text:
"natural Born" Citizen
Origin, evolution
and case law
Obama is a citizen.
He's just not a "natural born"
A statutory citizen (bestowed by man's pen) can never
be a "natural born" citizen (bestowed by God/nature).
No person except
a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time
of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of
President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall
not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen
Years a Resident within the United States.
People are confused because they don't understand the meaning of the relevant
legal terms. This chart shows the elements for each of the constitutional
terms that are used in the Constitution or in case law by the Supreme Court.
each presidential candidate, they can put the factual history of their birth in
the equation and see if they fit the bill to be president of the U.S.
the Constitution of the United States of America,
Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and the
Amendment, Section 1, and the relevant federal law under
Minor v. Happersett, (1874),
U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898), and
Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939).The relevant portions of these cases
and precedents are described below in their historical context..
As you can clearly see
in the matrix, Obama is a
citizen of the United States, but he's not a "natural born citizen" of
the United States, and, as such, is not eligible
POTUS, because his father, a Kenyan, was not a U. S. citizen.
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* Note: U. S. mainland includes Alaska and Hawaii. It
not include territories, commonwealths and possessions.
Click here
for a comprehensive etymological deconstruction of the term "natural
born Citizen," by John Greschak.
"When Barack Obama Jr. was born on Aug.
4,1961, in Honolulu, Kenya was a British colony, still part of the
United Kingdom's dwindling empire. As a Kenyan native, Barack
Obama Sr. was a British subject whose citizenship status was
governed by The British Nationality Act of 1948. That same act
governed the status of Obama Sr.'s children.
Emmerich de Vattel was a Swiss jurist who attained world preeminence in
international law. This was primarily the result of his great foundational
work, which he published in 1758. His monumental work -- The Law of
Nations -- applied a theory of natural law to international relations.
His scholarly, foundational, and systematic explanation of the Law of Nations
was especially influential in the United States.
The Law of Nations was so influential in the United States because his
principles of liberty and equality coincided with the ideals expressed in the U.
S. Declaration of Independence. In particular, his definitions in terms of
Law governing nations regarding citizenship, defense of neutrality, and his
rules for commerce between neutral and belligerent states were considered
authoritative in the United States.
Many have said that de Vattel's Law of Nations was THE primary reference and
defining book used by the framers of the U. S. Constitution. It is really
not possible to overstate the influence of de Vattel's Law of Nations as the
primary reference book in the drafting of the U. S. Constitution. Emmerich
de Vattel's Law of Nations is almost beyond comparison in its value as a
defining document regarding U. S. Constitution intent and interpretation.
The Law of Nations, or the Principles of Natural Law, published in 1758, is the
first, and ONLY, definitive work the Framers of the U. S. Constitution used for
the inclusion of the "Natural Born Citizen" phrase. It
nails what is meant by the "natural born citizen" phrase of
Section 1, Article 2, of the U. S. Constitution.
It is amazing how perfectly, precisely, and explicitly what Emmerich de Vattel,
wrote in paragraph 212, of book 1, chapter 19, of The Law of Nations entitled
CITIZENS AND NATIONS, applies to the Obama FRAUD. Quite clearly and
explicitly it defines why Obama, can
NOT possibly be qualified to be the President of the United States. Obama
MUST be disqualified from the office of President of the United States according
to the U. S. Constitution Section 1 Article 2.
"The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the
country, of parents who are citizens. As the society can not exist and
perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children
naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their
rights. The society is supposed to desire this, in consequence of what it
owes to its own preservation; and it is presumed, as a matter of course, that
each citizen, on entering into society, reserves to his children the right of
becoming members of it. THE COUNTRY OF THE FATHERS IS THEREFORE THAT OF
"No person, except a natural born citizen, or a
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President…"
(See Attachment C)
Vattel, who, though not very full to this
point, is more explicit and more satisfactory on it than any other
whose work has fallen into my hands, says:"The citizens are
the members of the civil society; bound to this society by certain
duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in
its advantages. The natives or indigenes are those
born in the country of parents who are citizens.
Society not being able to subsist and to perpetuate itself but by
the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the
condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights."
"The inhabitants, as distinguished from citizens, are strangers
who are permitted to settle and stay in the country. Bound by
their residence to the society, they are subject to the laws of the
state while they reside there, and they are obliged to defend it…"
Ann Scott was born in South Carolina before
the American revolution, and her father adhered to the American
cause and remained and was at his death a citizen of South Carolina.
There is no dispute that his daughter Ann, at the time of the
Revolution and afterwards, remained in South Carolina until
December, 1782. Whether she was of age during this time does
not appear. If she was, then her birth and residence might be
deemed to constitute her by election a citizen of South Carolina.
If she was not of age, then she might well be deemed under the
circumstances of this case to hold the citizenship of her father,
for children born in a country, continuing while under age
in the family of the father, partake of his national character as a
citizen of that country. Her citizenship, then, being
prima facie established, and indeed this is admitted in the
pleadings, has it ever been lost, or was it lost before the death of
her father, so that the estate in question was, upon the descent
cast, incapable of vesting in her? Upon the facts stated, it
appears to us that it was not lost and that she was capable of
taking it at the time of the descent cast.
" ... I find no fault with the introductory clause [S 61 Bill], which is simply
declaratory of what is written in the Constitution, that every human being
born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is, in the language
of your Constitution itself, a natural born citizen..."
"May God forbid that the future historian shall record
of this day's proceedings, that by reason of the failure of the
legislative power of the people to triumph over the usurpations of an
apostate President, the fabric of American empire fell and perished from
the earth!...I ask you to consider that we stand this day pleading for
the violated majesty of the law, by the graves of half a million of
martyred hero-patriots who made death beautiful by the sacrifice of
themselves for their country, the Constitution and the laws, and who, by
their sublime example, have taught us all to obey the law; that none are
above the law..."
says the 1790 Naturalization act asserted exceeded the authority of the
Congress, and was eliminated from US Code in the 1795 act. But it was a
"Naturalization Act." There are two classes of citizen, natural, and
naturalized. Like the 14th Amendment, the most it could have done was to
create a naturalized "born citizen", which was called a "native born
citizen of the US, as Obama declared himself to be. The 1790 act,
deceptively used by Obama's constitutional law professor, Larry Tribe,
when he asserted that McCain was a natural born citizen because he was
born to two citizen parents in the submission by Tribe and Ted Olson to
the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings over Senate Res 511, which was
signed in agreement by all senators including Obama, but excluding
McCain (as it could have cause legal trouble had he prevailed over
Leo Donofrio has erased any legal doubts about whether Justice
Waite's statement was dictum. The Minor case was built upon the "..., it
was never doubted that all children born in a country of parents who
were its citizens." statement, previously common law understood by our
framers, as were almost all terms used in the Constitution. It was the
only constitutional definition of a class of citizen before the 14th
Amendment. Virginia Minor was one of the majority of citizens who were
natural born citizens, thus asserting beyond doubt that she was a
citizen. About the class of naturalized citizens there were many doubts,
so Waite told us his decision was independent of the 14th Amendment by
design, and thus uncorrupted by the doubts about who were citizens.
No law, no amendment, no supreme court decision has altered the
definition made precedent by Minor v. Happersett. It is a remarkable
time when states, beholden to political forces, unions, statists, will
resort to altering the constitutional definition of who is eligible to
be president in their official documents. It is more understandable that
Obama's fellow travelers, people who honestly, as Barack told us, want
to dispense with the Constitution because it prevents them from doing
what they feel the nation needs. The owners of justia.com, federal
judges who are all political appointees, will lie to protect what they
perceive as their political comrades. Now both New York and Indiana have
shown that holding temporary power -- because that is all that it will be
-- trumps the constitution.
Attorney Mario Apuzzo
says you have got to love Obama's enablers. They have a web site
called, "A
Place to Get the REALLY Right Answers About Natural Born Citizenship."
Clearly, the title of this web site refers to this web site, "Natural
Born Citizen -- A Place to Ask Questions and Get the Right Answers,"
which I created in December 2008.
Before I start, I must advise you of two things: first, you will
rarely find an Obama enabler who will ever admit that he or she is a
lawyer (most of those who admit it have been outed by citizen
researchers). The reason for that is that operating under the blanket of
anonymity, they get free reign to say whatever they want without any
legal or ethical accountability. And they have said some pretty bad
things in the past until many of them were outed and so now they are
"perfect gentlemen." Hence, the first thing the owner of this blog tells
us is that he or she is not a lawyer. Now it may be true that the owner
of that blog is not a lawyer. But what about all the other enablers who
feed at that blog under the cover of anonymity? So, we do need to ask
ourselves whether these so-called "owners" are just straw owners who
take on such tasks to provide cover for Obama's enabler lawyers who
operate in the background under the cloaking device of anonymity.
Second, before I started explaining that there is a difference
between an Article II "natural born" Citizen and a Fourteenth Amendment
or Statutory "born" Citizen, we hardly saw the clause "natural born"
Citizen in the Obama enablers' arguments. At that time, they were simply
content with telling us that Obama was a "Citizen" of the United States
or a "native-born citizen," whether under U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S.
649 (1898), the Fourteenth Amendment, or any Congressional Act. Now, no
matter what case or statute they are speaking about, for these enablers
its all "natural born" Citizen. The only citizens they have spared from
this label are citizens who are naturalized after birth. I guess they
figured that the clause would lose whatever little meaning they have
given to it if they pushed it that far.
Let us now examine what Obama's enablers are peddling on this blog.
They must and do attack the Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162 (1875)
decision on two fronts. First, they argue that the definition of a
"natural-born citizen" given by the Court is dicta and therefore not
binding precedent. But they are wrong. In Minor, the U.S. Supreme Court
had to decide whether Virginia Minor, a woman, was a "citizen" in order
to determine whether as a "citizen" she enjoyed a constitutional right
to vote under the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV. So the
Court reasoned that once she was shown to be a "citizen," it did not
matter that she was a woman, unless Missouri could still disqualify a
woman from voting because being a "citizen" did not guarantee any person
the right to vote. It does not matter whether the Court chose to say
that Minor was a "natural born Citizen" or just a "citizen." Either way,
Virginia Minor would advance to the next step in the analysis which was
whether as a "citizen" she had the right to vote which Missouri could
not abrogate. The Court chose the "natural-born citizen" path. It
thoroughly analyzed and considered what a "natural-born citizen" was and
after saying that it is a child born in the country to citizen parents,
found that Virginia Minor was a "natural-born citizen" and therefore
also a "citizen." After the Court told us what a "natural-born citizen"
was, it then made the comment about there being doubts as to whether a
child born in the country to alien parents was even a "citizen." The
Court said that it was not necessary for it to decide that question and
it did not because Virginia Minor was a "natural-born citizen" which
necessarily also made her a "citizen."
Appuzo provides a detailed legal analysis
of this question
. . .
And concludes:
Finally, and this is Obama's enablers' favorite ploy, they say for
the Birthers to be right, all smart and consequential people in America
would have to be part of some grand conspiracy. They paint the
"Birthers" with the same brush and paint that they paint those who
question the moon landing, the Kennedy assassination, the 9-11 attacks,
and whether there is some plot to create a "One World Order." But there
is nothing conspiratorial about correctly defining an Article II
"natural born" Citizen and applying that definition to Obama's admitted
birth circumstances. He has admitted and it is corroborated by
documentation that he
was born to a non-U.S. citizen father. Hence, he cannot be a
"natural born" Citizen. There is no conspiracy in that, my friend.
And so it goes on, for this is how Obama's enablers must make a
"The fact that the Constitution says
"natural" instead of native shows to my mind that the distinction
was thought of and probably discussed. A natural born citizen
would be one who by nature, that is by inheritance, so to speak, was
a citizen, as distinguished from one who was by nativity or locality
of birth a citizen. A child born to Irish parents in Ireland
cannot become a citizen except by naturalization, while his brother
born in the United States is a native born citizen; the former is
neither naturally nor by nativity a citizen, the latter is not
naturally, but natively a citizen."
"A comparison of the meanings of native and
natural as given by Webster bears me out in my opinion of the intent
of the constitution. The very definition of natural is "fixed or
determined by nature,"…I do not find that our courts have ever
passed upon the meaning of the word natural in connection with
citizenship, so we must take its ordinary meaning."
U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark's
importance is that it is the first case decided by the Supreme Court that
attempts to explain
the meaning of "natural born citizen" under Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of
the U.S. Constitution. Natural born citizen is similar to the meaning of what
a natural born subject is under Common Law in England. That is one of the
reasons why the framers specifically included a grandfather clause (natural
born Citizen OR a Citizen of the United States, at the time of adoption of this
Constitution). The founding fathers knew that in order to be
president, they had to grandfather themselves in because they were British
subjects. If they didn't, they could not be President of the U.S. The holding
in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark states that Wong Kim Ark is a
native-born citizen. If
you look at the fact of Wong Kim Ark being born in San Francisco, CA, of Chinese
parents, that
holding is correct.
In U. S. v Wong Kim Ark, the court
thoroughly discussed "natural born citizen," and in doing so, Justice Gray
quoted directly from the holding in a prior Supreme Court case, Minor v. Happersett
On cross appeals, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decree,
69 App.D.C. 175, 99 F.2d 408. Certiorari was granted, December 5, 1938, 305 U.S.
591, 59 S.Ct. 245, 83 L.Ed. --. First.-- On her birth in New York, the plaintiff
became a citizen of the United States. Civil Rights Act of
Ms. Elg was found to be a "citizen" because she was
born in
the mainland USA (New York)
native-born citizen:
This principle was clearly stated by Attorney General
Edwards Pierrepont in his letter of advice to the Secretary of State Hamilton
Fish, in Steinkauler's Case, 1875, 15 Op.Atty.Gen. 15. The facts were these: One
Steinkauler, a Prussian subject by birth, emigrated to the United States in
1848, was naturalized in 1854, and in the following year had a son who was born
in St. Louis. Four years later Steinkauler returned to Germany taking this child
and became domiciled at Weisbaden where they continuously resided. When the son
reached the age of twenty years the German Government called upon him to report
for military duty and his father then invoked the intervention of the American
Legation on the ground that his son was a native citizen of the United States.
To an inquiry by our Minister, the father declined to give an assurance that the
son would return to this country within a reasonable time. On reviewing the
pertinent points in the case, including the Naturalization Treaty of 1868 with
North Germany, 15 Stat. 615, the Attorney General reached the following
conclusion: 'Young Steinkauler is a native-born American citizen.
In our previous article,
"Exonerating President Obama",
we noted that the only Supreme Court precedent for the meaning of
the term "natural born Citizen" in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S.
Constitution appears to be the Judge Harlan dissent in the United
States v. Wong Kim Ark case. In collaboration with a constitutional
attorney, we have examined the subject matter further.
We believe that to understand the
complexity of this issue it will be essential to have an
understanding of the place that the concepts of "Natural Law" and
the book titled Law of Nations had obtained in the run up to the War
of Independence with Great Britain. These concepts of natural law
were commonly used throughout the colonies to explain, defend and
justify the colonists' contentions in our dispute with Great
Britain. Our investigation leaves no doubt that the Founding Fathers
of our nation clearly understood the meaning of the term "natural
born Citizen" and its relation to Natural Law and Law of Nations.
When you have finished studying our research you will also
understand that these terms were used in the Declaration of
Independence as well as in our Constitution and in the constitutions
of a large number of states written at the same time as the
Constitutional Convention was in session.
This background understanding will
clarify why the delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention
elected to include "natural born Citizen" in the eligibility
requirements for the Office of the President of our nation and what
it truly means.
In this article we will prove beyond all
doubt that Barack Hussein Obama is not a natural born Citizen and is
thus ineligible to be President of the United States.
Read this argument
here . . .
Amil Imani with James H. Hyde
On February 28, 2008, Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-MO)
introduced a bill to the Senate for consideration. That bill was known
as S. 2678: Children of Military Families Natural Born Citizen Act. The
bill was co-sponsored by Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), Sen. Hillary Clinton
(D-NY), Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ), and Sen. Thomas Coburn (R-OK).
Bill S. 2678 attempted to change article II, section 1,
clause 5 of the Constitution of the United States with reference to the
requirements of being a "natural born citizen" and hence; the entitlement to
run for President of the United States. This bill met the same fate that
similar attempts to change the Constitution have in the past. Attempts such
as The Natural Born Citizen Act were
known to have failed and the text scrubbed from the internet, with only a
shadow-cached copy left, that only
the most curious public can find.
Sen. McCaskill, her co-sponsors, fellow colleagues and
legal counsel, contend that the Constitution is ambiguous in article II,
section 1 and requires clarification. But does it?
Note: Leahy has
scrubbed the above referenced document from his official Senate website, but
guess what? I've been on top of these criminals for years --
my archived copy.
Now why would a sitting senator scrub a bill he sponsored from his
own website?
If you go to this scumbag's
Senate website and enter "S. R. 511" into the "Search" textbox you
get and error message:
"We're sorry. The page you
requested cannot be found."
Sen. Patrick Leahy is one of the principal
conspirators and should be impeached, tried and jailed.
All U. S. military
personal and every other American under oath to protect and defend the U. S.
Constitution will be duty bound to remove the fraudulent usurper. This
situation is REGARDLESS of votes, electors, media blackouts, high profile
embarrassments, state court decisions, supreme court actions or inaction, birth
certificates real or forged, or any other documents -- Obama can NOT LEGALLY BE
The US President.
No documentation is required. Everyone should understand and KNOW the
answer to the question of what country is the country of which Obama was a
natural born citizen. It is IMPOSSIBLE for Barry Obama, Barry Soetoro, or
Barack Hussein Obama II, to be a natural born United States citizen.
Obama can NOT POSSIBLY be a "natural born citizen" of the U. S. because his
father, Barack Hussein Obama Senior, was a subject of Great Britain and a
citizen of Kenya.
He was a British subject whose
citizenship status was governed under Section 32(1) of the
The British Nationality Act of 1948.
Even the Obots at FactCheck.org, confirm the British Act
governed Obama's status until he was 21 years of age.
Kenya's Constitution specifies that at age 21,
Kenyan citizens who possesses citizenship in more than one country
automatically lose their Kenyan citizenship unless they formally
renounce any non-Kenyan citizenship and swear an oath of allegiance to
Obama's American citizen parent, Ann Dunham, had
to have been a resident of the United States for 10 years, at least five
of which were over the age of 14. Dunham did not meet that
requirement (of the Nationality Act of 1940, revised June 1952) until
her 19th birthday in late November of 1961, almost four months after
Obama was born.
Whether Obama was born in
Hawaii, Kenya, or the moon, is irrelevant. Birth documents, real or
forged, are irrelevant. Yes, even VOTES ARE IRRELEVANT. Even Supreme
Court action, or inaction, is irrelevant. It is simply FRAUD and illegal
for Obama to be put in the office of U. S. President by
any means or reason.
Obama is at the epicenter of the greatest national
disaster in the history of the United States. NOTHING that Obama would
ever do in the office of U. S. President could ever be anything other than FRAUD
and ILLEGAL.
From the National Archives for the U.S. Electoral
The Congress is
scheduled to meet in joint
session in the House of Representatives on January 6, 2009 to conduct
the official tally of electoral votes.
The Vice President, as President of the Senate, is the
presiding officer. Two tellers are appointed to open, present and record
the votes of the States in alphabetical order.
The President of the Senate announces the results of
the vote and declares which persons, if any, have been elected President
and Vice President of the United States. The results are entered into
the official journals of the House and Senate.
The President of the Senate then calls for objections
to be made.
referenced by Cornell University Law School,
and likely all authorities and credible educational institutions who
reference historical fact.)
If any objections are registered, they must be
submitted in writing and be signed by at least one member of the House
and Senate. The House and Senate would withdraw to their respective
chambers to consider the merits of any objections according the
procedure set out under 3 U.S.C. section 15."
Most unfortunately, the above did not happen, the call
was not made, as documented in
this video of the actual event.
Several times a week I get an email like this
----- Original Message ----- From: Senator Robert
P. Casey, Jr. To: firstname.lastname@example.com Sent: Tuesday, March
10, 2009 7:45 PMSubject: Response from Senator CaseyDear
Mr. XXXXXX:Thank you for taking the time to contact me about
President Obama and his eligibility to be President under Article II of
the Constitution. I appreciate hearing from all Pennsylvanians about the
issues that matter most to them.Article II of the Constitution
states that "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of
the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the Office of President." This clause is
generally interpreted to mean that one must be born as a U.S. citizen on
American soil in order to become president. During the 2008
presidential election, concerns were raised about the ability of both
Senator McCain and then-Senator Obama to meet this constitutional
requirement. Questions about Senator McCain's eligibility centered
around his birth on a naval base in the Panama Canal Zone, but a Senate
Resolution, S. Res. 511, passed by unanimous consent on April 30, 2008,
officially recognized Senator McCain as a natural born citizen.
While not every American voted for Mr. Obama, and it is unlikely that
that you or I will agree with every decision he makes while in office,
I am confident that Mr. Obama meets all the
constitutional requirements to be our 44th president. Mr. Obama
has posted a copy of his birth certificate on his campaign website and
submitted an additional copy to the independent website FactCheck.org.
The birth certificate demonstrates that he was born in Honolulu, Hawaii
in 1961, thereby making him a natural-born citizen eligible to be
president. I share your strong belief in upholding the
Constitution and want to thank you for sharing your concern with me.
Please do not hesitate to contact me in the future about this or any
other matter of importance to you.If you have access to the
Internet, I encourage you to visit my web site,
http://casey.senate.gov. I
invite you to use this online office as a comprehensive resource to stay
up-to-date on my work in Washington, request assistance from my office
or share with me your thoughts on the issues that matter most to you and
to Pennsylvania.Sincerely,Bob CaseyUnited States Senator
Sen. Casey parrots the the "official story" -- his
birth certificate -- independent website FactCheck.org -- Honolulu.
If you believe that, you're "mainstream." You're OK!
Where to begin?
Obama has never, ever released his birth certificate to anybody at any
time. As a matter of fact he's spent over a million dollars and
has legal teams in a dozen states fighting its release. So, Sen.
Casey is factually incorrect when he says, "Mr.
Obama has posted a copy of his birth certificate on his campaign
website." He hasn't.
2. FactCheck.org is hardly independent and is in
the same financial stream as the unrepentant domestic terrorist, Bill
Ayers' Woods Fund. FactCheck.org also incorrectly identifies the
website document as Obama's "birth certificate." It isn't.
FactCheck.org is factually incorrect in its analysis of Obama's "birth
is an analysis of FactCheck.org's "birth certificate" page.
3. Obama's birth certificate (the real one) only
affects Obama's eligibility if it shows he was born outside the US
mainland. Obama is not eligible to be POTUS because his father was
a British subject and a Kenyan citizen -- as was Barack Obama -- AT
BIRTH! Obama
admits this on his own website, using a FactCheck.org reference
-- Barack Obama is not a "natural born citizen."
Notice how FactCheck.org keeps popping up as the
organization that stamps their imprimatur on Obama's
Sen. Casey's understanding of the facts are incorrect
-- as is his conclusion. There is no "birth certificate" and Obama
is not a "natural born citizen." Nothing anybody does is going to
change that.
Sen. Casey is mainstream. Sen. Casey is OK!
But, Sen. Casey's facts are just plain wrong!
I know Obama is fighting the release of his birth
certificate tooth-and-nail -- and Internet geniuses, like Ben Smith,
assign me to "the fringe" with the UFO-ers, while also getting his facts
wrong in the process.
I know that as a British subject and a Kenyan citizen
for 21 years, Obama has the "divided loyalties" that caused the founders
to place the "natural born" language in the US Constitution, in the
first place. The founders specifically wanted to bar Brits!
Obama's behavior towards the Brits in his first four
months underlines the dangers of "divided loyalties."
Now, start adding in Obama's other loose ends:
Was Grandma Sarah in the delivery room at Mombasa,
Kenya, like she says she was?
What was Anna doing in Seattle days
after giving birth?Did Lolo adopt Barry -- was/is Barry a citizen of
Indonesia?Was Barry's
attendance at Occidental financed by a foreign-student scholarship?
Barry travel to Pakistan on an Indonesian passport?
Did Barry ever
sell drugs?And, no
-- none, nada, zilch!
I'm sure there's more, but you get the idea.
There's plenty to question about this guy.
I believe many Americans, including Sen. Casey are
just simply afraid to turn this rock over -- they're terrified at what
they might find -- and where it might lead.
"The citizens are the members of the civil
society; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its
authority, they equally participate in its advantages. The
natives or indigenes are those born in
the country of parents who are citizens.
Society not being able to subsist and to perpetuate itself but by
the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the
condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights.
"The inhabitants, as distinguished from citizens, are strangers who
are permitted to settle and stay in the country. Bound by
their residence to the society, they are subject to the laws of the
state while they reside there, and they are obliged to defend it…
Ann Scott was born in South Carolina before
the American revolution, and her father adhered to the American
cause and remained and was at his death a citizen of South Carolina.
There is no dispute that his daughter Ann, at the time of the
Revolution and afterwards, remained in South Carolina until
December, 1782. Whether she was of age during this time does
not appear. If she was, then her birth and residence might be
deemed to constitute her by election a citizen of South Carolina.
If she was not of age, then she might well be deemed under the
circumstances of this case to hold the citizenship of her father,
for children born in a country,
continuing while under age in the
family of the father, partake of his national
character as a citizen of that country. Her citizenship, then,
being prima facie established, and indeed this is admitted in the
pleadings, has it ever been lost, or was it lost before the death of
her father, so that the estate in question was, upon the descent
cast, incapable of vesting in her? Upon the facts stated, it
appears to us that it was not lost and that she was capable of
taking it at the time of the descent cast.
The Constitution does not in words say who
shall be natural-born citizens. Resort must be had elsewhere to
ascertain that. At common law, with the nomenclature of which the
framers of the Constitution were familiar, it was never doubted that
all children born in a country of
parents who were its citizens became themselves,
upon their birth, citizens also. These were natives or natural-born
citizens, as distinguished from aliens or foreigners. Some
authorities go further and include as citizens children born within
the jurisdiction without reference to the citizenship of their
At common law, with the nomenclature of which
the framers of the Constitution were familiar, it was never doubted
that all children, born in a country
of parents who were its citizens, became themselves,
upon their birth, citizens also. These were natives, or natural-born
citizens, as distinguished from aliens or foreigners.
Copyright Beckwith 2008 - 2011
All right reserved


text:
FY 2010 Budget and Lines of Business Information - Fund 108
Fund 108 - Leaf Collection
- Agency Lines of Business Presentations to the Board of Supervisors
- FY 2010 Baseline Budget Narrative
- Agency Lines of Business Full Documents (2008)
Please note all linked documents are in PDF format. To return to the complete list of Agencies and Funds, use the back button.
Looking for specific information? Try searching for your information.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On Tuesday, Carnival Corp.—the cruise-ship folks—announced plans to eliminate gestation-sow stalls from its pork supply chain. The announcement was released by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), and its website reported that Carnival Corp. has set a 10-year deadline for suppliers to complete the transition away from gestation-sow-stall housing.
"Carnival Corporation & plc supports the pork industry's movement away from gestation crates and will work to ensure that our own pork supply is free of these cages by 2022," says James Van Langen, vice president of management systems for Carnival Corp. & plc.
This announcement brings the tally to 35 food companies that have made announcements to source pork products from suppliers whose products cannot be traced back to gestation stalls.
"Carnival knows that one thing people don't leave at home when they go on vacation is their concern for animals," says Matthew Prescott, HSUS food policy director. "People simply don't support the lifelong confinement of animals in cages so small they can't even turn around, and it's both an ethical decision and good business move for Carnival to recognize that."
Based in Miami and London, Carnival Corp. is the world's largest cruise company. Its portfolio includes Carnival Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Seabourn in North America; P&O Cruises and Cunard in the United Kingdom; AIDA Cruises in Germany; Costa Cruises in Southern Europe; Iberocruceros in Spain; and P&O Cruises in Australia. With 100 ships, the company reports that 200,000 guests and 77,000 employees are on board "at any given time."
Carnival Corp. also owns a tour company that complements its cruise operations-- Holland America Princess Alaska Tours in Alaska and the Canadian Yukon. Combined, the company reports that the vacation companies attract 10 million guests annually. Annual net income was reported at $1.9 billion in 2011.


text: Hoover prevails in eight, 4-3 By Ryan Pritt May 7, 2012 Story Share Chip Ellis Herbert Hoover's Corey Bird steals third as Sissonville's J.R. Stricklen awaits the throw early in their Class AA sectional contest at Hoover. Herbert Hoover coach Brian Young said Clayton Edens has become the team's de facto closer this season.On Monday, Edens took his act to both halves of the eighth inning.The senior came off the bench and sat Sissonville down in order in the top of the eighth, then laced a single to right field in the bottom to score Tristan Fields as the host Huskies claimed the first game of Class AA Region 4 Section 1, 4-3. "I haven't felt that good all season to be honest," Edens said. "That was a good feeling running in from second base after that hit. That started us off on the right foot. We're going to roll off of that from here."The extra-inning drama punctuated what was a terrific duel between two of the area's best pitchers, Hoover sophomore Fields and Sissonville junior Zach Null.Fields retired 13 of the first 14 hitters, not throwing his first ball until the seventh hitter of the game. Twenty-six of his first 31 pitches were strikes.On the other side, Null rode guts, guile, and a sweeping 12-6 curve ball to a performance that could've been good enough had he gotten more help from his young defense. After Zach Mullins hit a leadoff single in the fourth for the Huskies (21-8), Fields skied a ball deep to left field that was misplayed by Dillan Asbury and fell for a double. Ryan Shamblin drove in Mullins with a sacrifice fly to center, and then Fields scored on an error by Asbury on another misjudged fly.The Indians (10-20) locked the score at 2-2 on a two-run single from Leighton Baldwin in the next frame, and grabbed the lead in the top of the sixth when Houston Hill singled in Null, who led off with a double.That left Null looking at finishing the upset, but he faced one of the tougher Class AA lineups. But after Shamblin walked with one out in the sixth and Austin Thomas singled him to second, Cody Bowen hit a grounder to short that could've possibly been a double play, but second baseman Andy Minsker dropped the ball on the exchange between his glove and his hand. Thomas was still called out at second as the umpire ruled Minsker held onto the ball long enough, but Shamblin scored when the ball rolled into left field. The game went to extra innings, setting up Edens' heroics."They stayed focused for eight innings," Young said. "They never quit, never hung their heads when we went up and they came back. That's a good ball club, their pitcher kept us off balance, we put it in play but couldn't get it to fall. It very easily could've went the other way but we stuck in there and battled through and came up big."It was quite a contrast watching Null and Fields work. Listed at 6-foot-1, 205 pounds, Fields played the role of imposing power pitcher while Null, just 5-7, changed speeds and locations to get the job done.Null is the Indians' lone junior, as the rest of the team is made up of sophomores and freshmen. "It was a heck of a game, both pitchers threw real well," Sissonville coach Kenny Harper said. "We've just got to cut out mistakes. We had two dropped balls in left field and a boy dropped a ball on a double play; cut out that stuff and we're right there. We've been doing that all year but we've been getting better and they will get better and better."Fields struck out eight and walked two in his seven innings, giving up six hits with all three Indian runs being earned. He was also 2-for-4 with a double while Hunter White was 3-for-4 with a double.Null had a pair of strikeouts and gave up seven hits while going 2-for-4 at the plate.Hoover will play Clay County at 6 p.m. today, and Sissonville will face the loser on Wednesday at 6 p.m. The two remaining teams will play at 6 p.m. Thursday.Reach Ryan Pritt at 304-348-7948, email@example.com, or follow him at twitter.com/RPritt. Story Share Story Share Trending Now 1 Philanthropist Betty Schoenbaum of Shoney's fortune turns 100 2 Derek Redd: Marshall thinks outside the cable box for broadcasts 3 Former Charleston National employees gather for a reunion 4 Deer in 8 WV counties found dead from EHD 5 Vietnam veteran builds prosthetics in war zones Roundup: MU's Williamson honored Previous Story Logan downs GW on 'worst no-hitter' Next Story


text:
Bob Heil the creator of the Heil Talk Box and PR40 microphone talked shop on this weeks TWIT show Home Theater Geeks.
"Bob Heil (October 5, 1940) is an American sound and radio engineer most well known for creating the template for modern rock sound systems. He founded the company Heil Sound in 1966, which went on to create unique touring sound systems for bands such as The Grateful Dead and The Who. He invented the Heil Talk Box in 1973, which was frequently used by musicians such as Peter Frampton, Joe Walsh and Richie Sambora, and is still in use today.
Heil has been an innovator in the field of amateur radio, manufacturing microphones and satellite dishes for broadcasters and live sound engineers. In the late 1980s Heil Sound became one of the first American companies to create and install Home Theaters, and Heil has lectured at major electronic conventions and taught classes at various institutions. He has won multiple awards and honors, and in 2007 he became the first manufacturer to be invited to exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame." – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Heil
For more info: heilsound.com and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Heil


text:
Diamondback DB10CKMB DB10 Rifle Semi-Automatic 308
Bid Now
Beretta A300 12GA 3" 28 MC3 SYN
Ruger LCP II 380ACP 6+1
Kimber K6S 357Mag 6rd 2 Brushed Stainless
CCI Blazer 45 ACP 230 Grain Full Metal Jacket
"Internet Purchases Only"
"Not a Retail Store Stock Item"
This item is viewable at our retail store in LEXINGTON, KY. It may be on display and is
available for immediate purchase and pick-up.
The HK45 was developed as a product improvement of the highly
regarded USP45, first released in the 1995. The Caliber .45 ACP HK45
includes several user-inspired enhancements including changeable grip
panels (backstraps), a Picatinny MIL-STD-1913 accessory rail, better
ergonomics, and more ambidextrous controls.
Along with the HK45 Compact, the HK45 was developed as a
possible candidate for the Joint Combat Pistol (JCP) and Combat Pistol
(CP) programs administered by the U.S. military in their search for a
new service handgun to replace the 9-millimeter M9. These programs were
suspended before completion and no pistols were selected.
The HK45 uses an HK proprietary O-ring barrel for
precise barrel-to-slide lockup and optimal accuracy. HK45 barrels are
made using the famous HK cold-hammer forging process for superior
Using HK's unique internal mechanical recoil reduction
system reduces the recoil forces imparted to the weapon and shooter by
as much as 30%, improving shooter control during rapid firing and
increasing component service life. Capable of firing standard .45 ACP
ball through +P ammunition, the HK45 combines the accuracy, modularity,
reliability and minimum 20,000 round service life of the famed USP45
series with the improved ergonomics of the P2000 series pistols. HK45
models can be also be fitted with threaded barrels for use with muzzle
mounted sound suppressors.
Each HK45 comes standard with an extra backstrap;
medium and small interchangeable backstraps ensure an optimal fit for
most shooter's hands and complement the ergonomic profile grip.
An improved USP-style control lever, a combination
safety and decocking lever, is frame mounted on the HK45 and is quickly
accessible. The HK45 control lever has a positive stop and returns to
the "fire" position after decocking.
By using the modular approach to the internal
components first pioneered by HK on the USP, the control lever function
of the HK45 can be switched from the left to the right side of the
pistol to accommodate left-handed shooters (additional parts required).
Left and right mounted control levers provide safety and/or decocking
functions as required and can be fitted to the pistol simply by changing
parts. For true ambidextrous use, a control lever can also be mounted
on both sides of the pistol if required.
Well-suited for personal defense use, the HK45 is
available in, or can be converted to, a wide variety of variants that
use different trigger firing modes, including double action/single
action (DA/SA) and DAO (double action only). The DAO mode uses the
unique Heckler & Koch LEM (Law Enforcement Modification) firing
system for improved double action trigger pull.
Extensively tested and operationally proven, the HK45
Series is a new paradigm for Heckler & Koch handgun design and is
currently being assembled from U.S. and German made components at HK's
American manufacturing facility in Newington, New Hampshire.
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text:
Over the next two years, the North Coast sky will host a four-part series of total lunar eclipses -- sometimes called a "Blood Moon" -- starting on the evening of April 14.
Though lunar eclipses are quite common, Astronomers of Humboldt member Jeff Schmitt said this tetrad of eclipses is "kind of exciting."
"When you end up with several in a row like this, it's sort of unusual," Schmitt said.
The first lunar eclipse in the tetrad will start at around 10 a.m. on April 14 for the West Coast, with a total phase occurring from around midnight to 1:30 p.m. on April 15.
Tetrads can be rare or common depending the time period, according to Astronomers of Humboldt Vice President Ken Yanosko.
"It kind of goes through cycles," he said. "There are supposed to be eight or nine tetrads occurring this century, between now and 2100."
According to the NASA website, several centuries can go by without any tetrads occurring, which was the case from 1600 to 1900.
A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon is entirely covered by the shadow of the Earth. Rather than being completely darkened by the shadow, Yanosko said, the moon glows an amber red due to sunlight that is refracted from the Earth's atmosphere.
"When sunlight goes through the atmosphere at a large angle, like what we see during a sunset, the sky turns red," he said. "The moon is just getting the red part of the sunlight, while the blue light gets scattered."
Yanosko said if a person were to stand on the moon and look at the Earth during the eclipse, there would a "red halo" around the planet.
"That would be the Earth's atmosphere," he said.
Yanosko said it is just orbits that cause the eclipses, not omens.
"I got an email from some crackpot saying that this was going to be the end of the world," he said. "There are a lot of rumors and chatter."
The next three total lunar eclipses will take place on Oct. 8, April 4, 2015, and Sept. 28, 2015.
Will Houston can be reached at 707-441-0504 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter.com/Will_S_Houston.


text:
Music lovers can see some of the country's top tribute bands in Otley this month.
The Four Fighters, Green Date and Kazabian will be the headline acts at the 2014 Otley Fake Festival. They will be supported in the marquee at Wharfemeadows Park on Saturday, June 7, by five local bands.
Four Fighters frontman and Otley Fake Festival licence holder Iain Angus said: "The atmosphere is always electric and this one will be no different. We have been coming to Otley for a few years now and it's always been a fantastic day, and it's a great opportunity to see some of your favourite bands without the high price tag or having to travel too far."
Advance tickets cost £20 per adult, £10 for ten to 17-year-olds, and £50 for a family ticket, with under nines free.
They are available online at fakefestivals.co.uk or from Otley businesses, Premier Wrenbeck News, Fusion GameXchange, Aura Jewellery. For more information visit the website, or call 0800 652 2852.


text:
BMW 7 Series Carpet Floor Mats 740iL 750iL (1994-2001) - Titan Gray Description
These precision-cut mats with BMW lettering on heel pad and a special Velcro retention system to hold the mats in place are made to match the carpet color of your 7 Series - resisting water and staining while adding cushioned comfort.
- Set of 4 mats
- Color: Gray
- Detailed with BMW lettering on drivers heel pad.
- Velour carpet matches vehicle interior carpet texture, preserving a factory appearance.
- Unique 6.6 nylon fiber repels soil and stains to maintain a neat and clean interior appearance.
- Meticulously crafted to wear well and retain a like-new appearance, even after repeated vacuuming.
- Tighe-pile construction creates a smooth surface that helps keep soil from penetrating the fibers.
- Densely woven heel pad offers a soft platform for heels; protects shoes from being scuffed.
- Titan Gray
- Set of 4 carpet floor mats
- Anchors for front mats
- BMW 740iL 750iL (1994-2001)
What's in the Box?
Additional Information
|Part No.


text: WVU: Students won't be forced to move By Zac Taylor October 26, 2012 Story Share Read the main story here. CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Although West Virginia University officials said Friday they want to start demolishing buildings on their newly acquired Sunnyside land in December and January, they said students won't have to move before their leases are up.Instead, university officials said, they hope to make it as attractive as possible for students and other tenants to move somewhere else."We can't force anybody out," said WVU Housing Director Corey Farris. "We would like for them to [move], and we'll talk to them to see what it is we can do to move them along, but there's still a lease that's there."In a news release Friday, WVU officials said the school had entered into a $70 million contract with Paradigm Development Group LLC to build a 297,000-square-foot residential and retail complex, partly in hopes of beautifying the notoriously raucous area of Morgantown.The last paragraph of the release stated that WVU officials would "immediately begin contacting students and other tenants to offer alternative housing options and assistance with moving," and that "demolition is expected to begin in late December or early January." That led many students to believe the university would void their leases in Sunnyside and force them out of their apartments.Farris said that's not true, and WVU spokesman John Bolt confirmed that tenants would not be forced to move out of Sunnyside to speed up construction.Farris said he spent all day Friday in the Sunnyside area, talking with student and nonstudent tenants, trying to alleviate their concerns about the new construction.The first round of the demolition reportedly will affect residents living on University Avenue, Grant Avenue, Third Street and Houston Drive. Farris said he does not yet have a general number of how many tenants will have to move before the demolition can begin. WVU officials said they plan to compensate tenants who agree to break their lease. The school, for instance, will pay the difference for the remainder of their current lease if a tenant finds an apartment with a higher rent.The enticements might extend beyond that, Ferris said."It might be something where we buy them a gift card," he said. "We're going to treat the students right. We're not going to hassle them."He said officials will lobby the tenants in the initial construction zone the heaviest, but students in other parts of Sunnyside will be welcome to break their leases, as well. "If they want out, we'll say sure," he said. "Certainly, like I said, we'd like to be able to strike a deal with everybody so Paradigm can begin construction."According to state tenant law, a landlord can break a year-to-year lease as long as he gives notice "at least three months prior to the end of the year."Bruce Perrone, a landlord-tenant expert with West Virginia Legal Aid, said leases can have dozens of clauses that allow landlords to get out of a contract. Properties changing hands during foreclosure or bankruptcy proceedings also could nullify tenants' leases."What does the lease say?" Perrone said. "The lease may give the owner the option of terminating. That can be either whenever he feels like it or under certain prescribed conditions."If the landlord has the authority to terminate, then the tenant is going to be stuck."Perrone said that if the lease is an otherwise solid one-year rental agreement, then the owners still are bound to their tenants if the property changes hands. "I think, as a general rule of thumb," he said, "the purchaser of property steps into the obligation of the seller in regard to lease."Reach Zac Taylor at email@example.com or 304-348-5189. Story Share Story Share Trending Now 1 Police seek car driven by woman found dead in Kanawha River 2 Facebook founder visits Cabin Creek Health Systems 3 Teen pleads guilty to involuntary manslaughter in Oakes Field shooting 4 Man allegedly cuts father in Rand over argument about sandwich 5 Rhode Island bank claims Justice companies owe $4.2M on helicopter loan Century to PSC: Reconsider electricity ruling Previous Story George Hohmann: '3-6-3 banking' is gone Next Story


text:
Morning Es Trading
Tuesday's Market Review
I certainly would not describe the current rally as exciting or energetic, but that doesn't mean it can't continue higher in the face of volatility-starved folks such as myself. Like many, it was my fervent hope that the current earnings season would usher in a period of increased volatility, but that obviously has not unfolded in a manner acceptable to an intraday scalper. The bottom line is that the current rally continues to favor the dip-buying cabal....436 more words left in this article. To read them, just click below and try Real Money FREE for 14 days.
There's no substitute for a trading floor to get great ideas, so Jim Cramer created a better one at Real Money and blogs there exclusively. We then added legendary hedge fund manager, Doug Kass, with his exclusive Daily Diary and best investing ideas. Staffed with more than 4 dozen investing pros, money managers, journalists and analysts, Real Money Pro gives you a flood of opinions, analysis and actionable trading advice found nowhere else, and allows you to interact directly with each expert.
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text:
Man Loves More than LifeRiddles are little poems or phrases that pose a question that needs answering. Riddles frequently rhyme, but this is not a requirement.
What does man love more than life,
Hate more than death or mortal strife;
That which contented men desire,
The poor have, the Rich require;
The miser spends, the spendthrift saves,
And all men carry to their graves?
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SHEPHERDSVILLE - North Bullitt will return to action after a week off while Bullitt Central and Bullitt East will hit the road on Friday as the high school football season approaches the midpoint of the 2012 campaign.
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text:
adosa wrote: Is it before Stream Entry, at Stream Entry, or at the level of Arahant? Or am I hopelessly conceited? Is this just a sign of clinging to self view?
rowyourboat wrote:" — nor with the thought, 'When this gift of mine is given, it makes the mind serene. Gratification & joy arise,'
" — but with the thought, 'This is an ornament for the mind, a support for the mind' — on the break-up of the body, after death, he reappears in the company of Brahma's Retinue. Then, having exhausted that action, that power, that status, that sovereignty, he is a non-returner. He does not come back to this world.
"This, Sariputta, is the cause, this is the reason, why a person gives a gift of a certain sort and it does not bear great fruit or great benefit, whereas another person gives a gift of the same sort and it bears great fruit and great benefit."
See also: AN 5.148.
adosa wrote:Friends,
Is every action we take, while we are still under the delusion of "self" and conceit, tinged with selfishness, no matter how kind the act?
adosa wrote:I mean deep down, even though we may wish the action was for the benefit of others (and it may be) and selfless, do we still derive some ego-gratification from that action?
"This body comes into being through craving. And yet it is by relying on craving that craving is to be abandoned.
"This body comes into being through conceit. And yet it is by relying on conceit that conceit is to be abandoned.
Peter wrote:Blackbird is the most selfish person I know.


text:
This article describes the various synchronous and asynchronous approaches for making requests with the AWS SDK for Java. The article concludes with some additional information to help you successfully use the asynchronous operations in the SDK.
The AWS SDK for Java provides synchronous and asynchronous methods that developers can use to call operations on AWS services. The synchronous methods block until the client receives the final response from the service. The asynchronous methods allow you to send a request to a service, and then immediately have control passed back to your code, instead of blocking until the remote service returns a response. This is convenient for many applications, particularly when you are writing user interfaces.
Synchronous Access
The basic pattern for calling an operation on an AWS web service, using the synchronous/blocking clients looks like this:
In the preceding example, when the
dynamoDB.describeTable operation is called, the SDK sends the HTTP request to Amazon DynamoDB, sits and waits for the service to return a response, parses it, and returns a
DescribeTableResult back to the caller, which can then continue executing.
Asynchronous Access
The synchronous approach is an easy way to call AWS services, but in some applications, it can be problematic to block until the service has returned a response. For these situations, you can use the asynchronous methods. These methods are non-blocking, that is, they return immediately. The asynchronous methods provide two easy ways for developers to access the service response, once the remote server has finished processing the request:
- Java Futures—poll the status of the asynchronous request using the standard Java Future interface.
- Async Callbacks—implement a callback interface and the SDK will call methods on that interface when certain events occur in the lifecycle of the asynchronous request. For example, the SDK calls the interface when a request completes successfully or when a request fails with an error.
Java Futures
One of the most common ways to deal with asynchronous operations in Java is through the java.util.concurrent.Future class. Java Futures allow asynchronous operations to immediately return a result (a Future object) that the caller can poll for the status of the operation. When the caller detects that the operation has completed, the caller can use the Future object to access either the result or any error that might have occurred.
The following code demonstrates how to use Futures to asynchronously perform the same call to Amazon DynamoDB that was shown in the preceding synchronous access section:
Java Futures allow you to execute operations asynchronously and check on their status, but they still require the developer to poll the Future object to determine if the operation has completed. The next section describes an even easier way to work with asynchronous operations in the SDK: Async Callbacks.
Async Callbacks
In addition to using Java Futures to monitor the status of asynchronous requests, the SDK also allows you to implement a simple asynchronous callback interface that you can pass to the asynchronous method.
When various events occur in the asynchronous request's lifecycle, such as when the request completes successfully—or when it fails, the SDK invokes the associated methods in the
AsyncHandler implementation, allowing you to easily handle the event.
This code demonstrates how to implement the
AsyncHandler interface to have the SDK alert you when your asynchronous request has either completed or failed:
Java Futures and the
AsyncHandler callback interface are completely compatible.
You can use both Futures and the callback interface in your code if you want to, but typically one approach will suffice.
The major advantage of the callback interface approach is that it frees you from having to poll the
Future object to find out when the request has completed.
Instead, your code can immediately start its next activity, and rely on the SDK to call your handler at the right time.
Tips and Tricks
Callback Execution
AsyncHandler callbacks is ideal for updating a UI with the result of an operation.
Keep in mind though that your implementation of
AsyncHandler is executed inside the thread pool owned by the asynchronous client.
Short, quickly executed code is most appropriate inside your
AsyncHandler implementation.
Long running or blocking code inside the
AsyncHandler implementation can cause contention for the thread pool used by the asynchronous client and can prevent the client from being able to execute requests.
If you have a long-running task that needs to begin from a callback, then simply have the callback run the task in a new thread or another thread pool managed by your application.
Thread Pool Configuration
The asynchronous clients in the SDK provide a default thread pool that should work for most applications,
but you are also free to supply your own ExecutorService to the asynchronous clients if you want more control over how the thread pools are managed.
For example, you could provide your own
ExecutorService that uses a custom
ThreadFactory to control how threads in the pool are named or to log additional information about thread usage.
Amazon S3 Asynchronous Access
The TransferManager class in the SDK offers asynchronous support for working with the Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The TransferManager manages asynchronous uploads and downloads, provides detailed progress reporting on transfers, and supports callbacks into different events.


text:
ColorsProbability puzzles require you to weigh all the possibilities and pick the most likely outcome.
Jessica put six different colored beans in a bag. She had red, blue, pink, orange, yellow, and purple colored beans. There were 30 beans total in the bag. There were 4 red beans, 2 blue beans, 6 pink beans, 5 orange beans, 4 yellow beans, and 9 purple beans. What is the probability that someone could pull a pink or a yellow bean out of the bag?
AnswerYou have a one third chance of getting a pink or a yellow bean.
10/30 = 1/3
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Topic: Mom was called home this week...
We lost my Mom, on Wed Feb 16th at 4:20am. My partner said that she waited until morning so she could join my Grandma for coffee I hope that's true. She fought a hard fight in the 4 short months we dealt with CC. From nightmarish chemo setback, to drain tubes, and in the end, liver and kidney failure. But in true Mom fashion she wanted to go when she was ready, and stayed on through the night for almost 14 hours after they took her off the ventilator.
My Mother was an incredibly strong women, she brought our family through a lot and we were all the more stronger for it when we go to the other side. I am sure her passing will be no different.
She raised 3 amazing daughters, saw 4 grandchildren be brought into this world and brought my Father through many of his own health trials through his years. Though she was only 66 years young, she lived a full life and touched many people.
She will be missed greatly by anyone who came in contact with her.
I love you Mom!


text:
Is anyone here going to the Waco Windup this Saturday. I thought it might be funto say hello.
I'm signed up in Women's Rec division (although I don't show on the PDGA site yet). If some ladies sign up for intermediate, I might ask the TD to switch me to Int Division. Looking at ratings and scores of ladies who have played tournaments at course I've played, I think I might belong in INT or maybe even Advanced, but I'm afraid the gold tees and mandos might add 20 strokes. It's my first tournament so I am super excited! But I don't know what division I belong in yet.


text:
Last Updated on 9 Dec. 2004, Company: Emco Software
With EMCO Remote Deployment Kit you can Install or Uninstall Applications Silently and Remotely, if the application is already installed on your local computer and on the supported list the EMCO RDK. Deployment is done by just dragging a list of computer names and dropping them to a queue and the application is installed on multiple computers. The program also supports: Merging registry files remotely; Export registry keys to .reg files remotely; Shutdown or Reboot remote computers.


text:
What's blooming? Everything. NOW! It's crazy beyond reason but to be expected after this weather pattern we've been experiencing. To think that normally we hope for 60's so it will feel warm outside and this year it's hoping for 60's so it will feel cool outside. It's a situation pushing hard into stupid. Is the weather glorious? Oh, you bet your booty it is.
One of the major problems though is losing the luxury of Spring garden work being stretched out over a period of many weeks. Instead of doing this in mid-March and that in late April, it seems all things are needing to be done at once. I had hoped for more time to transplant various perennials for instance. As in transplanting at their ideal growth stage, generally while growth is still quite small. Well, that brilliant plan is under heavy siege. Now it's more like – gotta do it and hope for the best. And things will be fine. Some may look a little rough after transplanting. Some may not perform at their best this year. But over all they will be fine. And that is just the reality of gardening. Conditions are not going to be ideal every year or even every day. You adapt to the situation same as the plants do. Or not sometimes.
What's blooming? Redbud. Crabapple. Lilac. Silverbell. Kerria. Magnolia. Viburnum. Fothergilla. Flowering quince. Dogwood. Red buckeye. Rhododendron. Flowering cherry. Apple. ALL at the SAME time! Redbuds are easily a month ahead of their usual bloom time. As are the silverbells and lilacs.
So what to do? I strongly suggest getting out there and just wallowing in all the gorgeousness of the situation. You never know what tomorrow's weather may bring.
Magnolia 'Coral lake'
Viburnum carlesii 'Compactum' (compact Koreanspice viburnum)
Cercis canadensis 'Appalachian Red' (redbud)
Cercis canadensis 'Covey'/Lavender Twist® (weeping redbud)
Rhododendron 'Aglo' (probably)
Kerria japonica 'Golden Guinea'
Fothergilla major
Aesculus pavia (red buckeye)
Cornus florida variety rubra (pink/red flowering dogwood)
Cornus florida
Syringa vulgaris (lilac)
Malus 'Bob White' (crabapple)
Malus 'Prairifire' (crabapple)
Filed under: Horticulture
2 Responses to "What's Blooming?"
Victor Spencer Says:
March 31st, 2012 at 2:01 pm
Great work Irvin as usual. I love that weeping redbud.
Amy Says:
April 4th, 2012 at 7:37 am
Wow, such colors! It certainly inspires me to get outside.


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LEAGUE CITY, Texas - League City City Council members have approved a resolution that states the city will not comply with new federal gun laws.
"The real intent behind the second amendment is not for hunting, it's really about self defense," said Heidi Thiess, who sponsored the resolution. "The true intent of the second amendment is for us to resist tyranny in our own government."
While President Barack Obama was giving the State of the Union address on Tuesday night, the council members were voting to protect their rights, no matter the cost.
"I cited four authorities, I cited the second amendment, the ninth, the tenth and our own Texas constitution, all of which affirm and reaffirm our second amendment rights," said Theiss.
For some League City residents, like Michael Puga, they're on board.
"I believe that guns were given to us for a reason. We use them every day to protect our government. As far as abolishing them in the cities and states, I think it's ridiculous."
But others, like Rebecca Nelson, think it's a bad idea.
"Texas of all places has always been a very pro everyone gets to have as many guns as they want, so I understand why they would take a stand against it. It just doesn't seem very wise."
Here's the resolution:
WHEREAS, a government of, by, and for the people has long been a cherished American value and the foundation of our freedom; and We The People's fundamental and inalienable right to self-govern, and thereby secure rights to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness is guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, and;
WHEREAS, the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."
WHEREAS, the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."
WHEREAS, the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people," and;
WHEREAS, the Texas Constitution, Article 1 Section 23a declares: "Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the lawful defense of himself or the State," and;
WHEREAS, the citizens of League City, Texas recognize their duty as law-abiding citizens to act in accordance with the U.S. Constitution and the Texas Constitution, and agree that the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed upon by any government or organization, political or otherwise.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF LEAGUE CITY, TEXAS, as follows:
Section 1. The citizens representatives, City Council and Mayor of League City, Texas hereby call upon our state legislators and elected officials to join with us in the affirmation of the rights of our citizens under the 2nd Amendment.
Section 2. All federal acts, laws, executive orders, agency orders, and rules or regulations of all kinds with the purpose, intent, or effect of confiscating any firearm, banning any firearm, limiting the size of a magazine for any firearm, imposing any limit on the ammunition that may be purchased for any firearm, taxing any firearm or ammunition therefore, or requiring the registration of any firearm or ammunition therefore, infringes upon Texans' right to bear arms in direct violation of the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and therefore, any such law is not made in pursuance of the Constitution, is not authorized by the Constitution, and thus, is not the supreme law of the land, and consequently, is invalid in the State of Texas and shall be further considered null and void and of no effect in this City.
Section 3. That all agencies of the City of League City are instructed to refuse requests or directives by federal agencies acting under unconstitutional powers enumerated in Section 2above that would infringe upon our residents' second, ninth, and tenth amendment rights, or other inalienable rights not here explicitly enumerated.
Section 4. The City of League City, State of Texas calls on other communities and jurisdictions to join with us in this action by passing similar Resolutions.
Section 5. That copies of this Resolution be immediately transmitted to the President of the United States; the President of the United States Senate; the Speaker of the House of Representatives; each member of Congress from the State of Texas; each justice on the United States Supreme Court; the Attorney General of the State of Texas; the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Texas' legislature; each individual legislator that represents our district in the State of Texas; and the Sheriff of Galveston County.
PASSED AND APPROVED on the 12th day of February, 2013.
Copyright 2013 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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In 1992, William Nordhaus published the first integrated assessment model (IAM) that reconciled investments to stem global warming with their economic consequences. Using outputs from climate scientists' models as inputs for economists' models, it provided a tool for policy-makers to evaluate how present-day expenditures compared with future losses averted. Given the enormous complexity of two systems – the Earth's climate and the global economy – it was an exercise in dealing with uncertainties. How much would the Earth's mean global temperature rise in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2? What would be the effects on global crop production, fisheries, energy demand? How would society respond to those and inumerable other challenges? And how well could economists use that information to predict consequences for the world's economy to inform decisions whether or not to take action?
Two decades later the processes of climate change are much better understood. Among scientists consensus on global warming and its anthropogenic nature is overwhelming. For scientists, uncertainty revolves around just how warm the world will become in the next century and how temperature and hydrological changes will be regionally expressed. For economists, quantifying the economic impacts of those changes are as challenging as ever. Expressed in the language of statistical probabilities, it is critically important that scientists and economists understand how their respective disciplines deal with uncertainty, better integrate their models, and provide policy makers with the best tools for taking action in an uncertain future.
Ready! Fire! Aim?
Nordhaus's newest book The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty and Economics for a Warming World, offers something for everyone, as well as a view of the future. Climate skeptics will no doubt focus on the uncertainty that the world's best economists and scientists accept as part of that analysis. For those in the skeptic business, incomplete knowledge justifies inaction, and Nordhaus's prescription of a carbon tax is a case of firing before the target is locked in. Most, however, will take his work as a warning that mankind is recklessly gambling in a way that threatens to destroy its home.
"Opponents of any kind of climate action have frequently seized upon his work," warns Paul Krugman, writing in a review of his book for the New York Times. "Nordhaus emphasizes, although perhaps not as strongly as some would like, when it comes to climate change uncertainty strengthens, not weakens, the case for action now." That's because the uncertainty under discussion is not about if; it's about how much and how soon.
Professor Nordhaus and a panel of fellow luminaries from the world of economics meet with some of the world's top climate scientists at a day-long workshop sponsored by the Yale Climate and Energy Institute this Thursday to discuss how their respective disciplines deal with uncertainty, and incorporate it into their respective models. Coming as the IPCC prepares to release the next chapter of its 5th Assessment Report, and on the heels of one of the biggest storm systems to ever hit North America, the meeting comes at a time when policy makers will hopefully be attuned to the realization that uncertainty is precisely the reason we take action, purchase insurance and invest to protect what's most precious to us. In the words of A.E. Houseman:
…while the sun and moon endure
Luck's a chance, but trouble's sure,
I'd face it as a wise man would,
And train for ill and not for good.


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Stompa makes beautiful, high quality children's furniture with safety at the heart of their designs. Find out more.
Make the most of the space in your child's bedroom with the Stompa Corvo collection of bedroom furniture. The Corvo midsleeper with desk and clever storage solutions allow you to design the space to suit your needs. Each high quality piece of furniture is ergonomically designed with rounded corners and soft curves in a silk–white and wood finish. Mattresses are not included.
Our Delivery Team will install your furniture exactly where you want it, remove and recycle all the packaging and check everything is absolutely perfect for you*.
*Exclusions include:
Enjoy your new furniture without worrying about mishaps for 5 years. When accidents do happen, Guardsman have a UK wide team of trained furniture experts ready to repair damage and remove stains.
A protection plan is essentially no excess furniture insurance. It covers life's little accidents such as food or drink spills, scuffs to leather or chips and scratches to your wooden furniture and starts from the moment your new furniture is delivered.
When you have an accident, you simply claim on your plan by calling the Guardsman UK Call Centre, or go to their website and download a claim form. There are no excesses to pay, and no renewal costs.
Their aim is to keep your furniture looking good and in full use in your home. Wherever possible their network of expert repair technicians and cleaning specialists always try to repair the damage.
If a repair isn't possible they will source new parts for you or, if they are not available, a replacement item.
Claim for as many incidents as you need over the 5 years. You'll have cover for parts, labour and replacement items up to the indemnity value of your plan. Your indemnity value is the price you originally paid for your furniture, or £15,000, whichever is the lowest.
Read more about Guardsman
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text:
Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence
Living with Multiple Sclerosis
People who have MS can lead a full and satisfying life. Every person's experience is different with some having no limitations to others having significant limitations. For some people, these limitations can be a part of every-day life. At times, MS symptoms may interfere with work or social activities and may require making adjustments in daily routines. Individuals can experience difficulty with walking or driving, completing household tasks, managing finances, or completing work functions. Fortunately, treatments are available to help with symptom management and there are rehabilitation strategies to address these limitations. The VA has led the way in Rehabilitation Medicine and these services are available to Veterans with MS.
Music Therapy in MS
Jenny Asparro, Junior at St. Olaf College where she is studying music and neuroscience
Northfield, MN
Stay Well with MS
Jodie Haselkorn, MD, MPH - Seattle VA
Christina Hughes, MD - Seattle VA
Understanding How Multiple Sclerosis Can Affect Your Cognition
Rosalind Kalb, PhD
Nancy Holland, RN, EdD, MSCN
Barbara Giesser, MD
Caregiver Wellness
Susan K. Johnson, RN, BSN
Portland, Oregon
Getting the Most Out of Your Doctor's Visit
Carolyn Clancy, MD - AHRQÂ Â
Retired Captain, Army Aviation
Controlling Smoking and Alcohol Use to Decrease MS Symptoms
Aaron Turner, PhD – VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
Understanding the Internet: MS and the Web
Reprinted with permission from Melissa Carter-Ozhan, Editorial Supervisor, BioScience Communications
Reaching Veterans with MS—Via Nurses and the John Dystel Program
Patricia Wadsley—NMSS Momentum magazine
Occupational Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation
Marcia Finlayson, PhD, OT (C), OTR/L
Guide and Service Dogs
Department of Veterans Affairs
Janet M. Powell, PhD, OTR/L
ÂAssistive Technology: Improving the Lives of People with Disabilities
Christine Heiner, Human Engineering Research Laboratories
Power Mobility: Is it Time for Wheels?
Jacqueline A. Hall, MS, OTR/L, MSCS
Transporting a Scooter or Power Wheelchair
Jacqueline A. Hall, MS, OTR/L, MSCS
Sports, Leisure and Exercise
Keep Cool: Multiple Sclerosis and Heat ToleranceÂ
Jacqueline A. Hall, MS, OTR/L, MSCS
James Hunziker, MSN, ARNP, CRRN
VA Puget Sound Health Care System - Seattle, Washington
Veterans with MS Participate in the National Veterans Wheelchair Games
Julie Adams, CTRS, Recreational Therapist
Planning Your Activities and Designing an Exercise Program
Cinda Hugos, MS, PT
Oregon Health and Science University
James Hunziker, ARNP, MSN
VA Puget Sound Health Care System—Seattle
Home, Work and Vehicle Modifications
Selecting the Appropriate Mattress for People with MS
Richard Buhrer, ARNP, MSCN
Easy and Common Tips for Good Sleep
Jason Malcom, MSW
Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon
Restoring Independence: VA Driver Rehabilitation Program
Chris Henson, VHA Program Specialist


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Weekly retail columnist Armand Lobato has worked with many produce managers over the years. Here's a story about one of those managers. The names of people and businesses have been changed so they remain anonymous, but the story is true.
Little did I know the actual battle lines extended an additional 8,600 miles to the east and were decades old. For Max Reese, his war will never be completely over.
"If you're looking for Max, he's off today," Wayne, the store manager, said. "But go ahead, take a look around, then we'll go over your notes."
Max was the produce manager at this location, and I was his new supervisor. Max, like most of the managers I oversaw, was older than me and had more experience. I was assigned the task of keeping guys like Max in line.
My territory was the southern half of the state, overlooking the growing chain. I lied about my age at 15 to join the first chain I worked for, and earned a series of promotions.
I was the come-in-early-and-stay-late employee and as a produce manager myself, had quickly ascended to the top tiers, having a knack for turning around poor-performing locations. By my late 20s I had even opened several new stores — choice assignments usually reserved for the best in our company.
I built on this no-nonsense reputation when I became a produce supervisor. I was young and ready to embark on a new string of accomplishments. My job was to make sure stores were maintaining company standards, such as building certain displays in certain areas, having only so much inventory on hand and sticking within purchasing, supply and labor budgets. These were all the things that I used to do and more. I took zero guff from my older charges, and despite my youth I was determined to become a force to be reckoned with. It was my-way-or-the-highway, as the saying goes, and I already had a hand in demoting a couple produce managers and built up the profit base in my area. I was on a roll.
And then came Max, as unconventional a produce manager as anyone could imagine.
Like the other managers I supervised, he was "old" — at least 40 — and had the stereotypical hardhead image and was described as being "set in his ways." This didn't matter to me.
I had heard it all before, or so I thought. I stuck to the set standards and wished guys like Max would do the same, but he didn't. This was my third visit to his store in the past few months and he had done almost nothing to react to the direction I gave him.
Max disregarded my merchandising plans. He put apples where the oranges were supposed to go, and instead of placing the tomato end cap adjacent to the head lettuce he twisted the whole merchandising scheme around.
"The tomatoes sell better when I put them near the packaged salad display," Max told me during the previous visit. He didn't say much, but he spoke with confidence and conviction.
This was a produce manager that had to go. I dealt with similar insubordination before, and I could be as two-fisted as anyone. Besides, I had the authority and support of the company behind me.
All I had to do was complete a series of poor-performance evaluations, make the recommendation to the higher-ups back in the home office that Max should be demoted, and that would be that. I was finishing my notes on the final, third evaluation when the store director approached me again.
"Say, do you have time for a cup of coffee?" Wayne asked. "I'd like to talk to you if you don't mind."
This isn't an unusual ploy. I thought. Many times, a produce manager and store manager are pals, especially in the areas like this college town, located farther away from headquarters. Even the powerful, store district-type managers in the outlying areas harbored a quiet disdain for corporate influence.
Behind our backs, guys like myself were referred to as "The Suits" because we dressed in sport coats and ties — in contrast to the golf shirts and wet aprons worn by those actually working in the stores. Even this didn't bother me, for I paid my dues. I wore that wet apron for 15 years before trading up for the coat and tie.
The performance figures from this store indicated that Max was at best, tolerable. He always hit his goals, always seemed to do just what he had to do to keep his job — the minimum and nothing extra. The sales at his store were passable but not what I thought approached the potential. If he only did what I suggested, this store could be a real show-stopper. I thought. Why doesn't he do what I ask? Why doesn't this store manager step on Max's throat?
I tucked my legal pad in my briefcase and followed Wayne to a nearby coffee shop. No matter what old-buddy Wayne has to say, I thought, Max is mine. He's toast.
We sat across from each other. The store manager was smart enough to be cooperative and civil — as with enough reports from supervisors like me, even his job would eventually be on the line. Ours was a chain of set rules, and if a supervisor gave direction, according to the company CEO, it had better be supported or there would be hell to pay.
So much for the docile-appearing, friendly corner grocery store.
"We want to make sure we're following up on what you want done." Wayne said. "And I'll do everything to make sure Max cooperates. He's a bit ornery you know. He always turns in acceptable sales and profit-margin numbers but, as you know, Max tends to push back against authority. Even to some extent me."
Wayne stirred his coffee and straightened up in his chair.
"How much do you know about Max?" Wayne asked.
"Enough to know he's done nothing to get this store how it ought to be." I said. "Enough to know that he seems to think this is his own, personal operation that he can do whatever he wants. Last time I looked, Wayne, it doesn't say 'Max's Market' on the outside of this store, it says 'Sun Markets' and he needs to get that in a hurry."
"Max is a vet you know. Vietnam." Wayne broke in, speaking in an even tone.
"Yeah? I've got a few like him in my territory." I said. "I missed Vietnam by just a few years myself. I have lots of relatives, uncles and cousins that went through 'Nam." I said, not losing my determination or get hoodwinked by this store director, who I thought was a forming a front, an excuse for Max's dodging ways.
"You don't understand." Wayne continued. "Max was a private in Vietnam. Near a place called Quang-Tri. Messy place. Disorganized as all hell. It was just before the Tet Offensive in January of '68. By some grave error, Max's platoon was exposed in a small clearing. They awoke to a murderous hailstorm of mortars and machine guns from the surrounding jungle. Nobody could see anything or even react before they were overrun. Every guy in the platoon was killed. Every one that is, except for Max."
I blinked in disbelief, and suddenly felt like I'd been punched in the stomach.
Wayne continued.
"It was Christmas morning, 1967. Mercifully a call for help was sent before the radioman was hit. Max squeezed in between two of his dead buddies. Until an air strike came soon afterwards to turn back the Viet Cong, Max endured the heavy fire. Not many people are aware of Max's little experience over there in Southeast Asia. Certainly nobody on Max's crew knows, here at the store. They all just think Max is a bit eccentric and very contrary. I only know about it because Max's dad and I used to fish together sometimes. He discovered everything later reading his son's medical records, after they shipped him home early. Max was in a near-trance that took years to recover. My guess is that Max hasn't trusted any authority since.
"Max has never married, no kids. No problems with the bottle or drugs. He just works hard and fishes or tinkers in his garage on his days off; and has never breathed a word of 1967 or Christmas Day in Quang-Tri to anyone. Imagine. The sole survivor. The trauma, the guilt."
Wayne pushed his mostly full cup to the side and crumpled his napkin in his palm.
"Max was 19 years old when that happened. Nineteen. Nobody should have to endure something like that, but … just a kid."
Wayne shook his head.
My pitiful, insignificant notes scribbled on the yellow legal pad stayed in my briefcase. In the time that followed the only reason I stopped by Max's store was to drop off the latest company updates, usually just pages to be filed in training manuals, or simply to take Max or Wayne out for coffee.
Instead of pushing formal written direction for Max's produce stand, I might have given him one or two verbal suggestions. Which he usually ignored. I never filed the damning, third report.
A while later my position was eliminated, along with other supervisors. Seems we were as expendable as anyone.
After so much focused time working for a company and building support relationships with the produce managers, no one under my direction called to even say good bye or good luck.
Nobody that is, except for Max.
But that was good enough for me.


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Study to Evaluate Sodium Phenylbutyrate in Pre-symptomatic Infants With Spinal Muscular Atrophy (STOPSMA)
This study has been completed.
University of Utah
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Kathryn Swoboda, University of Utah
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: September 10, 2007
Last updated: June 14, 2015
Last verified: June 2015
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- Study Results
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Detailed Description:
In this single-center trial, we will evaluate the effects of NaPB on presymptomatic Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) type I (cohort 1)and presymptomatic SMA type II (cohort 2) infants. A variety of outcome measures will be performed at each study visit to follow the course of the disease. Total duration of the study for type I infants will be 18 months, for type II infants, 24 months.
|Spinal Muscular Atrophy
|Drug: Sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB)
|Phase 1 Phase 2
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Prospective Phase I/II Study to Evaluate Effects of Sodium Phenylbutyrate in Pre-symptomatic Infants With Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Resource links provided by NLM:
Genetics Home Reference related topics: spinal muscular atrophy
MedlinePlus related topics: Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Drug Information available for: Sodium phenylbutyrate 4-Phenylbutyric acidU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Kathryn Swoboda, University of Utah:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- The Study Will Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Potential Efficacy of Sodium Phenylbutyrate (NaPB) in Presymptomatic Infants Genetically Confirmed to Have SMA. It Will Also Determine Selected Pharmacokinetic Parameters. [ Time Frame: 24 months ]Number of participants with SAE's related to research.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- The Study Will Determine Potential Benefit of NaPB on Lean Body Mass; Overall Motor Function; Potential Cellular Response to NaPB; and Drug Compliance. [ Time Frame: 24 months ]
|Study Start Date:
|July 2007
|Study Completion Date:
|December 2013
|Primary Completion Date:
|December 2013 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Cohort 1
Family history of SMA type I 0-3 months old Confirmation of no more than 3 SMN2 copies
Drug: Sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB)
The powder form of the drug will be dispensed. The target NaPB dosing is 450-600 mg/kg/day, divided into four doses. For cohort 1, we propose to continue treatment for 18 months. For cohort 2, we propose to continue treatment for 24 months.
Experimental: Cohort 2
Family history of SMA type II 0-6 months old Confirmation of no more than 4 SMN2 copies
Drug: Sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB)
The powder form of the drug will be dispensed. The target NaPB dosing is 450-600 mg/kg/day, divided into four doses. For cohort 1, we propose to continue treatment for 18 months. For cohort 2, we propose to continue treatment for 24 months.
Detailed Description:
Perform a phase I/II study to evaluate effects of Phenyl Butyrate (PBA) in a cohort of 12 presymptomatic infants. These infants are predicted to have either SMA 1 or 2 given genotype and family history of an older sibling with the respective SMA type. Our goal is twofold: 1) to collect additional safety and pharmacokinetic data in neonates and young infants administered this compound, within the dosing guidelines already in use for urea cycle disorder therapy, and 2) to determine possible benefit of early treatment intervention with regard to status of denervation and functional motor status at specific time points for which we have matched natural history data to perform a comparison. Data obtained from this aim will guide future trials designed to determine the efficacy of PBA or other butyrate analogs in attenuating disease progression in SMA subjects identified in the presymptomatic period.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|up to 6 Months (Child)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Laboratory documentation of homozygous absence of SMN1 exon 7.
- Confirmation of no more than 3 SMN2 copies for cohort 1; no more than 4 copies for cohort 2.
- Family history of affected sibling with SMA type I for cohort 1 and SMA type II for cohort 2.
- Age ≤ 3 months, cohort 1; Age ≤ 6 months, cohort 2.
- Written informed consent of parents/guardian.
- Laboratory results demonstrating normal values for age.
Exclusion Criteria:
-Evidence of hepatic insufficiency, renal insufficiency, edema with sodium retention, known seizure disorder, urea cycle disorder, cardiac arrhythmia, congenital heart defect, hypertension, significant central nervous system (CNS) impairment, or neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disease other than SMA.
History of allergy/sensitivity to sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB).
- Use of NaPB within 30 days of study entry.
- Serious illness requiring hospitalization ≤ 14 days prior to study entry.
- Use of medications intended for the treatment of SMA including riluzole, valproic acid, hydroxyurea, oral use of albuterol, NaPB, butyrate derivatives, creatine, growth hormone, anabolic steroids, probenecid, oral or parenteral use of corticosteroids at entry, or agents anticipated to increase or decrease muscle strength or agents with presumed histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition within 30 days prior to study entry.
- Unwillingness to travel for study assessments.
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00528268
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00528268
|United States, Utah
|University of Utah
|Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, 84132
Sponsors and Collaborators
University of Utah
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
|Principal Investigator:
|Kathryn Swoboda, MD
|University of Utah
More Information
Keywords provided by Kathryn Swoboda, University of Utah:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017
|Responsible Party:
|Kathryn Swoboda, Associate Professor, Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Utah
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00528268 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
1R01HD054599-01 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
|Study First Received:
|September 10, 2007
|Results First Received:
|June 14, 2015
|Last Updated:
|June 14, 2015
Keywords provided by Kathryn Swoboda, University of Utah:
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Sodium Phenylbutyrate
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Muscular Atrophy
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathological Conditions, Anatomical
Neuromuscular Manifestations
Neurologic Manifestations
Nervous System Diseases
Signs and Symptoms
Central Nervous System Diseases
Motor Neuron Disease
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neuromuscular Diseases
4-phenylbutyric acid
Antineoplastic Agents
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017