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A Plowboy Interview with Professor Bruce McDuffie, a chemistry professor at the State University of New York at Binghamton and his discovery of .75 parts per million of mercury in cans of tuna taken from supermarket shelves.
A Plowboy Interview with professor Bruce McDuffie.
Photo by John G. McDuffie
A Plowboy Interview with Professor Bruce McDuffie and his discovery of excess mercury in supermarket canned tuna.
In the late fall of 1970, Bruce McDuffie — a chemistry professor at the State University of New York at Binghamton threw a large flap into the fishing industry with his discovery of .75 parts per million of mercury in cans of tuna taken from supermarket shelves. This level of mercury — an element that can cause blindness, crippling and death when eaten ill minute quantities — exceeds, by 50%, the limits supposedly allowed by the Food and Drug Administration and — quite naturally — made headlines all over the world.
Professor McDuffie's announcement, shortly thereafter, of finding even higher concentrations of mercury in swordfish rattled the FDA, the public and the fishing fleet even further and the two reports — confirmed by the FDA — caused the withdrawal of hundreds of thousands of dollars of tuna and swordfish from the market.
High levels of mercury have since been found in many other seafoods — both fresh and salt water — and the problem promises to be with us for years. Hal Smith recently asked Professor McDuffie to comment on his findings, the dangers of eating tuna and the future of the fishing industry.
Why is mercury pollution dangerous?
Mercury is a toxic element not known to be necessary for life. In fact, it can be lethal. Mercury has long been used in scientific experiments to kill bacteria, interfere with certain types of enzymes and that sort of thing. It can be a very toxic substance in the body.
Short of causing death, what damage can it do?
Well that depends on the type of mercury. There are several different forms of mercury in the environment. One is the element itself: the vapor from the metal. This vapor can be inhaled and absorbed and then it does about the same as inorganic mercury, mercury salts.
There are also organic forms of the element. One type that has been used a lot as a fungicide is phenyl mercury. The body absorbs this organic form of mercury pretty completely . . . but once in the body it acts more like inorganic mercury methylmercury — the most dangerous form.
Methylmercury is formed in lake bottoms and has been used to treat seeds. Once it gets into food, this substance is almost completely absorbed by the body. Once absorbed, methylmercury has the ability to penetrate the central nervous system, the brain. It tends to be more concentrated in the brain than other parts of the body and it tends to do irreversible damage. So the most dangerous form of mercury pollution for man is methylmercury.
Unfortunately, inorganic mercury may be changing to methylmercury in the aquatic environment. Certainly the mercury in tuna and swordfish is predominantly — if not 100% — methylmercury so we are dealing, in the food we eat, with the most hazardous form.
Your discovery seemed to surprise many oceanographers, chemists and ecologists. Why?
It's hard to realize now how hung-up we were on the notion that only the fresh waters had a mercury problem. I am a relative newcomer to the problem myself and it wasn't until last spring — when high concentrations of mercury were discovered in the Great Lakes fish and in the St. Clair River near Detroit — that I realized how much harm mercury was doing to some of the country's lakes and rivers: Then people began finding fish with more than .5 parts per million (ppm) in rivers and lakes around the country . . . from Maine to Alabama. And so we all sort of had the notion that it would be a problem caused by acute pollution in a small ecosystem like a river or a lake.
To then discover these relatively high concentrations of mercury in ocean fish . . . well, it surprised everybody because the first thought was, "My God, have we polluted the oceans?"
Well, we know that we have polluted the oceans because things like DDT — or its metabolic products — are man-made and do not exist in nature yet they are found in the middle of the ocean and pollute the birds and fish there. Now, the mercury in ocean fish may be largely from natural sources but we definitely have put mercury into the ocean and no one yet knows exactly to what extent we've changed the concentration there . . . but we have certainly added to whatever nature is putting in.
You found that cat foods containing tuna were less contaminated than tuna sold for human consumption. Also some cheaper brands of regular tuna had higher concentrations. Why?
It just happened that the first can I analyzed was the cheapest brand on the shelf in a chain store. It's probably been established — subsequently — that high concentrations . . . of mercury are found also in the more expensive brands. I don't think there's any correlation between price and mercury content.
As for the cat food, I did check some cat tuna — and the FDA also tested some — and we found around .2 ppm in it. I don't know why we didn't find up to .5 ppm in any unless the canners mix something with the tuna during processing. Or perhaps they use the smaller fish for cat food. If you go fishing, you take the big fish home and throw the little ones to the cat. Maybe the tuna processors follow that rule. I guess we're going to have to reverse the process, if that's the case, because we've found that the greatest concentrations of mercury are in the largest fish.
The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization believes the oceans are man's last great reserve of high protein foods. If the world population of 3.6 billion doubles in the next 20 years — as some experts predict — will the oceans be able to feed us?
I'm really not an expert on how much food we can get out of the oceans. But the annual catch for a lot of species has been going down. Whales are disappearing and I think the yellowfin tuna is beginning to lose out; I believe there was an attempt to put a quota on them. The fishing boats have to go farther out because they have cleaned off the Continental Shelf and when you go deep-sea fishing you're more apt to see stuff floating around or to catch a beer can than a fish.
I think probably the world can feed — at least for a while — twice as many people and I imagine we might have to try because, even though we're putting the brakes on population growth, it's likely that the population will double before the control measures can take effect. Yet, can the world sustain and feed — for long periods of time — a population that size . . . and take care of the waste generated by many people? I have grave doubts about it.
Is the pollution problem likely to increase in proportion to the population increase?
Every human produces a certain amount of waste from his body. So that, of course, will rise in direct proportion to the number of people. But a large part of the wastes from our life style depends on what you might call the gross national product. A human being by himself doesn't make tremendous demands on natural resources . . . it's the energy we consume and all the things we buy and use that have to be mined or taken out of the earth. I'm quite sure the tendency has been for the total waste to increase much faster than the population; it may not be the square of the population rate but it's some exponentially increasing function.
What chain of events led you to test tuna — especially if ocean fish had been above suspicion?
I'm an analytical chemist. I've been teaching and doing research in the field for 25 years and, increasingly, I've been thinking about what I — as a chemist — could do to help solve some of the ecology movement's analytical problems. I started work a couple of years ago on a method to determine sulfur dioxide and I now have a student engaged in that research project. Last spring I thought it would be a good idea if the county (Broome Co., New York, in which Harpur College is located — Editors.) would put up a little money so I could hire some students and use the laboratories and equipment at the university to analyze samples of water and air from around the country.
This fall, in the course of those tests, I was rather surprised and horrified to find mercury in concentrations of half — or close to half — a part per million in some small fish from our own Chenango River. It was when I tested one of those fish — in late November — that a student helping me said, "The only fish I eat is tuna. Why don't you analyze some?" My wife had also suggested I check tuna. So we did.
On December 2, there it was: about .75 ppm in the first can I analyzed. The news about the Chenango and the Susquehanna rivers is bad for local fishermen, but the news about tuna fish is much more serious because tuna is such a large factor in the world's food supply.
There is apparently no mercury-dumping industry along the Chenango. Where, then, did it come from?
Perhaps, at the moment, there's no industry dumping mercury in the Chenango River or in the Susquehanna but there are chemical plants and other industries up the Chenango and the Susquehanna that may have contributed some form of mercury pollution in the past. I know of one plant upstream, for instance, that used to make a mercury fungicide. We hope to get into the problem this summer by taking bottom samples both upstream and downstream.
Will that be an expensive job?
It could be pretty expensive. Whenever you set out to survey the environment you have to take a lot of samples to get a good fix on the problem and there's miles of stream. It's going to mean a lot of time taking samples and a lot of analysis.
Let's assume that you've pinpointed the source, to one industry or to several. That information would be pretty worthless, wouldn't it, unless you could persuade those industries to shut down find/or change their operations . . . or get the government to do it. Is such action likely?
Yes, I think the discharge from many of these factories will be brought down to near zero pretty soon. But what can we do about the mercury that's already in the water? That may continue to release methylmercury in the years to come; this is what they're worried about in the Great Lakes.
You found mercury not only in tuna but in swordfish, which had very high concentrations. Twenty-three percent of the tuna and 89% of the swordfish tested by the Food and Drug Administration exceeded the FDA limit. What else have you tested and what are the results?
The FDA in its first announcement said 23% of the tuna was over .5 ppm. Later when they analyzed more, they said that only 3.6% tested high. They tell me that the first analyses were biased. Now they think they see a picture.
There are four or five varieties of tuna caught and canned. Skipjack tuna runs around 10 pounds and is apt to contain .1 to .2 ppm of mercury. The same for the smaller albacore caught off the coast of this continent. The larger albacore of 40 to 60 pounds, and some of the other medium tuna, analyze maybe .2 to .5 ppm. Finally, the larger varieties of tuna — the yellowfin (80 pounds) and the bigeye and bluefin (which may run 100 pounds) — are apt to test over .5 ppm. The smaller varieties, in other words, contain lower concentrations of mercury.
Now I'm really surprised that, of all the tuna caught, only 3.6% test over .5 ppm of mercury. That means my first analysis was a 30-to-1 shot. I believe that the 3.6% refers to the number of lots they tested and perhaps not to 3.6% of the total weight involved; it may be that they grouped some lots together.
The swordfish is a large fish, as large as a big tuna. Usually they don't take it for steaks unless it's 100 to 200 pounds and so it runs up to about 1-or even 2-ppm.
In Canada, at the Ottawa conference on pollution, I heard that halibut — large halibut — may be a problem. The halibut is a large, flat fish like flounder . . . only bigger. It's somewhat of a bottom feeder but I guess, when it gets bigger, it eats herring and other fish and the concentrations of mercury in halibut do build up — apparently — to over .5 ppm. So we have to watch large halibut, large tuna and swordfish. I tested one halibut steak; it came out .22 ppm.
I tested a lot of other fish too. In fact the first thing I did after analyzing tuna was to buy a couple of fish sandwiches and test them. They turned out to be .1 ppm or less, so I was relieved. Fish sandwiches are usually cod filet.
I tested fried haddock (.02), frozen flounder filet from Canada (.02), frozen cod filet from Canada (.02), and small canned mackerel from Japan (.05). A can of icy point Alaska pink salmon (.15) was somewhat high., Sardines from Canada and Norway came out less than .1. It seems to be only the tuna, swordfish, halibut and, possibly, some salmon that we must keep an eye on. I think the FDA's tested quite a few brands of salmon but none analyzed as high in mercury as the one I found.
Are dangerous levels of mercury turning up in other foods?
So far the methylmercury problem seems to be restricted mainly to fish and the birds that eat them. Concentrations of mercury in herbivores like deer and cattle are only a few hundredths of a part per million, and even this may not be methylmercury. So, no, we don't seem to have a general problem of mercury poisoning in foods yet . . . though we do have to watch for it.
I read that you found mercury in brown rice. Some people, of course, have a very heavy diet of brown rice. Are they in danger?
Well, if it's methylmercury, maybe. I found .05 ppm in some brown rice. Now actually what I weighed was the dry and not the wet (cooked) rice. If you measured out a quarter pound of the dried rice — about 100 grams — you'd get 5 micrograms of mercury. I don't know how much the rice eaters consume daily — would they eat half a pound a day? When you cook it, that's quite a bit — but I don't think they're getting a dangerous amount of mercury from their brown rice. These things, however, should be tested by the FDA.
Do you believe the contamination you discovered is more likely to be natural or man-made? If the latter, does this mean a consumer-oriented, industrialized society must necessarily suffer the effects of mercury pollution? Can anything be done?
If the contamination is from man-made pollution I think it's going to get worse before it gets better. Our chickens are coming home to roost. But the ocean — if you take all the oceans together — is a huge, huge body of water. That volume of water multiplied by the average concentration of mercury in the ocean today (around .1 parts per billion) gives a total of quite a few millions of pounds of mercury. All of the mercury production to date in the world could not have contaminated the total ocean to this extent. There are, however, two major ways that man may have contributed to this pollution.
First, the rivers and estuaries along the coast of Japan the U.S. or Europe, due to industrial discharges, could have abnormally high concentrations of mercury. As a result, the organisms growing there — phytoplankton, zooplankton, crustaceans and shrimp — would probably also contain abnormal amounts of mercury. The little fish feed on the smaller organisms and the bigger fish feed on the little fish. If these polluted areas of the world produce a significant fraction of the tuna's ultimate food — say the mackerel come in near shore to feed and they go out into the ocean where the tuna eat them — why, this is a way the man-made pollution could be a major cause of the mercury in tuna.
The second large man-caused factor in this pollution might be airborne mercury, which comes from power plants, incinerators and car exhausts. The burning of fossil fue — coal and oil — or the burning of paper, which has mercury attached to it during processing, releases the element.
Now this airborne mercury probably has an average residence time in the atmosphere of several years . . . which means that it must be widely distributed in the industrialized belt of the northern hemisphere and that it eventually falls into the ocean with rain. Thus, the surface waters of the ocean could be receiving continually somewhat higher concentrations of mercury than is naturally present. If this "fallout" mercury stays in the surface waters for more than a few years, it could be contributing measurably to a buildup there.
I don't know enough about the ocean, at this point, to say that this is or is not happening. Most people believe that a metal like mercury won't stay in the surface layers of water very long but, instead, will be absorbed by plankton which die and settle to the bottom. I don't know yet. But the top 100 meters of the ocean is a small fraction of the total. If we're talking about contamination of only this layer . . . yes, there has been enough mercury discharge in the world by man to pollute the surface waters.
What do you think can be done about it?
Well, there's already a large-scale effort underway to monitor the world's oceans to establish the concentrations of various molecules and elements such as mercury, lead, cadmium, DDT products, polychlorobiphenyls, etc. These things should be monitored carefully and continually at about 1,000 stations that compare the pollutants' surface concentrations to their concentrations in the lower depths of the world's oceans. This should give us a definite idea as to whether this is a natural or manmade problem. By studying the mercury distribution in the ocean, we could discover whether it's coming from the shores or whether it's more on the surface than in the deeper layers. Concentrations in the ocean are high enough now that we should do all we can not to make it any higher.
Let me give you some figures on the discharge of mercury in the world: world mercury production is in the neighborhood of 10,000 tons per year, about half of which goes into the world's oceans. It's been estimated by Goldberg of the Scripps Institution, that the world's oceans receive 10,000 tons of mercury a year . . . half of which is natural (from the weathering of rocks) and half — that 5,000 tons I just mentioned — from man. Now that means that man is doubling the mercury that's going into the ocean. Well, we should cut out our part and not contribute to this buildup at all.
I don't think these figures include airborne mercury from the combustion of fossil fuels, either . . . and that could be adding quite a few thousand tons to the 5,000 tons of man-made discharge. So you see in recent years man has been doubling, tripling or quadrupling the natural discharge of mercury. If you consider that most of this takes place in the industrialized areas of the northern hemisphere, we have surely been increasing the concentrations by a factor of 10 in certain areas.
I believe it would be very interesting to compare the oceans of the northern with those of the southern hemisphere. It takes years for the oceans to mix and — if man-made pollution is the cause of the mercury buildup — I think we'd find a difference. At any rate, there's probably enough mercury already in the deep ocean to cause concentrations up to .5 ppm in tuna and swordfish. These predator fish near the top of the food chain, particularly when they get big, will concentrate mercury from water by a factor of several thousand. So you go from parts per billion in the water to parts per million in the fish . . . and that, of course, is exactly what we've found.
Nearly two weeks after you announced your findings, the FDA said it would withdraw and test — within 30 days — almost one million cans of tuna from stores across the nation. Do you think the FDA should have acted faster?
Well the FDA got right on the problem and started analyzing lots of cans as soon as I made the announcement. When they first stated that 23% of the tuna they'd probably analyzed 4 million cans and thought they should pull all the tuna off the shelves until a particular lot number had been tested and found safe. I figured a consumer with odds of 1 to 4 wouldn't want to buy any tuna. But the FDA continued to test all the lots and to take off the shelves only the ones that they analyzed as unsafe. The final figures of 3.6% make it seem that their method was OK . . . not very many people got tuna with high levels of mercury.
Now — two months later — the FDA has finished all the testing and, presumably, the consumer is assured of buying only tuna with less than .5 ppm of mercury . . . but I still think it would have been better to do it another way. I think the FDA should label the cans with the actual mercury content of each lot. This wouldn't cost much because there are thousands of cans in a lot and an analysis costs only $5 or $10. It would cost less than a penny a can to put the average lot analysis of mercury — or anything else — on the cans.
This analysis should-be put on each container, I feel, because tuna is convenient and relatively inexpensive and many people depend on it for their diet. It's also a low fat, low cholesterol food that is needed by a great number of heart patients. Since tuna is such an important food and since people's dietary habits vary so tremendously, we should know — individually — exactly how much mercury we're getting when we eat this fish. Somebody who eats tuna once or twice a week needn't be too concerned with a lot that contained .45 or .5 ppm of mercury . . . but a person who eats a can of tuna a day should guard against building a body burden of the element by picking a lot with .15 ppm or less of mercury.
FDA officials told one reporter — about a week after your discovery — that they were afraid removal of canned tuna from stores would create another "cranberry crisis." (In 1959 the cranberry industry was devastated when some cranberries were found tainted by a pesticide. — Editors.) Do you think perhaps the FDA — and the government generally — has been overly concerned about damaging industry? I'm thinking of not only sellers of tainted products, but of polluters as well.
They certainly have that reputation. I think that they are very sensitive to the problems of the industry but perhaps by law they have to be more cautious than an independent investigator. For example, I analyzed one can and announced the brand name. I don't think the FDA would announce a brand name and say it was high in mercury unless the agency had tested all the brands on the market. They'd be reluctant to point the finger at one and not the others.
But the tuna situation is really not comparable to the cranberry scare. There's no comparison. The cranberry incident involved minor trace residues of a pesticide which, in extremely large amounts, had caused — or might cause — some cancer in rats. But, with mercury, we're talking about something that in somewhat greater concentrations has already killed people. Mercury is a known toxic substance. The concentrations involved are safe by a factor of only 10 or 20 compared to the levels that just recently killed people in Japan. So this is definitely not like the cranberry scare.
Swedish scientists say they must take economic and social factors into consideration when setting permissible levels of mercury contamination. They allow 1 ppm — twice as much as the FDA does — because they say a stricter standard would end all coastal and lake fishing in Sweden. You've cost the tuna industry an estimated $84 million; apparently you have a different perspective.
Well in Sweden they not only have the 1 ppm limit but they say people should eat fish at that level only once a week. So there's an additional restriction, whereas the approach of the U.S. and Canada — of setting the tentative guideline of .5 ppm — is to avoid a restriction on how often fish can be eaten. No one yet knows precisely what the safe level is. In fact research on rats has not yet determined any "no-effect" level for mercury. The smallest concentrations have had an effect on the health and reproductive capacities of the rats.
It may turn out that .5 ppm is too high. What counts is the average daily intake and it may be that even a little bit of mercury hurts humans. Toxic symptoms were observed in one person in Japan who had a blood level of .2 ppm. Now the highest I found when I tested tuna — swordfish dieters in Binghamton was .05 ppm. Well that's one-fourth of what was observed to cause symptoms in a person! There's not a very large safety factor here.
The World Health Organization, recognizing that mercury occurs naturally in all foods, has unofficially said man's diet can safely contain mercury in concentrations of up to .05 ppm. But the FDA's guideline allows 10 times as much. The Canadians, whose standard we adopted, are now thinking about tightening theirs. Does the FDA standard need to be changed?
I don't know. The most recent World Health committee to meet on the problem in June, 1970, concluded that there's not sufficient data available to set an allowable daily intake of mercury. This group strongly urged reduction of mercury pollution to the lowest possible level. The .5 ppm allowable limit of Canada and the U.S. is a temporary guideline. It's possible that a lower restriction will be set when more data is available.
Canadian officials in Ottawa mentioned that they were concerned about the genetic effect mercury might have on the unborn fetus. They're not terribly satisfied with this .5 ppm level. They feel there perhaps should be a greater safety factor for the embryo.
The FDA says that it will be testing new catches of tuna and sampling all that is imported. Can anything else be done?
It's possible that someone might work out a procedure for processing tuna or swordfish to remove a large fraction of this methylmercury. Now if that could be done and the processed fish is still palatable, it could be used in fish cakes or fish meal. It wouldn't look the same, but in salads or sandwiches the appearance isn't so important. Swordfish steaks would never be the same, but they could be made into fish blocks as is now done with the fish in sandwiches.
You recently attended an FAO conference in Rome on pollution of the seas. The foremost authorities on the subject — from Japan and the Scandinavian countries — were there. How do American efforts to end ocean pollution stack up against those of other nations?
In the mercury field, America is really just beginning. Sweden woke up to the problem in the mid-Sixties when they realized that some of their birds were dying from eating treated grain and that paper plants were contaminating their lakes with mercury wastes. I think, undoubtedly, that Europe has learned to cope with pollution more than the U.S. This is a big, vast country. Everybody does their own thing and we've got many more resources . . . so we think we can afford to throw a lot more stuff away.
I'm just beginning to get acquainted with the efforts that are being made in the United States on some of these world problems. I'm sure the U.S. has to play a leading role in this world struggle because it's one of the major polluters. Without the active cooperation of this country, the efforts of the others are going to be fruitless.
Mercury pollution has caused birth defects, permanent injury and death in Japan. However, the Japanese eat considerably more fish than we do, and the mercury level of Japanese fish was 10 to 40 times the amount found in the tuna you tested. Do you foresee such high levels of contamination and injury eventually occurring in the U.S.?
I've written to a mercury researcher in Japan to find out about the Japanese fish diet. I suspect that, while the Japanese eat a lot of fish, they don't eat as much tuna and swordfish. I think those are relatively expensive compared to coastal fish and I'm not sure that the Japanese generally have been eating more mercury than we've been getting in our tuna and swordfish.
The disaster in Minamata, Japan, was traced to fish that contained about 10. ppm of mercury. Our swordfish had 1. or 2. ppm and some of the tuna was over .5 ppm. However, the Japanese poisoned in Minamata undoubtedly ate more of that 10 ppm fish per week than would most of the people in this country. Yet some people in the United States — those on a high tuna or swordfish diet — have probably been eating as many pounds of fish per week as the people in Minamata ate. But now we know about the swordfish and tuna, so those high-level fish are being removed from the market. That, in itself, is going to help prevent the buildup of body concentrations of mercury comparable to those that caused the acute poisonings in Minamata.
We know now also about the mercury in fresh water fish. New York State has analyzed thousands of fish from around the state and the Department of Environmental Conservation is planning to publish a booklet that lists the average concentrations of mercury in various species of fish. The guide will suggest what size is safe to eat and what size is not in a certain area. That's going to help cope with the immediate problem. Now that we know we have to watch out for mercury, it may be that we can avoid the Minamata disaster in this country.
It will be very important to see what happens in the years ahead as we monitor not just fish, but other foods. We have to check not only for total mercury but also for methylmercury. If we see any general buildup of this compound in our foods, then we've got a very serious problem on our hands.
According to the National Observer, you yourself offered to eat mercury for as long as necessary to help establish the point at which it causes damage. Will human guinea pigs be necessary to settle the dispute?
Well, I was misquoted: I said I would eat a certain amount of micrograms of mercury per day . . . but it came out milligrams, a 1000-factor difference. And, since I made that statement, I've realized that we already have a lot of guinea pigs. There are human guinea pigs walking around today who were eating tuna and swordfish in pretty high amounts per week . . . at least prior to last December 15th.
Many of these people — weight watchers — could be checked by doctors for symptoms. I've proposed to the FDA and the National Science Foundation that we do a nationwide search for people with somewhat higher levels of mercury in their blood. This could be done by first analyzing hair samples: those with high concentrations of the element in their hair would then get a blood test.
The tests should be made right away though, because the halflife of methylmercury in the body is about 70 days: after two months the concentration is down to half what it was before. We should move right now. I hope to get some action on the idea in the next week or so.
It was you, an independent scientist rather than the government — who discovered mercury contamination of ocean fish. Let me ask an obvious question that Ralph Nader raised: considering that contamination of inland fish was already well known, why do you think a government researcher didn't turn up your data first? Aren't the government research programs quite extensive?
I understand that, when I began my tests, the FDA had analyzed 50 lots of tuna and only one was high, .5 ppm from Japan. When they re-tested that lot, it came out .4 ppm, so they relaxed. An FDA spokesman was quoted assaying that they started their mercury-testing of foods with shrimp rather than tuna because shrimp lives in the estuaries where polluted rivers flow into the ocean and — they thought that that's where the problem would be.
I really find it hard to believe that the FDA analyzed 50 lots of tuna and found only one with high concentrations of mercury. Let's say they didn't go about their tests very systematically because they must have picked 50 lots that were canned from small fish and not paid attention to the fact that big fish naturally carry higher concentrations of pollutants in their bodies.
Before leaving for the pollution conference in Canada, you told me you were trying to establish contacts that might enable you to continue your work. Despite the wide public concern about ecology, are scientists finding it difficult to get funds for anti-pollution research?
I spent two days in Washington looking for money before going to Canada. I met with 14 different people in two days. I met with the Sea Grant Program, the Smithsonian Institution, the FDA and the Environmental Protection Agency and I had several meetings with the National Science Foundation. I got a few nibbles but no one has yet approached me with any money. A lot of people are after the pollution dollar. I think that much good will come out of this, but a certain amount of the interest is opportunism. It's going to be difficult for the granting agencies to determine where they're going to get the most for their money.
Our operation is still running strictly on a shoestring. The only money I've had to work with was that small contract with the county. Broome County has offered to negotiate another contract to pay for some of the work we're doing this year.
It's quite clear that a great many Americans have lost faith in the ability of their government to solve critical problems. I'm thinking of student and black unrest, the growth of John Gardner's Common Cause, the spectacular popularity of Ralph Nader and so on. Recently Steward Udall who — of course — was once official guardian of the country's resources, wrote about a kind of ecological guerrilla movement: he calls it "eco-vigilantism." He says that since the government has presided over the pollution of our environment, it's "hard to convince angry activists that they should respect" the government's efforts.
Now a man in the Chicago area, calling himself The Fox, is dumping sewage in the corporate offices of polluters, capping industrial smokestacks and plugging outfall pipes with bales of hay. In Miami a group of midnight raiders calling themselves Eco-Commando Force 70 decided to dramatize water pollution by dumping a powerful dye in the waste vats of a city's sewage treatment plants: it turned half the city's inland canals yellow!
Udall believes this Yippie-style justice is likely to spread. Do you think such a movement would be helpful? Are you yourself frustrated enough to find these tactics appealing?
I'm frustrated by some of the national and international problems and the priorities some people assign to them. I guess there'll always be a need for private, individual action. Government gets more complex and bureaucracies build up. It's evident that there are going to be mistakes at all levels. In fact there's probably a correlation between the number of mistakes and the amount of computer time that's used in the whole process.
Still, I would like to try to build as much security as possible into the government regulatory agencies. I know some of the chemists that work for the state health labs or State Department of Environmental Conservation. These are dedicated people doing thankless jobs on somewhat deflated salaries . . . often without the help they need. There are a lot of people in government trying to do a good job, and yet the system is complicated enough and there's enough red tape so that — regardless of the conscientious effort of individuals — the integrated effect is always going to be less than perfect.
I would like to see improvements made in the system so we could count a little more on it than we can now. That's why I suggest labeling individual cans for mercury content.
Now the FDA might need legislation for such labeling. Friday I had a call from one of Senator Kennedy's aides. The aide told me that Senator Kennedy has introduced a bill having to do with food inspection and part of that bill could be a provision that concentrations of mercury be put on ocean fish and cans of tuna. Still, some people are very pessimistic about the value of such actions and ask, "What would it mean to the consumer?"
Well I think the consumer learns pretty fast about anything that he's eating. And if he eats a great deal of tuna, he's going to learn what those numbers mean. And just by looking at the can, he'd know that that lot had been tested; it would foster a certain amount of confidence in the FDA. It would help the FDA change its image; it would restore confidence in government regulatory agencies.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Atlanta-based rapper 2 Chainz unleashes his latest cut with an assist from Drake for the track titled, "No Lie." The single arrives in advance of the much-anticipated Def Jam debut, Based on a T.R.U. Story. Produced by a fellow Atlanta native, Mike Will (the mind behind Meek Mill's "Tupac Back"), the track takes on darker instrumentals that segue into a hook provided by Drizzy. While Based on a T.R.U. Story is not expected to drop until August 14, the "No Lie" stream below should cast a good glimpse into what to expect from the full-length when it does officially drop.
Source: HYPETRAK


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by Alexa
(Denver, Colorado)
My brother died 10 years ago due to embolism. It was summer and I was on school break. My siblings went back to their jobs and left me to help my parents through their grief.
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text: This AMI comes with Oracle Enterprise Linux Release 5 Update 1 and Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (126.96.36.199) Standard Edition/Standard Edition One software pre-installed and configured on the 64 Bit platform. In a matter of minutes, you can have a fully configured Oracle Database computing environment running on Amazon EC2 that includes the web based management tool Enterprise Manager Database Control and the web based rapid development tool Applications Express (APEX). For further information about Oracle Database in the Cloud or this Amazon Machine Image, please visit http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/cloud/index.html


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THE Bishop of Gloucester Right Rev Michael Perham has been interviewed by police today, Tuesday, on suspicion of indecently assaulting a woman and a girl more than thirty years ago.
Bishop Michael, 66, attended a police station in Gloucestershire today to be interviewed about the allegations which date back to 1980 and 1981.
The investigation is being run by the Metropolitan Police Sexual Offences, Exploitation and Child Abuse Command.
A Metropolitan Police spokesman said: "A-66-year-old man today attended a police station in Gloucestershire by appointment and was interviewed on suspicion of indecent assault of a child aged under 18 and indecent assault of a second female aged over 18.
"He was not arrested and enquiries continue."
Today's police announcement follows a brief statement from the Gloucester Diocese last weekend saying Bishop Michael was 'stepping down' from his post for 'personal reasons'.
There has since been no further comment from the diocese except to say that steps are being taken for the Bishop of Tewkesbury, Right Rev Martyn Snow, to take over his duties.
Bishop Michael, who has served as Bishop of Gloucester for almost ten years and was due to retire on his 67th birthday in November, did not fulfil an engagement to take part in a major First World War centenary service at Gloucester Cathedral on Sunday.
A service to say farewell to Bishop Michael had been organised for his birthday at the cathedral but it now appears that will not be going ahead.
His plan to retire was announced in February to allow plenty of time for him to say his farewells to clergy and worshippers throughout the diocese and also to ensure he could complete a walking pilgrimage to every parish in Gloucestershire.
Members of the cathedral and diocesan clergy in Gloucester and local vicars around the county have been told not to comment on this week's developments.
It is widely expected that Bishop Michael's successor in the New Year will be the Church of England's first ever woman Bishop.
A short list of female candidates is understood to include two cathedral deans and an archdeacon.
Bishop Michael, who has four daughters with wife Alison, has been an outspoken supporter of women becoming bishops and said he was delighted when the decision was made earlier this year to allow it.
Bishop Michael's career in Anglican ministry began at Addington in the London Borough of Croydon in 1976 and continued there until 1981 - covering the period of the allegations which have now been made against him.
In 1981 he was appointed Chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester before moving in 1984 to be Team Rector of a large modern housing area at Oakdale, Poole, Dorset.
He was there until 1992 when he became Precentor and Canon Residentiary of Norwich CathedraL, from there he moved to become Provost and later Dean of Derby.
He served on the Liturgical Commission from 1986 to 2001.
He has written and edited a number of books on worship, liturgy and spirituality including 'The Sorrowful Way', 'Signs of Your Kingdom' and 'A New Handbook of Pastoral liturgy'.
He was Secretary to the Church's Doctrine Commission from 1979 to 1984, and served on the Archbishops' Commission on church music, which produced the report 'In Tune With Heaven'.
During his years at Derby he was responsible for the development of the Cathedral's new visitor centre, which was opened by the Queen in 2002.
He is the second Bishop of Gloucester to become involved in a police invesigation into alleged sex crimes.
Former Bishop of Gloucester The Right Reverend Peter Ball, faces allegations that he molested eight boys and young men aged between 12 and their early 20s.
The abuse is alleged to have occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. He was Bishop of Gloucester in 1992 and 1993 after previously being a member of an Anglican monastic order he founded at Stroud with his twin brother.
He was charged in March this year and appeared in court for the first time in May at Taunton Magistrates'.
He was summoned to appear at Brighton Magistrates court last month, but was too ill to appear.
Asked tonight about the police investigation a spokesman for the Diocese of Gloucester said "This is a police matter. We have no further comment to make."


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The DRE Cockpit Cover is only $99.00! To order, call 217-454-5289!


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Nathan Garriott and Chelsea Galloway of Campbellsburg announce the birth of their daughter, Nola Rae Garriott born Aug. 23, 2012, at Baptist Hospital East She weighed 6 pounds 11 ounces and was 20 ½ inches long.
Grandparents are Robert Galloway and Kim Dawson, Larry Garriott and Kathy Hentges.
Great-grandparents are Janice Wonders and Joe and Betsy Peters.
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'She was sitting on her porch on fire'
PORTLAND, Ore. - An 80-year-old woman was badly burned when her home caught fire overnight.
The fire broke out just before 3 a.m. in the bedroom of a home in the 3600 block of North Trenton Street.
A man and his sister, who live nearby, said they first heard what sounded like an explosion and then they saw smoke.
A woman made it outside of the house on her own but the danger was far from over because her clothes were on fire. Neighbors said they were melted onto her arms and legs.
"She was sitting on her porch on fire," neighbor Joseph Zamora said. "My sister got her off the porch and away from the house."
The woman, who was later identified as Eunice Crowder, was rushed to Legacy Emanuel Medical Center. She is in critical condition with third-degree burns to 45 percent of her body.
Firefighters said Crowder was in the kitchen, then returned to her bedroom during the night to find a pillow on fire. Her clothes and other nearby items then caught fire as she tried to extinguish the burning pillow in the bathroom.
Investigators said a heating pad under the pillow started the fire. They're still not sure if it malfunctioned or it wasn't being properly used.
Firefighters had a hard time putting out the flames because of clutter inside the home. Crowder's nephew said she was a hoarder and the family had been trying to help her.
Neighbors said they had no idea the elderly woman next door was living in huge amounts of clutter.
There is no word yet on what caused the fire.
Editorial note: Initial reports from emergency responders indicated the woman was in her 60s. KATU later learned her identity and age, which is 80 years old.


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Eucerin Extra Protective Moisture Lotion SPF 30 Reviews
Review subjectThis is good lotion, but it seems to accentuate my oily skin. — 6 years, 2 months agoMissPurple | 611 reviews
awesome sunblockThis sunblock is fantastic. It contains natural sunblock so it doesn't irritate my sensitive rosacea skin. It goes on smoothly and it also leaves my skin lighly moisturized. I have bought a couple of these already and turned my sister and mom onto them as well. Great buy. — 5 years, 6 months agobeautybody | 128 reviews
I can use this sunblock under make-up!When I go to beach/swimming pool, I use Neutrogena sunscreen. But for everyday use it is a bit too heavy, especially for under make-up. The Eucerin's Face Lotion with SPF is light and goes on smoothly, not too oily or too dry. But it leaves a bit of white on my face, so I do not like to use it without anything else. In other words, this makes a great make-up base when a cream/liquid foundation has no or low SPF. — 7 years, 10 months agoluckybetty | 895 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 2 of 2 people said helpful
Destined to be a classicFor the record: this product is under new packaging and is called Daily Protection Spf 30 Moisturizing Face Lotion, there is no more pink on the bottles (I bet they are trying to attract male customers...) I have used this every summer since it first came out. It is generously sized, extremely mild, and an excellent moisturizer. I have had no problems whatsoever with this product (I sometimes get ...read morea burning reaction from chemical sunscreens.) I honestly believe this is destined to be a classic as every time I buy it, the lady at the counter always says "I love that stuff!" It is affordable enough to be used on your arms and neck too, and doesn't "white up" when you perspire. — 5 years, 4 months agoNotJustGingerly | 143 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 4 of 4 people said helpful
Sad to say the leastWow! I just picked this up at my drugstore because I got coupons from my skin doctor. It came highly recommended. I usually buy the very high end moisturizer and products. I ran out of my normal serum and figured I would use this as my morning moisturizer now. I figured it would not be as good as my name brand high price lotion. I do love the texture and the feel of the lotion which I was ...read moresurprised. I am one who normally uses department store products because I do feel that are better. In texture, pigment and everything else. This lotion was a pleasant surprise. One really only needs one pump to do the entire face and neck. It has a very nice texture. Not to thick and not to thin. It absorbs immediately and I can put my makeup on a few minutes after. It actually absorbs better than my usual protect. The fact that it is inexpensive and has sunscreen in it is also great. The 30 is a bonus. Better than the lotion that begins with an N. Both Eucerin products that I tried because I had a coupon are excellent. Too bad it is discontinued. I wonder how I was able to ge it. There was plenty on the shelf at the drugstore. — 2 years, 9 months agocapecorona | 127 reviews
Really Good ProductI really like this everyday lotion! I bought this a few weeks ago and started using it, after reading about it here on Total Beauty. I live in Florida full time and realized that lately my usual moisturizer with SPF 15 is not enough. My face was getting red and my chest seemed to be getting sunburned. Let me say that I am a very fair skinned natural strawberry blond, and even though I am now grayi...read moreng, my skin still has that redhead's complexion. I avoid the sun like the plague, as much as possible down here, and have almost no wrinkles. Laugh lines, yes, but that's part of life. Anyway, this lotion is not greasy, has no perfume, has not irritated my sensitive skin in the few weeks I've used it (daily), and I have not gotten any redder, so itis working! It is light and quickly absorbed. Plus, it's avaiable in Target, Walmart, CVS, etc. Why pay more for a quality lotion? — 8 years, 4 months agoIsis04 | 45 reviews
goodI don't think this product was actually discontinued, the packaging just changed. I bought it because it's a moisturizer with SPF 30. As a sunscreen, it wasn't too thick and very gentle. My face is usually oily, but with this lotion, it wasn't quite so greasy. On one particularly hot day I was sweating buckets and there were white drops streaming down my neck. My face, where I had applied pri...read moremer over this lotion, was just as sweaty but clear. That was my only bad experience with this lotion. — 4 years, 6 months agokittymarmalade | 27 reviews
Favoritei wear this everyday. I'm obsessive with my sun protection. I use this because it's one of the few sunscreens that moisturizes and can go under makeup. I basically use it as a primer, lotion, and sunscreen. — 5 years, 6 months agobarbieblondexo | 132 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 2 of 2 people said helpful
I LOVE THIS STUFFI am in love with stuff!!! I don't know why I used anything else. I used to use olay sensitive skin complete with spf 15, but there was not enough physical sunscreens it my skin would still burn and I just felt that those uva rays were still getting to my skin. Anyways this moisturizes way better and keeps my skin plump all day!!! Plus it has a pump and olay didn't It's thick but watery and moist...read moreurizing but lightweight. I can't wait to wash my face in the morning and put 1 pump on my face and 1 pump on my chest and neck. On pump is alote but my skin just drinks this up. I just love that my face isn't tanning and my dark spots are fading .. this has great physical sunscreens ( zinc and titanium ) it doesn't break me out and keeps my skin plump all day — 5 years, 8 months agojessie2010 | 28 reviews
Love the texture, and the ingredients.I love that it moisturizes and protects at the same time. I like its very thin, but not runny, its very easily spread and a little goes a long way to give your skin an amazing soft, sheer, glow and finish. What I don't like is, when applied a bit more (for more protection) it tends to give you a "cakey" finish, and getting stuck on facial hair and beard even on shaved skin. — 6 years, 2 months agoShawn0734 | 1 reviews
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My Reasons for Reporting This


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@si_nba: Undefeated Knicks claim top spot, Pacers plummet in Power Rankings http://t.co/dnSsVR2o
Last Week: 12
Indiana Pacers (3-6)
The Pacers miss Danny Granger more than The Office misses Steve Carell. Indiana's offense has dried up like scorched corn in the absence of its leading scorer -- and the ripple effect has been devastating. Unlike the Bulls without Rose or the Wolves without Love, the Pacers haven't showed they can be a competitive team on a nightly basis without their leading man. Indy fell to the Raptors this week despite Toronto scoring just five points in the fourth quarter, then followed up the next night with arguably their worst loss of the season to the Bucks. The biggest concern for the Pacers is the lack of an obvious solution. Gerald Green has been a disappointment (9.2 PER), Lance Stephenson has been inconsistent and Sam Young is a situational defensive stopper, not a starting small forward. The Pacers have at least looked into bringing in someone else to play on the wing and those discussions will grow louder if the struggles continue. As the Indy Star's Mike Wells notes, the Pacers' struggles are putting pressure on Frank Vogel after last year's surprise season.


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Size: 65mm x 410mm
Abrasive type: Aluminium oxide, resin bonded to provide a tough durable product for most grinding and sanding operations on wood and most metals.
Grit sizes: Coarse > P40, 60, 80, 120, 150, 180, 240, 320 < Fine
Backing material: Heavy cotton cloth.
Application: Ideal for use on metal and wood on:
Price per 10 belts. Please choose grit size from drop-down box.
More information? You can speak with one of our representatives toll-free in the U.K. Monday-Friday between 8.30 a.m. and 5.00 p.m. GMT on 0800 027 1928 or +44 (0) 1945 585500.


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Used 2016 Chrysler Town and Country
Call for Price
Vehicle Details
|31,127 Km
|Stock #
|Exterior Color
|Interior Color
|Gas Mileage
|City:14 Hwy:10
|Regular Unleaded V-6 3.6 L/220
Currently Viewing
Used 2016 Chrysler Town and Country
Odometer: 31,127 km
Additional Vehicle Information
Crash-Test Ratings
Other Vehicles Customers Viewed
Customer Testimonial
" We received excellent service from Aaron Glena , sales rep from Southside Mitsubishi. He gave us a deal that was very difficult to turn down. I am certain it was a compromise that may have cut into his and the dealership commission, for sure he nor the dealership have lost any money in this transaction but the point is that they are willing to dicker in good faith, in good will like the way honest business should be done. I am happy. Good luck Aaron and Southside Mitsubishi good simple: good faith, good will and a hand shake. "
Customer Testimonial
" I bought my used car here and I had a great experience. Being a single female, I was a bit nervous about being taken advantage of but I got an amazing deal and was treated fantastic. My next car will be a Lancer and I'll come back to Southside to get it! "
Customer Testimonial
" I went to this dealership due to an issue I had with my car and the service I had received from a previous location and I received above par service from two men. One was Aaron and a service manager named Colton. They were very helpful and knowledgeable. They were both very professional and helpful. "
Customer Testimonial
" Love going in there even if its just for regular service! Always friendly people, very helpful. Just bought a second vehicle from them, with great upgrades at a price I'm willing to pay, and I'm cheap! Our salesman was professional personable and helped with free add-ons discounted pricing! I will always recommend buying a Mitsubishi regardless of where you get it, but for the best people I will always go to SouthSide Mitsubishi! "
Customer Testimonial
" Mitsubishi and I have had our fair share of hardships concerning a deck that was put in, but at the end of the day the staff is always polite and helpful & the management team will always makes an effort to help u in anyway they can! I wasn't happy with the aftermarket deck I had gotten through them from ken wood and it has been 3 years worth of battles with the manufacturer.. even though it's way past warranty south side took the time to hear me out and are helping get something I am happy with! Thank you Mitsubishi south side! "
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Question for the Money Doctors
Question submitted on Apr 15, 2010.
QuestionI have an irrevocable trust with my three sons named as beneficiaries. Can only one son draw money out of that account or do all three have to sign?
I recommend that you contact the attorney that drafted your trust and he should be able to provide you an accurate answer. Every trust has different language, so I am unfortunately unable to provide you with an appropriate response since I don't know what language is in the trust.
My apologies for passing you back to your attorney.
For additional information visit http://www.360financialliteracy.org/


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Okay, after this last tournament there have been a lot of conversation about different rules and not all of them are mentioned clearly in the rulebook. If you could help me out, it'd be great.
1. If someone on your card adds up their score wrong, who gets penalized? The entire card or just the individual?
2. When teeing off, is it legal to start off the pad (to the right or left) and only place one foot on the pad when releasing your throw?
3. When throwing from a knee, is it legal to place a disc under your knee? or anything for that matter, a towel?
4. And finally, how do you handle a situation where a player walks up to their disc (which is next to the basket) and simply picks it up and walks away, doesn't put down a marker or even put it in the basket, just walks away? Do they come back and guess where the lie was or is it an automatic penalty?
Thanks for the clarification.


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July 1, 2010
A major step forward in our efforts to revamp our rating system occurred on July 1st. We went live with the Accountability and Transparency methodology, along with showcasing the new information for one organization that we believe is a role model for the sector (look for more charities to display this data starting in August). Accountability and transparency are frequently used terms in our society that have very broad meanings. These terms can encompass everything that an organization reports on to all of its audiences. In the case of charities, these audiences include donors, clients, Board members, government regulators, and independent evaluators like Charity Navigator, among many others. Our focus in this new element to our rating system is on how the charity reports publicly – both on the IRS 990 and on its web site. We consider in our methodology whether the charity is making easily available, information regarding its governance practices, ethical practices and financial information.
At this stage, we are not in a position to make a judgment as to the proof of its self reported information, just whether or not it reports anything at all! Sadly, even this minimal requirement is not met by many charities. The tradition of charities keeping information "close to the vest" continues to be a major problem for the sector. With the addition of this new dimension to our rating system, we have the opportunity to showcase the most open organizations and hopefully encourage those who are more secretive to rethink their approach. How can you make a wise giving decision if information about the organization is unavailable to you? Implicit in all of this is our belief that, if an organization is not "donor friendly" and highly open about its activities and internal practices, it does not warrant your support.
Bear in mind that, although the new dimension has now been launched, it may take many months before it impacts the charities' ratings in our star system. That is because we will not be "flipping the switch" on how the charities are scored until all 5,500 of them have been reviewed with this new element. That is a lot of work! In the meanwhile, as each charity is reviewed for Accountability and Transparency, a new tab will go up on their individual page on our site, showing the details of how the charity performed under our review.
This is the first in a three step process to get us to CN 2.0. We have now added the second of three planned dimensions to our rating system (dimension one – financial health, dimension two – accountability and transparency). The next step is to revisit our financial measures to consider whether or not we need to change the elements we consider and the weighting we place on them. We anticipate completing this step will take us through the fall of this year. The final step will be to add a third dimension to our rating system that considers the proof (not just self reporting) of the effectiveness and results of each charity's work. We hope to have at least a first prototype of this in place by next year at this time.
Related to all of this, I presented at two conferences recently where I discussed Accountability and Transparency, along with our plans to get to CN 2.0. Click here if you would like to see one of the presentations or have a look at the slides. I hope you find the information helpful.
All of us here on the Board and on staff want to give a heartfelt thanks to all of you who responded to our Spring appeal letter in which we asked for your financial support in getting to CN 2.0. As always, you responded tremendously and boosted our spirits as well!
Finally, we want to give a big thank you to our Advisory Panel and Board of Directors for their thoughtful feedback and support. All of your volunteer assistance was instrumental in the development of the new Accountability / Transparency methodology.
All the best,
Ken Berger
President and CEO
Charity Navigator


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Jewish Plays Project Presents SIX at 14th Street Y, 6/23-25
The Jewish Plays Project, LABA and Highbrow are co-producers of SIX by Zohar Tirosh-Polk, a fully staged work featured in OPEN: The New Jewish Theater Residency at the 14th Street Y (344 East 14th Street). SIX will perform on June 23rd at 8:00 pm, June 24th at 3 pm and June 25th at 7 pm. Tickets are free by reservation at www.jewishplaysproject.org/tickets.
SIX will star: Daniel Oreskes (Billy Elliot, Russian Transport at the
New Group), Hani Furstenberg (The Loneliest Planet with Gael Garcia Bernal opening October 2012, Israeli Oscar Winner for Campfire), Quincy Dunn-Baker (Trust and Wildflower at Second Stage, Romeo and Juliette at the Public), Kate Skinner (The Graduate, Honey Brown Eyes), Shelly Feldman (Six at CCTP) and Richard Zekaria (The Sopranos, Aliens with Extraordinary Skills). The New Group's Ian Morgan directs, with lighting design by Joshua Benghiat, Sound Design by Matt Sherwin and Video Design by David Bengali.
The OPEN residency is a unique partnership between LABA: The National Laboratory for New Jewish Culture at the 14th Street Y, a major cross-cultural Jewish center, and the Jewish Plays Project, an innovative young arts venture. It is providing space and significant resources to five teams of artists, including four days of ancient text study, three weeks of rehearsal, and six workshop presentations open to the public between June 23 and July 1st.
SIX - A quick- paced, jet-lagged and sun-drenched six-day trip to Israel collides with family, love and the Six-Day War.
ZOHAR TIROSH-POLK (Playwright): Pieces, Land/Holy, This Bloody Mess, Waltz, Fog and Six have been developed/produced by: Lincoln Center Theater's Directors Lab, The New Group, Magic Theatre, New Repertory Theatre, The Cape Cod Theatre Project, Rising Phoenix Rep, the Lark Play Development Center, The Brick, Columbia University, and HERE Arts Center. Ms. Tirosh-Polk was the production dramaturg for Higher by Carey Perloff at A.C.T. and has worked with Rina Yerushalmi's Itim Theatre Ensemble in Tel Aviv and Centerstage in Baltimore. Her English translation of Hanoch Levin's play Those Who Walk in the Dark is published in Wanderers: and Other Israeli Plays by Seagull Books. She is the winner of the 2012 JCC Metrowest Jewish Playwriting Contest and a recipient of the Foundation for Jewish Culture's New Jewish Theatre Project's Grant.
Ian Morgan (Director) is the Associate Artistic Director of The New Group, where he has developed and directed new work, including The New Group (naked) Second Stage series and The New Group/New Works play development program. For The New Group, he has directed the Drama Desk-nominated The Accomplices by Bernard Weinraub, which went on to productions across the country, as well as Rich Boyfriend by EVan Smith, Critical Darling by Barry Levey and A Spalding Gray Matter by Michael Brandt. Also for Michael Brandt, he directed his play Missing Time (CSV) and just workshopped his new play Flood (Epic Theatre Ensemble). Other productions include: Rough Sketch by Shawn Nacol (59E59); Ham Lake by Nat Bennett and Sam Rosen (Soho Playhouse); Sparrow by Linda Faigao-Hall (Theatre Row); and Progress by Matei Visniec (HERE). He has collaborated several times with playwright Brett Neveu, directing the world premieres of Ethnic Cleansing Day (The Production Company) and Eric Larue (HERE, later produced at the Royal Shakespeare Company), as well as the New York premieres of Neveu's Eagle Hills, Eagle Ridge, Eagle Landing and Twentyone. He has directed and workshopped new work at the Atlantic, the O'Neill, the Public, Rattlestick, New York Theater Workshop, New Dramatists, and Ensemble Studio Theatre. He workshopped SIX at Cape Cod Theatre Project, the Magic Theatre, and The New Group. In addition, Ian oversees and directs for The New Group's "Life Stories" youth ensemble for New York City high school students.
HIGHBROW (Co-Producer) is a Production Company focused on nurturing and providing resources for independent film and theatre during the critical stages of development from concept to completion. Highbrow has co-produced the Off-Broadway productions MASKED (nominated for 2007/2008 Drama Desk Award), DAI (2008 Lucille Lortel Award), and The Man Who Ate Michael Rockefeller, as well as the independent films30 Beats, Je Fais Feu de Tout Bois, Tickling Leo, and The Tollbooth and documentary films Destiny Hills and New York Street Games. Highbrow's president, actor Ronald Guttman (see imdb.com for credits), also collaborated on Dario Fo's Tale of a Tiger, on Christine Jorgensen Reveals (Drama Desk Award 2006), and on Rope. Following roles as Carlo Treviso in the HBO miniseries MildrEd Pierce with Kate Winslet and as Don Draper's father-in-law in AMC's Mad Men, Mr. Guttman will appear in the upcoming films Imogene with Kristen Wiig, Pawn with Forest Whitaker, and Black Dog, Red Dog with James Franco; he is also a co-executive producer on the British crime thriller Welcome to the Punch with James McAvoy (dir. Eran Creevy). For more, go to www.highbrow.net.
Six is presented by the Jewish Plays Project and Highbrow and Salt of the Earth is presented by LABA Fellow Zvi Sahar. The Golems of Gotham, Klauzal Square and Mahalla were selected from a field of twenty-five submissions by an artistic panel of 8 emerging New York actors, writers and directors working alongside a community panel of 12 active New York City residents. The artists rated scripts on their aesthetic merit and production readiness, while the community members judged the importance of the subject matter to the Jewish community both at home and abroad.
The other four projects that will be presented as part of the Jewish Plays Project's OPEN are: SALT OF THE EARTH directed by Zvi Sahar; THE GOLEMS OF GOTHAM co-adapted and co-directed by Sherry Teitelbaum and Fran Sperling, based on the novel by Thane Rosenbaum; KLAUZAL SQUARE by Sarah Gancher; and MAHALLA directed by Melissa Moschitto.
Selections from the other four shows will be performed on June 28th at 8 pm, June 30th at 8 pm and July 1st at 3 pm. Tickets are $18 and are available for purchase at www.jewishplaysproject.org/tickets.
ABOUT THE LABA: LABA is a Jewish house of study for culture-makers located at the 14th Street Y. 10 fellows -- a mix of artists, writers, dancers, musicians, actors, and more -- partake in a yearlong study of classical Jewish texts centered around a theme, and then interpret these texts in their work. For more, visit www.labajournal.com.
ABOUT THE JEWISH PLAYS PROJECT: The Jewish Plays Project is a development house for 21st Century Jewish theater that seeks to ignite an explosive engagement between cutting-Edge Theater artists and Jewish audiences by developing and advocating for a new generation of plays and musicals that embrace and investigate the intersection of Jewish identity and secular self. For more, go to www.jewishplaysproject.org.


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Edinburgh pleased with County outing
6:50am Monday 16th July 2012
By Andrew Penman
6:50am Monday 16th July 2012
By Andrew Penman
NEWPORT County picked up their first trophy of the 2012/13 season with a 3-0 win at Evesham United on Saturday.
County eased to victory in their third pre-season friendly and afterwards lifted the Carl Lewis Memorial Trophy.
The match was organised in memory of Exiles fan Lewis, who died three years ago aged 48.
Known as 'Mr Newport', he was the brother-in-law of Evesham committee member Morris Allan and it is hoped that the fixture could be played annually.
And while it may not be the major trophy that Justin Edinburgh and his side are aiming to win in the forthcoming season, it may just be a good omen for the campaign ahead.
Goals from Jake Harris, Andy Sandell and Jefferson Louis saw the Exiles brush aside their limited Southern League opponents but the signs were there that the fans could be in for some entertaining football this season.
This early in pre-season it's mostly about getting the players fit and the likes of Harris and Danny Crow have some way to go on this evidence.
But it was clear that Edinburgh's stated desire to introduce a more flowing passing game is having a positive effect.
Jake Thomson and trialist Kerry Morgan impressed with their movement and link-up play, even if the final ball was sometimes lacking.
Lee Minshull showed another string to his bow with an assured, if largely untroubled, display in central defence.
Likewise Joe Perry, the son of ex-County and Cardiff City star Jason, was solid in goal.
But the most encouraging performance came from left-back Sandell, who capped a superb defensive display with a wonderful goal from a looping 35-yard free kick.
Edinburgh was pleased with the display, especially his side's passing on the new pitch at the Spiers & Hartwell Jubilee Stadium.
"We're trying to ingrain a change of our style of play and I thought we passed the ball very well on a difficult surface and I was pleased with a lot of the performances," he said.
"First and foremost right now fitness is key. We've got to get the work into the players' legs so that we remain strong throughout the season.
"Obviously you want the quality out of the games as well. I think it's going to be a work in progress with so many new players in the squad.
"They are learning how to play with each other but certainly I think we are passing the ball better than we were last year.
"Obviously we'll have the playing surface to do that at the new stadium this year. It won't happen instantly but we're trying to integrate that into our game in training and in the friendlies."
County are next in action at Carmarthen Town on Saturday and Edinburgh is looking forward to getting back on the training pitch today, where he will continue to assess the trialists.
"We have another free week now with a game at the end of it and that was the plan initially so we could have the time on the training ground before the games come thick and fast," he explained.
"I thought young Joe Perry did well and certainly did himself no harm as we look to secure someone to come in as a number two to push Alan Julian.
"Kerry Morgan did well too. I've known Kerry from when I played against him.
"He's very industrious and I know he did very well when he was here previously. He's given me food for thought, like all the trialists."
Edinburgh reserved special praise for substitute Louis, who latched onto Crow's pass to fire past Evesham goalkeeper Dean Coleman and seal the win on 73 minutes.
"I was delighted for Jeff," he said. "He's missed quite a bit of training but he's come back and he wanted to play so we gave him some minutes.
"He showed his quality with the link-up play with Crow and a great finish. We'll build him up this week ready for the next game."
Evesham: Coleman, Wilson, Robinson, Hyde, Connor, Rhodes, Wellings, McKenzie, Corbett, Tulloch, Palmer.
Subs: Osbourne, Eze, Ardallany, Pugh, Agbor, Jones.
County: Perry, Pipe (Cooper, 69), Sandell, Hughes, Minshull (Roden, 65), Porter, Thomson, Evans (Gwynne, 73), Morgan (Fielden, 65), Crow (Hutson, 82), Harris (Louis, 60).
Subs not used: Swan, Jones.
© Copyright 2001-2017 Newsquest Media Group


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Topic: Missing Mom
It has almost been a year that my mother passed away! So days I feel like I am in such a fog. I have such wonderful memories of her and that keeps me going. Knowing what she would want her family to be doing and trying to do it in just that way. I think I am driving the rest of the family nuts. But I just keep telling them this is what mom wanted and so this is what we are going to do. All is good. I hope everyone has the best holiday possible. Hapy Holidays to all of the CC family I would be lost without all of you.


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MARATHON, Fla. - A man is charged with threatening to blow up a Florida Keys post office.
The Monroe County Sheriff's Office says 69-year-old Juan Zigler handed clerks at the Marathon post office a garbled note Friday that threatened to blow up the Keys. They say he then threw an object over the counter that clerks thought might be a firecracker.
When deputies arrived, they arrested Zigler. The object appeared to be a battery with a wire attached to it.
Zigler was charged with making a false bomb report and delivering a hoax bomb and released. No phone number for Zigler could be found Saturday.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Now first off this is my second card i've made. looking back i didn't like a lot of my predictions so i wanted to make a final prediction for how i think the card will look come April 1st. I have really high hopes for this years wrestlemania, with so many returns and cena and the rock have been building up there match for an entire year who wouldn't? so here's how i think the card will play out...
Hello IWC this is my first blog on here and like alot of others i wanted to make my own wrestlemania 28 card, i wanted to do mine realistically so you might not like all of it, kind of like every card haha, hope you enjoy
Dark Match: 20 Man Over the Top Rope Battle Royal
Alex Riley vs Drew McIntyre vs Jack Swagger vs Evan Bourne vs David Otunga vs Kofi Kington vs Mason Ryan


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Hi everyone,
Nice to found a forum that I can ask questions, being that I only read books & watch youtube... never had formal training in Buddhism or any Buddhist friends. Every temple near me is an hour or more away from my location. I do wish to get there soon to meet the Monks & Nuns and the people of the Sanga, and soak in the atmosphere.
The best in all you do,


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Sasha's birth date is 05-26-2014
Adoption fee - $125
If you are interested in Sasha, please go to WWW.ANIMALSBESTFRIENDS.ORG and complete our online application. You must live within 100 miles of Independence, MO. No apartments.
Thank you for your interest in our animals. Animals Best Friends strives to make a compatible match with our families and our companion animals. Due to the volume of e-mails and calls we only contact applications that meet our criteria. If you are selected, we contact in five business days.
If not contacted, please pursue another rescue group or shelter.
Thank you,
ABF Volunteers
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Animals Best Friends.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


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What drives your profit? Is it milk price? Sure, that can have a lot to do with profit or loss. But then, even when milk prices tanked in late 2008, why were some farms more profitable than others?
Is the issue how you define profits? That may be part of it.
Instead of focusing on gross milk prices, what you should be looking for is net margin per hundredweight of milk produced, says Mike Hosterman, agricultural business consultant with AgChoice Farm Credit. This figure can help you drill-down into your cost control and milk production abilities. And help you assess your business goals and strategies in order to remove the obstacles that may be holding you back from achieving better margins.
It's worth your time and effort to do so, especially in this era of high feed prices and milk price uncertainty.
Look to your peers
No two dairy farms are the same. Facilities are different, management is different, personnel are different. So does this mean that profit margins have to be different, too? It may seem that way, at least on the surface.
"Using Dairy Profit Analyzer data for the rolling 12 months that ended in September, the top 10 percent of Northeast dairy farms benchmarked had a net margin of $4.12 per hundredweight," says Hosterman. "The lowest 10 percent of dairy farms in the data set had a net margin of $0.15 per hundredweight." Average farms achieve a net margin per hundredweight of $2.35.
The top 10 percent made $5,241 per cow, the lowest 10 percent made $4,761 per cow and those in the average group made $4,913 per cow.
Milk price wasn't significantly different, and really wasn't a factor in profitability differences. Those in top 10 percent receive a net milk price per hundredweight of $19.96; all others in the data set brought home a net price of $19.41 per cwt. The percentage of components produced didn't vary widely among the groups either.
While all farms benchmarked were making money, some were obviously better at it than others. Looking further into the numbers, two things become apparent:
1. Farms in the top 10 percent had a significantly lower cost of production ($16.68 per cwt. vs. $20.11 per cwt.).
2. Farms in the top 10 percent produced more milk than their benchmark counterparts. (Approximately 26,000 pounds annually vs. about 22,000 pounds annually.)
"Of course, it's not just about milk production, but producing more milk more efficiently," cautions Hosterman. "You must know your cost of production so you can determine if you are actually more efficient producing 75 pounds per day per cow or if 90 pounds per cow per day is a realistic, economically achievable goal. Don't simply shoot for the highest milk production with no regard for the bottom line. What do those extra pounds of milk cost?"
Milk matters
A recent analysis by ag economists at Kansas State University sheds more light on milk production's role in a dairy farm's profitability. The study examined Kansas Farm Management Association Dairy Enterprise Analysis average data from 1989 to 2010 to look at trends over time and also data from 2005-2010 for individual farmers to look at variability across operations.
It, too, concludes that the correlation between profitability and milk price over time is not particularly strong.
Instead, "producers' individual management skills are more important for long-term business survival," says author Kevin Dhuyvetter, Kansas State University ag economist.
For the 6-year period studied, dairy farmers in the top 33 percent, or top third, averaged more than 4,000 pounds per of milk per cow per year (22,788 vs. 18,482). That's a difference of 23 percent. Milk price between the groups only varied by $0.21 per cwt.
Furthermore, farms in the top third achieved annual net returns per cow of $172 compared to an annual net loss of $922 per cow for those farms in the bottom third of farms.
Interestingly, the top farms in the study reported a higher feed cost than the lower-performing farms, but had a lower overall cost.
"This analysis suggests that producers that are significantly more profitable than average are much more productive in terms of milk production per cow, while having similar — to slightly lower — costs on a per-cow basis," explains Dhuyvetter.
It's the little things
So what do these top farms do so well that create profit barriers elsewhere?
"The one thing the most profitable farms I work with have in common is that they plan, then implement, and finally, evaluate everything," says Hosterman. This strategy doesn't vary depending on the magnitude of the task or the decision, but rather, applies from the simplest protocol to major capital purchases and everything in between.
"It's attention to detail, it's excellent cow comfort, it's good animal husbandry, it's quality heifer programs, it's good financial management" he concludes. "There is no magic solution."
Find your net margin per hundredweight
To get this figure, subtract your variable cost from milk income to get your gross margin. Once you have that figure, subtract your fixed cost. That will give you your net margin.
To find net margin per hundredweight, divide your net margin by hundredweights of milk produced.
This sounds complicated, but this number matters. It is a key part of the process to find the obstacles that impact your profits.
What makes a top dairy farm top?
The top farms, according to Mike Hosterman, AgChoice Farm Credit agriculture business consultant, have a healthy balance in the following five key areas:
• Volume.
• Efficiency.
• Capacity.
• Industry skills (like the ability to manage internal growth).
• Cost of production and cost control.
High-performing farms do not necessarily have the best performance in all areas, he explains, but they strike a good balance and are competent in all areas, not letting any single element of the equation slip.
For additional information on factors affecting dairy profitability, check out the analysis from Kansas State University at: http://www.agmanager.info/livestock/


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OTHELLO, MACBETH, AS YOU LIKE IT & More Part of ASC's 2010/2011 Season
The American Shakespeare Center has announced its 2010-2011 seasons, a program of 16 productions presented over 52 weeks in 5 separate repertory seasons, offering the largest number of plays per year by Shakespeare and Early Modern playwrights of any theatre in the world.
The lineup features eight plays by Shakespeare: The Taming of the Shrew; Othello; Henry IV, Part 2; As You Like It; Macbeth; Measure for Measure; The Comedy of Errors; and Henry VI, Part 3. Also included are four plays by contemporaries of Shakespeare: The Fair Maid of the West by Thomas Heywood; The Malcontent by John Marston; Look About You by Anonymous; and A Trick to Catch the Old One by Thomas Middleton; and one post-Restoration comedy: Wild Oats by John O'Keeffe. Three modern holiday plays cap off the year: A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, The Santaland Diaries by David Sedaris, and The Twelve Dates of Christmas by ASC actor Ginna Hoben.
"Our patrons can see more Shakespeare and Early Modern plays right here in Virginia than anywhere else on the planet," said ASC Artistic Director Jim Warren. "In the world's only re-creation of Shakespeare's indoor theatre, we perform 52 weeks a year in true repertory using Shakespeare's staging conditions that bring out the fun, excitement, and humanity of some of the greatest plays in the English language."
All ASC productions will be presented in the Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton, Va., the world's only re-creation of Shakespeare's indoor theatre and "one of the most historically important theatres in the world," according to British scholar Andrew Gurr.
Believing that Shakespeare's stagecraft is as important as his wordcraft, the American Shakespeare Center has developed its own modern performance style based on how Shakespeare's company performed plays at the original Globe and Blackfriars Playhouses in Renaissance London, an approach that the Wall Street Journal's Terry Teachout calls "first rate theatre."
Dubbed "shamelessly entertaining" by the Washington Post, ASC style includes having the audience and performers share the same light, seating the audience all around the stage and even on the stage itself, and having actors interact with audience members during the performance.
The ASC is one of the few theatres in the world to mount productions like Shakespeare's company did: in true repertory, with about 15 or fewer actors sometimes covering over 40 different roles in a single play. "Real repertory with a small troupe of actors was part of the genius of Renaissance theatre that Shakespeare milked to write his great plays," said Warren.
The 2010-11 ASC calendar continues The Histories: The Rise and Fall of Kings, a 5-year series that will present all 10 of Shakespeare's history plays. The series began in 2008 and will continue this year with Henry IV, Part 2 and Henry VI, Part 3.
This year's schedule also adds the world-premiere of a new play, The Twelve Dates of Christmas. "To meet our patrons' demand for more edgy holiday shows for grown-ups, we've added to our wildly successful holiday lineup The Twelve Dates of Christmas, an original one-woman show written and performed by ASC veteran actor Ginna Hoben," said Warren.
Summer Season (June 23 through August 29, 2010):
The Taming of the Shrew
Wild Oats by John O'Keeffe
Fall Season (September 3 through November 29, 2010):
Henry IV, Part 2
The Fair Maid of the West by Thomas Heywood
The Taming of the Shrew
Wild Oats
Holiday Season (November 30, 2010 through January 2, 2011):
The Twelve Dates of Christmas by Ginna Hoben
The Santaland Diaries by David Sedaris
A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
As You Like It
Measure for Measure
Actors' Renaissance Season (January 1 through April 4, 2011):
The Comedy of Errors
The Malcontent by John Marston
Look About You (The Comic Adventures of Robin Hood) by Anonymous
Henry VI, Part 3
A Trick to Catch the Old One by Thomas Middleton
Spring Season (April 6 through June 19, 2011):
As You Like It
Measure for Measure
Pre-sale of tickets through subscription packages runs from March 1 through March 31. Single tickets go on sale on April 1. Information and tickets are available from the Blackfriars Playhouse box office by phone at 1-877-MUCH-ADO (682-4236), online at www.ASCstaunton.com, or in person at 10 S. Market Street in downtown Staunton.
The ASC's 2010/11 brochure, available by mail and online at the ASC website, contains descriptions of our plays and a full calendar of performances from June 2010 through June 2011.
Also playing now, in our 09/10 seasons through June 2010: 2010 Actors' Renaissance Season (now through April 4, 2010): Twelfth Night, Doctor Faustus, The Alchemist, Henry VI, Part 2, The Roman Actor. 2010 Spring Season (April 7-June 20, 2010): All's Well That Ends Well, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Romeo and Juliet.
About the American Shakespeare Center
The American Shakespeare Center, located in Staunton, Va., recovers the joys and accessibility of Shakespeare's theatre, language, and humanity by exploring the English Renaissance stage and its practices through performance and education. The ASC's Blackfriars Playhouse is open year-round for Shakespeare productions, which have been hailed by The Washington Post as "shamelessly entertaining" and by The Boston Globe as "phenomenal...bursting with energy." Founded in 1988 as Shenandoah Shakespeare Express, the organization became the American Shakespeare Center in 2005 and can be found online at www.ASCstaunton.com.


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Kabrinas are extremely unique, loving and beautiful people they are smart and don't trust easily. Kabrinas tend to attract people with problems due to there talent of giving good advice and being very passionate. They can be shy, but once you get to meet them they are probably the craziest people you will ever meet. Because Kabrinas are so unique, they tend to attract many different kinds of guys. The true soul mate of a Kabrina will be just as passionate as her and will love all of the odd little things about her. Kabrinas are naturally peace makers and problem solvers, they love working with people, especially children. They are nice to everyone and it is hard for them to reject others. Even though Kabrinas are so loving, caring, nice, and passionate, don't underestimate them. If they don't like you there is probably a good reason for it and you should take a good look at yourself, they are not afraid to speak there mind and tell you how it is. They really stand up for what is right and should be looked up to by others around them. If you are the parent of a Kabrina you know they don't let others in easily but when they love, they love you with all their heart, family means everything to them, especially their parents and siblings. Words can not explain how magnificent these girls are, there are very few, and they have a huge heart, that is what makes them so special. They are truly a beautiful gift from god; they are gods angels. The name even stands for "Heaven".
by Tay2669 June 12, 2013
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CARACAS, Venezuela - The Venezuelan government has opened a formal inquiry into claims the Hugo Chavez died from poisoning.
The former president first raised his own suspicion shortly after he was diagnosed with cancer in 2011.
Reuters reports that interim president Nicolas Maduro told regional TV Network Telesur, "We have the intuition that our commander Chavez was poisoned by dark forces that wanted him out of the way."
Scientists are being called to Venezuela from outside the country to investigate the claims.
Chavez, 58, died Tuesday after battling a severe respiratory infection and cancer in his pelvic region.
Copyright 2013 by Local10.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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ONTARIO – Baldy View Division 61 of the California Retired Teachers Association will hold a silent auction Dec. 12 to benefit its new teachers grant program.
The auction will be part of the group's holiday luncheon at noon following a business meeting at 11:30 a.m. at the Ontario YMCA.
The auction will feature Native American jewelry by member Kenny Hancock who now lives in New Mexico.
The proceeds will go to the Beverly Brennan New Teacher Fund for the 2013-14 school year.
All retired teachers can attend the meeting. Reservations should be made by Friday to Pat Curtis at 909-989-4465.


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Annoyed with your workmates and flustered with your staff? Don't understand how they think, act, and communicate - especially the twentysomethings who ask questions all the time and want confirmation that they're doing great? All these difficult people may be nothing more than diverse demographics. Friction among Traditionalists, Boomers, Xers, and Millennials has spiked, as four distinct generations are tossed side by side, cubicle by cubicle - and nobody speaks the same language.
Generations at Work offers a refreshing way to root out the causes of workplace clashes and bridge the generational gaps. Now updated to include the Millennial newcomers to the workplace, the audiobook serves as both a sweeping overview of generational differences and a solutions-based managerial guide to molding each group into loyal employees who work effectively with everyone, from tech-savvy, high-needs young people to conformist, hardworking seniors.
Packed with original research and eye-opening insights, you'll find explanations of what makes each generation tick, key phrases and tactics for motivating each, best practices from companies with generations-friendly cultures, in-depth interviews highlighting problems and solutions, a field guide for mentoring Millennials - and many more valuable tools for turning today's multigenerational workforce into an organizational asset.
©2013 Ron Zemke, Claire Raines, Bob Filipczak (P)2013 Gildan Media LLC
"Learning about differences may be fun, but learning about cooperation is useful. And it's here that Generations at Work becomes a valuable tool." (Fast Company, review of the first edition)
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The stuff kids really need for high school
Here are some easy tips to help you upgrade your childs supplies for high school. more
If you notice white patches in your baby's mouth that won't rub off, your baby most likely has thrush - a harmless yeast infection of the mouth. All babies come into contact with yeast and maintain it with "good bacteria", but a recent dose of antibiotics (in either you or your baby) could kill too much of the bacteria to maintain a healthy balance. If an overgrowth occurs, yeast will grow in moist, damp places such as your baby's mouth or on your nipples.
Thrush can develop at any time during breastfeeding, but it is most likely to occur after you or the baby have taken antibiotics. If you have thrush in your nipples, you'll notice burning, itching and flaking. The nipples might also look pink and raw. If you took antibiotics, the good bacteria in your body might have been wiped out along with the bad, causing yeast to grow unchallenged. And because yeast loves warm, moist places, your breastfeeding nipples are prime targets.
Luckily thrush normally clears up without medication, so continue to breastfeed as possible. But ask your doctor about antifungal ointment to avoid passing the infection back and forth. Allowing your nipples to air dry between feeding and ensuring any bottles and pacifiers are cleaned and thoroughly dried may help to prevent oral thrush.
Written by Linda Drummond for Kidspot, Australia's leading pregnancy and parenting resource.
Last revised: Monday, 21 February 2011
This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional.