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Wireless Field Devices Are Shipping, but Adoption Questions Remain
By Walt Boyes, Editor in chief
It's been nearly a decade since low-power field devices appeared using Zigbee as their mesh protocol. A consensus that Zigbee was not robust enough led to the formation of the ISA100 standard committee. A desire to extend the HART protocol to the wireless realm created the push toward what became WirelessHART. So, where have we come in the past few years?
Well, for one thing, WirelessHART has become IEC Standard IEC62591. There's a new standard from China. ISA100.11a is undergoing a rework, and is expected to be released again later this year. Zigbee has been strengthened, and is being positioned for use in smart-grid applications. So there are still four competitive standards, as we discussed last year. (See Control. Aug. '08, www.controlglobal.com/articles/2008/271.html.)
A Convergence of Standards?
There is an active "convergence" dialog between WirelessHART supporters and ISA100 supporters that's been pushed by some end users and vendors including Honeywell and Emerson. Hesh Kagan, technology innovation director for Invensys, says, "It's not a technology issue. Convergence can work if the key players want it to work."
Pat Schweitzer of ExxonMobil and co-chair of ISA100 agrees from an end user's point of view. "Technically there is no issue. Both base specs were developed under the same premise. One is constrained only by the applications layer that was adopted. The base networking is almost the same. The better question is can the supplier community ever come together to meet the users' expectations."
David Land, field instrumentation network lead from ConocoPhillips agrees. "I hope so! Not sure it can be done at this point." But, another engineer with a consumer products company, who asked for anonymity said, "I don't care."
The ISA100.12 committee, which was set up to manage the convergence, hopes to include Zigbee and the new Chinese standard, as well as WirelessHART in a converged ISA100 standard. However, a survey of many ISA100 committee members shows them divided into two basic camps. The first, mostly comprised of end users, feel that convergence must work.
The other group feels that convergence is a chimera, and we'll be stuck with competing standards. "Full convergence (meaning coexistence of WirelessHART, ISA100 and ZigBee products within the same sub-net) is not realistic and not really useful," says Jean-Pierre Hauet of KB Intelligence. "These subnets will comprise no more than 100 field devices. The development of backbone routers allowing the transparent communication between sub-nets should suffice." Lou DiSilvio of IndustrialTelemetry Inc. is quite blunt. "Yes, ultimately it may be made to work. Octagonal tires would work on cars if you could stand the ride." From the end-user and EPC point of view, Scott Sommer of Jacobs Engineering says, "I don't need wireless standards to converge; I need them to play nicely together in the same airspace! To me, this is a silly concept. Did we ever need 4-20ma, 24VDC and 120VAC to converge? No, we just let them play nicely in the same space by providing each with their own connections and making sure they stay separated."
Sommer and Hauet have a point. Real convergence is already happening in the network layer behind the field sensor network gateway. Roy Freeland, CEO of Perpetuum, a U.K.- based manufacturer of energy-harvesting devices, put it well; "Most plants will just connect into whatever backhaul system is already there."
According to a recent ControlGlobal.com survey (www.controlglobal.com/wirelesssurvey2010.html), while 46% of respondents say it is just a nuisance, 54% say that competing standards are keeping them from deciding on implementing a wireless field device network or making them look for alternatives to wireless.
Alternatives to Wireless??
In an ironic twist, because of the delays in producing wireless field devices and agreeing on a common standard, wireless sensors may have missed their window. For WirelessHART, one of the chief arguments has been that the "stranded data" (diagnostics, other PVs, time stamps, etc.) in the over 25 million installed HART transmitters needed to be extracted. Our survey indicates that 62% of end-user respondents seriously question the utility of that data. Our survey of ISA100 members bears this out as well. Our anonymous engineer from the consumer products company is very clear. "No! We don't use HART data now, so getting stranded diagnostics is of almost no value to us."
Dick Caro, a wireless consultant with CMC Inc., agrees. "If it was really important, a HART multiplexer could have been used long ago." And Peter Fuhr, formerly CTO of Apprion, says, "Discussions with individuals at multiple industrial facilities reveal that 'stranded data' is more valuable to the vendors than the end users. This feeling may change over time, particularly as maintenance costs rise."
It Costs HOW Much?
And, in another twist, wireless sensor pricing appears to be having negative effect on the adoption rate of wireless sensor networks in process plants. Our survey indicated that over 70% of respondents thought that pricing currently is either "way overpriced" or "moderately overpriced." Only about 28% of respondents seemed satisfied with current pricing. Art Sampson, a product manager with Hach Co., is emphatic about what he's seeing in the market. "With a HART wireless adapter costing around $800, the price will need to drop 75% to be viable in municipal markets," Sampson says.
The argument is that prices will come down as soon as more competition arrives on the scene. Invensys' Kagan says, "There will be a coming together of supply and demand—there always is. The largest cost associated with wireless sensors is packaging. The radio is very low-cost. The gateway is hopefully amortized over a large number of sensors. The real issue around price is competition. As more vendors enter the sensor market, the price will come down and the utilization will go up."
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It seems like most towns in America have an old road which was once the primary route to the next town but has since been bypassed by a much faster highway. No longer a major commercial artery, these roads are nevertheless cluttered with businesses, malls and sad-looking homes which have seen better days. Hendersonville Road on the south side of Asheville is one such road. James and I got to know it pretty well while building the addition to our Asheville Bed and Breakfast. It was here that we found slate for our terrace and brick for the chimney. Plumbing supply stores are next to mattress stores and hardware stores abound.
On the corner of Hendersonville Road and Stratford Road, just before the turn-off to the airport is a nondescript wooden building. Covered with aluminum siding now, it was built
between 1939-1940. This is the home of Brown's Pottery, considered to be the oldest pottery making family in the United States. James and I must have driven by this building a hundred times, not knowing its significance or how interesting it was but always commenting on how we should stop there sometime. So when we decided to have some signs made for our bedroom doors at the Carolina Bed & Breakfast, we thought of looking here.
Entering the store, one of the first things we noticed was a display of "Face Jugs". These are fairly large jugs with narrow necks and eerie faces on them. No one really knows the origin of these vessels although it is commonly acknowledged that they are unique to the Carolina's. (So unique that I've never seen one before!). I've heard lots of stories since:
they are the original "childproof cap" designed to keep children out of the moonshine, they were created by Africans as receptacles for spirits and even that they arose from someone's playful vision of faces on jugs. Like so many things in these mountains, the truth is probably a mix of fact and story. In any case, it was an interesting introduction to Charlie Brown and Brown's Pottery.
After we looked around the showroom, Charlie took us back into the "factory". I put it in quotes because it's only a factory in the sense that here is where he works and fills his orders. On this day he was making moonshine jugs for a local beer festival. It takes him less than two minutes to turn one of these pots, so he is able to fill orders for 100 or more in less than one day (not including time in the kiln). He told us that his father put him on the wheel when he was two year's old and he has been doing it so long it is instinctual for him. Here is a video of Charlie making a pot.
Charlie is the 8th generation of potters in his family. From the mid-1700's to now, the Brown family has been making Southern Folk Pottery in an unbroken line. It was Davis Brown who brought the family to Asheville in 1924 and within a few years he had so many people working for him that the company could field their own baseball team. The family has gone on to produce many well-known potters and Charlie's works are on display at the Smithsonian Museum as well as other fine art museums. They are considered to be among the finest examples of heritage art in the country. Charlie is aided by his wife, who does the finishing on the works, and his two sons who will be carrying on the tradition into the 9th generation!
In addition to made to order items for local businesses, Charlie makes a line of what he calls "French cookware". These brown ceramic pots can withstand high temperatures and when used for bread baking result in an amazing crust. Charlie researches each piece carefully, even going so far as taking cooking classes himself so he understands the needs of the chef. He has local bakers and cooks test the pieces for him before he puts them on the shelves for sale. He was working on a brie baker when we were there and he even asked me if I would like to test some for him.
One of the things James and I have discovered is that talking to dedicated craftspeople is one of the slow pleasures of exploring Asheville and the mountains of Western North Carolina. And Charlie is happy to talk with customers and show them his works. He may even take you in back and turn a pot or two while you watch.
You can visit Brown's Pottery Monday-Saturday between the hours of 10AM- 5PM. Items are also sold in Asheville at Mountain Made in the Grove Arcade

subset: commoncrawl


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MyChart Login
Home > Health & Wellness > Health Library > Lice: Cleaning Lice From Combs, Clothing, and Other Items
Lice can spread from human to object to human, but it's more common for lice to spread by human-to-human contact.
lice from objects such as combs, clothing, and furniture is not a necessary part of treatment for head lice, but some people choose to do this as a way to
help prevent lice from spreading to other household members.
Lice don't live longer than 2 days when they are not on a human. So you would only need to remove lice from items that the person with lice has used or worn in the 2 days just before he or she used lice-killing medicine.
If you choose to remove lice from household items, here are some tips:
Other Works Consulted
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010). Parasites: Lice. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/index.html.
Morelli JG (2011). Arthropod bites and infestations. In RM Kleigman et al., eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed., pp. 2317–2322. Philadelphia: Saunders.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerJohn Pope, MD - PediatricsE. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
Current as ofSeptember 20, 2016
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Topic: prayer request
We are leaving this morning for Houston so MD Anderson can check my mom's progress. She has completed 3 rounds of gemzar/xeloda and they are going to redo scans when we get there. If everyone who prays would please keep her in your prayers that we get good news I would really appreciate it. She started with a 10x9cm tumor with several small satelite tumors. Ofcourse I am hoping and praying for shrinkage, but I would be happy with no growth. Thank you all in advance for your prayers, and I will update when we get back!


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Harry Styles + Robert Pattinson Are Drinking Buddies
OMG, if this isn't the greatest bromance ever (yet), it certainly could be the cutest: Harry Styles and Robert Pattinson were spotted partying together in Los Angeles! Aaaaaaah!
The One Direction heartthrob and 'Twilight' hottie were seen enjoying drinks together at L.A. hotspot Chateau Marmont on Tuesday (Sept. 10). Delighted fans took to Twitter to squeal about the surprise summit of British hunks.
Harry Styles was at the Chateau Marrmont Hotel!!! With Robert Pattinson having a drink and talking. They argued over who was paying.
— 1D Updates (@1DUpdaterGirls) September 12, 2013
Imaginations run wild when thinking what 19-year-old Hazza and 27-year-old R. Patz were discussing. Was it women? Hit movies? Hair products? The royal baby? All of the above?!? Whatever they talked about, we are sure it was EPIC. And we think it adorbz that they were fighting over the check!
While we ignore the fact that Harry isn't old enough to drink on this side of the Atlantic, we will instead turn our attention to patiently waiting for the universe to provide pictures of this meet-up!


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SANTA CRUZ -- More than 120 residents packed a meeting of the Santa Cruz City Council Public Safety Committee on Monday night to offer solutions to problems with transients, drugs and trash.
The meeting follows residents' recent discoveries of syringes and trash at Cowell Beach, the Westside railroad tracks and along the San Lorenzo River.
Santa Cruz Police Chief Kevin Vogel said he responded by adding a police officer and First Alarm guard to patrol during the day at Cowell Beach, Depot Park, the West Cliff trestle and other areas where transients have gathered to shoot up drugs and leave garbage. The officer and guard started Dec. 10.
Vogel said he also added an officer to respond to calls during the peak time for calls for service, from noon to 8 p.m. daily.
"We have been responsive and we're moving forward to make things better," Vogel said.
Many residents at the meeting, such as Linda Cover, said they wanted more "sharps" containers for discarded needles, more trash cans and more restrooms. Cover, who lives at the Tannery Arts Center, said she participated in cleanups and often found human waste.
"We're very concerned for our children," Cover told the committee, which includes City Council members David Terrazas, Lynn Robinson and Don Lane.
Deborah Elston, president of Santa Cruz Neighbors and a group that cleans the San Lorenzo River levee, also said human waste from transients was a big problem.
"I really don't have a solution, but obviously it can't go in our waterways," Elston said.
Lane, who made homeless issues a hallmark of his recent tenure as mayor, talked about some reasons that transients arrive in Santa Cruz. The availability and tolerance of drugs, large open spaces, prevalent liquor stores and the County Jail's inmate releases in Santa Cruz all factor in to the problem, he said.
A city staff member said one potential solution to discarded needles might be a city law that only allows retractable needles to be sold or exchanged. Retractable needles would reduce the chance of a bystander being pricked.
Save Our Shores Executive Director Laura Kasa reminded residents that her group has been doing beach cleanups for 30 years. Because police want untrained residents to call police rather than handle needles, Save Our Shores offered to train people to pick up sharps such as needles. The group also recently started a new extreme team of cleanup volunteers.
Analicia Cube, co-founder of Take Back Santa Cruz, offered many solutions -- including new permits and fees for needle sellers and distributors. She also wanted police to pay more attention to bike thefts, which she said fuels the drug trade.
Many bikes and bike parts have been found in transients' drug camps.
"We want a message that Santa Cruz will no longer tolerate this behavior," Cube said.
Follow Sentinel reporter Stephen Baxter on Twitter at Twitter.com/sbaxter_sc


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Home » Mayor's Office » Press Releases » 2013 » 20130613 New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu, Canal Street Development Corporation, and ACE Theatrical
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(NEW ORLEANS, La.) – June 13, 2013 –After more than eight years, the historic Saenger Theatre will proudly reopen its doors this fall with a grand opening celebration, featuring a lineup of performances commemorating the city's love for live entertainment of all kinds. The initial announcement includes a variety of entertainment beginning on Sept. 28 and continuing through Jan. 10 of 2014. Additional performances will be announced as they are confirmed. The Saenger Theatre is currently undergoing a $52 million restoration led by the City of New Orleans, Canal Street Development Corporation, and ACE Theatrical Group.
"The Saenger Theatre is the crown jewel of Canal Street," Mayor Mitch Landrieu said. "Combined with new state-of-the-art features and the authentic restoration to its original 1927 design, the new Saenger Theatre will redefine the live entertainment marketplace in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast region. Today's announcement of the grand opening celebration lineup reestablishes the Saenger as the premier live entertainment venue in the region, truly providing something for everyone."
Legendary comedian Jerry Seinfeld will kick-off the grand opening weekend in the Saenger Theatre with two comedy performances on Sept. 28. The Saenger Opening Gala, starring Kristin Chenoweth and the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra, will be the highlight of the grand opening celebration with a gala and concert on Oct. 5. More details on the Saenger Opening Gala will be announced in the coming weeks. The lineup continues through the holiday season with a variety of performances, including a historic performance of the Abyssinian Mass, composed and performed by Wynton Marsalis and The Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra Oct. 13, and "Band Together," a free children's concert by the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra Oct. 2.
The performances mark the culmination of the public-private restoration project and the beginning of the next chapter in the theatre's storied history. "The investment our community has made in this spectacular, historic venue will reap dividends for our citizens for years to come," said David Skinner, General Manager of the Saenger Theatre. "These shows at the Saenger will infuse new lifeblood into this sector of downtown, stimulating economic activity in our retail, restaurant, hospitality and transportation industries throughout the area."
"We are committed to stimulating business development through the adaptive reuse and development of Canal Street," said David Rubenstein, Chair of the Canal Street Development Corporation. "Through our partnerships with the City of New Orleans and ACE Theatrical Group, the Saenger will once again serve as an important anchor that will spur growth and redevelopment along Canal Street."
The lineup of opening shows is as follows:
Performer Name
Ticket Prices*
On-Sale Date
For More Information
Jerry Seinfeld
Sat., Sept. 28,
7 p.m. and 9:30 p.m.
$45, $65, $83
Fri., June 21,
10 a.m.
Men of Soul with Jeffrey Osborne, Peabo Bryson, Freddie Jackson and Howard Hewett
Sun., Sept. 29,
7 p.m.
$45, $60, $70, $75, $95
Sat., June 22,
Band Together: A free community concert with the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
Wed., Oct. 2,
D.L. Hughley & Eddie Griffin
Fri., Oct. 4,
8 p.m.
$25, $45, $55, $75
11 a.m.
Saenger Opening Gala, starring
Kristin Chenoweth and the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
Sat., Oct. 5,
Time TBD
On Sale Soon
Brian Regan
Oct. 10,
7:30 p.m.
$39.50 all seats
Fri., June 28,
12 p.m.
A Prairie Home Companion, starring Garrison Keillor presented by WWNO
Sat., Oct. 12,
5 p.m.
$40, $55, $70, $80
Sat., June 29,
Wynton Marsalis & The Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, performing the Abyssinian Mass
Sun., Oct. 13,
$35.75, $45.75, $55.75, $65.75, $75.75
June 27,
1964 The Tribute (Beatles tribute)
Sat., Nov. 9,
$38.75, $43.75, $48.75, $53.75
Bill Maher
Sat., Nov. 16,
$48.75, $58.75, $68.75, $78.75
Celtic Thunder
Sun., Nov. 17,
$29.75, $39.75, $49.75, $59.75, $79.75
2 p.m.
Joe Bonamassa
Nov. 26,
$72.75, $82.75, $92.75, $102.75
The Irish Tenors Christmas
Tues., Dec. 3, 8 p.m.
$27.75, $37.75, $47.75, $57.75, $67.75
1 p.m.
Bonnie Raitt
Fri., Dec. 6,
$35.75, $59.75, $79.75, $128.75
Moscow Ballet's Great Russian Nutcracker
Dec. 26,
$27.50, $37.50, $48.50, $68, $102
The Fresh Beat Band
Fri., Jan. 10, 2014, 7 p.m.
$29.75, $34.75, $39.75, $42.75, $59.75
For more information about specific performances, ticketing information, and to sign up to receive advance notification for tickets as they go on sale, visit www.saengernola.com. For photos of each performer, visit http://www.flickr.com/photos/78379443@N03/sets/72157634050721197.
Season tickets are still on-sale for the 2013-2014 East Jefferson General Hospital Broadway in New Orleans series and can be purchased by calling (800) 218-7469, or online at www.BroadwayInNewOrleans.com. Individual tickets will be available six to eight weeks prior to each scheduled performance. For group pricing, please call (504) 287-0372. The season will feature The Book of Mormon, Ghost The Musical, Sister Act, Disney's Beauty and the Beast, Memphis, War Horse and Rain.
The Saenger Theatre is also announcing a special parking arrangement with the University Place Parking Garage, located across from the Roosevelt Hotel, half a block from the Saenger across Canal Street. All ticket purchasers will have the opportunity to pre-pay for their parking while buying concert tickets through Ticketmaster.com. This option will provide the patron with a reserved space at the garage the day of the event. Parking at the University Place Parking Garage will cost $20, including all services fees.
Last updated: 5/18/2016 2:19:10 PM


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January 2014
The Federal Reserve and the FDIC recently released the public portions of 115 Category 3 institutions' first resolution plans. Category 3 contains the largest number and most diverse group of resolution plan filers.
Particularly striking across the Category 3 US plans is the consistency of resolution strategies. Every Category 3 filer with a CIDI indicated that its primary strategy for its CIDI(s) was an immediate purchase and assumption ("P&A") to a single buyer after passing through receivership. In each of these cases, the alternative to the preferred strategy was the creation of a bridge bank followed by a delayed P&A to a single buyer.
Alternate strategies may be emphasized by the regulators in 2014. From the perspective of a single institution (and assuming an idiosyncratic stress event which is the required assumption for the 2013 plans), the P&A strategies seem reasonable and appropriate as preferred strategies. However, from a macro perspective, particularly when required to incorporate weaker economic assumptions such as the adverse or severely adverse environments, industry strategies that consist exclusively of a whole bank P&A seem insufficient.
This Financial Services Regulatory Brief analysis provides key background pertinent to the Category 3 plan filings, and analyzes the public portions for both US based firms and FBOs.


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
It's common to want to embed custom code within reports in Reporting Services. One thing I don't like is the inclusion of anything that looks like business logic directly in the reports. However, formatting functions, etc. seem totally appropriate.
If I want to embed custom code within Reporting Services though, I currently have two options. One is to embed the code in the report, the other is to reference an assembly. Each of these has drawbacks.
If I embed the code in a report (say just some formatting functions), I have to edit every report if I ever change that code.
The answer has been to use an assembly instead. The downside of placing code in an assembly is that I now have a deployment issue. It's very easy to deploy an RDL report file but quite another thing to deploy a .NET assembly that is referenced by it.
What I'd really like to see is an in-between option. I think a good solution would be to allow me to have another node in Solution Explorer, called something like "Shared Code" or some similar name. I could then have sets of code that I might want embedded in various reports. Then in the properties of a report, I could just specify that which of these pieces of code I'd like to have included (and embedded) in the report.
This would give me the benefit of only a single place to need to write/update the code but no downside on deployment as the code would simply be embedded in the RDL files.
I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. If you like it (or even if you don't), the Connect item is here: https://connect.microsoft.com/SQLServer/feedback/details/534679/reporting-services-should-support-include-files-via-code-inclusions
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This concept makes a report very much like a server side page, like a .aspx page for example. In .NET structure as we have a .aspx page and code behind file, this concept looks similar to that. Also having this code in raw format means it would not be compiled but interpreted by the service at runtime and this opens a scope for performance issues. In my viewpoint, assembly is still the better way compared to what you propose, but I agree that a better way of developing and/or deploying the same should be facilitated from BIDS / Report Manager.
Siddharth Mehta
Hi Siddharth,
It doesn't change the performance characteristics as you can already do this via the "Code" properties of a report. The difference is in managing those code areas.
The only issue with that solution is that whenever you changed the code, you would need to know which of the reports is using it so that you can redeploy them all.
Of course, the advantage of only having to maintain it in one place would almost certainly outweigh this, but having some way to determine which reports are dependent on a piece of 'shared code' would be a useful extension to your idea.
I'm hoping the reports that depend on it would be the ones in the same project !
There are probably implementation issues here.
Essentially what you are asking for is the ability to deploy an assembly by simply uploading the code for it, as presumably that code would then be compiled into an assembly. So now the question becomes, have you just evaded all the security and permission constraints that we (rightly) put on the execution and installation of a deployed assembly?
There are also issues like, "Is a shared variable in the global code shared by all the reports, or do we end up with a second copy of the assembly and whatever memory it demands for each report execution?"
In general, I'm ok with the idea, but I don't place it in it nearly as much value as things like being able to define styles that can be applied to report objects much like a style in HTML (css) or even MS Word. And a global storage space for such styles would be even more useful.


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Fresh Member
Since WWE teased us with a revival of the Tag Team Division only to run out of Tag Teams and fail to create new ones, I decided to revive the Division for them with 7 Tag Teams the WWE needs to push right now as serious contenders and legitimate Tag Teams.
Also, these teams have to look alike, use tandem moves and absolutely cannot have "Team" in front of their name. No make
As we've seen on RAW this past Monday it has been officially confirmed: No one backstage has any idea what the hell they're doing.
I've never seen a Main Event for a PPV, let alone one of the big four, be announced one week then completely change the next. Why is it so hard for them to book and plan things in advance?
Well enough complaining. I won't be ordering the PPV
I always thought you shouldn't book your biggest show of the year based off the other PPVs, but book the other PPVs based off your big show of the year. WrestleMania is about putting together the best possible card you can have with your current roster. Dream matches, surprises, returns, this is the show to pull out all the stops. I've been pretty disappointed in the last few WrestleManias. While
SmackDown and RAW... you can't really tell them apart. Everyones pretty much on both shows yet there's still two World titles. What they should do, and won't, is trim down the roster and cancel SD. Put everyone on one show and introduce NXT to Friday Nights.
Looking at the roster in FCW right now, it's stacked with talent and potential. I don't remember seeing a roster this good since
Whats up guys, just wanted to share some ideas I had for current story lines going on in the 'Universe'. Not too sure where they'll go with the CM Punk story, but here's my idea..
"I'm a Paul Heyman guy." - CM Punk
After being WWE Champion and not headlining a PPV for the last few months, Punk aligns himself with Paul Heyman & Brock Lesnar to eliminate John


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Achieve salon style results from home with the 'Happy Days' Gel Lab Pro Color Nail Varnish from Deborah Lippmann. Infused with ten active ingredients, including Evening Primrose, Keratin, Biotin and shine-enhancing Silk Fibres, the dual-patented nail polish glides effortlessly onto the nail to deliver a long-wearing coral crème. Features a unique rounded brush for mistake-free application, allowing you to create a gel-like, cushioned effect without UV lamps, scraping, soaking or nail damage. E.N.
1) Start with clean, dry nails and apply a THIN, even layer of Gel Lab Base Coat. Allow 1 minute to dry. 2) Apply 2 coats of nail color. Wait 1 minute after the first coat to ensure proper drying before the second coat. Allow 2 minutes for the second to dry. 3) Apply one THIN layer of Gel Lab Top Coat.
Evening Primrose Biotin, Keratin, Nonychosine F, Green Tea Extract, Aucumea, Platinium Powder, Epoxy Resin, Silk Fibers, Plexi Glass. 5 Free – Does Not Contain Formaldehyde, Formaldehyde Resin, Toluene, Dibutyl Phthalate (Dbp) and Camphor.
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Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) was the first mandatory cap-and-trade program in the United States to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) from the power sector. It consists of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. RGGI was established in 2005, and administered its first auction of CO2 emissions allowances in 2008. By 2020, the RGGI CO2 cap is projected to contribute to a 45 percent reduction in the region's annual power-sector CO2 emissions from 2005 levels, or between 80 and 90 million short tons (tons) of CO2. RGGI requires fossil fuel power plants over 25 megawatts in participating states to obtain an allowance for each ton of CO2 emitted annually. Power plants within the region may comply with the cap by purchasing allowances from quarterly auctions, other generators within the region, or offset projects.
Page Contents
Cap and Trade Basics
A cap-and-trade system is one of a variety of market-based policy tools being used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Market-based policies are often favored as a more cost-effective alternative to traditional command-and-control regulation. A cap-and-trade program sets a clear limit on greenhouse gas emissions and translates this limit into tradable emission allowances (each allowance is typically equivalent to one ton of CO2), which are auctioned or allocated to regulated emitters. At the end of each compliance period, each regulated emitter must submit to the state enough allowances to cover its actual emissions during the compliance period. The total number of allowances minted by the state, the cap, for a given year decreases over time to reduce the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. By creating a market and a price for emission reductions, the cap-and-trade system offers an environmentally effective and economically efficient response to climate change.
RGGI History
Program Development and Model Rule
In 2005, the governors of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) memorializing an agreement to reduce CO2 emissions within the northeastern and mid-Atlantic region. In 2007, RGGI was expanded to include Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The ten signatory states agreed to be jointly responsible for carrying out the provisions featured in the MOU.
Figure 1: RGGI Member States
Source: RGGI, Program Design, http://www.rggi.org/design/history
In doing so, the ten states addressed two key components that led to the ultimate implementation of the RGGI program. First, the states agreed to adopt individual shares of the overall RGGI CO2 cap by agreeing to implement state-level CO2 emissions budgets specified in the MOU. Second, the states assumed responsibility for developing a Model Rule to serve as a common framework for individual state-level regulations. The ten signatory states jointly released the first Model Rule draft in 2006, and adopted a final version of the Model Rule on December 31, 2008.
The program's compliance obligations began on January 1, 2009. Participating states agreed at the time of the program's inception in 2005 to conduct a comprehensive two-year Program Review throughout 2012. The Program Review was intended to evaluate the effectiveness of the original Model Rule in reducing the region's CO2 emissions, as well as the extent to which the program enabled states to invest auction revenues into the region's consumer benefit programs.
Between 2008 and 2013, RGGI operated on the basis of the original Model Rule, which served as a regulatory blueprint for each member state. Under the Model Rule framework, each member state enacted individual regulations that covered entities were required to comply with in order to participate in the regional trading program, which featured a regional CO2 cap of 188 million tons between 2008 and 2011, and was lowered to 165 million tons between 2012 and 2013. The Model Rule identified methods and standards for administering quarterly CO2 allowance auctions, and also introduced parameters for monitoring and tracking acquisition and transfers of CO2 allowances between compliance entities through the RGGI CO2 Allowance Tracking System (RGGI COATS).The original Model Rule also established conditions for verifying the eligibility of offset credits.
Figure 2: RGGI CO2 Emissions by Sector in 2011
Source: EPA, State Energy CO2 Emissions, 2011, http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/state_energyco2inv.html
First Control Period (2009-2011)
Throughout the first control period between 2009 and 2011, when the allowance submission requirement became effective, RGGI auctioned 395 million CO2 allowances, or 70 percent of the total 564 million available during the program's first three years. Over the course of the program's first fourteen quarterly auctions, the clearing price for CO2 allowances ranged as high as $3.35 and as low as $1.86. The first control period yielded over $922 million in revenue from auctions. Throughout this period, the RGGI program covered 211 CO2 emissions sources. However, CO2 emissions in the region fell below the cap during the first control period, leaving a surplus of unsold CO2 allowances. A report issued by the New York State Energy Research and Development Agency attributes the region's decrease in CO2 emissions to fuel-switching from petroleum and coal generation to less carbon-intensive natural gas generation, lower demand-side electricity load, and increased nuclear and renewable capacity.
At the end of the first control period, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie announced that the state was withdrawing from RGGI. In withdrawing from RGGI, the governor cited that the state's CO2 emissions were already below its 2020 emissions targets in part due to the increased use of natural gas, and also suggested that increased operational costs to power plants in New Jersey could provide out-of-state generators with a competitive advantage in supplying cheaper, more carbon-intensive power to the states ratepayer. According to a report issued by the Analysis Group in 2011, revenues generated during the first control period contributed to $1.1 billion in electricity bill reduction for customers in the RGGI region as a result of substantial state investment of allowance proceeds in energy efficiency programs. The report also determined that lower demand for fossil fuels supplied from outside the RGGI region preserved $765 million in the local economy.
Program Review
Member state agencies and stakeholder groups began compiling comments and analyses in 2011 to develop the RGGI Program Review, as required by the RGGI MOU. Because of both the increased use of natural gas and the lower demand for electricity by the region's consumers, the Program Review strongly recommended that the RGGI CO2 cap be reduced. The Program Review culminated with the release of the updated Model Rule on February 7, 2013. The updated Model Rule incorporated feedback from participating state agencies and other stakeholders on regulatory adjustments, with an emphasis on increasing compliance flexibility.
Second Control Period (2012-2014)
Figure 3: RGGI Historical Timeline
Source: RGGI, Program Design, http://www.rggi.org/design/history
Updated Model Rule Details
Starting January 1, 2014, member states will begin implementing rules contained in an updated Model Rule, which was adopted in late 2013. The 2014 emissions cap of 91 million tons of CO2 represents a 45 percent reduction from the 2013 cap of 145 million tons of CO2. The cap will further decline 2.5 percent annually until 2020, resulting in a cumulative 15 percent reduction of annual emissions from the 2014 cap of 91 million tons of CO2. Under the updated Model Rule, CO2 allowances acquired by compliance entities before 2014 that are already contained in private holding accounts may be used to satisfy an allowance obligation. According to projections, RGGI estimates some 115 million allowances allocated before 2014 have been banked in private holding accounts. To ensure the annual target is met with real reductions rather than with the use of banked allowances, RGGI will reduce the cap each year by a factor that accounts for previously banked allowances
Figure 4: RGGI Annual CO2 Emissions Cap
Source: RGGI, Allowance Allocation, http://www.rggi.org/design/overview/allowance-allocation
In addition to reducing the cap, the updated Model Rule introduces a few new policy provisions. One of these is the Cost Containment Reserve (CCR), intended to keep the price of allowances from rising above a program-wide trigger price. The CCR consists of a limited supply of additional CO2 emission allowances separate from the annual RGGI Program CO2 Budget, which are to be made available for purchase when demand for allowances causes the clearing price to exceed the trigger price during a quarterly auction. The CCR is intended to provide some assurance that the auction price will not rise above the CCR trigger price, which changes annually to prices determined during the Program Review process.
The updated Model Rule also adjusts the schedule for demonstrating compliance by introducing a two-year interim control period beginning in 2015. Previously, regulate entities only had to demonstrate compliance at the end of each three-year control period. The interim control period runs throughout the first and second calendar years of each control period, and requires compliance entities to hold allowances equal to 50 percent of their obligation over the two-year interim control period, before submitting 100 percent of the compliance obligation at the end of the three-year control period. The interim control period is intended to prevent regulated entities from using impending bankruptcy to avoid any compliance obligation. Additional details of the updated Model Rule are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: RGGI Cap-and-Trade Details
Details and Discussion
Status of Regulation
Legal Status
Each participating state passed regulations and/or statutes based on the Model Rule framework. Program compliance began on January 1, 2009.
Legal Authority
Regulations in each member state dictate compliance standards as enforced by RGGI member state environmental agencies.
Key Dates
December 20, 2005: States sign Memorandum of Understanding
January 1, 2009: Compliance obligation
November 29, 2011: New Jersey withdraws from RGGI
January 1, 2014: Compliance obligation under updated Model Rule
See Figure 3 for a full timeline.
Coverage Threshold
Sources with 25 megawatts or greater of nameplate fossil-fuel electricity generation capacity
Gases Covered
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sectors Covered
Fossil fuel electricity generation within RGGI region (Does not include imports)
Point of Regulation
Fossil fuel electricity generators (within RGGI member states)
Allowance Allocation
Regional Emission Targets
188 million tons of CO2 annually between 2009-2011 (New Jersey included)
165 million tons of CO2 annually between 2012-2013
91 million tons of CO2 in 2014, decreasing 2.5% annually through 2020
(See Figure 4 above)
Allocation of Allowances to States
Each member state is assigned a state-level share of the overall RGGI Program CO2 Budget as defined in the MOU. Together, individual member state CO2 budgets compose the RGGI CO2 cap.
Distribution of Allowances to Regulated Entities
Competitive allocation of allowances to electric power sources subject to 100% auction-based distribution.
Quarterly, single round, sealed bid, uniform price
Price Minimum: $2.00 in 2014, rising 2.5% annually
Must be purchased at auction in multiples of 1,000 allowances
(1 allowance = 1 ton of CO2)
Compliance entities are prohibited from bidding on more than 25% of total CO2 allowances offered at any auction
Market Flexibility
Allowance Banking
Compliance entities may bank CO2 allowances, without limitation, until the allowances are used to satisfy compliance or transferred to another account.
Allowance Borrowing
RGGI prohibits regulated entities from using future allowances to satisfy compliance in advance of the year associated with the allowance.
Offsets: Quantity
Allowed for 3.3% of total compliance obligation
Offsets: Protocols
Eligible offset allowance categories accepted to satisfy program compliance include: (1) landfill methane (CH4) capture and destruction; (2) sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions reduction from power transmission; (3) CO2 sequestration from afforestation projects per U.S. Forest Projects Offset Protocol; (4) CO2 reductions from end-use energy efficiency; and (5) CH4 abatement from agricultural manure management operations.
Strategic Reserve
Starting in 2014, the CCR will contain a limited number of allowances each year. These allowances will be made available during any auction in which demand for allowances at prices at or above the CCR trigger price otherwise exceeds the supply of CO2 allowances available for sale at that auction. The CCR will contain the number of allowances specified below for each year, regardless of whether CCR allowances were sold in previous years. It is possible for the clearing price to exceed the trigger price if the demand for allowances at the trigger price exceeds the total number of available allowances when the CCR is included.
Emissions Reporting and Verification
Compliance entities must report CO2 emissions quarterly to RGGI member state environmental agencies, as well as the EPA's Clean Air Markets Division (the latter required by federal law of all large greenhouse gas emitters nationwide).
Compliance entities must register with RGGI on the RGGI CO2 Allowance Tracking System (RGGI COATS).
Member states' environmental agencies must provide allowance verification, as well as additional third-party verification for all CO2 offset allowances.
Compliance and Enforcement
Annual Obligation
Compliance entities must hold 50% of their allowance obligation at the end of each Interim Control Period, which includes any year that is not the end of a three-year compliance period.
Compliance Period Obligation
RGGI uses three-year control periods to manage compliance. The first two calendar years of each three-year compliance period constitute the Interim Control Period. During the interim control period, compliance entities are required to hold 50% of their total allowance obligation in their compliance account. Entities may also choose to submit these allowances during the interim control period to be deducted from the total number of allowances needed to achieve compliance at the end of the three-year control period.
Firms failing to submit CO2 allowances equal to annual CO2 emissions may incur a fine equal to three times the allowance price for each ton of CO2 emissions exceeding the number of submitted allowances. Additional penalties will be incurred by sources failing to hold allowances accounting for the 50% compliance obligation during an Interim Control Period. Member state agencies may impose state-specific penalties on firms failing to comply with CO2 allowance obligations.
Trading and Enforcement
An independent market monitor oversees the market to detect attempts of price manipulation or collusion during auctions and exchanges on secondary markets. Participants found in violation are subject to civil or criminal penalties imposed by Title V of the Clean Air Act.
Auction Revenue
Since 2008, RGGI allowance auctions have generated roughly $1.5 billion in cumulative auction proceeds. Member states have agreed under the RGGI MOU to direct at least 25 percent of all revenues generated at auction to consumer benefit, renewable energy, or energy efficiency programs. Based on an investment report released by RGGI in 2012, member state reinvestment totaled over $617 million between 2009 and 2011, with nearly 71 percent of cumulative reinvestment directed at renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives across the RGGI region. The report credited these clean energy and efficiency programs with returning $1.3 billion in lifetime energy savings to the region's ratepayers, as well as reducing CO2 emissions in the region by 12 million tons.The report also attributed over $69 million in funding for direct bill assistance programs for low-income families throughout the region.
Figure 5: RGGI Allowance Auction Results (2008-2013)
Source: RGGI. Auction Results, http://www.rggi.org/market/co2_auctions/results
Supporting Statements
Eileen Claussen's officlal statement on the inaugural RGGI auction held in September 2008.
Judi Greenwald explores the significance of the RGGI's first auction on NPR's The Kojo Nnamdi Show.
Sam Wurzelmann outlines the monetary and regulatory advantages of the RGGI program.
Judi Greenwald applauds the tighter emissions cap set by the Updated Model Rule in an official statement released in Feburary 2013.
Judi Greenwald discusses the benefits of new provisions included in the Updated Model Rule,
Allowance: A government-issued authorization to emit a certain amount. In greenhouse gas markets, an allowance is commonly denominated as one ton of CO2e per year. The total number of allowances distributed to all entities in a cap-and-trade system is determined by the size of the overall cap on emissions.
Allowance distribution: The process by which emissions allowances are initially distributed under an emissions cap-and-trade system. Authorizations to emit can initially be distributed in a number of ways, either through some form of auction, free allocation, or some of both.
Auctioning: A method for distributing emission allowances in a cap-and-trade system whereby allowances are sold to the highest bidder. This method of distribution may be combined with other forms of allowance distribution.
Banking: The carry-over of unused allowances or offset credits from one compliance period to the next.
Borrowing: A mechanism under a cap-and-trade program that allows covered entities to use allowances designated for a future compliance period to meet the requirements of the current compliance period. Borrowing may entail penalties to reflect a programmatic preference for near-term emissions reductions.
Business-as-Usual: In the absence of the regulation being discussed. This term is used to assess the future impacts of a regulation.
Cap and Trade: A cap-and-trade system sets an overall limit on emissions, requires entities subject to the system to hold sufficient allowances to cover their emissions, and provides broad flexibility in the means of compliance. Entities can comply by undertaking emission reduction projects at their covered facilities and/or by purchasing emission allowances (or credits) from the government or from other entities that have generated emission reductions in excess of their compliance obligations.
Compliance period: The time frame for which regulated emitters surrender enough allowances to cover their actual emissions during that time frame.
Credits: Credits can be distributed by the government for emission reductions achieved by offset projects or by achieving environmental performance beyond a regulatory standard.
Emissions Cap: A mandated constraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a "ceiling" on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere.
Emissions Trading: The process or policy that allows the buying and selling of credits or allowances created under an emissions cap.
Greenhouse Gases (GHG): Greenhouse gases include a wide variety of gases that trap heat near the Earth's surface, slowing its escape into space. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor and other gases. While greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, human activities also result in additional greenhouse gas emissions. Humans have also manufactured some greenhouse gases not found in nature (e.g., hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride).
Offset: Projects undertaken outside the coverage of a mandatory emissions reduction system for which the ownership of verifiable greenhouse gas emission reductions can be transferred and used by a regulated source to meet its emissions reduction obligation. If offsets are allowed in a cap and trade program, credits would be granted to an uncapped source for the net emissions reductions a project achieves. A capped source could then acquire these credits as a method of compliance under a cap.
Price Trigger: A general term used to describe a price at which some measure will be taken to stabilize or lower allowance prices. For example, through 2013 RGGI used price triggers to expand the amount of offsets that could be used for compliance.
Program Review (RGGI): The Memorandum of Understanding among RGGI states calls for a 2012 Program Review. This Program Review, now complete, was a comprehensive evaluation of program success, program impacts, additional reductions, imports and emissions leakage, and offsets.
Scope: The coverage of a cap-and-trade system, i.e., which sectors or emissions sources will be included.
Sealed Bid (Auction): A type of auction process in which all bidders simultaneously submit sealed bids to the auctioneer, so that no bidder knows how much the other auction participants have bid.
Single Round (Auction): Bids for allowances are all solicited and settled in a single round. Auction participants can submit multiple bids for this single round. For example, a participant could bid $15 per allowance for 10,000 allowances and $20 per allowance for a separate 20,000 allowances.
Source: Any process or activity that results in the net release of greenhouse gases, aerosols, or precursors of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
True-up: A submission of emission allowances equivalent to a regulated entity's emissions during a compliance period, less what the entity has already submitted at interim deadlines.
Uniform Price (Auction): All allowances awarded in a single auction will be the same price. Allowances will be sold to bidders, beginning with the highest bid price and moving to successively lower priced bids, until all of the available allowances are sold. The bid at which all available allowances are sold becomes the settlement price and this is the price per allowance that all bidders will be charged for the allowances won in the auction. Bids submitted at prices below the settlement price will not win any allowances.
Additional Resources
Analysis Group page on regional economic impact from RGGI.
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law discusses the future of RGGI.
Ecology Law Quarterly discusses key factors behind the implementation of RGGI.
Environemental Law Reporter page on Thrun v. Cuomo. The suit was filed by members of Americans for Prosperity against New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. The suit alleged that RGGI was established out of improper legislative procedure, and further argued that the program was an indirect tax on the state's electricity ratepayers. The suit was ultimately dismissed by a New York State judge on the grounds that the plaintiffs failed to exhibit sufficient standing.
Information on RGGI allowance futures and options contracts on New York Mercantile Exchange.
Potomac Economics page on monitoring secondary market for RGGI allowances.
Petition filed by RGGI member states to the EPA regarding the implementation of greenhouse gas emissions standards under Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act.
RGGI pages on:
Thomson Reuter Point Carbon overview page on RGGI.


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Basel Liquidity Rule May Be Watered Down Amid Crisis
Global banking regulators will this week seek to resolve clashes over how far to ease a planned liquidity rule, amid calls for the standard to be watered down and delayed because it may thwart economic recovery.
Regulators face an end-of-the-year deadline to revamp the draft liquidity coverage ratio, or LCR, criticized by top officials such as European Central Bank President Mario Draghi for threatening to choke interbank lending. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision will try to find a compromise as it meets in the Swiss city on Dec. 13-14.
"If the LCR doesn't come together next week into a consensus standard with credible prospects for EU and U.S. implementation -- a very iffy proposition, -- the concept of global liquidity standards will collapse," Karen Shaw Petrou, managing partner of Washington-based Federal Financial Analytics Inc., said in an e-mail.
While Draghi and Bank of England Governor Mervyn King have urged caution on the LCR, other regulators and central bankers including Stefan Ingves, the Basel committee's chairman and governor of Sweden's Riksbank, claim there is no hard evidence of damaging side-effects. U.S. and German supervisors also argue that heavily diluting the LCR, scheduled to become binding in 2015, risks rendering the standard meaningless.
Basel III
The LCR would force banks to hold enough easy-to-sell assets to survive a 30-day credit squeeze. It's a key component of a package of capital and liquidity measures, known as Basel III, drawn up to avoid a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis.
The rule sets out a stress test that banks (BNP) should apply to their books, assessing whether they would be able to generate enough cash from asset sales to meet their obligations.
One conundrum facing regulators this week is how far to expand the list of assets that banks can use to meet the LCR compared with a 2010 draft, said three people familiar with the negotiations, who asked not to be identified because the talks are private.
The negotiations will discuss whether banks should be allowed to use asset-backed securities as part of their efforts to meet the standard, two of the people said.
Banks have advocated a wide expansion in the list of eligible securities, saying that a failure to overhaul the standard would force them to cut back lending.
Asset Range
"In practice, there are a range of assets that can provide liquidity," said Mark Bearman, a director at the Association for Financial Markets in Europe, said by e-mail. These include "equities, high quality securitizations, gold and other commodities."
The same applies to other assets that central banks accept as collateral, Bearman said. AFME represents international lenders including Deutsche Bank AG (DBK), BNP Paribas SA, and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS)
While there is only limited support on the committee for including gold or equities in the LCR, views are more evenly divided on the question of asset-backed securities, two of the people said.
The 2010 draft version of the LCR largely limits the assets that banks can use to meet the standard to cash and government bonds. It says highly rated corporate debt and covered bonds could count toward bank's LCR buffers, with a cap of 40 percent in most cases.
The Basel group is also weighing whether to delay the rule past 2015 or start a phased rollout in that year, said one of the people. The panel could also opt to proceed with the previous schedule.
Potentially Fatal
While some regulators favor a delay, other authorities are concerned that such a step could be fatal to the LCR, as it would give reluctant countries further opportunities to kill the rule off entirely, said another person familiar with the talks.
A sample of 209 banks assessed by the Basel committee had a collective shortfall of 1.8 trillion euros ($2.3 trillion) at the end of 2011 in the assets needed to meet the LCR, according to figures published by the Basel group.
Regulators are set to reduce the severity of the stress scenario that banks will be pitted against in the LCR, one of the people familiar with the talks said.
Central banks including the ECB have also warned that the LCR could make it harder for them to implement their monetary policies, as banks wouldn't be able to offer their highest quality assets as collateral.
The Bank for International Settlements, which houses the Basel committee, said on Dec. 9 that while the LCR won't "impair central banks' ability to implement monetary policy," they may need to "adjust their operational frameworks to better fit the new environment."
On 'Brink'
"At a minimum, they will need to monitor developments that materially affect the LCR of the banking system," the BIS said.
The Basel committee brings together regulators from 27 nations including the U.S., U.K., Japan, and China to co- ordinate their regulation and supervision of banks.
Global central bank and regulatory chiefs will review the Basel group's work on the LCR at a meeting in January.
Failure to reach a consensus on the measure would add to uncertainty surrounding the implementation of Basel III. U.S. and EU regulators have already declared they will fail to meet the international Jan. 1, 2013 deadline to begin phasing in the measures.
"Basel is, in my view, on the brink," said Petrou.
To contact the reporter on this story: Jim Brunsden in Brussels at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Anthony Aarons at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Punch boat tower speakers can be quickly and easily projected in the right direction so you can rock out and shred waves in style.
ASTM B117 salt/fog test standard provides accelerated aging in a controlled corrosive environment to produce relative corrosion resistance information for specimens of metals and coated metals. ASTM D4329 test standard is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat.


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I'm DarkDream and thought I would just quickly introduce myself as a token of respect to this forum.
I am glad that the moderators or owners of this forum allow discussions of such issues as rebirth and karma that do not fit the truly orthodox interpretations. There are other forums (not to be named) that appear to not tolerate any person issuing heretical views.
In my opinion the freedom of respectful speech in the spirit of learning is essential. The Buddha, from what I have gleaned in the Pali canon, encouraged his monks to think over things, discuss and so on all in the name of spiritual advancement.
I am also glad to see some monks of the forum who offer there input. As representatives of the living tradition, it is nice to see them in educational roles utilizing the wonders of technology and the internet.
I personally have studied and contemplated Buddhism for years now and have had amazing experiences in meditation retreats that has changed me in a very concrete sense. If I had to die today, I would definitely say the insights I have gleaned have been my greatest achievement for really in the end the experience was the only thing that was ever real.
Having said that I am a bit of an iconclast. I have a blog in which I am deeply critical of the literal interpretation of rebirth. While in the future, I will contrast it based on my understanding on what the Buddha was really teaching and getting at, my main impetus of such an approach is to glean as best as possible what the Buddha really taught.
I personally believe the Buddha was too much a genious to fall into almost childish notions of being born as devas, or insects and so on. For me such beliefs were later popularizations which unfortunately obscured the really revolutionary message the Buddha was getting at. To me the idea of kamma and rebecoming (that is the proper translation of punarbhava) were psychological for the solution of suffering is a psychological one.
Best wishes to all of you,


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Crystal Symphony
5 out of 5 stars
Read the best port reviews and tips for this cruise itinerary.
|Day 1
|Vancouver (Ballantyne Pier), Canada
|Day 2
|Cruise Inside Passage, Alaska
|Day 3
|Juneau, Alaska
|Day 4
|Skagway, Alaska
|Day 5
|Cruise Glacier Bay
|Day 6
|Ketchikan, Alaska
|Day 7
|Cruise Inside Passage, Alaska
|Day 8
|Vancouver (Ballantyne Pier), Canada
A roll call is a space for members who are signed up for the same cruise (same ship & departure date) to connect.
Make friends BEFORE you sail, exchange tips on what to do onboard and in the ports and maybe even organize a shore excursion with your ship mates.


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Sheridan Milham 400TC sheet set
Regular Price: $329.95
Special Price FROM $131.98
- Details
A brilliant white sheet strikes a mood of quiet opulence with the sensual shimmer of a sateen weave. Stripes of a subtle sheen against a matt background make a play of light and shade. The super soft sateen stripe sheet is made from 400 thread count cotton, creating a divinely comfortable, refined look for a truly indulgent bedroom setting.
Sheet set consists of a fitted sheet, a flat sheet and two standard pillowcases.
100% cotton sateen
400 thread count twin stripe repeat.Product Code: O586Country: Designed in Australia. Made in China.
- Care Instructions & Labelling
We recommend a 40°C gentle wash and a warm tumble dry setting. To protect the fibres and for superior colour retention, use mild detergents such as those with a eucalyptus base. Detergents containing optical brightening agents (OBA's) keep whites looking bright. For colours, we recommend oxygen bleach, often referred to as colour-safe bleach.
- In Store Availability
Prefer to purchase in store? No problem, check your local stores stock availability.
- Shipping & Returns
FREE shipping is available on all Members orders over $150 when Signed In, otherwise Standard Shipping is $9.95 Australia-wide. Delivery usually takes 2-5 business days from receipt of your order.
We will accept change of mind returns on products for up to 30 days from the date of receipt, or if faulty.
Note: Under the Health Act and for hygiene reasons, Bed Toppers, Quilts, Pillows, Pillow Protectors and Mattress Protectors are non-refundable unless faulty.More information
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Natural Standard® Patient Monograph, Copyright © 2017 (www.naturalstandard.com). All Rights Reserved. Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.
In 2003, there was a death of a U.S. major league baseball pitcher which was thought to be related to ephedra. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has collected more than 800 reports of serious toxicity, including more than 22 deaths. On February 6, 2004, the FDA issued a rule prohibiting the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids (ephedra). This rule was issued because supplements with ephedra present a serious risk of illness or injury.
In 2005 this rule was struck down in Utah but reversed again four months later. Ephedra is currently banned throughout the United States. It remains unclear whether ephedra will re-appear on the market, despite serious safety risks, including heart events or death.
Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra (ma huang), contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Ephedra has been found to stimulate the nervous system, increase airflow into the lungs and constrict blood vessels. In combination with caffeine, ephedra appears to cause weight loss. However, effects of ephedra or ephedrine monotherapy have been mixed. Ephedrine has been widely studied for asthma and low blood pressure. However, quality research of commercial supplements with ephedra is lacking.
Major safety concerns have been associated with ephedra or ephedrine use, including high blood pressure, increased heart rate, nervous system excitation, irregular heartbeat, heart attack, and stroke.
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Note: The U.S. Federal Government has banned the sale of ephedra since 2004. Ephedra may cause serious adverse effects at any dose, particularly when used with other drugs, such as caffeine. Because of serious safety concerns, ephedra cannot be suggested in any dose.
Traditionally, herbalists have suggested a wide range of doses (8-100 milligrams ephedra by mouth three times daily). Previously, over-the-counter drugs containing ephedra advised taking 12.5-25 milligrams ephedra by mouth every four to six hours and not to exceed 150 milligrams in 24 hours.
For allergic nasal symptoms, a 1% ephedrine-saline liquid has been used as a nose wash every 48 hours for four weeks.
For athletic performance enhancement, 1 milligram of ephedrine per kilogram body weight has been taken by mouth 90 minutes prior to exercise once weekly for four weeks.
For low blood pressure, 5-45 milligrams ephedrine has been injected into the vein or muscle.
For sexual arousal, 50 milligrams of ephedrine sulfate has been taken by mouth prior to exposure to erotic stimuli.
For weight loss, 2 grams of ephedra extract has been taken by mouth three times daily for eight weeks, 20-50 milligrams of ephedrine has been taken by mouth three times daily for 2-3 months.
Ephedrine is not recommended in children due to the risk of toxicity and death.
For asthma, 24-25 milligrams ephedrine or 0.65-2.1 milligrams ephedrine per kilogram has been taken by mouth every 6-8 hours for 1-8 weeks.
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Grading rationale
The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Ephedra may raise blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that affect blood pressure.
Ephedra may lower blood sugar levels, although ephedra-caffeine combinations may increase blood sugar. Caution is advised when using medications that may also alter blood sugar. Patients taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare provider. Medication adjustments may be necessary.
Ephedra may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be altered in the blood, and may cause altered effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. People using any medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.
Ephedra may also interact with acidifying agents, agents eliminated by the kidneys, agents that affect the immune system, agents that affect the stomach or intestines, agents that alter heart rate, agents that cause muscle breakdown, agents that lower seizure threshold, agents toxic to the liver, alcohol, alkalinizing agents, anesthetics, antiadrenergic drugs (alpha blockers), antiadrogens, antiasthma agents, antidepressant agents (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), antigout agents, anti-inflammatory agents, aspirin, cardiac glycosides, cholesterol agents, central nervous system stimulants, diuretics (increasing urine flow), ergot derivatives, hormonal agents, methylxanthines (theophylline, caffeine), oxytocics, phenothiazines, phenylpropranolamine, steroids, thyroid hormones, and weight loss agents.
Ephedra may raise blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking herbs or supplements that affect blood pressure.
Ephedra may lower blood sugar levels, although ephedra-caffeine combinations may increase blood sugar. Caution is advised when using herbs and supplements that may also alter blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment.
Ephedra may interfere with the way the body processes certain herbs or supplements using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of other herbs or supplements may be altered in the blood. It may also alter the effects that other herbs or supplements possibly have on the P450 system.
Ephedra may also interact with anesthetics, antiadrenergic herbs and supplements (alpha blockers), antiadrogens, antiasthma herbs and supplements, antidepressant herbs and supplements (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), antigout herbs and supplements, anti-inflammatory herbs and supplements, appetite stimulants, caffeine-containing herbs and supplements, cardiac glycosides, cholesterol herbs and supplements, central nervous system stimulants, diuretics (increasing urine flow), herbs and supplements eliminated by the kidneys, herbs and supplements that affect the immune system, herbs and supplements that affect the stomach or intestines, herbs and supplements that alter heart rate, herbs and supplements that cause muscle breakdown, herbs and supplements that change the urine pH, herbs and supplements that lower seizure threshold, herbs and supplements toxic to the liver, hormonal herbs and supplements, potassium, steroids, stimulant herbs and supplements, and weight loss herbs and supplements.
This patient information is based on a professional level monograph edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Monograph methodology
6-hydroxykynurenic acid, amp II, amsania, brigham tea, budshur, cao ma huang (Chinese), cathine, chewa, Chinese ephedra, Chinese joint fir, D-pseudoephedrine, desert herb, desert tea, dextro-rotatory, Ephedra altissima, Ephedra americana, Ephedra anti-syphilitica, Ephedra distachya, Ephedra equisetina, Ephedra fasciculata, Ephedra geradiana, Ephedra helvetica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra major, Ephedra nevadensis, Ephedra shennungiana, Ephedra sinica, Ephedra trifurca, Ephedra viridis, Ephedra vulgaris, Ephedraceae (family), ephedra herba, ephedrae herba, ephedrine, ephedrine alkaloids, epitonin, European ephedra, Gnetales, herba ephedrae, herbal ecstasy, horsetail, hum, huma, Indian joint fir, intermediate ephedra, isoephedrine, joint fir, khama, khat, L-ephedrine, levo-rotatory ephedrine, mahoàng, máhuáng, mahuuanggen, Mao (Chinese), mao-kon, methylephedrine, methylpseudoephedrine, Mexican tea, môc tac ma hoàng, Mongolian ephedra, Mormon tea, mu-tsei-ma-huang, muzei mu huang, natural ecstasy, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, phok, popotillo, pseudo-ephedrine, pseudoepehdrine, quinoline, san-ma-huang, sea grape, shrubby, soma, song tuê ma hoàng, squaw tea, synephrine, tannins, teamster's tea, trun aa hoàng, tsao-ma-huang, tutgantha, yellow astringent, yellow horse, zhong ma huang.
Select combination products: Acceleration®, AllerClear®, AllerPlus®, Andro Heat®, Better BodyEnergy for Life®, Bio Trim®, Biovital Plus®, Bladderwrack-Dandelion Virtue®, Bofu-tsusho-san, Bofutsushosan, Breathe-Aid Formula®, Breath Easy®, Cordephrine XC®, Diet Fuel®, Dymetadrine Xtrem®, EPH-833®, Ephedra 1000®, Ephedra Plus®, Guarana-Gotu Kola Virtue®, Herba Fuel®, Herbal Decongestant Expectorant Capsules®, Herbalife-Thermojetics Original Green®, Hydroxycut®, Letigen®, Mahuang zhisou, Metabolife 356®, Metabolift®, Metaboloss®, MetaboTRIM®, Naturafed®, Naturally Ripped®, Naturatussin 1®, Nettle-Reishi Virtue®, Power Thin®, ProLab Stoked®, Pro-Ripped Ephedra®, Respa-Herb®, Respiratory Support Formula®, Ripped Fuel®, Ripped Fuel Extreme®, Shegan mahuang, Shoseiryuto (TJ-19), SinuCheck®, SinuClear®, SnoreStop®, Super Stinger®, Thermadrene®, Thermic Blast®, Thermicore®, Thermo Cuts®, ThermoDiet®, Thermogen®, TrimSpa®, Ultra Diet Pep®, Virgin Earth®, Xenadrine®, Xenadrine® RFA, Xenadrine® RFA-1, Yellow Jacket®.
Note: There are approximately 40 species of ephedra.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.
Avoid in people with a known allergy or sensitivity to ephedra, ephedrine, or pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®). Signs of allergy may include rash, itching, or red, flaking skin.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has collected more than 800 reports of serious toxicity, including more than 22 deaths. The U.S. Federal Government has banned the sale of ephedra in the United States since 2004.
Ephedra may affect blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also affect blood sugar. People taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.
Ephedra may cause high blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that affect blood pressure.
Use cautiously in people sensitive to stimulants or in combination with other known stimulant agents (e.g. coffee).
Use cautiously in people with kidney, thyroid, liver, or peptic ulcer disease.
Use cautiously in people with heart disease, such as structural heart disease, irregular heart rhythms, clogged arteries, high blood pressure, stroke, or in those taking agents for the heart.
Use cautiously in people with glaucoma, problems with the stomach or intestines, or seizure disorders.
Use cautiously in people with depression, anxiety disorders, anorexia/bulimia, a history of suicidal ideation, or previous use of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) anti-depressants.
Use cautiously in people that have difficulty urinating or have an enlarged prostate.
Avoid use during major medical procedures (such as surgery), as ephedra may decrease effectiveness of anesthetics. Discontinue use at least one week prior to major surgery or other procedures.
Avoid using doses higher than suggested or using for a long duration (over seven days), due to risk of toxicity.
Avoid use in children due to risk of toxicity and death.
Avoid use during pregnancy or breastfeeding since ephedra may pass into breast milk.
Avoid in people with known allergy or sensitivity to ephedra or its parts.
Adverse effects of ephedra may include abdominal discomfort, agitation, anxiety, blindness (transient), blood clots, bloody diarrhea, brain disease, breathing difficulties, changes in liver enzymes, chest tightness, clogged arteries, confusion, constipation, contractions of the uterus, damage, damage to the heart muscle, death, delirium, depression, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, dull headedness, euphoria, exaggerated reflexes, excitation, fainting, fluid build-up in the lungs, hallucinations, headache, hearing loss, heart attack, heart problems, heartburn, inability to urinate, increased thyroid hormone, increased urination, inflammation of the heart, insomnia, irregular heart rhythms, irritability, liver damage, liver inflammation, loss of appetite, loss of consciousness, low potassium levels in the blood, kidney failure, kidney stones, mania, muscle aches, muscle breakdown, nausea, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), organ failure, overly active reflexes, painful urination, Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, psychosis, rapid heartbeat, restlessness, satiety, seizures, shortness of breath, skin inflammation, skin tingling, spasm in blood vessels, stomach pain, stroke, suicidal ideas, tiredness, tremor, vomiting, weakened and enlarged heart, weakness, and weight loss.
Avoid in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Ephedra may cause uterine contractions or problems in babies such as crying, increased heart rate, irritability, and sleep difficulties.
Portions of this document last updated: Nov. 01, 2013
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ephedra--ma-huang/dosing/HRB-20059270
This evidence-based monograph was prepared by The Natural Standard Research Collaboration
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UPDATE: Pau Gasol to miss at least six weeks; details to follow
Los Angeles Lakers forward Pau Gasol's MRI exam Wednesday in Boston on his injured right foot carries extra importance for his team.
But whether it shows a tear or a sprain of the plantar fascia in the foot, he's expected to miss the Lakers' five games before the All-Star break, ESPN Los Angeles reported.
Gasol felt a pop in the foot late in Tuesday's road victory over the Brooklyn Nets, whose team doctors preliminarily diagnosed Gasol with a strained plantar fascia.
The MRI exam scheduled after the team arrived in Boston will reveal the true severity.
The answer on how long Gasol will be out — up to a month if the ligament is torn — is critical for the Lakers, who are struggling to move up the Western Conference standings.
Center Dwight Howard (torn right labrum) continues to be day to day, and a third big man, Jordan Hill, is out for the season after hip surgery.
Howard, who has missed three games since aggravating his shoulder, wouldn't talk to ESPN Los Angeles about whether he could play Thursday against the Boston Celtics.
The website pointed out that the last time Gasol and Howard were out of the lineup at the same time, the Lakers lost three consecutive games.
If Gasol is out three weeks to a month, then he would miss between nine and 11 games, or up to a third of the Lakers' remaining game.
It's not lost on GM Mitch Kupchak either that Gasol's injury, no matter how severe, complicates the Feb. 21 trade deadline.
Gasol had all but acknowledged this week that he didn't expect to remain with the team, whether he was traded during the season or moved on in the summer.
A torn plantar fascia all but eliminates the possibility that he would be traded at the deadline.


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On 1 February, Graeme Smith is likely to become the first cricketer to captain in 100 Test matches when South Africa play Pakistan in Johannesburg. Considering that he is still under 32 and in no hurry or danger of having to relinquish his Test leadership, Smith is likely to build on that statistic to something that will be tough to overtake.
"It is a phenomenal achievement and not many can do this," says Rahul Dravid, who led India in 25 Tests between 2003-07 (including against South Africa), over the phone.
Having played only eight Tests and 22 One Day Internationals (ODIs), Smith took over the captaincy from Shaun Pollock after the 2003 World Cup and became the youngest-ever South African captain at 22 against Bangladesh in April. "It is important to look back at the situation when Smith became captain," says commentator and columnist Harsha Bhogle on email. "(Hansie) Cronje was a strong character and the person who replaced him, Pollock, was one of the nice guys of the game. They needed a powerful personality to take them beyond that phase and into a new era."
The decision to appoint Smith was widely criticized in South Africa, with the exception of former cricketer and then administrator of the South African Cricket Board Ali Bacher, who said, "This is a guy who you know will climb Everest for South Africa."
"Smith had a reputation of being ambitious but also his own man," says Bhogle. "For a 22-year-old with a handful of games behind him to lead a major team with real stars must have been a huge challenge. The only similar case I can recall is Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi leading India after playing only two Tests."
Smith's start to captaincy was less than flattering, though he scored double centuries in his 11th and 12th Tests (third and fourth as captain) in England in 2003 (277 at Edgbaston and 259 at Lord's) that helped draw the five-match Test series against England. His first 21 Tests as skipper had eight wins (against weak teams like Bangladesh, New Zealand and West Indies), six draws and seven losses.
"Probably we'd have been running 60 shuttles up and down stairs back in the day," Smith recalled the training routines of those days after the last Test match (11-14 January) against New Zealand at Port Elizabeth. "I'd like to think things are a lot more settled now and we have a better understanding of how to be successful. There's a really good maturity in the group, just understanding what needs to be done at this level and how to get the best out of people. That's the key difference. Back then we were always hard-working. Discipline was the major word around South African cricket. Now we're allowing people to grow," he was quoted by The New Zealand Herald.
Tough task
Captaincy at the international level is a demanding job. There is no better example than Mahendra Singh Dhoni, whose forest of jet black has been snowed under in just 43 Tests as captain. While it can be debated that leading an Indian team is much tougher, it still does not take the credit away from Smith. Asked whether an Indian can have such a long stint, Bhogle says: "It is not impossible but given the media pressure, definitely tough. It also depends on what age you start and how much Test cricket you play."
Dilip Vengsarkar, who captained India in 10 Tests, says: "One reason for his longevity is that Smith started young as a captain. Secondly, he has been successful and success depends on how good is your bowling attack, to be able to take 20 wickets in a match."
Lance Klusener's statement—"nobody died" and "at least I'll have two extra weeks for fishing"—didn't go down well with the new skipper. Klusener, who was at the time one of the world's most dynamic ODI players, played his last international match for South Africa in August 2004.
In around 10 years, Smith has led his side to 47 Test victories, with a win percentage of 47.47. Among all Test captains, Steve Waugh remains the best, with a 71.92 win percentage in 57 Tests.
Smith's first major achievement came when he led South Africa to a series win (Tests 2-1, ODIs 4-1) in Australia in 2008-09. South Africa became the No. 1 Test side in December after defeating Australia in a three-match series (1-0) in their own den.
"He has played a big part in South Africa's No. 1 Test position today but it also required good team effort," says Dravid. "Huge," says Bhogle of Smith's influence on the team. "If South Africa have made major strides in world cricket, he deserves a fair bit of the credit."
His batting style was similar to the way he led—straightforward, lacking in drama, and direct. Smith has 8,624 Test runs at an average of 49.28—he is the second-highest South African run-scorer of all time after Jacques Kallis.
In ODIs though, South Africa have had mixed success, with the big World Cup prize eluding them on a few occasions. They have lost three times (1992, 1999 and 2007) in a World Cup semi-final. Their 434-run chase in the fifth ODI against Australia in 2006 after the series was poised at 2-2 remains a record chase. He has led the side in 150 ODIs, with a 64.23 win percentage.
But success comes at a price—Smith has never been popular for his on-and off-field behaviour. In his initial days, Dravid says, he was aggressive and in your face—over the years he has matured as a captain.
For example, in his bookGraeme Smith: A Captain's Diary, he doesn't mince words on Norman Arendse, president, Cricket South Africa: "At various times, he wanted to be captain, coach, CEO, president and convener of selectors, which became very frustrating." Smith also wrote: "It is an enormous credit to the team (that) we managed to be successful throughout Arendse's presidency, because this wasn't the only curve ball he threw in our direction."
Smith can also be occasionally witty. Before South Africa's tour of Pakistan in 2007-08, when asked by reporters if the absence of Shoaib Akhtar would be an advantage, he replied, "For us or for Pakistan?"


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42 U.S. Code § 1592n - Definitions
§ 1592n.
DefinitionsAs used in this subchapter, the following terms shall have the meanings respectively ascribed to them below, and, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, shall include the plural as well as the singular number:
"State" shall mean the several States, the District of Columbia, and Territories, and possessions of the United States.
"Federal agency" shall mean any executive department or officer (including the President), independent establishment, commission, board, bureau, division, or office in the executive branch of the United States Government, or other agency of the United States, including corporations in which the United States owns all or a majority of the stock, directly or indirectly.
"Community facility" shall mean waterworks, sewers, sewage, garbage and refuse disposal facilities, police and fire protection facilities, public sanitary facilities, works for treatment and purification of water, libraries, hospitals and other places for the care of the sick, recreational facilities, streets and roads, and day-care centers.
"Community service" shall mean the maintenance and operation of facilities for health, refuse disposal, sewage treatment, recreation, water purification, and day-care centers, and the provision of fire-protection.
"National defense" shall mean (1) the operations and activities of the armed forces, the Atomic Energy Commission, or any other Government department or agency directly or indirectly and substantially concerned with the national defense, (2) other operations and activities directly or indirectly and substantially concerned with the operations and activities of the armed forces and the Atomic Energy Commission, (3) activities in connection with the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended, or (4) the provision of community facilities or services necessary to the health, safety, or public welfare of the inhabitants of a town or community which has been relocated as a result of the acquisition (through eminent domain or purchase in lieu thereof) of its former site by or on behalf of the Atomic Energy Commission for national-defense activities.
"Nonprofit agency" shall mean any agency no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual.
"Project" shall mean housing or community facilities acquired, developed, or constructed with financial assistance pursuant to this subchapter.
"Veteran" shall mean a person, or the family of a person, who has served in the active military or naval service of the United States at any time (i) on or after September 16, 1940, and prior to July 26, 1947, (ii) on or after April 6, 1917, and prior to November 11, 1918, or (iii) on or after June 27, 1950, and prior to such date thereafter as shall be determined by the President, and who shall have been discharged or released therefrom under conditions other than dishonorable or who shall be still serving therein. The term shall also include the family of a person who served in the active military or naval service of the United States within any such period and who shall have died of causes determined by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to have been service-connected.
(Sept. 1, 1951, ch. 378, title III, § 315, 65 Stat. 309; June 30, 1953, ch. 170, § 18, 67 Stat. 126; Pub. L. 102–54, § 13(q)(7)(B), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 281.)
References in Text
The Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (e), is act Oct. 6, 1949, ch. 626, 63 Stat. 714, as amended, which was classified generally to chapter 20 (§ 1571 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, prior to its repeal by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, § 542(a)(5), (9) to (11), 68 Stat. 861. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
1991—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 102–54 substituted "Secretary of Veterans Affairs" for "Veterans' Administration".
1953—Subsec. (e)(4). Act June 30, 1953, added cl. (4).
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.