text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 1996
|Filing date
|Apr 12, 1991
|Priority date
|Apr 12, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|W. Dean Kirkland
|Original Assignee
|Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (90), Classifications (19), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to radiological imaging systems, and more particularly to use of a contrast enhancing agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or conventional radiography (X-ray). In particular, this invention relates to improved fluorocarbon-based contrast agents with enhanced contrast effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which agents may require a lesser amount of fluorocarbon to be effective, thereby reducing costs and increasing patient compliance. This invention also relates to an improved fluorocarbon composition having improved palatability. The invention further relates to methods for producing such preparations.
Contrast agents are useful adjuncts in radiological imaging because they make it possible to determine the location, size and conformation of organs or other structures of the body in the context of their surrounding tissues. Cells which make up the tissues of soft non-bony body parts are comprised primarily of water, even among parts that differ markedly in shape and structure such as the liver, pancreas and intestine. Radiography procedures of CT and MRI operate on the basis of distinct physical principles, and each detects and maps variances in the composition of a target object. These imaging techniques can therefore be used to differentiate between normal tissue and tumors, lesions, or blockages. Small tumors and overlapping tissues, however, are difficult to distinguish. In the diagnosis of disorders of the GI tract, for example, blockage or abnormalities in the conformation of loops of intestine lying one on the other are difficult to identify unless the section of the GI tract is filled with a contrast agent which enables definition of volumes and delineation of boundaries.
In the conventional radiographic procedure,a beam of X-rays passes through a target object and exposes an underlying photographic film. The developed film then provides an image of the radiodensity pattern of the object. Less radiodense areas produce a greater blackening of the film; more radiodense, bony tissues produce a lighter image. Effective contrast agents for X-ray may be either less radiodense than body tissues or more radiodense. The less radiodense agents include air and other gases; an example of a more radiodense contrast material is a barium sulfate suspension.
Computed tomography (CT) is superior to conventional radiography in its ability to image, with extremely high resolution, a succession of thin sections of an object at specific points, lines or planes along the X, Y, or Z axis of the target object. However, because this procedure is also based on the detection of differences in radiodensity, requirements for contrast agents in CT are essentially identical with those for conventional radiography.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems for body imaging operate on a different physical principle. Literature describing the theoretical and practical use of MRI systems is available from manufacturers such as General Electric & Co., which markets commercial systems. In general, advantage is taken of the fact that some atomic nuclei, e.g., hydrogen nuclei, have both nuclear spin and nuclear magnetic moment, and therefore can be manipulated by applied magnetic fields. In the conventional type of MRI system, a magnetic field is established across a body to align the spin axes of the nuclei of a particular chemical element, usually hydrogen, with the direction of the magnetic field. The aligned, spinning nuclei execute precessional motions around the aligning direction of the magnetic field. For the aligned, spinning nuclei, the frequency at which they precess around the direction of the magnetic field is a function of the particular nucleus which is involved and the magnetic field strength. The selectivity of this precessional frequency with respect to the strength of the applied magnetic field is very sharp, and this precessional frequency is considered a resonant frequency.
In a customary MRI system, after alignment or polarization of the selected nuclei, a burst of radio frequency energy at the resonant frequency is radiated at the target body to produce a coherent deflection of the spin alignment of the selected nuclei. When the deflecting radio energy is terminated, the deflected or disturbed spin axes are reoriented or realigned, and in this process radiate a characteristic radio frequency signal which can be detected by an external coil and then discriminated in the MRI system to establish image contrast between different types of tissues in the body. MRI systems have a variety of different excitation and discrimination modes available, which are known in the art.
Contrast agents for MRI must possess a substantially different concentration of the nuclei used as a basis for scanning. In a hydrogen scanning system, an agent substantially lacking hydrogen can be used; in an MRI system which scans for a physiologically minor nucleus, e.g., fluorine nuclei, a substance with a high concentration of that nucleus would provide appropriate contrast.
Contrast agents may be introduced into the body space in various ways, depending on the imaging requirement. In this application, emphasis is placed on oral administration, albeit other modes may also be appropriate. A suitable contrast agent must be biocompatible, that is, non-toxic and chemically stable, not absorbed by the body or reactive within the tissue, and eliminated from the body within a short time. Efforts to enhance imaging have also included the use of CO2 gas, which is known to have an enhancing effect, particularly in the GI tract. Few satisfactory agents have been developed for MRI, although many have been tried. For example, GI imaging has been enhanced with mineral oil.
It is known to use fluorocarbons, including brominated perfluorocarbons, as a contrast enhancement medium in radiological imaging as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,975,512 to Long. Brominated and other fluorocarbons are known to be safe and biocompatible when used in the body. It is also known to use these agents in the context of the MRI procedure to contrast more clearly and more distinctly in MRI-produced images the several body parts which normally have substantially higher water content and which are close or overlaid one on the other, as in the GI tract.
Previous investigations into the effectiveness of radiological examination of the GI tract have revealed that conventional contrast media, such as barium or clay-based media taken by the patient prior to such examination, do not enable small lesions, such as shallow ulcers, and flat or surface ulcers, to be accurately detected. Moreover, few contrast media are as ideally suited for use in MRI as well as in diagnostic radiological applications, as are the fluorocarbons.
An early proposal suggested that air be directly introduced into the desired location in the intestine by means of a tube (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,709). Subsequently, in conjunction with the use of barium and clay-based contrast media, it was proposed that one might expand or distend the part under examination by directly introducing powder, granules or tablets into the medium which would then release carbon dioxide into the intestine; this, too, did not prove entirely effective. Maintaining the gas in aqueous medium also proved to be a problem and often required the use of a pressurized vessel to dissolve the gas in the contrast solution (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,103).
None of these techniques was entirely satisfactory; moreover, they could cause the patient great discomfort, especially if distension of the GI tract was not strictly controlled. Moreover, even if these proposals had proven effective for use with the aqueous contrast media with which they were tested, such methods are not transferable to fluorocarbon contrast media, which lack water content as found in the barium and clay-based media.
Another problem common to contrast media is their general unpalatability. Fluorocarbon media, like barium and clay contrast solutions, do not tend to be extremely palatable; in fact, patients often describe fluorocarbon liquids as having a "slick" mouth-feel. In addition, the taste of the contrast media is often unpleasant. Unlike aqueous media, however, fluorocarbon contrast agents, principally due to their hydrophobic nature, do not accept liquid flavoring agents that have been used more-or-less successfully with barium or clay-based solutions.
Accordingly, the present invention is addressed to the improvement of fluorocarbon compositions, especially for use in imaging the GI tract. In addition, more palatable fluorocarbon compositions are disclosed herein.
Therefore, in accordance with one object of the present invention, improved MRI and radiographic imaging via the use of CO2 -generating means suspended in a biocompatible fluorocarbon composition or contrast medium is provided. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorocarbon composition or contrast agent for use with MRI or radiographic imaging, wherein the composition has enhanced palatability to the patient.
In one embodiment of the invention, a biocompatible composition comprising a fluorocarbon liquid in admixture with an effective amount of a particulate, fluorocarbon-insoluble, gas-generating, palatability-enhancing, pharmacological, or bioactive agent is disclosed. In another variation, the medium is any non-aqueous material. In various embodiments, the gas-generating agent comprises, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or mixtures thereof. Another variation suggests combining the gas-generating agent with a non-toxic release-controlling material. In yet another variation, the agent further comprises dry acid powder; in alternate embodiments, the acid powder comprises, for example, one or more of citric acid, adipic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, or fumaric acid. In other embodiments, the gas generated comprises carbon dioxide, other gases, or a mixture thereof.
Alternative modes include a composition further comprising a palatability-enhancing agent. The palatability-enhancing agent may comprise a flavoring agent, or it may comprise a flavorless substance. In one embodiment, the palatability-enhancing agent is powdered or granular. In another embodiment, it may further comprise filler ingredients, such as starch, dextrins, and other carbohydrates. In a simple form, the composition may comprise a fluorocarbon and bicarbonate.
The compositions of the present invention may be used with radiological imaging systems including MRI, CT, or X-ray. In various embodiments, the present invention discloses methods of imaging using the compositions disclosed herein.
The present invention also suggests methods of making the disclosed contrast media. In one embodiment, the method comprises suspending in the medium an effective amount of a gas-generating or palatability-enhancing agent, or both. In one embodiment, the gas-generating agent is a bicarbonate. In another variation, dry acid powder is added to the medium. In yet another variation, the agent(s) is/are added extemporaneously; in another, each agent may be added at the time of manufacture.
In an alternative embodiment, the gas-generating agent is combined with a non-toxic release-controlling substance. In other embodiments, the agent added to the fluorocarbon composition is a pharmacological agent or a bioactive agent.
Yet another embodiment suggests the further step of adding filler ingredients. In various embodiments, these filler ingredients may comprise starches, sugars, mono- and disaccharides, and other carbohydrates; hydrolysates (e.g., dextrin); polymers (e.g., pectin, dextran, cellulose and cellulose derivatives); poly-hydric alcohols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol); minerals (e.g., clays, bentonite, silica and derivatives); protein derivatives (e.g., casein, powdered milk) and the like.. In other embodiments, filler ingredients may include one or more oils.
This invention may also be used to enhance the palatability of other non-aqueous materials, such as oils. These oils include, without limitation, avocado, mineral, castor, soybean, canola, palm, palm seed, safflower, sesame, corn, sunflower, cottonseed, or olive oil. Orally-ingested oils including, without limitation, the above-mentioned varieties, are used for dietary and therapeutic purposes--for example, as laxatives. The present invention provides a means for adding flavorings to previously-unpalatable substances.
As noted previously, studies have revealed that conventional aqueous contrast media, such as barium or clay-based media, taken by the patient prior to radiographic examination, do not enable small lesions, such as shallow ulcers, and flat or surface ulcers, to be accurately detected, nor do such media enable one to reliably detect any difference between benign and malignant ulcers. Moreover, very few contrast media are as ideally suited for use in MRI as well as in diagnostic radiological applications, as are the fluorocarbons.
For MRI, one looks to materials that have adequate nuclear or relaxation properties for imaging that are different from the corresponding properties of the tissue being imaged. Either an imageable nucleus (such as 19 F) or a ferromagnetic or paramagnetic material can be used with appropriate MRI equipment.
For X-ray and CT imaging, the contrast agent should have an adequate electron density to render it visible with these techniques. Suitable electron density is achieved, e.g., in compounds with bromine or iodine moieties, and in materials comprising or including radiopaque metal atoms.
Preferred contrast agents include perfluorooctylbromide ("PFOB") and other radiopaque perfluorocarbons, imageable fluorocarbon compounds, perfluoroalkylated ethers and perfluoroalkylated ether bromides.
Fluorocarbons, unlike aqueous contrast media, are typically not amenable to the addition of liquids. Until the advent of the present invention, it was believed that the addition of flavoring agents would not be practical for use with fluorocarbons. However, it has now been found that virtually any powder reactive with an aqueous system can be used with fluorocarbon contrast media.
In particular, it has been found that powders, while they are not soluble with the fluorocarbon liquid, suspend well enough in the liquid to allow the powder to be transported along with the liquid. Then, when the fluorocarbon medium comes into contact with a moist surface, such as the oral or other gastrointestinal mucosa, the powdered substance interacts or reacts with the moist surface, producing the desired effect. This effect may be the sensation of flavor, or any other desired result. In addition, due to the success observed in using flavoring and other palatability-enhancing agents, delivery of a gas-producing agent has also been attempted, with successful results. These observations further support the conclusion that delivery of a medication, a palliative agent, or similar substances may also be accomplished since, as noted earlier, virtually any powder can be used with fluorocarbon or any non-aqueous medium. While this is certainly contrary to expectations, it has been found to be effective, as set out in greater detail below.
In an effort to improve non-aqueous fluorocarbon compositions, especially for use in imaging the GI tract, combinations of CO2 -producing effervescent powder and fluorocarbon contrast medium were tested to determine whether these might produce MRI GI contrast agents superior to fluorocarbon alone. Since fluorocarbons--e.g., perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB)--produce a signal void on MRI, and have demonstrated safety and efficacy in Phase II clinical trials, enhancement and utilization of these qualities was--and is--desirable. Since perfluorocarbon contrast media, such as PFOB, are heavier than aqueous fluids, they tend to layer with bowel contents and best enhance dependent portions of the GI tract. CO2 gas, on the other hand, is lighter than aqueous bowel contents and best enhances superior portions of the GI tract. It is known that the use of safe and effective CO2 gas enhances the effects of contrast agents. The addition of CO2 to fluorocarbon agents would therefore decrease the amount of fluorocarbon required, which tends to produce additional benefits, such as the reduction of costs and increased patient compliance.
Dry, powdered ingredients used for generating carbon dioxide gas are suspended in a fluorocarbon, preferably a perfluorocarbon such as PFOB, or in other non-aqueous fluids. These dry ingredients may be sodium bicarbonate and/or any one of many dry acid powders, such as citric acid. These powders may be added extemporaneously or at the time of manufacturing. No reaction occurs until the dry ingredients come in contact with fluids of the mouth, stomach, or intestinal tract, at which time, carbon dioxide gas is generated. Sodium bicarbonate, which will react with stomach acid, may be incorporated alone, as it is capable of generating carbon dioxide in the stomach.
Prior to the development of the present invention, CO2 -generating ingredients were typically added to a container of water and were ingested while the carbon dioxide-generating reaction was occurring. Obviously, a substantial portion of carbon dioxide gas is lost into the atmosphere during this procedure, as well as during ingestion and subsequent eructation. This makes the amount of gas ingested difficult to control, and difficult, if not impossible, to quantitate.
The degree, location, and timing of carbon dioxide generation may be regulated, for example, by controlling particle size or by coating one or more of the "reactive" ingredients so that it dissolves in a specific, predetermined body fluid. The particular type of particle or time-release agent can be selected from a wide range of substances and compositions known in the art. For example, polymers of appropriate particle size, colloids, and emulsions are all within the scope of the present invention. Liposomes may also be used to transport gas-generating substances.
In a similar manner, pharmacologic or bioactive agents may be delivered to a specific site or general area via coupling the agent to release-controlling agents such as those noted above. Moreover, as methods of coupling ligands (for example, antibodies) to other molecules--including molecules as diverse as polymers, liposomes, and polypeptides --are known in the art, pharmacologic or bioactive agents may be coupled to such ligands directly, or may be encapsulated in a lipid or liposomal coating, for example. Then, these coupled agents may be mixed with the fluorocarbon prior to their administration to a patient. In this manner, the coupled agent, suspended in the fluorocarbon, may be delivered to the desired site or the entire GI system. For example, this would allow medication to be delivered directly to ulcerated sites in the GI tract and would simultaneously allow the patient to undergo a diagnostic imaging procedure.
It is also an object of the present invention to make fluorocarbons more palatable to the patient; this tends to increase patient compliance. Unlike liquid flavor ingredients, which are not soluble in fluorocarbon contrast media such as PFOB, powdered flavoring ingredients can be suspended in these non-aqueous fluorocarbon media prior to their ingestion. While suspended, the flavoring ingredients are non-reactive. When ingested, however, the suspended flavoring ingredients dissolve in the fluids of the mouth and immediately impart the desired flavor.
Preferably, the suspended ingredient particles are small enough to remain in suspension for at least about 2 minutes. Use of the term "particles" should not be construed as being limiting; it includes powders, crystals, granules, and the like. Particle sizes averaging about 5 mm or less may be used; particle sizes averaging about 2 mm or less are preferred. Mouth-feel is also improved by the suspension of insoluble ingredients; this feeling may be enhanced further via the addition of filler ingredients such as starch, sugars, mono- and disaccharides, and other carbohydrates; hydrolysates (e.g., dextrin); polymers (e.g., pectin, dextran, cellulose and cellulose derivatives); poly-hydric alcohols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol); minerals (e.g., clays, bentonite, silica and derivatives); protein derivatives (e.g., casein, powdered milk) and the like.
A commercial packet (4 grams) of E-Z-GAS II™ was powdered and added to approximately 50 mL of PFOB, which was then administered to human clinical subjects. The packet consisted of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and simethicone. The suspension was non-reactive until exposed to mouth fluids and other GI fluids. At this time, CO2 gas was generated.
A flavored sample was administered in the same manner as in Example 1. Two grams of E-Z-GAS II™ powder and 1/4 teaspoon (tsp) of sugar-free Tang� were added to approximately 50 mL of PFOB and administered to human test subjects, with favorable results reported.
T1 weighted images of canine abdomens were obtained on a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner before and after nasogastric administration of 10 mL/kg of either PFOB (n=3) or PFOB blended with a sodium bicarbonate/citric acid mixture (n=5). Each study was scored independently by four blinded readers according to the percentage of bowel loops with black lumens. The ratings of bowel filling increased by 338 percent in the PFOB plus CO2 group (p<0.001) and by 194 percent in the PFOB group (p<0.01) compared with the pre-contrast studies. Although PFOB plus CO2 was rated as a better GI contrast agent than PFOB alone, the difference in degrees of increase between these two agents did not reach the cut off level for statistical significance (p=0.06).
This study suggests that the addition of CO2 gas to PFOB improves bowel enhancement and further demonstrates the suitability for use of compositions made according to the present invention with MRI methods. The proposed clinical dose of PFOB is approximately half that of the dose that we studied. When using the smaller volume of PFOB, the addition of CO2 gas could greatly improve bowel enhancement, especially of the upper GI tract.
Approximately 0.5 grams of flavoring agent was added to approximately 50 mL of PFOB. The following flavoring agents were used:
1. Sugar-free instant coffee, Suisse Mocha flavor.
2. Equal parts of Hershey's� cocoa powder, powdered sugar, ARA� creamer, and Equal� (NutraSweet�) sweetener (aspartame).
3. Lipton� sugar-free iced tea.
4. Sugar-free Kool-Aid�, cherry flavor.
5. Sugar-free Tang�.
6. Sugar-free Crystal Light�, fruit punch flavor.
7. Unsweetened Kool-Aid�, grape flavor plus Equal� (NutraSweet�; aspartame).
Agent nos. 1, 2, and 3 were reported to be mildly flavored; about 1 g/50 mL PFOB was necessary to produce acceptable masking. All seven tested samples were reported to mask the PFOB satisfactorily and were reported to be acceptable for patient use.
The four following flavoring agents were submitted for testing for preferred use concentration. The four agents include:
1) Carnation� Hot Cocoa mix, sugar free;
2) Sugar-free Kool-Aid�, cherry flavored;
3) Sugar-free Tang�; and
4) Sugar-free Crystal Light�, fruit punch flavor.
The concentrations recommended for use by the manufacturers are listed in Table 1 below. These concentrations offer only the barest guidelines; they do not necessarily apply when masking fluorocarbon, since none of the flavoring agent dissolves in the medium and only a small portion may contact the tongue and mouth mucous membranes. Also, as some of the flavoring agent floats on the surface, a larger portion of the flavoring agent may be ingested initially. The tested ranges given below are quantified using measuring spoons; it should be appreciated that the amounts may be varied according to individual taste requirements.
TABLE 1______________________________________ RangeFlavoring Recommended Equiv. Conc. Grams TestedAgent Concentration Per 50 mL 1/4tsp (tsp)______________________________________Carnation � 15.1 g/6 fl.oz 4.26 g 0.42 1/4toHot Cocoa 1/2Kool-Aid �, 0.31 g/2 qt 0.23 g 0.66 1/8toCherry 1/4Tang � 51 g/6 qt 0.45 g 0.78 1/16 to 1/4Crystal 34 g/8 qt 0.23 g 0.79 1/16Light � to 1/4Fruit Punch______________________________________
It should also be appreciated that a smaller proportion of flavoring agent may be adequate to provide masking when larger volumes than the 50 mL quantities tested herein are prepared.
Teaspoonful-size quantities of 50 mL samples were tasted by test subjects. The following observations were made:
1) The taste of the Carnation� flavoring agent was very mild, and at least 1/2 teaspoon full would be required for full masking.
2) The taste of Kool-Aid� is slightly mild at 1/8 teaspoon; about 1/4 teaspoonful is better.
3) The taste of Tang� was a bit too mild at 1/16 teaspoonful but masks much better at strengths of about 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoonful.
4) Crystal Light� does not mask the "slick" mouth-feel at 1/16 teaspoonful; about 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoonful is adequate to overcome "slickness".
Addition of liquid flavoring agents such as mint and citrus to PFOB were not found to be as satisfactory as the above-reported samples. For example, none of the flavoring agents were soluble or miscible with PFOB and essentially no flavor was imparted to the PFOB. All liquid flavoring agents tested simply floated on the surface and imparted an unpleasant taste or mouth-feel when ingested. For example, the addition of lemon flavor resulted in a turpentine-like flavor when ingested.
Since many flavor concentrates are not palatable when ingested and require proper dilution and/or combination with other ingredients such as sugars, thickeners, etc., some additional feasibility tests were performed. Dry, finely-divided flavoring agents (food and beverage products) were suspended in PFOB. Since the agents were not soluble in the PFOB, the flavor agent tended to be absorbed on the tongue and cheek mucous membranes. Immediately, when the appropriate flavor agent was used, a pleasant flavor as well as a good mouth-feel were achieved.
The following food and beverage products were used as flavoring agents when added to PFOB at the approximate concentration of about 0.5 grams per 50 mL:
1. Carnation� Hot Cocoa Mix
2. Ghirardelli� all-purpose ground chocolate and cocoa
3. Crystal Light� sugar-free lemonade mix
4. Raspberry Jell-o�, sugar-free
Where necessary, lumps were ground up with mortar and pestle before addition. Powders could be suspended easily until ingested, although they eventually rose to the surface. The Carnation� and Ghirardelli� mixes had more of a granular, sugary mouth-feel which was not undesirable, according to test subjects. The lemonade and Jell-o� mixes contained finely powdered NutraSweet� in place of sugar and remained in suspension much longer. It was reported that all of the above samples effectively mask the PFOB and are acceptable to the patient.
One subject reported that he could distinguish a slight PFOB slickness of the back of his tongue with the chocolate-flavored samples. Addition of a "bitter" note, such as caffeine in a coffee flavored sample was tested; a coffee-mocha combination proved to be acceptable. The Jell-o� and lemonade mix appeared to completely mask the slickness sensation.
Finally, optimization of the following aspects further improves the palatability of fluorocarbon contrast media: (1) flavor selections and use concentrations including recommendations for incorporating off-the-shelf items during clinical evaluation; (2) variations in powder size for improved suspension and mouth-feel; (3) added ingredients, such as filler ingredients, for improved mouth-feel, and/or for eliminating aftertaste; and (4) varying the temperature of the product when ingested.
In order to use the carbon dioxide generating compositions of the present invention in imaging the GI tract, the composition is orally administered to the patient. After carbon dioxide gas has been generated in the portion of the GI tract to be imaged, an image is formed using conventional X-ray, CAT scan, MRI, ultrasound, or other imaging technique in a manner that is well known.
Preparation of a composition according to the present invention is preferably accomplished by mixing together the individual components. For example, PFOB and hot cocoa mix were placed together in a container and mixed via shaking. Preferably, the particle size of the agent added to the fluorocarbon liquid is small enough to allow the agent to remain in suspension for about 2-3 minutes, which is typically long enough to allow administration of the admixture to a patient.
Compositions according to the present invention may be provided or sold in mixed or separate form. For example, the fluorocarbon and agent(s) may be provided in two separate, sealed containers; prior to administration to a patient, the contents of the container holding the agent may be poured into that holding the fluorocarbon. The mixture may then be agitated and administered to the patient.
The various agents tested herein were selected largely because they were readily-available and in ready-to-use form. The list of agents tested is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. There is no evidence indicating that the agents tested or contemplated by the present invention interfere with methods of imaging used, including MRI, CT and conventional radiography. As a further example of the variety of substances that may be effectively used with fluorocarbon liquids, the ingredients of the various agents used herein are listed below. They are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention; for example, sweeteners other than sugar or aspartame are certainly acceptable.
citric acid, potassium citrate, flavoring, aspartame, calcium phosphate or tricalcium phosphate, maltodextrin, lemon juice solids (for lemon-flavored variety), vitamin C, artificial color, BHA.
citric acid, calcium phosphate, flavoring, vitamin C, artificial color.
citric acid, maltodextrin, aspartame, calcium phosphate, artificial color, artificial flavor, vitamin C, salt.
non-dairy creamer (partially hydrogenated soybean oil, maltodextrin, sodium caseinate, dipotassium phosphate, mono-and diglycerides, lecithin), instant coffee, cocoa, maltodextrin, trisodium citrate, carrageenan, artificial flavor, aspartame.
100% cocoa.
nonfat milk, cocoa, sweet dairy whey, salt, cellulose gum, aspartame, artificial vanilla flavor, disodium phosphate.
corn syrup solids, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (one or more of the following: soybean, canola, palm, palm seed, safflower, corn, sunflower, cottonseed), dipotassium phosphate, sodium caseinate, mono- and diglycerides, artificial color and flavor (some varieties also contain sodium silicoaluminate and/or lecithin).
maltodextrin, malic acid, instant tea, aspartame; some varieties also contain lemon flavoring.
sugar, fructose, citric acid, calcium phosphate, potassium citrate, vitamin C, orange juice solids, calcium citrate, artificial color, flavoring, cellulose gum, xanthan gum, niacinamide, vitamin A palmitate, vitamin B6, riboflavin (vit. B2), folic acid; sugar-free varieties contain aspartame in place of the sugar and fructose.
gelatin, adipic acid, maltodextrin, disodium phosphate, aspartame, fumaric acid, color, salt, flavor.
aspartame; Equal� tablets also contain lactose, leucine, maltodextrin, cellulose, and cellulose derivatives; Equal� in powdered form also contains dextrose and maltodextrin.
The foregoing detailed description of the invention and the preferred embodiments, especially with respect to product compositions and processes, is to be considered illustrative of specific embodiments only. It is to be understood, however, that additional embodiments may be perceived by those skilled in the art. The embodiments described herein, together with those additional embodiments, are considered to be well within the scope of the present invention.
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|Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blend
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|Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blend
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|Preparation of a lipid blend and a phospholipid suspension containing the lipid blend
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|Peter Quagliano
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|Apr 2, 2002
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|Unger Evan C.
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|Jan 23, 2003
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|Eastman Jay M
|System and method for enhancing confocal reflectance images of tissue specimens
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|Nmr contrast logging
|U.S. Classification
|424/9.37, 600/420, 424/44, 424/9.4
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 12, 1991
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Accelerated Homeschool (formerly Adventures in Our Life)
Adventures Homeschooling a Profoundly Gifted Child now with a Little One in Tow
Why this blog/What is Gifted Anyway?
Gifted Resources
A look back at Unalaska, AK
Thursday, September 27, 2012
There's an inch worm in a jar
.....on my daughter's night stand. How much do you want to bet it will be loose in her room by morning.
That is all.
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Wednesday, September 26, 2012
A's first book- installment 1
A finished an Ivy and Bean book today. They are a series of chapter books by Annie Barrows. After she finished, she announced she was going to write her own Ivy and Bean book and got to work.
She is nowhere near done she tells me, but she spent quite a while at work tonight and plans on getting right back to it in the morning. So I thought I would share with you this first installment of A's book entitles "Ivy & Bean: Is it Mud or Poop"
In case you have a hard time reading it from pics, this is what she wrote....
Bean was looking out the window. She saw Ivy. She had a big frown. Bean went outside, she asked what is wrong? Ivy said I got a new dog named Wilbet and I went to school and when I came back home there was poop or mud on the floor. Mommy said that she took him out. I think that it is mud but I am not sure? Well lets go up and see said Bean, so they went up to Ivys room. Ivy said lets get magnifying glasses, that are right over there. And if you want gogles Bean, you can. They are over there by the magnifying glasses. Bean said thank you and Bean went to go find some goggles that fit and she got a magnifying glass and she blew it off. It was very dusty. Bean blew it harder and harder until the dust flew off. She looked through it just to make sure. But it was still foggy.
Stay tuned for the next installment :)
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Saturday, September 22, 2012
101 Ways to Cook Fish- Number 9 and 10
Last week I made two yummy new fish dishes. These were both hits in our house so I thought I would add them to my 101 Ways To Cook Fish list. I hope you all enjoy.
Prosciutto-Apple Wrapped Salmon with a Honey Mustard Vinaigrette
1 large salmon fillet
1 apple peeled and thinly sliced
8 thin slices of prosciutto
dried sage rub
Lay prosciutto out on wax paper. In center of ham layer apple slices that were coated with lemon juice. Sprinkle apple slices with a little sage rub. Place salmon fillet flesh side down on apples. Wrap ends of prosciutto around salmon to seal on skin side. With 1 TBS olive oil sear salmon skin side up in cast iron skillet over medium heat until a slight crust appears. Roll salmon over and place skillet in oven. Cook at 350 for about 10-15 minutes or until salmon flakes easily.
Honey Mustard Vinaigrette
1/2 cup olive oil
1 tsp ground ginger
2 TBS diced green onions
2 TBS rice vinegar
2 TBS Honey
1 TBS mustard
salt and pepper to taste
Blend all ingredients with an immersion blender and serve over salmon.
This was a fairly time consuming recipe but was definitely a show stopper and something I think I would make again if we have guests over.
The other dish I made is more of an everyday dish. It is adapted from a recipe in a Country Italian cookbook I have owned for years.
Halibut alla Milanese
A delicious dish that A devoured and I plan on making again and again!
Whisk together 1/2 cup olive oil
2 TBS lemon juice
1/2 tsp salt
dash pepper
1 small onion finely diced
Remove skin from Halibut. Pat dry and marinate fish for one hour... turning occasionally.
2 eggs
1TBS milk
1/2 cup flour
1 cup dry bread crumbs
Remove fish from marinade, pat dry. Dip fish in flour to coat both sides, then in egg mixture (eggs and milk) and then in bread crumbs. Press crumb topping onto fish. Refrigerate on wax paper 15 mins
Heat 2 TBS oil and 2 TBS butter in skillet over medium heat till bubbly. Cook fish about 3-5 minutes per side depending on thickness....until fish flakes easily and topping is a golden brown. Transfer to warming plate.
Melt 1/4 cup butter in skillet over medium heat. Add 2 tsp minced garlic. Cook 1- to 2 minutes until butter turns light brown. Serve over fish.
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Wednesday, September 19, 2012
End of Summer.
No, your eyes are not deceiving you. That is snow on the tops of those not so distant mountains. Termination dust....early this year...a sure sign that summer is over...fall is here...and winter isn't far behind.
It's time to get busy.
Busy picking....
Busy canning...
the count so far-
6 pints blueberry jam
3 quarts blueberry pie filling
7 pints blueberry plum butter
2 quarts unsweetened dried blueberries
2 pints sweetened dried blueberries
in the plans-
3 more quarts pie filling
6 pints blueberry marmalade
and more dried blueberries
and busy baking...
over ripe bananas were on sale for 50cents a pound at safeway...unheard of here. So of course I bought a ton, and have now baked 8 loaves of bread, most of which have made there way to the freezer for quick and yummy snacks and breakfasts.
For now it is off to bed where I am sure I will be dreaming blueberry dreams.
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Tuesday, September 18, 2012
Checking in- and a request for advice
I have so much to post but I am tired so I thought I would just do a quick check in. We have been so busy here. In the last 2 days I have made 6 loaves of banana nut bread for freezing with overripe bananas that I picked up for 50cents a pound at Safeway, 6 jars of blueberry jam, and 3 large jars of blueberry pie filling. I still have plans to can blueberry pear butter tomorrow, and both blueberry chutney, and blueberry marmalade. I am still out there picking everyday I can, and honestly my legs are sore from hiking all over the tundra, but I know it will be worth it in the end. While out there, I have been checking on the cranberries, and they still need a few weeks to ripen.
A had a rough day today with listening and obedience. I lover her free spirit, but many days she just tests me. We worked on it all day, and still struggled. I am hoping tomorrow is a better day. She has her first homeschool swim lesson of the year tomorrow afternoon and I know she is looking forward to it. If anyone has any advice on quelling arguing and not listening, and plain disobeying because she doesn't like what was asked, please help. We have talked, time outs, read scripture and stories from the bible, and still she for the moment gets it or plays lip service to it, and the 5 minutes later it's a complete repeat. So tonight I am tired and I am off to bed, with the prayer that God will open her heart to obedience tonight as she sleeps, and grant me the patience I need to lead her.
Good night all. Hopefully tomorrow I can find the chance to share the wonderful photos of what we have been up to.
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Wednesday, September 12, 2012
Salmon with Blueberry Balsamic Vinegar Sauce- 101 Ways to Cook Fish #8
There is absolutely nothing I love better than a meal fresh caught from the icy waters of the Bering Sea. The other day DH came home with these 2 large silver salmon. They were massive and after filleting them, I vacuumed sealed them into 8 meals for us....and kept one out to cook right then of course LOL.
I decided to serve it with a blueberry balsamic vinegar sauce along with sauteed spinach and quinoa.
It turned out SPECTACULAR!
I started it on the stove in a cast iron skillet, and then transferred it to the oven to finish.
Here is the final product! It was to delicious for words!
So....now for the recipe-
Salmon with Blueberry Balsamic Vinegar Sauce
1 medium thick salmon fillet, skin on
2 Tbsp butter
2 cloves minced garlic
Blueberry Sauce
1 Tbsp cornstarch
juice from half a lemon
5 oz. frozen blueberries
2 Tbsp Balsamic
1/2 cup chicken broth
2 Tbsp honey
3 Tbsp brown sugar
a sprinkling of dried thyme
black pepper to taste
2 Tbsp butter
1. In small bowl, mix butter and garlic.
2. Pat salmon dry with cloth or paper towel, then rub with butter and garlic mixture. Season with salt and pepper.
3. In small glass or bowl, mix lemon juice and cornstarch until combined. Pour into small sauce pan along with remaining sauce ingredients (save for the butter, this will go in just before serving).
4. Bring sauce to a simmer and continue to cook on low for 20-30 minutes, which will reduce the sauce by approximately half the volume.
5. Preheat oven to 400°F. Meanwhile, in an cast iron skillet, heat a small amount of butter on med/high. When temperature is high enough, lay salmon, skin side down in pan. Fry for 2-4 minutes depending on the thickness of the meat (mine was really thick and needed longer) or until the flesh just begins to turn from pink to a white-ish colour. Remove pan from heat and place in oven. Continue to cook in oven for another 10-20 minutes or until just cooked.
6. Stir butter into blueberry sauce to finish and pour over salmon fillets just before serving.
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Monday, September 10, 2012
A Half birthday, fall pics, and slugs equal a great day!
Today my baby is officially 5 and 1/2. Last year we decided we would celebrate her half birthdays. Nothing big, just a simple cupcake and song, but it makes us all smile.
This afternoon the sun peeked out from behind the clouds and we headed out to play and to let me snap some fall pics on her adorable sweater dress (which I picked up from a thrift store in Anchorage on our last trip)
She is growing so fast. I look back at pictures from a year ago and she has changed so much. It is amazing. I am so blessed.
What outside play for my daughter would be complete without turning over stones to find snails, slugs, and worms. "Come on mom, you can touch them. They won't hurt you....just wash your hands afterwards. That slimy trail they leave behind is perfectly normal." LOL
Well at least one of us thinks they are cool!
These slugs along with 3 of their buddies and a worm are now safe and sound outside in a nice little habitat A created for them.
After dinner....a half birthday treat.
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Thursday, September 6, 2012
Monday morning breakfast
I shared with you all the other day A's foray into cooking...my birthday cake. Well Monday morning she branched out even more and made breakfast for us under dad's watchful eye.
She did an amazing job heating up sausage and ham patties in the skillet.
The she scrambled some eggs, all on her own.
She was SO proud!
I love watching her grow and learn new skills!
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Monday, September 3, 2012
Rejoice with Berries
As I sit here listening to the wind whipping around the house, the windows bellowing, and the rain hitting the windowpanes, I smile. This is my favorite time of the year. Fall is coming, berries are ripening, and I get in a nesting mood. I am feel the urge to prepare for the long quiet days of winter.
It hasn't been rainy all day though. In fact, we had a beautiful holiday weekend after DH's busy work week and were even blessed by the longest lasting rainbow I have ever witnessed. I call the months of September and October rainbow season. Some weeks we are lucky enough to see several in a day....but this rainbow was special. It graced the view from my window for over 2 hours.
We also spent much of the last few days berry picking. The salmonberries are late this year and are just recently ripening. The blueberries look to have a long season this year. Because of the different snow depths this winter, some are ripe and ready for picking now, while others still need several weeks. This is wonderful because it just allows me more chances to fill the freezer, can, and dehydrate my favorite fruit. While out picking we even checked in on our secret cranberry spots, and this looks to be an amazing year for them. They are much larger already then when ripe last year. They still need another month or so, but I am excited.
A loves this time of year as well, and in honor of it, she wrote this poem.
And tonight I will leave you with a glimpse into what you can reap with just 3 hours out in the tundra. Enjoy!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lavezzi agent - No Barca move
Ezequiel Lavezzi's agent has denied the Napoli striker is a summer target for Barcelona.
Last Updated: 28/04/11 9:12pm
Ezequiel Lavezzi's agent has denied the Napoli striker is a summer target for Barcelona.
The Argentina international has caught the eye this season, helping Napoli to third in Serie A and sparking interest from across Europe.
But the 25-year-old's agent, Alejandro Mazzoni, claims Lavezzi would rather stay with Napoli than link up with international team-mate Lionel Messi at Barca this summer.
"Lavezzi wants to take Napoli into the Champions League and maybe even play against Messi's Barcelona," Mazzoni told Radio Kiss Kiss Napoli.
"That would be great for the city and for everyone.
"Pocho (Lavezzi) and his team-mates want to play in the Champions League and there are just four games left.
"I haven't heard anything (from Barca). I was told things had been written on the internet but you can't trust what's on the internet."
Napoli are five points ahead of fourth-placed Lazio and if they hold on for third they will go straight into the Champions League group stage next season.
They have not played in Europe's premier club competition since 1990/91, when club legend Diego Maradona was their star man.


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Let Me Love You (feat. Justin Bieber) – DJ Snake
August 10th, 2016
iTunes Price: View in iTunes
Genre: Aug 05, 2016
Customer Ratings
Let Me Love You (feat. Justin Bieber) – DJ Snake
View More By DJ Snake
BiographyBorn: 1986 in Paris, France
Genre: Dance
Years Active: '00s, '10s
A Grammy-nominated producer, DJ Snake is a Frenchman at the forefront of the trap music movement, having taken the genre to the charts with his 2013 single "Turn Down for What" featuring Lil Jon. Born William Grigahcine, Snake's production work on Lady Gaga's 2011 effort Born This Way earned him a Grammy nod when it was nominated for Album of the Year in 2012. Also in 2012, he signed with Diplo's imprint Mad Decent and released the single "Bird Machine" on the label in 2013. The singles "Slow Down"...
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Become a fan of the Musical Multimedia – The Modern Music Entertainment! on Facebook for exclusive offers, the inside scoop on latest and most exclusive music albums, singles and videos.


text:
Lea Michele & Cory Monteith Are Singing in the Rain (PHOTOS)
Cory Monteith and Lea Michele tried to stay dry as they made their way to the Glee set on Thursday morning. Bringing out the rainboots and umbrellas, the stars did everything they could to avoid the downpour in New York.
The pair arrived to set separately but both shielded themselves from the rain as they headed to Sardi's restaurant in Times Square.
The cast has been filming all week in the Big Apple. The script has the New Directions flying to NYC for the Nationals, which will reportedly take place at Lincoln Center. We can hardly contain ourselves!
On Monday, Cory teased about the upcoming episode via Twitter,
"In all seriousness, the New York mashup we are doing today will probably make your head explode. so awesome."


text:
Question: A city levies a property tax that is restricted for
A city levies a property tax that is restricted for future period payments of principal and interest on outstanding debt. The tax receipts are recorded in a debt service fund and are invested in interest-and dividend-earning securities. Hence, the amount of the taxes levied is less than the ultimate amount to be paid. Should the taxes received in a current period be reported as deferred tax revenues and recognized as revenue only at the start of the future periods in which the payments of interest and principal are actually due?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsA city engages in an in-substance defeasance of long-term bonds and accordingly invests in, and sets aside, the long-term securities necessary to make the required interest and principles payments on the debt to be retired. ...Why have many government officials objected to Statement No. 34's requirement that infrastructure assets be accounted for similarly to other capital assets?Select the best answer.1. A government repaves a section of highway every four years at a cost of $2 million to preserve it at a specific condition level. How much should it report in depreciation charges under the ...The following totals were drawn from Independence City's ''Schedule of Changes in Capital Assets by Function and Activity,'' included in the city's financial statements for the year ending June 30, 2015:General ...The Middleville School district has discovered mold in one of its schools. The school was constructed 10 years ago at a cost of $30 million. It had an expected useful life of 50 years and hence was 20 percent depreciated.The ...
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It was agonizing how this place never changed. Nothing was different. Quinton turned on Landis Bridge Road, a narrow unmarked road that cut through the most remote section of the county, undulating through the rolling hills of pine and farms, one of which belonged to his family. He had been gone for a month traveling in Oregon, Washington and then driving all the way up to Alaska. The trip was a graduation present from his parents and after what happened the day before his departure he had found it a relief, an opportunity to put what had happened behind him. Now that he was returning home he found the old pain was still there, just below the surface, waiting.
His Grand Cherokee, over ten years old, had held up well with its aftermarket suspension and tires and it was still caked from the mud and grime of his travels. He eased down the road, letting his speed slow, no longer in a hurry to complete his journey as he drove by the familiar scenery along the road. He rounded the curve just past the bridge in which the road was named and made his way past the Jones' farm and he slowed as he looked around their place trying to see if a red pickup was parked behind the house. He only saw the silver truck Mr. Jones drove.
His family's farm was less than a mile further down the road and as he drove by he saw dust rising up in the Jones' last field. As he got closer he saw the red pickup sitting on the side of the road just across the open ditch parked at one of the old oak trees. The truck made him think of Jacob and he gripped the steering wheel hard as he eased along the road looking at the truck, the dented rear fender, the tool box just behind the cab and the fuel tank between the wheel wells and the large rearview mirror of the passenger side still broken.
Quinton eased along, his foot not even on the gas, as he looked across the field at the tractor moving over the open ground with the dust rising up behind it concealing it partially from view he knew Jacob would be the one operating the tractor. His stomach knotted and he felt his heart beat painfully fast. He wanted to stop, to wait for Jacob to make his round. He wanted to know if he had really fucked things up with the way he had left. But he lost his courage and speed up.
The tractor parked back into its place in the barn Jacob decided not to bother anyone and just walked back down along the shoulder of the road to get his truck. He walked along in the late afternoon sun and felt its heat make him sweat as he made his way down the shoulder. He could see the two grain silos at the Ross farm and each time he saw them he felt a stab of pain in his stomach. It had been over a month and it still hurt, the way things fell apart with the way Quinton had reacted and ultimately the things they had said to each other. He had made excuses for it so many times since, telling himself it was bound to happen, they had to know it wouldn't work and it was for the best.
But it still hurt.
He tried to make himself move on, forget how it was, and then he fantasized how it could have been. How they could have ignored what others had said, acted against their parent's wishes and maybe got their own place, just the two of them...Quinton and him. But the reality of the situation rose up to crush these fantasies for each time he let his mind think of what could have been he remembered what had been: Quinton and him standing out in the pasture between their family's farms yelling, saying hurtful things, those things others had said about them and it ended with him storming off telling Quinton to 'go fuck yourself'.
He drove his truck back and parked in his usual spot and went inside to the smell of dinner cooking. His mother was at the sink washing lettuce and when he came into the kitchen she turned to him and gave him a weak smile and told him to get cleaned up. He could see it in her eyes, the way she looked at him. She knew he was still thinking about Quinton and had been for the last month. He wasn't sure when Quinton was returning from his road trip, one they had planned to do together, but ended up being one Quinton used to get away. He wondered what he would say to Quinton when they did see each other next and he feared what Quinton would say to him.
The ground was covered in mud from where Quinton had washed it from his Grand Cherokee and he was scrubbing the wheels trying to get the dirt, brake dust and grime off. The morning sun soon got hot and he tossed his shirt into a chair on the screen porch letting what breeze there was cool his skin. He had laid awake most of the night and was now keeping himself busy with one task after the next. He had mowed the lawn early that morning, feed the chickens and gathered eggs and now he was cleaning up his Jeep.
His mother came out and sat in a chair on the lawn and for a long time she didn't say anything, just watched her youngest son at his task. Quinton wanted to talk, wished he could ask her what he should do, how he could fix this, but he knew she wouldn't, or couldn't help him, for his parents had been glad to find out Jacob wasn't going on the trip and as his father had stated it, "whatever was going on between them he was glad it was over", as if he didn't know. He'd walked in on them two different times; once in the barn and once in his room.
"You still think about him...in that way, don't you?" his mother finally asked in a low voice, so unobtrusive he didn't register the question at first.
"Yes" he replied softly as he kept scrubbing at the wheel, not looking back at her.
"I really don't understand..." his mother said, her voice trailing off and there was a long silence as Quinton didn't reply for he wasn't ready for another argument, then he heard his mother sigh. "But then again I sometimes have to admit I do understand. You know your grandparents didn't want me to marry your father...called him a dirt farmer and I could do better" and she laughed at the memory of it. "Quinton...Quinton?" she asked, her voice soft with its southern dialect softening the 'q' in his name.
Quinton turned and eased down on his knees from his squatting position as he looked over at his mother. He saw her smile at him as she put her hands on the arms of the chair and leaned forward getting into the position she liked when about to make a point.
"This past month while you were gone your father and I have talked about what happened, and we have talked to some people who understand...this situation... Quinton, this isn't the life we wanted for you. We envisioned you with a family, children, a life like our own, but..." and she looked out across the field as Quinton stay kneeled down looking at her, waiting on her to go on. She kept her eyes on the field as she spoke, "this life is hard enough without sacrificing who you'd like to share it with" and she got up and headed toward the screen porch not waiting for Quinton to reply, having said what she needed to say.
Quinton watched her go through the screen door as he suddenly felt some weight lifted from him.
"Thanks mom" he replied as she crossed the screen porch and went back inside the house.
The cows were following him as he drove his truck alone the two ruts that ran across the pasture. He had one of the trailers hooked up and was bringing hay to the cows to supplement the grass of the pasture. He stopped near the small pond the cows used to cool off and typically congregated during the hottest part of the day. Jacob climbed out of the truck and pulled up his loose jeans, a pair so worn his mother threatened to throw them out. He climbed up on the trailer and began to cut open the small bales and toss them onto the ground for the cows.
When the trailer was empty Jacob stood up and pulled his cap off as he wiped his brow with the tail of his t-shirt. He watched the cows nudge in by each other as they ate the hay. He saw a hawk glide overhead and he watched it float down toward one of the trees out by the road and as his eyes followed the bird to the tree he soon found himself following the Jeep going down the road, moving more slowly than typical and he just knew Quinton was looking out across the pasture at him and he felt his stomach knot up and the hurt rise up quickly turning to anger.
'Son of a bitch' he grunted as he climbed down and got back into his truck to head back to the barn.
He drove back to the barn across the pasture and along the lane around the perimeter of his family's property. The ride was rough, his truck bouncing and rocking and yet it was comforting, this jostling around for it made his stomach not feel so knotted up. He kept trying to fuel his rage with his recollection of what happened a month ago but as he drove along his anger dissipated and he soon found himself missing Quinton, daydreaming of some way to break this barrier between them.
The rest of the day Jacob worked at his chores and near the end of the day as the sun was setting he backed his truck to the side of the barn to drop the trailer and call it a day. Inside he found the familiar scene of his mother in the kitchen telling him to go get cleaned up.
Jacob showered and stood in front of the mirror where he looked at himself wondering about his own identity. He ran his hand through his light brown hair, streaks of blonde where the sun bleached it out, letting his fingers comb through its wet mane that he wore a little longer than most of the other guys, longer than Quinton's hair who kept his cut close to the scalp with its thick jet black hair covering his head. Jacob stood up straight looking at his reflection and still couldn't see anything about himself that spoke of his attraction to Quinton; some physical mark that said 'I'm gay'.
What his mother had said had given him a sense of relief but he still had not a clue how to approach Jacob. He had been home over a day, lived right next door to Jacob and had seen him out working the last two days and he still hadn't approached him. The problem was he didn't know if Jacob would want to talk to him and he was afraid of the possibility Jacob would reject him.
After lunch his mother sent him into town for a few things from the grocery store therefore mid-afternoon he found himself driving home. He drove up the grade from the bridge and came to the Jones' farm and he couldn't stop himself from slowing, letting his Jeep coast by the home place. As he approached their pasture he saw the familiar red pickup parked in the drive facing the gate. As he got closer he saw Jacob was working on the on the hinges. Quinton didn't think as he hit the brakes for seeing Jacob right there by the road he had to do something, anything, and he pulled down into the ditch adjacent to the drive. Jacob had his shirt off and his jeans rode so low over an inch of his white boxers were showing. His skin glistened in the hot sun as he sweated at his task. It made Quinton suck in a deep breath and acknowledge to himself what he couldn't a month ago. He really did love the guy and he was gay.
Quinton shut the engine off and sat still for a moment as he watched Jacob stand up and stare at him, his expression appearing angry. He opened the door and stepped out glancing up at Jacob seeing how he just stood in place with his hands hanging at his sides, a screwdriver in one hand and a hinge in the other.
"What the fuck do you want?" Jacob asked as Quinton walked up out of the ditch and onto the drive a few feet away.
"Look...I want to talk..." Quinton began but Jacob interrupted him.
"I think you talked enough right before you went on your little trip" Jacob said, the anger in his voice cutting Quinton to the quick. Jacob just dropped everything and turned, climbed over the gate and began to walk away. "Go home...we have nothing to talk about."
"Goddamn it Jacob, wait" and Quinton climbed over the gate and took off after him. Quinton walked in pace with Jacob thinking he would let him wind down, walk off his anger and then he would try to talk to him. So they walked at a fast pace across the pasture and Quinton watched how Jacob was sliding his steps kicking at the ground with every step and his arms swung only slightly for he was holding his body rigid, making his exertion greater and Quinton easily kept pace. He knew this walk of Jacob's, one he did every time he was angry about something and how he kicked at everything along the ground.
Jacob walked all the way to the back of the pasture and to a back gate that connected it to the adjacent field. Quinton watched Jacob climb over the gate and keep on walking, now each step in the disked field kicking up a little dust. Quinton didn't know how far Jacob would go before he would finally stop but he kept pace following him across the field.
'Fuck him' was all he could think as he stormed across the field, the sweat pouring from his hair and getting into his eyes burning them, making them water up more and he wiped his dirty forearm across his face to wipe them clear. He tried to hold this anger, let it simmer within him for he not only was upset with what Quinton had said a month ago but he was equally upset how easy it had seemed that Quinton could just leave the next day and take off leaving him behind.
Where he was going he had no idea, but he kept walking, his pace recklessly fast, every step kicking up dust and he knew Quinton was behind him, keeping pace, letting him just walk as far as he wanted to go. The words Quinton had said came back to him over and over. They had been standing out by the barn in the small pasture and it was late at night. How the argument started he wasn't sure but he knew when it turned ugly. He had wanted Quinton to admit their relationship, to tell him they would live together and Quinton had looked shocked, gave him a stare he couldn't shake from his mind.
'Are you crazy' Quinton had replied then he told Jacob he wasn't gay and what they did was just messing around and in the end, after a few minutes of arguing Quinton had called him a 'faggot' and Jacob, shocked at the slur, had told him to 'fuck off' and walked off. Jacob had laid awake all night and didn't know what to do next, but the next morning after sitting around for a while thinking it over he had gone to Quinton's house to talk and found he had gone through with their plans to leave on the road trip, only Quinton had left without him.
Jacob was coming to the back of the field, down the slope toward the woods and he stumbled, nearly fell, but he got his footing and turned to face Quinton.
"What?! You coming to tell me how you're not a faggot but I am" Jacob nearly yelled, the anger and sadness nearly strangling his voice.
Quinton stopped a few feet away from him and he watched the sweat run down his face, into his eyes, over his cheeks and across his lips and Quinton made no attempt to wipe it away. Quinton's shirt was soaked around the neck and armpits and the dust covered his clothes. Jacob waited, wanted Quinton to say something stupid, to tell him how he wasn't gay and make him feel worse; make him feel even more different than he already felt.
Then he saw Quinton look away, across the field and he couldn't tell if it was sweat or tears running down his cheeks. Quinton kicked at a clod of dirt making a little dust cloud that slowly settled back to the ground in the hot still air.
Jacob stood still, his stomach heaving in and out as he was still breathing hard. Quinton looked at his body, the exposed chest and stomach, the way the sweat ran in streams down his skin leaving trails through the dirt that covered him and he felt the separation between them, this barrier he himself had created.
"Jacob..." and Quinton looked up into Jacob's eyes, "...I'm sorry. What I said was wrong and mean...I panicked, acted foolish and then I ran away from the problem...I ran away from you and it was the dumbest thing I have ever done" and Quinton looked down at the ground where he was using the toe of his boot to kick at the ground, "...I know you're angry. Angry about what I said and probably more angry that I left. I shouldn't have done it and I'm sorry. Okay..." and he looked across the field afraid to look at Jacob, "...will you think about forgiving me? And I want you to know mom and I have discussed it and its okay...really...I think...no...I know I can deal with it. I don't care what anyone else around here thinks anymore. Just think about forgiving me, okay?"Quinton said as he turned and began to walk back to his truck. He knew the walk would be a long painful one for he kept wondering if Jacob would forgive him, or even speak to him again.
'Goddamn it' Jacob thought as he watched Quinton walk away and he threw a punch through the air in front of him lashing out. He wanted to remain mad, foolishly selfishly angry with Quinton, wanted to use it to mask the hurt but he couldn't do it and he felt his anger dissipate as Quinton walked across the field. He began to pace in circles wanting to end this now and then he wondered if he should wait, maybe wait till the next day and then see how he felt, but he turned and began to walk toward Quinton for he knew how he felt.
Quinton was nearly fifty yards away and Jacob increased his pace into a jog until he was closing fast. Quinton didn't hear him as he came upon him fast, bear hugging his body and bringing them down onto the ground.
"Please Jacob...I'm sorry...don't" Quinton had begun to protest and Jacob knew Quinton was afraid he was going to beat him up. He forced Quinton onto his back as he laid on top of him face to face, the sweat dripping from his nose and chin into Quinton's face.
"Jacob..." Quinton said before Jacob interrupted him.
"Shut up...for once just shut the fuck up" Jacob replied as he stared down into Quinton's eyes. He stared at Quinton for a long time as he held him down on the ground then he leaned up a little and released his hold on Quinton's arms. "Say it" Jacob asked Quinton for he wanted to hear him say it, to admit what he couldn't a month ago and Quinton looked up at him and smiled; the first between them in a long time.
"I'm gay" he whispered, then he smiled and as loud as he could he yelled "I'm gay." And the two of them laughed softly.
"Jacob, I'm really sorry."
Quinton reached up and wrapped his arms around Jacob and rolled him over on the ground getting on top of him. He sat on Jacob's crotch and sat up looking down on him, the two of them dusty with sweat cutting wet trails through it. Smiling he began to unbutton his shirt, one button at a time, deliberately working the buttons through their holes until his shirt opened up revealing his chest and stomach, his skin wet and shiny in the sun light.
"What are you doing?" Jacob whispered.
"Taking off my clothes" Quinton replied as he began to undo his jeans, sliding the zipper down and spreading them open. He stood up clumsily and worked his boots off, pulled each sock from his feet and started working his jeans down his legs.
"Quinton...you can't...not in broad daylight!" Jacob said incredulous of Quinton as he pulled his jeans free of his legs tossing them on the ground. Quinton only smiled as he lowered his boxers, his partially erect cock swinging freely over his sac and Jacob looked at the familiar body, the lean frame, the smooth skin lighter than his own with his dark hair always cut short now wet with the sweat pouring from it, and he let his eyes roam down Quinton's body, the thick underarm hair dark with its wetness and downward seeing how rivulets of sweat ran down his torso and he looked at Quinton's narrow waist down over his cock which Quinton was manipulating bringing it to full erection.
"Quinton..." Jacob uttered letting his voice trail off. Quinton eased down on his knees in the dirt and ran his hand over Jacob's crotch feeling his cock as it began to harden. Quinton undid the button, pulled the zipper down and opened up Jacob's jeans, the white boxers, wet along the waist band such Jacob's cock was visible where it was pressing upward against the front. Quinton ran his hand over Jacob's crotch, feeling his cock get hard through the fabric. Quinton shifted and took Jacob's jeans and boxers in his hands.
"Raise your ass up" Quinton asked Jacob and Jacob didn't say anything as he raised his hips up and let Quinton pull them down to his knees. The warm bare earth, loose from tilling was soft underneath him and he watched Quinton straddle his hips, take his cock, holding it up as he rubbed his ass back and forth over it.
"Yeah...sit on it..." Jacob whispered as if in a trance, no longer thinking about where they were, no longer concerned with the heat or the dirt. He watched as Quinton rubbed his ass over the leaking cock head, rubbing back and forth, his hole centered over it. Jacob couldn't hold back and he pushed up slightly and Quinton felt the move and he eased down bringing their bodies together letting Jacob's cock penetrate his hole. Jacob felt how Quinton's tight hole slide down his cock till it was buried completely in him.
Quinton felt the familiar stretch of his hole, one he had felt many times before but this time it was different. They weren't hidden in the barn or off in the woods or the rare occasion one of them had their homes to free, instead they were out in the open lying on the tilled soil, his legs working his body up and down as he rode Jacob's cock. He put his dirty hands down on Jacob's chest feeling the slickness of his sweaty skin and as he pushed upward, leaving trails through the dirt, he moved over Jacob's nipples and squeezed them. Jacob moaned and pushed up with his hips as much as he could as Quinton came down once again. Quinton rode Jacob's cock with his body straining with the exertion while sweat ran in streams down his body.
"Fuck" Quinton uttered as he moved faster and faster.
Jacob reached up and pulled Quinton down and hugged him tightly. He rolled them over putting Quinton on bottom. Quinton wrapped his legs around Jacob and urged him on, urged him to fuck and to fuck hard. Jacob kicked his legs back and forth till his jeans and boxers were around his ankles and he began to fuck. Quinton laid back stretching out his body as he took it, felt Jacob's cock bore into him, sinking deeply into his tunnel.
Jacob took Quinton by the wrists and held them down as he shifted over his body for a different angle. He fucked fast, thrusting his cock into Quinton hard, slamming his hips against Quinton's ass rocking him in the dirt.
"Fuck..." Jacob grunted.
"Come on Jacob...fuck me...fuck me...hard..." Quinton stammered as he was being rocked on the ground.
Quinton felt the way Jacob was slamming his cock into his hole, banging around inside him making him see stars and his own cock so hard it ached as it bobbed over his stomach and drooled down to his navel filling it. Jacob's rhythm became ragged, his thrust rough, and Quinton felt the cum surge through his cock and spatter across his chest.
"Fuck...fuck..." Quinton grunted as he pumped out his cum with only stimulation Jacob hammering his hole roughly and Jacob rose up, his body tensed tight and he slammed hard and deep into Quinton and jabbed his cock in short hard thrusts filling Quinton's hole with his load.
Later Quinton and Jacob were walking back through the pasture, Jacob's arm wrapped over Quinton's shoulders as the two of them talked. They came to the gate and Quinton kissed Jacob telling him he'd see him later. Quinton then turned to leave and saw his mother drive by waving at the two of them. It was a simple moment but it made Quinton smile, knowing things would be fine.


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Making Money with Affiliate Programs for Beginners from Affiliate Summit East 2012
This was a conference session titled "Making Money with Affiliate Programs for Beginners" from Affiliate Summit East 2012 which took place August 12-14, 2012 at the Hilton New York in New York City. Session speaker: James Martell, President, Net Guides Publishing Inc. Session description: A visually-rich presentation detailing the 5 industry players, 4 popular affiliate models, 5 tips for choosing profitable topics, 5 traffic building strategies, and 10 tips to get on the fast track. Experience level: Beginner, Intermediate Target audience: Affiliates/Publishers Niche/vertical: Affiliate marketing training Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/affsum/making-money-with-affiliate-programs-for-beginners-14022596 Note: the companies and positions listed above were current as of the time of the conference. Some of this information may have changed since then. Affiliate Summit is the premier affiliate marketing conference. This three day conference included an exhibit hall with affiliate merchants, vendors, and networks, as well as multiple tracks of educational sessions covering the latest trends and information from affiliate marketing experts. Get more information on Affiliate Summit at http://www.affiliatesummit.com


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Free Shipping over $50* 1.866.550.1455
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SKU listing
Search Tags: tuning tools, tools, snowboard tools, mobile tools, portable tools, tool kits, employee-picks1617,
The Mass Transit Tuning Kit by Swix includes the Speed Brick Universal, Pocket Edge Sharpener, Pocket Diamond Sharpener, Bronze/Nylon Brush, Plexi Scraper, Screw Driver Tool, and Waxing Iron 110V. He who possesses these tools can perform a near ideal tune nearly anywhere.
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Buckman's in King of Prussia
easy to use & great value vs. buying all pieces individually
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Hi Everyone,
SAP and Spiceworks are working together on how SAP can engage and work with the small medium market place.
I am literally putting a proposal together over the next few days. They are very open to your feedback/impressions etc and I can include that in my discussions with them?
Thanks for any feedback you have?
2 Replies
Jul 30, 2009 at 8:35 UTC
What exactly would this partnership look like? I spent a few minutes on SAPs website and couldnt figure out what they do. I have heard the name but I havent ever really worked with their services. All I got was that they provide 'business software' that helps efficiency? As feedback I would say their advertizing is severely lacking on their site. Maybe they rely completely on word of mouth or another medium but their site was not helpful in understanding their product.
Jul 31, 2009 at 9:06 UTC
Well I think that is great feedback to begin with. :) They have a few lines of SaaS based ERP products that may be interesting to the mid market. Essentially bringing the functionality of Large business ERP solutions to smaller companies. financials, customer relationships, human resources, projects, procurement, and the supply chain.
Will keep you posted and if you have any feedback it is very welcome.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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A very nice pair of Depression Glass salt and pepper shakers! For many people, these windmill shakers are iconic Hazel Atlas Depression era pieces. These are done in white milk glass with blue windmill or Dutch windmill transfer and red lettering with a red tin lid. They're a great size - each shaker stands 3 1/4" tall and 1 7/8" square. They're in excellent condition and the graphics are perfect. I believe one of the lids may have been repainted but I'm not 100% sure; regardless, the red lids are great.
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Antiques, Collectibles, and Vintage Finds
Great Items, fast shipping! Layaways and offers welcome!


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1. I would like to be able to select a user group and see a list of everyone in that group. There are many uses for this feature. One example would be if you want to know if there is anyone in the admin group who should not be. Presently you need to go into the database and run a query.
2. I would like the ability to add multiple users to a group from within the group. I recently created a group for a group of 25 users. I had to bring up each user individually, add them to the group, save the change. I would have much preferred an option from within the group which would have brought up a filterable (is that a word? lol) list of members whom I can tick a checkbox for, select all the ones I want, then save. It would be a big time savings and help avoid mistakes.
If this functionality already exists and I missed it, well...it wouldn't be the first time


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
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Why are my PayPal options not showing up on my form?Asked by IBCS_Arrows on February 25, 2015 at 10:28 AM
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Thank you


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Ready for IELTS (2010)
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In this class, you will learn useful exam strategies, practice all four language skills – reading, writing, speaking and listening, revise vocabulary and grammar points appropriate to your level, take mock exams to evaluate your progress and use video recordings or exam papers from real exams to provide additional support. Each course moulds your English language skills to enable you to become a qualified speaker of English; making you eligible for admission in any international course at any top university. Whilst IELTS and CAE are scheduled to be taken with each other, it is also possible to take IELTS with FCE.
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- Defamingly
- Defamingly De*fam"ing*ly, adv. In a defamatory manner. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
defamingly — adv. through slander and libel … English contemporary dictionary
defamingly — de·fam·ing·ly … English syllables
defamingly — adverb : so as to defame … Useful english dictionary
defame — defamer, n. defamingly, adv. /di faym /, v.t., defamed, defaming. 1. to attack the good name or reputation of, as by uttering or publishing maliciously or falsely anything injurious; slander or libel; calumniate: The newspaper editorial defamed… … Universalium