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[Page 136]
A circus passed through Glubokie in the summer of 1933. It gave several performances. A performer, who had been part of the circus, remained in Glubokie when the circus left. No one knew, and no one was interested in asking, why this performer remained behind. People surmised that the management of the circus fired him because of some misdemeanor or whatever .
The Tzirkovetz (one who is part of a circus) was very poor, wore old, ill-fitted and torn clothing. The general impression that he made was that of a drunkard who had no resources to imbibe
He sustained himself by preparing decorations for performances, doing make- up for the performers, or playing in the string orchestra of the firemen. From time to time he would arrange evening dances for the local youth and would appear in the marketplaces for the village peasants as a Fokusnik (trickster or magician). He tried very hard to obtain a position as an official worker.
Understandably it was necessary for him, for his activity, to be near the correspondence, the telephone, the telegraph, and alike. But since he couldn't provide any moral references, he was unable to obtain such a position. He was a guard in a school near Glubokie for a period of time, and he was also active in the Polish youth organization Streletz, and others. His outward appearance did not make any special impression; his height slightly above average, thin, Grey, cunning eyes, pales, gaunt face, with a pointed chin dog like expression, and light hair. He would darken his face and his eyebrows. He spoke softly and he went about with a downcast look. He would tell that he was the son of simple Polish folks, and that he was thrown out of the 6th grade in the Gymnasia (elementary school) because he acted up. He lived on Krakover Street near Shalom Tzentziper, the butcher. He had a room, which wasn't good, and as the landlords used to tell, he lived very inadequately. He would not feed himself properly. His landlords would often help him out. Especially Shepsel, the youngest son,, who would give him a piece of meat, bread and other things. Also the Jewish storekeepers would help support him, because they felt compassion for him. When he would buy a herring in a store for 10-20 groschen, the storekeepers wouldn't take any money from him. Later on, he married a poor Polish girl.
No one could imagine that this poor, dejected, outcast Tzirkovetz could possibly be a German spy. The results of his undercover work became apparent at the end of the summer of 1939. Before the German attack on Poland, numerous fires broke out in Glubokie and the surrounding region, seemingly for reasons that no one could fathom. A huge fire started in the home of Moshe Mirman and Dr. Britanishske on Vilna Street, which spread to Dubrove, where dozens of buildings were destroyed. A few days later a fire broke out at the home of Chaim Chevlin and Moshe Shulheifer on Zamkove Street. An exceptionally large fire erupted a few days later in the town of Luzshki, 30 kilometers from Glubokie, and at the time almost the entire town was destroyed. It became clear, that all of this was the work of a concealed, devilish hand. In spite of all efforts, it was not possible to uncover the one liable
After the arrival of the German civil-administration to Glubokie, the former poor, melancholy Tzirkovetz, was to be found among them, as an active worker. He who had earlier served the Polish authorities, was now serving the Germans. It became clear that the arsonist, who had caused all of the summer fires in 1939, was none other than the Tzirkovetz who had aimed to create panic among the local population.
In September of 1939, after the arrival of the Red Army,, the above mentioned trickster played in the string orchestra. Later the Soviet authorities found him a suspicious character and arrested him. He sat in prison until there came the exchange of Soviet and German citizens between the Soviet Union and Germany. The Soviet administration at the time at the suggestion of the German commission freed the Tzirkovetz and he left Glubokie. Only after the intervention of the German might did it become clear, that this was riot simply a circus performer, who by chance remained in Glubokie in 1933, and also on the Glubokie horizon he was not to play a usual role
After the arrival of the German Civil Administration in Glubokie at the end of September, 1941, Vitvitzki, the German spy, also arrived. But he was no longer the downcast, pitiful, lonely character, but outfitted in genuine German, sparkling new Fascist uniform. He now looked like a authentic Hitlerite hangman. Those who had formerly helped him, now looked to him as a protector, but in vain! He knew nobody, and concerning help from him to save oneself from death, there was no one to talk to. On the contrary, he would pick on them even more. He would look for their transgressions, and one would have to search for ways how to avert his scrutiny, how to avoid him. Under no circumstances could one recognize the former quiet, easy-going, poverty-stricken trickster, who had always spoken in a barely discernible vociferation. Removing the mask revealed the actual beast, the bona fide man-eater. He walked erect now, with his head uplifted as if he had suddenly grown tall When he would walk with hasty steps, with his severe, penetrating stare. Walking through the street, he would always swing his rubber whip, with which he would beat Jewish passers-by. A special fear would be evoked when he went near us playing with his revolver In short, he would have nothing to distinguish him form the other nice friends of his (the Nazis).
He actively participated in all of the murders and especially during the mass murders. Of course he was able to carry out these activities better than the others, thanks to his many years of espionage here. The surrounding villages also suffered from him. He would utilize the actions Very skillfully for himself while the Christians were being sent off to forced labor in Germany. For a knot of gold 10 Ruble pieces, he would free them of the obligation. Such knots he would accumulate in the hundreds and thousands, and, in a short while, the poor Tzirkovetz became a solidly rich man. 1t is interesting to note that at the terminal in Glubokie, before the young people were sent off to Germany, in order to quiet the cries as people were parting from their loved ones, Vitvitzki would play the harmonica and perform tricks, working like a true artist But in relation to the troubles that the Jews suffered at his hands, this was nothing. In the local oppressions and blood actions against Jews, Vitvitzki was always first. He knew better than his comrades did what to find where, and how to work at it. Following his instructions the exact spot where the Ghetto was to be located was set in Glubokie. After the slaughters, he would carry out the cutting down of the Ghetto area. Ultimately, this bloody artist played a major role in August of 1943, setting the liquidation of the Glubokie Ghetto
The beast was also very active during the liquidations of the Ghettoes of Dokshitz and other surrounding towns.
Besides murders he was like a vampire that would suck out the last bit of juice. Once he came to his former landlords, the Tzentzpriers and demanded that they bring him within two hours, 5000 Rubles and a gold watch. They ran like crazy through the entire city - since the alternative might have meant death - and making a truly mighty effort, they were only able to raise 3000 Rubles. When they came to him with this sum, he fell upon them like an angry snake, hit them with his whip, yelled, taunted them with words and avenged himself upon them to his heart's desire. After a long period of cries and pleading on the part of the Tzentzipers, he tore the money from them and slid it into his pockets, pushing them out the door so hard that they rolled over several times. this time they were fortunate, they escaped the bullet.
During the contraction of the Ghetto, 17th of Tammuz, 5702 - 2nd of July, 1942, the Tzirkovetz Vitvitzki, stood on the road and took from the Jews their possessions. He turned over to the underworld of the Christian population whatever he didn't like His appetite grew so large, that from Dr Henia Raiak he even took medicines, medical preparations, a medical scale and other such things. His greed knew no bounds!
He was also very involved in persecution-actions against the Partisans. Expeditions into the forest often happened under his direction. There would be searches for the Partisans. It was rarely that they returned from these expeditions without causing damage. Mostly they would bring back many dead, and wounded Germans and policemen. The bandit would constantly praise himself for his ability and heroism. He would often point out the bullet holes in his cap and indicate that it was done by Partisans, and show his friends how bold and self-confident he goes into the thick of battle against the Partisans. It was clear that he had shot up his cap on his on, in order to show how dedicated he was to his work..
With his stage trickery he would draw people into his net. He would dress in civilian dress or Partisans clothing and come into the Ghetto disguised (naturally, until the bird was recognized), and convince young people to join up with the Partisans. The fate of those who were convinced by him could easily be imagined. They would not be denied any troubles or torture. Quick death, in this case was a fortunate ending. The hair stands on its edge when we remind ourselves of how because of this provocateur the young brothers, Chazan, Ginzberg and others were tortured.
This Hitlerite hangman had great skill in catching escapees and discovering those in hiding. It was not difficult for this German to travel, even all the way to Vilna, to search for the former county Doctor, Dr. Zashtoft. He put him in his car and then murders him along the way. With this number he would constantly boast about how cleverly he had carried this out. After finding out the address of Dr. Zashtoft, he purposely circled the house a few times in order to make it appear as if it happened by chance. Upon meeting him he proposed to him, as an old friend to ride back to Glubokie with him, by promising that he would later give him a ride back to Vilna
He organized Samochovtzes - a Hitlerite youth organization- in Glubokie and the surrounding area, for which he arranged courses, during which he would provoke one part of the populace against the other, so that the Glubokie area was soaked with blood and tears because of this frightening brute.
His fortune grew from day to day Because of it all. He had already accumulated quite a bit in Zalesie, near Glubokie, where he obviously planned to remain forever. However, in December of 1943, Partisans from TZukov-Otriad, Rokosovskes Brigade, interfered with his estate. They let loose the horses, cattle and sheep, and the rest they burned to the ground. It is interesting to note that they left a message, which a Glubokie Jewish Partisan gave after this act, to the manager of the estate for his boss. This is the translation from Polish:
Herr Vitvitzki! - Don't be angry. All this was done by your well-known acquaintance, with whom you served in the Glubokie Fire Department. After the War we will settle all scores. All!What happened to the Tzirkovetz after the Germans were driven out of Glubokie, at the beginning of July 1944, we do not know. We can imagine that this artist walks around somewhere, in disguise, with a false passport in his pocket. Possibly even with a Jewish one, which he confiscated from one of his victims, having been aware that the German downfall is soon approaching. And maybe he put himself into the shoes of that German, who was captured by the Russians and declared that his father had been one of the original communists, and a loyal subject of 'General' Karl Marx! Who is now in Vienna (See the War memoirs of Ilya Ehrenberg!).
Your comrade, Zalman Samuilovitsh Rappaport
Whatever happened to him, this bloody German spy will remain in the memory of the few surviving Jews of Glubokie and the surrounding area, as a symbol of the hateful, freakish reptile, who carried with him death, destruction and annihilation
[Page 142]
They opened stores selling linens, footwear, haberdashery, clothing and others on Vilna Street. For a low price, the Germans and their friends purchased good quality apparel for ladies and gentlemen. Stores for porcelain, glass, dishes and a furniture opened. . In the house of Yehoshua Geller (a barber-surgeon), There was to be found the Varenhaus of haberdashery and clothing, with which Henie Raise Lederman dealt. In the house of Shmuel Mote Tzirlin (corner of Vilna and New Kisheleike) was the porcelain store, under the supervision of someone named Gurvitsh (an elderly person, a refugee from Vilejka). In the house of Moshe-Hannah (corner of Vilna and Old Kisheleike) was the furniture store.
There were established special workshops and procedures in order to sort the things first and put them in order, managed by and worked by Jews a large laundry was established, where everything was washed and cleaned of the blood of the victims, because they hadn't managed to remove their clothes before they murdered them. The manager of the laundry was Kulbis, who had been the proprietor of a chemical cleaning establishment in Vilna.
During the sorting and washing some people would recognize the clothing and other things belonging to their relatives. Manye Freydkin recognized the shirt of her recently murdered husband, Shimon. With her own hands she had to wash the blood off her husband's shirt for the Varenhaus. And wailing and tearing the hair from their heads, the women washed and cleaned and pressed the things that belonged to their dearest, washing off the blood and turning the things over to their murderers. There were incidents when the laborers fell faint during their work, losing consciousness, and they had to be carried off to the Ghetto, in the midst of their work.
There were also workshops where thins were pressed, repaired and restored. In one such workshop Raye, the wife of the teacher, Wolf Michelman, , had to with her own hands, repair the suit of her murdered husband. During the work she fell faint and with great difficulty she was placed on a stretcher and carried home. After they were repaired, the things were displayed in the stores. The Germans bought them and sent them home as gifts for their wives, children and relatives!
The same was for the store that sold dishes and porcelain. The merchandise was first removed from Jewish homes, and afterwards brought from the surrounding towns, such as Dakshitz, Parafianov, Mir, Luzshki, Plissa, Ziavki, Germanovitsh, Brasluv, lialuvitsh, Druya, Pohost, Sharkovshtzizna, Prazaraki and others. From these towns there were brought whole wagons loaded with crates of utensils and dishes, packed in the pages of holy books. The wagons with these things were covered with bloody torn clothing ,Often with torn taleisim and bloody prayer shawls .. When the merchandise would diminish in the stores, the Germans would order the Judenrat to provide certain articles. During the months of August and September of 1943, almost every day orders would come to the Judenrat for suits, underwear, socks, shoes, pajamas, children's clothing, and even toys. A situation was created In the Ghetto that not a single perfect item could be left to be seen, because such items had to be sent to the Varenhaus.
They would consider themselves lucky if they could save themselves by providing some substitute item when it was impossible to fulfill a demand for some article, when it wasn't possible to provide some item or another. substitute item were gold, jewelry, etc.
Selling the Jewish possessions involved a procedure as follows:
The buyers - Germans or police, also officials of German establishments - used to come to the Varenhaus with orders from the Justice-minister. one of the Jewish salespeople, Mashe Bagin, Chaya-Rachel Rabinowitz or someone else would permit the buyer to choose what he liked, and it was lucky when the buyer, after finding and getting what he wanted, delicately wrapped, did not berate the one who gave him the merchandise. It became a thing of amazement if a German, in a rare moment, would greet the salespeople when he entered the store. This would be talked about for a long while. A decent German!
[Page 144]
1. On Vilna Street, in the home of Shimon Lekach, there was a stamp press, under the supervision of Mendel Galberstein. In that place, there worked about 20 stitchers, among whom there were: Hirsh Izraelov, Yitzhak Shuchman and his brother, Shimon Lekach, Gurevitsh, a young man from Dakshitz, Avraham Budav and others. They would stamp out the heels of shoes and boots, and also leather portfolios, holsters for revolvers, satchels and so forth. They would also stamp out for the German women, bolsters and all sorts of slippers. The work would turn out very nice and artistic. The Jews did it in good taste, and the Germans were pleased with the work.Furthermore, shoe polish was made in the Ghetto. the teacher Rivke Sragavitsh the daughter of Abraham-Shlomo Rabinowitz and others worked there. They also made combs and twine. Gloves were sewn. There was also a vulcanizing workshop.
2. Neighboring the leather stamp press, the shoemakers-workshop was to be found in the house of Mrs.linushkin, sister-in-law of Shimon Lekach,. David Drutz from Hoifisher Street, who was the son-in-law of Eli the Shamash (Beadle), supervised this enterprise. There, there worked: Chanan Meltzer, David Weiman, Zalman Shitzkin and others. Also fictious shoemakers worked there. The former teacher, Kasriel Shneidman used to make wooden slippers. And Lipa Landau, (son of the Rabbi of Droisk, and also ordained), learned to sew a pair of boots there. The shoemakers were flooded with work, always had orders from the Germans, who would send shoes to Germany for their relatives, and also use them for trade. The stitchers and shoemakers provided for the Germans, and were very necessary. Once the Gendarmes arrested the shoemaker, Zalman Shitzkin, for bartering some things in exchange for bread with a local peasant. Kern, the chief of the Gendarmes, freed him. This was one of the rare cases in which an arrested Jew was freed. At that time they detained Motke Pildas at the Ghetto entrance, when he returned from work. And they shot him immediately. In the Ghetto they said that Beryl Pildas' son was a surrogate for Shitzkin and therefore fell victim, because the German tactic was such that if they freed one Jew, because he was necessary to them, they would kill another Jew, or more than one in exchange.
3. there was to be found the men's tailor and furrier in Sarah Kremer's home (the wife of the teacher, Zalman Kravietz) This workshop was directed by Miakinin. There worked there some dozens of tailors, among them: Zelick Glazman, Zalman Feigelson, husband of Feitze, Arke, the shamash of the blue Minyan, Shlomo-David Pren, Ettingaff and others. They would skillfully make fine warm fur gloves and so forth
4. Ladies tailoring establishment run by Hannah Knel operated at Kasriel Kotz's home on Vilna Street. They sewed for the German women. The seamstresses used to have to go measure the garments for the German women, and this was dangerous. The first worry was whether or not the German woman would approve of the work and not feel that the Jewish seamstress had not put her heart and soul into the work on her dress, or slip It was not less dangerous to pass through, to and from, the entire city, outside of the Ghetto. The manager, Hannah Knel, whose duty it was to go and do the measuring or bring the finished garment, would, bid farewell to her fellow workers every time she left, and they would wish her a safe return
5. A knitwear establishment opened at the Shulvitsh's home. many women would knit sweaters, gloves, socks, hoods and other things There. Girls, as young as 8, also worked there. All told there were about 60 to 70 women who worked there.
6. the workshop for wooden shoes was at Meitshik Rabinowitz's home. Laizer Kotz from Varapaieve ran it. There they produced quite a few wooden shoes. The Germans provided these for the Jews and other manual laborers - Poles and White Russians from the entire area. Those who wore these shoes walked like true cripples, with bloody feet.
7. the broom workshop, run by Friedman from Yatkave Street At Meir Gitelson's, was to be found on the courtyard, in a back house,. This workshop was set up to employ the elderly, weaker Jews. The goal was constantly; every Jew should be gainfully employed. There were the following who were employed there: Shimon Lekach, from Disna, the father of Dr. Nachum Lekach; Mendl Pak, Chaim-Simcha Shpier (who had been the Gabbai of the Staraselyer Synagogue), Zalman Gordon Shlomo- Meir Shapiro, Yisrael Alperovitsh and others. The old Jews would often sit in the workshop with the Psalms or another holy books and secretly study them. On Shabbatot they would sit dressed in their aprons, but they wouldn't work. They would come early, pray with a minyan, and read from a Torah. It was also like this on the Shabbatot for the Mincha (afternoon) Service. There they made clothes brushes, shoe brushes, brushes for grooming horses and others.
8. A large factory for the manufacture of marmelade was to be found at the edge of Warsaw Street, in the house of Natarius. It was organized and directed by Moshe Abramowitz (the former proprietor of the firm Motzni Boot). This factory was very important to the Germans, because the marmelade produced there was very good, and the Germans liked it very much. Many young people were employed there. Later in this factory they produced sugar products.
9. At the home of Moshe, the blacksmith (Kreines) on 75 Vilna Street was the wagon factory, which was supervised by a Motl Berchov from Luzshki. they assembled wagons, wheels, sleds and alike for the Wehrmacht (German Army). In this wagonbau the Jews suffered greatly from the White Russian, Valakevitsh, a member of the Council of White Russia of Astravskes clique in Minsk. Valakevitsh was the steward of the wagonbau and by his torture of Jews and incitement to pogroms was very pleasing to the Germans.
10. The Judenrat also organized an ale factory, run by Moshke Katz (son of Tuvia) and Zundel Musin. Most of the ale produced was exported. Ale was also given to the officials in Glubokie and the surrounding area. From time to time, ale was also surreptitiously given to Jews in small quantities. Jews considered this a better place of employment and would chase after jobs there.
11. Many Jews were employed in the local tannery, which was run by A. Kurak and sons, from Dolhinov and also Mendl Katz (the son-in law of Abraham Palant). In this establishment Jews Also strove to obtain jobs, because one could more readily obtain footwear here. Besides this, the tannery would secretly produce hides for Christians and for this the Jews received enough for food for themselves and also to sell other products in the Ghetto. All of this was dangerous and there were victims. The tannery was located outside of the Ghetto at the edge of the city on Vilner Tract, and when the SS would arrive in the city, or other German murderers, and the Ghetto would be seized by panic, the workers of the tannery would remain overnight in the tannery. Some individual Jews would even steal their families out of the Ghetto and bring them to the tannery overnight.
12. They also produced in the Ghetto, under the direction of Zalman Levis, mattresses. The mattresses were sent to Germany, and also distributed to the Germans who were to be found in Glubokie and the surrounding area.
13. Very highly refined furniture factory under the supervision of Tishler Feigelman of Vilna Street was here. The Jews put all of their industry and talent into it and produced very fine and beautiful furniture. Also here, most of what was produced was sent to Germany
14. The cap makers organized a workshop in the Ghetto to make hats. Eli Alai, Reuven Gordon, Chaim-David Rothenberg - a Hassidic Jew from Lomzsher Street and others worked there.
15. Run by Reuven Haberman and his sons from Zamkove Street, the tinsmiths also organized a workshop. Reuven , his sons and other tinsmiths crafted all sorts of metal utensils.
16. A sign-making establishment was located on Vilna Street. The following worked there: Eli Podnos, his brother-in-law, Shrira (the former manager of the cinema Karsa), Yosef Budin, a former religious teacher and others. They made signs, placards and other such items for the Germans.
17. Also the print shop, which had previously belonged to Moshe Katzavitsh, Sheinbaum and Goldberg, was taken over by the Germans. There, like everywhere else, Jews worked. Among them were: Haberkorn, former teacher in the Jewish Business School. Mulye Zeldin, Yoske Zeldin, Zalye Milchman, Yitzhak Freidkin, the son of the comb maker (named Kasar), Shmerke Katsherginsky (the poet from Vilna) and others. There the Jews secretly printed blanks for all sorts of false documents, and a few, thanks to this fact, were able to remain on the Aryan Side.
18. Even the very young children worked. For them, the infants, e a workshop was organized. They made cartons, so that the Germans would be able to pack the things that Jews made, and send them to Germany. The 11-year-old cripple, Yashe Mazavetzky, the grandson of Yerachmiel Alperovitsh, supervised this workshop. In that place there also worked the 7 year old Zinke (Aaron-Yitzhak) Raiak, a son of M. Raiak.
As was mentioned, Glubokie became a factory city, where no industry was omitted.
Entire plantations were established in the Jewish gardens,. All sorts of hops were planted as well as other growing things. Someone named Katz, from the town of New-Svientzian supervised this. About 40 Jews worked the plantations. Later they were bit by bit eased out of this work, and Poles and White Russians replaced them. The Germans exploited the talents of Moshe Mirman, and therefore let his wife continue to work there. Also Leib Krivitzky, Sharke Sragavitsh, Tzilye Mirman and others worked there.
Jews also worked in the headquarters, beside this, in the Justice Ministry, in the Gendarmerie, in the magistrates building, the community center, Police headquarters, and for the Germans in their homes. They also worked on the roads, on the railroad, as street cleaners, at the market, in the gardens, and so on. Every day Jews were sent to the nearby railroad stations around Glubokie. In general, the Germans supported themselves with Jewish labor, and sucked the lifeblood from them right up to the end, and afterwards annihilated them. A special office was set up at 19 Vilna Street - in the house of Meir Gitelson, which was outside the Ghetto. In order to carry on the various enterprises and industries in Glubokie, there which was actually run by the Judenrat. Officially though this Office was called the Office of the Regime's Kommisarat.
This Office took care of the Jewish workers, and made sure that they would get to work on time; controlled production, and distribution. This Office took care mostly of the orders of various items for German officials and personalities. Those who regularly ordered were the Justice-Commissioner, Hochman, the representative of the commerce department, Heberling, Chief of the Glubokie Gendarmerie Kern. The one in charge of Jewish Affairs Hebel, the adjutant of the Gendarmes Hait, Vitvitzki (former spy), Goldberg, Heinliat, Vildt, Shpeer, Tzimer, Becker, Kapenvald, Zemf, Schultz, the Burgomeister, Naumov, Germans from the Labor Department and others. Also, there were often German guests from other cities, who would come here with empty valises and leave loaded with all the best, provided by Jews.
The Germans would send for the Jewish Elder Constantly, or would themselves, order various things in the Office. Steadily footwear, clothing, linens, produce (butter, honey, hog fat, sausage, meat and so forth) would be packed there, and these were sent to provided addresses in various places in Germany. Heberling would send footwear and suits of clothing to various places in Germany. He would send these items also to a friend of his in Warsaw, a German who was a senior official in the administration there. The Jews had to provide all of the things requested in the required time, in order to be able to fulfill all demands. In the Office it was always lively, there ran around the Jewish Police, who were members of the Judenrat and other Jews to all Jewish the Jewish homes, and would bring to the office clothing, footwear, household utensils, food etc. In the courtyard of the Office there was a warehouse for leather, run by Alter Cohen, a warehouse for linen, furs and other things, run by Yaakov Almer. To the warehouses the peasants would bring from their villages their produce and grain, where it was packed on wagons and entire wagon loads of leather, linen, furs and grain were every week sent off to Germany. There was also a separate warehouse for sewing machines, stocking machines, hat making machines, which were taken away from the murdered Jews of Glubokie and the surrounding area.
There was also a metal warehouse. There they stored samovars, pots, primus stoves, trays, meat grinders, baking pans, mortars, hinges of doors, ladles, candlesticks and others. The Jews packed onto the wagons these items also, and they were taken to Germany.
There was also a warehouse for feathers. The entire summer and fall of 1942, they gathered the bedclothes from all of the towns around and also from Glubokie itself. It belonged to the families of Jews who perished. The heavy quilts and the cushions were opened and the Jews cleaned the feathers, sorted and entire wagons full were sent to bloody Germany. Our blood still freezes in our veins when we remind ourselves that still even today, the evil, unclean creatures sleep on the quilts and cushions of our mothers, fathers, wives, sisters and little children. Who got anything back from them even after the war and after the surrender? In the Office at number 19 Vilna Street, worked: Moshe Shulheifer, Michael Azshinsky (bookeeper), Nathan Gelvan, Sonia Gurvitsh of Vileike, Salye Natanson and Sonia Bagin. Later on - Ire Botvinick of Dokshitz and others.
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Partisans began to appear in various places. They would partially hinder the Germans from freely carrying out their plans. For the murderers it did not pay to have Jews wandering in the woods, in the bushes and in the mud. In July 1942 an order was issued by the German authorities that all of the survivors of the annihilated towns should gather in the Glubokie Ghetto. They were assured that no one would be killed. Permits were given to the members of the Judenrat to freely ride around in the places where these Jews were hiding and tell them about the German amnesty, and to gather them into the Glubokie Ghetto. (Officially it was forbidden for Jews to even go out of the Ghetto into the city.)
The Jewish Elder, Gershon Lederman, undertook this task vigorously. He organized a few energetic people, gave them permits, and with the blessing of the Judenrat sent them out to the fields, woods, mud swamps, bushes etc. They were sent to the environs of the annihilated towns to seek out the wanderers, the refugees, and to gather them here into the Ghetto. The unfortunate, orphaned, broken Jews reacted in various ways. Those, who were completely broken, grabbed at this opportunity like a drowning man would grasp the sharp edge of a knife to save himself. They were immediately brought into the Glubokie Ghetto. Some fought with themselves and didn't know what to do. Good sense, which still served some of them, told them that this was a new German ploy, a deceit to fool them into a new trap, in the Glubokie Ghetto. In order to have them all together and then dispose of them. But for some, the situation in the forest; hunger, weariness and the fear of death at the hands of the peasants, put them into such a bind, that they imagined they had nothing to lose. After a short period of deliberation, they let themselves be persuaded, and against their better judgement, went back to the Ghetto. After saving themselves from the slaughter, they again placed themselves inside the German box The first ones who showed themselves in the Glubokie Ghetto, from the forests, were many of the Jews of Sharkovshtzizne. Because, as is known, the Police and civilian Christians of that town, searched for the Jews in the fields and woods, and killed them when they were found. And if they could hide from the Germans, from the local bandits, who knew all of the highways and byways, all of the caves and hiding places, it was impossible to hide. Therefore these Jews immediately responded the call of the Judenrat. In a similar situation were the Jews of Dokshitz, and they also capitulated immediately. Later there also came Jews from the other destroyed towns such as: Miary, Druya, Holuvitsh, Disna, Plisse Ziavki, Braslav, Prazarak and others.
Men and women, mostly young would come into the Ghetto Each day. They were barely able to drag themselves along from the fields around Germanavitsh, Luzshki, Hadutziski, Varapayeva, Parafianov, Dolhinov, Droisk, Braslav, Zahatye, Bildiyugi, Shipi, Skuntshiki, Parplishtze, Svientzyan, Padbradz and others. Only a few of those in hiding, those who were Physically strong, would not be influenced by the Judenrat appeals to give themselves up, and chose instead the dangerous life in the field, rather than give in again to the German.
The echoes, though, about the safety for Jews in the Glubokie Ghetto, kept on spreading, and to there would stray refugees from the German sword from far away places: Dvinsk, Kovno, Bialistok, Grodno, Brisk, Baranovitsh and others. All of the Jews who arrived were in tatters, with growths of beard, and blackened with dirt. Most of them had swollen feet, hands and faces bitten by flies, bees, etc. There were also some that had been seriously wounded, because in running through gunfire during the slaughters, they were hit by bullets and in the forests they bandaged themselves with rags, and held out
We would always encounter in the Ghetto, those who limped, those who leaned on branches cut in the forest, with bandaged heads, faces, hands and feet. Swollen people, or better yet, shadows, who did not have the strength to tell what had happened to them, and who couldn't even mourn their most near and dear ones whom they had lost during the slaughters.
Here were cases where family members lost each other, running from the slaughter in their communities, thinking that the others had already perished by German bullets, and suddenly they would meet again. It is impossible to describe such a meeting. Not all were capable of enduring the joy, just as many couldn't endure the tragedy in its completeness because of the inhuman experiences. They also brought suckling babies into the Ghetto, who had been found hidden under bushes, because the parents had been murdered. No one knew whose children they were.
In August of 1942, the Germans transferred the Jews of Kazian and Nei-Pohost into the Glubokie Ghetto. They were brought in on peasant's carts together with their possessions., Jews, refugees from 42 Jewish communities gathered into the Glubokie Ghetto - all told, several thousand people.
Those, who were lucky and hurried into shops, stalls, attics and a variety of dwelling places, were privileged Those who arrived later did not have a roof over their heads. A large number were homeless on the street. Those who had been brought from Kazian and Nie-Pohost remained with their bedding lying in gardens no way could they find a place for themselves..
The Judenrat did not know how to solve the housing problem of the refugees. On the one hand they had to try dealing with the authorities to persuade them to enlarge the boundaries of the Ghetto. But on the other hand they were afraid to talk to the Germans about the overcrowded conditions in the Ghetto. So that it would not seem to them as if there were too many Jews in the Ghetto, which might lead to a new series of murders, to a new slaughter. But there was no alternative. The overcrowding in the Ghetto was unbearable and Lederman went to the officials and convinced them (for a very nice bribe, understandably) to extend the Ghetto area. Those sections that had previously been cut off were now attached to the Ghetto: Dubrave, Palne and also one side of Vilna Street near Dubrave. The Christians, who had already settled themselves in those houses, had to (what a pity) move again. The sick and the wounded were placed in the Ghetto hospital and the healthy ones (Jews) were driven to work. During their labor the Germans, as we have already told, took revenge on the Jews. Their wild vexations are difficult to understand by a sane mind.
In the summer and fall of 1942 there was no hunger in the Ghetto as far as nourishment is concerned.. The Germans themselves made all kinds of combined businesses and would secretly provide products: potatoes and flour and for them they would be paid in cash. The same applied to shoes and other items. The refugees though, as was mentioned, had arrived completely naked and did not have the wherewithal to buy anything. The Judenrat opened for them a soup kitchen in the hospital. Also the Glubokie Jews fed the refugees on a daily basis, and very often for a number of weeks.
In this time of trouble and calamities each one searched for hope and the promise of redemption. Redemption, at that time, meant a victory of the Red Army over our oppressors - the Germans.
In the Ghetto, when the sounds of planes were heard, moods would become very lively. Jews wouldn't sleep entire nights in order to listen to the hum of motors in the air. What a great joy it was for the Jews, when, in July, 1943, a month before the extermination of all the Jews, when a large Soviet squadron of planes bombed the German garrison in Berezvetsh, 2 kilometers from the city. Unfortunately, the bombing did not damage the Germans. The bombs fell in a field on soft ground and did not explode. After the attack the Germans ordered the Jews to remove those bombs that had been buried and hadn't exploded. The heroes themselves, fled from that dangerous place, fearing an explosion.
After assembling all of the Jews from the fields and forests in the Ghetto, they began to bring at the end of the summer of 1942, boards, barbed wire and posts in order to enclose the Ghetto. This put even more pressure upon the already choking Jews. Since they were already imprisoned and except for the forced labor couldn't leave the Ghetto anyway, this upset everyone. This was a favor to the Jews in the words of the official, Hebel. It did not calm anyone, even though he assured the Jews that it was meant for the various Germans and policemen who previously were able to enter the Ghetto at will. Now they would no longer have free access to the Ghetto. The Jews knew it was a lie but there was nothing that could be done about it anyway. The Jews themselves had to carry out the work. With their own hands they had to build the box for themselves.
For a full two months the Jews worked on it, and in November 1942 a high, thick fence, topped by several rolls of barbed wire encircled the entire Ghetto. The Ghetto now consisted of the north side of Vilna Street, the east half of Dubrave, the east half of Palne, Nei-Legianav (Kisheleike), Droyer, (Lomzsher) Street and the south side of Bialistaker (lower) Street. You could enter and leave the Ghetto by only one gate, which was set up at the boundary of Nei-Kisheleike and Vilna Streets. a policeman stood on guard at the gate day and night he was attached to the German auxiliary Police. When the Jews returned from their labor at night, the policeman, to make sure that they weren't carrying any products into the Ghetto searched them. If they would find a bit of milk in a bottle, a couple of eggs, a piece of cheese, or even some green vegetable, that person's fate was already sealed. He was no longer allowed into the Ghetto. He was taken to the Police where he was shot.
The Germans also desecrated the Jewish Cemetery. They forced the Jews to break down the fence with their own hands, to cut down all of the trees, to tear up and break the tombstones. With these tombstones the Germans built a theatre in Glubokie. Velvel Leibl, the son of Maznik from Senkevitsh Street would often tell, with great bitterness about this desecration of the cemetery He was a religious Jew, together with other Jews, he was forced to carry the destruction of the cemetery .
A portion of the youth escaped into the forest to tie up with Partisan groups, but these were only individuals. A mass exodus could not even be talked about. Larger groups could not even exit the Ghetto. The Germans and the Police hovered on all sides, and if one managed to escape from the Hell, his relatives were killed. Here for example is such an incident: In December., 1942, someone named Motke Berchan (who worked in the Vagenbau at 75 Vilna Street) heard (in the Judenrat), that the family of Eli Gordon (Becker) is in danger of being killed, because their son, Hirshke Gordon, fled to the forest. Berchan told this secret to Gordon and his wife; they, and their two younger daughters and a small son, Mishal, stole out of the Ghetto, without anything, naked, barely with their souls, in the middle of' the night and disappeared. Immediately the Gordon's older daughter was arrested (Hinde), together with her husband, Shabbtai Catkin, (from Kisheleike) and were shot, leaving two infants without care. The impression that this made on the Ghetto is easy to imagine If someone were merely suspected of harboring the thought of fleeing the Ghetto, he was immediately placed in the basement of the Judenrat, which was in the house of Yaakov Olmer. (This was done for protection) In the winter of 1942-43 the situation became such that everyone in the Ghetto found himself under the supervision of the Judenrat. The Jewish Police and Jews in general, looked out for each other, to see to it that no one should flee the Ghetto. It had been proven that all are responsible for each other, and that the community is responsible for the individual. In the big, long dark fall and winter nights, the Jews, according to the orders of the Judenrat, would patrol the entire perimeter of the Ghetto (from the inside, naturally)
They carefully watched that under the cover of might, no one should steal himself out of the Ghetto and flee into the woods.
There were cases when the night-watch would catch someone who was fleeing the Ghetto, and on the morrow he was taken to the Judenrat where he was installed in the cellar together with his entire family, and the watch was reinforced in general. In this way, the Judenrat once caught, on the Jewish cemetery, a group of 30 people. They had already managed to escape from the Ghetto, and they were planning to stealthily flee into the forest. Among them, according to the report, there was Chana Shnell (a seamstress, who was one of the managers of the women's seamstress workshop), Chaim-Leib Shulheifer (pharmacist), Marusye Levin (a daughter-in-law of Yisrael Chaves) and tier brother-in-law, Moshe Chaves (a doctor), Gildin (a pharmacist from Luzshki) and others. The Jewish Police kept the entire group under careful watch and brought them back to the Ghetto. The Judenrat did not make a big deal out of this, because they feared that the Germans might find out about it.
Jews looked out for each other, to make sure that no one left the Ghetto and head for the woods. In March,1943 there came to Shulevitsh's house, where the knitting establishment was located, a peasant, and asked that Deborah Ruderman be called out. She was the mother of the Partisan, Yenkl Ruderman. Immediately the Jewish Police Commissar, Yude Blant, found out about it and came running quickly and tore from the hand of Mrs. Ruderman a slip of paper which the peasant had. Managed to give her from her son in the forest. Before she had a chance to read it. He wanted to seize and turn over the messenger, the peasant, to the German Gendarmes, but he mounted his horse and fled. And Deborah was deposited in the cellar of the Judenrat. The contents of the note, which her son had sent from the forest, remained a secret. It's possible that this note could have prevented the later death of Mrs. Ruderman herself, and maybe also of others.
With each passing day the Jews in the Ghetto, became more and more broken. The theme of everyone's conversation was the same: destruction, shooting, when and where they would be annihilated The more religious Jews would pray during their free time, recite Psalms, and study. Some would fast every Monday and Thursday (Shalom Weinstein and others). They could see that the tragedy was coming, as a punishment from Heaven for sins Some on the other hand drove out every thought of despair and turned to drink. It's all the same they argued. We will be killed! There were also to be found naive Jews, who wanted to believe the Germans, that the Jews of Glubokie are an exception, are useful and therefore no evil would befall upon them.
They choked off' the evil thoughts about the eventual genocide within themselves, and believed in a miracle. Maybe from somewhere the Red Army will break through, or some powerful partisan group would free them. It is impossible to convey the mood of the Jews, their frame of mind in the sealed off Ghetto, cut off from the entire world, where they sat and waited for death. He, who himself tasted the German Hell, can only grasp it. but he who had the great privilege not to gaze upon the German beast, cannot, under any circumstances, understand it. Because the sufferings endured by those unfortunates in the Ghetto, were beyond human reason, and people in a healthy, normal environment cannot envision it at all.
[Page 157]
The task that Yaakov Friedman took in the matter of acquiring arms, was not any less vital. He would ride through the villages dress in a policeman clothes, and obtain arms there, in various ways, arms which he also sent to the above-mentioned Partisan group. He worked like this until the fall of 1942, when he himself joined up with the resistance group. He later distinguished himself in the battle against the Germans, until the arrival of the Red Army.
The son-in-law of Moshe Berkan deserves much credit for providing the Partisans with arms. He would buy guns, grenades, revolvers and transferred them to the Partisans in the forest. Eventually he paid for this with his life. The Police found out about it and came to the Ghetto to arrest him. He was not easily arrested. He seized a policeman's gun, removed the firing pin, and fled to the forest. But since they wanted to kill his wife, child and relatives in place of him, he couldn't save himself and let them die., he gave himself up to the murderers, to prevent this. After horrible tortures, they killed him.
Klianer of Lutshaier street also worked intensively for the resistance. During the entire period of the summer and autumn of 1942 he also gathered arms,, until he fled from the Ghetto into the forest. Even as he was fleeing, he grabbed the gun from a German who was standing guard, knocked him unconscious, and swiftly disappeared.
In spite of militant and heroic stance, the youth, often did not have the fortuity to oppose the wild German beast They would mostly seek ways in which to hinder the savage murderers in-their diabolical plan, and revenge the innocent blood that was spilled. Bamke Genichovitsh, the young man from Plisse, sought revenge for the murder of his father in this way. He constantly lie in ambush for the German Kapenberg, who killed his father in the town of Plisse. Kapenberg was alerted to the fact that the son of his victim is hiding somewhere in the forest and wants to take revenge on him. He watched out for him however, young Genichovitsh was much more refined than the German bandit, nd searching for him ceaselessly he once encountered him on the road from Plisse to Glubokie, where he killed him on the spot. .'
The same Bamke Genichovitsh, also took revenge on the folks-German woman, Ida Aditzka, who was responsible for many Jewish victims. She was also very active in the expeditions against the Partisans. She participated in the slaughter of Jews in Psuye, Prozarok, Plisse, Glubokie and others. She killed dozens of Jewish children. (see the section THE DESTRUCTION OF THE SECOND GHETTO IN GLUBOKIE) She had also murdered Rutshakavsky, the former chairman of Selsovet. Once, when this German woman was found in Koshtziol, Genichovitsh and some of his comrades dressed in German clothes and went cautiously into Koshtziol. There they made her acquaintance, and invited her to go for a walk. She became quite intrigued with the young cavaliers and went walking with them into a wood. This was all that they wanted. There, they tied her to a tree, recited to her all of her misdeeds, and then killed her.
The youth began to search for ways to escape to the forest and make contact with the Partisans as soon as it became known in Glubokie that there were Partisans in the forest. Partisans who attack German units, and interfere with their devilish deeds, kill Germans on the roads, cut lines of communication, and alike. Ignoring the arduous and dangerous conditions, which were associated with the resistance, several groups manage to flee to the forest. To do this they had to have boundless courage and heroism, because there were pitfalls at every step of the way.
Local Police and the Germans constantly patrolled the Ghetto. Whoever tried to leave could easily fall into the hands of the German Gestapo. Besides this, according to the rumors from the Judenrat, secret agents were planted in the Ghetto. They reported everything concerning what was going on in the Ghetto to the Germans. Besides which, when the Germans would find out about some that fled, many innocents who stayed behind might pay with their lives. Outside of the Ghetto, Jews who would be met by civilian peasants, might be killed by them, or turned over to the Germans.
Many such incidents took place. After all, those who fled did not know where to go, where to look for the Partisans, and many times instead of coming to them, it was easy to fall into the trap of the German beast. (You couldn't ask anybody, because you didn't know whom to trust. The peasants themselves did not hesitate at times, to inflict troubles on the Jews and even kill them.)
And even so, ignoring all of this, in the summer of 1942, a group of young people, disguised and armed, left the Ghetto and joined up with the Partisans. The first pioneer Partisans of Glubokie were: Avner Feigelman - called Alyasha (before the war he was a flax gatherer for Lederman). He went with an organized group on the morrow after the slaughter of the 2500 Jews, into the forest. 'They were among the first group of young men, who fell upon the bloody enemy with their full impact and fought heroically. In this group there was also Itshke Blatt (son of Leibel Blatt of Gomzsher Street), who became a commander in the Partisan Brigade of Tshapayev. Blatt distinguished himself with his sharp sense, boldness, determination and fleetness. He would cast fear on the peasants in those woods, and they ceased their ill treatment of Jews. Blatt was called the lion of the forest In this first group there was also Barke Shapiro (son of Yashke Shapiro of Senkevitsh Street), a girl from Disne, named Chasia and others.
In September of 1942 an armed group of 17 men left the ghetto, among whom there were Ber Katzavitsh and Iza (Moshe Katzavitsh's grandsons), Zalye Milchman (the teacher Milchman's son), Yachelman, Michael Feigel, Yenki Ruderman, Yerachmiel Milkin, David Glezer and others. This group, while still in the Ghetto, was in contact with the Partisan Brigade, Mastitel, and sent them arms. In September they joined them. They were in the forest near the village of Univyer, in the Miadler region. From this village a certain Stefan Samasianek, actively helped in the organization of the Partisans in the region.
The situation in the Ghetto became very strained after this group of 17 Jews left. The Germans and the Police now guarded even more diligently. It was declared that the families would be personally responsible for those who fled to the forest, which meant that for the sins of the children the parents would be held responsible and pay with their life. This frightened the youth very much, but their activities did not cease. They prepared arms and did not stop organizing an escape. Another group of 18 Jews left two months later; among whom were to be found: Yisrael Shparber, Moshe Feigel and Sonye, Hirshl Gordon, Shimon Soloveitshik, Hirsh Israelev and both sons of the Jewish elder, Yerucham and Motke Lederman. In the Ghetto there arose panic. They speculated that this would be costly, and that there would be a bloodbath. Unfortunately they were right. A few days after the 18 had gone, the Gendarmes and Police encircled the homes of the families of Sane Milkin and Feige Feigelson drove every one out, took them to the Police where they underwent terrible turtures the entire night, and in the morning they were all shot. Fourteen people in the two families died for that transgression, which their children had perpetrated by going into the forest. The fear that seized everyone cannot be measured. Everyone waited to be taken away People trembled at their own shadow. They tried to avoid their own homes, and would not sleep during the nights.
Because Lederman's sons had gone into the forest the unease increased. If the Jewish Elder's sons flee, then maybe not only their family would suffer, but possibly the entire Ghetto. This could cause a slaughter on a large scale, or the entire Ghetto might be destroyed in one fell swoop! This is how everyone interpreted the situation. These were the comments, and everyone went about depressed. All searched for a place to hide, where to bury oneself. But there was no place where one could save his soul. Whosoever had the smallest safe hiding place outside of the Ghetto, left his home for the night.
Lederman, The Jewish Elder, went to the Minister, Hochman, and told him everything about his great tragedy, asking him to help return his straying sons from the Partisans. The Minister was so loveable and he involved himself in Lederman's bitter situation. He gave him a permit to ride through the fields in the area and look for his sons. Lederman immediately sent two Jews, Eli Gordon and Mulye Soloveitshik (incidentally, their sons were already in the forest also) to the Miadler region to look for and bring back his sons. Lederman made this matter into one of principle, a serious matter, one in which everybody in the Ghetto must be interested - the fate of everyone, he announced, will hang on whether or not his sons would be brought home. In the Ghetto, Lederman's sons became a matter of life and death. All awaited the messengers impatiently, to see what they would bring. And in about two weeks there was suddenly spread the news that they had returned in peace and brought with them Lederman's two sons. With them there also came Hirshele Israelev - a quilter. The Ghetto breathed more freely, but in spite of it the calm did not last, because everyone waited to see how the authorities would react to the Ledermans in particular and to the public - will there be victims, how many and who will they be?
Fortunately for that time, the Commissar Grod was on leave and his replacement was a bit more humane, so Lederman found him to be a bit softer in accepting bribes and other formalities in order rehabilitate the bad deed committed by Lederman's sons. He was ordered that they be beaten, and with this their punishment was complete.
For their punishment;
The substitute for Grod, the person in charge of Jewish Affairs, Hebel ( a frightening devourer of Jews), Chief of the Gendarmarie, Kern, and other high ranking military and administrative officials, gathered in the Ghetto. All the Ghetto Jews were ordered to the Judenrat, and before this gathering, the culprits Lederman's two sons and H. Israelev were beaten. This was only for show because Lederman's sans had been told earlier to put on heavier trousers, and then they were beaten lightly. The Jewish policeman, Michael Shapiro, carried out this function. Then Grod's representative made a speech and said that, thanks to the fact that Lederman himself had reported the incident involving his children, and had carried out activities to bring them back, their lives had been spared. He added that for every Jew who allows himself to escape to the forest, first of all his family would be killed and afterwards the entire Ghetto would suffer. This announcement worked. The Jews strictly guarded each other. The patrols of the Jews themselves was strengthened in the Ghetto by the Judenrat and twice each night the patrols circling the Ghetto boundary were changed. Jews circled the perimeter on the inside of the fence the entire night and watched to see that no one should sneak out of the Ghetto in the darkness of the night. There was a guard of Germans on the outside, beside the guarding of the Jews on the inside, so that the Ghetto was sealed hermetically, and to be able to get out was practically impossible.
[Page 162]
Suddenly, in February of 1943, the Germans arrested him. Everyone in the Ghetto was very disturbed by the news of his arrest. It became known later the reason for his arrest. It was because he, at the advice of someone named Gebeshn (the son of the Sharkavshtziner, Dr. A. Galitzianer), with the help of a German Officer, Kardiel, attempted to falsify a document, stating that his mother was not Jewish and therefore he was not a born Jew. He thought that in this way he could save himself, as an Aryan. The Germans found out about this, and they immediately arrested him and the German, Kardiel, they turned over to the court in Minsk. Local Germans, friends of Kardiel, made an effort to keep the matter a local one, and they were successful. This change of venues also benefited Abramovitsh. His family, like all Jews in such predicaments, waited for Abramovitsh to be freed. But to tear oneself from the German claws was something that seldom happened and so it was in this case also. The Germans promised to free him for a large sum of gold. When Mrs. Abramovitsh and his other relatives finally assembled the sum that had been demanded, the Germans still did not release him, using the excuse that the clearing of Kardiel (the clearing of Abramovitsch depended on it) still had to be confirmed in Rega. (This, of course, was but an excuse.)
The end of the matter was that the Germans dragged out the release of Abramovitsch from day to day. in that way it dragged on until the 20th of August, 1943, until the day of the destruction of the entire Ghetto of Glubokie, together with all other Jews, and with the rest of his family (wife, children and parents), Abramovitsh also was killed.
[Page 163]
At the end of February 1943, Lederman, as a result of such a visit, did not return home to the Ghetto. Evening came, night fell . The family and relatives waited with great impatience and Lederman did not show up. The entire Ghetto didn't know yet about this, but those who did know became very despondent: They exchanged secrets; they that something isn't right. No one was permitted to go out of the Ghetto. It is already late at night and Lederman hasn't returned.
In the morning of the next day three Germans, dressed in civilian clothing, came into the Ghetto. Inquiring as to the whereabouts of Lederman's home. The Policeman, Michael Shapiro took them there, and they took away Lederman's wife, Henie Raize, his three children: Yerucham, Motke and Rivke. The Germans calmed the Ledermans, They said that they were taking them to their husband and father and they would all be set free together in a short while. The small daughter, Rivke, they freed on the way, and she returned to the Ghetto. His wife and two sons the Germans took to the park on Senkevitsh Street. The young men immediately understood what was taking place, that the Germans are deceiving them, so they tore themselves away and began to run. The Germans shot at them and the oldest was slightly wounded. Escaping the Germans, the I,edermans came running back into the Ghetto. From Yerucham there flowed a slight stream of blood the entire way. He did not enter by way of the gate, but jumped over the high fence at an out of the way side. In the Ghetto itself they disappeared, and no one knew where they were.
From early morn the entire Ghetto, was already on wheels. Everyone knew that Lederman was arrested, and that his family had also been taken away. Everyone became frightened. This was a Shabbat morning before Purim and the older Jews fled from their prayers and hid. They thought that, after Lederman demise, there would quickly follow the end of the entire Ghetto. Lederman, who according to everyone's reasoning was untouchable, had been arrested! The only Jew, who would meet face to face with the Germans and who would bring with him, into the Ghetto, at least some comfort by telling-in the name of the Germans, that the Glubokie Jews are privileged. They will not be killed. Now he was taken away. And now the last pillar fell the only support was gone . What can there be now? The fear was indescribable. People ran about as if fleeing a fire, disturbed, not knowing what to do with themselves, with their little children, whom their mothers led by their hands or clasped in their arms. They ran about as if drugged.
A member of the Judenrat who often accompanied Lederman; Zalman Rubashkin (when the latter would bring to the Germans packages of Jewish belongings and goods - Rubashkin used to help him carry), girded his courage and went to German headquarters to find out what had happened to the Jewish Elder, G. Lederman. He found out, that the S. D. from Vilejka arrested Lederman for the sins of his sons, who had earlier run to the Partisans but had in fact, already been rehabilitated (see above). Rubashkin was assured that the arrest of Lederman had nothing whatsoever to do with the Ghetto and that the Jews can be completely calm. Even if Lederman will not be released so quickly, in a few days a new Jewish Elder will be appointed in the Glubokie Ghetto. This information had a somewhat calming effect. The Germans kept their word this time. A few days later Zalman Rubashkin was appointed Jewish Elder in place of Lederman. He also carried out as Lederman had, the function of bringing on a daily basis, gifts to German headquarters. Rubashkin would also be awaited impatiently, when he would return from the Germans. They would await for him hoping for some good news, to be consoled, to be given assurance Regretfully, Rubashkin could not bring them any good news, even though he always tried to create an optimistic attitude The deeds of the Germans in the Ghetto, the daily tragic reality did not permit, even for a short while, to forget the true situation, in which the Jews found themselves.
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text:
And now I'm reading articles saying how the NCAA needs to change, and start playing players, because of this.
Well then, if that's your justification/reasoning I think we should start paying murderers too. All our punishments don't seem to be detering people from killing people, so let's just okay it, and try to reward them for not being able to follow the law as well.
Pretty stupid argument, but yet it's getting passed along by the media.
How about having a backbone and some moral integrity for once, instead of taking the easy way out.
Paying players won't make the problem go away, it will only make part of the problem legal. Such a stupid reasoning.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ONTARIO >> In a move expected to bring dozens of new manufacturing jobs to the Inland Empire, a Newport Beach-based dog treat company is renovating a large warehouse in Ontario to open its first domestic plant.
Newport Based-Globalinx Pet, which has imported and distributed jerky treats for dogs from China for the American marketplace under the brand names Kingdom Pet and Hillside Farms, is renovating a 110,000-square-foot industrial facility in Ontario.
Globalinx Pet will produce the Hillside Farms brand of chicken jerky treats for dogs from the new plant. Completion of interior construction work in the existing facility is expected to be completed and open by October.
The new facility is expected to create new manufacturing jobs for about 50 in the region, said Ben Wu, vice president of product development, with room to grow and hire more in the future. The factory, which will feature a large freezer, and nine large ovens, will also be built to federal Department of Agriculture standards and will be automated, with robotics helping package the product.
"We're building it to USDA meat standards even though it's a pet food plant," said David Brickner, the project manager on the remodeling of the facility. "The automation makes the product more consistent. It's done with equipment that is reliable."
Wu said he and his family wanted the company factory to remain in the region to support the local community.
"While there are a lot stricter regulations about air quality, about the waste water, and everything we do here (in California), we think it's worth while, because we're supporting the community in which we live and we want the community to prosper as we prosper."
Wu said there's been increased demand from consumers for American-made dog treats because of Food and Drug Administration reports regarding jerky treat products from China that had made dogs sick.
"We don't believe that to be the case. We monitor our products coming in very carefully," Wu said of his product, which according to the company has never been the subject of any recall. "However, because there is a perception that the products coming in from China are sort of tainted, and I don't know if tainted is the right word, in order to help ease the mind of our customers, this is something we wanted to do for them."
Since 2007, the FDA has received about 4,800 reports of pet illnesses which may be related to the consumption of the jerky treats, according to the agency's online site about the matter. A recent online FDA report on the safety of jerky treats does not list specific brands, but it said illnesses have been linked to many brands of jerky treats and that one common factor the cases share is the treats consumed were mostly imported from China.
Wu said the product labeling for Hillside Farms brand of dog treats will indicate they are made in the USA with an American flag printed on packaging and all chicken meat for the product will be sourced from domestic farms in the United States.
Separately, Wu said Globalinx Pet would still import and distribute Chinese made dog treats and sell jerky treat products, such as its Kingdom Pets brand, under different packaging that would not include a label indicating the products are made in the USA.
"There is an opportunity for a product from China to come in for customers less sensitive to the fact it's not made in the U.S.," Wu said.


text:
Are Americans becoming more thrifty? Personal savings rates are up, the government statistics tell us. This fact has engendered a wide-ranging debate. Is this just a short-term deviation from America's obsession with spending, or is it a permanent change?
I believe it's a permanent change, but not for the reasons you might think.
No, the financial crisis and recession have not administered some type of shock treatment on the American psyche. Rather, it's my view that the crisis has administered shock treatment on the financial institutions that gave rise to a high-debt culture—a culture of high credit card and installment balances, no money down, minimum monthly payments, and negligible savings.
Here's my hypothesis: The steady decline in American savings rates over the past quarter-century was largely due to growing access to easy credit. It was a structural or institutional shift, not a behavioral one. Americans in the 1950s, who saved at a much higher rate than Americans today, were not somehow morally superior in their fortitude or self-discipline. Rather (in my view) they just couldn't say "charge it" every time a new consumer product caught their eyes.
The institutional impediments to spending were strong. Credit cards were nonexistent. When it came to borrowing to buy a new car, it was a short-term installment loan and required a hefty down payment. And when it came to buying a home, there was no PMI—it was 20% down, in cash. (And who remembers layaway?)
Now, with tightening credit standards, Americans actually have to save money to buy things—they need cash to buy a car or new appliances or a home. Hence the rise in savings. From this point of view, many of the recent complaints about availability of credit have a silver lining. They will encourage those Americans who are overreliant on debt to consider saving for the future, rather than borrowing from it.
Recently, I heard a radio interview with an author who complained about rapacious credit card practices. He talked about credit limits being sliced and minimum payments raised sharply. There were a number of legitimate points he raised.
And yet I couldn't help thinking that maybe we want and need debt and borrowing to have a "bad rap." Longer-term institutional restrictions on credit may be exactly what America's meager savings rate might need. They will contribute to a savings culture—a culture where saving, not debt financing, is the automatic response to every consumer impulse.


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Even if you decide not to post something, Facebook wants to know what you were thinking.
As I wrote in my book Streaming: Movies, Media and Instant Access, Facebook has been from the beginning little more than a data mining operation, which simply tries to collect as much information on all of its subscribers as it possibly can, and then use this information for profit. And they keep upping the ante with every passing day. As Casey Johnston reported in Ars Technica on December 16, 2013, in addition to the material you actually post on Facebook, the site also wants to know about the stuff you type in, and then think better of, and decide not to post.
As Johnston writes, "Facebook released a study last week indicating that the company is moving into a new type of data collection in earnest: the things we do not say. For an analysis of self-censorship, two researchers at Facebook collected information on all of the statuses that five million users wrote out but did not post during the summer of 2012. Facebook is not shy about the information it collects on its users. Certain phrasings in its data use policy have indicated before that it may be collecting information about what doesn't happen, like friend requests that are never accepted.
Capturing the failures of Facebook interactions would, in theory, allow the company to figure out how to mitigate them and turn them into 'successes.' Adam Kramer, a data scientist at Facebook, and Sauvik Das, a summer Facebook intern, tracked two things for the study: the HTML form element where users enter original status updates or upload content and the comment box that allows them to add to the discussion of things other people have posted. Over the course of those 17 days, 71 percent of the users typed out a status, a comment, or both but did not submit it.
On average, they held back on 4.52 statuses and 3.2 comments. In addition to that information, Das and Kramer took note of the users' demographic information, 'behavioral features,' and information on each user's 'social graph' like the average number of friends of friends or the user's 'political ideology' in relation to their friends' beliefs. They used this information to study three cross sections with self-censorship: how the user's political stance differs from the audience, the user's political stance and how homogenous the audience is, and the user's gender related to the gender diversity of their network."
This is exactly what Herbert Marcuse was predicting, as early as 1964; see my earlier post.
For more free articles and videos, visit my website at wheelerwinstondixon.com


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Moderator: mikenz66
34. Its characteristic is the first genesis in any [sphere of] becoming. Its function
is to consign [to a sphere of becoming]. It is manifested as an emerging here
from a past becoming; or it is manifested as the variedness of suffering.
But why is it suffering? Because it is the basis for many kinds of suffering. [8]
For there are many kinds of suffering, that is to say, intrinsic suffering (dukkha-
dukkha), [9] suffering in change (viparióáma-dukkha), and suffering due to
formations (saòkhára-dukkha); and then concealed suffering, exposed suffering,
indirect suffering, and direct suffering.
35. Herein, bodily and mental, painful feeling are called intrinsic suffering
because of their individual essence, their name, and their painfulness. [Bodily
and mental] pleasant feeling are called suffering in change because they are a
cause for the arising of pain when they change (M I 303 [MN 44 http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.044.than.html]). Equanimous feeling
and the remaining formations of the three planes are called suffering due to
formations because they are oppressed by rise and fall. Such bodily and mental
affliction as earache, toothache, fever born of lust, fever born of hate, etc., is called
concealed suffering because it can only be known by questioning and because the
infliction is not openly evident; it is also called "unevident suffering." The
affliction produced by the thirty-two tortures, [10] etc., is called exposed suffering
because it can be known without questioning and because the infliction is openly
evident; it is also called "evident suffering." Except intrinsic suffering, all given
in the exposition of the truth of suffering [in the Vibhaòga] (Vibh 99) beginning
with birth are also called indirect suffering because they are the basis for one kind
of suffering or another. But intrinsic suffering is called direct suffering.
8. "The question, "But why is it suffering?" means this: granted firstly that birth in
hell is painful, since hell is unalloyed pain, and that it is painful in the other unhappy
destinies since it is originated by bad kamma; but how is it so in the happy destinies
since it is there originated by kamma that leads to bliss? The answer, "Because it is the
basis for many kinds of suffering", etc., shows that this birth is not called suffering
because of having suffering as its individual essence—for there is no rebirth-linking
associated with painful feeling—but rather because it is the foundation for suffering"
(Vism-mhþ 528).
Something must be said here about the words dukkha and sukha, the former being
perhaps the hardest after dhamma to render into English. Dukkha is consistently
rendered by either the vaguer general term "suffering" or by the more specific "[bodily]
pain." Different, but overlapping, ideas are expressed. The latter needs no explanation;
but "suffering" must be stretched to include the general insecurity of the whole of
experience, of the impermanent world. For this, "uneasiness" would certainly be
preferable ("ill" is sometimes used), but multiplication of renderings is to be avoided
as much as possible; local accuracy is only too often gained at the cost of general
disorientation in a work of this sort, with these very general words capable of sharp
focusing. Again, sukha has been rendered as either "bliss" or "pleasure," though the
latter does not at all necessarily imply any hedonism construed with sensual pleasure
(káma). Again, "ease" (in the sense of relief) is in many ways preferable for the first
sense but has not been used for the reason already given.
9. "Since also what does not have suffering as its individual essence is yet called
suffering indirectly, consequently 'intrinsic suffering' (dukkha-dukkha) is said
particularizing what does have suffering as its individual essence, just as in the case of
particularizing 'concrete matter'" (rúpa-rúpa) (see 14.77) (Vism-mhþ 528). For these
three kinds see S IV 259. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka ... .than.html
10. See MN 13 http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka ... .than.html
and 129, http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pit ... ita-e.html
though it is not clear where the figure "thirty-two" is taken
Sam Vega wrote: It leads to collapsing viparinama-dukkhata and sankhara-dukkhata together, through thinking that things change because they are fabricated. (Again, this may be true, but it misses the point.)
porpoise wrote:Sam Vega wrote: It leads to collapsing viparinama-dukkhata and sankhara-dukkhata together, through thinking that things change because they are fabricated. (Again, this may be true, but it misses the point.)
Interesting point, but what in your view is the point of difference between these 2 types of dukkha? I assume you're not using the traditional analysis given above of viparinama-dukkhata applying to pleasant feeling and sankhara-dukkhata applying to neutral feeling?
Gibraltariana wrote:I am totally new here so if this question is off I apologize. As far as dukkha being due to "change" I am uncleat. Is it the "low" that follows the high of a good change? The pain of aging? Unpleasant change? Any change since we seem to crave stability? Help!
I liked that one Thank you.But that understanding itself will change, and that might be unpleasant for a time!
Is time a logical factor here? E.g. No Dukkha-dukkhataa before Sankhaara-dukkhataa has occured?
Sam Vega wrote:I think it makes more sense, though, to think of it as the "dukkha of pain", the "dukkha of declinability/change", and the "dukkha of sankharas". This gives the sense of three types of "wrongness" that afflict our experience.
Whether this accords with the Pali, I don't know, but perhaps someone more learned in that area might advise.
Sam Vega wrote:I think it makes more sense, though, to think of it as the "dukkha of pain", the "dukkha of declinability/change", and the "dukkha of sankharas". This gives the sense of three types of "wrongness" that afflict our experience.
Sam Vega wrote: But Sankhara-Dukkhata seems to be the more important, as it underlies and conditions all our experience, whether or not physical and mental pain are actually present.
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HAYWARD — A Union City man arrested Wednesday on suspicion of assaulting a police officer last week caused several car crashes, including one with the trailing police car, during the Hayward police chase that led to his capture, authorities said.
Solomon Cruz Espinoza, 22, of Union City, had been wanted by police since Feb. 14, after what authorities described as a "violent assault on an officer," in San Leandro, Hayward Police Sgt. Eric Krimm said. A Hayward police officer spotted him driving near Thelma Street and Memorial Way about 3 p.m. Wednesday, just before Espinoza took off through the residential area of Sueirro Street, running several stop signs at about 40 mph., police said.
Espinoza then veered onto Hesperian Boulevard, where he hit three cars and caused two to swerve off the road, Krimm said. A 48-year-old woman in a Toyota RAV-4 received minor injuries in the crash.
The officer tried to edge up on the side of Espinoza's vehicle as he swung onto A Street and attempted to jump out of the car at South Garden Avenue, at which point Espinoza rammed the police car, causing it to crash into a parked car.
Espinoza, along with an unidentified man and woman, jumped out of the car at South Garden and escaped from the scene on foot, Krimm said. The man jumped several fences before being caught on Marin Avenue by a police dog, who bit him on his right arm. The two passengers were never caught, police said.
According to Krimm, several of Espinoza's family members showed up at the scene and had to be escorted away by officers. Espinoza was booked into jail on charges of assault with a deadly weapon, along with his previous warrant for the same offense, and ¿on other charges of domestic violence, vandalism and assault on a police officer.
The assault on an officer occurred Feb. 14 after Espinoza was pulled over on Lewelling Boulevard in San Leandro on a suspected vehicle code violation, San Leandro Police Lt. Randy Brandt said. He also ran from the car in that incident, and the officer chased him on foot.
The officer grabbed him as he was climbing a fence near the Nimitz Motel, and Espinoza slammed the officer into a wall during the struggle, Brandt said. The officer then grabbed his shirt and tackled him to the ground, Espinoza continuing to fight as the officer put one handcuff on him.
Even after both of Espinoza's hands were cuffed, Brandt said, the man violently threw the officer back against the wall, and then turned and tried to grab the officer's gun.
As the struggle went on, Espinoza's girlfriend, identified by police as Vanessa Clark, came out from a motel room and approached the officer "in a threatening manner" while demanding that he release her boyfriend. As the officer attempted to deal with both suspects, police said the man continued to try to grab the gun before the officer shoved him away, and Espinoza ran off.
Clark was arrested on suspicion of threatening harm to a police officer and delaying an officer in the performance of his duties. The officer was scraped and bruised during the struggle.
The District Attorney's office charged Espinoza with assault with a deadly weapon Feb. 15. He remains in jail with an unknown bail status.
Contact Erin Ivie at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her at Twitter.com/erin_ivie.


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Piggy BankMath brain teasers require computations to solve.
You have stealthily raided your small child's piggy bank. You feel guilty as you count the money. You have the same number of dimes and quarters, totaling exactly $2.45. When you turn honest and put it back, how many of each coin will you need to replace? (Note that your child keeps a record of how much she puts in and in what denomination)
AnswerLet x represent the number of dimes, which is the same as the quarters. Then 10x represents the value of the dimes (x times 10 cents), and 25x represents the value of the quarters, in cents.
10x + 25x = 245
35x = 245
x = 7
Therefore, there were 7 dimes and 7 quarters totaling exactly $2.45
What Next?
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
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The groom is the son of Go and Kay Sasaki of Los Altos Hills.
He graduated from Gunn High School and earned a bachelor's degree in molecular biology from Pomona College and a master's degree in education from Stanford University.
He is a teacher at Mountain View High School.
The couple live in San Francisco.


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Homebuyers have a choice of loansPrevious1 of 5Next© BlueSkyImage/Shutterstock.comHomebuyers have a choice of loansWhen it comes to getting a mortgage loan, homebuyers have fewer options than they had during the boom years. From the early 2000s until 2008, lenders were much more willing to float exotic loans based on risky terms, but they have returned to safe and sensible home financing.Compare mortgage rates from reputable lendersHomebuyers hoping to jump into the mortgage market will find three basic types of loans, for the most part.Previous1 of 5Next
© BlueSkyImage/Shutterstock.com
When it comes to getting a mortgage loan, homebuyers have fewer options than they had during the boom years. From the early 2000s until 2008, lenders were much more willing to float exotic loans based on risky terms, but they have returned to safe and sensible home financing.
Compare mortgage rates from reputable lenders
Homebuyers hoping to jump into the mortgage market will find three basic types of loans, for the most part.
© Ismagilov/Shutterstock.com
With a fixed-rate home loan, your interest rate remains the same for the life of the loan and the payment is split into equal monthly payments for the duration.
During the first few years, only a small portion of the payment pays off principal. Most goes to pay off interest.
"Fixed-rate home loans can be 10 years, 15 years or 20, but most popular is the 30-year because that makes your payment the lowest," says Floyd Walters, owner of BWA Mortgage in La Canada Flintridge, California.
© travelight/Shutterstock.com
Unlike a fixed-rate home loan, which sports an unchanging interest rate over the life of the loan, the interest rate on an adjustable-rate mortgage, or ARM, can change from year to year.
Hybrid ARMs, which are prevalent, feature aspects of both adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgages.
"Hybrid mortgages can be anything from a three-year, five-year, seven-year or 10-year fixed interest rate period," says Mark Klein, executive vice president of Skyline Home Loans in Calabasas, California. After the fixed-rate period, the loan is amortized over the balance of the term with a rate that adjusts annually.
"The lender will say, 'We will fix your interest rate at 4 percent for the next five years. At the end of five years, we will go out and find the value of one-year Treasury bills and add a margin to that and we will fix your interest rate on the loan for a year at a time based on that (index and margin),'" Walters says.
Typically, there will be a cap on the initial interest rate reset that is higher than all of the subsequent rate adjustments, and a cap on the amount the rate can change over the life of the loan.
© Ernest R. Prim/Shutterstock.com
For affluent homebuyers with irregular incomes, the interest-only mortgage jumbo product, as its name implies, allows the option of paying only the interest for the first few years of the loan.
"You can pay principal if you wish; interest-only is an option," Walters says.
Today, interest-only mortgages are mostly jumbo loans. In the country's highest-cost housing markets, a jumbo loan is a mortgage for more than $625,500.
Interest-only loans are structured like an adjustable-rate mortgage. The interest-only period lasts for the first five, seven or 10 years. After that, the rate typically adjusts annually, and the borrower pays principal, as well as interest.
"When it resets, your payments can go up pretty significantly, even if the interest rate doesn't change that much," Klein says.
No matter what kind of loan gets you into a home, do your homework beforehand and make sure there are no details about the mortgage loan you don't understand.
More On Mortgages:
See this week's average rates for the 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, 15-year fixed-rate mortgage, 5/1 ARM and 30-year jumbo mortgage in Los Angeles.
... Read more


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Many beginners struggle to adapt from a standard pedal to a clip-in, or clipless-pedal system. If this is you, you're not alone. You can ask any serious cyclist and they'll be happy to give you their own first-time horror story.
Mark Orton, a certified USAC coach at SpeedWorks Cycling, had an experience most cyclists can relate to. "I got home from work and my new pedals and shoes were waiting for me," he says. "I couldn't wait to get them on. I installed the pedals, put the cleats on the shoes and went out in front of my condo to give them a try. They were awesome. I could pull up and my feet didn't slip on the pedals. I was sold."
"Then I tried to get off the bike," Orton says. "I rolled to a stop, and when I tried to pull my feet off the pedals, I toppled over. There were people watching everywhere, and it was embarrassing. I didn't even take my hands off the bars. I just fell over to the side. I was so focused on pulling my feet off the pedals that I stopped doing everything else."
More: How to Get Comfortable With Clipless Pedals
If you're thinking of switching to clipless pedals to improve your speed, efficiency and comfort, you shouldn't be worried. All it takes is a little practice and a few good tips to avoid a beginner's blunder like this one.
Practice Disengaging Your Foot
Once you clip into the pedals, your natural reaction is to pull straight back, just as you would with a standard pedal.
"Most people don't have the muscle memory of twisting your foot to disengage it, so they try to get out of the pedal by either pulling straight off the pedal, or pulling back," says Orton.
Before you jump on your bike for the first time, set your bike up on a stationary trainer or stand if possible. Practice clipping in, pedaling, and disengaging. This will help you to become more comfortable with the twisting motion of the foot before you have to worry about balancing the bike.
More: How Clipless Pedals Increase Your Speed and Efficiency
Find a Safe Spot
Before you head out on the road where there are more obstacles and spectators, find a safe spot to practice where falling won't be a big deal.
"Find someplace soft, like a field at a school or a park. Clip in, clip out, and repeat this over and over. Once you're comfortable, slowly begin riding around. Come to a stop, unclip and put your foot down just as you would at a stop sign on the road. Then get back into your pedals as you begin moving again. Repeat this as long as necessary. Like any skill, it's going to require practice," says Orton.
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Grand Valley cities on hold over marijuana
Little movement seen toward ban of shops after Amendment 64 passage
Now that Colorado voters passed Amendment 64 allowing the recreational use of marijuana, elected officials in cities around the state have a choice.
Should they pass ordinances to ban the sale of marijuana in their jurisdictions?
According to Grand Junction City Attorney John Shaver, city councilors could pass an ordinance at any time and ban marijuana sales in the city. However, the clock is on their side.
"We're going to have lots of discussion about it," Shaver said. "At this point we're more interested in federal law. We've prepared some initial opinions about the delay and the opportunity for local control."
The state has until July to set regulations for marijuana businesses. Businesses selling marijuana couldn't open until January 2014. Despite the new law, which will go into effect by Dec. 6 at the latest, possession and consumption of marijuana still is against federal law.
Presuming the new law remains unchanged, it's fair to expect the issue of whether to ban marijuana sales soon will appear on city and town council agendas around the state.
But that conversation hasn't happened yet in Palisade, Town Administrator Rich Sales said.
Palisade is the only municipality in the Grand Valley in which voters allowed a store to sell medical marijuana.
Still, the issue of whether the town should allow sales of recreational marijuana isn't on the town's next meeting agenda, Sales said.
"We're in a wait and see pattern," he said, regarding the issue.
Talks also haven't started yet at the other side of the valley, in Fruita.
Fruita was the first city in Mesa County to deal with the medical marijuana issue. Medical marijuana was first regulated and taxed, but no stores set up shop. Then, retail sales of medical marijuana were banned.
"I don't believe it will be discussed in next City Council meeting," City Manager Clint Kinney said. "There are some people who are adamantly opposed to marijuana. Others are not adamantly opposed it. It will be an interesting discussion to have."
Grand Junction Mayor Bill Pitts said he's been against medical marijuana sales and also is against the sales of marijuana. However. council members haven't yet discussed their options.
"I'm against it in any fashion," he said. "My position hasn't changed at all."
Councilor Laura Luke said she hasn't made up her mind about whether she'd like to see marijuana sales in Grand Junction.
"I'm going to do what my public voices to me," she said. "I trust the people that I represent. They'll let me know."
ban marijuana sales soon will appear on city and town council agendas around the state.


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Today's weekend giveaway comes from sponsor Lil' Soak, a little company that's "sewing hope with handmade goods." They are a fair trade marketplace curating or designing stylish products through small artisans groups who share the same mission and values.
A portion of the sales of each good will journey back to the artisan groups to help fund education, shelter, health, food and micro-loans.
Lil' Soak's co-founder, Sonya, loved creating and making things as a young child, which still holds true today. After a few years working in the corporate world as an analyst, she started making things, selling them, and giving back some of the profits to a charity. In 2004, she went on a volunteer trip to Northwest China, and was moved to do something, rather than passively giving.
Tim, the other co-founder, went to Davao, Philippines in 2007, and once he was there, there, it was unlike anything he expected. He knew he had to do something to try and make a difference, but he knew that to make a difference in something so big, it was going to take something sustainable, something that grew naturally, something between a business and a non-profit. Something like Lil'Soak.
You can currently shop for jewelry, bags, and more from Africa, China, Cambodia, India, or the Philippines. And with every purchase made, you're supporting the amazing work done by a variety of organizations—you can read more about them at Lil' Soak's blog.
Lil' Soak wants to give one Simple Mom reader a $125 gift card to use in their store! To enter, simply leave any comment on this post. (If you're reading this via, you must click over to the post to leave a comment.)
This giveaway will end tonight, February 18, at 11:59. I'll announce the winner soon after!


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Cittasanto wrote:I think most of the videos on youtube fall under fair use laws, so no.
But I have seen full films on there in searches so some caution is needed.
can you give an example of the type of video you are thinking of?
Strive4Karuna wrote:Most videos are posted by people who use footage that aren't their own, does this violate the stealing precept to watch it?
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TALLADEGA, Ala.—Jeff Gordon acknowledged that it's been a long time since racing at Talladega Superspeedway has been fun for him.
Yet he had reason to smile following a runnerup finish to Matt Kenseth in Sunday's Good Sam 500. A few reasons, actually.
Gordon escaped the late carnage that has become all but inevitable on the 2.66-mile track. He recorded his third consecutive top-five finish. He climbed four spots in the standings to sixth, keeping his hopes alive for a fifth Sprint Cup championship with six races remaining in the Chase.
"It is certainly not over yet," Gordon said. "So we'll see what happens. If we keep doing this, I really think we might have a shot at it."
Despite the string of top-five finishes—Gordon finished third at New Hampshire and second last week at Dover—he still trails series leader Brad Keselowski by 42 points.
If not for a stuck throttle and subsequent 35th-place finish in the Chase opener at Chicago, Keselowski might well be chasing Gordon. That has been the only blemish for the No. 24 team in the last seven weeks dating to Bristol.
In the three events heading into the Chase, Gordon reeled off finishes of third (Bristol), second (Atlanta) and second (Richmond). Following the Chicago fiasco, he's mirrored those exact finishes the past three weeks.
"We can sit there and really get mad about what happened in Chicago, but the reality of it is all we can do is go each and every week and keep trying to put ourselves in position to win and get top-fives," Gordon said.
Gordon survived the Big One—unlike 24 drivers entangled in the harrowing last-lap wreck—but so did Keselowski (seventh place). The frustrating nature of competition at Talladega mitigated some of Gordon's good feelings on the day.
"I remember when coming to Talladega was fun," he said. "I really do, and I haven't experienced that in a long, long time. I don't like coming here. I don't like the type of racing that I have to do."
Despite avoiding the multicar crash that has become Talladega's cachet for 188 of 189 laps, Gordon knew it was coming at the finish.
"At the end, you know it's going to get aggressive," he said. "It started to ramp up, so you're pretty sure there's going to be a caution, and then with the green-white-checkered, you know you're not making it back to the checkered.
"You wonder if you'll make it to the white (flag). You know you're not going to make it back to the checkered without there being a wreck."


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We've seen and heard enough of Johnny Manziel this offseason to last, yeah, an offseason. So here's more news on Texas A&M's Heisman Trophy winner: He wants to be a better thrower.
Imagine that. The quarterback who can destroy game plans with his arm or legs, wants to have more of a pocket presence and eliminate some of those magical scrambles that helped him become the first freshman to win the Heisman.
To that end, Manziel will spend time this offseason in San Diego, visiting with noted quarterbacks guru George Whitfield to become a better thrower.
Linemakers: Odds to win 2013 Heisman Trophy
"Johnny really wants to hone in on being able to fully operate in the pocket," Whitfield told the San Antonio News-Express. "He wants to run a lot less and make more throws and still be (as effective)."
While Manziel threw for 3,706 yards and 27 touchdowns (9 INT), his passer rating of 155.3 was 20 points behind national leader AJ McCarron (175.3). Manziel's desire to become more of a pocket passer is a proactive move to what likely will be SEC defenses taking away his ability to scramble.
Many of Manziel's big plays in the passing game came off broken plays, after he scrambled and broke containment and allowed receivers to make double moves and get open.
If defenses focus on pinching Manziel from the outside and keeping him in the pocket, passing will become a premium.
More on Manziel:
— Greenberg: It's OK for Johnny Football to live on the edge, just don't go over it
— Whitley: Set your Heisman watches for Manziel vs. Clowney
— Turner: Who is Johnny Manziel?