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A large number of corn fields across Kansas, especially non-irrigated corn in the eastern part of the state, are showing up with potassium (K) deficiency symptoms. The symptoms are showing up in a wide variety of field patterns, and on fields with all kinds of K soil test levels. What is going on? Basically, the problems are mostly the result of the stage of growth the corn is in (V-4 to V-6) combined with dry soil conditions and root development issues. There are many combinations of these factors this year, resulting in many different scenarios.
The basic issue, of course, is that potassium has to reach the plant roots before it can be absorbed by the plant. This becomes a physical and chemical problem. There has to be enough potassium in the soil, it has to get dissolved into soil water, the dissolved potassium in the soil solution has to move easily through the soil pores to the plant roots, and there has to be an extensive root system present to come into contact with the potassium dissolved in soil water.
Nutrient movement to the plant root
Water -- and the uptake of water -- is critical to the movement of nutrients to the root surface. Some nutrients, such as nitrate-nitrogen (N), are very soluble in water and move to the root as the plant takes up water. The process of dissolved nutrients moving toward plant roots in soil water is called mass flow. Nutrients such as nitrate-N, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur move to the root surface for uptake in this way.
Some nutrients are needed in large quantities, such as phosphorus (P) and K. These nutrients are not very soluble in water, however. As a result, concentration in the soil water is low and the P and K content in the soil water at the root surface is quickly depleted by nutrient uptake. This creates a diffusion gradient between the bulk soil water a short distance from the root and the water at the root surface. P and/or K then start to diffuse, or move to the root surface. Essentially all of the P, and 80 to 90% of the K, taken up by plants moves to the root by diffusion. The rate of diffusion of nutrients through soil is influenced by several factors, but the most important are: (1) the buffering capacity of the soil, or its ability to add P or K to the solution (soil test level); (2) the size of the gradient, or difference in concentration of nutrient between the bulk soil water and the water at the root surface; and (3) the soil water content.
At high soil moisture, the pathway for diffusion is shorter, and the process runs more quickly because all the pores are full of water and the K ions can move in basically a straight line. But at low soil moisture the soil water in many of pores in the soil is depleted and the pathway for diffusion becomes more tortuous as dead ends develop along the path. As a result, the diffusion distance becomes longer as the K goes one way and then another to avoid the dead ends or blockages created by dry pores. So, in dry weather, soil moisture becomes depleted, the pathway for diffusion becomes longer, and K availability to the plant is reduced by the slower rate of delivery.
The nutrient uptake process
Once the nutrients are delivered to the root surface, nutrient uptake can occur. Three factors determine the amount of nutrients that will move into the root:
- The concentration of nutrients at the root surface.
- The amount of root surface area (number of roots); and
- The amount of nutrient inside the plant, and the feedback that provides to the uptake process.
If the amount of water moving to the roots is limited, nutrient uptake is limited through the limitation of the delivery of nutrients to the root surface that creates. If the root system or root growth is limited -- by compaction or soil density and limited pore space (as in no-till) -- uptake is limited since each unit of roots has a finite maximum uptake rate. If the concentration of the nutrient in the soil is limited, either because you didn't apply enough fertilizer or you put it on and it was lost, nutrient uptake is limited.
When nutrients dissolved in the soil water reach the surface of the root, the root selects the ions it needs and moves them across the cell membranes. The ions it doesn't need remain at the root surface and accumulate. This process is highly selective and requires energy. In some special cases such as might occur with young wheat shortly after green-up, during a prolonged period of cool cloudy days which would limit photosynthesis, nutrient uptake could be limited by a lack of available energy.
How growth stage of the corn impacts nutrient uptake
One additional important issue impacting nutrient uptake is the growth stage of the corn, especially early in the season. When corn seed germinates, the radicle or seed root grows down and begins to expand and take up water along with a limited amount of nutrients. This seminal root system supports the corn seedling for the first 20-30 days, but it doesn't grow deep, nor does it become very dense. Its job is primarily to take up water and anchor the plant until the permanent nodal root system develops.
About the 4-leaf stage, the nodal or crown root system will begin to develop, and the seminal roots will reach their maximum size. Around V-6 the nodal root system will begin to take over and the seminal system will begin to die. Between V-4 and V-6 or V-7, it's not unusual to see plants exhibit pale green color, purple color, striping, and so forth as nutrients can be limiting. This is not because of a real deficiency of nutrients in the soil per se, but rather it is because of a limit in the amount of active roots available to take nutrients up as this root system transition occurs.
Any condition that will limit the delivery of nutrients to the root surface will aggravate this situation. This is why many people use starter fertilizer. Providing a high concentration of nutrients close to the plant helps overcome some of these problems created by limited root systems. While we can often see significant differences in growth at the V-4 to V-6 growth stage with starter, many times these differences seem to vanish as the nodal roots develop, and little or no yield benefit is seen.
How tillage systems impact potassium movement in the soil
In no-till soils, bulk density increases, and pore size distribution changes. There are commonly fewer, but bigger pores. With fewer pores, the nutrient diffusion route becomes longer. So if the soil becomes dry, and the big pores begin to empty out, the diffusion issue becomes even more of a problem in no-till than in conventional till.
This year's problems
This year, plants that got off to a quick start are now at V-6 or V-7. The nodal roots are established and growing well, and the plants look pretty good. But there was a lot of uneven emergence. Where seeds were planted a little shallowly and the ground dried out, those seed may have come up a week later and are a leaf or two behind seed planted into moist soil. These later-emerging plants are smaller, pale yellow, and are showing K deficiency due to the dry conditions. The nodal roots on these plants are just getting started and they haven't rooted as deeply yet as more developed plants.
In one case this year in Atchison County, small plants in spots of a field were found showing K deficiency and yellowing. These spots were surrounded by bigger corn in most of the field, which was greener and one or two leaves further advanced. The big corn had good roots. On the small corn, the nodal roots were only 2 or 3 inches long and just getting started. This is likely an issue of uneven emergence, along with some soil compaction. The soil test K level was good at 200-300 ppm. But all the reasons mentioned above were interacting to cause trouble. The big corn had a greater root density, so it could take up more nutrients under adverse conditions. With more moisture, the small plants will perk up as the root system develops more fully. There may not be a big yield difference in the end, but there will probably continue to be differences in growth stage and eventual maturity as the season goes on.
We have done some plant analysis on some of these problem fields this spring and most of them are showing the "bad" plants as being deficient in K. The problems are worse where the soil test K levels are low. But there are also problems even where soil test levels are high, caused by problems in delivery of available nutrients to the root surface for uptake.
Hybrid differences
Hybrid differences are also something to consider. We know that different hybrids will respond differently to nutrient deficiencies (particularly to phosphorus). This is likely related to differences in root growth early in the season. Because of all the conditions mentioned above, root growth habits of different hybrids will be particularly important this year, and relevant for K uptake. However, these differences in early growth do not always translate into yield differences at the end of the season. Certain hybrids may look "bad" early in the season, but provide a big advantage later.


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quote:Originally posted by SanDee:
I was on the Valor last week and we took the galley tour given by the Matre D. The question was asked what do they get paid and do they get to keep their tips. This is what he said. The wait staff is quaranteed a certain salery based on their tips. If at any time they do not make that amount Carnival will make up the differance. Otherwise Carnival does NOT pay them. I assume Carnival gives them their room and board and does not deduct this from their salery.
quote:Originally posted by Dave Beers:
Just to add to what Neil said....don't assume the rest of the world subscribes to your personal definition of oppression. Cruise ship jobs are considered lucrative in many countries, and nobody is being shanghaied to join the crew. They all sign contracts. I have lived in many poor countries, albeit for no more than 6 months in one place, but learned that what may seem bad to me is considered an opportunity to others.
So I don't dwell on it. I tip well when cruising, treat the crew with respect, befriend as many as I can, and have a good time. Leave the social baggage at home.

subset: commoncrawl


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Thursday, September 21, 2017
Stopping PRT after surgical menopause
I had a hysterectomy/double oophorectomy more than 10 years ago, with severe menopausal symptoms following the surgery. Premarin relieved the symptoms but I became concerned about the increased stroke/breast cancer risk. I tried 5 years ago to wean myself off the Premarin but the hot flashes returned and I began taking the Premarin again. Some months ago I decided t try again and gradually reduced my Premarin dosage until I was taking one pill of .625 every 3 days, with mild but bearable hot flashes. However, once I stopped taking the Premarin completely, the hot flashes returned, as strong as ever. If I were to stay off the Premarin this time, how long would I have to endure the hot flashes-- or will they go one for the rest of my life? Thank you.
In most cases the hot flashes get milder and less frequent over time. The time frame is different for everyone. You might try alternating 0.45 mg, with 0.625 mg, then 0.45 mg every day. Then alternate with 0.3 mg for a couple of months, then 0.3 mg every day. When you have accommodated to that dose, go to every other day, then twice a week. You may still have occasional hot flashes, but hopefully they will feel more manageable to you.
Margery Gass, MD
Formely, Professor, Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati


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This game was classified by the community with the following category scores - Violence=1/3, Sex=0/3, Mature Content=0/3. Kodu is a new visual programming language made specifically for creating games. It is designed to be accessible for children and enjoyable for anyone. The visual programming environment allows rapid design iteration using only a game controller for input. Share your creations with friends over XBOX LIVE.
Buy Xbox content on Xbox.com. Your Xbox 360 console will automatically download the content next time you turn it on and connect to Xbox Live.Learn More


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Shaya, The Queen of Power...
Those attending New York Comic Con (Oct. 10-13) make sure you stop by the Toy Worth Booth (#2068) and get your free Shaya, The Queen of Power print, by artist Nate Baertsch.
Only 75 of these limited-edition promotional prints will be given out at the Toy Worth booth per day and they are limited to one print per person, while supplies last.
A limited number of these prints will be signed by Nate Baertsch, the well-known artist who has collaborated with Four Horsemen Studios on concept and packaging art and on their redesign of Mattels iconic Castle Grayskull.
To insure your action figure collection, get in touch with Collectibles Insurance, the official insurance company of the Figures.com network. Say "Figures.com" to get 5% off your first term premiums.
To buy action figures, take a look at BigBadToyStore.com, AlterEgoComics.com, Toynk.com, BriansToys.com, ToyWiz.com, and MonkeyDepot.com.


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atenolol (generic name)
Beta-blockers reduce the workload on the heart and help it to beat more regularly
(a TEN oh lole)
Table of Contents
Top Learning Centers(Recursos en Español)
What is this medicine?ATENOLOL (a TEN oh lole) is a beta-blocker. Beta-blockers reduce the workload on the heart and help it to beat more regularly. This medicine is used to treat high blood pressure and to prevent chest pain. It is also used to protect the heart during a heart attack and to prevent an additional heart attack from occurring.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
How should I use this medicine?The medicine is for injection into a vein. It is given by a health care professional in a hospital or clinic setting.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
What if I miss a dose?This does not apply.
What may interact with this medicine?Do not take this medicine with any of the following medications:
This medicine may also interact with the following medications:
What should I watch for while using this medicine?Your condition will be monitored carefully while you are receiving this medicine.
You may get drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs mental alertness until you know how this medicine affects you. Do not stand or sit up quickly. Alcohol may interfere with the effect of this medicine. Avoid alcoholic drinks.
This medicine can affect blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes, check with your doctor or health care professional before you change your diet or the dose of your diabetic medicine.
What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
Where should I keep my medicine?This drug is given in a hospital or clinic and will not be stored at home.
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.


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BASINGSTOKE Golf Club slipped back to the 1950s when Baker Tilly rocked with its summer party.
The firm of chartered accountants and business advisers, which has offices at Springpark House, on Basing View, held its 1950s themed Rock'n'Roll Summer Party with business associates, local professionals and clients.
Many of them donned their best 1950s outfits and dusted off their jive moves, dancing to the Flip Top Floozies band.
Basingstoke office managing partner Mike Blain, said: "It's been a magical evening. We've had a really great turn-out with our wonder 50s theme.
"We've held a summer party for at least the last ten years and it is to say thank you to our clients and the intermediaries that we work with.
"It's something that has gained momentum over the years and it is an important part of our annual events."
It was the first summer party since Baker Tilly merged with RSM Tenon last year.
"We are now the largest mid tier accountancy firm in Basingstoke and we have seen significant synergies from our business, giving us greater reach both nationally and internationally."
Upbeat for the business outlook, Mike said: "Baker Tilly is doing really well in Basingstoke and that reflects the improvement we have seen in the economy."


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You can now operate your SteadyStar LF Adaptive Optics Guider with MaxIm DL (5.19 or later) imaging software! A plug-in is now available for download in the SteadyStar LF Adaptive Optics Guider product support section.
If you're serious about astrophotography, Orion brings you a new way to assure the best tracking performance possible, even in adverse conditions.
The SteadyStar LF Adaptive Optics Guider (AO) makes any imaging-capable mount, even if a modest one, perform more effectively. Precise tracking is one of the most critical facets of astrophotography and this tracking is limited to the accuracy of your mount, plus external factors like wind and atmospheric seeing conditions. The SteadyStar LF AO Guider overcomes these limitations and challenges and takes control with super fast and accurate guiding.
The SteadyStar LF Adaptive Optics Guider is ideal for use with large format CCD and DSLR sensors with its larger 50mm diameter optical window (48mm clear aperture). The larger window provides full field illumination to take full advantage of devices equipped with larger sensors, such as 35mm format CCD cameras.
Traditional autoguiding involves moving the mount and telescope, along with all of your attached imaging accessories to correct for tracking errors. Furthermore, autoguiding can typically only make a single correction every couple of seconds or so; during that time your tracking is vulnerable to periodic error from your mount, wind, and atmospheric seeing conditions.
Better Than Traditional Autoguiding
Seen below are two raw images of NGC 281 cropped at 100% zoom. They provide a direct comparison of SteadyStar AO guiding at 5 corrections per second vs. regular autoguiding at one correction every two seconds. the images were taken on the same night in succession. Each image is a stack of 3 x 12 mintue exposures taken with the Orion StarShoot Deep Space Imager III and EON 120ED refractor. The image taken without the SteadyStar AO Guider shows star elongation in R.A. (Right Ascension) as a result of periodic error.
We've illustrated a smaller cropped portion below of the same two images of NGC 281 magnified at 200%. The difference seen inthe faint star field is immediate. The SteadyStar improves the tracking performance resulting in sharper stars, rounder stars, and improved image contrast.
How Does it Work?
The SteadyStar LF AO Guider can easily make several tracking corrections in one second without lugging the weight and inertia of the whole telescope. Rather than move all that weight, the SteadyStar LF AO Guider makes guiding corrections by tilting its 50mm on-board optical window, allowing for quick and precise movements several times faster than any traditional autoguider could ever hope to correct. A slight tilt of the optical window actually moves the imaging plane of your camera. This refractive correction, while different than the adaptive optics used in professional observatories, is capable of making extremely fast movements to overcome even the most severe tracking errors. Even though most tracking errors can be compensated by tilting the optical window, the SteadyStar LF will still send corrections to your mount like a traditional autoguider if the optical window's tilt range is exceeded.
Fast Guiding Corrections
The SteadyStar LF AO Guider is capable of correcting motion more than 40 times per second, depending on guide star brightness, autoguider camera used, and computer speed. This means you will overcome your mount's periodic error, wind, and even compensate for some of the negative effects of turbulent seeing conditions. Quite simply, the SteadyStar LF is the fastest AO Guider used for amateur astrophotography on the market today!
Boost Your Astro-imaging Performance
With the SteadyStar LF AO Guider attached, even a modestly priced mount will perform like the most high-end expensive mount! The SteadyStar LF's broad compatibility with imaging cameras and autoguiders makes it even more attractive. It works with any Orion CCD camera and autoguider, as well as other popular imaging cameras like DSLRs.
The SteadyStar LF AO Guider was designed to fit right in with your astronomers gear, requiring only 90mm of inward focus travel when used with Orion imaging cameras. In fact, you can add up to 30mm worth of accessories, such as a filter wheel, to the SteadyStar without adding to the total backfocus.
The 50mm diameter on board optical window supports APS-C and larger 35mm format sensors. SteadyStar software is included for full guiding control to both your mount and the AO Guider, and it can communicate with MaxIm DL to enable advanced imaging features as exposure sequences and dithering. Windows XP, Vista 32/64 bit and Windows 7 compatible.
A hard carry case is included as well as a 10' USB cable, 10" autoguiding cable, and 12 V DC power cable.
Take high resolution large format astro-images like never before with the SteadyStar LF Adaptive Optics Guider!
Limited Warranty against defects in materials or workmanship for one year from date of purchase. This warranty is for the benefit of the original retail purchaser only. For complete warranty details contact us at 800-676-1343.
Please note this product was not designed or intended by the manufacturer for use by a child 12 years of age or younger.
Orders received by 1pm Eastern Standard Time for in-stock item the same business day. Order received after noon will ship the next business day. When an item is not in-stock we will ship it as soon as it becomes available. Typically in-stock items will ship first and backordered items will follow as soon as they are available. You have the option in check out to request that your order ship complete, if you'd prefer.
This product is available to ship Standard delivery within the 50 US states, APO/DPO/FPO addresses and US territories/protectorates. Delivery is not available to Canada.
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Online or in your mailbox. Check out our colorful catalog, filled with hundreds of quality products.
Please send me email about sales, new products, and astronomy.
Since 1975 Orion Telescopes & Binoculars has been offering telescopes for sale direct to customers, with an unswerving commitment to best quality products, value and unmatched customer care. Our 100% satisfaction guarantee says it all.
Orion offers telescopes for every level: Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, and Expert. From our entry level beginner telescopes for amateur astronomers to our Dobsonian telescopes to our most advanced Cassegrain telescopes and accessories, you can find the best telescope for you. Because we sell direct, we can offer you tremendous value at a great price. Not sure how to choose a telescope? Orion's Telescope Buyer's Guide is a great place to start.
Orion binoculars are known for quality optics at a great price. We offer binoculars for every viewing interest, including astronomical binoculars, compact binoculars, waterproof binoculars, birding binoculars, and sport and hunting binoculars.
Orion's telescope and astrophotography accessories will enhance your telescope enjoyment without breaking the bank. Expand your viewing experience with accessories ranging from moon filters to power-boosting Barlow lenses to advanced computerized telescope mounts. Capture breathtaking photos with our affordable astrophotography cameras. And when you're stargazing, Orion's telescope cases and covers, observing gear, red LED flashlights, astronomy books and star charts will make your observing sessions more convenient, comfortable and meaningful.
At Orion, we are committed to sharing our knowledge and passion for astronomy and astrophotography with the amateur astronomy community. Visit the Orion Community Center for in-depth information on telescopes, binoculars, and astrophotography. You can find astrophotography "how to" tips and share your best astronomy pictures here. Submit astronomy articles, events, & reviews, and even become a featured Orion customer!


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Here it is
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Here it is
5 of first 6, 12 of first 18 on road. March is 9 road games. February is almost entirely at home.
I like this schedule, though the end (3/23-4/5) is brutal.
5 games in 8 days stretch after the opener
If the Magic trade Dwight Howard in the offseason, the Pistons-Magic game on November 16th might be the worst national TV game ever.
Apparently we have 11 nationally televised games. Wow!
Dear TNT, please let Reggie Miller call this game.
Vogel talking about the schedule
"There's nothing here that scares me"
Nice. 7 games on TNT or ESPN. Plus 4 NBATV. I'll take it. We haven't been on TNT in 5 years during the regular season!
We also have an MLK Day game, and New Year's Eve game...both against the Grizzlies.
Really good match ups on national TV too. A lot bigger names than the Sixers
It feels like its been forever since the Pacers had a few appearances on National TV (Playoffs dont count)
Also is it just me or do we start off with a lot of road games?
is it too early to say...82-0!!!!!
NBA Teams rest days differential plot: http://i.imgur.com/W8VwT.png By this metric, IND and CLE have the easiest schedules, SAS, DEN the toughest.
Already planning our trips to Charlotte.
the website guys need to make a widescreen version of the schedule wallpaper
I'm going to Chicago on March 23! Spring break
Sent from #PacerNation using Tapatalk
"What you do is so loud, I can't hear what you say" -Andrew LuckJunior at the University of Louisville
"If you turn the other cheek, I'm gonna hit you in the other cheek, too" -Charles Barkley
"Ego is edging greatness out" -Rick Pitino
Greenfield-Central High School Alum '14
Follow me on Twitter @steagles1
1000th post - 4/16/12 2000th post - 6/24/12 3000th post - 3/8/13
Wow the Pacers getting some mad respect from the networks. I would not have suspected any TNT games. I could see a couple of ESPN match ups, but 7?
Pacers basketball is back!
You can't get champagne from a garden hose.
December 28, 2012 at home vs. the Phoenix Suns!! Woo! Birthday game! I'll be 23.
witters: @imbtyler, @postgameonline
11 National games, oh my. What a difference. Also cant wait for November 30th. Gonna try and beat the 4th row seats from last season when they came to town.
I predicted 8 national TV games and we got 7. 7 is about right for this team
ESPN Stats & Info @ESPNStatsInfo
FROM ELIAS: Based on opponent W-L from last year, toughest schedule this year: Hornets and Kings. Easiest this year: Pacers and Bulls.
nice that we get 11 nationally televised games, but absolutely sucks we play 41 road games...
"They want to be famous. We want to be champions. They want to be rappers and backup dancers. We want to play football." - T.J. Ward, Denver Broncos
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Or throw in a first-round pick and flip it for a max-level point guard...
2 national TV games, both on ESPN, tells me the NBA doesn't think he's a big draw
I am jacked. I will be getting tickets to the Pacers second game in Charlotte.
For people who care about such things. here is a complete list of national TV games. (Not counting NBATV. Best to click on link to see the table. I am listing the number of appearances by each franchise.
__________________________________________________ _____________________________
Twenty-five is the maximum number.
25 - Heat, Thunder, Lakers, Knicks.
23 - Clippers
19 - Celtics, Bulls
16 - Spurs, Mavs
12 - Nets, Nuggets
8 - Warriors, Blazers, Grizzlies
7 - Pacers,
6 - Jazz, Sixers, T-Wolves
3 - Hawks, Suns
2 - Pistons, Rockets, Hornets, Magic
1 - Wizards, Bucks
None - Bobcats, Kings, Raptors
Last edited by Unclebuck; 07-27-2012 at 02:12 PM.


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Cocamide DEA
Veterinarian Reviewed on June 20, 2012 by Paulina Nelega, RH
Posted in Uncategorized
Cocamide DEA
Cocamide DEA is both water and oil soluble; it is a common ingredient that is found in many personal care products because it is a great emulsifier and foaming agent. It is also a thickening agent that can increase the viscosity of a water based solution.
Cocamide DEA's property to completely dissolve in water and in oil makes it an ideal ingredient for non-drying soaps. Regular soaps may wash dirt and grime off but in the process they dry out the skin unnecessarily. This chemical ingredient in soaps, shampoos and other personal care products is derived from coconut oil.
History and Origin
Cocamide DEA is also known as cocamide diethanolamine. This chemical is created with the reaction of fatty acids with coconut oils. This is derived from the coconut tree hence the name cocamide. The tree is considered the "Tree of Life" because of the many uses that it has, from the root to the fruit that it bears.
Ancient Uses
During ancient times, cocamide DEA was unheard of. Ancient tribes mainly used the coconut tree for many of its life giving properties. The leaves and trunk were used for shelter and for baskets. The fruit was used for food and the husk for fuel. The coconut meat, where coconut oil is extracted, was used as a food staple and was later used for its many other therapeutic properties. Even the coconut root was used for weaving and many other useful items in the home.
Modern Uses
Cocamide DEA is used for many personal care products. Because of its foaming ability plus the ability to stabilize surfactants it has fast become one of the main ingredients that are commonly found in shampoos, conditioners and many other hair care products. It is considered a non-drying alternative to regular soap thus many hand sanitizers, hand washes and hand moisturizers have cocamide DEA as their main ingredient.
Other personal products that also have cocamide DEA as an ingredient are bubble baths, exfoliants, dandruff shampoos, bath scrubs and bath oils. It is also considered safe to use for cosmetic products by many regulating agencies and bodies. Studies have also shown that cocamide DEA is safe to use as a rinse off product rather than a leave on product for hair and skin care.
Side Effects
Cocamide DEA is considered to be safe to use as a skin and hair care
product. Although there may still be a small number of people who may experience minor skin irritation due to use of products with cocamide DEA, this chemical ingredient is still proven safe and effective for many personal care products.
It may also be safe to use for infants sensitive skin. It is considered non-drying and great for children and adults with extra sensitive skin.
If you have experienced any skin irritation after using any type product that contains cocamide DEA, consult a dermatologist at once. He may advise a better skin care product to use other than regular products that may contain this chemical. Skin care products with cocamide DEA as a main ingredient must not be used on open, damaged or irritated skin. A dermatologist can advice a better alternative.
Our Expert
Paulina Nelega, RH, has been in private practice as a Clinical Herbalist for over 15 years. She has developed and taught courses in herbal medicine, and her articles on health have appeared in numerous publications. She is very passionate about the healing power of nature. Ask Dr. Jan


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Churning out captivating hit musicals and classic modern dramas, the Broadway theater district in Times Square has been an entertainment factory for generations. Today, the dazzling lights of the Great White Way attract millions of theatergoers annually. Buzzworthy blockbusters play next to small downtown transfers. Revivals of 1930s classics run side by side with cutting edge, technically advanced productions. Young, aspiring actors take the stage with celebrities fresh from Hollywood films. Whether you're getting your tickets from the box office, shopping online or waiting in line at the TKTS booth on Duffy Square, Broadway offers a Times Square experience for everyone to enjoy.
View a complete list of current and upcoming Broadway shows.
Learn how to purchase Broadway show tickets.
Browse a complete list of Broadway theaters.
Learn more about the history of the Broadway theaters at SpotlightOnBroadway.com.


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GRAPEVINE, Texas — The struggling video game category should see a much-needed boost with the arrival of Nintendo's Wii U.
GameStop is wasting no time getting in on the buzz by announcing that it has begun taking pre-orders for the platform along with many popular Wii U games, including "Call of Duty: Black Ops II," "ZombiU," "New Super Mario Bros. U" and "Batman: Arkham City: Armored Edition."
"Our customers have been anxious to pre-order the Wii U since details were announced at E3," said GameStop president Tony Bartel. "Wii U is a great way to launch the next generation of video game consoles and is sure to be at the top of a lot of wish lists this holiday season."
GameStop is also offering additional savings to customers who trade in their old consoles. Depending on the device, customers can receive up to $140 in credit good toward the purchase of a Wii U.
The Wii U will be available Nov. 18 at all U.S. GameStop stores and online at www.GameStop.com.


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No. 10:
When Dallas vice officers raided The Club Dallas on Oct. 8 for the first time in recent memory, it made national news and gave rise to some conspiracy theories. Some said the raid was part of a city effort to shut down the gay bathhouse to make way for redevelopment around a new DART rail station, which sits directly adjacent to the 34-year-old establishment at 2616 Swiss Ave. in Deep Ellum. Others said the raid was politically motivated since it came just before a major election, as such crackdowns have historically tended to do. Still others, of course, felt it was an example of law enforcement targeting the gay community.
But the Dallas Police Department, in a rare statement issued by the vice unit several days later, said the raid was conducted in response to a complaint from a citizen. "The Dallas Police Department is charged with the duty of investigating, enforcing, and responding to citizen complaints regarding sexually oriented businesses throughout the city," the statement read in part. "The Vice Unit is committed to being responsive to community concerns and thus, conducts its investigations in an equitable and just manner."
Indeed, records obtained by Dallas Voice through a Freedom of Information request confirm that an unidentified person made a complaint to police about the club on Oct. 5. Three days later, on a Friday night, plainclothes vice officers purchased day memberships, rented private rooms and changed into towels. Then they went into the common areas of the business and observed patrons engaged in sex acts, according to police reports.
After uniformed officers were called in, police arrested seven patrons on charges of public lewdness and three on charges of indecent exposure. They also arrested a manager for interfering with police after he refused to let in the uniformed officers, who eventually forced open a door.
Club members and others accused the Police Department of harassment and intimidation. They also argued that raiding the gay bathhouse would only drive men looking for sex into parks and public restrooms.
The Club Dallas bailed its members out of jail and said it would provide attorneys.
Meanwhile, according to police records, the person who made the complaint called back on Oct. 13 and asked authorities to raid the business again. Despite the second complaint, vice officers haven't returned to Club Dallas.
— John Wright
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition December 31, 2010.


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This week in ANZ, individual states are passing laws for R18+, but not everyone's happy, and MCV explores the Wii U.
- The R18+ age rating is coming, whether the individual states like it or not, and the punishments for selling those games to minors are starting to be legislated. In Victoria, they include prison time.
- MCV looks at the other side of the coin to those who don't think R18+ is making real progress.
- Dick Smith begins a round of fire sales as the retailer teeters on the brink.
- Game Connect Asia-Pacific sells out completely.
- New Zealand is set to have its biggest launch party ever through GamePlanet, Xbox and EB Games for Halo 4.
- MCV considers Nintendo's wider strategy around the Wii U.
- We interview Turtle Beach about its Australian brand strategy.
To register for the MCV Pacific News Digest, head to the registration page: http://www.mcvpacific.com/user/index/register/journey/register


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Each year, in every NFL team's war room, the tension is palpable. Hearts pound. Palms sweat. Aspirin is handy. The 2012 Draft will be no different.
Choices made between now and April 26's first round, and then on to the last pick on April 28, will play a large role in determining which teams rise and which teams fall. And, in which coaches and general managers stay and which ones go.
There are many ways to build a professional football team. But no matter how many trades you make, no matter how many free agents you sign, the draft is always critical. A solid draft can quickly change a team's identity, for better or worse.
Teams that consistently draft well have the best chance to sustain success, to avoid long periods of futility. New York Giants GM Jerry Reese makes excellent draft-day decisions. Four of the Giants' first-round picks since 2007 have become starters — Jason Pierre-Paul (2010), Hakeem Nicks (2009), Kenny Phillips (2008) and Aaron Ross (2007). And, not coincidentally, the Giants have won two Super Bowls in that time.
Green Bay Packers GM Ted Thompson has also used the draft as his primary tool for building a championship team. The Packers team that won Super Bowl XLV was built largely with Thompson picks — Aaron Rodgers, Clay Matthews, Jordy Nelson, Nick Collins, A.J. Hawk, Daryn Colledge, Greg Jennings, James Jones, Desmond Bishop, Mason Crosby, James Starks, Josh Sitton, B.J. Raji and Bryan Bulaga.
— Best available: Quarterbacks | Running backs | Wide receivers | Tight ends
But here's the rub—and the most gut-wrenching part for those in charge of personnel: Luck plays a definite part in the process. Not Andrew Luck, but luck as in good fortune.
"Building a team is an imperfect process,'' says Thompson, recognized as one of the best at doing it. "We believe that drafting and developing is the best way to go, particularly in a salary cap-oriented system. However, in the right situations, free agency can really help you. Trades help. Bottom line is, no matter how you do it, sometimes you've got to get lucky."
Thompson isn't just being modest. He's being honest. Every offseason, we think we know which teams improved and which ones didn't. We declare who won big during free agency. We evaluate the draft and listen to experts grade how each team did.
Then the season starts, and we are always surprised.
The Philadelphia Eagles loaded up on big-name talent during free agency in 2011, bringing in Nnamdi Asomugha, Jason Babin, Cullen Jenkins and Vince Young, among others. Then the team flopped, finishing 8-8 and out of the playoffs.
Conversely, Reese was roasted last summer. The Giants signed no big-name free agents, made no blockbuster trades. They lost Steve Smith and Kevin Boss during free agency, while the Eagles were making headlines daily.
— Top 40 countdown: Prospects 5-9 | 10-14 | 15-19 | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-35 | 36-40
Yet when the season ended, the Giants were Super Bowl champs.
There's no way to know exactly how the decisions will pan out, but those teams that are consistently successful keep the misses to a minimum by remembering one thing: Big names don't always lead to big success.
"It would be great to look like you're really smart in the offseason and go out and make a lot of splashy moves,'' Reese says. "But our goal is to make good football decisions."
Those decisions are complex. All franchises have a team-building philosophy, but those philosophies differ. Some teams are more leery than others about signing players to huge free-agent contracts. Some teams put more emphasis on size, others on speed.
It was well known that the Oakland Raiders' late owner, Al Davis, had a need for speed, a fondness for players who were swift of foot.
Back in the early 1990s, former Dallas Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson believed in stockpiling picks, using them to build the nucleus of multiple Super Bowl winners.
Before the salary cap era, former Washington Redskins coach George Allen built a team that advanced to the Super Bowl by making multiple trades for veteran players. Allen eschewed the notion of building through the draft and planning for the long term, famously saying, "The future is now."
However, times changed, and the salary cap forces teams to spend and draft wisely or deal with the consequences. No matter how shrewdly teams manage the salary cap, they can't re-sign every player they would like. In the NFL, players constantly come and go. We see teams like the San Francisco 49ers go from also-rans to Super Bowl contenders in one season. We see young coaches like Raheem Morris go from leading the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to a 10-6 season in 2010 to being fired after 2011.
— Mock draft: Who gets called after Luck, Griffin?
In a league designed to create parity, teams like the Packers, Giants, New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Ravens have stuck to core principles that have paid off in recent years. The keys to franchise building in the NFL:
1. Get a franchise quarterback
Draft one, trade for one or get one in free agency. But you need a good quarterback to win a championship in today's pass-oriented NFL.
This offseason was reminder of what a quarterback can do for a team—and how feverishly teams chase them. The courtship of Peyton Manning before he chose the Denver Broncos generated enough buzz to make Kim Kardashian jealous. Helicopters tracked Manning's movements. Network programming was interrupted.
Love Tim Tebow as much as you want, but as executive vice president of football operations for the Broncos, John Elway made a bold decision. Elway was not convinced he could not win a championship with Tebow. So the Broncos went all-in on Manning.
The Redskins made an even bolder move, trading up to the No. 2 spot for the chance to draft Robert Griffin III. Some believe the Redskins gave the St. Louis Rams too much—the No. 6 overall pick and a second-round pick in 2012 and first-round picks in both 2013 and 2014. But if Griffin becomes a star, the price might look cheap in hindsight.
— Five GMs who are masters of the game
Top quarterbacks cover for a multitude of sins on the field. But they can also cover for personnel mistakes. Manning, Tom Brady or Aaron Rodgers will find a way to make players surrounding them perform better.
Case in point: the Colts' performance last season without Manning.
That's why more and more top quarterbacks control the draft. Luck and Griffin figure to be the top picks, and Ryan Tannehill's stock soared as the draft grew closer.
Tannehill "has everything you look for in a future franchise quarterback if you develop him properly and you're willing to be patient," ESPN draft analyst Todd McShay says. "You have a great quarterback, you win Super Bowls, and I think Tannehill has a chance."
We will see if that evaluation is accurate. But we don't have to wait to see that elite quarterback play goes a long way in determining the NFL's haves and have-nots.
2. Find quality deep in the draft
You can't hit on every pick. The key is to have more hits than misses, regardless of what round they come in.
Every pick is important, not just the ones at the top. The Packers and Giants struck gold with players drafted during later rounds, like Bishop (sixth round) and Giants running back Ahmad Bradshaw (seventh). The Patriots have most famously stolen Tom Brady (sixth), but they've also gotten Pro Bowlers in cornerback Asante Samuel (fourth), center Dan Koppen (fifth) and quarterback Matt Cassel (seventh). Among the Ravens steals: running back Le'Ron McClain and fullback Ovie Mughelli in the fourth round and Adalius Thomas in the sixth.
3. Develop undrafted gems
Players who were not drafted sometimes become Pro Bowl players, like Victor Cruz of the Giants or Arian Foster of the Houston Texans. A player like that can turn what looked like an average offseason into a great one.
— Plums plucked from undrafted free agents? There's a bushel
"Every year there's a guy that comes out of the shadows on different teams," Reese says. "That's the beauty of the personnel in scouting. Some guys like that fall through the cracks. You only have seven rounds."
At the draft's conclusion, teams quickly contact players who were not selected, hoping to hit on a long shot. Many scouts build reputations finding under-the-radar prospects that pan out. Recruiting also comes into play, perhaps convincing a player that he has a better chance to make your roster than someone else's.
"Once the draft ends, we've got lists, prioritized lists, based on who is available still," says Eric DeCosta, director of player personnel for the Ravens, who have considerable success finding undrafted gems. Linebacker Jameel McClain, for example, started the past two seasons. "I don't want to give up all our secrets, but we basically have guys who are in charge of certain positions and different ways we go about it. We really hit the phones."
4. Look for veterans on the trading block, particularly during the offseason
The Chicago Bears acquired quarterback Jay Cutler (in 2009) and wide receiver Brandon Marshall (this offseason) after they had fallen out of favor elsewhere. Cutler has become the franchise quarterback, and the Bears hope Marshall can provide become an elite target.
The Eagles had a void at linebacker last season and filled it by acquiring DeMeco Ryans from the Texans. A veteran who joins a new team often arrives motivated to prove something, either to his new teammates, his former team, or himself.
Before the 2007 season, Scott Pioli pulled off two blockbuster trades that propelled the Patriots to a perfect regular season. Pioli dealt a second-round and a seventh-round pick to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for wide receiver Wes Welker. Then on the second day of the draft, Pioli dealt a fourth-round pick to the Raiders for Randy Moss.
Talk about impact. Moss and Welker became Brady's two favorite targets, with Welker leading the league in receptions and Moss in touchdown catches. The Patriots rolled into the Super Bowl, largely because Pioli engineered two deals that helped change their offense dramatically.
5. Maneuver up and down the draft board
The Ravens, known for their drafting acumen, entered this year's draft having made at least one trade in every draft since 2001, including trading up in 2008 to get their franchise quarterback, Joe Flacco.
Before the draft, the Ravens go through a multitude of possible trade scenarios to lessen the potential of being surprised when on the clock.
"It's already prepared for,'' GM Ozzie Newsome says. "We make calls to teams ahead of us and behind us to alert them we have the potential to move.''
Despite the debate about how good Flacco is, the Ravens have made the playoffs every year he has been their quarterback. They have no regrets about taking him.
"You'll never see us trade up to get a player unless we think clearly he's by far the best player that's still there," DeCosta says.
And trading up and down gets easier the more you do it.
"When you start to get 'the itch,' which is what I call it, you make some phone calls," DeCosta says. "It's easy to start a dialogue when you've made a trade with another team. It happens quickly: Sometimes we'll be on the clock with one team and another team may call with a better deal. So it happens and you're never prepared for it 100 percent, but the big thing really is, who's the player that you're going up to get, and is he valuable enough for you to do that?"
6. Don't bank on free agency
The Eagles became a prime example last season. Their flurry of signings created sizzle but not success. When it was over, coach Andy Reid admitted that a free-agent bonanza, particularly coming off a lockout, probably wasn't the best way to go.
"There were a lot of moving parts last season," Reid said at the March owners meetings. "There are no excuses. We should have done better and come together sooner and gelled with more continuity and that type of thing sooner. I feel like it just took time for everybody to come together. By the time we did that it was too late."
Paying for big-name free agents isn't always a bad idea; a franchise must determine whether big spending is likely to lead to big success. When the Packers spent years ago for Reggie White, it was worth it. When the Redskins gave Albert Haynesworth a seven-year, $100 million contract in 2009, it was a major mistake.
Making the right choices in free agency can bring immediate dividends, but drafting well is a better way to sustain excellence. With free agents, it's difficult to separate what players have done from what they can do. A free agent in his mid to late 20s might have already had his best seasons.
The Buffalo Bills jumped headfirst into the free-agent pool this offseason, reeling in Mario Williams for big bucks — six years, $100 million. The Bills made plenty of poor decisions over the past decade—they haven't made the playoffs since 1999—but they're convinced this isn't one of them.
"When you're investing that kind of money, you have to make sure you're getting the right kind of person, as well as a guy that can go play," Bills coach Chan Gailey says. "He was that kind of person, that kind of player."
Thompson and the Packers made a rare dive into the free agency fray this offseason, signing center Jeff Saturday to a two-year deal. But that was a special case. The Packers had a specific need for a veteran center after Scott Wells signed with the Rams. As contenders running a complex offense, the Packers wanted an experienced center, and Saturday fit the bill.
"We approach free agency as a place where you augment your team, but you go carefully,'' Thompson says.
The Bills went a different route, believing that signing Williams was worth the big money. The 49ers hope signing Randy Moss helps them reach a Super Bowl. The Buccaneers look a lot better after signing wide receiver Vincent Jackson, guard Carl Nicks and cornerback Eric Wright.
Everyone is eager to see how all the moves will play out.
Greg Schiano has been the Buccaneers' coach for a few months, but he knows that building a contender is a fragile and complex process. He also knows he can't take too long.
"It's such a fine line in this league between winning and losing," Schiano says. "It is in college too, but it's much finer here. The talent level is closer. This is a win-now league — believe me, I got that memo."


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As we welcome friends and family into our sukkot, 48.8 million Americans struggle to put nutritious food on the table. Will we, this Sukkot, share our bounty with our hungry neighbors?
Sukkot is magic. Each fall, after the solemn pageantry of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, my childhood synagogue was transformed for Sukkot. The readers' table and the Torah scrolls remained dressed in white velvet, but the bimah came alive with colors and textures.
Every year, a sukkah appeared, decorated with garlands of cranberries and popcorn, paper chains and hanging apples.
And we, the children, came with offerings: canned goods in cardboard boxes. I was dazzled by the colors and the sparkle, and danced with delight in our procession to the altar, singing "Sukkos time is thank you time for all the fruits and vegetables."
As an adult, I have discovered the joy of building a sukkah, first in the yard of a tiny graduate student home in Waltham, Mass., and years later, on the deck of my Center City home. Yet I know now that tzman simchatenu: The season of our joy, this holiday of ingathering, is not a time of joy for all. As we welcome friends and family into our sukkot, 48.8 million Americans struggle to put nutritious food on the table. More Americans lack sufficient food than the entire population of Canada. Will we, this Sukkot, share our bounty with our hungry neighbors?
"Adonai, Adonai, El rachum v'Chanun: God, our God, Compassionate and Gracious … " These words begin "The Thirteen Attributes of Mercy" that appear in the Torah portion we read on this Shabbat. These words are so beloved that they have become a part of the liturgy for Selichot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and for each of the pilgrimage festivals, Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot. The rabbis who ensured that the words would be remembered, however, did not quote them in their entirety.
On this Shabbat Sukkot, we read these words in context, not only as a powerful and evocative incantation. Two chapters earlier, our ancestors, impatient with Moses' absence, decide to create a god for themselves. They collect and melt down their jewelry and create a shimmering golden calf. Moses returns from Mount Sinai with the commandments, sees the peoples' frenzied adoration and shatters the tablets in rage.
The next day, Moses begs God for the peoples' forgiveness, and God tells Moses to return to the mountain and to carve two more tablets. When Moses descends, the Holy One says, I am a loving and forgiving God "yet not remitting all punishment, but visiting the iniquity of parents upon children and children's children, upon the third and fourth generations."
Is our blindness to our neighbors' hunger a sin for which our children will suffer? Abigail Pogrebin asks, "Is apathy inherited? Is inaction passed on from generation to generation?" If there were 100 people in the world, 15 of them would be undernourished. As Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel teaches, "Some are guilty; all are responsible."
At this season of abundance, let each of us remember that we are among a very privileged minority. We are responsible not only to share our joy, but our bounty with our neighbors. May we, in this new year, open our eyes to the millions who are hungry. May our children not suffer for our inactivity or our blindness.
Rabbi Sue Levi Elwell, Ph.D., serves as rabbi for the East District of the Union for Reform Judaism. Email her at: [email protected] Mazon.org is a Jewish Response to Hunger; AJWS.org fights hunger, disease and poverty in the developing world.


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IT'S UNDENIABLE that trees must be harvested so that people can have pencils--and two-by-fours, gymnasium floors and picket fences. Logging happens. But how many woodland creatures may have suffered habitat loss in the making of that pencil you're using?
That may sound like a silly question to many people, but some furniture makers, hardware chains, and yes, even pencil manufacturers are now pondering such things. As they do, the concept of "green" lumber and other earth-friendly forest products is gaining visibility and clout in the marketplace. Home Depot, the world's largest home-improvement chain, for example, has announced a preference for selling wood that is officially "certified" as having come from trees that were harvested responsibly. And some timber companies around the country are starting to supply what the market is demanding.
"Five or six years ago, the debate was, 'Is this just a fad, or is this going to be a requirement for doing business?'" says David Ford, president of Metafore, a nonprofit group that helps bring distributors and buyers together. "That debate is over. There's no question today that forest-products companies, at the global scale, see that certification is a necessity for them to do business in the future."
MAKING A POINT: Currently, about nine million acres of U.S. forests have been certified as well-managed under guidelines established by the international Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Though still far from ubiquitous, the wood harvested from such forests is increasingly finding its way into a wide range of products. Dixon Ticonderoga, for example, now sells a line of Number 2 pencils made with certified wood, while The Home Depot sells lumber and other goods bearing the FSC logo (above, on a two-by-four at a Habitat for Humanity project in Atlanta).
Photo by FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL--US
A forest is "a damp and intricate wilderness," Thoreau wrote. Loggers who harvest timber carelessly can destroy the delicate, tree-shaded habitats of a host of wildlife species. "Here in the Northeast, we know of at least 85 forest-dependent birds and mammals, on top of a myriad of plants and microorganisms," says Eric Palola, director of NWF's Northeast Natural Resource Center in Vermont. "So the question of how forests are managed is very real to us."
Certifying wood is a way to help assure people that the wood products they buy come from well-managed forests. The whole idea is market-based, not regulatory, which is why profit-hunting corporate executives and environmentalists are able to share an interest in it. Certification is voluntary. The owners of a managed forest invite a team of accredited outside experts to do a thorough, sometimes painful inspection of their operations. Are clear-cuts and pesticides used sparingly? Are creeks and wetlands left undamaged? Is the local community included in decision-making that affects its welfare? If the forestry operation racks up enough "yeses," it earns the right to label its products as certified for a five-year period (during which it is audited annually by certifiers). Once that period is over, the operation is subject to a reassessment of its procedures.
The principal body that decides which practices pass muster and which do not is a relatively new international organization called the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Headquartered in Bonn, Germany, FSC was founded in 1993 by an improbably diverse collection of people--conservationists, foresters, timber-company executives and representatives of indigenous peoples around the world, among others--and is supported by a who's who of environmental organizations (including the NWF). In the United States, FSC's funding comes primarily from private foundations.
"A lot of this was originally driven by public concern about tropical timber," says Michael Washburn, vice president for forestry in the U.S. office of the FSC in Washington, D.C. "But most certified forests so far are temperate, not tropical." All of them are managed for timber harvesting; none are wilderness areas. In the United States, he adds, "we currently have nine million acres under FSC certification--that's a pretty big number." A lot bigger than ten years ago, when the number was zero, but still a small fraction of 700 million, which he estimates is the total acreage of forested land in this country.
Though sales of "green" timber continue to grow, less than 5 percent of the wood currently on the market in the United States is FSC-certified. Most consumers, many builders and even some employees at companies that sell certified wood products are still unfamiliar with the idea. "It is akin to organic vegetables," Washburn says. "It took awhile for people who wanted organic food to know that it was available. Now there's a market where people consistently produce it and other people consistently buy it."
While it may be far from ubiquitous as yet, certified wood has been used recently in a number of high-profile green structures. A 21,000-square-foot wall in the new international terminal at the San Francisco airport was built entirely of certified cherry from Pennsylvania. In Vermont, Middlebury College used $300,000 worth of certified local wood for wall paneling and architectural millwork in creating its new Bicentennial Hall. At the other extreme of scale, Dixon Ticonderoga now sells a line of Number 2 pencils that are made of certified wood.
The wood in one of Gibson Guitar Corporation's high-end electric guitars, the Les Paul SmartWood Studio Exotic, is all FSC-certified. The mahogany looks no different from ordinary mahogany (physically, certified wood isn't distinctive), but musicians can rest assured that their guitar purchase didn't contribute to the destruction of a Third World rain forest, however indirectly. According to Gibson's CEO Henry Juszkiewicz: "Our long-term goal is not just to promote certified-wood guitars as something special. In fact, it is just the opposite--to bring our industry to a point where certified-wood guitars are nothing special at all, where the use of certified wood is standard procedure."
Niche marketing like Gibson's has won both the guitar-maker and FSC valuable publicity. Still, only companies that buy certified wood by the trainload--and do so regularly--can boost demand significantly enough to ratchet up the amount the forest industry supplies.
WILDLIFE FRIENDLY: The privately owned certified forest in New Hampshire where these trees are growing (above) provides habitat for dozens of species, including the red-bellied woodpecker and black bear. "Here in the Northeast," says one conservationist, "we know of at least 85 forest-dependent birds and mammals, on top of myriad plants and microorganisms."
Photo by ALAN BRIERE
Corporate heavyweights that now buy FSC-certified wood--when they can find it, that is--include not only Home Depot but also furniture giants IKEA and Knoll, Inc., and the Andersen Corporation, maker of Andersen Windows. "Certification is good for companies that are risk-averse," says the FSC's Washburn. "They're less likely to have protesters camp out at their door, and they're not getting editorials in the local paper criticizing their latest clear-cut."
Before the FSC was formed, what responsible forestry looked like was a matter of opinion. "There were no formal standards," says Bob Beer, forestry director of SmartWood, the world's most extensive forest-certification program operated by the New York City-based Rainforest Alliance. SmartWood is the nonprofit group the FSC has authorized to do field inspections of forest management operations. The FSC itself sets the standards but does not do inspections. (Certification on the U.S. West Coast is conducted by the for-profit operation Scientific Certification Systems in Oregon.) Says Beer, "In the 1980s, someone could say, 'I have a well-managed forest. I never cut a tree.' Someone else could say, 'I have a well-managed forest, too. I'm cutting down every single tree as fast as it grows.' To him, a forest is well managed if you don't waste any wood--you make sure you take it all."
Differences of opinion remain about what constitutes good forestry. Few forest-products giants such as Weyerhauser and the International Paper Company have applied for FSC certification for their huge, so-called industrial forests. Instead, they follow the standards of a certification scheme known as the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, which are less stringent than the FSC's.
"In a forestry school 20 years ago, the training centered around timber," says Washburn, who has taught forestry at Yale and the University of Pennsylvania. "Today, you learn to produce timber but also to pay attention to other values in your forest, like plant and animal diversity."
Among forest managers in this country, FSC has been most successful so far with forest owners who already tend to be green-minded (including states where voters also tend to be green-minded; all of the state forests in Pennsylvania and New York are FSC-certified, as well as much of Maine's). In the Northeast, the largest private forest certified by FSC to date is a nearly one-million-acre expanse in Maine managed by the Seven Islands Land Company, based in Bangor.
BUYING POWER: Homeowners that opt for products made from certified wood know that their purchases did not contribute to the destruction of tropical rain forests. This kitchen includes floor, ceiling and cabinet products that are now available in wood taken from sustainably managed forests.
Photo by FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL--US
Because the company manages such a huge forest, he says, the public has often lumped it in with the state's pulp and paper companies, which have checkered reputations. "Certification is a way for us to differentiate ourselves," says Seven Islands Vice President John McNulty. The company has always taken a long-term approach to forestry, cutting trees based on its woodlands' carrying capacity, not on its sawmill's wood-cutting capacity. FSC certification, he notes, is an unbiased, third-party judgment to demonstrate to the public that the company is trying to behave responsibly.
A more concrete reason that forestry companies such as Seven Islands--and, out West, California's Collins Companies and Mendocino Redwood Company, among others--applied for FSC certification in the first place was to earn a "green premium": charging buyers a little extra because the wood they sell is FSC-certified. Unfortunately, green premiums so far have been elusive.
"Retailers who have tested the waters, including businesses such as gardening centers whose customers you'd expect to be open to the idea, say people don't want to pay a premium for certified wood," notes Lloyd Irland, a forestry consultant in Maine. As for wholesale buyers, some, such as Andersen Windows, may pay more for certified wood, but they've been reluctant to pass that extra cost along to the consumer.
Part of the problem of making certified wood pay off is that, like organic tomatoes 30 years ago, it is not always available when you want it. Most certified wood, in fact, winds up in uncertified products. That's because wood flows are influenced by the expense of transportation and storage, and often it is more efficient for an operation to sell certified logs to a noncertified company than to wait for certified demand. Experts expect that situation to change as the number of companies certified for so-called chain of custody increases (currently there are nearly 500 such companies in this country).
"Chain of custody," says David Ford, "tracks the wood from a tree through each step of manufacturing until it gets to the end product, whether it's a two-by-four, a pencil or a piece of furniture. The theory is: When you buy a wood product, you should be able to trace it to the forest it came from." It will take time for these pieces to link up smoothly, he says, but they will.
To boost awareness of and demand for the wood it certifies, the FSC has been promoting its own consumer-friendly logo with full-page ads featuring Pierce Brosnan and Jennifer Lopez. FSC partners, such as NWF and its affiliate, the Natural Resources Council of Maine, also are mounting educational campaigns that focus on the added value certification brings to forest ecosystems. Other efforts are aimed at the most influential wood buyers: bulk purchasers and specifiers such as architects and builders.
Earlier this year, The Home Depot, which has seen its annual sales of FSC-certified wood products grow considerably in the past four years, reported that it can now track 9,000 such products back to their sources. But the system is not perfect.
Not long ago, as a consultant, Ford sat in on meetings where Home Depot executives quizzed various wood-product vendors in turn about such facts as where their wood comes from. One vendor, Ford recalls, "didn't know how to answer that question. He looked around and finally said with a sheepish look, 'It comes from--the loading dock?'" The man knew his business, Ford says, and his company had good environmental programs in place, from recycling to handling of toxics. But no one in his firm was paying attention to how the wood in the products it made had been harvested.
Now, prodded by the FSC, companies of all kinds are starting to pay more attention. "Certification is raising awareness," Ford says. "It's getting businesses that are making purchasing decisions to ask the question, 'Where's the wood coming from?' It's hard to believe that ten years ago people weren't asking that question."
Doug Stewart profiled bird-guide author David Sibley in the April/May issue.
NWF is working to help create a marketplace where consumers and industries recognize forest management practices that protect water quality and ecosystems under the lead of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). "FSC-certified forests have demonstrated forests can be managed to protect habitat while also contributing to healthy wood products economies," says Stacy Brown, certification coordinator at NWF's Northeast Natural Resource Center.
Partnering with the FSC-accredited SmartWood program, NWF has coordinated evaluations on 1.2 million forested acres in New England and New York.
NWF staff has also helped develop new FSC procedures to aid small landowners and small scale woodworkers. NWF's Campus Ecology program has stimulated college purchasing agents to look for FSC wood and paper products. And NWF's Globalization and Environment program is working to ensure World Trade Organization rules provide flexibility to allow producers and consumers to use labels and certification. Look for FSC logos in stores or find store locations where FSC-certified products are available at www.fscoax.org and www.certifiedwood.org.


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5th EdCampOKC Coming to Del City High School March 4, 2017
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Scratch Day in Oklahoma City on Saturday, May 14, 2016
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Scratch Camp Facilitator Workshop (April 2016)
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Presentations on Creativity, 3D Printing, Digital Sharing and More
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Podcast433: Sharing Student Work Online (October 2015)
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TEDx Video Conversation Night
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July 11, 2015: Student Journalism / Storychaser Club 101 Workshop
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Clear Signs of Digitally Connected School Leaders
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Spots Still Available for Google Summit in OKC: Feb 21-22
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Jessie Oleson (aka Cakespy) drops by every week to share a delicious dessert recipe. —The Mgmt.
Get the Recipe
Guess what? Tomorrow (May 8) is National Coconut Cream Pie Day.
Clearly, this is an appropriate occasion to eat your weight in coconut cream pie. But why stop there? Why can't whoopie pies come to the party, too?
True: traditional whoopie pies are not pie at all—rather, they are cake-like cookies with frosting sandwiched in between. But in the case of the Coconut Cream Whoopie Pie, you can have your cake and eat your pie, too. The rich filling is sort of like a mix between coconut frosting and cream pie filling.
Moreover, these sweet sandwiches are like eating the delicious intersection between sugar cookies, coconut cake, and coconut cream pie in one delectable form—that is to say, an absolutely appropriate food to celebrate this red-letter calendar day.
Get the Recipe
About the author: Jessie Oleson is a writer, illustrator, gallery owner, and cake anthropologist who runs Cakespy, an award-winning dessert website. Her first book came out in October 2011; she is currently at work on her second book.


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Controversial. Unforgettable. Annual. These are merely three of the words that have frequently described popular music's most uproarious night of the year, the MTV Video Music Awards. With the 30th installment coming up on Sunday, August, 25 and emanating for the first time from Brooklyn, it's only fitting since the Moonman's launching pad is in one of Hip Hop's dominant boroughs that we look back at Hip Hop's history at the VMA's.
Hip Hop has had a presence at the Video Music Awards since the very first show back in 1984. There, Herbie Hancock's groundbreaking "Rockit" (which featured the then avant-garde practice of record scratching) video lead the night in terms of honors, taking home five Moonmen—two more than Michael Jackson's "Thriller." The next year, Run-DMC opened the show, explaining the process of how the awards were voted on, making them the first Hip Hop VMA performance. Despite this, it wouldn't be until 1987 that a Rap video was nominated for a Video Music Award as their clip, "Walk This Way" lost in both "Best Stage Performance" and "Best Overall Performance" to Bon Jovi's "Living on a Prayer" and Peter Gabriel's "Sledgehammer" respectively. The next year the Fat Boys were joined by Chubby Checker to perform "The Twist," and the live Hip Hop performance became a VMA staple.
Get It Started: MTV's First Best Rap Video Award
The year 1989 saw the very first "Best Rap Video" award, presented by Fab 5 Freddy and Neneh Cherry given out as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince's "Parents Just Don't Understand" beat out Ice-T's "Colors," Kool Moe Dee's "How Ya Like Me Now," MC Hammer's "Turn This Mutha Out" and the night's sole live Hip Hop performer Tone Loc's "Wild Thing," to take home the inaugural Hip Hop Moonman. The '90s began with MC Hammer breaking the Rap parameters and being the first Hip Hop video nominated under multiple categories, as his iconic "U Can't Touch This" clip racked up five nominations and took home "Best Rap Video" and "Best Dance Video."
That same evening, MC Hammer's performance of "U Can't Touch This" effectively stole the show, further cementing the Awards' Hip Hop performances as one of the show's greatest attractions. Years later, Snoop Dogg's 1994 performance of "Murder Was The Case" not only graced the MTV airwaves with some of its most vivid, unforgettable imagery the network had ever broadcast, but carried over into the real life drama of evading arrest under suspicion of murder charges. But after death comes eternal life, as Bone Thugs-N-Harmony lit up the stage in 1996 with a career-defining performance of their monster hit "Tha Crossroads." They left the award show empty-handed, losing in all five nominated categories.
Born Into The '90s: Bad Boy, Bone, Busta Rhymes & More
The late '90s saw Hip Hop become not only one of the most visible presences at the awards, but was responsible for some of the most memorable images both good and bad. Of course, 1997 was the year that saw the Bad Boy Family memorialize Biggie with the iconic Sting-assisted tribute "I'll Be Missing You," Busta Rhymes presented an award with Martha Stewart, and the first ladies of Hip Hop assembled for an extravagant performance of "Not Tonight (Ladies Night Remix)," highlighted by Da Brat rapping on a chariot. The very next year gave us the No Limit Soldiers making us say "Ugh," Canibus in full silver body paint and ODB almost being blown up by on-stage pyrotechnics during Pras and Mya's "Ghetto Superstar." The millennium ended with the Run-DMC/Aerosmith/Kid Rock revisiting of "Walk This Way," the Beastie Boys winning the coveted Video Vanguard Award and Lauryn Hill taking home the night's top honors for "Video of the Year."
But while the final awards of the '90s featured the unforgettable first public meeting of Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur and Biggie's mother Voletta Wallace, the next decade of VMAs would be most notable for the constant conflict. Between the 50 Cent and Fat Joe kerfuffle at the 2005 Awards, Kanye West and Lil Mama jumping on-stage at the most inappropriate times in 2009 and Eminem getting into a shoving match with comedian/hand-puppet Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog in 2002 (really, the only people Eminem seemed to ever get along with at these Awards were the Eminem clones that accompanied him for his 2000 "The Real Slim Shady" performance) the novelty of Hip Hop's biggest stars under a formally informal roof predominantly lent itself to confrontation and controversy.
Bigger And Deffer: Hip Hop & The Future Of MTV's Video Music Awards
Recent years have seen Hip Hop return to being one of the night's most anticipated highlights. Kanye West began his road to redemption on the way to My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy with his performance of "Runaway" in 2010—a year also memorable for will.i.am's all-black jumpsuit attire becoming among the most bizarre get-ups in the show's history. It's a fashion choice that can only be described as Canibus-esqe. According to MTV and Nielsen, 2011 served as the most watched Video Music Awards ever, giving us the genuinely touching moment of Odd Future's Tyler, the Creator winning the Best New Artist award and giving one of the most heartfelt speeches in the show's history. While last year's show was most memorable for host Kevin Hart pitching 2 Chainz the idea of wearing three chains and Young Money's reaction shots, MTV seems to be pulling out all the stops for the show's return to New York this year at the Barclay Center. Here's to 30 more years of hip-hop shining on MTV's biggest platform.
Chaz Kangas is a freelance journalist covering music, film and pop culture's highbrow and low-brow. He's contributed to the New York Times, Village Voice, LA Weekly, Citypages and Complex among others. Originally from Minneapolis, MN but currently residing in Harlem, NY, he's also guest-lectured at Sarah Lawrence College and Fairfield University and is currently co-authoring R.A. the Rugged Man's autobiography. You can follow him on twitter @ChazRaps


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The whole goal of the blog is to have smart, clean and thoughtful discussion about Oklahoma City Thunder basketball. For some of you, I realize that is impossible. You've made it your goal in life to stop by, say something horribly inappropriate, click "submit" and be strangely proud of yourself.
1. No profanity. If you wouldn't say it in front of your grandmother, don't say it here. If you have any question about a specific word, don't write it. It's probably bad. Also no pseudo-swears — using symbols (#$&%) or putting an asterisk (*) in the middle of the word aren't acceptable. I don't care how much cursing is part of your everyday life. If you want to comment, you won't do it. This should be a place all ages can enjoy. I'm not going to list all the offensive words that aren't acceptable, so use your judgment. If you didn't hear it in Toy Story, it's not going to fly.
2. Like every other conversation site on the planet there will be no obviously offensive comments based on race, orientation, religion and anything else in that realm. (For the most part) this blog is about basketball, so check your politics at the door. And your hate.
3. As Dave from Blazer's Edge says, don't be THAT GUY. Write in complete sentences. Maybe proof your comment once. Don't use unfair and confrontational tones. I realize we all have opinions on lots of things, but as long as you're being fair and not arrogant or abusive, everything is good. If you think you're the authority on everything, start your own blog and write your obviously correct opinions there.
4. Absolutely no personal attacks on other commenters or writers. If someone misspelled something or forgot a comma, don't go grammar police and point out everything and disregard anything they said based on that fact alone. We're all our own editors. People make mistakes. If somebody thinks Earl Watson should be an All-Star, don't call them a moron — call them a moron and explain WHY. Not really, just disagree, make your point and move on. Instead of saying, "You idiot, Kyle Weaver could never be an All-Star," say instead, "Kyle Weaver could never be an All-Star." It's actually pretty simple to be nice.
5. We're writing and talking about a GAME that grown men play in shorts and tanktops, not things that are actually really, really important. Remember that.
If you can't follow these simple guidelines that every other team blog has established, then find another one that allows it. If you want to cuss OKC, talk about our dust and tepees or make fun of our intelligence, start your own message board. This place is supposed to be about Thunder basketball. It's meant to be a place to encourage lively discussion about OKC basketball and a place to read somebody's thoughts on the team. We're all here to have fun. Try to — in the cleanest way possible. Please don't make me waste my life screening every single comment. We're all adults. Let's all try and act like it.


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My cart is empty.
4711, was created by Muehlens for Men and Women in 1792. It is the result of the following top fragrance Notes: bergamot, lemon and orange. The middle notes are: rosemary and rose and the base of the fragrance is: musk, petitgrain and neroli. 4711 is recommended for casual and sport use.
Release Year:
Bergamot, lemon and orange, rosemary, rose, musk, petitgrain and neroli.
America's Largest Fragrance Retailer Perfumania specializes in the sale of genuine designer fragrances, bath and body, cosmetics, skin care products and related gifts and accessories for men, women and children.


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"Nijmegen has emerged to become not only a leading retinal research center in Europe, but an international pioneer in retinal science, as well. They have been responsible for the discovery of 18 retinal-disease-causing genes, as well as determining why defects in cilia, tiny tube-like structures in photoreceptors, are a common link to a broad range of vision-robbing retinal diseases," says Stephen Rose, Ph.D., chief research officer, Foundation Fighting Blindness. "Nijmegen has also established an outstanding clinical operation for launching human studies for treatments like gene therapy."
Dr. Frans Cremers, the Nijmegen Center Grant coordinator, says that one of his team's goals is to identify and characterize all people in The Netherlands who are affected by an inherited retinal disease. "The Center Grant funding will also strengthen our collaborative genetic research efforts across Europe, Canada, and the U.S., as well as our endeavor to facilitate genetic research for retinal diseases in Pakistan and Indonesia."
Dr. Rose adds that finding disease-causing genes in European and Asian populations can provide a big boost to researchers and patients in the U.S., because so many Americans have these ancestries. "The U.S. is a genetic melting pot, so it is imperative that we cast a wide, international net when searching for new genes," he says.
Nijmegen's Center Grant will include support for:
- Identifying new retinal-disease genes — including those that cause conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration — through the use of next-generation genetic discovery technologies.
- Developing a better understanding of retinal ciliopathies — including conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome — in which the transport of proteins critical to vision and photoreceptor health are compromised.
- Enhancing retinal imaging technologies to select and follow patients for future Leber congenital amaurosis (CEP290 mutations) and Stargardt disease gene therapy clinical trials.
Officially known as the Radboud University Nijmegen Research Center for Studying Retinal Degenerative Diseases, the new Foundation Fighting Blindness Center Grant is supporting the following investigators: Drs. Frans Cremers, Anneke den Hollander, Hannie Kremer, Ronald Roepman, and Thomas Theelen. Co-investigators are: Drs. Rob Collin, Carel Hoyng, Jeroen Klevering, and Erwin van Wijk.
About the Foundation Fighting Blindness
The Foundation Fighting Blindness is a national nonprofit driving blindness research that will lead to preventions, treatments and cures for retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome and the entire spectrum of retinal degenerative diseases that affect more than 10 million Americans. In its 40-year history, the Foundation has raised more than $425 million as the leading non-governmental funder of retinal research. With a network of 50 chapters, the Foundation also provides free disease information and low vision resources to affected individuals and their families. Most recently, a breakthrough Foundation-funded study using gene therapy restored significant vision in children and young adults who were previously blind, paving the way for using this method to treat a wide variety of retinal degenerative diseases, and proving a cure is in sight.


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This month in Saul's Shop Talk, we paid a visit to Energy Suspension in San Clemente, CA. This top-notch company has been in the bushing business for years. They make several items, including body mounts, bump stops, control arm bushings, and even tie rod and ball joint boots, just to name a few. Energy Suspension is also known for their chrome motor and transmission mounts, which always seem to find their way into our Lowriders!
Energy Suspension has been in business for over 25 years, specializing and becoming a staple in polyurethane manufacturing, and gaining a reputation as the most requested name in performance polyurethane components today. The company prides itself in their innovations in polyurethane, and their consistently well-built products continue to amaze the people who work with them. The complex and diverse nature of Energy's proprietary material requires their chemists to dedicate their constant attention to development, and the end results always leave consumers happy.
With over two decades of in-house experience in engineering and formulating a wide selection of polyurethane components for many different industries, Energy Suspension is quite simply the premier manufacturer of the highest quality polyurethane products available today. Now follow along, as we take a tour of the Energy Suspension plant and grab a set of motor mounts and bushings for one of our upcoming projects.


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Welcome to the PLUS Program
Initiated in 1983, the Muskingum University PLUS Program continues a tradition of individual attention to all students that is reflective of the University mission. The small and caring PLUS Program environment enhances the possibility for student success and is an ideal setting to provide an appropriate support structure to meet the academic needs of qualified students with learning differences, such as AD/HD and/or specific learning differences that may manifest in the areas of reading, writing, speaking and/or math, memory, fluency, or processing speed, among others.
The PLUS Program has become distinctive in higher education by providing to students Embedded Learning Strategy instruction blended with a Learning Conversation approach. This approach emphasizes the development of lifelong learning skills and equips the students with tools to know how to best learn in a variety of contexts that they will likely encounter while at Muskingum and during other life pursuits beyond their academic career.
Course requirements and graduation requirements are not compromised for PLUS students. PLUS students are required to complete the same course and graduation requirements as other students at Muskingum University. However, PLUS students have the opportunity to take a reduced course load of 10 credit hours per semester, compared to 12 to 15 for most other students, to allow time for tutorial contacts and to maximize potential for success in courses. PLUS students may take courses during the summer at Muskingum or elsewhere to compensate for the reduced course load during the fall and spring semesters, or they may choose to take additional semesters to complete degree requirements.
An important goal of the PLUS Program is to help students explore and understand how they learn and how their particular combinations of learning strengths and challenges uniquely manifest and impact diverse situations at school. Students are invited to gain knowledge about, and acquire language with which to talk about their learning, and explore proven educational tools with which to manage their learning. These goals, combined with assisting students with uncovering their strengths and passions in an appreciative environment reinforce self-confidence and build skills so that students are propelled towards their academic goals.
The small, closely knit university environment where students, faculty, and staff work together can aid students in managing stress, becoming more self-assertive and developing skills to learn more effectively in a variety of contexts throughout their lifetimes.
Two levels of PLUS services provide students with options for support as they move towards self-direction and greater acceptance of responsibility for managing lifetime learning, and as their confidence increases and they realize and build upon their successes.
Additional information may be obtained from the PLUS Program by phone at 740-826-8280, by e-mail at email@example.com, or by mail at Walter Hall, Muskingum University, New Concord, Ohio 43762-1199.
If you are looking for information on ADA Accommodations only, please visit the Disability Education Office's website.


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§ 404.1503. Who makes disability and blindness determinations.
(a) State agencies. State agencies make disability and blindness determinations for the Commissioner for most persons living in the State. State agencies make these disability and blindness determinations under regulations containing performance standards and other administrative requirements relating to the disability and blindness determination function. States have the option of turning the function over to the Federal Government if they no longer want to make disability determinations. Also, the Commissioner may take the function away from any State which has substantially failed to make disability and blindness determinations in accordance with these regulations. Subpart Q of this part contains the rules the States must follow in making disability and blindness determinations.
(b) Social Security Administration. The Social Security Administration will make disability and blindness determinations for—
(1) Any person living in a State which is not making for the Commissioner any disability and blindness determinations or which is not making those determinations for the class of claimants to which that person belongs; and
(2) Any person living outside the United States.
(c) What determinations are authorized. The Commissioner has authorized the State agencies and the Social Security Administration to make determinations about—
(1) Whether you are disabled or blind;
(2) The date your disability or blindness began; and
(3) The date your disability or blindness stopped.
(d) Review of State Agency determinations. On review of a State agency determination or redetermination of disability or blindness we may find that—
(1) You are, or are not, disabled or blind, regardless of what the State agency found;
(2) Your disability or blindness began earlier or later than the date found by the State agency; and
(3) Your disability or blindness stopped earlier or later than the date found by the State agency.
(e) Initial determinations for mental impairments. An initial determination by a State agency or the Social Security Administration that you are not disabled (or a Social Security Administration review of a State agency's initial determination), in any case where there is evidence which indicates the existence of a mental impairment, will be made only after every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that a qualified psychiatrist or psychologist has completed the medical portion of the case review and any applicable residual functional capacity assessment. If the services of qualified psychiatrists or psychologists cannot be obtained because of impediments at the State level, the Commissioner may contract directly for the services. In a case where there is evidence of mental and nonmental impairments and a qualified psychologist serves as a psychological consultant, the psychologist will evaluate only the mental impairment, and a physician will evaluate the nonmental impairment.
[46 FR 29204, May 29, 1981, as amended at 52 FR 33926, Sept. 9, 1987; 62 FR 38451, July 18, 1997; 65 FR 34957, June 1, 2000; 71 FR 16443, Mar. 31, 2006; 72 FR 51177, Sept. 6, 2007]