text:
To Willie with Compliments
The Film
Running Time
05 min 37 s
The Canadians were part of the British armies on the Western Front, and Britain's own soldiers constituted the great bulk of the force. British filmmakers, like Canadian, covered their troops' activities, preparing films for home consumption. Such films, of course, also were viewed in Canada. This was one such production, notable for its showing an early tank, for presenting a close-up view of General Sir Douglas Haig, the British commander-in-chief, and his senior officers, and for offering scenes of military life both in the trenches and in the rear areas. For 1916, when it was likely shot, the film was frank in showing the dead and the very difficult conditions at the front. Canadians who watched the film in 1916 would likely have been shocked by such footage.
Pieces of History
Artillery: The Great Killer
Tim Cook
Historian, Canadian War Museum
In 1914 and 1915, artillery proved it was the great killer. For those caught in the open, shrapnel and high explosive shells wreacked havoc. Thousands were left rotting on the battlefields. However, artillery guns were vulnerable to small arms fire, and they could be driven away from the front. But the guns were soon firing indirectly from hidden positions several kilometeres to the rear, still causing terrible damage. Soldiers were forced to find safety in trenches, digging beneath the ground to escape the murderous fire.
As trenches were strengthened with barbed wire, deep dugouts, and machine -guns, an enormous weight of fire was needed to smash the enemy defences and support the infantry. But there were not always enough shells in the early years to feed the guns. And so the infantry were killed in the tens of thousands as they attacked undamaged enemy trenches in frontal assaults. As the war lengthened, artillerymen received nearly unlimited supplies of shells through the enormous production of munitions factories. New tactics were also developed to improve the accuracy of the guns.
Artillery shells contained high explosives, shrapnel, and, later in the war, poison gas and smoke. Both the high explosive and shrapnel shells were timed to detonate in the air above a target. High explosive shells blasted holes in the trenches and the concussion alone could kill, as lungs collapsed under the force of the explosion. Shrapnel shells were equally deadly, consisting of more than 300 rounded metal balls that exploded downward in a cone-shaped rain of whirling metal. As well, the casing of the shell was designed to explode outward, creating jagged, uneven shards of steel that tore through flesh.
By 1916, commanders believed that massive artillery shoots, involving hundreds of thousands of shells, would annihilate the enemy defenders. This would allow the infantry to punch a hole through enemy lines and restore mobility on the Western Front.
However, it was often hard to hit, and then destroy, the narrow and well-fortified trenches. The problem also lay in the shell fuses. Earlier types were not sensitive enough to explode on contact, especially with shells tasked to clear barbed wire. As a result, many of the shells exploded in the ground, killing very few of the enemy, leaving the infantry to fight their way through defences-in-depth. By the end of 1916, newer, sensitive fuses that exploded on the slightest contact harnessed the destructive power of the artillery and, equally important to the infantry, cleared barbed wire from in front of enemy trenches.
Tactics again changed during the later phases of the bloody battles of the Somme in the last half of 1916. The gunners would never be able to destroy all of the German defences, and even one machine -gunner could kill hundreds of attacking infantry. Instead, the artillery sought to suppress enemy fire through a "creeping barrage," and give their own attacking infantry enough time to cross the killing zone of nNo Mman's Lland.
Gunners fired their shells to create a "creeping" wall of fire that slowly moved forward over the enemy lines at fixed intervals: 50 yards (46 m) every couple of minutes, less for muddy ground, more for open warfare. In effect, it was a screen of fire and explosives. As this moving wall of shrapnel and high explosives chewed up the ground in its path, the infantry were told to "lean into the barrage" and stay as close as possible. Although friendly fire was expected and occurred, the casualties would still be lighter than if the creeping barrage moved off and allowed German machine -gunners, waiting in the safety of deep dugouts, to get to the top of their trenches before the infantry crossed nNo Mman's lLand.
At the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917, the gunners had perfected the creeping barrage. Yet enemy gunners still took a fearful toll as they laid down their own counter-barrages to catch the follow-on waves of infantry. The enemy guns had to be stopped, or slowed, but it was exceedingly difficult to identify, target, and destroy camouflaged guns several kilometeres away.
Accurate intelligence was essential, and new and refined forms of science aided the gunners. The Canadian Corps was lucky to have Brigadier-General Andrew McNaughton, commander of the counter-battery office for much of the war, who embraced new technology and tactics. A prewar professor at McGill University, he turned to science to save his soldiers lives.
The Canadian Counter Battery Office (CCBO), established in February 1917, gathered intelligence and processed information on the enemy to assist in knocking out his guns. Aerial reconnaissance from the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) was of great assistance as airmen photographed the front from great heights. Later in the war, observation aircraft circled the battlefield, passing real-time information to the gunners through letter drops and primitive wireless radio.
As the CCBO developed after April 1917, this information-gathering and target-selection became more sophisticated, with new technology, like sound-ranging and flash-spotting, assisting gunners to find and destroy enemy targets.
Flash-spotting involved the coordination of observers. At least three posts were needed, usually spread out along several kilometeres. When an enemy gun position was spotted by the revealing flash as the shell left the barrel, the observers were telephoned by headquarters to turn their attention to that spot. After studying the flash of the gun, the observers would hit a key that was connected to a lamp at headquarters. From the observers' bearings, and by triangulating their estimates, enemy guns could be located with high precision.
Sound-ranging worked on a similar principle. Listeners sat two kilometeres behind the line with their microphones. Additional posts were manned well ahead of these positions. As long as there was not more than one shell per second being fired, on hearing the crash of an enemy gun, the forward listening post pressed a key that started an oscillograph, an instrument that recorded on film the sound of the shell in flight as it reached each microphone in turn. The time-intervals between the microphones allowed the CCBO to analyse the information and, if conditions were optimal, pinpoint enemy guns to within twenty-five 25 yards (23 m). All available counter-battery guns would be aimed on that spot to deliver a destructive shoot of 50-100 shells. Chemical shells were also used to kill or force the enemy gunners to wear debilitating respirators that severely affected the rate of fire.
In the last year of the war, artillery had perfected the creeping barrage and was steadily improving its counter-battery work. Further tactical refinement allowed gunners to fire more complicated barrages, like a box barrage. The box barrages set up a wall of fire and explosives around an enemy position —-- usually a trench —-- which effectively isolated it from reinforcements. It allowed assaulting Canadian infantrymen to capture and consolidate a position without fear of immediate counterattack.
By war's end, 43,914 gunners had served in the Canadian artillery, and 2,565 had lost their lives from disease, injury, and battlefield wounds. They had fired tens of millions of shells, reducing the landscape to a desolate wasteland, and an estimated 60% of all wounds were inflicted by shell fire. The First World War was indeed a gunner's war.
Selected Bibliography
Cook, Tim. No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999.
McNaughton, A.G.L. "Counter-Battery Work." Canadian Defence Quarterly 3, 4 (July, 1926).
McNaughton, A.G.L. "The Development of Artillery in the Great War." Canadian Defence Quarterly 4, 2 (January, 1929).
Nicholson, G.W.L. The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of the Canadian Artillery, Vol. 1: 1534-1919 Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.
Rawling, William. Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Swettenham, John. McNaughton, Volume I. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1968.
Canada's Mounted Troops
Major Michael R. McNorgan
Instructor, Royal Military College, Kingston
At the beginning of the First World War, horsed cavalry was still an army's principal mobile arm. However, after the onset of static trench warfare on the Western Front in late 1914 – with thick barbed wire barriers and large numbers of machine guns protecting defensive works – the battlefield utility of cavalry was greatly diminished. Cavalry was nonetheless retained in large numbers because of the perennial hope of breaking through the enemy's line and rolling up his defences from the rear. Thus, for virtually every major offensive operation during the war, cavalry divisions were kept in reserve.
Canada contributed two distinct groups of cavalry during the War – the Canadian Cavalry Brigade and an independent cavalry regiment known as the Canadian Light Horse.
Canadian Cavalry Brigade
This Canadian Cavalry Brigade was formed in England in the autumn of 1915, consisting of permanent force units, the Royal Canadian Dragoons and Lord Strathcona's Horse, along with the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery. In early 1916, The Fort Garry Horse, a militia regiment from Winnipeg, was added, along with a Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron equipped with Vickers machine guns. The Canadian Cavalry Brigade served as part of a British cavalry division for the remainder of the war. Its first mounted action was at the Somme in the summer of 1916. When cavalry units were not needed as reserves for an offensive operation, they were often employed dismounted to occupy quiet sectors of the front.
The Brigade again saw mounted action in March 1917 when tasked to pursue an unexpected German withdrawal to a new defensive position called the Hindenburg Line. During this pursuit, Lieutenant Harvey of Lord Strathcona's Horse earned the brigade's first Victoria Cross for valour during the liberation of a French village. By the time of the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 – best known as the first major tank offensive of the war – the Canadian cavalry was judged to be among the best brigades in the British Cavalry Corps, and it was tasked to serve in the lead of a large cavalry exploitation force. During this operation, a single Canadian squadron was the only cavalry to penetrate German lines, and Lieutenant Strachan of The Fort Garry Horse was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry.
The Brigade served with great distinction during the German's March 1918 offensive toward Amiens, riding from place to place assisting in slowing the relentless enemy advance. Its final action in this operation took place at Moreuil Wood, where Lieutenant Flowerdew of Lord Strathcona's Horse won a posthumous Victoria Cross for leading a gallant cavalry charge against German machine guns. After the war, Marshal Foch, the Allied supreme commander, credited the Canadians with halting the German offensive at Moreuil and preventing the separation of the French and British armies. Later in that final year of the war, the Canadian Cavalry Brigade was in action during the great Canadian Corps victory over the Germans at Amiens in August, and it played an important part in following up the German retreat in the last two months of the war.
Canadian Light Horse
Until May 1916, three of the four infantry divisions of the Canadian Corps maintained their own independent cavalry squadron of some 150 all ranks . These squadrons – from the 19th Alberta Dragoons, the 1st Hussars and the 16th Light Horse – were then amalgamated into an ad hoc regiment that reported directly to Canadian Corps Headquarters. In early 1917, this unit was named the Canadian Light Horse.
The Canadian Light Horse first saw action as a mounted unit in the consolidation of the ground captured in the attack on Vimy Ridge in April 1917. The CLH played a major role in the fighting at Iwuy on October 10, 1918, where the last ever swords-drawn charge by Canadian cavalry took place. During the pursuit of the Germans in the final month of the war, CLH squadrons were always well out in front as a scouting force, ensuring that the Canadian divisions would not be surprised by German lay-back patrols. When the war ended for the Canadians in Mons Belgium on November 11, 1918, the Canadian Light Horse was already well beyond the city.
Modern armoured fighting vehicles – tanks and armoured cars – owe their development in part to the stalemate created on the Western Front by the deadly combination of machine guns and thick belts of barbed wire protecting trench lines, along with massive artillery bombardments that could be brought down with great accuracy on an attacking force. The problem of how an attacking force could be strengthened to overcome well-defended trenches had been studied by British scientists since late 1914. They came up with the idea of a 'land ship' – a tracked vehicle protected by armour plate, large enough that it could carry guns or machine guns, drive over belts of barbed wire, and crossover trenches. This highly secret vehicle was given the code name 'tank'.
Tanks were first introduced in limited numbers during the battle of the Somme in mid-September 1916, and the Canadian Corps was given seven (these models were called the Mark I) for its attack on the village of Courcellette. But these early versions were mechanical nightmares; almost all broke down before they got anywhere close to the German lines. Still, scientists kept improving their tank designs. Finally, in November 1917, tanks were used in large numbers in a successful offensive at Cambrai: the era of mechanized warfare had been born. Tanks then played major roles in the Battle of Amiens in August 1918, in the breaking of the Hindenburg Line in September, and in the pursuit of the retreating Germans in October and November 1918.
Early in 1918 many thought the war might well last into 1919, and the Canadian Army agreed to raise tank units. The 1st Canadian Tank Battalion was recruited from university students, and in June 1918 it was sent to England to begin training at the British Tank School. Despite the general aversion to volunteering at this stage in the war, a 2nd Battalion was also quickly raised. The 1st Tank Battalion had just completed its training and was preparing to leave for the front when the Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Thus, while no Canadian tank unit saw action in the war, many Canadians did serve in British tank battalions, and in a number of instances displayed their nationalism by painting maple leafs prominently on their vehicles.
In 1914, Canada created the world's first armoured unit. The driving force behind this achievement was Raymond Brutinel, a wealthy engineer originally from France, who had the idea that lightly armoured vehicles designed to carry machine guns would be especially useful. He offered to raise the funds for the vehicles, a suggestion which was readily accepted by the government. Brutinel designed the vehicles, had them built, purchased the machine guns, and recruited the soldiers, all within two months. His new unit was given the name 'Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1'. In the next few months three other mobile machine gun units were raised, all paid for by private subscription – the Eaton Battery, the Borden Battery and the Yukon Battery. All four units found their way to France where, in 1915, they were amalgamated under Brutinel's command as the Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade.
Brutinel's Motors came into their own in the last year of the war, when the stalemate of trench warfare had been broken. This highly mobile force played an especially important role in stemming the onslaught of the Germans' March 1918 offensive, and a second similar brigade was formed. The Motors were a valuable part of a composite formation of cavalry, armoured cars and cyclists, termed 'The Independent Force', during the Battle of Amiens in August 1918. Between September and November this force led the Canadian Corps from one victory to another during the pursuit to Valenciennes and finally to Mons on November 11, when the war ended.
At the beginning of the war, each Canadian division had its own company of cyclists – troops equipped with sturdy bicycles whose tasks included field security and aspects of military intelligence. In the static conditions on the Western Front, they were not very useful, so they tended to be used as guards or labourers. In May 1916 the four companies were amalgamated as The Canadian Corps Cyclist Battalion. In 1918, the battalion was included in Brigadier-General Brutinel's 'Independent Force', and there they served valiantly at Amiens and in the Pursuit to Mons as a form of mounted infantry – riding to the scene of action, dismounting and then fighting as infantry.
Selected Bibliography
Ellis, W.D., ed. Saga of the Cyclists in the Great War 1914-1918. Toronto: Canadian Corps Cyclist Battalion Association, 1965.
Lynch, Alex. Dad, the Motors and the Fifth Army Show: The German Offensive, March 1918. Kingston, ON: Lawrence Publications, 1978.
---. The Glory of Their Times : 1st Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade, March 1918. Kingston, ON: Lawrence Publications, 2001.
Marteinson, John and Michael R. McNorgan. The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000.
Mitchell, G.D., Brian Reid and W. Simcock. RCHA - Right of the Line : An Anecdotal History of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery from 1871. Ottawa: RCHA History Committee, 1986.
Wallace, J.F. Dragons of Steel: Canadian Armour in Two World Wars. Burnstown, ON: General Store Publishing, 1995.
Williams, S.H. Stand to Your Horses : Through the First World War, 1914-1918 with the Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians). Winnipeg: Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Regimental Society, 1999 (1961).
The Horror of the Trenches
J.L. Granatstein
Historian and Author
Fraser found the front line trenches squalid. The dugouts, cut into the trench walls, "were small, damp and cold and overrun with rats." Men slept in their clothes for the entire tour in the trenches, and sentries changed every two hours "so the chances are you get wakened up between the shifts…." Then there was a "stand-to…which means you have to hold yourself in readiness for eventualities, in other words you have to be wide awake with equipment on…." Add to this the cold and wet, the dirt and vermin, the constant enemy rifle and artillery fire, the patrols, and the possibility of major fighting, and the soldier's life in the trenches was misery compounded by fear.
For almost four years, trench life was the Canadian infantrymen's lot. Units took their turn in the line and fended off attacks or launched their own, almost always very costly. It was an unwavering routine of horror and filth, compounded by the ever-present fear of death or, perhaps even more terrible, of being trapped, unready, in a gas attack or of grievous, disfiguring wounds. No one could get accustomed to the trenches but, short of desertion or a "blighty"— an uncomplicated wound that led to some easy recovery time in a British military hospital—there was no escape. The Allies lived in perpetual mud, presumably because some generals believed that if the soldiers were too comfortable, they would not want to fight.
Most Canadian commanders, however, wanted to fight. If a sector was quiet, they tried to stir it up. The favoured tactic was the trench raid, a technique developed by the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, a battalion initially attached to a British division. The PPCLI had invented trench raiding in February 1915, and their fellow Canadians soon raised it to an art form. Raids sought to establish dominance over no man's land, keep enemy soldiers on edge, take prisoners, secure intelligence and do damage. Above all, raiding aimed to oblige the enemy to move more men to the front so a carefully planned artillery bombardment could inflict heavy casualties. Usually, a platoon or a company might be involved in a raid, though some could use a complete battalion. Raiders rehearsed their roles, carried wire-cutters, bombs and rifles and all worked together in a carefully orchestrated manner. Such raids could be useful.
But there was a price to pay for raids. The attackers usually suffered casualties, and by poking a stick into what had hitherto been a quiet sector, the Canadians stirred up the enemy, guaranteeing that heavy shelling would fall on their lines, as well as increasing sniper activity and more casualties. Those soldiers who preferred a "live and let live" policy at the front were not amused.
Still, raids seemed better than utter boredom. Life at the front featured brief stretches of intense activity followed by endless waiting or make-work projects devised by officers and sergeants. When troops went out of the line, it was to training courses, parades and "chickenshit"—polishing brass and painting rocks. When they were in the trenches, even in quiet sectors, there was a steady drain of casualties from enemy artillery and sniper fire. Between January and April 1916, a time in which the Canadian Corps was not engaged in any major actions, its divisions suffered more than 2700 casualties from all causes, including self-inflicted wounds. Still, most casualties occurred in attacks—10,000 at Vimy Ridge, almost 16,000 at Passchendaele, and, horrifyingly, when the troops finally left their trenches to engage the enemy in open warfare, 46,000 in the last hundred days of the war. The battles from August 8 to November 11, 1918 cost Canada's army twenty percent of its casualties in the Great War.
Just surviving in the trenches was difficult enough, even without the presence of the enemy. Standing in mud and sleeping on a groundsheet or on the dirt were not good for one's health. The cold and wet permeated boots and socks, causing trench foot. This disease was not fatal, but it incapacitated a soldier as much as a battle wound, and officers conducted daily foot inspections, whenever conditions permitted, to ensure their soldiers kept their feet in good condition.
Other diseases, usually lumped together as trench fever, sprang from poor drainage, human waste and the ever-present lice. Soldiers were prone to rheumatism from wearing wet clothes for long periods; others contracted tuberculosis, meningitis, influenza or a host of other ailments. The real terror for front-line troops, nonetheless, was of their trench being hit by artillery fire. Then, the trenches could be smashed and men buried under the mud of collapsed dugouts. They knew their comrades would dig them out—if they could.
The wounded, as these film clips amply demonstrate, received prompt, effective treatment. First aid came at the Regimental Aid Post set up in the support trenches. Stretcher bearers brought in those who could not walk, and a system of triage let the medical officer treat first those who might live. Then casualties began a rearward journey to an Advanced Dressing Station where morphine might be administered and then by train or ambulance to a Casualty Clearing Station where surgeons operated. The final stage came when the wounded went to general hospitals in France or England, where further surgery might take place. There were specialized convalescent hospitals in England and, for those with terrible wounds, in Canada. The standard of care was impressive, and nine of ten wounded survived, a high figure considering the mud and septic filth in which soldiers lived and fought.
But always for the survivors and the new men, there were the trenches. A trench ideally was wide enough to allow two or three men to pass by and deep enough so that none need stoop to avoid falling prey to enemy snipers. Sometimes corrugated iron provided overhead shelter in dugouts or for revetments on the trench sides, essential to stop the walls from collapsing in the wet of Flanders. Firing steps, carved into the front of the trench, let men shoot at the enemy. Officers' dugouts were frequently furnished with beds and desks and sometimes verged on the comfortable; unless they were lucky enough to take over a captured and well-built enemy position, the men's dugouts were always crude and foul-smelling with the combination of body odour, tobacco, cooking smells, damp, and excrement creating a memorable reek.
To the front of the trench line were belts of barbed wire. Concertina wire, curling in rolls, was favoured, and every unit kept its protective wire in good shape, sending work parties out each night to ensure that the enemy had not cut paths through it. The day was full for the Canadian soldier, first because there was always work to be done, but primarily because the army instinctively believed that idleness was bad.
Soldiers wanted to live, but many lost their fear of death as they saw it all around them. One officer wrote his father to say that death "has no horrors for anyone here, at least for those who have been here a few weeks or more." In the horror of the Great War, this was a widespread view. Men had no choice but to carry on.
Selected Bibliography
Granatstein, J.L. Hell's Corner: An Illustrated History of Canada's Great War, 1914-1918. Toronto: Douglas and McIntyre, 2004.
Morton, Desmond and J.L. Granatstein. Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War, 1914- 1919. Toronto: Lester & Orpen, Dennys, 1989.
Other Materials
From a Stretcher Handle:
June, 1916 — Third Battle of Ypres
June 7 Advanced Dressing Station, "Railway Dug-Outs."
We arrived here — three stretcher squads of us — this afternoon. Along the Ypres road were scattered the debris of War — rifles, pieces of equipment, ammunition limbers, ration wagons, and dead horses. Guns of all calibre are massed hereabouts. The small guns are firing continuously. The Dressing Station is built into the Railway Embankment, and is practically shell-proof.
June 14
For forty-eight hours we have been working without a stop, and still the fighting is going on, and the wounded are falling faster than we can pick them up. It has rained all week. The trenches are knee-deep, — in some places waist-deep, with mud and water. The dead and wounded lie everywhere: in trenches, and shell pits, and along the sodden roads. Two thousand wounded have passed through our hands since the attack. Hundreds more are dying of exposure a mile away, and we cannot reach them. The wounded who are already here must lie outside the Dressing Station, in the open, under the rain, until their turn comes.
We shall be relieved tonight, for twelve blessed hours, by the 3rd Field Ambulance. We are all in.
September, 1916 — The Somme — An Air Battle
The aeroplane activity alone, every day, would be quite enough to make life interesting out here. No grander tournaments were ever staged in the old days of Chivalry, than what these 20th-century knights pull off so nonchalantly in the blue sky. This morning saw a grand duel between a British and a German squadron of planes. They battled up there in the clouds for some thirty minutes, to the immense satisfaction of the scattered audience below which, to the number of some quarter-million, cheering lustily from every corner of the Line. The fight centred around two machines, which were manoeuvring about each other like hostile eagles. Backwards and forwards, over the breathless trench-lines they soared, each seeking to swoop upon the other from higher ground. Finally, "our man" got the advantage, opened his deadly machine-gun fire, and sent his opponent blazing to the ground, where he landed with the sickening thud of a thunderbolt –like Milton's angel— "Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky."
During the fight, all traffic had halted and the whole activity of War seemed to have stopped like a piece of clock-work. Now the wheels automatically started again—teams trudged over the roads as before; men picked up their discarded rifles, or fell into step, or went back to dinners and card-games; and the Colonels climbed back into their dug-outs.
Extracted and used with permission from: From a Stretcher Handle: The World War I Journal & Poems of Pte. Frank Walker. Mary F. Gaudet, ed. Charlottetown, PEI: Institute of Island Studies, 2000.
Letter from Geoff Redman, Sept. 25, 1916
Sept. 25, 1916
My Dear Sis
It is time I was dropping you a line to let you know that I am still living. I would write more than I do but I have nothing much to say except that which would be censored so a card is just as good to let you know that I am still alive and well.
I have received your photo and several bundles of papers for which I cannot thank you enough especially this last week as it has been so wet, we have put in an awful wet week wet every day and no place to dry. But to day is a beauty could not wish for better. [Enis?] was here yesterday when I received your last letter so I told his [sic] what you said about the photo so I expect he will write you he is looking well but is sick of soldiering and will be glad when it is all over. I am in the hope of seeing Russell any day as the Canadians are [censored]. I do not know of much that you can send me unless it is socks but do not send me more than two pair at once as we have no where to put them. A small close knit sweater coat not to thick would be a good thing to send and a few of them camphor balls put them in a little sack so I can hang them around my neck. It is no use sending us a lot of stuff as it is only a bother enough is all we want even that is two [sic] much sometimes. If Mr. Smith is still in the hospital give him my kind regards also any of the rest that you may happen to see in Brandon. Now I will close hoping that by the time I write you again that I can say I have seen Russell. Hoping this will find you well.
Your loving Bro,
Geoff Redman
Canadians at the Somme
It was General Sir Douglas Haig's wish that the Canadians should have a chance to settle in before taking part in an offensive. A G.H.Q. directive on August 19 had announced the Commander-in-Chief's intention to deliver a strong attack about the middle of September using "fresh forces and all available resources". This was the role to which the Canadian Corps had been summoned. While the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions prepared for the battle, the 1st Division held the whole of the Corps front - three thousand yards of battered trenches running westward along the Pozičres ridge from the boundary with the Fourth Army (just east of Pozičres) to a point 700 yards west of Mouquet Farm, a stronghold in the German Second Position based on a nest of deep dug-outs which six bitter Australian assaults had failed to capture. As we shall see, the Division's tour of duty was not as uneventful as Sir Douglas Haig had intended it should be.
The Australians' final attempt to capture Mouquet Farm was made on September 3 by their 13th Brigade, which had the 13th Battalion, of the relieving 3rd Canadian Brigade, temporarily under command. The attack, while failing to secure the farm, gained 300 yards of Fabeck Graben, a German trench running north-eastward towards Courcelette. In attempting to extend this holding two companies of the Canadian battalion suffered 322 casualties. The relief of the Australians was completed on the morning of the 5th, and for three more days the 3rd Canadian Brigade continued to hold under heavy fire and frequent counter- attack more than two thousand yards of line, including the captured portion of Fabeck Graben. The brigade's 970 casualties in this period gave it good reason to remember its first tour of duty at the Somme. Early on September 8, during a relief by the 2nd Brigade, the Germans regained the now almost obliterated section of Fabeck Graben.
Next day the Canadians slightly improved their positions, when the 2nd Canadian Battalion captured a portion of a German trench about 500 yards long south of the Cambrai road. In gaining and retaining its objective (and thereby earning the congratulations of the Commander-in-Chief) the battalion owed much to the valour of one of its junior N.C.Os.-Corporal Leo Clarke. While clearing a continuation of the newly-captured trench during the construction of a permanent block on the battalion flank, most of the members of his small bombing party were killed or wounded and their supply of grenades was exhausted. Clarke was building a temporary barricade when an enemy party of twenty, led by two officers, counter-attacked down the trench. Coolly the corporal fought them off. Twice he emptied into the Germans his own revolver, and then two abandoned enemy rifles. He shot and killed an officer who had bayoneted him in the legs and he is credited with having killed or wounded at least sixteen enemy before the rest turned in flight. Then he shot down four more of the fleeing Germans, and captured a fifth - the sole enemy survivor. His courageous action brought Corporal Clarke the first of two Victoria Crosses to be won by his battalion. He was killed five weeks later, before the award was announced.
Adapted and used with permission from Nicholson, G. W. L., Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1964, p.148-149.
Letter from Robert Hainsworth, June 15, 1916
R. Hainsworth 117282
June 15, 1916
Dear Rebeccca –
I was very glad to get your letter a few days ago & now I have a little time I will reply. Since last I wrote we have been through much. By now you will possibly have seen from the paper that the Canadians have been through some of the severest fighting & bombardment on record & when I look around my own Company I have to sigh for the touch of many a vanished hand & the sound of voices which are no longer heard. I never expected to come out alive & I never thought that a single man could possibly go through what we did & live so though I cannot say I am exactly happy I myself have much to be thankful for. I do not wish to say much about what we went through or endured. I believe if I reply to all your questions I shall have a letter. I do not think I agree altogether with Rev. R.J. Campbell. I know a good many who do not swear, drink smoke or take the Soldiers issue of rum. I believe I am pretty broad minded to suit a good many. When in Calgary I walked 14 miles to vote in favour of the Prohibition bill. Out here I would not try to stop the soldier from having his issue of rum. A day or two after coming out of the trenches after some very severe fighting we were handed some pamphlets headed "Dying on the battlefield will not save you." I was badly riled when I saw it & said to myself "Would the man who wrote that go thro & endure, pain & suffering of the worst & then death like many of those I saw." "Would he give up everything for the sake of those at home who were helpless & in the cause of justness & rightness." I have seen men climbing over the parapet to bring in the dead & wounded & have fallen with a curse on their lips but I say what of it "they died for others." They made the biggest sacrifice & none of us are perfect.
Speaking on bombing being dangerous work. It is supposed to be but there is not much to choose out here. I think the man who goes in the trench & handles the rifle takes as big a chance as any.
At present we are billeted in barns away back from the front lines in a very beautiful part of the country. Crops look fine & strong & the hop fields are a sight but Alberta looks just as good to me & a good deal better. Shap(?) must be a nice place for a holiday. I hope your father felt the benefit of a change. I hope you will forgive me for not enclosing recipe for cake. I can't remember it. I always made it from the recipe. When I come home I'll make you one if you will be satisfied with that. I guess you are saying "He surely must be a regular American bluffer."
I met a fellow just lately in our Coy by the name of Birnie. He comes from Gretna & says he knows you. He will be up that way soon as he got wounded last time we were in & is now in England. I do not think it is serious but would like you to call on him if you would. I know he would be glad to see you for I know him well.
I think I will close now with best wishes to you all.
Yours very sincerely,
Robert Hainsworth
Used with permission of the estate of Robert Hainsworth, provided by The Canadian Letters and Images Project, Department of History, Malaspina University College
Teaching Materials
The Battles: In the Trenches
Films : To Willie with Compliments, Canadian Troops in Action, August Offensive 6, September Offensive 1, The 22nd (French Canadian) Battalion
Background Notes for the Teacher
Troops at the battlefront rotated through three lines of trenches: the front line, the support line and the reserve line. The men were separated from the enemy by a barren patch of terrain no more than 30 metres wide called no man's land. Trenches often flooded with rain, leaving soldiers wading through knee-high water. Mud was also a constant reminder of the foul weather. Rats and lice flourished in these horrible conditions. Men would sleep in "funk holes" dug into the walls. Soldiers were required to "stand to" ready to fight. At any moment, they might be ordered to go over the top and cross no man's land to attack the enemy. Fear and extreme discomfort were a soldier's constant companions.
Introducing the Subject
The expression "in the trenches" is a part of our lexicon. Discuss what it means.
In terms of the First World War, what images come to mind when you think of life in the trenches?
Tens of thousands of soldiers from the Canadian Expeditionary Force fought the war from trenches that zigzagged their way across the Western Front.
Teaching and Learning
View film footage that captures life in the trenches.
(Notice the trees in the countryside that appear to be dead or dormant. They were stripped of their bark to provide wall supports for the interior of the trenches.)
Applying the Knowledge
Have students, individually, write fifteen words that symbolize life in the trenches. Once each list is complete, students are to organize their words into a 15-word poem that is six lines long and follows this pattern:
Line 1 (two words)
Line 2 (three words)
Line 3 (two words)
Line 4 (four words
Line 5 (three words)
Line 6 (one word)
See the Appendix for a sample poem and for some Teacher Tips to present this activity.
Teacher Reflection
Does the poem have a rhythm?
Is there a sense of closure with the word choice for the final line?
Were words placed randomly or does the final poem use any literary devices, reflect thought and some sort of organization?
Sample List of Fifteen Words
muddy shells
fear lice
sandbags desperation
dampness danger
cold unbearable
monotony collapse
terror conditions
Sample Poem
Cold fear
Shells sandbags collapse
Lice infestation
Unbearable monotony muddy conditions
Dampness danger desperation
Teacher Tips
Do not tell students what they will be doing with their words until all fifteen have been chosen . Otherwise, students look for partner words and tend to develop phrases. For example, if a student knew that he was going to be asked to place three words together on a line, he might include conditions, were and terrible to formulate a phrase. However, were is a function word that doesn't fit the imagery of life in the trenches. Only after lists have been final should you show students the pattern of the "poem."
Students should not list compounds such as fighter pilots, because this would constitute two words. Discourage any phrasing because it simplifies the sorting process. Just don't explain the "why" of these rules in advance!
Students should consider an introduction and conclusion to their creation.
Encourage alliteration and other literary devices.
Emphasize that revision—writing and rewriting—is essential to this exercise. Playing with the order of the words is the true challenge of this type of poetry.
Explain that some lines and word combinations might not turn out exactly the way that they'd like. Again, that is part of the challenge of this activity!
Wartime Dilemmas
Grade Level: Secondary 9-12
Time Allocation: 90 minutes
Films: Recruiting, Colonel Sam Hughes Reviews the Troops, To Willie with Compliments and Canadian Troops Embarking for Canada on SS Olympic
Summary: Students decide how they would respond to a variety of war-related dilemmas.
Your Task:
Imagine that you are a young Canadian in 1914 and have just started university. You are faced with the following dilemmas (a difficult choice between two undesirable alternatives). Answer the questions below, and explain why.
1. Many of your friends have dropped out of university to enlist. Do you enlist? (Explain your decision to your parents.)
2. You enlist. You have a friend who is a conscientious objector (he does not fight in wars). Your military friends say he has no right to stay out of the war. What do you say to them?
3. You have a girl/boyfriend and you plan on marrying after university. Do you marry before going overseas?
4. You have to decide who your next of kin will be if you die. If you marry it is your new spouse, not your mother, who receives the pension. Does the prospect of a death pension change your marriage plans?
5. You are in the trenches in France for the first Christmas of the war. Your regiment is one of the several that fraternized (made friends) with the enemy on Christmas day, 1914. One German soldier was especially kind to you. The next day you have him in your gun sight. What do you do?
6. Many soldiers in your regiment are being killed. A close friend deserts and you see him go. Do you persuade him to return to the trench, do you report him or do you let him go?
7. You tried to persuade him to return and you are both caught and charged for desertion. Do you explain to the colonel what happened and implicate your friend?
8. Your friend admits that he deserted and he is to be executed. They put you in the firing party. Do you refuse to shoot him and risk punishment?
9. Your platoon attacks a German trench. You are wounded, but your comrades carry on and kill the enemy soldiers. Soon after, your fellow soldiers die by shellfire. You are given the credit for capturing the trench and are to be given a medal. Do you tell the truth – that you were wounded before the trench was captured?
10. After recovering in hospital in England, you are sent home to Canada. The Canadian public still thinks that the war is glorious and you are asked to help recruit other soldiers. What do you do?
11. You return to the trenches. During a major attack your regiment is ordered to push to the enemy lines and leave the wounded behind. Your best friend is hit. What do you do?
12. Your regiment is sent back from the front lines. You are ordered to paint red crosses, symbols of hospitals, on boats carrying war materials. Do you do it?
13. You go back to the trenches. Your brother and other Canadians are found with their hands tied and shot by the Germans. You capture some prisoners and no one else is there. Do you take revenge for your brother's death?
14. A reporter at the front asks you if the Canadian sacrifices are worth it. What do you tell him?
15. You have served your country well for four years. Finally the war is over. Some of your fellow veterans resent being kept in England for months after the war. There aren't enough ships to take them home. Do you join the near mutiny and protest?
16. You come back to Canada and need a job. A family friend offers you a position, but he will first have to fire the woman who is presently doing the job. Do you accept his offer?
17. Somebody breaks into your new house and you catch him. He is a former soldier who is unable to find a job. Do you send for the police or let him go?
Deeper analysis:
Try to think up moral dilemmas, this time set in the navy or air force. (You are a submariner, what dilemmas arise? You are a pilot. Do you drop bombs on hospitals, schools, etc.?) Try to keep the dilemmas fairly realistic and try to think up difficult decisions that people actually had to make.
For example: the captain told us to abandon ship but…


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subset: commoncrawl


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The Solana Beach City Council decided Wednesday to leave its plastic bag ban alone and encourage more education about reusable bags.
Councilman Thomas Campbell said he wanted to consider alternatives to a 10-cent charge retailers pass on to consumers for each paper bag used, but the other council members said they thought the fee was an important way to encourage people to opt for reusable bags, which they said is the ultimate goal of the ordinance they passed last year.
"I'm very supportive of what we're doing," Councilwoman Lesa Heebner said. "I'm proud of our community."
Campbell said he likes the ordinance but thinks it should be up to each store to determine what they want to charge, if anything, to recoup the costs of the paper bags.
"My problem is that it's being mandated by the city," he said.
About 20 people spoke at Wednesday's City Council meeting, most of them in support of leaving the bag ordinance as it is.
"Last year, Solana Beach became a leader in helping the environment," said Evan Lewis, a young member of the environmental group Surfrider Foundation. "We took a step that others might follow. Why would you want to risk taking a step back?"
A couple of speakers said they wanted the ordinance reconsidered, including former Mayor Celine Olson who said she prefers plastic bags because they're lighter and easier to use.
"As an older-aged lady who can only carry lightly packed things, I can hardly do without them," she said.
Nothing was shared Wednesday about how the ban is affecting local businesses, but a representative with the California Grocers Association said retailers support the ordinance as well as the 10-cent charge, which stays with the stores.
Campbell said he didn't believe that paper bags actually cost the stores 10 cents each, and said he thought their support of the ordinance was simply to help bring in more money.
The charge is intended to not only reimburse the retailers for the cost of the paper bags, which cost more than plastic ones, but also to encourage shoppers to instead chose their own reusable ones, city officials have said.
There are no rules about how stores should use any extra money the fee brings, but the council members said they hope they use it to encourage shoppers to bring reusable bags.
Some of the speakers at Wednesday's meeting said they wish surrounding cities would pass similar ordinances so that stores in Solana Beach wouldn't lose business to those in neighboring cities.
"It should be broader if it's going to be really effective," local resident Margaret Schlesinger said.
Solana Beach is the only city in San Diego County to ban plastic bags. There are about 70 jurisdiction across the state that have passed similar ordinances. Most of those include charges for the use of paper bags.
The Del Mar City Council has said it could consider later this year creating rules for retail uses of plastic bags.
Two plastic bag bans similar to the city's ordinance were recently introduced at the state level: Assembly Bill 158 was introduced in January and Senate Bill 405 in February. Both include fees for paper bags.
Single-use plastic bags have come under fire in recent years for their adverse effects on the environment and wildlife.


text:
And, of course, the fine print:
Get free shipping on your next order when you spend over $100. The discount will be automatically applied to your purchase; no promo code required. The subtotal of your purchase must be $100.01 or greater after any promotional discounts have been applied. Additional fees such as tax or shipping and handling do not apply toward your minimum subtotal requirement of $100.01. Offer applies to standard shipping only. Certain items that require additional shipping and handling are excluded from this promotion and do not apply towards your $100.01 subtotal minimum. Offer subject to change.
When it comes to gourmet lollipops, sweet isn't enough. We'd like a little spice too, if you don't mind. And this set of 12 fits the bill — each one is made with real peppers, fruit puree and only natural flavors (read: no artificial colors or preservatives). This pack of 12 lollipops includes three of each of the following flavors:
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Note: Store in a cool, dry place.
This product ships from the maker within 7 days, via USPS
Unused and unopened items may be returned within 14 days


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Moderators: Timko, Fritz, Solty, Booter, Blake_T, Frank Delicious
garublador wrote:I don't find the fade on the X-Avenger to be as harsh as you get with an Orc/Illusion/Wraith. I'm not sure if you've ever thrown a Viking, but I find that's what the X-Avenger most resembles, but with a bit more resistance to high speed turn and a bit more fade when new..
Smyith wrote:garublador wrote:cool, i love my viking except i took it out of the bag cause i can achieve the same distance with a teebird in less space. i just gonna go ahead and guess that its way longer then the viking though right?
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text:
Two fatal accidents occurred in Delta County within a two-day span last week.
Casey Gillenwater, 25, of Delta was killed the afternoon of Wednesday, Sept. 13, in a single-vehicle rollover on Highway 133 outside of Hotchkiss.
Tragedy strikes twice in two days 633 views
Two fatal accidents occurred in Delta County within a two-day span last week.
Law enforcement blotter Sept. 20, 2017 380 views
Clinton E. Adkins, 43, of Eckert was issued a summons for alleged shoplifting.
Christopher A. Prough, 26, of Cedaredge was arrested and jailed on a warrant with a bond of $20,000.
Search warrant leads to arrests 376 views
On Thursday, Sept. 14, the Delta County Sheriff's Office executed a search warrant in the Peach Valley area of Delta to search for and arrest Gina Sander, 29, who was actively wanted on two felony warrants. Sander was located and taken into custody without incident by investigators.


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Variety of looks emerge from revamped bullpen
ANAHEIM -- The Angels' bullpen isn't like many in the Majors.
Among the eight relievers beyond Angel Stadium's left-field fence, there sits a 6-foot closer who throws out of the windup, a sidewinding setup man and a herky-jerky lefty specialist. They join lifelong Angels, journeymen and offseason acquisitions to form one of the deepest bullpens in the American League.
The uncommon cast of characters is exactly what general manager Jerry Dipoto has been building toward since joining the organization in 2011.
"This is probably as close as we've come to having a variety of different looks," Dipoto said. "It's just a really good and unique and diverse group of guys. There's always something different."
While Joe Smith's submarine-like delivery and left-hander Joe Thatcher's unusual motion certainly qualify as different, closer Huston Street's windup may be the most unique.
Street steps back with his left foot, taps the rubber with his right one before a high leg kick leads to a low three-quarter release. He is the only Angels reliever that throws out of the windup -- with the bases empty -- and is one of the only closers who does so.
"From what it looks like on the mound to what it feels like in my head, two totally different things," Street said.
Street has had the same delivery since his college days at Texas, when he switched from a high three-quarter release to a low one, paving the way for his side-to-side, rocking motion. The 30-year-old still goes into the stretch with men on base, which gives hitters a different look than before.
"If they face me with nobody on base today, and tomorrow they face me with somebody on base, two different looks," Street said.
Dipoto has revamped a once-maligned Angels bullpen with three trades in the last month that have netted Street, Thatcher and former Pirates closer Jason Grilli. Dipoto said the Opening Day bullpen was built on velocity while the current one is more unique and versatile.
"Outs come in all forms," manager Mike Scioscia said. "Pitchers, how their stuff plays out, it comes in a lot of different packages, and we have some guys with unique deliveries. When you put it all together, you're looking for [eight] guys down there that are going to hold down the fort and get the outs you need."
Street picked up his first save for the Angels on Wednesday after taking over the ninth inning from Smith. Smith has not given up a run in over a month while notching 10 saves and giving up four hits in 14 1/3 innings.
Scioscia said Smith throws a "bowling ball" from his sidearm position.
"He's throwing 88-91 mph heavy sinker from down there with a nasty slider to complement it," Scioscia said. "There's a release point issue in trying to pick it up and certainly what the ball is doing on the way to the plate is probably a bigger part of the story. It's moving everywhere."
Since June 16, Angels relievers have posted a 2.66 ERA in 32 games while locking down 11 of 14 save opportunities.
Matthew DeFranks is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Home > Library Locations > Jackson Branch Library > Community Information
Jackson Branch Library
Other Aiken County Libraries
Other ABBE Libraries
The fourth largest county in the state in area, Aiken County has gently sloping farmland. Approximately 21% of the land is in farms and about 10% owned by the federal government. The largest incorporated towns in order of size are Aiken, North Augusta, New Ellenton, Jackson and Wagener.
ABBE Regional Library System 314 Chesterfield Street SW Aiken, SC
29801 (803)-642-7575
Copyright © 2015 ABBE Regional Library System/ All rights reserved.


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Bump Set Spike Play Volleyball Apron
Product Color:
Product information
Wearing this Apron Bump Set Spike Play Volleyball proves to everyone that you really CAN cook. I mean, who else would put on an apron for no other reason? And everyone knows that a Barbeque is a messy (and yummy) ordeal. Bump Set Spike Play Volleyball might even protect you from extra heavy duty splatters and spills.
The Volleyball Apron includes neck ties and extra long waist ties and makes any cooking experience rewarding. You are sure to receive many compliments! 35% Cotton / 65% polyester blend, twill fabric. Machine washable.
Sku: MD0BR0000064510202020643WHVR00000


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We provide great service to our patients in the form of pre and post teaching, state of the art surgery with better than expected results.
Consultations for aesthetic and reconstructive procedures will be arranged to fit your time line table, when possible. If you can specify your interest or need, we will try to mail some basic information on certain procedures before your appointment day. This will make the consultation much more meaningful for both you and the doctor. After consulting with you, Dr. Pena will perform an examination and make recommendation. Photographs are usually taken during the first visit. The second visit is mandatory and during this visit Dr. Pena will again discuss your case with you, outlining options and expected results. The risks and benefits of the proposed procedures will be explained in detail. If everything is in accordance to your expectations, a date for the surgery will be set. All fees will be explained at the time surgery is scheduled.
Dr. Pena is on staff at area hospitals and outpatient surgical facilities. Dr. Pena performs most of his surgery in his state-of-the-art outpatient surgical suite that has a private drive-through patient pick up area. This surgical suite is also certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities, Inc.
- Graduating from the University of Georgia Magna Cum Laude with a degree in chemistry and biochemistry, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He received his M.D. degree from the Medical College of Georgia
- American Board of Plastic Surgery 1992
- American Board of Surgery 1989
- American Society of Plastic Surgeons
- Collier County Medical Society
- Lipoplasty Society
- American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
- Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons
- Florida Medical Association
- American Medical Association
- Naples Community Hospital


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All local police departments in the county with the exception of Lower Merion Township operate on the countywide trunked radio system. Lower Merion PD is dispatched by the county on the Lower Merion EDACS trunked system.
Local fire and ems agencies operate primarily on the county trunked system but, many companies also have secondary local channels on VHF or UHF and those can be found in the local listings below.
Effective 12:00 on 02/17/2015, Fire Dispatch on 151.340 MHz. will cease and this frequency will become "Lower Merion Fire Dispatch Backup". Primary Fire Dispatch has moved to the countywide dispatch frequency on 158.355 MHz.
Primary provider of ALS/BLS EMS response services in all of Lower Salford Twp, Marlborough Twp, Green Lane Boro, and portions of Franconia, Salford, Upper Salford, Upper Frederick, and New Hanover Twps, as well as mutual aid coverage to surrounding areas.
Provides primary ALS/BLS EMS service to East Norriton Twp, Norristown, Plymouth Twp, West Norriton Twp, Lower Frederick Twp, and portions of the PA Turnpike, as well as mutual aid to surrounding areas, as needed.
Provides primary ALS/BLS EMS response to Abington Twp, Hatboro Boro, Jenkintown Boro, Rockledge Boro, Upper Dublin Twp, Upper Moreland Twp and Whitpain Twp, as well as portions of the PA Turnpike.
Provides primary ALS/BLS EMS response to Lansdale Borough, North Wales Borough, Montgomery Township, Upper Gwynedd Township, Towamencin Township, Hatfield Borough, Hatfield Township as well as portions of the PA Turnpike.
Provides primary ALS/BLS EMS service to Conshohocken Borough, Narberth Borough, Lower Merion Twp, and West Conshohocken Boro, as well as medic responder service to Radnor Township in Delaware Co and mutual aid to neighborung areas, as needed.


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No matter what travel destinations you are considering, a cruise vacation is the best way to travel
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text: News Article Telephony, Internet access, IPTV and videoconferencing Staff Published September 24, 2010 in Wiredhotelier.com Universal video collaboration is what drives everything Lifesize does, explains Mary J. Miller, director of product marketing at Logitech's enterprise videoconferencing division (Logitech bought HD videoconferencing company Lifesize late in 2009). UVC, she continues, is about performance and always striving for a higher quality experience, providing flexible choices for customers so they can connect in a variety of ways, simplicity, openness and interoperability. See the Report


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Vitamins and Herbs
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C is consumed in droves by people looking to benefit from its nutritional advantages. It's a nutrient that is essential for our health and well-being. Because we can't store it in our bodies, it's necessary to consume it via food, drinks and nutritional supplements.
Not sure exactly what this nutrient is, why it's important or how you can get it into your diet? Here's the low-down on vitamin C.
Vitamin C Information
Vitamin C, also referred to as ascorbic acid, is a nutrient that is vital for a number of tasks in the human body. It's a water-soluble vitamin - rather than a fat-soluble one - which is why we can't store it in our tissues. Getting enough vitamin C is important for a number of important health problems, as well as boosting your well-being in a number of areas.
Vitamin C is also an antioxidant. This means that its chemical properties bind with oxygen in the body, reducing the presence of free radicals. This characteristic also holds numerous health benefits.
Vitamin C Benefits
So what are all these benefits, exactly? We're glad you asked.
Vitamin C is probably most well-known for its immune system benefits. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, one of the side effects of vitamin C deficiency is an inability to ward off illness and disease.
Due to its antioxidant properties, vitamin C may be effective in staving off cancer. Though studies are still mixed when it comes to which components of vitamin C-rich foods have cancer-fighting properties, vitamin C is a major contender. The University of Maryland Medical Center states that vitamin C may be particularly effective for preventing cervical dysplasia (which can be precancerous), skin cancer and potentially breast cancer.
Though the verdict is still out on whether or not vitamin C has measurable benefits for the common cold, studies do show that supplementation with the nutrient may decrease the duration of the illness by about one day.
Heart disease is another area in which vitamin C could have measurable benefits. While it doesn't appear to have an impact on cholesterol levels or have a measurable impact on the likelihood of heart attacks, it may protect the arteries. This may be due to vitamin C's status as an antioxidant.
Finally, as is the case with other antioxidants, vitamin C can help protect against macular degeneration. Doctors sometimes prescribe high doses of antioxidants for treatment of this common eye problem.
Vitamin C Side Effects
Though vitamin C is a natural component of a healthy diet, you shouldn't take high doses of it without guidance from your doctor. There are a few side effects of vitamin C supplementation.
If you have hemochromatosis - which involves too much iron being built up in the body - you shouldn't take a vitamin C supplement, as this can increase the amount of iron in your body even more. You also shouldn't take a supplement of vitamin C if you have kidney problems, unless you've already cleared it with your doctor.
Pregnant women, people with corn sensitivity and those with diabetes should also talk to their doctor before taking a supplement.
You should also know that vitamin C tends to have a diuretic effect. This means that you should keep your supplement regime balanced by drinking plenty of fluids to replace lost hydration.
Vitamin C-rich foods
One way to get more of this nutrient into your diet is to buy vitamin C online. However, there are also a number of food sources that contain lots of this important vitamin.
Fruits are particularly impressive sources of vitamin C. To boost your levels, eat fruits such as mango, watermelon, papaya, orange, kiwi, blueberries and tomato. A number of vegetables, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, capsicum, spinach and potatoes also include high levels of the nutrient.
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Cannons vs. Rattlers
Face Off: 8:00 pm EST
Broadcast: Live on CBS Sports Network
Click here to download the game notes
The Cannons have struggled against the top teams in the league so far this season, most recently finding themselves on the wrong end of a 24-14 game last Friday in Denver against the undefeated Outlaws (5-0). The Cannons went 1-3 during the four-game stretch, which included two losses to Denver, a loss to Hamilton (5-0), and a win against Chesapeake (3-2). Boston aims to get back on track this Friday against 2-3 Rochester. The Cannons are 10-10 all-time versus the Rattlers.
Boston is in desperate need of their second win and with the season almost halfway gone, it's now or never. Rochester is tied with Ohio for the fewest number of shots taken at 182—a change the Cannons defense will be more than happy to receive as their previous four games have been against three of the top four teams in shots taken.
In the first game of the 2012 season against the Rattlers, the Cannons gave up two goals in the first minute of play, but they would only let in one more over the next 59 minutes, holding Rochester to an MLL all-time low of three goals on the way to prevailing 15-3 in Boston. Jake Beebe notched four goals for the Cannons, earning him Bud Light Player of the Game honors in his first game in uniform. Ari Sussman scored four goals of his own and Paul Rabil added a hat trick. The Rattlers netted their third and final goal in the third quarter and were held scoreless in the second and fourth quarters.
On June 1 st in Rochester, Ryan Boyle set the MLL all-time assists record at 212, passing former Cannon Conor Gill. Kevin Buchanan was the recipient of the record-breaking assist when he scored his fourth goal in the second quarter. Mike Stone recorded his second goal before the half ended with the Cannons up 9-7. The Rattlers struck with seven goals in the third, but the Cannons responded in the fourth with two goals from Rabil and another from Stone who had completed his fourth consecutive hat trick. Extra time was needed to determine the winner when regulation ended in a 16-16 tie. On the Rattlers' second possession of overtime, Roy Lang scored his only goal of the game, simultaneously giving Rochester the W and snapping the Cannons' nine-game winning streak dating back to the 2011 campaign.
Former Boston face-off man John Ortolani, who spent his first four MLL seasons with the Cannons, was traded to Rochester at the end of the 2012 season. Friday will be the first time Ortolani faces his old team and face-off partner Chris Eck. Ortolani has played in all five games for the Rattlers this season, racking up 19 ground balls and posting a 47% face-off win percentage.
With his second consecutive seven-point performance last Friday against Denver, Rabil continues to quickly close the gap with Conor Gill, the Cannons' all-time points leader at 282. Rabil needs just 12 points to claim the title. Matt Poskay is now six games away from the Cannons' all-time games played record, currently held by Ryan Curtis at 86. Jordan Burke still searches for his 18 th win as a Cannon, which would tie him for second all-time with former Cannon Kip Turner. Friday will be Ryan Boyle's 100th career game.
Goalie Mike Gabel will be unavailable for Friday's game in Atlanta due to personal reasons and goalie Eric Hagarty will be brought up from the practice squad as the back-up. Defenseman Ryan Nizolek will return to the line-up after serving a one-game suspension. Defenseman P.T. Ricci's stay on the IR list will be extended another game.
Rookie and 6 th overall draft pick Cameron Flint (University of Denver) is graduating and will be unavailable for Friday's game. Flint recorded an assist against the Outlaws last Friday. Rookies Brendan Buckley (Army), David DiMaria (Lehigh), Scott Ratliff (Loyola University Maryland), and Will Manny (UMass) will travel to Atlanta on Friday. Manny scored his first professional goal and grabbed two ground balls against Denver. In his second career game, Buckley scooped three ground balls.
Tune in to CBS Sports Network at 8:00 pm EST to see who will tilt the all-time series between the Cannons and the Rattlers.


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Amethyst – Layout 1
Can you believe it?! We have finished up another 10 week series of amazing scrapbook layout sketches in our Mid Week Mojo Series! The layouts that each of you have created over the past two and a half months have been absolutely amazing and I'm so excited to be starting out fresh again with our Amethyst Mid Week Mojo Series.
For those of you that have ever thought about jumping in on the fun, now is the time to get started. With a simple sketch provided each week by myself or another guest sketcher, how much easier can it be to fill your family albums with precious memories?
Well it can be made a wee bit easier with today's steal, the Xyron Mini X and the Ultimate Adhesive Tool Kit. What paper crafter doesn't love a great adhesive? I know I've been frustrated from time to time with adhesives that just don't make the cut, or rather make the stick. Xyron adhesives are amazing. When you want the sticky stuck Xyron is a definite thumbs up!
I've been truly loving the mini photo layouts lately so I decided to challenge myself and see just what I could come up with for today's sketch.
I recently joined an amusing little Facebook group and each day we post photos of our findings when we sweep our floors. Not only has this group made me feel "normal" about the mysterious amounts of rubbish that I am continually finding on my floor several times a day, but it's been highly entertaining to see what everyone else comes up with! I thought it would be fun to create a layout featuring the floors of several of our group members.
For those of you that purchased the My Mind's Eye, Miss Caroline Dilly Dally collection, today's layout is an example of what you can create with that collection. I was pretty excited that I could hand choose the papers that I wanted to create this layout. The combination of woodgrains, and the red and white checkers along with the grey grid mimicked to me to perfection the feeling of kitchen floors.
Even though it's a bit of a crazy layout, having 14 photos on one page, I love how it turned out and I have to shout out an extra special thank you to all of the girls who let me air their dirty floors. Oh and if you're wondering, my floor is the photo with the white heart, and cheerio, and who knows what else!
And now it's time to shout out to our Garnet #1o winner and the lucky winner of the Garnet series.
Congrats are in order for Jessica Arrant, who is the lucky winner of our regular weekly series.
Jessica you page is absolutely lovely and I love how you added the extra photos to fill the white space. It turned out to perfection! If you will please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com we will be happy to send a prize out to you to keep the Mid Week Mojos coming!
And now for the winner of the Garnet series Mid Week Mojos and the We R Memory Keepers Cinch. Cyndee Kawa, you are our lucky girl!
I have to take a super quick moment to thank Cyndee personally for the amazing contribution that she is to our happy ScrapbookSteals family. I had the pleasure of meeting her at our ScrpabookSteals crop last November and she is amazing. Not only do I admire her handwriting, and her darling creations, but I love that she has a true gift for capturing the real, every day memories of life. Congrats Cyndee! We have already taken care of arrangements on shipping your Cinch!
Good luck to everyone starting out fresh on our Amethyst series.
If you would like to be eligible for this week's random drawing, be sure to have your layout created and posted somewhere online, as well as linked to this blog posting by Monday, February 27th at 11:59 MST.
If you have any other questions regarding our Mid Week Mojo series, you can find all of the fantastic details here. Also, as we continue week to week, bookmark this page for your quick reference to Mid Week Mojo links.
Oh and we also have one more exciting piece of news for you! Be sure to save the date for our next online crop happening THIS Friday, Feburary 24, 2012 from 6-10 PM MST. We will be up to our usual fun, games, challenges, giveaways and video chats! For those of you that are local, we would love to have you participate in person.


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When it comes to the frustration of unfulfilled potential, the Indiana Pacers' Roy Hibbert spent the first three years of his NBA career among the league leaders.
Hibbert has all the tools to be one of the best big men in the league, starting with his sheer size and his solid grasp of how to work the post for good shots. But for too long, Hibbert was too easy to knock off his spots, too soft in the paint to put those tools to good use. He's always been pretty good, but you always knew he could be a good deal better.
Then came last year, and it looked like Hibbert had finally had his breakout—he cut down on his fouls, he bolstered his offensive efficiency and began looking like the franchise center many knew he could be. He averaged career highs in points (12.8), rebounds (8.8) and field-goal percentage (49.7), earning a spot on the East All-Star team.
In the first half of this season, though, not only did Hibbert slide back to his old, frustrating form, but he actually got much, much worse. He shot 41.3 percent in the first half, a mind-bogglingly low number for a player who takes 79.8 percent of his shots from 10 feet and in. Hibbert's shooting at the rim has dropped from 57.5 percent last year to 48.2 percent this year. His shooting from 3-10 feet has gone from 50.3 percent to 39.4 percent.
There were a few reasons for this, the most immediate being Hibbert's health—he suffered a wrist injury last season and it has bothered him for much of this year. For a player who relies so heavily on his hook shot, a wrist injury is no picnic.
The Linemakers: Pacers' odds to win it all
There's also his head. Hibbert signed a maximum $54 million contract this summer, and he doesn't seem to have handled the pressure that comes with that very well.
But the good news for the Pacers is that Hibbert is starting to come around.
Since the All-Star break, Hibbert has looked much more confident in the post and has reached double figures in scoring five straight games. He is averaging 12.8 points and, most important, shooting 56.9 percent from the field in six games.
Even with the wrist problem, he has continued to work, and now that the wrist is coming around, the work is paying off. In a big win Sunday over Central Division rival Chicago, Hibbert had 18 points and 10 rebounds.
"It's getting to a point where I should have been at the beginning of the year," Hibbert said. "I have had a little bit of a wrist problem that's been fixed actually. So my right hand is feeling a lot better, my left is still good. But I will tell you this, though—after practice, the bigs all get together and we work for about 30, 45 minutes on touch and post moves. It's not like we come in here and work and leave. We're a team that wants to go far."
If the Pacers are to go far, they're going to need the more recent version of Hibbert, not the one who struggled so badly, even at the rim. In hindsight, with Danny Granger out and with Hibbert having such struggles, the job that Frank Vogel has done in keeping the team near the top of the East is all the more impressive.
Granger is back. And Hibbert looks to be back, too.
Looking ahead to the playoffs, every potential Pacers matchup in the East is going to require that Hibbert play well and be a strong scoring option inside. That's most obviously the case against the conference-leading Miami Heat. The Pacers are the one team in the East that could put a legitimate scare into Miami, and if they can have Hibbert dominating inside, there is no one on the Miami roster who can keep him in check.
He was utterly frustrating, again, to start the year. But as Hibbert's numbers climb back up, so do the Pacers' chances of pulling a surprise in the East.


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Front Yard Landscape: The Final Touch
Our final Blog Cabin 2012 episode airs on Monday evening. Check tune-in details so you don't miss a beat. And mark your calendar for the one-hour special, which airs on September 27 at 9 p.m. ET.Today, I share a special sneak peek with you: an exclusive vlog starring Blog Cabin 2012 show host Chris Grundy and Desperate Landscapes show host Jason Cameron. I love the insider details they share here. Can you imagine transforming a front yard in just eight hours?


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The nonprofit group, which recently concluded celebrating its 40th anniversary, has grown to include job training for the less fortunate, as well as a marketplace for fair trade items from 80 partner entities in 35 countries, including the United States, according to James Goetsch, organization administrator.
"We moved to the historic Hattersley House at 611 W. Wayne St. in 1978, after the first center on Berry Street was destroyed by fire," said Goetsch, who has been married to Marian Waltz, the organization's resource coordinator, for 38 years. "Then we began assisting the first of some 20 nonprofit fair trade stores … . "
That work produced one of the more memorable moments in Friends of the Poor's past 40 years, Waltz said."We held a workshop attended by 15 groups at Trinity Episcopal Church and decided to place our first order of a boatload of (fair trade) coffee from Nicaraguan peasant farmers, even though we lacked the money to pay for it," said Waltz.
"We solicited each group to order a share, and money trickled in," she said. "On the day our ship came in, the mail also arrived with a big check from the Victory Noll Sisters in Huntington in the exact amount we still needed."
Currently, Friends of the Poor runs the Third World Shoppe & Whole World Bookstore — both online and brick-and-mortar locations — as well as Delta Communications, which offers low-cost printing and mailing services as a job-training program for people Friends of the Poor serves.
The corporate name, Friends of the Third World, was originally chosen because, at the time, there was political emphasis on the conflict between the First World (the Western countries) and the Second World (the Soviet Bloc), when Friends of the Third World's concern was for the poor both overseas and domestically, said Goetsch.
"We decided to take the assumed name, Friends of the Poor, five years ago to remind others that we have always cared for the poor in the United States and locally, i.e., our fair-trade store market items," Goetsch said. "Fair trade means that the producers, who for us are all low-income, receive a fair share of the selling price. We get items from Native Americans in Arizona, New Mexico and Minnesota; Appalachians from Kentucky and Tennessee, as well as local artisans, some of whom are disabled.
"From the beginning, we have also been a site for … adults to learn job skills by helping as hands-on volunteers with building repairs, computer data entry, retail store work, printing and recycling /gardening," Goetsch said.
"We seek to assist low-income people to rise above poverty through learning new skills and benefiting from productive activities, such as handicraft production," he said. "Approximately 30 community and job-training volunteers are involved regularly."
The volunteer-run store has more than 4,500 different items, he said. Best-sellers include coffee from eight countries, teas from four nations, chocolate from threecountries, jewelry from Guatemala, olivewood carving from the West Bank in Palestine, soapstone from Kenya and children's toys from India.
The group has also collected excess medical supplies for several years, which are distributed by medical aid groups in Chicago, and has also been a part of supplying two containers of aid to the Haitian people after the earthquake.
Because of the current crisis in Syria, they are collecting materials now until April 30 to aid refugees there, Goestch said.
Friends of the Poor's funding for administrative and support services comes from small donations from about 300 individuals, fundraising events and by renting out a portion of the building. The staff uses and refurbishes old donated equipment to save on costs.
The organization is trying to raise money to replace the building's heating system, he said. Two-thirds of the money has been raised, but more is needed.
More Information
Helping othersWhat: Friends of the Poor is a nonprofit human-development organization.
When: Store hours are 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday and by appointment.
Where: 611 W. Wayne St.
Information: 422-6821, www.friendsofthethirdworld.org or email@example.com.
Notes: Donations and volunteers are always appreciated. Volunteer opportunities include assisting shop customers; ordering from producers; graphic arts and Web designing; operating printing presses; media interviews; weekly cable TV program; gardening and landscaping; roasting and packaging coffee, tea and nuts; sorting and delivering recycled products; vehicle repairs and building maintenance; and more.


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On Thursday, June 26, Matewan native Vicki Hatfield and Dr. C. Donovan "Dino" Beckett travel to Aspen, Colorado, to accept the prestigious Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Culture of Health Prize on behalf of Williamson, W.Va., a $25,000 award which honors six communities nationwide that are transforming health by bringing together a broad range of partners to improve health outcomes for residents.
WILLIAMSON, W.Va. — Vicki Hatfield has been attacking Mingo County's high diabetes statistics for nine years now. A certified nurse practitioner and diabetes educator, she sees more than 100 diabetes patients a month at the Williamson Family Care Center.
Her statistics were proving that she was helping her Williamson-area patients' lower their blood sugar, but she wasn't satisfied.
"We were seeing only a fraction of the people in Mingo County who need it," she said.
So, with the help of Marshall University and community partners, she started the Mingo County Diabetes Association "to help prevent people from getting diabetes, not just treat them after they get it."
The association organized a lunchtime walk challenge, Walk to Los Angeles, "to see which team could cover the distance to LA first." Under her leadership, the Diabetes Association teamed up with other Williamson organizations to organize monthly 5Ks, a farmers' market, Tuesday night track, three high-tunnel greenhouses and a raft of programs aimed at reducing Mingo's high diabetes rate.
"It's rare that you have, in a small community, someone with the expertise concerning diabetes care and prevention such as Vicki Hatfield," Dr. C. Donovan "Dino" Beckett, director of the Williamson Family Care Center, said. "Her dedication and commitment to the residents of the area is unprecedented and has improved hundreds of lives, not only affecting individuals but improving health across the entire community."
Hatfield continued to see patients at her office, but she was bothered that a lot of country people, particularly low-income people, couldn't easily make it into town for medical appointments.
"And literacy can be a real stumbling block, too," she said. So she wrote a grant to fund a program that would let nurses visit diabetes patients and people in danger of diabetes at home.
In spring 2013, the Mingo Coalition was awarded $2.5 million from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Roma "Cookie" Eanes, who lives about 12 miles from Williamson, became one of the first patients in the new program. When Cookie first came to see Vicky that spring, her A1c — a measure of blood sugar — was 10.7, a potentially life-threatening level. Anything above 7 is considered unsafe. "She'd been putting off getting care because she didn't have Medicare yet," Hatfield said.
"It was quite evident that we needed to change her therapy," she said. Her plan: Get Cookie on insulin to stabilize her while lowering her blood sugar through diet and physical activity.
But Cookie refused to take insulin shots. "She said, I've lived a good life, I'm 65, my children are raised and I'm ready to go. In essence, she was saying she would rather die. And she hung up the phone when I called to talk to her about it."
Hatfield persisted and finally had the chance to show Cookie how tiny the insulin pin (needle) is. Cookie agreed to the shots and started the home visiting program.
Every two weeks, two nurses stopped by her home to check her blood sugar and help her develop habits that would keep it down. Each time, Cookie's husband, Walter "Weasel" Eanes, stayed close at hand, listening attentively.
When the nurses visit, "they check all my numbers, they check my machine, they check my averages, ask me if I have any questions, they check my blood pressure," Cookie said. "They are very thorough."
Weasel learned how to do all those things and soaked up their advice about nutrition. He became very involved in Cookie's treatment. That's the ideal scenario, Hatfield said. "And the progress that she and her husband have made has been amazing," she said. "Very amazing."
That's one beauty of home visiting, she said. The whole family can get involved.
At last count, Cookie Eane's A1c was 5.7 and she has greatly reduced the amount of insulin she needs.
On a beautiful recent day, Hatfield drove some visitors over narrow winding roads to visit Cookie and Weasel at their neatly kept mobile home. Cookie met them at the door, eager to tell her visitors how the program has helped her.
"Before I started this program, I would get up, I would grab a snack cake," she said. "That was breakfast. Now, I don't even go near the dessert table. I no longer crave it."
"It has made a disciplined eater out of me," she said. And a disciplined exerciser, too. Daily, she heads to the treadmill tucked beside the bed in her bedroom. "Before the program, I couldn't even walk to my treadmill. Now, I go at least one hour."
She looks forward to the visits from the nurses.
"It's like I tell them every time they leave. I hug them and tell them you don't know what that means. It's a support knowing somebody else cares."
"The program, it's changed both our lives," Weasel said. "It's changed our eating ways. I learn everything I can about it. I always thought it was the food. But I've learned. A bad night's sleep. Stress. Worry. Anything can cause her sugar to go up."
Weasel's blood sugar is normal, but he checks Cookie's blood sugar three times a day now and closely monitors her diet. "But I very seldom have a high number now, do I?" Cookie said.
Before the home visiting program, Cookie was too weak even to shop, he said. "I went to Wal-Mart by myself. She wasn't even able to push a buggy. But now, why, she outshopped me."
Weasel attends Diabetes Coalition classes with his wife. He is constantly figuring out ways to lower her carbs. "She loves a MacDonald's Big Mac. OK, I laid and thought on it — 45 carbs is the highest she can have. So when I order her a Big Mac, I make 'em leave the center bun out. Cuts it down to 35 carbs. It gives you room to play with."
He looks back on their former diet in dismay. "Before we started this, I was killing her. I didn't know what I was doing," Weasel said. "See, I hadn't gone to a coalition class. And we hadn't had our first visit from the nurses. Instead of 45 carbs, I was giving her 200 carbs."
"Sometimes, the main thing people need is good information and encouragement," Hatfield said, driving back to Williamson.
"I've found that Appalachian people are very resourceful," she said. "Once given the tools, they become experts in their own little world, in their community. They become very proud of what they know, and they want other people to experience their success. And they share that."
Reach Douglas Imbrogno at email@example.com or 304-348-3017.


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See those Super Mutants in the screenshot above? According to Josh Sawyer, Project Director on Fallout: New Vegas, the one's you'll see in the game will actually be re-textured, remodeled, and re-animated to more closely resemble the Mariposa Super Mutants. That's just one of the answers in Part 1 of our Fallout Fan Interview — now up in the Fallout: New Vegas forums.
You guys submitted tons of great questions, and we hope you enjoy some of the answers courtesy of Josh (as well as a cameo from Jason Bergman). Start reading the answers here, and tune in next week for the thrilling conclusion.


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Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Factors Related to Late Events and Saphenous Graft Patency
Recruitment status was: Recruiting
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- How to Read a Study Record
|Myocardial Revascularization Atherosclerosis
|Procedure: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Case-Only
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:
|Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Factors Related to Late Events and Saphenous Graft Patency
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|January 2007
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|January 2011
|Assigned Interventions
Pts undergoing CABG or OPCAB
Procedure: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on- or off-pump
Detailed Description:
Coronary artery bypass grafting represents one of the most frequent surgical procedure performed in the United States and Europe. The clinical benefit of myocardial revascularization is related to freedom of adverse cardiovascular events and to graft patency, above all of great saphenous vein, which is nowadays the main autologous vessel used for grafting coronaries different from anterior interventricular artery. Unfortunately, phenomena leading to early and, above all, late complications and to graft occlusion are not fully clarified and it so not possible to explain interindividual and temporary variability of progressive stenosis rate only on the basis of classical atherosclerosis risk factors. The aim of our study is to prospectively study the role of conventional risk factors (preoperative risk factors and clinical features) and of unconventional risk factors (genetic polymorphisms, inflammation and coagulation markers) with saphenous late patency and postoperative patients outcome, in particular with regard to adverse clinical events (myocardial infarction, successive stenting procedures, arrhythmias etc.)and to bypass patency.
Plasma venous samples will be collected the day before surgery, at discharge from the hospital, and at follow-up from patients undergoing on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and stored at -80°C; Patients will be followed-up periodically with visits and telephone interviews, and will be also invited to undergo multislice (64 rows) CT scan in order to assess graft patency between 12 and 24 months after surgery.
Finally the relation between conventional and unconventional risk factors with adverse events at follow-up will be assessed with multivariable statistical models.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years to 89 Years (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Men and women age 18 to 89
- Elective primary CABG
- Female patients must be non-lactating and not pregnant
- Able and willing to comply with study requirements by signing a consent form
Exclusion criteria
- Concomitant surgery
- Major end organ dysfunction
- Serious intercurrent illness or infection
- Known coagulation disorders
- Emergencies
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00755248
|Contact: Alessandro Parolari, MD, PhD
|Centro Cardiologico Monzino
|Milan, Italy, 20138
|Contact: Alessandro Parolari, MD, PhD 00390258002558 firstname.lastname@example.com
|Principal Investigator: Alessandro Parolari, MD, PhD
|Principal Investigator:
|Alessandro Parolari, MD, PhD
|Centro Cardiologico Monzino - Milano
|Responsible Party:
|Centro Cardiologico Monzino
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00755248 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|September 16, 2008
|Last Updated:
|September 16, 2008
Keywords provided by Centro Cardiologico Monzino:
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
saphenous graft patency
biochemical factors
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Vascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 25, 2017


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In UWM's Department of English, students study novels, poems, films, blogs, videos, plays, websites, and even computer games and television shows. Literature and culture take many forms. In a wide range of courses and in small classes, our students learn to understand the power and possibilities of the English language across the centuries and around the world.
In English classes, you'll learn to think critically, write persuasively, argue logically, delve deeply into history, and explore your own creativity. You'll challenge your own assumptions, sharpen your writing skills, and learn how to read and understand even the most difficult works, from fiction to philosophy.
We think great readers and writers make good citizens, too. So, by understanding the full range of cultural diversity in literature and media, you'll become a more active and effective member of civic society, not to mention a more attractive employee in today's global world.
The department offers five concentrations in different areas of English Studies:
- Literary and Critical Studies
- Rhetoric and Writing
- Creative Writing
- Professional and Technical Writing
- Media, Cinema and Digital Studies
Want to learn more? Write to Gilberto Blasini (email@example.com), Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies for more information.


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HEBRON ESTATES - Not a lot of sports fans would think of Rick Pitino and North Bullitt softball coach Eric Lambert in the same situation, but there is a link between the two in 2011.
Both are looking for good things this season with better years on the horizon.
That is pretty much to say that the Lady Eagle softball program is in a major rebuilding mode this season.
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