to it. A recent review concluded that manganese is an unlikely cause of Parkinsonism in the US population of welders. Direct measurement of lead levels in bone and blood serum suggests a link between PD and lead exposure, with greater risk associated with greater lifetime exposure.
Solvents and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used in many industries and is the most common organic contaminant in groundwater. Occupational exposure to TCE was found to be associated with Parkinson's among workers whose factory jobs resulted in long-term (eight to 33 years) exposure to the solvent. In a study of discordant twins (that is, twin pairs in which just one of the members had PD), the twin who had been occupationally exposed to TCE was more likely to develop Parkinson's than the one who had not. This link has also been observed in experiments in the laboratory.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mentioned earlier, are persistent organic pollutants that were used in industrial processes until the late 1970s. PCBs have been found in relatively high concentrations in the brains of people who had PD. Occupational exposure to PCBs has been associated with greater risk of Parkinson's in women, but not in men, and those women who were exposed have shown evidence of injury to their dopamine systems (the systems disrupted in PD).
Genetic Predisposition. Often, a person's genetic makeup will help to determine the effect of an environmental exposure. For example, agricultural workers exposed to pesticides were at an increased risk of PD only if they also had inherited a reduced ability to metabolize toxicants. In another study, head injury was associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's only in people with one form of a particular gene; in people without this particular gene variant, head injury was not associated with a higher risk of PD. Increasingly, epidemiologists and geneticists are working together to identify combinations of genes and environmental exposures that are related to PD.
Potential Protective Factors
Scientists have also found certain factors that may actually reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's. As with risk factors, not enough is known about these and they should not be tried without the counsel of a doctor.
Coffee and tea. Drinking coffee or tea has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's, most markedly so in men. Caffeine has direct effects on the brain, and some of these effects may help to cause a lower risk of PD.
Uric acid or urate. This chemical occurs naturally in blood. High levels, associated with diets high in certain foods, such as meats, can cause gout and kidney stones. However, researchers have found that men with uric acid levels in the high end of the normal range have a lower incidence of Parkinson's. Men with PD who have uric acid in the high normal range have a slower rate of PD progression. In women, who typically have lower urate levels, the same effects are not established. A drug that increases blood urate is being studied in a clinical trial in PD.
Anti-inflammatory drugs. Several studies have shown that people who regularly take anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen have a lower risk of Parkinson's. Inflammation is thought to play a role in causing Parkinson's, and reducing inflammation may explain the reduced PD risk.
Smoking. Many studies have associated cigarette smoking with a decreased risk of PD. Researchers hypothesize that nicotine may block the damaging processes causing PD, but the exact effects are not known. A clinical trial to study nicotine in PD is planned.
Cholesterol levels. Some studies have suggested that the use of statins — drugs that are used to lower cholesterol levels — is associated with reduced PD risk. However, in other studies an association was also found between low blood cholesterol levels and increased PD risk. Understanding cholesterol metabolism may provide clues to the molecular mechanisms that cause PD.
Vitamin D. People with higher vitamin D levels were at lower risk of PD in one study. Vitamin D has many beneficial effects that, theoretically, could help to prevent PD, and Vitamin D receptors (recognition sites) are found in the brain areas damaged in PD.
Exercise. Greater physical activity has been associated with lower risk of Parkinson's. Studies in animals also support this.
The Search for Proof
Observational studies cannot prove that an association is truly a cause of PD. This is because the kinds of studies that could pin down exact answers cannot be carried out on people. Instead, we must conduct experiments in the laboratory and then project the results of these tests as best we can to what happens in people. However, laboratory experiments can never give us the full picture of PD risk in humans. The final test can only be done through an iterative process, taking the clues gained from observations of human populations into the laboratory, and then bringing the laboratory results back again to the human population. Plausibility in the human framework provides the ultimate test for results from laboratory research. Our hope is that understanding environmental risk factors will lead to a better understanding not only of the causes of PD, but of other neurodegenerative disorders as well.
Dr. Tanner is the Director of Clinical Research at the Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center.


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'"Ryan's feeling better," Ruff said. "Every day is a little bit different. I think you get in these situations and you really don't know. You could have a bad night's sleep and think it's something else, so a lot of times it's tough. He's doing better. I talked to him on the way in and I talked to him on the way out. He's in good spirits, and I think he's progressing."'
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NEWPORT was revealed to be the UK's quietest city as those living in the area spend the most time in silence a survey said.
According to new research from audio technology company LimitEar, it found that people living in Newport spend one hour three minutes in complete silence, more than any other UK city.
Those in Swansea spend 42 minutes on complete silence whilst those in Cardiff spend 51 minutes in silence.
The city in the UK spending the least time in silence was revealed to be Derby, with residents only spending an average of 22 minutes in silence.
LimitEar surveyed 2,000 UK residents, who were asked how long they spend in total silence discounting sleep and with no background noise, including music, TV, traffic or animals sounds.
Prolonged exposure to ambient noise and the increased use of headphones puts people at risk of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).
Managing Director of LimitEar, Stephen Wheatley, said: "We need to ensure we take our aural health seriously and having a good dose of quiet time at some point in our day is as good for our hearing as it is for our mental wellbeing."
Do you think Newport is a particularly quiet place? Do you manage to get any peace and quiet where you are? Let us know.


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UNDY V COUNTY (Friday, KO 6.30)
NEWPORT County will field at least three trialists in Friday's first pre-season friendly at Undy Athletic.
Former fans' favourite Kerry Morgan will be joined by Chris Jones and Sam Gwynne.
All three were at Welsh Premier League side Neath last season and are now without a club after the west Wales outfit was wound up at the High Court last month.
Like Morgan, Jones is a winger who started his career at Swansea City.
The 22-year-old has been capped by Wales at under-17, under-19 and under-21 level, as well as playing for the Wales semi-pro side last season.
He has also had spells at Blue Square Bet Premier rivals Cambridge United and Grimsby Town.
In two years at Neath he scored 16 goals and was selected in the WPL dream team in 2010-11 and 2011-12.
Hereford-born Gwynne was on the books of Hereford United for seven years, making more than 50 first team appearances.
The 24-year-old central midfielder left his hometown club for Wales last summer after a loan stint at AFC Telford United.
He was released by Neath earlier this year and finished the 2011-12 season at Hereford-based club Westfields in the Midland Football Alliance division.
Jones, Gwynne and Morgan have all been training with the County squad this week.
Morgan was released by Swansea last summer and opted to join Neath rather than stay on at County, where he had been on loan.
He will be pulling on an Exiles shirt for the first time since the 7-1 win at Gateshead in April 2011.
The 23-year-old will be hoping to impress manager Justin Edinburgh and recapture the kind of form that made him a firm favourite with supporters during his first spell at the club.
Morgan was an integral part of Dean Holdsworth's 2009-10 Blue Square South championship-winning side, scoring seven goals in 20 starts.
And he made 36 appearances, 20 as a sub, in 2010-11 under Holdsworth, Tim Harris and Anthony Hudson.


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Welcome to UK!
With more than 200 academic programs spread across 16 colleges and professional schools, more than 450 student organizations and clubs excited for new members or the 22 varsity sports programs to follow throughout the year, there is something for everyone at the University of Kentucky!
Throughout this site we've provided answers, insights and stories that hopefully make your college decision a little easier. Our mission is to support the success of colleges and students in their commitment to academic excellence through outstanding service. Our staff is dedicated to assisting you during the college selection process. Contact your admission counselor with any question you may have. We're here to help you any way we can.


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Lord of the Rink
After 18 seasons in the NHL, Wayne Gretzky still plays hockey with passion and drive.
(continued from page 8)
Now in his 18th NHL season, Wayne Gretzky has long since thrown away the old record book and written a new one. He owns the single-season and career records for goals, assists and points--the greatest hat trick of them all. He began this season owning 61 NHL records.
A mention of his vast accomplishments and a word of praise is likely to draw a downward glance of embarrassment and a blush from Gretzky, now sitting across the table at a diner on New York City's Upper East Side. He picks up a box of Partagas and says, "Thanks for the cigars." But the most he'll admit about his historical standing right now is, "My numbers are noncomparable."
No question. A Grand Canyon exists between Wayne Gretzky's totals and those of anyone who ever played hockey since the dawn of the National Hockey League in 1917. While he practices, boards planes and plays 84 games a year plus playoff contests, Gretzky's accomplishments transcend ice surfaces and arenas. His career is nothing if not a rendezvous with numbers, numbers in bold black ink shouting off a page. Even Michael Jordan, a hardcourt messiah without a weakness, has not lapped the competition to the same degree that Gretzky has. No one has ever played hockey in Wayne's World. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that anyone ever will. Wayne Gretzky is irrefutably the greatest hockey player that ever lived.
But Gretzky can't rest on his laurels. His 18th season is a new beginning. Last July the New York Rangers signed him to a two-year deal worth $5 million a year. "I had a little extra motivation; coming here I knew there was going to be pressure and that all eyes were on me. I knew I just couldn't be average. So I really had to be ready. For me, I had a little more motivation and a little more fear in me than a lot of other guys." Part of that motivation comes from his disappointing experience with the St. Louis Blues last season.
Gretzky had been traded to St. Louis from the Los Angeles Kings on Feb. 27, 1996, which allowed him to hook up with his friend, the high-scoring right winger Brett Hull. Gretzky suited up for 31 regular-season games with the Blues, then helped them beat the Toronto Maple Leafs in the first round of the playoffs. After the Blues lost the first two games of the next series to the Detroit Red Wings--the best team during the regular season--coach Mike Keenan ripped Gretzky in front of his teammates and the press for what he saw as a subpar peformance. Several teammates knew Gretzky was suffering from back pain, but he kept it to himself, blaming himself for the two losses. Although the Blues rallied to win the next three games before losing Games 6 and 7 to drop the series, Gretzky was still chafing over the comments. He wanted the Blues to issue a no-trade guarantee on Hull's status. They refused. He skipped the final team meeting and withdrew his offer on a home in the St. Louis area. On July 21, he signed the two-year deal with New York.
This season, Gretzky started strong, edging up among the leaders in points for the first six weeks. Right before Christmas, he led the league in scoring with 52 points, two ahead of the Pittsburgh Penguins' high-scoring duo, Jaromir Jagr and Mario Lemieux. But an NHL season is a marathon, not a sprint. As funny as it seems, even Gretzky must prove his mettle over the long haul. People will be looking for, nay demanding, the elusive skating and slick passing that have built the Gretzky legend. New city, new pressures, New York.
It was three years ago that the Rangers finally won the Stanley Cup and served their long-suffering fans a drink. They also made new converts. Sure, there were always puck heads, folks who always just loved the game. But others never got with it. To them, hockey's aesthetic comprised a never-ending series of fits and starts. An intercepted pass here, a deflection there, another futile rush up the ice--the rhythm of the game seemed to define frustration. To the uninitiated it was a game of one-nothing and two-one scores, starring guys named Henri, Claude and Sergei skating around in short pants. You still heard that old joke: "I went to a fight and a hockey game broke out." Great game? Sure. But to many, hockey was professional wrestling on skates--a kind of vice on ice. Nothing more.
But the Rangers rose up, quieting enemy chants--and chants in their own arena!--of "1940! 1940!" That was the pre-war date when they had last won the Stanley Cup. They elevated the game. Since then there have been high expectations. The guys in the green seats are getting hungry and need feeding. They still have the captain of the 1994 team, Mark Messier, and with Gretzky tossed in they have to be saying, "Why not us, again?" They'd like to get another cup.
Meanwhile, Gretzky and his wife, actress Janet Jones, and their three children, Paulina, 8, Ty, 6, and Trevor, 4, have moved from Los Angeles to an Upper East Side condo. While New York may represent his last dramatic stop in hockey, it is no more fascinating than his first.
Born in Brantford, Ontario, on Jan. 26, 1961, Wayne Gretzky was skating at the age of two. He writes in his autobiography, Gretzky, that when he was six his father, Walter, couldn't find a league for him to play in, 10 being the minimum age for league play in Brantford. But he got his chance with the 10-year-olds after passing a tryout. He skated on the third line and tallied only one goal that year, but still remembers his father saying to him, "Wayne, keep practicing and one day you're gonna have so many trophies, we're not going to have room for them all." Over the next three years, he scored 27 goals, then 104, and then 196.
Then the miraculous became real. Just four feet four inches tall and 11 years old, Gretzky sent ripples through Ripley's by scoring those 378 goals in 69 games. He won the scoring race by 238 goals. Gretzky demurely attempts to explain the unfathomable by saying that he had a break on the competition, having started skating at two, when most kids were getting their start at six or seven. Give it up, Wayne. There's no explaining it. Not without recourse to words like "genius." Unfortunately, the feat also ended his innocence.
He went from Brantford boy to world prodigy in the space of a year. He did dozens of interviews, more than all but a few NHL players. John Herbert, a writer from a London, Ontario, newspaper, tabbed him "The Great Gretzky." That name--and "The Great One"--have stuck. But while his childhood should have been a carpet ride, it was anything but. In local arenas he drew boos from parents who thought he was a puck hog. Other "adults" showed up with stopwatches to see how long Gretzky held the puck. They considered his goal totals flukes and said he'd be washed up before he saw 18.
No matter. Gretzky already had a foundation with his father, Walter. "Everything I did revolved around his life," the younger Gretzky recalls. "We were best friends. There were hard times, too. I'm not going to say it was all roses and peaches. He never missed a practice, he never missed a game. We never went on holidays because he wanted all the money to be put toward athletics and that kind of stuff. When I was eight years old, I remember my mom, Phyllis, saying, 'I need a new set of curtains.' And my dad said, 'Hang a couple of sheets up. We gotta get Wayne a new pair of skates.'
"He didn't push me; he just supported me. Which is a fine line. There's this sense that, 'If he's gonna push me, I'm gonna quit.' Because a lot of kids think that way. But he always supported me, gave me that chance and that opportunity, like putting the rink up in the backyard."
The rink became known as the "Wally Coliseum." "The amazing thing about the rink was it wasn't just a rink, it was a great rink!" Gretzky recalls. "The ice was seven inches thick! He would get the ice so thick that when it started to thaw in March, our rink would last three weeks longer than anyone else's. It was about 20 feet wide by 35 feet long. If you were over 10 or 11 years old it became a little difficult. But as a kid, eight, nine, 10 years old, you could play four-on-four and have lots of room. I would spend hours on it.
"On Saturdays and Sundays I'd be on the ice at 7 a.m., skate until 7:30 at night and then come in and watch 'Hockey Night in Canada.' Essentially I was on the ice the whole day. I remember on Saturdays and Sundays Dad would sleep in. He never drank, but he loved to sit up and watch old movies until about 3 o'clock. So some Saturdays he'd sleep in until about 10:30 or 11. But I can remember that he was always worried that I wasn't going to be big enough. That was always one of his fears. He was always worried about my eating habits. I can remember being out there at seven years old, skating by myself. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the window would open and I'd hear him yell, 'Did you eat yet?' And I'd lie and say, 'Yeah.' He'd say, 'No you didn't. Get your ass in here!'" Gretzky laughs like a kid at the recollection. "And he'd make me go in and make me eat and then I'd go back out. He gave me every opportunity, he supported me."
At 17, Gretzky signed his first pro contract with the WHA for $100,000 a year plus a $250,000 signing bonus. After playing just eight games of the 1978-1979 season with the Indianapolis Racers, they sold him to the Edmonton Oilers, at that time a member of the WHA.
His 43 goals and 61 assists brought the 18-year-old Rookie of the Year honors. Edmonton then joined the National Hockey League. Despite some predictions that he would not flourish in the NHL, Gretzky let his play do the talking. Right from the start, Gretzky was passing and teeing up his left-handed shot, scoring and assisting. In his first four years his point totals (goals plus assists) were 137, 164, 212 and 196. No one before him ever had more than 152 in a season! As a team, Edmonton won 47 games in 1982 and 48 in 1983. But the years 1980 through 1983 belonged to the New York Islanders, one of hockey's greatest dynasties. Edmonton would make the playoffs and even the NHL Finals in 1983 with an offensive machine that cranked out 424 goals--5.3 per game! But the Islanders dumped them four straight in the Finals. Now the cry became, "Gretzky can't win a cup."
"We had respect for the Islanders," Gretzky recalls. "They didn't like us because we were young and brash. We never showed that we respected them; we didn't want to give an inch and kept poker faces out there. I'm not sure how quickly we would have won a championship if we had not studied their team and followed their example. I thought the cornerstone of their team was [defenseman] Dennis Potvin." The following year the Oilers hit a breakaway stride, winning 57 games.
"The most rewarding season was 1984, the first year we won. Because after the loss to the Islanders in 1983, there was so much talk of breaking up our team. So much media pressure saying, 'That system can't win, that style of player can't win. Trade this guy, trade that guy.' Even though we lost in the Finals, we were scared to death! First of all, we were young--22, 23 years old. We were scared something would happen. We didn't know if I would be traded or if Paul Coffey would be traded. Fortunately, Glen [Sather, the Edmonton coach] really believed in what he had. He stuck with that team and that group heading into that next year and there was really nothing that was going to get in our way. We had so much respect for the Islanders that we had learned how they beat us and what they had to do to beat us; by the time we got back to the Finals the next year to play them, we were so focused and ready. We were fresh and hungry. We stole the first game, 1-0. The fourth-line guy, Kevin McClelland, scored the goal. You can't win championships without the 14th, 15th and 20th guys contributing. He scored a huge goal."
But the Islanders, who had won a record 19 consecutive playoff series, had no plans of going gently into that good night. "The next game we lost, 6-1, on [Long Island]. And I remember thinking on the bus, 'Well, we split. Let's go home and win three games.' We got back to Edmonton and Glen just skated the shit out of us in practice. He was screaming at us and got us so fired up. He believed in bringing every individual down and then bringing them back twice as high. First he told us how embarrassing we'd been in Game 2, and he really grinded us out. After he's done all that he brought us back up. We were on such a high that we won all three at home." Gone was that line, "Yeah, that Gretzky is great but he hasn't won."
The Oilers won again in 1985, lost to Calgary in the Finals in 1986, and won again in 1987 and 1988. They wore Champagne and drank from Lord Stanley's Cup four times in five years. It was after the 1988 Cup that Gretzky got introduced to cigars. "It was a celebration. Glen got me started," he recalls. Gretzky's father had been a cigar smoker. "My father smoked all kinds of cigars. I used to say, 'When I make pro hockey, I'm going to smoke cigars.' He said, 'You're not going to do either.' " He laughs again, the child in him never far from the surface.
The celebration over a fourth Stanley Cup didn't last long. Oilers owner Peter Pocklington was having cash problems, and to help solve them on Aug. 9, 1988, he traded Gretzky to the Kings, along with Mike Krushelnyski and Marty McSorley, in exchange for Jimmy Carson, Martin Gelinas, three first-round picks and $15 million. Prior to Gretzky's arrival, the Kings had turned in 14 sub-.500 campaigns in 21 seasons. L.A. wasn't exactly a hockey town back then. "I remember that first summer, I spent every day going to hockey clinics and doing interviews trying to sell the game," Gretzky told the Los Angeles Daily News. "It didn't happen overnight, and a lot of people put in a lot of hours. The one thing I worried about was being a $15 million bust."
He wasn't. Sharing the league scoring title with Lemieux, Gretzky led the Kings to a 42-31-7 record in his first season with the team. Season ticket sales soared to a club-record 14,875, and during the next season the center was named "Athlete of the Decade" by the Associated Press and United Press International, garnering more votes than Joe Montana, Magic Johnson and Larry Bird combined. For the 1991-92 season the Kings sold out every game, a feat never accomplished by the Lakers or any other L.A. sports team. The following season, behind Gretzky's leading playoff totals of 15 goals, 25 assists and 40 points in 24 games, the Kings reached the Stanley Cup Finals, losing to the Montreal Canadiens in five games.
The next three years, however, the Kings reverted to mediocrity. By the middle of the 1995-96 season, Gretzky wanted a commitment from management that it was going to make the kind of deals necessary to produce a winner. Since the Kings wouldn't make such a commitment, and because Gretzky was scheduled to become a free agent after the season, the team decided to get something for him while they could, trading him to the Blues that February for three young players: center Patrice Tardif, forward Craig Johnson and center Roman Vopat.
At the same time Gretzky was leading the Oilers to Stanley Cups and putting people into the seats in Los Angeles, he was also demolishing old records. In the 1981-82 season he established records for goals in a season, when his 92 shattered Phil Esposito's mark of 76. The old record for points, 152, also belonged to Espo. Gretzky blew it to smithereens that same season by posting 212! In the 1985-86 campaign Gretzky crushed his own record of 109 assists (Bobby Orr had held the previous record of 102) by accumulating an amazing 163. When there were no records left to break, he broke and rebroke his own records. Aside from holding the career marks in goals, assists and points, Gretzky now owns eight of the top 10 seasonal marks for points, four of the top 10 records for goals and nine of the top 10 marks for assists.
While fine players such as Lemieux and the Philadelphia Flyers' Eric Lindros have come along, they have not--and in all probability will not--even remotely approach Gretzky's totals. "You know, when I was doing it, I didn't even realize what I was doing," Gretzky says. "Some of the records that I have, some of the things I did. I wish..." He pauses. "I really didn't savor any of the moments. You know what I mean? The only time I really savored it was when I lifted the Stanley Cup, the four times I got to do that. I can remember each time what I was thinking and how I was feeling when I lifted the cup."
The comparisons had already begun. He was being measured against players like Bobby Hull, Gordie Howe, Bobby Orr, Maurice Richard, Guy LeFleur and a handful of others in the pantheon of hockey greats. The comparisons are instructive. But one gets the eerie sense that the comparisons are old already, like the stuff of museums. Everyone likes to recite the skills of players of his region or era. New Englanders tend to favor Orr. Chicagoans recall the blistering 100 mile per hour shot of Bobby Hull. Hockey aficionados from the 1940s through 1960s sing the praises of Gordie Howe. Has Gretzky eclipsed them?
And Howe. There was a time when you could make a case for Howe or Orr. That time has passed. Nearly a decade ago, Gretzky had already locked up the hockey record book like Bill Gates locked up computers. An all-around player, Gordie Howe had 1,850 points in 26 years of NHL play. Gretzky broke that record on Oct. 15, 1989, at Edmonton, at the very beginning of his 11th season! Orr was a great defender and an extraordinarily exciting player who, by virtue of his dazzling skating, could play defense offensively. He is a Hall of Fame player. But his goals and assists give him 915 points, about one third of Gretzky's total of 2,660 (through Dec. 22). Knee injuries forced Orr to retire early; his career was essentially over in 1975, when he was just 27. Howe himself once surmised, "If you want to tell me Gretzky's the greatest player of all time, I have no argument at all."
Gretzky demurs. "I don't think there's any question that the two greatest players of all time are Gordie Howe and Bobby Orr. They were special for the game, they excelled, they were champions, they carried themselves with class. There's no comparison to those two guys; they were the best. There are a lot of other guys who have done so much for the game. Mark Messier is a great example. Can you say he's better than Gordie Howe or Bobby Orr? I don't know. That's up for other people to debate. But what he's done for the game has been special. No one else has done that. He's captured a city, he's won six championships. He's one of the ultimate team players of all time. He's dedicated to the game."
But, uh, Wayne, what about the numbers you've put up? "I was fortunate, I really was. I came along at the right time. I was with the right group, the right teacher, the right coach. For me it was perfect." But your assists, your points..."I'd rather talk about other guys. Hey listen, when I'm at home and lying in bed with my wife, I tease her a little bit, I can have my moment. I can have my moments of telling her how good I think I am." And no doubt she agrees? "No, she doesn't. And that's why I like to tell her!" he says with a laugh.
"I'm just not a big believer in people who like to brag. I know what I've accomplished and I'm proud of it. I love the game and I'm proud of what I've done. I'm not going to tell you I'm not. Some of it amazes me, I can honestly tell you. There are some records that I don't think will ever be broken--92 goals will be tough." Not to mention nine Hart trophies (given to the league's most valuable player each season) and 10 Ross trophies (given to the player with the most points).
While Gretzky may not be prone to boasting, there's no shortage of praise from players and coaches who have seen him perform. Former Kings head coach Parker MacDonald said "trying to stop Wayne is like throwing a blanket over a ghost." A case in point was the night he became the fastest 50-goal scorer of all time. Entering the Dec. 31, 1981, game--his 39th of the season--with 45 goals, Gretzky scored five that night against Philadelphia. "This was absolutely crazy," the Flyers' Bobby Clarke said afterwards. "At least with Bobby Orr you'd see him wind up in his own end and you could try to set up some kind of defense to stop him. Gretzky comes out of nowhere. It's scary."
The Great One likes to set up behind the net, a place that has come to be known as "Gretzky's Office." From there he tallies many of his assists. "Once he's there," says former Hartford Whalers goalie Mike Liut, "your mind is on the guy he's going to pass to, but you can't take your eyes off Wayne." Liut found that out firsthand one game, in memorable fashion. "He once flipped it from behind there, off my neck and in," recalls Liut, who played against Gretzky for 12 seasons. "Wayne's two favorite plays are finding the guy no one else but him can see, and losing himself in your end. He's a genius." Even his skating made opponents wary. Says Liut, "I'd see him come down the ice and immediately start thinking, 'What don't I see that Wayne's seeing right now?' "
Janet Jones walks into the restaurant, taking a seat as Gretzky's arm curls around her. While he continues talking, she scoops up a morning paper to see what's being said about the Rangers' early-season performance. Of late they have been playing like the New York Strangers. They lost the previous night to Vancouver and the headline writers are starting to warm up, printing banners like "Broadway Blews." The Rangers are scoring one, two or three goals a night. Their offense seems headed nowhere. Gretzky has been passing well, so well that his slick maneuvers have at times surprised his mates, who haven't exactly performed like Power Rangers. Madison Square Garden analyst and former player John Davidson has said that if Gretzky had a scorer on his line, he'd have another 20 assists. "You can use an analogy with Magic Johnson," says the affable Davidson. "When Johnson was at his best and dished the ball off, he didn't really know where it was going, and as a receiver you might get surprised by it. Here, with the way Gretzky moves the puck to his teammates, you kind of don't expect it. It takes a while to get used to it."
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My respect to all.
My earliest memories are of Shwedagon Pagoda – memories that have always been my sanctuary through a lifetime of travels, studies and more than a fair share of stupidity. Fast forward through marriage, births, deaths, and all of the mixed experiences that karma brings.
Now my time is spent looking after the elderly sick and dying people in a nursing home.
Having decided to move back to SE Asia I decide to read up on Theravada Buddhism and the forest tradition in particular because of where I will be living. Started reading – first reaction is that I know far less than I believed I did. Lord Buddha tells us to listen and question not to be attracted by his obvious qualities. This works for me as I was brought up in the western scientific traditions – the only way that you can prove a theory is to try and disprove it.
So I read more, um... 4 Noble Truths – then go to work – what do I see universal suffering and the reality that birth will bring. Looking after people from all sorts of like circumstances; rich and poor, city and country, educated and uneducated successful and unsuccessful – none of this matters because suffering comes to all. What I see all around me is grief. Loss of loved ones neighbors pets, houses, social position … the list continues.
Reflect back to my education (economic at university) where I was taught that "needs and wants are unlimited but resources are not". Buddha has taught that it is grasping that has caused us to be born in the first place and keeps us in the cycle of birth and death. Economics has taught me that the material and sensory desires will never to fulfill. Even those who believed that they had achieved goals of wealth and social position have lost most before they even pass. So these things are only temporary and serve as an illusion that blindfolds us.
This is all a bit black so back to study the lessons of Buddha – the Nobel 8 Fold Path … this is where the light is.
OK I could go on but I will not make you suffer with my writing any more beyond saying that this should serve to introduce me. Looking forward to spending time here.
Love and best wishes to all, Paul


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vick has been hurt for his running before. it will happen again too. if he hadn't of been taken out of the game for as long as he was, he would be much worse for the wear.
rogers takes a gamble and it will catch up to him too if he keeps it up. probably not against the colts D but, it will get him. steve young ran quite a bit and his career ended when he still had gas left in the tank.


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Carlo Ancelotti says it is 50/50 whether he will remain at PSG
Paris Saint-Germain coach Carlo Ancelotti admits there is a chance he could still be at the Ligue 1 club next season.
Last Updated: 16/05/13 11:16am
The Italian's future with the Ligue 1 side has been at the centre of recent speculation and earlier this week PSG revealed they turned down an approach for their coach by Real Madrid.
Ancelotti has enjoyed a successful 17-month spell in the French capital, leading them to a runners-up finish in 2011/12 before lifting the league title this season.
And the 53-year-old admits he would be reluctant to leave PSG so soon.
"Of course there is a chance that I will stay," he told L'Equipe. "Today it is 50/50.
"I am settled here and I'm not a person who likes change.
"I was a little disappointed when I left Chelsea (in 2011). And if I leave Paris there will inevitably be sadness, that's normal.
"But in the meantime I want to clarify things (with the president). This applies to everything that has happened this season. A lot has gone on, some of it great, some not so great."
Ancelotti also played down the Madrid link, saying: "I have not met either Real Madrid's sporting director of the president."


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Communication students pick up national Gracie Award in New York City
|From left: Dr. Jimmy McCollum, associate professor, Department of Communication and Journalism, Brynn Watkins, Deborah Norville, Inside Edition, Marlee Vogel, Kathryn McKinley, Michael Fox, Donna Jo Fox, mother of Michael Fox, Kyrsten Turner
|Dr. Norma Burgess, dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Michael Fox, Marlee Vogel, Kyrsten Turner, Brynn Watkins, Kathryn McKinley, Dr. Jimmy McCollum, Debi Tate, executive-in-residence in the Lipscomb Department of Communication and Journalism and former Federal Communications Commissioner
|Michael Fox, Marlee Vogel, Kyrsten Turner, Brynn Watkins, Kathryn McKinley, Dr. Jimmy McCollum
Five Lipscomb University communication students traveled to New York City on Wednesday, June 26, to pick up their Gracie Award for Outstanding Public Service Announcement, a national honor bestowed by the Alliance for Women in Media Foundation.
At the Gracies Luncheon at the New York Hilton, the students were honored for their production of the children's educational video "Guess Who?," created last year on behalf of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media in partnership with Independent Television Service (ITVS) and ITVS' Women and Girls Lead campaign.
Students worked under the advisement of Nashville Public Television producers to produce the spot, which aired in fall 2012 on NPT.
The video competed against professional local, online and public media nationwide to earn the Gracie. The Geena Davis Institute contracted Lipscomb students, along with four other universities across the nation, to develop one of five videos in the "Guess Who!" series, highlighting women in successful, non-stereotypical roles.
Awards hosts Nancy Giles, CBS News; Kim Guthrie, Cox Media Group; and Deborah Norville, Inside Edition, presented the award to students Jason Michael Fox, junior from Nashville; Kathryn McKinley, senior from McMinnville; Kyrsten Turner, junior from Lawrenceville, Ga.; Marlee Vogel, junior from Kingsport; and Brynn Watkins, senior from Freeburg, Ill.
"Guess Who? The Racecar Driver and the Pilot," highlights two women in careers usually associated with men: an airline pilot and a race car driver.
The Gracies strive to encourage the realistic and faceted portrayal of women in entertainment, commercials, news, features and other programs.
Read the Nashville Public Television blog post about the students here


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Ric Beucher (or however you spell the moron's name) was just on ESPN radio and said the O'Neal to Toronto trade died on Sunday. He also said that JO had not worked out on his knee any.
With this guy's past, I guess we can assume that O'Neal will be in Toronto soon.


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People with colorectal cancer (CRC) lived longer when vitamin D levels were higher and those with higher levels of quercetin or vitamin B6 were less likely to have CRC, according to three new studies.
Doctors in a vitamin D study said that earlier findings showed people with low vitamin D levels were more likely to have CRC and wanted to see if vitamin D levels could predict survival after diagnosis. Researchers estimated vitamin D levels—from sun exposure, diet, supplements, skin type and body mass index—in more than 1,000 people at the time they were diagnosed with CRC. After over 18 years of follow-up, those with higher vitamin D scores were half as likely to die from the disease as were those with lower vitamin D scores.
Doctors in a CRC study believe that flavonoids—the antioxidants in plants, fruits, vegetables and tea—reduce the chances of CRC. Researchers explained that CRC rates are high in England and set out to measure flavonoids in the English diet. Englishmen and women get most of their flavonoids from drinking tea, so scientists measured non-tea flavonoids in the diets of 264 people with CRC plus 408 healthy participants. Those whose diets had the highest levels of the flavonoid quercetin from non-tea sources were 40 percent less likely to have CRC than those with the lowest quercetin levels.
In a vitamin B study, scientists measured blood levels of B vitamins in over 200 people with CRC and also in more than 400 healthy people of similar age, sex and ethnicity. As blood levels of the active form of vitamin B6 fell, chances of CRC rose. Those with the lowest levels of vitamin B6 were 51 percent more likely to have CRC than were those with the highest vitamin B6 levels.


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Members of Craven Sailing Club have revealed the latest addition to their fleet - a new RS Tera boat purchased with assistance from the Eric Twiname Trust.
The trust was set up in memory of Eric Twiname - a loved and respected sailor, journalist and musician - and now promotes and supports youth sailing and racing.
Commodore Al Cass said: 'We very much appreciate the support given to us. Sailing is a fantastic sport for young people and this boat will give even more youngsters the opportunity to hone their skills. Thanks go to Gary McKinney and Tim Littler for successfully organising the bid and bringing us to this point."
The light single-hander boat is ideal for young people and was officially launched at Sunday's Push the Boat Out Day when the club opened its doors to everyone, with opportunities to look round, find out more about the sport, or have sail in a dinghy.


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Molds and Mold spores are found in homes and businesses in a form of dust. When Mold spores are growing in fast amounts of time and in large quantities they are very dangerous and a health hazard to humans. Molds can cause allergic reactions and major health issues.
Molds grow in damp places and rely on moisture to bloom. You can find all types of Mold inside and outside of your home or business. Mold travels through the air as a dust particle and when it lands on a moist or wet surface the reproduction system starts. Spores mixed with water and moisture is the perfect recipe for Mold destruction and growth. Most molds that grow indoors is a non lethal type of Mold with no threat to humans. But there are certain types of Mold that can make an entire workplace or residential family very sick. Mold growth in Kirkwood Missouri happens every day in our businesses and households.
When a flood occurs this is the most important time for Mold removal in Kirkwood Missouri . After the water restoration is complete there should be no mold due to all of the new products and construction. The products we use to build buildings in our generation such as wood, dry walls and etc are like candy to the Mold species. Mold particles are invisible to the eye and live in carpet padding and carpets. Carpets and carpet padding is a nutritional meal for Mold. Mold can go dormant then reappear. If Mold is stuck in a dry place for years and years and then once water hits the mold bed the reactivation process starts. The Mold comes to life. Mold is found within the walls of our homes and businesses.
Mold testing in Kirkwood Missouri
If your home or business has a flood the chances of you getting Mold damage in Kirkwood Missouri increases. In order for Mold to grow there is three required elements needed. Nutrients are number one of the list in the Mold process. Nutrients are the food source for the Mold to feast on through the growing process. Moisture is two. Moisture is required to start the decaying part of the process. The last and final element needed is of course time. Time allows the Mold to grow quietly and fast!


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Preseason Media Teleconference | Preseason Honors | Television Schedule
Photo courtesy of Princeton Athletic Communications
PRINCETON, N.J. -- The preseason projections
are in with Princeton nearly being the unanimous choice to win the
Ivy League men's basketball title for the 2012-13 season.
Receiving 16 of the 17 first-place votes and 134 points, Princeton was selected as the preseason favorite for the 10th time since the poll began with the 1985-86 season. The Tigers were the preseason picks for the 1989-90, 1990-91, 1991-92, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2001-02, 2004-05 and 2010-11 seasons. Interestingly, only twice previously has Princeton not fulfilled its preseason prophecy and won at least a share of the Ivy title (second in 1998-99 and sixth in 2004-05).
The Tigers (20-12, 10-4 Ivy in 2011-12) look to regain the top spot among the Ivies with an experienced senior trio, led by forward Ian Hummer. The preseason favorite for Ivy League Player of the Year honors by several media outlets, Hummer led Princeton in scoring (16.1 per game) and rebounding (7.3 per game) as a junior. Joining him in the Tigers' formidable frontcourt once again will be forward Mack Darrow (7.0 ppg, 3.4 rpg) and center Brendan Connolly (5.7 ppg, 3.6 rpg).
Harvard (26-5, 12-2 Ivy), coming off its milestone season which included its first Top 25 ranking and first NCAA Tournament appearance in 66 years, placed second in the poll with 109 points and the remaining first-place vote. The Crimson will be relying on its experience in the backcourt with junior guard Laurent Rivard (10.1 ppg, 41.0 percent from three-point range) and senior guard Christian Webster (4.5 ppg) and a pair of sophomore forwards on the wing in Wesley Saunders and Jonah Travis, who each played in 30 of Harvard's 31 games as freshmen.
Columbia (15-15, 4-10 Ivy) was selected in the top half of the poll in third with 90 points for just the fourth time in school history and the first time since being picked third prior to the 1992-93 season. The Lions will look to their senior inside-outside combo of guard Brian Barbour (15.5 ppg, 4.4 assists per game), a first-team All-Ivy selection a year ago, and center Mark Cisco (10.0 ppg, 7.2 rpg) to lead the team to a top-half finish for the first time in five years.
Cornell (12-16, 7-7 Ivy) rounded out the top half of the poll with 80 points in fourth place. The Big Red is scheduled to return 10 of its top 12 scorers from a year ago, including sophomore guard Shonn Miller (8.9 ppg, 6.1 rpg), the 2011-12 Ivy League Rookie of the Year, and guard Johnathan Gray (8.8 ppg, 3.1 rpg), who spent part of the summer competing on the U.S. Virgin Islands' national team. Also expected to return is starting forward Errick Peck, the team's second-leading scorer in 2010-11 who missed last season due to injury.
Penn (20-13, 11-3 Ivy) was picked fifth with 74 points. The Quakers have the task of replacing a fixture on their roster for the past four seasons in Zack Rosen and will do so with eight letterwinners returning. Junior guard Miles Cartwright (10.1 ppg, 2.9 rpg, 2.1 apg) will handle the controls with junior forward Fran Dougherty (4.0 ppg, 4.5 rpg) and sophomore Henry Brooks (4.6 ppg, 2.5 rpg) serving as his key distribution options on the offensive end.
In sixth place with 55 points, Yale (19-10, 9-5 Ivy) enters the season as a guard-centric squad for head coach James Jones, beginning his 14th season leading the Bulldogs. Seniors Austin Morgan (11.8 ppg, 2.1 rpg) and Michael Grace (5.4 ppg, 1.6 rpg) will power the backcourt with junior center/forward Jeremiah Kreisberg (7.7 ppg, 5.1 rpg) stepping in the role as the main man in the middle with the graduation of Greg Mangano.
Brown with 50 points and Dartmouth with 20 points complete the poll. Brown (8-23, 2-12 Ivy) has back three of its top four scorers from last season in its guard trio of junior Sean McGonagill (13.5 ppg, 5.4 apg) and seniors Stephen Albrecht (10.2 ppg, 3.0 rpg) and Matthew Sullivan (9.8 ppg, 2.9 rpg). Dartmouth (5-25, 1-13 Ivy) will feature one of the youngest teams in the nation and will need its trio of forward Gabas Maldunas (9.1 ppg, 7.2 rpg), forward Jvonte Brooks (9.4 ppg, 6.6 rpg) and guard/forward John Golden (7.3 ppg, 3.4 rpg) to sizzle as sophomores to improve on the Big Green's 5-25 record from a year ago.
First-Place Votes in Parentheses
|Princeton (16)
|Harvard (1)


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Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival
Where: Empire Polo Grounds, 81-800 Avenue 51, Indio.
When: Venue opens at 11 a.m. Friday-Sunday and again April 18-20.
Cost: Sold out.
Read More: Complete festival coverage.
Conversations about this year's Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival are bound to start with all the surprise guests. Pharrell's seemed to have a neverending stash of special surprise guests; Beyoncé and Jay-Z popped up on different sets; and Justin Bieber showed up to top things off on Sunday.
Having trouble viewing this on a mobile device? Click here to read the full story.


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Return to Index
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose intolerance is gastrointestinal upset due to the inability to digest significant quantities of lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
Lactose intolerance is caused by a reduction in the digestive enzyme lactase. Lactase breaks down the sugar lactose into sugars that can be more easily absorbed. When not fully broken down, lactose ferments in the colon and causes symptoms.
Some people are born unable to make lactase. Others develop the intolerance over time.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase your risk of lactose intolerance include:
- Black, Asian, or Native American race
- Jewish ethnicity
- Family history of lactose intolerance
Having certain illnesses or conditions that can damage the intestinal tract, such as:
- Gastroenteritis
- Celiac disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Crohn's disease
- Chemotherapy
Symptoms of lactose intolerance generally begin within two hours of consuming milk or other dairy products. The severity of symptoms depends on how much lactase your body produces and how much lactose you eat.
Lactose intolerance may cause:
- Cramping
- Bloating
- Abdominal rumbling sounds
- Gas
- Diarrhea
- Loose stools
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor may recommend a trial period of eating no milk or milk products to see if symptoms resolve.
Your doctor may want to perform tests to help make the diagnosis. These may include:
- Hydrogen breath test
- Stool acidity test
Your doctor may recommend a biopsy to examine intestinal tissue.
Temporary lactose intolerance following an infection usually goes away after the intestine heals.
Treatment for chronic lactose intolerance focuses on managing symptoms. For most people, removing dietary lactose, especially in children and adolescents, would not be recommended. Milk and milk products provide sources of calcium and other food elements that are hard to replace. If complete elimination is chosen, then careful replacement of calcium is needed for good health.
Treatments include:
Dietary Changes
Keep a food diary of what you eat and what the reaction is. Discuss the findings with your doctor or a dietitian.
Dietary changes may include:
Eat smaller amounts of milk or milk products with a meal. It may reduce symptoms. Many people can tolerate 4-8 ounces of milk. You may have better tolerance for some of the following dairy products made from milk:
- Hard cheeses, such as cheddar and Swiss
- Yogurt
- Try lactose-free milk and lactose-reduced milk and milk products.
- Ask a dietitian for help choosing substitutes for dairy products or recommending supplements to ensure that you eat enough calcium.
Nondairy foods rich in calcium include:
- Salmon
- Sardines
- Cooked spinach
- Oranges
- Broccoli
Read product labels because other foods can contain lactose including:
- Breads
- Baked goods
- Processed cereals
- Instant potatoes, soups, and breakfast drinks
- Margarine
- Processed meats
- Liquid and powder milk-based meal replacements
- Protein powders and bars
- Salad dressings
- Candies
- Pancake mixes
- Non-dairy coffee creamers and whipped toppings
Other words that indicate lactose are:
- Whey
- Curds
- Dry milk solids
- Nonfat dry milk
- Milk by-products
- Be aware that some medications may contain small amounts of lactose.
Your doctor may recommend lactase enzymes if you can tolerate only small quantities of lactose. The enzyme supplements come in liquid and chewable form. A few drops of the liquid added to milk, which is allowed to sit overnight, can decrease the amount of lactose in the milk. Tablets are chewed or swallowed before eating foods that contain lactose.
American College of Gastroenterology
American Gastroenterological Association
Canadian Association of Gastroenterology
Dietitians of Canada
Heyman MB. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1279-1286.
Lactose intolerance. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/Pages/facts.aspx. Updated April 23, 2012. Accessed December 31, 2013.
Lactose intolerance in adults. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115565/Lactose-intolerance-in-adults. Updated November 17, 2016. Accessed December 5, 2016.
Lactose intolerance in children. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T306336/Lactose-intolerance-in-children. Updated June 22, 2016. Accessed December 5, 2016.
Montalta M, Curigliano V, Santoro L, et al. Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(2):187-191.
National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2010 consensus development conference statement on lactose intolerance and health. 2010 Feb 22-24;27(2).
Understanding food allergies and intolerances. American Gastroenterological Association website. Available at: http://www.gastro.org/info%5Ffor%5Fpatients/2013/06/06/understanding-food-allergies-and-intolerances. Accessed December 31, 2013.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 09/2016
- Update Date: 12/31/2013


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ECW probably was the best company ever for wrestling, had amazing talents, naming a few Raven, Sabu, RvD etc the list can go on.
First memory of wrestling was seeing the debut of raven in 1995 and ever since then, he has been my favorite wrestler, outstanding competitor and sell great! i don't believe i watched one match off his in ECW and found it boring or uninteresting


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I am new to Sublime Text and have installed the package Sublime-Applescript-build. I have two questions:
Is it possible to add ".scpt" to the list of extensions that are recoginsed as applescripts instead of just extensions ending in "applescript;
Pressing Shift command B does not always seem to run the script. Sometimes it does but other times not.
Can anyone help me get these items resolved.
Many thanks


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Are you in the holiday spirit? Sucking down an ice-cold seasonal beer for breakfast, are you? After all, the market does close early Monday. That's great, fine and truly glorious. But, while you rock those fun holiday activities, I am here to spoil the tomfoolery and suggest a pure hardcore focus on protecting your online brokerage account balance.
The stock market gave us valuable clues Friday, many of which are being swept under the rug due to that session's "late charge" into the closing bell. This leaves the market in a complacent state of mind. So does the fact that permabulls remain in love with month-on-month data trends that are far removed from economic reality and relevance, given the fiscal cliff.
With this excessive complacency come loads of investors, both large and small, who are not properly hedged against short- and longer-term risk factors. The definition of "hedge" has two basic forms. It could be a complete move to the sidelines in cash so as to protect hard-won year-to-date profits -- which has been my advice for a little over two weeks, in tandem with a short recommendation on General Electric (GE). Or, if one is unable to cut bait from core positions, the other choice is put options underneath those holdings, or short trades on worst-in-show companies that are in the same industry as that of one's primary holdings.
What I Saw in the Markets on Friday
In the last trading session, indices fell around the world, indicating the U.S. is the straw that truly stirs the drink. To me this says that, if the U.S. does enter into a cliff-induced recession (likely translating into sub-1% gross domestic product growth in the first half), the nascent China economic recovery could stall by the end of the first quarter of 2013. China remains very export-driven, even despite the government's efforts to promote consumption -- and if the China crutch goes, so does the bid under many industrials, among other sectors.
Yes, the S&P 500 shaved Friday's losses into the close. But, in my view, this was based on optimism that a place-marker cliff deal was set to emerge this past weekend -- a pre-Christmas gift to the world from Washington politicians.
Overall, what's being communicated by Mr. Market is that the data is altogether backward-looking and irrelevant -- and that, because of the fiscal cliff, these numbers have no chance of strengthening or even being sustained into the first quarter. Earnings estimates, therefore, are too high.
One last note on Friday's action: The Nasdaq outperformed the Dow by 1.3% last week, largely as a function of Apple (AAPL). I've snooped around a bit, and I believe the other underlying components of the index may show caution on any impending first-half revival in material capital-expenditure spending -- which I would hope will emerge as more of a slow build. It makes one wonder if, for instance, Oracle (ORCL) was too optimistic with its commentary, and I also wonder how less fortunate companies will fare in six months' time.
Washington Is Not Baked In
Have you picked up on what I am suggesting? Ahead of year-end, the equities market does indeed have a better-than-average chance of suffering a more perilous session than what we saw Friday. The way I figure it, stock valuations are not factoring in Washington's series of unfortunate events, so valuations are still reflect misguided optimism.
First, a "thumb-in-dike" cliff deal -- one that temporarily mitigates enormous pain levied on consumers -- will only ratchet consumer angst higher. That is, uncertainty will not vanish for sure. Moreover, such a deal would fail to address the gripes of CEOs that we've been hearing since the middle of the year.
Second, there is no promise that a "thumb-in-dike" deal will be inked. If that is left to happen, markets are likely to really sink this week -- and, in that case, this past Friday will probably be seen as the overlooked start of such action.
Finally, a "thumb-in-dike" deal would open the door to a harsher set of legislation. That would raise the probability for a recession that won't show in the macroeconomic numbers until the second half of 2013, but which will stock prices will begin to reflect in the first half.
Unfortunately I see that analyzing companies, as I was taught to do, remains on the back burner. One must filter every 2013 guidance range through the strainer known as the "fiscal cliff." Same goes for every income statement, balance sheet and risk-factor section in a 10-K filing with the SEC. Obviously I am very bothered that I need to prepare in this capacity. However, at least I am able to rest comfortably at night, knowing folks are not positioned to lose their shirts, even if it means missing a one-day rally that seems to constitute the start of the next raging bull market.
In a word, I remain bearish.


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Straight from the fingers of Irsay:
JimIrsay Jim Irsay
Tommie Harris a Colt..Anderson n Harris should help,good work on Chris Polian's part!!!!!
8 minutes ago Favorite Undo Retweet Reply
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Straight from the fingers of Irsay:
JimIrsay Jim Irsay
Tommie Harris a Colt..Anderson n Harris should help,good work on Chris Polian's part!!!!!
8 minutes ago Favorite Undo Retweet Reply
"Nobody wants to play against Tyler Hansbrough NO BODY!" ~ Frank Vogel
"And David put his hand in the bag and took out a stone and slung it. And it struck the Philistine on the head and he fell to the ground. Amen. "
Another good move on the defensive side today. If he can just stay healthy, he could have a productive year with us.
I love how we have so many guys on the defensive front that can rotate... I mean not all are superstars but they all can contribute...
New defensive front
DE Mathis, Hughes, Freeney, Anderson, Foster
DT Johnson, Moala, Harris, Nevis, Foster
I am happy with that group... no other players needed at that position now...
Lets just work on bringing in some secondary depth now...
Kevin Thomas who knows if he will ever be healthy enough to contribute. Tryon played okay but... idk.... Chris Rucker... I have a feeling he won't really do much.
and Safety just looks thin to me.. I hope Joe Legrend or whatever his name is really shows up... I would love to bring in another versatile S, I doubt we will get Whitner let me just say that now..
Why so SERIOUS
A DT! Finally!
I hope he can stay healthy
I'm liking that the Colts aren't doing the same old same old here and at least getting people who fix serious needs.
If only they got a better special teams coach.
yeah... but I will say that one of the big problems last year with special teams is that most of the people that should have been on special teams were playing quality time because of all the injuries.... which caused our special teams to be filled with FA's who really didn't have much experience...
I think we will be much better at it this year though...
Why so SERIOUS
He is done u will be lucky if he can be a 1 down guy
Says the Bears fan, bitter that Harris couldn't stay healthy enough to earn the $40 million contract they gave him.
no im speaking as a guy that has seen him play his whole career. One of my favorite Bears and really the main reason we made the Superbowl in 06. I dont get bitter about money in NFL it isnt my money. But NBA is different MDJ making 11m pisses me off.(because a bad contract in the NBA is way more toxic)
If he is healthy he is a 3 down warrior who is above a pro bowl level but his knee is really bad reminds me of Lofa Tatupu (who is rumored to become a bear) just sad that injury's have to kill their careers.
Last edited by pacer4ever; 08-03-2011 at 12:22 AM.
I understand what you're saying, but I refuse to believe the Colts would sign him if he was chronically injured
He's not chronically injured in the way Bob Sanders is. His knee is shot, and it has robbed him of the explosiveness that made him special.
I wouldn't be surprised if he had a pretty good year, but I also wouldn't be surprised if he was cut at the end of camp. My guess is that he will have an average year with a few glimpses of what he used to be.
Fixed. Or at least a full-time clock management consultant. Not that I'm still bitter about the Jets game or anything...
If he can just keep linemen on the line of scrimmage I'm okay with it. with Mathis and Freeney on the corners I don't care how the DTs play as long as they do an average job. That's all you need with two pro bowl DE's.
The Colts are adding depth. They cant sign the big names but a lot of these signings (Anderson/Harris/Sims) only have this last shot it is going to be tough to make this roster. I am not expecting any of them to be impact players.
The Colts are addressing needs ie run stoppers w/ Harris & Anderson. I am fine with that. I agree w/ Really? the secondary needs to be addressed next.
Harris is definitely a shell of his former self. Even though he's still not as explosive and able to disrupt the backfield as he once could, he still doesn't get pushed off the line of scrimmage. Harris was rated only slightly below average at stopping the run by profootballfocus. Any Colts fan should be content with bringing him in for depth.
I don't know how much Harris has left but he could have enough to be better than the other DTs. He doesn't have to be a pro bowl level player to be an upgrade for the Colts.
With that said I have not seen or read anything positive that he can be a significant contributor simply because of his knee.
Really no harm in signing him. If the Colts and other teams showed interest they must believe he can potentially help them out. I am just not going to get my hopes up that he can play a lot of downs.
they have one. His name is Peyton Manning, and trust me, he's still quite bitter too
apparently it's not enough that he runs the offense, I wouldn't be surprised if he stands right next to caldwell when the D is on the field this year..just to pull jimmy's head out of his @$$ in clock management situations
The way that Nevis is getting talked about at camp he could wind up seeing a ton of time during the season... happy we have him...
Why so SERIOUS


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Booking Royal Rumble 2013 + THE BEST RUMBLE MATCH
by, 12-17-2012 at 07:24 PM (12039 Views)
Preshow match: Tag titles: (C)Rhodes-Scholars vs Team Hell No!-Got them losing on 1st Raw of 2013. Get their rematch at the Royal Rumble. Team Hell No unfortunately failed to retain those belts. Rhodes-Scholars retain!!
US title: (C)Antonio Cesaro vs ???-Since Cesaro isn't getting the heat he wants. How about if he defeats a returning vet coming off an injury in a surprise return at the Rumble? That should help him get some heat right? Love the mystery opponent idea especially opening the show. One of my favorite moments in the history of the ppv was when Taz was the mystery opponent to face Angle in 2000. Antonio Cesaro wins!!
Divas title: (C)Eve vs Tamina Snuka-Eve is running out of opponents. If Sara Del Ray would be called up to be a wrestler, I'd have Eve retain here. However, I have Tamina winning simply because no one is really left to face for Eve. + She wants time off according to reports. Why Tamina when she just became a heel? Eve can say she has beaten everyone there is to beat. She is unbeatable! Tamina music hits on one of the Raw shows most likely the first Raw in 2013. Eve gets out of the ring quickly while Tamina watched her run to the back. Tamina wins!!
World title: (C)Big Show vs Rey Mysterio-Classic David vs Goliath match to make Big Show look more unstoppable than ever vs Rey Mysterio. Now that Sheamus lost at TLC. I believe that Big Show will end up facing my Royal Rumble winner at WM for his world title. Rey Mysterio hits his 619, but Big Show catches him and power bombs him. Sin Cara jumped off the top rope and receives a choke slam. Choke slam to Rey Mysterio to retain his world title with Sin Cara and Rey Mysterio laying in the middle of the ring. I was thinking about a triple threat, but I chose to go singles title here. Why Rey? Name me another face on the roster to face Big Show. Orton is turning heel according to reports. That is why I chose Mysterio.
WWE title: (C)CM Punk vs The Rock-It really depends on if the Rock can appear at Raw shows. I'm sure Cena vs Punk at house shows til Mania will be able to sell some tickets. If Rock is willing to defend the WWE title at the next ppv, I say he wins. If he can't, I'd have Punk retain the belt. It is that simple. For those who ask if this is the main event for the ppv, I wouldn't be that upset if it did main event the Rumble. I just prefer the Rumble match to finish the show. Seems as though it is a tradition. 2006 Rumble it bothered me that it didn't finish the show. However, it has big enough star power to finish the show. Royal Rumble match is the match everyone anticipates every year. All the rumored stars that could win the match all are at the end of the match. After the Royal Rumble match, it seems as if the air is out of balloon. Unless Rock wins the belt, I believe it should be right before the Rumble match. Do you really want the show to end with a cheat win by Punk rather than see a Rumble winner celebrating at the end? I certainly don't!! Winner is booked depending on Rock's status of appearing at future shows and competing at the EC. If he is able to Rock wins! If not, Punk wins!!
Royal Rumble match: *Surprise entries
1.Dolph Ziggler-His idols like HBK and Flair both started early in there Royal Rumble wins. Dolph plans to do the same here at this spot.
*2.Billy Gunn-One of his idol is the first one he faces in the Rumble match? Billy Gunn? What a way to start off the Rumble with a big surprise. Eliminates him shortly, but next entry is another surprise....
*3.Road Dogg-His tag partner from the New Age Outlaws days is next, but again eliminated before the next entry.
4.Zack Ryder-History is there between Dolph and Ryder. Even announced a match for WM29 on Ryder's youtube show for the Internet championship. Doubt it will happen o....Ryder is eliminated shortly by Ziggler as well.
5.Miz-Both friends and rivals to be the best in the biz. Miz stays in for a good bit of time....
6.Wade Barrett-comes out because too many faces in a row. Double teams Miz obviously with Ziggler.
7.Alex Riley-gets eliminated, but gets a huge reaction because the reunion of Miz/Riley for a couple of minutes.
8.Kofi-The one guy who beat Barrett at TLC to retain the IC title will even the odds to help Miz. Unfortunately, Barrett eliminates him before the next entry comes out to really have the last laugh.
9.William Regal-Him along with Barrett being both englishmen. Barrett's goal to be the first one to win the world title while Regal not being able to accomplish that makes it perfect sense for him to come out and battle with him in the Rumble match.
10.Ezekiel Jackson-coming back from injury with a huge pop eliminating Wade Barrett, but is drop kicked out from behind by the showoff.
11.Titus Oniel-comes out to destroy Regal.
12.Sin Cara-History with PTP and is eliminated by PTP when Darren Young comes out.
13.Darren Young-comes out and double teams Sin Cara and Regal. Eliminating only Sin Cara.
14.Sheamus-wants his world title back, but also comes out and eliminates both members of PTP. I'd have a tag team feud between Regal/Sheamus vs PTP til EC ppv.
15.Kane-fans go nuts! Kane enters the ring with only Sheamus standing as they have a standoff. Potential match in the future one would like to see.
16.Cody Rhodes-1 half of the tag champs coming out and attacks Kane.
17.Daniel Bryan-history w/Sheamus and dream match w/Regal really sets it up nicely. Comes out after Regal, but Sheamus of course teams up with Regal to help him get back up. However, him and Kane both face off....Ziggler eliminates both of them while they are trying to eliminate each other.
18.Antonio Cesaro-Attacks Regal and Miz....eliminates Miz in the process. Feud between the two likely next ppv. Cesaro is eliminated before the #18 entry comes out by Sheamus.
19.Damien Sandow-Rhodes-Scholars double team and eliminate William Regal. Sheamus ends up eliminating them both as well teasing tag title run for Regal and Sheamus in the long run. Possibilities!?!? Notice at this point in the Rumble, only men left are Sheamus and Dolph Ziggler.
*20.Brock Lesnar-He entered himself in the Rumble match? Announcers, fans, among others shocked to see Brock Lesnar at the Royal Rumble. Sheamus face off with Lesnar. Sheamus was winning the battle of right hands, but Ziggler comes in and makes the save as they double team Sheamus til the next entry comes out.....
21.Ryback-Fans are going nuts!! Ziggler receives a clothesline. Lesnar turns around to face off with Ryback as fans chant "Feed me more". Ziggler and Sheamus ruin it by attacking them both.
22.The Shield-The whole group is coming out? Announcers say who is going to stop them from doing this? They attack Ryback of course. Pulls him under the bottom rope planning to put him through a table again, but Ryback fights them off while the next entry's music hits!!
*23.Goldberg-Holy crap it is Bill Goldberg. Entry after entry of surprises and it leads to this!?!? Lesnar is standing in the middle of the ring waiting for Bill Goldberg to make his way to the ring. Comes in and faces off as the chants of "Goldberg" through out the arena roars. Goldberg turns and spears Dolph Ziggler. Lesnar than F-5s Sheamus leaving them the only two men standing in the ring. Trade punches, but Lesnar pushes Goldberg back into the turnbuckle with a couple of shots to the ribs. He goes for the F-5, but Goldberg counters into a spear!! Gives him the jackhammer and tosses him over the top rope. Ryback is behind Goldberg who was previously outside of the ring fighting the Shield. Now it is a faceoff with Goldberg and Ryback. Chants of "Feed me more" and "Goldberg" around the arena. next entry's music hits....
24.John Cena-internet fans claims he ruins everything....why not the Ryback/Goldberg faceoff. A chorus literally of boos when his music hits. Shield get back in and attack Ryback. Pulling his legs between one of the ring posts. While Cena makes his way to ring as Goldberg watches him. He enters the ring with a smile. Goldberg shows a little bit of chuckle and spears John Cena. Impact had such force, Cena landed outside the ring. Goldberg turns around and sees the Shield attacking Ryback in the corner. Goldberg lifts one above his head and drops him on his face. Grabs the other by the throat, and lifts him up into a press slam, but spears him. Spears the next one.....eliminates all 3 of the Shield members as the fans go nuts. Ryback eliminates Goldberg from behind similar to how Angle eliminated Goldberg back in 04. Ryback does feed me more after eliminating him, but Ziggler comes from behind and hits him with the zigzag.
25.Del Rio-face now, but still attacks Cena. However, he battles back to give Del Rio the A-A to set up the next entry's finisher....
26.Evan Bourne-The return of Evan Bourne while he hits the AirBourne on David Otunga and eliminates him.
27.Randy Orton-back on a mission to win back his world title as a heel of course. He makes easy work of Evan Bourne. Turns around and receives the brogue kick from Sheamus to eliminate Orton. When Orton recovers, he comes back in the Rumble match similar to what Angle did after he was eliminated by HBK. He eliminates Sheamus leaving only Ryback, Cena, and DZ left in the Rumble.
28.Christian-Christian was back earlier tonight to win his IC title, but I'm sure he wouldn't mind the consolation of winning the Rumble match. He comes out and eliminates Del Rio to than attack Cena. History is there...
29.R-Truth-goes out and does some of his splits and moves on Ziggler. However, is gives the Shell Shock by Ryback and is eliminated.
*30.Ric Flair-he comes out as everyone is in shock. Fans are going crazy as Flair makes his way to the ring. Gets in the ring and Ziggler attempts to clothesline Flair. However, Flair ducks and gives him some of those classic chops we havn't heard since he left with chorus of woo's around the arena. Nails him with the clothesline off the top rope. Goes for the figure four, but is kicked back into Christian. Christian hits him with the killswitch. Than Cena eliminates him with the AA over the top.
Final 4:Leaving just 4 men remaining in the Rumble match. Flair, Ziggler, Ryback, and Cena. Ryback hits Ziggler with a Feed me more clothesline after getting up from the figure four attempt. Ziggler gets up to receive AA along with Flair's figure four he reverses to get out of. Cena/Ryback faceoff, but Ziggler gets in their faces saying he is the showoff. Ziggler receives a double clothesline. Flair asks them to let him eliminate Ziggler and he does, but Flair is eliminated by both Ryback and Cena from behind. Leaving only 2 men left in the Rumble match being Cena/Ryback. Who is going on to main event WM29 to challenge a world champion. Ryback/Cena faceoff isn't ruined as they trade blows as Ryback slings Cena into a turnbuckle along with giving him a huge clothesline with fans chanting "Feed me more" with Ryback. Ryback goes for the shell shock, but it is countered by Cena. Cena attempts the AA, but it is countered with Ryback hitting a spear on Cena as fans go crazy. Ryback claiming the end is near....he hits the shell shock on John Cena and eliminates him to win the 2013 Royal Rumble match. 2013 Royal Rumble winner is.......Ryback!! Staring at the WM29 logo saying along with the crowd "Feed me more"!!
What a historic night that would be if all those things I booked happened?!?! That is how I would book the Royal Rumble of 2013. Hope you enjoyed this booking I did of Royal Rumble 2013. I made that Royal Rumble the best I think it could be this year. Thanks for reading....hope you enjoyed. Expect more Royal Rumble blogs including the biggest moments in the Royal Rumble match and in the Royal Rumble period!! That and more next time right here.


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N.J. measure seeks expanded coverage of mentall illness
New Jersey Assembly committee has advanced legislation that would expand mental health insurance coverage.
The bill would require the State Health Benefits Plan and the School Employees Health Program to provide the same level of coverage for mental illnesses as physical ailments. Private plans already have that parity.
Assembly Health Committee chairman Herb Conaway says the mental health coverage provided by the public employees plans is not adequate.
"Very often, these are carved-out services. There are more limits," said Conaway, who is a physician. "There are more hurdles to jump through to get them.
"And because of the payment system, very often when you need to see a psychiatric or a mental-health provider, that particular provider is not there taking new patients," he said during a Monday hearing.
Public employee plans covering about 800,000 subscribers now limit payments for certain disorders, said Dudley Burdge of the Communications Workers of America.
"You're talking about cops, teachers, that could use those services particularly in post-traumatic stress, and with eating disorders, we're talking about what is the most deadly mental health affliction," Burdge said. "And this would end the visit limitations for those."
The measure would also prevent insurers from applying different co-payments, deductibles or benefit limits for alcoholism and substance abuse treatment.
The bill is awaiting action by the full Assembly. The Senate passed it March.
Support provided by


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Many in Hallandale Beach say Mayor Joy Cooper crossed the line in her relationship with big developer Related Group.
In June she helped push through a controversial Related Group plan to build a $100 million, 31-story hotel tower called Beachwalk on the Intracoastal. In July, Related Group threw Cooper a fundraiser that raised her roughly $20,000, nearly a third of the total amount of money she's raised so far.
The mayor told me there was no quid pro quo and no deal that her vote would get her any campaign money. That would be illegal. But absent concrete evidence that the fundraiser was contingent on the vote -- and there is none in this case -- it's perfectly legal, timing and all
"I've known Related Group for over ten years," Cooper said about the fundraiser. "They've done other projects in my city. They are my supporters."
But Hallandale residents who opposed the Beachwalk project at 2600 Hallandale Beach Boulevard say it shouldn't be allowed.
"I think that's a crock of baloney," said Lou Parsons, president of The Islander condo association. "I think she took advantage of the fact that it's an election year."
As part of the deal, the city allowed Related Group to provide fewer parking spots than required. Nearby business owner Adrienne Despaigne said parking is already a problem in the area along Diana Drive. She said the problem will only get worse -- and the city will have to deal with it at some point.
"I think it's kicking the can down the road," said Despaigne.
When she learned of the Related Group fundraiser for the mayor, Despaigne said she thought it was "awful."
"If it's not already written that it's unethical, I think laws should be changed," she said.
Commissioner Keith London, who is running against Cooper, voted against the deal with the developer. He said the city should have gotten more in return for giving the developer a half-acre piece road and approving 84 residential units for the project.
He wanted Related Group to pony up $1 million to pay for improvements to the area but that idea had no support from other commissioners. "I didn't feel that they were giving back to the city enough," he said.
The developer is promising to spend $2.5 million on nearby North Beach Park, where it is building a restaurant and will provide a shuttle for hotel guests and condo residents. While the developer will manage the park, it will remain open to the public.
The city's Planning and Zoning Board voted unanimously against the project. Chairman Arnold Cooper said he felt the project was too big for the area, which already suffers from terrible traffic, and that the deal amounted to "giveaway" to Related Group.
Copyright 2012 by Post Newsweek. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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IntroductionWhat is white and can't connect to the internet? It really is snow joke.
The description of Snowlinux on distrowatch reads as follows:
Snowlinux is a set of Linux distributions based on Debian's latest stable release and featuring four different desktop environments - GNOME, KDE, LXDE and Xfce. It aims to be user-friendly, incorporating many useful tweaks and carefully selected software applications. The project also develops a separate, Ubuntu-based edition featuring the MATE (a GNOME 2 fork) desktop.
For this review I decided to use the Xfce edition which is based on Debian's latest stable release.
The machine I installed Snowlinux onto is an Acer Aspire One D255 netbook.
- Choose your language
- Choose your timezone
- Choose your keyboard layout
- Choose your username, password and machine name
- Choose where to install the bootloader
- Review the choices of the installation script and install.
First Impressions
The desktop
Connecting to the internet
Flash and MP3
- Application Finder - Find applications
- Orage Globaltime - Clocks from different timezones
- Root Terminal - Terminal (logged in as Root, a password is required)
- Thunar File Manager - File manager
- Shotwell - Photo management
- Simple Scan - Scanning application
- Firefox - Web browser
- Thunderbird - Email client
- Pidgin - Instant Messenger
- Transmission - BitTorrent
- Audio mixer - Volume control
- Brasero - CD/DVD burner
- Movie player - Movie Player
- Rhythmbox - Audio Player
- Abiword - Word processor
- Orage Calendar - Calendar application
- Orage Globaltime - Clocks from different timezones (duplicate)


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Rangers waiting for Martin to heat up vs. lefties
ARLINGTON -- Rangers center fielder Leonys Martin is hitting .274 on the season and .296 against right-handed pitchers, but is hitting nearly .100 lower than that against lefties.
Martin is batting .200 against left-handed pitchers, and didn't start Wednesday against Astros lefty Dallas Keuchel.
"Right now the two consistent left handers are [Shin-Soo] Choo and [Rougned] Odor," Rangers manager Ron Washington said. "Maybe coming out of the break I'll start running Martin out there and see if he can pick that up, because he's a guy we certainly expect to play every single day."
Washington said that between Jake Smolinski, Adam Rosales and Daniel Robertson, among others, he has a reliable lineup against left-handed pitchers and that he doesn't feel any less prepared against them than he does right-handers.
Odor and Choo were the only two left-handed hitters who started Wednesday for Washington, who hopes Martin finds a solution soon.
"He's not hitting lefties very well right now," Washington said. "Coming out of the break, I'm going to give him some lefties just to give him a chance to see if he can figure it out."
Grace Raynor is an associate reporter for MLB.com. Teddy Cahill is a reporter for MLB.com. Follow him on Twitter at @tedcahill. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Blue Jays facing string of postseason contenders
TORONTO -- The Blue Jays have entered a crucial part of the schedule that likely will go a long way in determining in which direction their team is headed.
Toronto opened a three-game series against the Orioles on Tuesday night and has a three-game set vs. Detroit this weekend. After that, the Blue Jays head to the West Coast for another important series against the Mariners.
Each of the next three opponents is in the mix for a spot in the postseason. The Blue Jays owned the second American League Wild Card entering Tuesday, but to hold onto it, or gain ground in the AL East, these are the type of teams they'll have to beat.
"It's August, a couple of months left, but any time you're playing the team you're chasing [it's important]," manager John Gibbons. "Then of course Detroit comes in and they're a good ballclub, then Seattle and they're right there. These next nine, 10 days are important to us."
To say that Toronto has been inconsistent this year would be an understatement. The Blue Jays were arguably the best team in baseball during May, but it didn't take long for their six-game lead in the AL East to slip away.
The low point came during a lengthy road trip prior to the All-Star break. Toronto went 2-8 on the road vs. Oakland, Anaheim and Tampa Bay, which led to some writing the team off. Just when the doubters resurfaced, though, the Blue Jays recovered by taking their first four series after the break.
The inconsistency resurfaced over the weekend as Toronto finished its road trip with a series loss to Houston, but this is still a team that is very much in contention for a spot in the postseason for the first time since 1993.
"To be honest, entering the All-Star break, we were reeling pretty good," Gibbons said. "We could have gone either way, and then we came out playing real good out of the All-Star break and hung in this thing.
"As far as the Wild Card, you're trying to win your division and then you'll see where you are after that. It keeps you focused on that thing, we're trying to catch [first-place Baltimore] now and we'll see where we're at, at the end."
Gregor Chisholm is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, North of the Border, and follow him on Twitter @gregorMLB. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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They're firefighters, they're servicemen, and they bring their wives breakfast in bed. They tattoo their wedding bands on their fingers and bring their wives coffee each morning.
Meet some of the sweetest husbands we know: the 2012 Hottest Husband in America finalists.
Hometown: Pelham, NH
Profession: Medical recruiter
Family: Married 1 year; father to twins Brooklyn and William, 5 months
Kate, 33, didn't plan on getting into anything serious when she joined Match.com — but then again, she didn't plan on meeting Bill. She admits that it was his profile photo that first grabbed her, but she soon found there was a lot more to him than his light-up-the-room smile: "Before we started dating, he spent every Sunday with his 85-year-old neighbor, Hazel, taking her to lunch and running her errands with her," says Kate. (Sweet!) After three years of dating, Bill proposed on his birthday. "I was taking him to dinner to celebrate with his family, but when they brought the cake out, it was placed in front of me! It was inscribed with 'Will you marry me?'" Bill really proved his grit when Kate went into early labor with their twins. "The babies had to spend two weeks in the NICU, and I was a mess," says Kate. "Bill went to work every day, and never missed an evening feeding. He was my rock." Now that they've got two babies, date nights are hard to come by — so they take advantage of day care at the gym and squeeze in quick workouts together. Breaking a sweat and staying fit: Sounds like smart foreplay to us!
50 Weird Things He Loves About You


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2014 Lincoln MKS: Car Spy
On Wednesday, GM, maker of the Chevy Volt plug-in hybrid, announced that it will begin selling a totally electric subcompact car in 2013. Dubbed the Chevy Spark EV, the subcompact will be sold in select markets in the U.S. and will use batteries supplied by A123 Systems Inc. A gasoline version of the Spark will be available beginning in 2012.
For GM, this is not new territory. The carmaker famously dived headfirst into the electric car market with the EV1 back in the mid-1990s. But when the California Air Resources Board rescinded the EV mandate, GM ended the EV1 program, citing the huge cost of the program (it's been rumored to have cost about $3 billion).
The Chrysler of the Future? Car Spy


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