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An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Enlarged prostate; BPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged. The size of the gland does not necessarily predict symptom severity. Some men with minimally enlarged prostate glands experience many symptoms while other men with much larger glands have few symptoms. BPH is very common among older men, affecting about 50% of men over age 60 and 85% of men over age 80.
BPH Symptoms
The symptoms associated with BPH are collectively called lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). These are generally classified as either voiding (obstructive) symptoms or storage (irritative) symptoms.
Common symptoms of BPH include:
Urinary retention (inability to void) is a serious symptom of severe BPH that requires immediate medical attention.
BPH is not a cancerous or precancerous condition. It rarely causes serious complications, and men usually have a choice whether to treat it immediately or delay treatment. Treatment options include medications and surgery. Alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are the main types of drugs used for BPH treatment.
5-ARIs and Prostate Cancer
A controversial matter is whether 5-ARIs help protect against prostate cancer. Studies have suggested that 5-ARIs lower a man's overall risk for developing prostate cancer. However, the FDA has advised that these drugs may actually increase the risk of developing high-grade aggressive types of prostate cancer. A 2013 study in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) reported that 5-ARI therapy neither increases nor decreases the risk of death from prostate cancer.
Hyperplasia is a general medical term referring to an abnormal increase in cells. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is noncancerous cell growth of the prostate gland. It is the most common noncancerous form of cell growth in men and usually begins with microscopic nodules in younger men. BPH is not a precancerous condition and does not lead to prostate cancer.
As BPH progresses, it can lead to enlargement of the prostate gland. The enlarged prostate can squeeze the urinary tube (urethra), causing urinary symptoms. These urinary difficulties are part of a group of symptoms called collectively lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
Not all men with BPH have LUTS, and not all men with LUTS have BPH. Lower urinary tract symptoms can also be caused by many other conditions including overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), and nerve damage that weakens the bladder.
About a third of men with BPH have LUTS symptoms that interfere with their quality of life. The size of the prostate gland does not necessarily relate to the severity of a patient's symptoms.
Description of the Prostate Gland. The prostate is a walnut-shaped gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It wraps around the urethra (the tube that carries urine through the penis).
Functions of the Prostate Gland. The prostate gland provides the following functions:
Changes During the Lifespan. The prostate gland undergoes many changes during the course of a man's life. At birth, the prostate is about the size of a pea. It grows only slightly until puberty, when it begins to enlarge rapidly. It reaches normal adult size and shape, about that of a walnut, when a man is in his early 20s. The gland generally remains stable until about the mid-40s, when, in most men, the prostate begins to grow again through a process of cell multiplication (hyperplasia).
The process of urination is complicated:
Doctors are not exactly sure what causes benign prostatic hyperplasia. The changes that occur with male sex hormone as part of the aging process appear to play a role in prostate gland enlargement.
Male Hormones. Androgens (male hormones) affect prostate growth. The most important androgen is testosterone, which is produced in the testes throughout a man's lifetime. The prostate converts testosterone to another powerful androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
DHT stimulates cell growth in the tissue that lines the prostate gland (the glandular epithelium) and is the major cause of the rapid prostate enlargement that occurs between puberty and young adulthood. DHT is a prime suspect in prostate enlargement in later adulthood.
Female Hormones. The female hormone estrogen may also play a role in BPH. (Some estrogen is always present in men.) As men age, testosterone levels drop, and the proportion of estrogen increases, possibly triggering prostate growth.
Age is the major risk factor for BPH. About half of men develop BPH by age 60 and about 85% of men have BPH by age 85. It is uncommon for BPH to cause symptoms before age 40.
A family history of BPH appears to increase a man's chance of developing the condition.
Some evidence indicates that the same risk factors associated with heart disease may increase the risk of developing BPH. These risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol, diabetes, and peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Lifestyle factors that are unhealthy for the heart (such as lack of physical activity, cigarette smoking, and poor diet) may also possibly increase BPH risk or worsen its symptoms.
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are categorized either as voiding (formerly called obstructive) or storage (formerly called irritative) symptoms. BPH is often, but not always, the cause of LUTS, especially the voiding symptoms. Other medical conditions, such as bladder problems, can also cause these symptoms.
Some men with BPH may have few or no symptoms. The size of the prostate does not determine symptom severity. An enlarged prostate may be accompanied by few symptoms, while severe LUTS may be present with normal or even small prostates.
Voiding symptoms can be caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract, which may be due to BPH. (Obstruction is the most serious complication of BPH and requires medical attention.) Voiding symptoms include:
Storage symptoms, also referred to as filling symptoms, include:
Acute urinary retention (inability to void) is a serious complication of severe BPH that requires immediate medical attention. Urinary retention can be a sign of obstruction in the bladder.
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) is a blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents the flow of urine into the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. BPH is a common cause of this condition.
Even without complete obstruction, urinary retention can increase the risk for other complications including:
A doctor makes a diagnosis of BPH based on description of symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and various blood and urine tests. If necessary, your doctor may refer you to a urologist for more complex test procedures.
Some diagnostic tests are used to rule out cancers of the prostate or bladder as the cause of symptoms. In some cases, symptoms of prostate cancer can be similar to those of BPH. Tests may also be performed to see if BPH has caused any kidney damage.
The doctor will ask about your personal and family medical history, including past and present medical conditions. The doctor will also ask about any medications you are taking that could cause urinary problems
Digital Rectal Exam. The digital rectal exam is used to detect an enlarged prostate. The doctor inserts a gloved and lubricated finger into the patient's rectum and feels the prostate to estimate its size and to detect nodules or tenderness. The exam is quick and painless. The test helps rule out prostate cancer or problems with the muscles in the rectum that might be causing symptoms, but it can underestimate the prostate's size. It is never the sole diagnostic tool for either BPH or prostate cancer.
Other Physical Examinations. The doctor will press and manipulate (palpate) the abdomen and sides to detect signs of kidney or bladder abnormalities. The doctor may test reflexes, sensations, and motor response in the lower body to rule out possible nerve-related (neurologic) causes of bladder dysfunction.
Your doctor may recommend a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test to check for prostate cancer. This test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. A PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the patient's blood. The PSA test is a widely used but controversial screening test for prostate cancer. High PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, but BPH itself usually raises PSA levels. And, some drugs used to treat BPH can decrease PSA levels.
A urinalysis can detect signs of bleeding or infection. A urinalysis involves a physical and chemical examination of a urine sample. A urinalysis also helps rule out bladder cancer.
To determine whether the bladder is obstructed, an electronic test called uroflowmetry measures the speed of urine flow. To perform this test, the patient urinates into a special toilet equipped with a measuring device. A reduced flow may indicate BPH. However, bladder obstruction can also be caused by other conditions including weak bladder muscles and problems in the urethra.
Cystoscopy, also called urethrocystoscopy, is a test performed by a urologist to check for problems in the lower urinary tract, including the urethra and bladder. The doctor can determine the presence of structural problems including enlargement of the prostate, obstruction of the urethra or neck of the bladder, anatomical abnormalities, or bladder stones. The test may also identify bladder cancer, and causes of blood in the urine and infection.
In this procedure, a thin tube with a light at the end (cytoscope) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. The doctor may insert tiny instruments through the cytoscope to take small tissue samples (biopsies). Cytoscopy is typically performed as an outpatient procedure. The patient may be given local, spinal, or general anesthesia.
Ultrasound is a painless procedure that can give an accurate picture of the size and shape of the prostate gland. Ultrasound may also be used for detecting kidney damage, tumors, and bladder stones. Ultrasound tests of the prostate generally use one of two methods:
The postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) test measures the amount of urine left after urination. Normally, about 50 mL or less of urine is left; more than 200 mL is a sign of abnormalities. Measurements in between require further tests. The most common method for measuring PVR is with a catheter, a soft tube that is inserted into the urethra within a few minutes of urination.
In addition to prostate cancer, other conditions and factors can cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) similar to those associated with BPH:
Treatment for BPH depends in part on the severity of symptoms. Men who have few or minimal symptoms may consider trying a period of "watchful waiting" before choosing drug (or surgical) treatment::
The choice between watchful waiting and treatment usually depends on symptom severity. The American Urological Association's BPH Symptom Score uses seven questions to evaluate a patient's urinary symptoms during the past month. (The International Prostate Symptoms Score is another index that is also used.) The questions are:
Responses for the first six questions are scaled from "not at all" to "almost always." (The last question uses answers ranging from "none" to "5 or more times.") Each response is assigned a number on a scale of 0 - 5 and totaled into a symptom score. The symptom score can fall anywhere between 0 and 35.
Patients with mild symptoms will have low scores and may decide to delay treatment. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. Treatment can reduce the score:
Your doctor can discuss with you the various treatment options and the likelihood of symptom relief they may provide. All treatments have various side effects, which need to be taken into consideration. Quality of life is as important as symptom severity.
Medications. In general, there is no reason to treat BPH with medications unless symptoms become very bothersome. The size of the prostate, determined by exam or ultrasound, cannot indicate the need for medications. Evidence suggests that:
Surgery. Surgery is an option for men with moderate-to-severe symptoms who have not been helped by medication. There are many types of surgical treatment for BPH. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the standard procedure, but less invasive procedures, particularly those using heat or lasers to destroy prostate tissue, are becoming more common.
The most common reason for choosing surgery is obstruction of the bladder outlet, which causes urinary retention. Surgery may also be a reasonable option when BPH is clearly related to one or more of the following conditions:
Increased urinary flow and reduced urine retention are the greatest improvements resulting from surgery. Often, however, the benefits of surgery are not permanent.
Certain lifestyle changes may help relieve symptoms and are particularly important for men who choose to avoid surgery or drug therapy. They include:
Decongestants and Antihistamines. Men with BPH should avoid, if possible, the many medications for colds and allergies that contain decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, generic). Such drugs, known as adrenergics, can worsen urinary symptoms by preventing muscles in the prostate and bladder neck from relaxing to allow urine to flow freely. Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl, generic), can also slow urine flow in some men with BPH.
Diuretics. Diuretics are drugs that increase urination. They are often used to treat high blood pressure. If you take a diuretic, you may want to talk to your doctor about reducing the dosage or switching to another type of drug. No one should stop taking a diuretic without medical supervision.
Other Drugs. Other drugs that may worsen symptoms are certain antidepressants and drugs used to treat spasticity.
Pelvic floor muscle exercises, first developed to help women with childbirth, may also help men prevent urine leakage, particularly after surgical procedures. These exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles that both support the bladder and close the sphincter.
Performing the Exercises. Since the muscle is internal and sometimes hard to isolate, doctors often recommend practicing while urinating:
A heart-healthy diet rich in vegetables and fruit may help reduce BPH risk. Some evidence indicates that fruits and vegetables rich in beta-carotene and vitamin C may help protect against BPH. Dietary choices should also focus on increasing intake of healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids, and limiting intake of unhealthy saturated fats and trans-fatty acids.
Generally, manufacturers of herbal remedies and dietary supplements do not need approval from the FDA to sell their products. Just like a drug, herbs and supplements can affect the body's chemistry, and therefore have the potential to produce side effects that may be harmful. There have been several reported cases of serious and even lethal side effects from herbal products. Patients should check with their doctor before using any herbal remedies or dietary supplements.
Popular herbal and dietary supplement treatments for BPH include:
The two main drug classes used for BPH are:
Because alpha-blockers and 5-ARIs work in different ways, some patients find that a combination of the two controls symptoms better than a single drug alone. Other men find that a single drug is adequate for symptom control. .
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists, commonly called alpha-blockers, relax smooth muscles in the prostate and make it easier for urine to flow. They quickly improve symptoms, usually within days. Because these drugs are short-acting, symptoms return once a man stops taking the medication. Alpha-blockers do not shrink the size of the prostate or change PSA levels.
Alpha-blockers are generally referred to as either nonselective or selective:
Side Effects. Alpha-blockers can cause headache, and stuffy or runny nose. Alpha-blockers can reduce blood pressure, which may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. Orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing, can occur and increases the risk of falling. Taking the medication close to bedtime can help reduce these side effects.
Because of the reduced blood pressure side effect, do not take non-selective alpha blockers with the phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors used for erectile dysfunction [sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis),vardenafil (Levitra), or avanafil (Stendra)]. Men who take selective alpha blockers may be able to use erectile dysfunction pills with guidance from a doctor. (Men may experience a decreased ejaculate while taking these drugs. However, erectile dysfunction is not a usual side effect of alpha-blockers, as it is with finasteride and dutasteride.)
A special concern for tamsulosin, and other selective alpha-blockers, is that they are associated with a condition called intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS). IFIS is a loss of muscle tone in the iris that can cause complications during cataract surgery. Patients who are planning cataract or other eye surgery should be sure to inform their doctors prior to the surgery. IFIS appears more likely to occur with selective alpha-blockers than non-selective alpha blockers.
The prostate gland contains an enzyme called 5 alpha-reductase that converts testosterone to another androgen called dihydrotestosterone. Drugs known as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), block this enzyme and thus reduce dihydrotestosterone in the prostate thereby preventing prostate growth.
The 5-ARIs used for treating BPH are:
Because 5-ARIs help shrink enlarged prostates, they are most effective in reducing symptoms in men with very large prostates. These drugs take several months before they have an effect so men may not notice any signs of improvement for 3 - 6 months.
Side Effects. Finasteride and dutasteride can cause erectile dysfunction, lowered sexual drive (libido), and ejaculation and orgasm disorders. These drugs can reduce the volume and quality of semen released during ejaculation. These sexual side effects may sometimes persist even after the drug is discontinued. (A positive side effect of finasteride is possible reduction of hair loss related to male hormones and, in some cases, hair growth in men with mild-to-moderate male pattern baldness.)
These drugs decrease prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, which may mask the presence of prostate cancer. To resolve this problem, doctors calculate PSA levels in men taking these drugs by doubling the PSA values. This doubling equation helps provide an accurate measurement. The FDA advises doctors that an increase in PSA (even if it's in a normal range) while taking this drug may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
A controversial matter is whether 5-ARIs help protect against prostate cancer. Studies have suggested that 5-ARIs lower a man's overall risk for developing prostate cancer. However, based on these studies, the FDA advises that these drugs may actually increase the risk of developing high-grade aggressive types of prostate cancer. A 2013 study reported that 5-ARI therapy neither increases nor decreases the risk of death from prostate cancer. The 5-ARIs are not approved for prostate cancer prevention. Men who take these drugs for BPH should discuss this issue with their doctors. The FDA recommends that doctors rule out other urologic conditions, including prostate cancer, that may mimic BPH before prescribing 5-ARIs for BPH treatment.
Anticholinergic drugs, also called antimuscarinics, such as tolterodine (Detrol) may be helpful for some patients. For treatment of BPH, they may be prescribed either alone or in combination with an alpha-blocker drug.
Tadalafil (Cialis) is approved for treating BPH either alone or when it occurs along with erectile dysfunction. Tadalafil should not be used in combination with alpha-blockers without careful consideration and monitoring for excessive blood pressure lowering. Like all PDE5 inhibitor drugs used for erectile dysfunction, men who take nitrate drugs should not take tadalafil.
Several surgical approaches are used to treat BPH. Reasons for performing prostate surgery include:
Surgical options include invasive and minimally invasive procedures. The choice of which surgical procedure to use depends on various factors, including a man's age and general health.
The most effective surgical procedure, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), is also the most invasive and has the highest risk for serious complications. However, because it is more effective than less invasive procedures, TURP remains the procedure of choice for many doctors.
Minimally invasive procedures use laser or some other form of heat to destroy excess prostate tissue. Although minimally invasive procedures may be an appropriate choice for some patients, including younger men, none to date have proven superior to TURP.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) involves surgical removal of the inner portion of the prostate, where BPH develops. It is the most common surgical procedure for BPH, although the number of procedures has dropped significantly over the past decades because of the increased use of effective medications and the increasing use of laser procedures.
Procedure. The surgeon inserts a thin fiber-optic tube called a resectoscope into the urethra. No incision or stitches are needed. The resectoscope is a type of endoscope. It has a telescope lens to help the surgeon see the prostate gland. The surgeon uses a wire cutting loop inserted into the resectoscope to cut away excess prostatic tissue, and water solutions are used to flush away the excised matter. TURP usually requires a 1 - 2 day hospital stay.
A Foley catheter generally remains in place for 1 - 3 days after surgery to allow urination. This device is a tube inserted through the opening of the penis to drain the urine into a bag. The catheter can cause temporary bladder spasms that can be painful. The catheter may be removed while the patient is in the hospital or after he is sent home.
Recuperation. Urine flow is stronger almost immediately after most TURP procedures. After the catheter is removed, patients often feel some pain or sense of urgency as the urine passes over the surgical wound. These sensations generally last for about a week and then gradually subside. Complete healing takes about 2 months. The following are some tips for speeding recovery and avoiding complications:
Complications. The TURP procedure is generally safe but there are some risks for short- and long-term complications.
Immediate short-term complications after surgery may include:
Long-term complications after surgery may include:
Transurethral Incision of the Prostate (TUIP). In TUIP, the surgeon makes only one or two incisions in the prostate, causing the bladder neck and the prostate to spring open and reduce pressure on the urethra. TUIP is generally reserved for men with minimally enlarged prostates who have obstruction of the neck of the bladder.
TUIP is less invasive than TURP, has a lower rate of the same complications (particularly retrograde ejaculation), and usually does not require a hospital stay. More studies are still needed, however, to determine whether they are comparative in long-term effectiveness.
Open Prostatectomy. In open prostatectomy, the enlarged prostate is removed through an open incision in the abdomen using standard surgical techniques. This is major surgery and requires a hospital stay of several days. Open prostatectomy is used only for severe cases of BPH, when the prostate is severely enlarged, the bladder is damaged, or other serious problems exist. Some patients need a second operation because of scarring. Side effects of open prostatectomy can include erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.
Procedures. Laser technology is used for removal of prostate tissue. Laser procedures can usually be done on an outpatient basis, and there is little risk for bleeding. The procedure involves passing a small tube with a tiny camera and the laser fiber through the urethra of the penis. The procedure is performed under spinal, epidural, or general anesthesia.
Laser procedures have a faster recovery time and less risk of incontinence than invasive surgical procedures, but their long-term effectiveness is less clear. Laser surgery may not be appropriate for men with larger prostates. The procedures use various forms of heat to destroy cells with mechanisms that range from coagulation to complete vaporization:
These minimally invasive procedures carry fewer risks for incontinence or problems with sexual function than invasive procedures, but it is unclear how effective they are in the long term.
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy (TUMT). Transurethral microwave thermotherapy delivers heat using microwave pulses to destroy prostate tissue. A microwave antenna is inserted through the urethra with ultrasound used to position it accurately. The antenna is enclosed in a cooling tube to protect the lining of the urethra. Computer-generated microwaves pulse through the antenna to heat and destroy prostate tissue. When the temperature becomes too high, the computer shuts down the heat and resumes treatment when a safe level has been reached. The procedure takes 30 minutes to 2 hours, and the patient can go home immediately afterward.
Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA). Transurethral needle ablation is a relatively simple and safe procedure, using needles to deliver high-frequency radio waves to heat and destroy prostate tissue.
Transurethral Electrovaporization (TUVP). Transurethral electrovaporization uses high voltage electrical current delivered through a resectoscope to combine vaporization of prostate tissue and coagulation that seals the blood and lymph vessels around the area. Deprived of blood, the excess tissue dies and is sloughed off over time.
Prostatic stents used for BPH are flexible mesh tubes that are inserted into the urethra. Typically, the insertion procedure takes only 15 minutes. Patients need only regional anesthetic and mild sedation. There is minimal recuperation and no overnight hospital stay. Unfortunately, stents often need to be removed later because of poor placement or complications, including irritation when urinating, urinary tract infections, and treatment failure. At this point, stents seem best suited for high-risk surgical patients or those with a limited life expectancy.
Abrams P, Chapple C, Khoury S, Roehrborn C, de la Rosette J; International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases. Evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in older men. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1 Suppl):S93-S101..
Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, Kreder KJ, Avins AL, Nickel JC, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011 Sep 28;306(12):1344-51.
Bell CM, Hatch WV, Fischer HD, Cernat G, Paterson JM, Gruneir A, et al. Association between tamsulosin and serious ophthalmic adverse events in older men following cataract surgery. JAMA. 2009 May 20;301(19):1991-6.
Burke N, Whelan JP, Goeree L, Hopkins RB, Campbell K, Goeree R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of transurethral resection of the prostate versus minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction. Urology. 2010 May;75(5):1015-22. Epub 2009 Oct 24.
Davidson JH, Chutka DS. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: treat or wait? J Fam Pract. 2008 Jul;57(7):454-63.
Donnell RF. Minimally invasive therapy of lower urinary tract symptoms. Urol Clin North Am. 2009 Nov;36(4):497-509, vi-vii.
Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, Somerfield MR, Albertsen PC, Blot WJ,et al. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 20;27(9):1502-16. Epub 2009 Feb 24.
Lourenco T, Pickard R, Vale L, Grant A, Fraser C, MacLennan G, et al. Minimally invasive treatments for benign prostatic enlargement: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008 Oct 9;337:a1662. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1662.
McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Avins AL, Barry MJ, Bruskewitz RC, Donnell RF, et al. Update on AUA guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2011 May;185(5):1793-803. Epub 2011 Mar 21.
Moyad MA, Lowe FC. Educating patients about lifestyle modifications for prostate health. Am J Med. 2008 Aug;121(8 Suppl 2):S34-42.
Parsons JK, Sarma AV, McVary K, Wei JT. Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia: clinical connections, emerging etiological paradigms and future directions. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1 Suppl):S102-6.
Penson DF, Munro HM, Signorello LB, Blot WJ, Fowke JH; Urologic Diseases in America Project. Obesity, physical activity and lower urinary tract symptoms: results from the Southern Community Cohort Study. J Urol. 2011 Dec;186(6):2316-22. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
Robinson D, Garmo H, Bill-Axelson A, Mucci L, Holmberg L, Stattin P. Use of 5a-reductase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer in Swedish men: nationwide, population based case-control study. BMJ. 2013 Jun 18;346:f3406.
Roehrborn CG. Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Med Clin North Am. 2011 Jan;95(1):87-100.
Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Barkin J, Damião R, Major-Walker K, Morrill B, et al. The effects of dutasteride, tamsulosin and combination therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic enlargement: 2-year results from the CombAT study. J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):616-21; discussion 621. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
Sarma AV, Wei JT. Clinical practice. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):248-57.
Schroeck FR, Hollingsworth JM, Kaufman SR, Hollenbeck BK, Wei JT. Population based trends in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2012 Nov;188(5):1837-41. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
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Theoret MR, Ning YM, Zhang JJ, Justice R, Keegan P, Pazdur R. The risks and benefits of 5a-reductase inhibitors for prostate-cancer prevention. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print].
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text:
|Trad, TR, 1 pitch
|YDS: 5.6 French: 4c Ewbanks: 14 UIAA: V ZA: 12 British: S 4b [details]
|Tracy Sowder
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|Jim Cormier on Jan 1, 2001
|Comments on Route 166
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By Michael Kullman
May 21, 2003
|This picture shows Triple Mantle but not much of Route 166 (it's the corner just off the right edge of the picture). Fun climb to practice plugging in gear (did it all on passive pro), solid pro abounds, token chimney moves at the top.
By matt b
From: milliken co
Sep 24, 2010
|You get a lot of rope drag if you top rope Route 166. Bring some gear this is a great, beginner, traditional, lead climb.
By Mike Pharris
From: Longmont, CO
Mar 30, 2011
|As of 3/28/2011, the anchor bolts have been removed. Nothing but holes with the bolt sleeves left. Why remove these bolts?
By Andy Novak
From: Golden, Co
Jul 28, 2011
|Yes, the bolts are indeed gone. WHY? Whoever the assface was that did it didn't do a very good job. If you're going to chop bolts, do it the RIGHT WAY. Now what is left is an atrocity. Such POOR FORM.
By Kurt Johnson
From: Estes Park, CO
Mar 26, 2012
rating: 5.7 5a 15 V+ 13 MVS 4b
Climbed it on 3/26/2012 and no anchor bolts, which was fine except that the closest anchor involves a detached block (inches right of where the bolts used to be). Sure, this block is large, heavy, and wedged in place sort of like a chockstone, but it's still DETACHED and subject to movement, no matter how slim the chance...which is probably why the first ascentionist placed the 2 bolt anchor in the first place. I had a similar sized block that I was using as an anchor on Hallett shift on me about 6 inches and had the potential to completely slide off the top of the cliff. Whoever chopped that anchor wasn't using their brain.
Also, in the middle of the pitch are two blocks/flakes that are also mostly detached and hollow sounding and look like good places to put gear behind. They may hold a fall...or they may pop off and chop your rope.
By Andrew S.
From: Bouldurr
Apr 8, 2012
|Forgot to check MP and found no bolts at the top as the guidebook suggests. Fun climb, I used the huge boulder up top for an anchor as well.
By Travis Provin
From: Boulder CO
Aug 20, 2016
rating: 5.7 5a 15 V+ 13 MVS 4b
|Very fun route. I started way left (off route, oops) and ended up traversing right into the chimney. Flakes, liebacks, finger jams, chimneys, and good pro, this is a great route. There are no bolts up top but a large boulder/chockstone that a TR can be built on.


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Kogod Welcomes Five New Faculty Members
In addition to a diverse crop of new students, this fall Kogod is also welcoming five new faculty members to the business school, in the Finance, Management and Marketing departments.
Kogod's Finance department welcomes new tenured Professor Jeffrey Harris, who will hold the Gary D. Cohn Goldman Sachs Chair in Finance. The chair was created this year by an endowment from alumnus Gary Cohn, BSBA '82, and Goldman Sachs. Cohn is the current President and COO of Goldman Sachs.
Harris comes to Kogod after five years at the University of Delaware and two years at Syracuse University, where he was the Dean's Chair in Finance. He also served as the chief economist at the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) from 2007-2010.
His current areas of research are in market microstructure and the correlation between rule changes and executive behavior.
"I think the key to carrying out cutting-edge research is staying on the cusp of 'the next big thing,' by staying on top of what's going on in the industry," he said.
Harris will be teaching Finance 576: Student-Managed Investment Fund (SMIF) for undergraduate and graduate students this fall, along with Finance 614: Financial Management, for MBA students.
Also joining the Finance faculty is Assistant Professor Todd Prono.
Prior to Kogod, Prono was a financial economist at the CFTC. He's also served at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and at JPMorgan Securities.
Prono's current research covers the fields of financial econometrics and asset pricing. He will be teaching the undergraduate course Finance 365: Investment Analysis.
"Through teaching, one becomes better at the subject himself, especially the simple things that may easily be taken for granted," he said.
New Executives-in-Residence Tommy White and William Bellows are no strangers to Kogod.
White, co-founder and former CEO of the Institute for Public-Private Partnerships, earned his MBA from Kogod in 1995 and taught entrepreneurship courses last year as an adjunct instructor.
In addition to resuming his graduate-level entrepreneurship course in the spring, White will be teaching three sections of KSB 100: Business 1.0, the introductory business course for freshmen and transfer students.
"My philosophy is that knowledge allows for the development of ideas…my job is to teach and train [students] to develop their own thought process," he said.
Bellows, co-founder of mobile applications developer OneWhitePixel, comes to Kogod after eight years as an adjunct professor at the University of Maryland's A. James Clark School of Engineering, where he taught entrepreneurship through case methodology. He also co-taught with White last year.
In addition to Management 382: Entrepreneurship and Innovation for undergraduates, Bellows will also be teaching Business 1.0 and hopes to combine academic skills with hands-on experience.
"I think students learn more and learn better when professors speak less," he said of his teaching style.
Joining the Marketing department is Assistant Professor Nelson Amaral.
Amaral comes to Kogod from the University of Minnesota, where he earned his PhD in Business Administration with a specialization in Marketing. His research centers on ethical behavior and the social constructs of brands.
Kogod appealed to Amaral due to American University's scholar-teacher model, he said. He's looking forward to building mentoring relationships with his students.
Amaral will be teaching Marketing 250: Fundamentals of Marketing and Business for Communications and Media, an introductory marketing course for undergraduate non-business majors.
"I'm looking forward to showing [the students] how diverse marketing is, that marketing really does touch every part of business, it's so much more than just sales and advertising," he said.


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'Buffalo went ahead 2-1 just 1:45 into the final frame on a Foligno power play goal, the 6th of the season for the rookie forward. Camped directly in front of Harding, Foligno was able to redirect a Tyler Myers slapshot into the net. He now has 10 points in his last 8 games. The Sabres were able to hold the Wild off over the rest of the 3rd and made it 3-1 on Cody Hodgson's empty net goal as time ran out in regulation.'
You are here: Home / SabresBeat / Foligno, Sabres Edge Wild 3-1


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1.What is the Java Micro Edition (Java ME technology)?
The Java ME platform is targeted at consumer electronics and embedded devices. It is comprised of a set of configurations, profiles, and standard extensions that can be used to build complete Java runtime environments that meet the requirements of a broad range of devices on the market. Each combination is designed to fit specific market requirements and device capabilities.
For more information, please refer to the Java ME Overview
2.What is the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC)?
The CLDC specification was developed within the Java Community Process[sm] (JCP[sm]) program in collaboration with over 500 partners representing the wireless handset, service provider, and point of sale terminal industries. It outlines the most basic set of libraries and virtual machine features that must be present in each implementation of a Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME[tm]) environment on resource-constrained devices.
In order to provide a complete runtime environment targeted at specific device categories, configurations must be combined with a set of higher level APIs, or profiles, that further define the application life cycle model, the user interface, networking capabilities, and access to device specific properties. Profiles are designed and integrated to meet the needs of specific industry segments.
The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP), which is designed for mobile phones and entry-level PDAs, is an example of a profile for CLDC. For more information on MIDP, please visit MIDP: JSR 118
The Java ME platform can be further extended by combining various optional packages with configurations and their corresponding profiles. Created to address very specific market requirements, optional packages offer standard APIs for using both existing and emerging technologies such as wireless messaging, multimedia, Bluetooth, Web Services, and database connectivity. Because optional packages are modular, device manufacturers can include them as needed to fully leverage the features of each device.
5.How are configurations and profiles defined?
Configurations, profiles and optional packages are defined by open industry working groups utilizing the Java Community Process program. In this way industries can decide for themselves what elements are necessary to provide a complete solution targeted at their industry.
For more information on the Java Community Process program see: JCP
6.What kinds of products is Java ME CLDC suited for?
The CLDC configuration was designed to bring the many advantages of the Java platform to connected devices that are limited in available resources. Targeted devices include cellular phones, pagers, mobile point-of-sale terminals, and any other device constrained in processing power, memory, and graphical capability.
7.What are the minimum resource requirements for Java ME CLDC?
Any device which meets following minimum resource requirements can run Java ME CLDC.
No. CLDC specifies the core libraries and virtual machine features for Java ME implementations on resource-constrained devices. A CLDC implementation includes a virtual machine. For instance, KVM is included in the CLDC reference implementation.
9.Is a virtual machine all that's needed to run a small application?
No. A virtual machine requires a set of core libraries to run applications. Some of these libraries are packaged as a part of a CLDC implementation along with the virtual machine. In addition, the capabilities of CLDC can be extended by adding profiles such as the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) and/or optional packages.
For more information on MIDP, please refer to: MIDP
10.How do I ship products based on CLDC?
In order to ship products based on CLDC, the CLDC implementation must pass the Technology Compability Kit (TCK) provided by Oracle. For more information about TCK commercial licensing terms, please contact your local Oracle sales representative.
11.What is the K virtual machine (KVM)?
K virtual machine (KVM) is a Java virtual machine that provides the basis for the CLDC reference implementation (RI). K stands for "Kilobyte" virtual machine, referring to the small footprint of the platform. The K virtual machine is very small -- starting from approximately 70K in size.
For more information, please refer to the KVM Whitepaper
12.Where can I get the CLDC reference implementation?
The Java ME CLDC reference implementation (RI) is available on Oracle's website. The CLDC RI is a source code product that is provided for porting to various platforms.
13.What is the CLDC HotSpot Implementation?
The CLDC HotSpot[tm] Implementation is a high performance, battery-preserving virtual machine that is compliant with the CLDC specification. It not only offers significantly improved performance over the KVM, but it also offers greater portability and faster time to market. The CLDC HotSpot Implementation is suitable for devices based on ARM microprocessors/controllers, and with 512KB to 1MB of total memory available for the Java technology stack.
For more information regarding the features and architecture of the CLDC HotSpot Implementation, please refer to the CLDC HotSpot Implementation White Paper
For information regarding commercial licensing terms of CLDC HotSpot Implementation, please contact your local Oracle sales representative.
14.Where can I get the CLDC HotSpot implementation?
The CLDC HotSpot Implementation is available to commercial licensees. For more information about commercial licensing terms, please talk to your local Oracle sales representative.
15.Why does Oracle offer two different CLDC implementations?
The CLDC reference implementation (RI) provides a reference design that demonstrates how the CLDC specification can be implementated, and validates the Technology Compability Kit (TCK) that accompanies the specification. The CLDC RI provides a base which can be ported to different platforms by device manufacturers. It also provides a working environment which allows developers to test their CLDC-based applications against.
The CLDC HotSpot Implementation is an optimized implementation from Oracle which is focused on performance and footprint. Not only does it comply with the CLDC specification, but it also includes a number of patented features that propel faster application execution as well as more efficient resource management. It is also supported on a number of targeted platforms which allows manufacturers to significantly reduce time-to-market. For more information related to the CLDC HotSpot Implementation, please refer to the CLDC HotSpot Implementation White Paper.
16.Does the KVM or CLDC HotSpot Implementation support Real-Time capabilities?
No. Determinism or other real time capabilities are not supported in KVM or CLDC HotSpot Implementation. These capabilities can be found in the "Real-time Specification for Java" (JSR-1)
17.Does Java ME support wireless messaging and broadcasting?
The Wireless Messaging API (WMA), an optional package for Java ME, provides support for Short Message Service (SMS) and Cell Broadcast Service (CBS). WMA provides access to SMS messaging and CBS broadcasting through a standard Java API.
More information on WMA can be found here.
18.Can applications that run on CLDC-compliant virtual machines run on other Java Virtual Machines?
Yes. CLDC-based applications can execute in other Java Virtual Machines, provided that the required CLDC libraries, profiles, and/or optional packages are also available.
19.How do I develop applications based on CLDC?
There are a number of tools and emulators that are available on the market depending on the developer's needs. Developers can utilize the CLDC reference implementation for basic CLDC development. Many developers also utilize the Java ME Wireless Toolkit to develop applications based on CLDC, MIDP, and other optional packages.
20.What kinds of CLDC-based devices are shipping today?
Popular CLDC-based devices that are shipping today include cellular phones and pagers. Most of these devices also rely on MIDP to complete the Java ME environment.
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Model Type
32 Combined MPG (28 city / 38 hwy)
EPA estimated
A full list of available features and filters for the used 2017 Volkswagen Jetta inventory include but are not limited to: Edmunds Special Offers: Purchase Offers, Lease Offers, Gas Card (37), Used Offers (24). Model Type: Sedan (50), 2.0T GLI (4), Diesel, Wagon, GLI SE PZEV, 2.0T GLI SEL PZEV, 2.0T GLI SEL, 2.0T GLI SE PZEV, GLI SEL PZEV.
Trims: 1.4T S (12), SE PZEV, S, 1.4T SE (32), 2.0T GLI (4), 1.8T SEL (2), SE, 2.5, SEL PZEV, GLS, Wolfsburg Edition, 1.8T Sport PZEV, TDI SE w/Connectivity, GL, S w/Technology, 1.8T Sport, TDI S, SEL, TDI, 1.8T SEL Premium, S PZEV, Sport, 1.4T S w/Technology, GLS 1.8T, TDI SEL, Value Edition, Limited Edition PZEV, Wolfsburg Edition PZEV, 2.5 PZEV, Base, GLI, SE PZEV w/Connectivity, SE PZEV w/Connectivity, Navigation, Value Edition , 1.8T SEL PZEV, GLS TDI, SE w/Connectivity, 1.4T SE w/Connectivity, 2.0T, GLI SE PZEV, GLX VR6, SportWagen S PZEV, Value Edition PZEV, 2.0T GLI SEL PZEV, GLS PZEV, SE w/Connectivity, Navigation, 2.0T GLI SEL, Base PZEV, GL TDI, GLI 1.8T, GLS VR6, Limited Edition, SportWagen S, SportWagen SE, SportWagen SE PZEV, 2.0T GLI SE PZEV, GL (1999.5), GL PZEV, GL TDi, GLI SEL PZEV, GLS TDi. Features: Fold Flat Rear Seats (50), Rear Bench Seats (50), Stability Control (50), Tire Pressure Warning (50), Post-collision safety system (50), Aux Audio Inputs (22), Trip Computer (50), Bluetooth (50), Audio and cruise controls on steering wheel (50), Heated seats (41), Back-up camera (50), USB Inputs (22), Sunroof/Moonroof (38), Power Driver Seat (6), Keyless Entry/Start (38), Blind Spot Monitoring (38), Navigation (6), Alarm, Auto Climate Control (6), Multi-Zone Climate Control (6), Apple Carplay/Android Auto (6), Parking sensors (4), Adaptive Cruise Control (2), Pre-collision safety system (2), Upgraded Headlights, Leather Seats. Engine/Mechanics: 4 cylinders (50), 5 cylinders, 6 cylinders. Transmission: Automatic (39), Manual (9), Automated Manual (1). Fuel Type: regular unleaded (44), premium unleaded (recommended) (6), diesel, premium unleaded (required). Drivetrain: front wheel drive (50).
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Ever since the Jetta was redesigned in 2011, we've had trouble accepting its new mission in life. Jettas of the past represented the best of European cars, more refined and better to drive than competing compact sedans. The 2017 Volkswagen Jetta is all about offering big interior for a small price, as if it were designed not for demanding drivers but for stingy warehouse-club shoppers.
To be fair, Volkswagen has made a lot of changes to the Jetta over its model run, refining the interior and replacing some of the low-cost mechanical bits with more sophisticated hardware. And when it comes to passenger and trunk space, the current Jetta trounces its predecessors, not to mention a few midsize sedans. Backseat comfort is excellent and trunk space is generous.
That said, the Jetta's cabin consists of staid styling and cheap trim bits. Lower-trim models are characterized by hard, shiny plastic, a cheap material that most automakers did away with years ago. At least the Jetta's technology is up to date, with Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and ? finally! ? a proper USB port in place of VW's proprietary media port (which required an expensive dealer-supplied connector to hook up a smartphone).
Base-model Jettas used to come with an ancient 2.0-liter eight-valve engine that (literally) dated from the last century, but VW has since replaced it with a slick 1.4-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine rated at 150 horsepower. However, it's the 170-hp 1.8-liter turbo that's the real gem. You can also get a 210-hp 2.0-liter turbo engine (sourced from Volkswagen's vaunted GTI) in the sporty Jetta GLI model. EPA fuel economy estimates range from a high of 33 mpg combined (28 city/40 highway) for the 1.4T manual down to 27 mpg combined for the GLI.
As a group, Jettas are comfortable and engaging to drive, though they no longer stand head and shoulders above the competition the way the previous-generation Jetta did. And while the GLI is very quick in a straight line, its road manners lag behind those of its high-performance competitors, including Volkswagen's own GTI.
Volkswagen has simplified the Jetta lineup for 2017 by reducing the number of available options; equipment is now largely determined by trim level. The S model offers most of the creature comforts we expect in a compact sedan, while the SE adds several nice-to-have features. SEL is the luxury version of the Jetta, and the GLI stands alone as the performance-oriented model. Which is the best one to buy? Edmunds can help find the perfect 2017 Volkswagen Jetta for you.
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BellaSugar's December 2008 Must Haves
Bella's December Must Haves
Bella's December Must Haves
It's a regular Winter wonderland these days. Well, maybe not in the traditional sense here in San Francisco, but the decorations, displays, and people-in-a-better-mood attitude has me getting in the spirit. For this final month of the year, I've got some festive beauty products that are sparkly, but not over-the-top. Ring-a-ding.
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|Trad, 1 pitch, 100'
|YDS: 5.10d French: 6b+ Ewbanks: 21 UIAA: VII+ ZA: 21 British: E3 5b [details]
|Henry Barber
|Page Views:
|Submitted By:
|Guy H. on Sep 28, 2005
|Comments on Y-Crack
|Add Comment
|Show which comments —
By JoeLeiper
Feb 20, 2008
I did this in early June '78 with a guy from Pennsylvania named Michael, who claimed he was a Green Beret deserter. (He also claimed to have been one of the first on scene to pack out Crash Dope from Tuolumne that winter. Whatever its origin, it worked very well.) Approached via Mail Chute, a long, wide 5.7 chimney. Y-Crack itself two pitches, then rapped back to ledge. I don't recall if there was much more to do--I was wiped and barely made second belay. Very smooth cracks with few useful face holds. Pretty adventurous--no one else on entire wall, hexes and stoppers only pro, didn't bring much water, no rain gear; awkward hanging belay after pitch one. Michael said we were doing the second ascent. I have no idea if that's true.
Went to Bluegrass festival. Was fourth or fifth year, I think--low key and casual. Audience of a thousand, two tops. From what I hear it's different now....
By YDPL8S
From: Santa Monica, Ca.
Jul 2, 2010
I was with the late Scotty Gilbert (of Gunnison fame) and "Madman" Geoff Conley (of Red Rocks fame) when they did an ascent of this in 1976 or '77. I was supposed to join them on the climb but it was out of my league at the time (I don't think I really ever was in that league), and so I let them have at it :-), they were both very strong climbers. I remember Conley using tape on his hands, that was the first time I had ever seen that done, and of course it was all hexes and stoppers, I'm pretty sure they took the right Y.
I'm also sure that they found a way to continue up from where the 2 bolt anchor is until they found a ledge system that allowed them to traverse right and come down the low 5th class gully.
It was a very warm summer day and they cooked on that wall, they said there were swarms of hummingbirds around their gear slings.
By Greg Davis
Jul 2, 2010
rating: 5.10c/d 6b+ 21 VII+ 21 E3 5b
|While working at the Telluride Mountaineering School, Budge Gierke and I climbed this route in the late spring of 1975. Budge later went on to do the largely unheralded first solo ascent of the South Face of Mt. Watkins in Yosemite and first solo ascent of the Glenwood Springs icefall, among many other impressive climbs.
By Andrew McLean
From: Colorado
Jun 20, 2011
rating: 5.10+ 6b+ 21 VII+ 20 E3 5b
I do not have any cool historical stories about climbing this, but I can say that I climbed it last weekend and it IS the best single pitch of climbing in the area (at the grade). Double set of Camalots up to #2. 4 #3s and 1 #4 sufficed. I left the #4 at the base of the Y but could have used up high as the cracked widens up in a few sections. I heard this had a reputation for being sandbagged at 10+. Not the case if you have large hands.... Definitely the case if you don't.
We approached via Honey Pot dihedral originally rated 5.8; however, it felt more like 9+ near the top of the pitch, and it had a very "Ophir" feel if you know what I'm sayin' :)
You can get off the route with a 70m rope. From the base of the Y, traverse climber's left about 100 ft or so. You will see a chained rappel station on a large block that is semi-detached from the main face. Make a short rappel (40') down to 2 black rappel bolts. Then one more rappel will get you to the ground. Bring 2 ropes if you do not have a 70m.
Get on this route!
By Top Rope Hero
From: Was Estes Park, now homeless
Jul 30, 2012
rating: 5.10c/d 6b+ 21 VII+ 21 E3 5b
Out. Stand. Ing. Supercrack of the mountains. As good as the Jesus without a penis.
Probably a bit soft for a 10+ if'n, like everyone says, you've got big mitts. Taped manpaws and size 11 feets will fill that fat crack nice enough to make it cruiser. (Though I was still only too happy to have and to place two #4 Camalots.... For that matter, I'm thinkin' the crux actually comes RIGHT off the ground, first sequence of moves.)
Y-crack left is reputed to be a bit softer, but my fat hands are gonna say it's the other way 'round. Found left a lil' more technical/balance-y and more than a lil' strenuous. Less obvious feet. (Again, this speaks more to hand size than anything else.)
Either way, these lines--allowing for their tragic lack of length--rival any 10 in the Creek. Certainly either crack is of the finest in the state. Bring yer guns and bring a photographer.
Oh-yeah. And as of this writing, bats are nesting deep in the upper crack. Bat phobes and The Joker beware.
By YDPL8S
From: Santa Monica, Ca.
Aug 1, 2012
So, did ya "bring a photographer"? More pics would be good.


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Jay doubles to left over Heisey
Jay doubles to left over Heisey
Double Jay
Heisey does not take very good angles
"I never argue with people who say baseball is boring, because baseball is boring. And then, suddenly, it isn't. And that's what makes it great." - Joe Posnanski
Bailey is essentially a league average starter.
It amazes me the amount of pain people here suffer watching the ups and downs of such pitchers.
It was a bad inning, but no credit for the 2 spotless innings thereafter.
That should be an error he should have had that it went off his glove.
Homer gave up the contact but Chris should have had that.
Put him on and get out with a DP by the pitcher's bunt...oh wait, that is what our pitchers do.
Thom just rattled off Bailey's big improvements last year: quality starts, wins and innings.
"I never argue with people who say baseball is boring, because baseball is boring. And then, suddenly, it isn't. And that's what makes it great." - Joe Posnanski
Descalso strikes out swinging. 2 Ks. 2 outs.
Big K, we need to get Westbrook here and when he is on the bump.
You think you got what it takes to play a real fantasy game? Join me at Jockstocks. You can play Baseball, Basketball, Football, Golf, Nascar and even Hockey!
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Do you have your shirt on? - Adam Dunn to Marty on the Bananna Phone.
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


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full size
Product Details
This cotton jersey tank has warm days covered and looks just perfect under a cardigan too (we love a good season-spanning staple). It's finished with a sweet little bow at the shoulder and a tiny embroidered heart at the hem that was drawn in-house.
Size & Fit Details


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Tsongkhapafan wrote:Anders wrote:Tsongkhapafan wrote:According to Je Tsongkhapa's teaching, you have to begin with a generic image of emptiness which depends upon holding a correct conceptual understanding of emptiness. If you hold an incorrect conceptual understanding of emptiness, it cannot be realised.
So tsongkhapa is the origin of the Tibetan notion that awakening is dependent on correctly assembling an intellectual jigsaw puzzle?
I don't think so, I doubt it.
Regarding views, if there is no correct view, there is no object of meditation and if there is no correct object of meditation, we cannot gain inner experience that pacifies delusions. All problems are caused by wrong view, so I can't agree with your dismissal of correct views which are the only antidote.
Well, in Chinese Madhyamika the maxim is ""refuting what is misleading, revealing what is corrective" - Not "understand accurately". Views are fundamentally flawed, 'correct' understanding is not truly possible. They can however be corrective so that is the extent of their utility on the path.


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Dr. Tony Christensen
Assistant Professor, Criminology
Contact InformationEmail: email@example.com
Phone: 519.756.8228 ext.5918
Office Location: GRH 125
Academic Background
B.A., Sociology, University of Lethbridge (2000)
M.A., Sociology, McMaster University (2003)
Ph.D., Sociology, McMaster University (2010)
Additional Information
Research Interests
My primary academic interests are in social constructionist and symbolic interactionist theory. I'm particularly interested in how different groups go about convincing the public to view certain acts as criminal or problematic. My research focuses on how scientific rhetoric (which is not always the same thing as scientific evidence) and expert knowledge are used by various groups to build narratives about crime and social problems.


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Top U.S. dairy company Dean Foods Co. reported a higher-than-expected quarterly profit and raised its full-year forecast as it benefits from strong sales across all its segments and cost cuts.
Shares of the Dallas-based company rose 8 percent in premarket trade on Wednesday. They had closed at $12.72 on Tuesday on the New York Stock Exchange.
The company now expects full-year adjusted earnings of $1.10 to $1.20 per share, up from its prior outlook 87 to 95 cents per share.
First-quarter net income rose to $37.9 million, or 20 cents per share, from $25.3 million, or 14 cents per share, last year.
On an adjusted basis, Dean Foods earned 31 cents per share.
Revenue rose about 5 percent to $3.21 billion.
Analysts on average had expected earnings of 21 cents per share on revenue of $3.13 billion, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.


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What to consider when converting to a Roth IRA
Tax code changes remove limitations
The biggest change regarding Roth IRAs is that for the first time since the introduction of the Roth IRA in 1998, all taxpayers, regardless of income and filing status, are eligible to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. Starting in 2010, tax code eliminates the modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) and filing status requirements limiting Roth IRA conversions.Before, these limits prevented many veterinarians from using or converting to a Roth. Only individuals with MAGIs of $100,000 or less could convert amounts in their traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs. For tax years beginning in 2010, the $100,000 adjusted gross income (AGI) limit on conversions of traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs is eliminated completely. This special treatment gives everyone, regardless of his or her income level, the opportunity to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA.
Moreover, until 2010, tax laws prohibited married taxpayers filing separate returns from converting their traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs. New tax code also lifts this filing status restriction, allowing married taxpayers who file separate returns to convert traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs.
Roth IRAs offer advantages
You might want to convert your traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs for a variety of reasons. Roth IRAs have two major advantages over traditional IRAs.
First, Roth IRA distributions are tax-free if they are qualified distributions. To be qualified, distributions must be made after a five-year holding period has passed and after the account holder reaches age 59.5 or on account of death, disability or the qualified purchase of a first home.
Second, Roth IRAs are not subject to the required minimum distribution (RMD) rules that apply to traditional IRAs (as well as individual qualified plans). Therefore, a Roth IRA account holder who reaches age 70.5 does not need to begin taking distributions; instead, the funds can continue to grow tax-free until you need them or pass them on to heirs.
The tax-free nature of qualified Roth IRA distributions may prevent you from paying taxes dictated by a higher tax bracket that would otherwise apply if you were withdrawing taxable distributions from a traditional IRA. Moreover, these distributions—unlike those from traditional IRAs—do not affect the calculation of tax you owe on Social Security payments and do not affect deductions based on AGI.


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The 26th season of Survivor will be the ultimate "Redemption Island" for ten returning contestants who will face off against ten newcomers on Survivor: Caramoan – Fans vs. Favorites.
A few of the returning contestants caught up with PEOPLE just before starting their "adventure of a lifetime" ... once again.
Malcolm Freberg, the Frequent Flyer -
Less than three weeks after returning from filming Survivor: Philippines, Freberg was headed back out to the wilderness for a second shot at the $1 million dollar prize.
"My mental strategy has been to just not unwind," Freberg told PEOPLE during his short time in the U.S. between seasons. "I'm at the grocery store and someone will ask me a simple question and I'm thinking, 'What does he mean by that?' You don't trust anyone."
Freberg, 25, was a force in challenges and a charismatic player on Philippines, where he placed fourth. But in the Caramoan Islands, he will face off against returning players and fans who will not have had the opportunity to watch his season.
"I'm like the new kid on the block. I'm a wildcard and there is a stigma attached to being the guy that nobody knows anything about," said Freberg, who ate a large amount of sweets and drank plenty of beer while home in hopes of re-gaining the weight he lost while in the Philippines.
Brandon Hantz, the Repentant Liar -
While his super-villain uncle Russell Hantz will not be back to play Survivor for a fourth time, Brandon returns to the game with a new mentality after cracking under the pressures of trying to reconcile his faith with strategy on Survivor: South Pacific.
"I was an emotional wreck when I played [the first time]," said Brandon, who placed sixth in 2011. "But now I've done it one time already, which created callouses as far as emotions are concerned. [Before] I didn't know that I didn't have to live a life like a monk. Now I know this game is not going to change my relationship with God."
Brandon, 21, will be reunited with his South Pacific castmates Dawn Meehan and John Cochran, but he does not expect previous relationships to cloud his judgment.
"It's pretty cool to have friends in the cast but to an extent, that goes out the window for me," he said. "Hopefully not for them, though. Hopefully they keep [their friendship with me] intact."
Phillip Sheppard, The Rogue "Agent" -
As a contestant on Survivor: Redemption Island, Sheppard became notorious for wearing a feather in his headband, his pink underwear and his abrasive antics that left his tribemates uncomfortable – but the so-called "former federal agent" would not have his competitors see it any other way.
"I will give them a little sample of the Phillip they saw play [on Redemption Island] to make them feel like they can control me," said Sheppard, who made it to the finals alongside Redemption Island winner Rob Mariano in 2011. "But I will be in control. I will win this season."
Sheppard, 54, will be joined by his former Redemption Island tribemates Andrea Boehlke and Francesca Hogi, the only returning player to have been eliminated at the first tribal council.
"It would be funny if Francesca and I could come together and make everybody believe she hates me and I hate her and we ran the season," Sheppard said of possibly teaming up with his former tribemate, whose name he was never able to pronounce correctly. "I don't think it will happen but that would be fun."
Also joining the tribe of Favorites will be Gabon's Corrine Kaplan and Nicaragua's Brenda Lowe, who could team up and convince the final returning player, Micronesia's Erik Reichenbach, to give up his immunity necklace for a second time.
Survivor: Caramoan premieres Feb. 13 on CBS.


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CWMBRAN'S Kyron Duke hailed the incredible support of the home crowd as he broke his personal best to finish fifth in the Olympic Stadium.
The 19-year-old previously competed for Wales in powerlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games but that didn't prepare him for the London experience.
Duke couldn't believe the noise from the patriotic supporters as he just missed out on a medal in the F40 shot put final at his first Paralympics.
The Cwmbran athlete, who has achondroplasia, finished fifth after setting a new personal best with a throw of 11.24m in his sixth and final attempt.
"It was immense. I'm ecstatic, buzzing. It was crazy to compete in front of 80,000 people, something that I'll never forget," he said.
"It's so uplifting and it pushes you on to do more. My mum, sister, brother-in-law and lots of others are here and that's awesome too.
"I talked to some of the other guys who'd already been out there and the crowd gives you so much adrenaline it's unbelievable.
"It can overwhelm you and you become over-energised so I just chilled a bit before going out there," he added.
"But I needed to be aggressive when I was competing and I did it."
Duke aims to emulate his older cousin Gareth Duke, who won gold, silver and bronze in the pool in 2004 and 2008, by winning a medal tomorrow when he competes in the F40 javelin final.
He won bronze in the World Championships last year in the javelin, which is his favourite discipline.
"Javelin is my main event and I'm going to do my best to get a medal," he said.
"I'm feeling good, training has gone well. I've been mostly concentrating on the javelin and it will be crazy. It's going to be even better than today."


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Farrell will go with only relievers against collegians
FORT MYERS, Fla. -- The Red Sox will play their first exhibition games on Thursday -- seven-inning games against Northeastern University and Boston College.
However, you aren't likely to see any starting pitchers in those games. Instead, manager John Farrell will start wheeling his rotation out with the start of Grapefruit League games on Saturday.
"On the two college games, that will serve as somewhat of an intrasquad type game for us," said Farrell. "You'll see a number of guys go to the mound for one inning. Mostly guys that are in camp as relievers on those first two days. You'll probably see 14 different pitchers run to the mound on Thursday."
The regular position players will be divided between the two games, probably getting about two at-bats each.


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The recent OneNote for Android update is all about getting more things done in less time. Check out the newest features to help you capture anything to OneNote and access your notes faster.
Add anything from anywhere
In today's busy world, we use phones to discover a lot of information to capture and reference later, such as an article on a favorite sports star, a recipe for an amazing dessert, a poster of an interesting-looking bartending class, or an important file shared by a colleague. OneNote is great for storing all your information, and now with the Add to OneNote feature, you can add what's most important to you from any application on your Android device.
Just look for a Share button in your favorite browser, news aggregator or recipe application. Then select Add to OneNote, and OneNote will store the item for you and also make it available to you on all your devices.
Or, if you want to capture exactly what you see on the screen, you can send a screenshot to OneNote. Just take a screenshot, tap the Share option, and then select Add to OneNote.
Add to OneNote works for a variety of content types–articles, webpages, images, videos, and files.
If you use a device that supports multi-window mode, such as Samsung Galaxy S3, now you can launch OneNote in the multi-window mode and quickly capture all the relevant information for your research project to OneNote.
Notes at your fingertips
Don't you hate it when you make others in line behind you wait while you look for the printout of your flight itinerary? Do you find yourself looking for your grocery list when you're already at the store? We have a solution for you: Add the OneNote Recent Widget on your Home screen and have quick access to your most recently accessed notes.
Or, add the page, section or notebook of your choice to the Home screen and have all of them just a tap away.
And more…of course
We've fixed several issues to provide an improved experience overall, but please let us know if something still bugs you.
We'd love to hear what you think of this update. Let us know in the comments, in-app feedback or through a review in Google Play.
Download OneNote: onenote.com
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Maybe we should have a separate Pacer section for the coach haters or the Tinsley haters, the trade JO and start-over crowd section. We could have a separate section for the offense and the defense, post and wing forum. The Foster and DunDun can't shoot for **** section or the "Danny's the greatest ever and never does anything wrong" section. How about a "them darn pot smokers, I can tell by just looking" section.
It's either Pacer related or it's not, no need for more sections. Less sections overall would even be better.
My personal believe is management screwed the pooch and is to stubborn to admit it.


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12 Amazing DIY Furniture Projects by Student Builders
From muscle cars to lawn equipment, Americans have had a long love affair with all things high-powered. Indeed, there is a certain joy in clearing a leaf-
covered yard with a blower driven by a snarling 27-cc, two-stroke gas engine. The exhaust fumes produced by that blower are another matter; the little engine is a big polluter. That may explain, in part, the rising popularity of yard tools with lithium-ion batteries. The tradeoff seems obvious: Electrics are quieter, cleaner and more environmentally friendly, but gas-powered tools get the job done faster because they're more powerful. We figured the best way to test the gas-≠versus-electric equation was to send two experts into battle–namely, two men charged with grooming a golf resort. By necessity, both rely on gas-powered tools. But one agreed to take up electric arms for our experiment. The results may surprise you.
John Patterson, Mr. Electric (Left)
The PGA National's wisecracking equipment director (far left) built his first engine at age 8. He commutes on an electric bike he made from spare parts. He believes electric tools are the future.
Bill Diorio, Mr. Gas (Right)
The superintendent of PGA National's Squire course has a turfgrass maintenance degree from Ohio State. "I saw some electric yard tools when I was growing up–mostly in the hands of little old ladies."
We conducted our test on one of the largest, most meticulously maintained "yards" in the country, the 550-acre PGA National Resort and Spa in Palm Beach Gardens, Fla. A 90-person maintenance crew keeps five golf courses and the rest of the lush property in tiptop shape. All of the crew, including Patterson and Diorio, know a thing or two about using power equipment to keep lawns, hedges and edges neat.
9 Water-Conserving Tips for Summer Gardening


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Dose Escalation Study to Determine the Safety of IFN-Beta Gene Transfer in the Treatment of Grade III & Grade IV Gliomas
This study has suspended participant recruitment.
Information provided by:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: February 20, 2002
Last updated: June 7, 2012
Last verified: November 2004
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
In this study an investigational replication-defective, recombinant adenovirus expressing the interferon-beta gene (BG00001) will be directly injected into tumors, in patients with recurrent Grade III and Grade IV Gliomas, in order to deliver the hIFN-beta gene. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and any harmful effects of injection of BG00001 into brain tumors. Also, this study will help determine whether the virus carrying the beta interferon gene will enter brain tumor cells and cause the cancer cells to die. This study will require one hospital admission for the actual procedure of drug administration. All other visits will be conducted on an out-patient basis
|Glioblastoma Multiforme Anaplastic Astrocytoma Oligoastrocytoma, Mixed Gliosarcoma
|Genetic: Interferon-beta
|Phase 1
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|A Multi-center, Open Label, Two Part, Dose Escalation Study to Determine the Tolerability of Interferon-Beta Gene Transfer (BG00001) in the Treatment of Recurrent or Progressive Grade III and Grade IV Gliomas
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: Genes and Gene Therapy
Drug Information available for: Interferon Interferon beta
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center resources: Glioblastoma Glioma Gliosarcoma Anaplastic Astrocytoma Oligoastrocytoma NeuroepitheliomaU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Biogen:
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Must be greater than or equal to 18 years of age.
- Subjects must have histologically proven GBM, AA, AMO, malignant astrocytoma NOS or gliosarcoma and recurrent or progressive tumor following prior treatment.
- Tumor must be amenable to radical resection, and resection must be clinically indicated.
- Must have an ECOG performance status of 0-2.
- Must be on anticonvulsant therapy, and must have therapeutic serum levels within 2 weeks prior to Day 1, if therapeutic levels are defined for the anticonvulsant being used.
Exclusion Criteria:
Abnormal blood tests exceeding any of the limits defined below:
- Alanine transaminase (ALT) > four times (4X) the upper limit of normal (ULN).
- Aspartate transaminase (AST) > 4X the ULN.
- Total bilirubin >1.5 mg/dL.
- Absolute neutrophil count <1,500 cells/mm3.
- Platelet count <100,000 cells/mm3.
- Serum creatinine >2X ULN.
- Prothrombin time (PT) >2 seconds above the ULN.
- Serum sodium (Na) <125 mEq/L or >150 mEq/L.
- Serum potassium (K) <3.5 mEq/L or > 5.5 mEq/L.
- Brainstem, or optic chiasm involvement of tumor.
- Uncontrolled seizure disorder.
History of a new diagnosis or treatment of an invasive malignancy other than Grade III or Grade IV Glioma within 5 years of enrollment. Curatively treated subjects with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and non-invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix are not excluded.
Treatment History:
- Treatment with radiation therapy, including interstitial radiation or radiosurgery, must be completed at least 8 weeks prior to Day 1.
- Treatment with nitrosoureas must be completed at least 6 weeks prior to Day 1. Treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents must be completed at least 4 weeks prior to Day 1.
- Treatment with any investigational drug or approved therapy for investigational use must be completed at least 4 weeks prior to Day 1.
- History of intolerance to corticosteroids that would preclude use during this study, or history of any medical condition that precludes the use of corticosteroids.
- Any prior treatment with a gene delivery vector, or an adenovirus therapeutic.
- Women of child bearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test.
- Women who are not postmenopausal, surgically sterile, or willing to practice effective contraception during the study. Men who are not surgically sterile or willing to practice effective contraception during the study.
- Nursing mothers, pregnant women and women planning to become pregnant while on study.
- Previous treatment with BG00001.
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00031083
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00031083
|United States, Alabama
|University of Alabama at Birmingham
|Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
|United States, Arizona
|University of Arizona at Tucson
|Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85724
|United States, Colorado
|University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
|Denver, Colorado, United States, 80262
|United States, Massachusetts
|Massachusetts General Hospital
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 2114
|United States, Pennsylvania
|Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104
Sponsors and Collaborators
More Information
Keywords provided by Biogen:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00031083 History of Changes
|Obsolete Identifiers:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|February 20, 2002
|Last Updated:
|June 7, 2012
Keywords provided by Biogen:
Brain Tumor
Gene Therapy
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Antineoplastic Agents
Antiviral Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Immunologic Factors
Physiological Effects of Drugs
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on September 21, 2017


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Career Fair a Success
Last Modified 10:36 AM, July 9, 2009
March 5, 2007—
Over 170 companies sent representatives to Michigan Tech's winter career fair, held on Tuesday, Feb. 20. Approximately 120 of these companies requested interview spaces for Feb. 21 and 22, totaling 1,600 interview slots.
Jim Turnquist, director of the Career Center, reported that the companies were impressed with the 2,500 students who attended the career fair. The turn-out was significantly larger than the representatives encountered at other major universities. Furthermore, Turnquist says the companies were impressed at how well prepared, well dressed and serious the students were.
Among the recruiters at the career fair was the Department of Defense. Through the department's STAR program, a Michigan Tech student serves as an on-campus recruiter, and as a result an impressive number of students to the booth. Students waited about 20 minutes to talk to one of the two DOD representatives. "They were very impressed with the number of students who came to the booth," Turnquist said. It is estimated that nearly 360,000 positions will open within the DOD in the next few years. This year, only Michigan Tech is participating in the STAR program, but that is anticipated to change as word of the program's success spreads to other schools.
Michigan Technological University (www.mtu.edu) is a leading public research university developing new technologies and preparing students to create the future for a prosperous and sustainable world. Michigan Tech offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in engineering; forest resources; computing; technology; business; economics; natural, physical and environmental sciences; arts; humanities; and social sciences.


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L'Oréal Paris True Match Naturale Soft-Focus Mineral Finish Reviews
Dont' LIke itMade my fine lines look worse. Looking to soften the look of wrinkles but this one doesn't do it. — 4 years, 10 months agoEricaC123 | 458 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 0 of 1 people said helpful
What A Mess...I tried this a while back and ended up throwing it out. This accentuated my fine lines and wrinkles, applied cakey, and took way too much powder to get any effect at all. — 5 years, 6 months agopowerwoman033 | 509 reviews
MehI haven't had great luck with this line of products. They tend to clump up very easily and are difficult to blend on the skin. — 5 years, 10 months agoTheLacqueredLady | 751 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 2 people said helpful
Works on Fair SkinI have the matte finish which looks white in the container; I did see other color available but I haven't tried them so my review is for the white only. It does a pretty good job at keeping shine at bay for a decent amount of time & I can't really complain about the price because it was pretty cheap at Wal-Mart. I liked that it wasn't chalky and went on smooth. My only problem (and the reason it d...read moreoesn't get a higher rating) is that I have an olive complexion & even when I do manage to apply a very small amount on, it messes with my skin tone and makes me look like I'm wearing too light make-up. I don't think it's at all suitable for any skin tone other than fair. While it does what it is advertised to do, the formula needs some reworking so that it suits medium & darker tones as well. — 6 years, 3 months agorunee89 | 299 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 1 people said helpful
ICK!Unless you're a fan of your pores, wrinkles, marks and anything you don't want attention to being brought to attention, I would steer clear of this stuff. It also "fell apart" on my face during the day. Just ick! — 4 years, 3 months agoSwoldierGirl72 | 342 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 2 people said helpful
ShockedI am shocked to see this under the do not buy. I tried so many when they came out and this is the one I loved and used. I am not fond of mineral makeup. Or gets all over the place. Cream is fine with me. I also like cream to powder. But, I would use this if using minerals. That includes it being above bare minerals. That stuff is one big mess. — 5 years, 10 months agocapecorona | 127 reviews
Worth tryingI tried i liked i will buy again lasts better than most make my skin look luminous but not shiny or oily. I do need to touch it as it can fade and wear off. — 8 years, 9 months agoelena62 | 169 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 0 of 1 people said helpful
I hate it!I bought because my sister told me to, but it was a mess! I hate it! I got annoyed every morning while using it, i had to clean everywhere the powder flew. — 5 years, 6 months agoreneegro | 210 reviews
True match is no where near a True MatchSorry to say it but this shows more lines on skin and the shades are no where near a true match. — 3 years, 10 months agoMakeupBeauty | 66 reviews
agreeidefinatly agree although my spelling may be bad this product is worse! i wondered why after i stared using it that i got more brake outs now i know why! i alsogot remarks about it looking cakey at school and it made my skin so much more oily and to top it all of i would fin it still on skin after i washed my face especially along my hairline and my cheeks! this product is so exspesive but so crap...read morepy! i honestly think these componies should be sued for false advertising! this product isnt even worth one star unless your looking for a fake caked on kind of look! — 4 years, 7 months agoangel_golz | 1 reviews
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HP 800G2EONEA/I76700/500HQ/16C/50K US (W8S07US#ABA)Item#: 40059960 | Model#: W8S07US#ABA
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Warranty provided by: HP
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Shipping Weight: 31.1000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- HP logos are registered trademarks of HP. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Fairfax County Board of Supervisors to Recognize Residents and Staff
Fairfax County Office of Public Affairs
12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 551
Fairfax, VA 22035-0065
Contact: Merni Fitzgerald, Director of Public Affairs
703-324-3187, TTY 711, Fax 703-324-2010
Media Pager: 703-324-NEWS (6397)
Nov. 30, 2007
Fairfax County Board of Supervisors to Recognize Residents and Staff
Note to editor: A downloadable photo and synopsis of each presentation will be posted on the county's Web site at www.fairfaxcounty.gov/opa/presentations.htm on Monday, Dec. 3. These photos will remain on the Web site until the next board meeting with presentations on Monday, Jan. 7.
The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, at its meeting on Monday, Dec. 3, scheduled to begin at 9 a.m., will recognize residents and staff. For more information, call 703-324-3187, TTY 711.
Mary Jo Tandy
The Board of Supervisors will recognize Mary Jo Tandy for her 19 years of service on the Consumer Protection Commission. She has helped protect residents from illegal, fraudulent or deceptive consumer practices in the marketplace.
Bob Gray
The Board of Supervisors will recognize Bob Gray for his years of service in the Springfield community. Gray is a long-time resident of Lee District and has been a leader in the Springfield business, revitalization and civic communities since moving there more than 35 years ago.
Greater McLean Republican Women's Club
The Board of Supervisors will recognize the Greater McLean Republican Women's Club for its sponsorship of programs for older adults at the Lewinsville Senior Center. Since 1987 the club has been sponsoring programs for many holiday occasions. A number of the club members have been associated with this outreach for the entire 20-year period – baking, singing, decorating and consistently enriching the lives of the center's participants.
Michael Cash
The Board of Supervisors will recognize Michael Cash for more than 23 years of service to Fairfax County ensuring that residents may fully enjoy all opportunities available to them in an environment free of discrimination. Cash, executive director of the Office of Human Rights, has announced his retirement.
PR Professional of the Year in a Nonprofit/Association
The Board of Supervisors will recognize Merni Fitzgerald for her significant efforts on behalf of the residents of Fairfax County and for being named the PR Professional of the Year in a Nonprofit/Association by PR News magazine. This nationwide award recognizes innovation and leadership in public relations.
Most Influential Female CIO in the Nation
The Board of Supervisors will recognize Wanda Gibson for being named by Government Technology magazine as one of the most influential female CIOs in the nation involved in government. Government Technology is the premier government information technology magazine for federal, state and local government in the country.
"Fairfax County Stories 1607-2007"
The Board of Supervisors will recognize the Virginia 20007 Committee and authors of "Fairfax County Stories 1607-2007" for contributing to the publication and success of the book.


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Naturally delicious flies please your Leopard Gecko's palate. Insects have been slowly dried to retain all their natural vitamins and minerals. Tasty bits can be fed alone or can be mixed in with regular maintenance diet. Small-sized flies are packed with protein and are a delicious way to encourage finicky eaters. 4 oz.
Please click on "More Information" for feeding recommendations, ingredients, and guaranteed analysis.


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I know everyone is geeked up about Fantasy Football starting and the Fantasy Baseball playoffs getting in gear, but I decided to go ahead and start a Redszone Challenge Fantasy Hockey League.
I've got it set to 10 teams right now, points league [though it can be changed to head to head I suppose if everyone wants.]
If you'd like to join:
ID# is 24439 and the Password is peterose
Its of course a Yahoo free league. I've set a live draft tentatively for Saturday the 9th at 2:30 PM, but again, that can easily be changed once more members are in.


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Motorists traveling 12 Mile Road in Royal Oak and Madison Heights can expect traffic delays when road construction gets under way Monday.
That's when the Road Commission for Oakland County expects its contractor to begin resurfacing the road between Dequindre and Stephenson Highway, said Craig Bryson, a TCOC spokesman.
"There will probably be one lane open in both directions most times during project," he said. "The road is in rough shape right now and really needs a new surface."
The road project is expected to be completed by Nov. 15, but work to install new traffic signals will likely take until February 2014.
The road commission is encouraging motorists to expect traffic delays and seek alternate travel routes.
The $3 million project is being done by Ajax Paving Industries, Inc. of Troy.
The project will involve the removal of the top layer of the existing road, repair of the concrete and drainage improvements. Curbs and gutters will be replaced where needed. Workers will lay three inches of asphalt to the road after they complete removal of the road's top layer.
The construction will include upgrading all pedestrian sidewalks along the sides of the road to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Traffic signals will be upgraded at seven locations along 12 Mile Road including the intersection at Campbell, Bryson said.
Federal road funds will cover 80 percent of the construction costs and the road commission is paying for the remaining 20 percent.
"The poor condition of the pavement was the biggest issue in doing this project," Bryson said. "When it is finished it should extend the usefulness of the road for about another 15 years.


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What's your toddler's personality type?
Knowing this could impact your parenting style more than you realise. more
It can be hard to get yourself organised and out of the house with a bub in tow and even harder to exercise! But if you know you have a pram walking group that you can go to in order to be with other mums and dads with little ones who all want to get fit, have fun and enjoy some fresh air, it could be just the jolt you need to get you started.
If you fancy setting up your own pram walking group, here are some great tips and advice from the City of Greater Geelong in Victoria.
Decide who is going to organise the pram walking group. It could be:
Promote the pram walking group
Map out a walking path for the group.
Start walking!
Keep people interested in your pram walking group by:
This article was created for Kidspot - Australia's parenting resource for kids and family travel