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|This article does not follow Wikipedia's guidelines on the use of different tenses. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Thornn from Wolverine (vol. 3) #53.
Art by Simone Bianchi.
|Publication information
|Marvel Comics
|First appearance
|X-Force (vol.1) #6
(January, 1992)
|Created by
|Rob Liefeld (co-writer and artist), Fabian Nicieza (co-writer)
|In-story information
|Alter ego
|Lucia Callasantos
|Human Mutant
|Team affiliations
Brotherhood of Evil Mutants
|Feline appearance; enhanced senses and agility; healing factor; sharp claws, fangs and prehensile tail.
Thornn (Lucia Callasantos) is a fictional character created by Marvel Comics for their series, X-Force. She was one of the few Morlocks to survive the Mutant Massacre and is the sister of former X-Force member, Feral. Both had been depowered in the wake of M-Day, however, both have returned to their mutant forms (albeit without powers).
Fictional character biography[edit]
Thornn made her first appearance in X-Force (vol.1) #6 as a member of the Morlocks under the leadership of Masque.[1] Toad, then the leader of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, was trying to form an alliance with the group of social outcasts, and it was Thornn's vote that swayed the opinion of the Morlocks. If they wanted to get what was theirs by right, then they needed to take it by force. Their first course of action would be to go after the defected Morlock, Feral. They are soundly defeated and Thornn is returned to the Morlocks with a warning from Cable to never mess with X-Force again.[volume & issue needed]
Later when Mikhail Rasputin flooded the Morlock Tunnels, Thornn again was one of the few survivors. She attempted to save a young Marrow, but wasn't able to hold on to her with the rushing waters. Thornn was distraught and continued to search the tunnels for survivors, having no luck because Mikhail had transported a number of the Morlocks to a parallel dimension called the Hill. Running out of options, she contacted Cable and Domino to help her perform a ritual called the Ceremony of Lights—a practice where light illuminates the Alley by a series of cleverly placed mirrors and glass shards. When the Alley was illuminated the young form of Marrow appeared through dimensional walls to let Thornn know that there were Morlocks who had survived but they were too scared to come out of hiding.[volume & issue needed]
Thornn also aided X-Force in the capture of her rogue sister on one occasion. During this episode, it was revealed that Feral had killed several members of their family, including their stepfather, mother, and little brother (never proven but strongly implied). It was also made known that their stepfather had sexually molested both of the sisters.[volume & issue needed]
Next, Thornn made an unexpected alliance with Charles Xavier and joined the Mumbai branch of X-Corporation along with her sister, former X-Force member Warpath, and Sunfire. The team helped save Professor X from an assassination attempt by a crazed Lilandra Neramani, who still believed that Charles Xavier was Cassandra Nova.[2]
She appears later, after the incident known as M-Day, where the Scarlet Witch caused the mutant gene to disappear from 90-95% of the mutant population worldwide, making them "baseline humans". Both Thornn and her sister were shown to be depowered.[volume & issue needed]
Thornn recently appeared alongside her sister, Sasquatch and Wolfsbane in Wakanda offering their assistance to Wolverine against Sabretooth. Both Thornn and Feral were mysteriously returned to their powered forms, with no memory as to how this occurred. While Wolverine searches for answers inside the Weapon X facility, Thornn and her allies are attacked and critically wounded by Sabretooth and Wild Child. Feral was subsequently murdered by Sabretooth.[volume & issue needed]
With Feral dead, Wolfsbane speculates that the sisters had never regained their powers, rather, they had simply been returned to their animalistic forms. Wolverine took this as fact, as it explained how Feral was defeated by Sabretooth so easily. The enigmatic Romulus had the genetic skills to revert the sisters to their mutant forms.[volume & issue needed]
Powers and abilities[edit]
Formerly had a feline mutation that endowed her with a thin layer of orange and white fur covering her body, sharp claws and fangs, pointed ears, enhanced senses, night vision, strength, speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, endurance and healing ability as well as a prehensile tail. Depowered during M-Day.
Other versions[edit]
Age of Apocalypse[edit]
In the follow-up limited series to Age of Apocalypse, Thornn was shown as a member of the Morlocks.[volume & issue needed]


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Calcuated Risk reports: "From Bloomberg: 'Shadow Inventory' of U.S. Homes Climbs, Report Says'"
"The number of homes that may be in the pipeline for a sale because of foreclosure and delinquency climbed about 55 percent to 1.7 million at the end of September, according to estimates by First American CoreLogic.
"While the visible month's supply has decreased and is beginning to approach more normal levels, adding in the pending supply reveals there is still quite a bit of inventory that will impact the housing market for the next few years," First American said.
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Shadow Inventory of Housing Rises Sharply
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Fukushima Daiichi's ice wall is nearing completion. The Mainichi has a detailed and quite interesting article about the problems with...
It has been raining very hard and continuously for the last couple of days at Fukushima Daiichi. I can imagine that there has been consider...
Free speech - the cornerstone of American democracy and an increasing bane to government policy makers and others who would seek to cont...

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text:
Though plenty of activist investors still hold positions in healthcare management companies, just as many have traded out of the stocks following merger deals gone south.
The continued decline in operations comes amid hard times for hospital companies.
Stock futures are higher.
I have no intention of selling this name.
The Dow is poised to hit 22,000 when markets open Wednesday.


text:
I recently switched to a VPS server and since then new users are not able to upload avatars. The upload automatically results in a broken avatar.
This is the server error generated:
ErrorException: getimagesize(/data/avatars/l/0/440.jpg): failed to open stream: No such file or directory - library/XenForo/Model/Avatar.php:252
[internal function]: XenForo_Application::handlePhpError(2, 'getimagesize(/h...', '/folder-name/...', 252, Array)
#1 /library/XenForo/Model/Avatar.php(252): getimagesize('/folder-name/...')
#2 /library/XenForo/ControllerPublic/Account.php(577): XenForo_Model_Avatar->recropAvatar(440, 0, 0)
#3 /library/XenForo/FrontController.php(347): XenForo_ControllerPublic_Account->actionAvatarUpload()
#4 /library/XenForo/FrontController.php(134): XenForo_FrontController->dispatch(Object(XenForo_RouteMatch))
#5 /index.php(13): XenForo_FrontController->run()
#6 {main}
/data/ - 0777
/avatars/ - 0755
/m/ - 0755
/s/ - 0755
I am currently using PHP GD image library to process data.
I contacted my host and they said that PHP GD image library is installed. They also said the following:
"This issue is created due to a conflict in the way that dso (your current php handler) and WordPress handle file permissions. This issue can be resolved by changing your current php handler to suphp and updating the sites file ownership and permissions accordingly. "
Should I go ahead and ask them to change the PHP handler to 'suphp'? Will that resolve the issue? If not, is there anything else that can be done? Thanks!


text:
(2012/12/10 22:52), Jiri Denemark wrote:
On Mon, Dec 10, 2012 at 09:28:06 +0100, Viktor Mihajlovski wrote:On 12/10/2012 06:19 AM, Ichikawa, Ken wrote:This patchset adds new APIs virDomainGetCPUMode and virDomainSetCPUMode, and adds new virsh commands cpu-getmode and cpu-setmode by using these APIs. virDomainGetCPUMode allows to get cpu mode of a running or persistent domain. virDomainSetCPUMode allows to set cpu mode of a persistent domain.This proposal does not make any sense to me. In general, we don't provide APIs that duplicate what we can already do by changing domain XML. Since virDomainSetCPUMode can only affect persistent config (you cannot unplug the old CPU and plug the new one while the domain is running), the API does not add anything what could not be done with virDomainDefineXML.These APIs and virsh commands are useful because: - No longer need to mess around with XML for changing cpu mode. - People who want more performance can change cpu mode easily.There's libvirt-gconfig for those who don't want to mess with XML.
Thank you for the info.
- If there is a person who has a trouble with host-mode and host-passthrough, we can help easily by one-liner like "# virsh cpu-setmode <domain> custom" Then, default cpu is used after next boot.However, default CPU is most likely not what anyone would want. It's better to use one of the predefined models that.
I would also make commands that allow to change CPU model if this patch was accepted.
Anyway, if an easy way to change the CPU mode is required, a patch implementing new virsh command that would fetch domain XML, update it, and define back could be acceptable (I think we have some of these in virsh already), but NACK to these new APIs.
Thank you for advice. I know it's able to modify CPU mode by using "virsh edit" but it needsto edit XML by hand. If there are virsh commands like this patchset's command to modify persistent config, they are useful to automate
modification of persistent config easily using simple shellscript without any xml utilities. And I also think ordinary users don't want to edit XML. So, now I'm thinking to make virsh commands to change CPU mode, model, and other things(if needed) without using new APIs.
BTW, next time, please send individual patches in a series as replies to cover letter.
I'm very sorry. I will do so from next time. Ken Ichikawa


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Rhubarb, Ginger Marmalade
READY IN: 1hr 15mins
Recipe by NoraMarie
I got this off the net a long time ago. Source: The rhubarb Compendium. It's very good--I make it every year.
Top Review by Backwoods Foodie
My picky eater of a son LOVES this! I put it on a pbj sandwich and waited for him to complain...he ate it faster than I have ever seen him eat a sandwich before! We will definately be making this again!! Thank you so much for the recipe!
See Discussion:4 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 8 cups rhubarb
- 2 oranges
- 4 1⁄2 cups sugar
- 1 lemon
- 1⁄4 cup finely chopped preserved gingerroot (candied)
Directions See How It's Made
- In heavy saucepan or metal bowl, mix rhubarb and sugar.
- Let stand all night or all day.
- Cut rind from oranges and lemon into 1 inch pieces or smaller; cover with cold water and bring to a boil and simmer for 15 minutes or until tender.
- Drain and set aside.
- Remove pith from oranges and lemon and chop pulp, add to rhubarb.
- Bring to full rolling boil.
- Reduce heat and cook about 10 minutes, until jam stage is reached.
- Remove from heat and add ginger and rind.
- Stir 5 minutes, skim foam.
- Pour in sterile hot jars, put hot lids on and screw tight.
- Makes 7 cups.


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Jul 31, 2010
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Recovery Flake by Deborah Atkinson
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 6 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© Snowcatcher
© Snowcatcher
Recovery Flake
This pattern is available for free.
The inside scoop on the design of this flake is located here.
For more information, see: http://snowcatcher.blogspot.com/2010/04/snowflake-mo...


text:
Question: Through the payment of 10 468 000 in cash Drexel Company acquires
Through the payment of $10,468,000 in cash, Drexel Company acquires voting control over Young Company. This price is paid for 60 percent of the subsidiary's 100,000 outstanding common shares ($40 par value) as well as all 10,000 shares of 8 percent, cumulative, $100 par value preferred stock. Of the total payment, $3.1 million is attributed to the fully participating preferred stock with the remainder paid for the common. This acquisition is carried out on January 1, 2011, when Young reports retained earnings of $10 million and a total book value of $15 million. The acquisition-date fair value of the noncontrolling interest in Young's common stock was $4,912,000. On this same date, a building owned by Young (with a 5-year remaining life) is undervalued in the financial records by $200,000, while equipment with a 10-year life is overvalued by $100,000. Any further excess acquisition-date fair value is assigned to a brand name with a 20-year life. During 2011, Young reports net income of $900,000 while paying $400,000 in cash dividends. Drexel uses the initial value method to account for both of these investments. Prepare appropriate consolidation entries for 2011.
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsHow are a subsidiary's revenues and expenses consolidated?On June 1, Cline Co. paid $800,000 cash for all of the issued and outstanding common stock of Renn Corp. The carrying values for Renn's assets and liabilities on June 1 follow:Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...The following information has been taken from the consolidation worksheet of Peak and its 90 percent–owned subsidiary, Valley:• Peak reports a $12,000 gain on the sale of a building. The building had a book value of ...The following separate income statements are for Mason and its 80 percent–owned subsidiary, Dixon:Additional Information• Amortization expense resulting from Dixon's excess acquisition-date fair value is $25,000 per ...On June 30, 2011, Plaster, Inc., paid $916,000 for 80 percent of Stucco Company's outstanding stock. Plaster assessed the acquisition-date fair value of the 20 percent noncontrolling interest at $229,000. At acquisition ...
Post your question


text:
NCIS, Season 10, Diane Neal, Possible Return Scoop08/31/2012
NCIS: Scoop on the possibility of Diane Neal returning for season 10 from TVLine's Matt Webb Mitovich
Here's some scoop on NCIS from TVLine's Matt Webb Mitovich's weekly column Matt's Inside Line for the week of 8/30/12.
NCIS | When we ran into Diane Neal earlier this summer, she shared that she was poised for another encore as CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin. And while the deal wasn't yet locked at that time, I can now report that Neal will return, in an October episode of TV's most watched drama series. "Having Diane Neal's character back is like welcoming home family," says show boss Gary Glasberg. "The Coast Guard and the Navy are forever linked and Diane represents a relationship that's very important to us. Her episodes are always fun and packed with humor and action. Season 10 (premiering Sept. 25) will be no exception."
Of course Diane Neal has been kicking Special Victim Unit suspects asses as ADA Casey Novak on Law & Order: SVU for years now, but it'd be nice to see her come back as Special Agent Abigail Borin.
NCIS, The Donald P. Bellisario created show returns for it's tenth season on Tuesday, September 25, 2012 at 8pm on CBS. Only 25 days away! The show stars Mark harmon, Sasha Alexander, Michael Weatherly, david McCallum and Pauley Perrette.
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Rose Petroleum provides an operational update on activities within its highly prospective Uinta Basin acreage in Utah, in which it has a 75% working interest, and where the Company's primary target is the Mancos Shale.
•Core results to date from the Mancos Shale formation reconfirm the area's prospectivity and have provided the Company with the positive technical data it hoped for - full core analysis results on track for Q2 2015
•Positive steps taken towards gaining permits for six new Mancos wells with a focus on submitting the 'final authority to drill plan' to the Bureau of Land Management ('BLM') in late May 2015
◦HRL Compliance Solutions and Uintah Engineering have completed the internal location site evaluation, with no red flags, in consideration of the Environmental Assessment ('EA') requirements and are in various stages of finishing reports to submit to the BLM
◦Subject to timely provision of permits, the Company anticipates commencing drilling the first of these new wells in late 2015
Rose Petroleum plc
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text:
From Free Beacon
Bernie Sanders and his wife have on numerous occasions steered money from organizations under their control to friends and family members, public records show.
The payments benefitted the wife of the Democratic presidential candidate, his stepdaughter, and the son of a former colleague in city government whom Sanders has described as a close friend.
Sanders, a self-described socialist, is now running for the presidency on an anti-corruption platform, decrying public officials' attempts to use their positions for personal financial gain.
Following 16 years as a member of the House, Sanders was elected to the Senate in 2006. His political campaigns were an early vehicle for payments to his family members.
According to Jane O'Meara Sanders, the senator's wife, Sanders' House campaigns paid her more than $90,000 for consulting and ad placement services from 2002 to 2004. She pocketed about $30,000 of that money.
Her daughter Carina Driscoll, Sanders' stepdaughter, also drew a salary from the campaign. She was paid more than $65,000 between 2000 and 2004, according to her mother.
After working for the campaign, the senator's wife would come under scrutiny for expenditures at Burlington College, where she was hired as president in 2004. While she led the school, it paid six-figure sums to her daughter and the son of a family friend.
Burlington College offered its students a study abroad program in the Caribbean, according to tax filings. It reported spending about $47,000 on that program in the tax year beginning in mid-2008.
Around that time, the son of Jonathan Leopold, a Burlington College board member, purchased a small resort in the Bahamas called Andro's Beach Club and an accompanying hotel, Nathan's Lodge.
Leopold served with Sanders in the Burlington city government—as mayor, Sanders appointed Leopold city treasurer—before becoming embroiled in scandal involving millions of dollars in payments to a Burlington telecommunications company.
Sen. Sanders has described Leopold as so close a friend as to be considered "family." He reportedly discouraged Sanders' socialist impulses early in their careers. Efforts to reach Leopold were unsuccessful.


text:
Yaiba's Weekly Backhand: Ninja Cheerleaders was the eighth blog post in the Yaiba's Weekly Backhand blog hosted on the Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z website. It was originally posted November 20, 2013.
Ninja Cheerleaders. With a title like that, what could possibly go wrong? Hot cheerleaders by day, sexy ninjas by night–and they work at a strip club? Bring on the high kicks.
April, Monica, and Courtney are attractive, barely-legal cheerleaders stuck at a shitty community college. They play with boys like cats play with mice, one of them has some serious anger issues that she likes to take out on the closest thing with a dick, and at night they dance at a strip club to fund their Ivy League dreams. Also, there are only 2 guys in the entire town who aren't trying to get into their mini-skirts, and they're the ones who work at the strip club.
The legendary George Takei is Hiroshi, a karate teacher/clan leader/strip club owner who keeps all their money in a safe and sends them out to reclaim (read: steal) clan treasures from museums. Isn't that typical? Some old fart ordering his pupils to do his dirty work for him. The way I see it, if you let someone steal your treasures in the first place, maybe you don't deserve them. And then Hiroshi lets both himself and the college funds be captured by some second-rate mobsters who used to own the club! You've gotta be joking.
Anyway, I take back everything I've said about shitty ninja battles in other movies–these fight scenes are definitely the worst. Pretty sure they spent more money choreographing the strip club scenes than they did the fight scenes, and I'm not sure it's a fair trade (I love watching scantily clad ladies twirl and gyrate as much as the next guy, but bad fight scenes are a crime against humanity). And then, to make things even worse, they're in karate gi instead of shozoku during their ninja induction ceremony!
Luckily, they're cute enough to get away with it. Their fighting might not be up to par but they don't take shit from anyone. I like 'em feisty. And hey, I don't hold it against them that they're not as smokin' hot as Miss Monday; they just need a few more years to develop (and maybe tone down the nut-crunching agenda–I have a feeling April would actually douse my balls in hot sauce after crushing them).
So these ninja cheerleader babes save lives, crush balls, ace finals, cheer at a basketball game, win 50 grand in a strip-off, and take out the entire local mafia… all in one day, to an 80's sitcom/porno soundtrack, with random pole dancing scenes spliced in along the way. I'm not sure what the montages were for, other than to grab my attention with naked tits whenever the plot started to lag. Sure enough, every time I started to lose interest (which was pretty often), some stripper's oiled-up jugs flashed across the screen accompanied by a clip of sultry porn music. Maybe it was meant to distract me from the noisiest ninja takedowns I've ever had to watch (nothing says "dead ninja" like having your ringtone belt out the chorus of some top 40 when you're trying to be sneaky). Or the exceedingly loud grinding sound effects whenever April had some loser's family jewels in her iron grip. Or the Highlander-esque electricity during Hiroshi's duel with the 'morally questionable Dark Ninja', Kinji. I don't know, but the next time I want to watch cheerleader strippers pretend to be ninjas, I think I'll just go to an actual strip club.
External LinksEdit
Yaiba's Weekly Backhand: Ninja Cheerleaders


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If you'd like to know whether people want access to their genetic information and will participate in research, just go to Nevada. Gov. Brian Sandoval was one of the first to sign up, and in less than a day more 5,000 of his fellow "Silver State" residents joined him to be part of an innovative population ...
Tag: Desert Research Institute
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October 11, 2016


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What's your current Netflix favourite? Let me know in the comments!
Georgia xxxx
I freaking love Mulan, didn't know it was on Netflix and I have the DVD anyway but it might get a watch :) just finished Scream and I really enjoyed it and I've started How to Get away with Murder and I'm liking it too!
Danielle's Beauty Blog
Same! I keep meaning to watch How to Get Away With Murder :) xxDelete
I LOVE Orange is the new black but I'd never heard of any of your under rated suggestions but I really can't wait to try a few ... oh apart from mulan, I'm already obsessed with mulan hehe :)
Lots of love, Marianne xxx
OITNB is so good! :) Thanks for reading xxDelete
I've finally found someone who loves Reign too! XxxReplyDelete
I love reign! Such a good show :) xxDelete
My current love is Reign and Once upon a time =] Love Orphan Black
I love all 3 of those too!! xxDelete
Everyone is talking about Reign! I really need to get into it.
Anika | anikamay.co.uk
Its so good! You should try it if you've got the time :) xxDelete
Orphan black is so under rated, and the actress is so crazily talents to pull off all the roles i looooove the crazy russian twin haha. I'd highly recommend Fringe & Chuck on Netflix both really fab programmes :)
Charlotte x
Completely agree, love that one too! Will have to try them :) xxDelete
I am still yet to watch Reign! Heard quite a lit of nice things about it :)
-Leta | The Nerdy Me
I really like it! :) xxDelete
I've not heard of any of these!
Charlotte // charlottespicks.blogspot.com
Let me know what you think if you try any! :) xxDelete
I guess I haven't watched any of these, maybe one or two episode of Reign. I stick to ones that I've been watching for year, I just can't make time for new series :) I still have some episodes of the Vampire Diaries which I haven't had a time to watch :) x
I know what you mean, it can be really hard to find time when everythings so busy! :) xxDelete
I'm always up for a new Netflix show! Thanks for the recommendations :)
Rachel / goldandmarble.blogspot.com
No worries :) Let me know what you think if you try one! xxDelete
i've heard Orphan Black is good, it's on my list to watch! x
Tamz || http://www.throughneweyesx.com
I love Orphan Black! :) Hope you like it if you get round to watching it xxDelete
I never really got into Orphan black even though i got through the first series. Might give it another go. My current netflix obsession is Gotham! I've already watched it through three times, its just great! Think i will give Reign a go next, looks good!ReplyDelete
I really like Orphan Black! Ooh Gotham looks so good, will have to try it at some point :) xxDelete


text:
Mathematics AS and A2 AQA
Boards: AQA (5361 and 6361) only
AS Level Maths comprises three units, usually two Core Units and one Applied Unit.
A Maths A level comprises six units. There are four Core Units and two Applied Units.
We offer courses covering the following unit combinations for AQA Mathematics:
• Core 1 & Core 2 (C1+C2)
• Core 3 & Core 4 (C3+C4)
• Mechanics 1 and/or Statistics 1 (M1+S1)
Core Units
Our course is designed to enable students to choose from the following combinations of Core units:
C1+C2 only
C3+C4 only
Applied units
Mechanics (M1) and Statistics (S1) can be studied either on their own or in combination with the core units, depending on the student's timetable. Applied units are taught over a five day week, with 1.5 hours of contact time per unit per day.
• C1 (MPC1): Algebra; Co-ordinate geometry; Integration; Differentiation
• C2 (MPC2): Algebra and functions; Sequences and series; Trigonometry; Exponentials and
logarithms; Differentiation; Integration
• C3 (MPC3): Algebra and functions; Trigonometry; Exponentials and logarithms;
Differentiation; Integration; Numerical methods
• C4 (MPC4): Algebra and functions; Co-ordinate geometry; Sequences and series;
Trigonometry; Exponentials and logarithms; Differentiation and integration; Vectors
• M1 (MM1): Mathematical modelling; Kinematics in one and two dimensions; Statics and
forces; Momentum; Newton's laws of motion; Connected particles; Projectiles
• S1 (MS1): Numerical measures; Probability; Binomial distribution; Normal distribution;
Estimation; Correlation and regression
We strongly advise that students have covered the module at school before attempting to embark upon the revision course for that module.
Please contact a Course Director to discuss your individual requirements/combination of units.


text:
1. Inheritance~ he came into a comfortable inheritance
2. He never gave up he stood strong and tryed his best to define his culture.
3. He was born in a bad society slaver was going on and he grew up to be in slavery and never gave up.
4. The both teacher us to not give up even though they hear and feel wrong stuff in there life.


text:
- Home
- Sport
- BJJ & No Gi
- Venum Brazilian Flag Mens MMA Fight Shorts Black
Product Description
The "Flag" series to permit to all fighters in the world to represent proudly their country. Obviously we cannot forget our Flag and this is a tribute to the Brazilian Flag. "Ordem e progresso"!
Technical Features:
- 100% High Quality Microfiber (polyester).
- Very high quality print.
- Reinforced split outer leg seams for unrestricted movement.
- Four-way crotch panel.
- One-way horizontal and vertical Velcro enclosure with external drawstring for a smooth fit.
- Ultra lightweight.
Other Details
Sizing Chart:
Product Type:
Training & Fight Shorts
Product Reviews
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Be the first to review
READY IN: 28hrs
Recipe by Its all good
Ladies & Gents, this is a brine we use for smoking Salmon but can also be used for other types of fish/seafood.
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 5 quarts water
- 2 cups kosher salt
- 2 cups salt
- 2 1⁄2 cups brown sugar
- 1 cup white sugar
- 1 cup honey
- 3 drops Tabasco sauce (to taste)
- 1 dash allspice (to taste)
- 1 dash lemon juice (to taste)
- 1 dash black pepper (to taste)
- 8 -10 lbs salmon
Directions See How It's Made
- Mix all ingredients well. We use a 5 gallon bucket.
- Place Salmon in the bucket, cover, and marinade overnight (no more than 24 hours).
- We smoke our Salmon with apple chips on an electric smoker set for 180-200 degrees and takes anywhere from 4-6 hours to complete the process depending on how many pounds of fish are getting smoked.
- With 15 minutes to go, you can brush with Grand Marnier (optional). ENJOY!


text:
About the Book
Dedicated to my wife Gill as she enters her 60th decade. Here's to growing old together disgracefully babe!
Features & Details
- Category Biographies & Memoirs
Standard Portrait, 7.75×9.75 in, 20×25 cm
142 Pages
- Publish Date Jan 27, 2011
- Tags tribute, memories, birthday
See More
About the Creator
Tuan Nguyen
Auckland, New Zealand
Digital photography and digital darkroom techniques have transformed a life long interest in still photography into a consuming passion for me - a 24 x 7 obsession according to my wife Gill (not quite but close). I draw inspiration from many sources, from the landscape grand masters like Ansell Adams and Andris Apse, to the Magnum photojournalists like Philip Jones Griffiths and Henri Cartier Bresson. I am forever grateful to photography for teaching me to see.
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Non-Invasive markers for hepatic fibrosis
With great advancements in the therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of chronic liver diseases, the accurate assessment of liver fibrosis is a vital need for successful individualized management of disease activity in patients. The lack of accurate, reproducible and easily applied methods for fibrosis assessment has been the major limitation in both the clinical management and for research in liver diseases. However, the problem of the development of biomarkers capable of non-invasive staging of fibrosis in the liver is difficult due to the fact that the process of fibrogenesis is a component of the normal healing response to injury, invasion by pathogens, and many other etiologic factors. Current non-invasive methods range from serum biomarker assays to advanced imaging techniques such as transient elastography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Among non-invasive methods that gain strongest clinical foothold are FibroScan elastometry and serum-based APRI and FibroTest. There are many other tests that are not yet widely validated, but are none the less, promising. The rate of adoption of non-invasive diagnostic tests for liver fibrosis differs from country to country, but remains limited. At the present time, use of non-invasive procedures could be recommended as pre-screening that may allow physicians to narrow down the patients' population before definitive testing of liver fibrosis by biopsy of the liver. This review provides a systematic overview of these techniques, as well as both direct and indirect biomarkers based approaches used to stage fibrosis and covers recent developments in this rapidly advancing area.
Liver fibrosis is defined as the building up of excessive amount of extracellular matrix, also known as scar tissue, in the liver parenchyma. While reviewing fibrosis as a component of the pathogenesis of a disease, it is important to remember that the process of fibrogenesis is also a component of the normal healing response to various kinds of injury. In the liver, this healing process normally involves the recruitment of immune and/or inflammatory cells to the site of injury, secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, reorganization of the ECM and possible regeneration of the hepatic tissue. When the damage to the liver is chronic, excess fibrous connective tissue accumulates. In time, this process eventually distorts the normal parenchymal structure of the liver and impairs its function. As chronic liver disease progresses, hepatic fibrosis is accompanied by the formation of septae and nodules that intervene with the portal blood flow, leading to hypertension and formation of distinctive cirrhotic architecture. At all stages of the fibrogenesis, the stress exerted on the liver parenchyma is exemplified by subsequent activation of the immune system accompanied by increased levels of certain cytokines and growth factors, which augment fibrogenesis. In proinflammatory fibrotic microenvironment, constant stimulation of hepatocellular regeneration could predispose to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However disruptive, hepatic fibrosis even early cirrhosis can be reversed by suppression of the fibrotic response
The Biology of Liver Fibrosis
The most important cellular player in the production of the extracellular matrix is the myofibroblast (MF). A wide array of cells of different origins can be converted into fibrogenic MFs, including portal MFs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Some epithelial cells including hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) could be activated to function as myofibroblasts through the process of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
Non-MF cells actively participate in the process of fibrogenesis. For example, hepatocytes can respond to this damage in multiple ways, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, while the resident liver macrophages called Kupffer cells elicit a massive immune response resulting in the recruitment of other inflammatory cells to the site of injury
As can be surmised from existing evidence, a number of functionally diverse biomolecules could be developed as biomarkers for hepatic fibrosis. One can look for biomarkers among molecules that change expression in the process of HSC activation or at the methods that enumerate MFs or their products. Another approach can look at direct quantification of ECM within the liver, or the particular molecules involved in the process of profibrogenic inflammation within the liver parenchyma. For any of these biomarkers, the clinical utility in the setting of the liver disease cannot be derived from the functionality of the respective molecules, thus, emphasizing the importance of extensive validation. Moreover, as the types of liver fibrosis differ in the fibrogenic mechanisms and in the distribution of the damage within the liver, each biomarker or panel thereof should be evaluated across a variety of clinical cohorts.
Types and Causes of Acquired Liver Fibrosis
Acquired fibrosis may result from the action of a number of pathogenic factors and toxic exposures such as long-term excessive alcohol consumption, cholestasis, autoimmune liver diseases, iron or copper overload, chronic viral hepatitis or the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These etiological factors may work separately or in combination with each other to produce cumulative effects. In this review, we will discuss the types of damage associated with the most common causes of acquired hepatic fibrosis and the biomarkers being developed in order to quantify and stage them. It is important to note that the presence of fibrotic changes and even significant fibrosis in different etiological contexts has different clinical meanings. For example, in the case of hepatitis C the presence of fibrotic changes could argue for the need for antiviral treatment, while in the case of NAFLD it does not change the therapeutic options, but may provide important prognostic information.
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Excessive and chronic alcohol consumption is an important causal factor of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The process of the breakdown of ethanol produces two pro-fibrotic agents, acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In hepatocytes, the primary site for alcohol metabolism, acetaldehyde and ROS are produced in abundance, then they diffuse outside and enter HSCs. Acetaldehyde directly up-regulates the transcription of collagen I
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD)
NAFLD and its subtype, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, or NASH, are usually seen in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS) or its components such as obesity, type-2 diabetes (DM), dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. NASH rarely manifests as inflammation and/or apoptosis/necrosis only, more often than not it is also accompanied by liver fibrosis. To date, the pathogenesis of NASH-related liver fibrosis is not entirely well understood
Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Cholestasis (reduced bile duct excretion) is another well-known cause of liver fibrosis. Cholestasis triggers the proliferation of the cholangiocyte lining of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct systems through a complex regulatory milieu that involves both autocrine and paracrine factors
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses pose an important risk for the development of liver fibrosis. The general mechanism of the fibrogenesis in chronic viral hepatitis is less clear than that in non-viral chronic diseases. In chronic viral hepatitis, fibrosis is usually initiated in the portal area
In chronic HCV infection, the viral core, NS5 and NS3 proteins have been demonstrated to initiate a cascade of molecular events that can eventually lead to fibrosis. HCV proteins appear to affect both lipid accumulation and degradation, with the consequent disruption of the normal process of lipid compartmentalization and metabolism, skewing towards ROS production. In the case of HBV infection, studies have shown that the X protein of HBV (HBx) directly induces TGF-β secretion by hepatocytes and, thus, contributes to the paracrine activation of HSC's
Diagnostics of Acquired Liver Fibrosis
With the advancements in the treatment of patients with chronic liver diseases, the accurate assessment of liver fibrosis has become increasingly important as it allows for individualized management. The lack of accurate, reproducible and easily applied methods for assessment of hepatic fibrosis has been the major limitation for both the clinical management and research in liver diseases.
The following paragraphs summarize the current modalities used for quantifying and staging hepatic fibrosis (Figure
Figure 1
A scheme depicting various means of liver fibrosis diagnostics
A scheme depicting various means of liver fibrosis diagnostics. Liver biopsy is an invasive method that remains an imperfect golden standard. Proteomics based profiles are unlikely to be introduced to routine clinical care anytime soon, but are valuable from the research point of view. Imaging techniques, serum biomarkers and biomarker panels are advancing along the route to the clinic stage, but require extensive validation.
Liver biopsy scoring techniques
For the past 50 years liver biopsy has been considered to be the gold standard for staging of liver fibrosis. This technique allows physicians to obtain diagnostic information not only on fibrosis, but also on many other liver injuring processes, such as inflammation, necrosis, steatosis, hepatic deposits of iron or copper. However, many recent studies clearly highlight several crucial drawbacks of liver biopsy, including variable accessibility, high cost, sampling errors and inaccuracy due to inter- and intra-observer variability of pathologic interpretations
The history of the fibrosis scoring systems dates back to 1981 when the histological features of chronic hepatitis were evaluated for potential importance in determining its prognosis by Knodell and colleagues
The Metavir scoring system was designed specifically for patients with hepatitis C using a sum of experience-based opinions of 10 pathologists augmented by subsequent stepwise discriminant analysis
However, the limitations of the Knodell score also apply to the Metavir score as it retains the semi quantitative and categorical nature of fibrosis staging. Use of the liver biopsy scoring systems often varies among different pathology laboratories, which makes score comparisons among patients from different centers rather difficult. Built-in sampling error problems associated with accepted scoring systems requires the need to design studies with extremely large sample sizes
In addition to staging hepatic fibrosis for viral hepatitis, three pathologic criteria have been used for patients with NAFLD. Of these, the original classification of NAFLD subtypes was developed to histologically categorize NAFLD into 4 subtypes): type 1 NAFLD = steatosis alone; type 2 NAFLD = steatosis with lobular inflammation only; type 3 NAFLD = steatosis with hepatocellular ballooning; or type 4 NAFLD = steatosis with Malloy-Denk bodies or fibrosis. According to these criteria, types 3 and 4 NAFLD were considered to be NASH. Subsequently, Brunt's criteria was developed to grade NASH and used for clinical research in patients with NAFLD. According to Brunt's criteria, liver biopsy with at least fat and lobular inflammation is graded as mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2) or marked (grade 3) NASH. More recently, the NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) was developed to provide a numerical score for patients who most likely have NASH. Accordingly, NAS is the sum of the separate scores for steatosis (0-3), hepatocellular ballooning (0-2), lobular inflammation (0-3), with most patients with NASH having a NAS score of ≥5. Fibrosis, according to both Brunt and NAS, is scored from 0 to 4 (grade 0 = none; 1 = centrilobular/perisinusoidal; 2 = centrilobular plus periportal; 3 = bridging; 4 = cirrhosis)
To overcome the previously mentioned complications posed by liver biopsy, alternative non-invasive methods for quantifying and staging liver fibrosis have been developed. These methods range from serum biomarker assays to advanced imaging techniques (Figure
Table 1
Serum biomarkers and imaging techniques for the detection of liver fibrosis: A summary of the features
Serum biomarkers
Imaging techniques
Minimal (venopuction)
Sensitivity to sampling error
Interpretability of the test
High, if instructions are closely followed
Depends on experience of operator
Costs per test
Depend on a type of the test, but generally comparable with tests for serum insulin
Depends on the cost of equipment: highest for MRI. lowest for ARFI
Limitations imposed by anthropometric features
For TE and ARFI: width of the inter-costal space, the presence of ascites, the body mass index of patient and presence of visceral adiposity
For MRI: fitting within the magnetic bore, severe hemochromatosis, claustrophobia
Possibility of multiplexing
Possible, but often hard to implement
Not applicable
Suitability for longitudinal monitoring
Accuracy for the prediction of cirrhosis
Accuracy for the prediction of adjacent stages of fibrosis
Interference by necroinflammatory activity and steatosis
Variable depending on the type of the test
Detectable for TE and ARFI
It is important to note that the performance of each non-invasive method, serum- or instrument based, is evaluated against a properly scored liver biopsy that continues to serve as an imperfect but indispensable standard for comparative studies of liver fibrosis diagnostics. Every non-invasive test is evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC) that combines the sensitivity and specificity of a given quantitative marker for the diagnosis of a specific definition of fibrosis. For each test, sensitivity and specificity are usually assessed by enumerating correct diagnoses of advanced fibrosis (i.e., stages F2, F3, and F4 in the METAVIR scoring system) versus minimal or non-advanced fibrosis (i.e., stages F0, F1). Recently, the prevalence of each of the fibrosis stages, considered advanced or non-advanced fibrosis, in study cohorts was found to be highly associated with the AUC estimates
Obviously, this fact reflects on the conclusions that can be made by comparison of the AUC-evaluated performances of non-invasive tests. Moreover, it is important to bear in mind that the biopsy itself has an AUC, which could be derived from the "true gold standard" studies of entire section of the liver
The rate of adoption of non-invasive diagnostics for liver fibrosis differs from country to country, but remains limited. At present, the use of non-invasive procedures could be recommended as pre-screening tools, which may allow physicians to narrow down the patients' population before definitive testing of liver fibrosis by biopsy of the liver (Figure
Figure 2
Decision tree that may help to guide the cost-effective diagnosis of liver fibrosis in large populations of prospective patients
Decision tree that may help to guide the cost-effective diagnosis of liver fibrosis in large populations of prospective patients.
Imaging Techniques
The activation of HSCs and deposition of the ECM leads to alterations in liver microstructure that are reflected by an increase in the liver stiffness and changes in the blood flow. Recent radiological advances allow the bedside assessment of liver stiffness with techniques like Fibroscan, ARFI and MRI.
Transient Ultrasound Elastography (FibroScan)
An ultrasound-based technology for quantitatively assessing hepatic stiffness has been introduced in the last several years both in Europe and other parts of the world and is consistently gaining traction. FibroScan measures the stiffness (or elasticity) of the hepatic parenchyma using both ultrasound (5 MHz) and low-frequency (50 Hz) elastic waves produced by a specialized ultrasound vibrator applied to the body wall and coupled with 1D ultrasound imaging that measures the propagation speed of a wave using a pulse-echo ultrasound. Since fibrotic tissue is harder than healthy liver tissue, the shear wave measurement provides immediate quantitative assessment of the "degree of stiffness" which takes less than 5 minutes to collect. Most of the FibroScan studies originate in Europe where this method was invented and approved for use in routine clinical settings. FibroScan was reported to be of value in the diagnosis of the fibrosis accompanying various liver diseases including hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease, and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Similar to serum-based tests, transient elastography can be repeated over time, thus, providing an opportunity for longitudinal disease monitoring and comparative assessments that are difficult when the primary diagnostic means is a liver biopsy. FibroScan technology is not free of limitations. Most importantly, its accuracy in predicting significant cirrhosis is influenced by necroinflammatory activity and steatosis common in patients with NAFLD
Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)
ARFI imaging combines conventional unltrasonography of the liver with evaluation of local liver stiffness. As regions of evaluation can be chosen using ultrasound, ARFI allows operator avoidance of anatomical obstacles, e.g. large blood vessels
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI technology can be used to measure both liver stiffness and characteristic water-diffusion abnormalities associated with cirrhosis
Several types of enhanced MRI have been developed to evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis. One such modification, Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) directly visualizes and quantitatively measures acoustic shear waves progressing through the liver tissue. MRE involves a three-step process:1) generating mechanical waves within the tissues of interest; 2) imaging the micron level displacements caused by propagating waves using a special MRI technique with oscillating motion-sensitizing gradients; and 3) processing the wave images using an inversion algorithm to generate quantitative maps of the physical properties of the liver
The current evidence support the observation that a normal mean liver stiffness value by MRE in the setting of chronic liver disease is consistent with stage 0 fibrosis on liver biopsy
It is important to note that MRE is associated with substantially higher costs than FibroScan or ARFI. Furthermore, MRE use can be limited for claustrophobic patients or those with severe hemochromatosis. These limitations preclude MRE from wide spread clinical acceptance and its primary purpose remains a research.
Serum Biomarkers of Fibrosis
In recent years, interest in identifying and describing liver fibrosis by using non invasive surrogate markers has been on the rise. Serum markers of liver fibrosis offer an attractive, cost effective alternative to liver biopsy for both patients and clinicians. In addition to being substantially less invasive, there are practically no complications, little or no sampling errors and small observer related variability. Moreover, measurements may be performed repeatedly, thus, allowing for a dynamic monitoring of fibrosis
A majority of commonly used biomarkers were identified in the past two decades in relatively low-throughput clinical studies centered on the pathogenic mechanisms. Recently, the process of biomarker discovery was augmented by a number of commercial high-throughput pipelines aimed at singling out the molecules differentially expressed between various physiological and pathological states followed by validation of their performance in independent cohorts and true translation from bench to bedside as pre-packaged diagnostic kits.
While the first step on this path, the discovery of new biomarker leads, produced a variety of promising candidates, assessing each biomarker in a statistically significant number of samples and controls still constitutes a major technical challenge. Another problem is the fair assessment of relative value of novel biomarkers or biomarker panels as compared to existing non-invasive predictors. Typically, the performance of each novel biomarker is compared to that of either one or more other panels, and the assessment is limited to one pathological condition (i.e. alcoholic liver disease). Given this approach, the exact contribution of each newly described biomarker to the prediction of liver fibrosis is difficult to evaluate. A recent study of Park and coauthors specifically addressed this question and concluded that the simultaneous addition of several biomarkers adds only modestly to clinical predictive factors for the risk assessment of individual patients
The Ideal Biomarker of Liver Fibrosis
The diagnostic value of serum markers of liver fibrosis has been investigated in numerous studies. Based on clinical and research needs, the ideal marker for liver fibrosis would have the following characteristics:
• Be highly sensitive and specific to identify different stages of fibrosis
• Be readily available, safe, inexpensive and reproducible
• Be applicable to the monitoring of disease progression or regression as apart of natural history of liver disease or treatment regimens
• Not be susceptible to false positive results, for example, in individuals with inflammation related to other diseases
Although no single ideal marker exists, several markers have been identified as possible useful indicators of fibrosis when used in conjunction with each other.
Biomarkers of fibrosis are commonly divided into Direct and Indirect markers. Direct markers are fragments of the liver matrix components produced by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) during the process of ECM remodeling. Indirect markers include molecules released into the blood due to liver inflammation, molecules synthesized/regulated or excreted by the liver, and markers of processes commonly disrupted due to liver function impairment, such as insulin resistance (Table
Table 2
Indirect Serum Markers of Liver Fibrosis.
Individual components
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
AST/ALT ratio
Aspartate aminotransferase,
Alanine aminotransferase
Protrombin index, GGT, apolipoprotein A1
AST/platelet count
FibroSpect II
HA, TIMP-1, α2-macroglobulin
γ2 macroglobulin, γ2 globulin, γ globulin, apolipoprotein A1, GGT, total bilirubin
Platelet count, AST, GGT
Platelet count, γ2 macroglobulin, AST, age, prothrombin index, HA, blood urea nitrogen
Age, platelet count, GGT, cholestered levels
Age, gender, bilirubin, GGT, HA, γ2-macroglobulin
Platelet count, ALT, AST, platelet count, age
SHASTA Index
HA, AST, albumin
Simple test
age, hyperglycemia, BMI, platelet count, albumin, AST/ALT
age, HA, N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen, TIMP-1
GGT: γ glutamyl transferase, HA: hyaluronic acid, TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase- 1, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase
The most commonly used markers are discussed in details below.
Direct Biomarkers
Procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide (PICP) and Procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide (PIIINP)
In the healthy human liver the most abundant collagens are the fibril-forming types I and III. In its mature form, the collagen is integrated into the ECM. During fibrogenesis, type I collagen levels increase up to eightfold. Additionally, the ratio of the type I/III also changes from 1:1 in the healthy liver to 1:2 in the cirrhotic liver
PIIINP is another major constituent of the connective tissue. Its relative concentration in the basement membrane is higher in hepatic fibrogenesis and is closely followed by an increase in its serum level
PICP levels are normal in patients with mild chronic hepatitis C and elevated in 50% of patients with moderately advanced or advanced chronic hepatitis C, including patients with liver cirrhosis of this etiology
Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
MMPs form a family of structurally related proteolytic enzymes that mediate the degradation of the ECM and the basal membranes
Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs)
TIMPs are secreted proteins that interact with MMPs and modulate their activation and functioning. TIMP-1 controls activity of most MMPs, whereas TIMP-2 specifically inhibits MMP-2. TIMPs-dependent inhibition of ECM degradation may promote liver fibrosis; elevation of TIMPs' levels has been observed in chronic liver disease. For example, chronic hepatitis C causes the elevation of both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in corollary with fibrosis progression
Limitations of Direct serum biomarkers of fibrosis
• They reflect the rate of matrix turnover (not only deposition) and have a tendency to be more elevated when associated with high inflammatory activity. As a consequence, extensive matrix deposition might not be detected in the presence of minimal inflammation;
• They are not liver-specific and their serum levels may be elevated in the presence of concomitant sites of inflammation;
• Serum levels of markers depend on their clearance rates, which are influenced by the dysfunction of endothelial cells, impaired biliary excretion or renal function
Indirect Biomarkers of Fibrosis
Most Indirect biomarkers of fibrosis are integrated with one or more fibrosis predicting biomarker panels.
AST/ALT ratio
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are hepatic enzymes that are released into the bloodstream from damaged hepatocytes. The predictive value of the AST/ALT ratio has been validated in non-alcoholic liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis
Two additional panels have been developed to assess hepatic fibrosis specifically in NAFLD. First, the so called "Simple Test" for fibrosis in NAFLD is a relatively easy to use panel that includes age, hyperglycemia, body mass index, platelet count, albumin, and AST/ALT
The recently developed
Recently, a number of attempts were made to improve sensitivity and specificity of non-invasive biomarker-based tests through combining them using sequential algorithms. One example of such studies is a work of Sebastiani et al, who combined APRI, Forns' index and Fibrotest to reduce need for liver biopsy in hepatitis C patients by 50-70%
Successful individualized management of chronic liver disease depends on the correct staging of liver fibrosis. In order to provide the means of monitoring the course of liver disease and its response to therapy, staging should be performed in a non-invasive and reproducible manner. The fact that the process of fibrogenesis is a component of the normal healing response hampers the development of disease-specific biomarkers; this is why the quest for suitable non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis has become one of the biggest challenges in translational hepatology. A number of non-invasive techniques ranging from serum biomarker assays to advanced imaging techniques are being developed. Among non-invasive methods that have gained the strongest clinical foothold are FibroScan elastometry and serum-based APRI and FibroTest. There are many other tests that are not yet widely validated, but remain promising. Major validation efforts to enroll large cohorts of patients with chronic liver diseases controlled for important confounders such as ethnicity, body mass index and etiology of liver disease, must be undertaken.
Importantly, most non-invasive tests fail to differentiate between early stages of fibrosis. In fact, most of these tests can primarily distinguish cirrhosis from no or minimal fibrosis. For the diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis (F > or = 2) non invasive tests cannot yet replace liver biopsy. Therefore, the current utility of non-invasive diagnostics remains limited to pre-screening allowing physician to narrow the population of patient before definitive testing of liver fibrosis by biopsy of the liver.
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; ARFI: Acoustic radiation force impulse; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; NAFLD: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; NASH: Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis; ALD: Alcoholic Liver Disease; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HSC: hepatic stellate cells; MF: Myofibroblasts.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
PL carried out the systematic review and wrote a draft of the manuscript. ABar edited the manuscript, substantially expanded certain chapters, re-wrote the manuscript in its entirety after receiving the comments of the Reviewers and produced Figures. ABir collected materials for the systematic review, charted the structure of the manuscript and provided weekly supervision of the PL progress. ZY participated in the design of the systematic review, edited the final version of the manuscript and provided overall coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was funded by two Internal Seed grants of Inova Health System.
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Always read the label and use as directed. Vitamins are supplementary to a balanced diet. If symptoms persist consult your healthcare professional.
TAPS Approval No: PP5354
As a food supplement for adults, one (1) or two (2) Vegetable Capsules daily, preferably at mealtime, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.
Each vegetable capsule provides: Inositol hexanicotinate500mg Providing: Niacin (vitamin B3)450mg Inositol50mg Encapsulated with these natural ingredients: magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide. Vegetable capsule shell: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
Not suitable during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless under advice of a healthcare professional.
Avoid use with liver disease. Take with food.
Always read the label and use as directed. Vitamins are supplementary to a balanced diet. If symptoms persist consult your healthcare professional.
TAPS Approval No: PP5354


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McCall's 8810; ©1983; Misses' Dress: Straight dress with back zipper closing and back vent has long, tapered raglan sleeves and shoulder pads (optional for A). A,B & C have bound neckline. Long dress A has sleeves of border lace. C & D have patch pockets. D has square collar. E has bias collar with button and loop closure. F has contrast collar with scalloped edge. Purchased belt is optional for all views.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
- finicky pattern shop Uncut Bust 36
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
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Milan Oil & Tea Light Burner
I am looking for candles for virtually every room in our new house. They make such nice decorations. These candles would be excellent, or even make a great table centerpiece.
I love the finishing touch this center piece adds to a room. Beautifully arranged silk flowers and other fillers make this very elegant and one that will last for years to come.Tags: home, interior design, home decor, flowers, decor, house, interior decor, floral, interiorAdded 9 Years Ago from Frontgate


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Around this time, you may find yourself pressed to start pulling out the fall clothes. Not because it's getting cool, but because you want to make sure you have everything you need. While doing so, you could find yourself ready to stock up on fall fashion items that will soon hit the stores. But not so fast.
There may be a couple of items in your summer wardrobe that you can easily transfer over to fall, saving you a few bucks.
Your favorite crop top
Don't put that away just yet. While the fall weather will accrue cooler temperatures, your crop top will be a perfect layering piece for the season. We all know that layering is the key to staying cool enough for warmer fall days and warm enough for cooler fall nights. Utilize the crop top with a nice pair of wool high waisted pants or a midi skirt, and throw a pair of opaque tights on with the outfit.
The maxi dress
Another simple, yet overlooked summer piece we usually love is the maxi dress. Even if your maxi dress is sleeveless, the long length will lend itself to the fall season. Opt to put on textured tights underneath, a chic pump or bootie and a lightweight jean or motorcycle jacket on top.
The mini skirt
Easy, again. Add a chic turtleneck top, trendy tights and your favorite shoe to the mix and you're good to go. Remember, you can do this with a jean, leather or even tennis skirt.
The super flowy tank tops
You probably stocked up on plenty for the summer to keep you cool and cute. But, keep these out for fall. They're perfect for layering. Add a sweater over the tank for that relaxed yet corporate chic appeal.
The midi skirt
We love to see a midi skirt with a rich hued tight and a cropped sweater. Even if the material is a little lighter than you expected, you'll feel warmth from the longer length of the skirt.
Photo: Rick Gomez/Getty Images


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Local News
Posted November 23, 2016
Updated November 24, 2016
Apex, N.C. — An Athens Drive High School teacher was arrested Wednesday for inappropriate contact with a former student in Henderson.
Devon Ross Lategan, 29, of 129 Warm Wood Lane in Apex, is charged with one count of sexual acts with a student. An arrest warrant said Lategan had sex with the student in June.
Lategan was being held in the Wake County jail under $50,000 bond Wednesday night but has since been released.


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Martin Doyle cartoon: Question over collection boxes
Martin Doyle cartoon: Question over collection boxes
Bishop Justin Duckworth's week in a cell will unlock many questions about violence, our trial system, and imprisonment. But it's our consciences that need some time in the exercise yard.
Ref: http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/bishop-s-prison-vigil-aims-raise-awareness-5646617
Click for big version.
Martin Doyle cartoons
Twitter @Mart_cartoons


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Free Downloads
As the influence of Islam becomes more widespread, you meet more Muslims. But how do you communicate with them the central message of the Scriptures? Where do you begin? How do you even start?
In their holy book, the Quran, Muslims are told to believe the Torah of Moses, the psalms of David and the gospel of Jesus. If you've ever spoken with them about the Scriptures, they may have told you they "believe all the prophets."
While many Old Testament stories are mentioned in the Quran and both speak of the same prophets, there are significant differences in interpretation and understanding. But how do you bridge those differences to present the message of the Bible in a way they will understand?
All that the Prophets have Spoken takes a look at the Bible without referral to Islam or the Quran. With an awareness of what Muslims believe about key prophets, the book examines what the Scriptures say about these men and connects them with the core message of the Bible. Keeping in mind the Islamic perspective, it builds on this understanding and addresses questions Muslims might have so by the end, they will have a clear understanding of the God of the Bible.
Appropriate for these audiences:
Written for adults and teens, but understood by children as young as 10.
Explains the Bible's message in way that people from a Islamic cultural background (but not necessarily Muslim by conviction) can understand without mixing the Islamic and biblical worldview.
This is an ideal resource for a home Bible study.
Designed to give away:
The books, audio books and video book can be passed on like a gospel tract. People can then learn the Bible's message on their own.
Designed to use in a course:
The interactive edition is the student's coursebook in a Worldview Rethink course.
Chronological: Begins with the creation of the universe and then, progressing sequentially through key Old Testament stories, it moves into the New Testament to reveal the meaning of the cross and the tomb. The main story of the Bible is tied together into one universal, all-encompassing drama. Follows the same storyline as The Stranger on the Road to Emmaus but is 25% different. The difference is significant.
Based on the gospel of John: Uses the gospel of John as a template; at the same time, provides necessary background stories to give the gospel context. It assumes the reader knows very little, if anything, about the Bible.
Sets apart the God of the Bible: Answers the question, "What makes your sacred book better than mine?" All that the Prophets have Spoken addresses what makes the God of the Bible unique from all other gods or spirits.
Peels religious tradition off the Bible: Introduces readers are introduced to the Bible without the trappings of religion.
Objective: Allows the Bible is allowed to speak for itself in presenting the good news of the Lord Jesus Christ. There is no arm-twisting to believe. The message is presented objectively; the decision to believe or not to believe is left to the reader.
Bible verses: Told as a story, weaving 1244 Bible verses throughout the narrative. The reader engages with the text of the Bible for himself.
Illustrated: Uses over 100 drawings, maps and diagrams to help explain the story.
All that the Prophets have Spoken
279 pages. This updated edition includes video icons in the margins of the text indicating when there is an accompanying video to watch. Videos can be watched on any internet-connected device or an optional DVD can be purchased
All that the Prophets have Spoken -- WorkBook
64 pages.
All that the Prophets have Spoken -- Interactive DVD
Optional DVD - supplement to the book
Same video clips as online.
98 clips (3 hours, 20 minutes)
All Regions
All that the Prophets have Spoken -- Leader's Guide
336 pages
Works as a part of the Worldview Rethink Curriculum Box.
Comes with above DVD
Learn more about Worldview Rethink.
DOWNLOAD -or- WATCH ONLINE
Simplified Chinese
300 pages
آنچه انبیا گفته اند
Farsi - Persian
272 pages
Tout ce qu'ont dit les prophètes
288 pages
Tudo o que os Profetas Falaram
288 pages
Tudo o que os Profetas Falaram — Livro de Exercícios
Portuguese WorkBook
64 pages
Peygamberleri̇n Bütün Söyledikleri
276 pages
Peygamberleri̇n Bütün Söyledikleri -- Alıştırma Kitabı
Turkish WorkBook
96 pages
Very helpful
This book is a must read. I found it to be exceptionally helpful, and fascinating for myself as well. I have recommended it to many.
by R. Calandro on Aug 11, 2013
Very good summary about the biblical message from the gospel's view, especially for Muslims and those who are loving Muslims and are in discussion with them.
by A. Winkler on May 4, 2013
Outreach tool for Muslims
Similar to The Stranger on the Road to Emmaus, this book explains the message of the Bible to people with Islamic backgrounds by using stories from the Old Testament that Muslims are familiar with. It's an excellent evangelistic tool for reaching Muslims who like to read.
by J. Bauernschmidt on Jul 5, 2011
A must-read
This book is a must for all Muslims who want to understand the unalterable central message of 'all that the prophets have spoken.'
by D&K Press, 2009
The Stranger on the Road to Emmaus
All that the Prophets have Spoken
What are Christmas & Easter All About?
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I am having an issue with setting up the to and from email accounts in my user portal. We use MS Exchange online (BPOS) and do not have an in house Exchange box. The exchange server name is red001.mail.microsoftonline.com. When I use this I get an error that it is not a vallid Outllok Web Access server address. Has anyone set up thier portal using Exchange Online? I would really appreciate any guidance or words of wisdom.
Thanks in advance
John Beuerle
1 Reply
Dec 7, 2011 at 9:48 UTC
John, found a couple how-to's you can take a look at that might help.
Good luck!
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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House Show Cleanup
To meet Pro Wrestling Wiki's quality standards, this House Show article or section may require cleanup. Please help by improving the article. If unsure please ask an Admin.
The WWF House Show is a House show produced by the World Wrestling Federation on November 4, 1990 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Match Results
- (c) refers to the champion(s) heading into the match.
Jim Brunzell defeated Iron Mike Sharpe Singles Match Battle Kat defeated The Brooklyn Brawler Singles Match The Big Boss Man defeated Bobby Heenan Singles Match Sgt. Slaughter defeated Nikolai Volkoff WWF World Heavyweight Title Match Randy Savage (w/Queen Sherri) defeated The Ultimate Warrior (c) by Count Out Singles Match The British Bulldog defeated Haku Tag Team Match The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart & Jim Neidhart) defeated Rhythm And Blues (Greg Valentine & The Honky Tonk Man)


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Bruce Lee 2nd Day Box Office Total Collection
Bruce Lee 2nd Day Box Office Total Collection,1st day Box office collection 2nd day box office collection 3rd day box office 4th day box office 1st weekend box office collection Bruce Lee cast names all details on BoxOfficeTotalCollection.In
Ram Charan Teja, the super power star of South has accompany most recent film Bruce Lee-the warrior and film was discharged Yesterday with an incredible thanks. Film has opened in right around 2000 screens all inclusive and completed the day on a major note. With blended audits from commentators and gathering of people, film has produced a decent cash at AP/T film industry. Ram Charan's execution in the film is extraordinary and film records the greatest opener for him. Opened with a normal inhabitance of 80% in morning and it rose to housefull in night to night appears. The immense pre-discharge advancements and cameo of Chiranjeevi has prompted a major opening as it was normal. Fans was truly eager to watch the film and enormous number of development booking additionally prompted complete the day with a fabulous accumulation. The film most likely recorded in the movies hits of 2015.
Bruce Lee 2nd Day Box Office Total Collection
Bruce Lee is a hotly anticipated film of Ram Charan and it denoted a noteworthy return for him. Film gathered enormous and crushed the opening day record of Rudramadevi [9.17 Cr] which was discharged a week before. Film has not gathered well in abroad market and a hefty portion of the shows in USA was scratched off due to a great degree low inhabitance. By and by, Bruce Lee has performed fantastic in Andhra Pradesh and Telengana area and gathered 12.66 Cr on day 1. This is the best opening figure Ram Charan and recorded third most astounding in TFI after Baahubali and Srimanthudu. It was gathered that film will cross Mahesh Babu Srimathudu however fizzled, yet at numerous nearby places Bruce Lee has gathered better then Srimanthudu. Film was remarkable on day 1 and second day gathering of people surge at ticket window is more and film industry accumulation of film is evaluated to be close to 13.50 Cr on day 2.
Bruce Lee 2nd Day Box Office Total Collection
Film has gathered aggregate of 3.25 Cr at Nizam film industry and Ceeded offer on day 1 was 2.45 Cr. Film has crushed the opening day record of Srimanthudu at Ceeded, Vizag, Nellore and Guntur. Film has performed better at Vizag with a sum of 1.23 Cr. Film's execution in Nellore was 0.65 Cr and Ram Charan likewise given best at Guntur with an aggregate wage of 1.72 Cr. It has turned the greatest opener for a Mega family legend, beating the record of "Attarintiki Daredi", which has gathered an offer of Rs 10.75 crore on the first day. Film has an aggregate gross gathering of 16.55 Cr at AP/T film industry.
Film has accomplished new land mark on opening day with a sum of 12.66 Cr. Film has recorded third at Andhra Pradesh and Telengana film industry. Film should get due to great verbal and weekend impact. second day film industry wage of film was around 13.5 Cr. All out 2 days wage of Bruce Lee was 26.16 Cr* and will complete the weekend with an aggregate business of around 40 Cr.
1st day box office collection,2nd day box office collection,3rd day box office collection,4th day box office collection,5th day box office collection,Bruce Lee box office collection,Bruce Lee 1st weekend box office collection


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xmlrpc.php POST requests only error
Notice: Undefined variable: HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA in D:\WEBSITES_APACHE\innereyes\xerocool\xmlrpc.php on line 4
XML-RPC server accepts POST requests only."
I seem to be getting that error. I checked google, and found a link which was: http://trac.wordpress.org/ticket/1494
I didnt find no fix or anything. So I just decided to remove that code from line 4 and the error disappeared. But now, the XML-RPC post requests only. Is there a fix? I searched the forums and people said to run wp-admin/upgrade.php . Well, I did and I still get the error. Anyone got another solution for 1 or both of these problems?
On a side note: Im on 18.104.22.168.
- The topic 'xmlrpc.php POST requests only error' is closed to new replies.


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To the Editor:
Young Audiences New York, a pioneer in bringing the arts into the schools, has witnessed exciting improvements in students' reading and writing skills by introducing them to music.
And in Yonkers last year we witnessed the heartening impact of several auditorium programs: at Gorton High School, for instance, we provided 500 students with a rousing dance performance titled ''Roots of Salsa'' and at Public School 14, 500 kindergartners through fifth graders were delighted by the ''Foot and Fiddle Dance Company.''
Yonkers has announced that it has come up with enough money to end the crisis in its school system that would have eliminated most art and music programs. These types of programs should be continued in Yonkers, not abandoned. An excellent education must include the arts.
Joanne Bernstein-Cohen
Executive director
Young Audiences New YorkContinue reading the main story


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Louis Vuitton Noir Epi Turan PM Bag Pre Owned
This item is no longer available
This is an authentic LOUIS VUITTON Noir Epi Turan PM Bag. This is a rare and uber-sophisticated handbag for every day style. This is the petite Turan handbag; featured in a grainy black epi leather canvas with a front zip pocket, smooth leather trim, an adjustable shoulder strap, and silver metallic hardware. The interior has a black textile lining with a flat pocket, a cellphone pocket, and a zip closure. Get your hands on the Turan before it's gone!
- Exterior: Very Good
- Interior: Very Good
- Description of Interior: Textile Lined
- Exterior Pockets: Zipper pocket
- Interior Pockets: Two open pockets
- Color: Black
- Hardware Description: Silver Hardware
- Material: Epi
- Width: 12 in.
- Length: 4.5 in.
- Height: 7 in.
- Handle Drop: 8 in.
Authenticity code: Louis Vuitton
Authentic: Pre Owned
Product Code: 3128008
Read more about Louis Vuitton Date Code here.
All photos are of actual item being sold. This Louis Vuitton® item is guaranteed to be authentic. Louis Vuitton is a registered trademark of Louis Vuitton. LuxeDH is not affiliated with or represents Louis Vuitton in any way or form.


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2017 update: polylingualism in Berlin as reflected in the Stadtsprechen festival, celebrating Berlin-based authors who write in languages other than German, followed up by the Parataxe events series…see also @exberlinermag
2016 update: the TLANG project (blog | @TLANGProject | Academia.edu) aims to "to understand how people communicate multi-lingually across diverse languages and cultures", in particular in translation zones. It is investigating language practices in public and private settings in four different research sites in Birmingham, Cardiff, Leeds, and London. Lots of outputs. On 13 May the conference Communication in the superdiverse city (report) focused on focus on communication in changing urban communities around two themes: Language, business and the city and Everyday encounters with heritage.
See also the Free Word Centre's multilingual creativity series (website). In a different approach entirely, Denmark's national gallery employs internationals to help them into the Danish labour market (SMK ansætter udlændinge i integrationsprojekt).
Cities have the potential to make us more complex human beings. A city is a place where people can learn to live with strangers, to enter into the experiences and interests of unfamiliar lives. Sameness stultifies the mind; diversity stimulates and expands it.
Richard Sennett in A flexible city of strangers, quoted at the start of the introduction of the special edition of Translation Studies on The city as translation zone. Also cited is Aristotle, who "contended in his Politics that similar people could not bring a city into existence. The city could only be the creation of different kinds of people who come together to found a community where they can live in common", and Judt's Edge people:"I prefer the edge: the place where countries, communities, allegiances, affinities, and roots bump uncomfortably up against one another – where cosmopolitanism is not so much an identity as the normal condition of life".
Below are my notes from the introduction by Michael Cronin, author of Translation in the digital age, and Sherry Simon, author of Cities in translation looking at four linguistically divided cities (Calcutta, Trieste, Barcelona, and Montreal) and Translating Montreal, written from the "perspective of a walker moving through a fluid landscape of neighbourhoods and eras". It relates to my thoughts about the developing international literary community in Copenhagen, as well as to other themes I am exploring in my writing.
Much is written about the visual character of today's cites, but rather less about their auditory aspects. To what extent is language a "vehicle of urban cultural memory and identity, a key in the creation of meaningful spaces of contact and civic participation"? While multilingualism may evoke a "space of plurality and diversity" translation proposes an "active, directional and interactional model of language relations".
Four elements through which translation can be considered a key to understanding urban life:
- the sensory landscape – to refer to the city or street by its former name/s projects a different historical view; "City streets are renamed as old heroes are disqualified, as new icons are glorified. Sometimes entire cities are covered over in a new language, as though the decor were being changed." -> Trieste, Piran; also seen with changing ideologies
- translation zones – an analogy with Pratt's (1992) "contact zone", social spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash, and
grapple with each other, developed by Apter (2006): a "broad intellectual topography, a zone of critical engagement" that is not restricted by the boundary of the nation -> international literary scenes may consist of mixed and polyglot communities, places of interaction and exchange across divides, a hybrid 'intercultural' network where diverse cultures and languages overlap; not so much source and target…
- cultural mediators – quoting Certeau (1983): "intermediaries, shifters, connecting agents, translators and dispatchers are the 'anonymous heroes' of communication, making "social space more habitable"
- digital connectivity – the uses of translation in digital contexts is various and growing in the 'smart' city, creating a new translational order; whereas previously living overseas involved an often decisive break with the language, culture and society of the place that was being left behind today staying in touch is simple, although there may still be pressure to "translate oneself into the dominant language of the host community" and there may be a disconnect between the public, physical spaces of the city and the privatised, digital spaces of communication
The introduction also includes an overview of the changing nature of the university within the city plus summaries of the five cities covered in the issue (Antwerp, Lviv, Istanbul, Tampere and New Orleans), focusing in particular on their translation histories as a lens for investigating their social and cultural histories. It concludes thus: "the multicultural and multilingual nature of large cities becomes the unacceptable face of a modernity that threatens unitary narratives of nation and community…the city becomes a central part of the
narrative of national decline as espoused by identitarian populists" as reflected in language tests for entry or citizenship.
Translation zones are the hub of a resilient society, the clearing house of possibility:
As any one culture will only provide a subset of all the possible responses to a situation and generally these responses are tailored to meet situations that have already been encountered, societies that are beholden to the monocultural have immense difficulty in dealing with the unforeseen or the unexpected. What constitutes resilience for societies in the liquid modernity of the contemporary world is precisely the availability of a large repertoire of cultural responses and different world views that feeds into a creativity of imagination and an inventiveness of action.
Postscript: from an interview with Sherry Simon:
- civic plurilingualism can be a powerful creative driver, affecting the flow of new ideas across the city
- all cities are multilingual; in translational cities there is directionality
- translators can influence this – explore spatial aspects, eg where do they live, what are they doing, do they have a 'cultural project', what are their relationships
- language relationships change over time:
- 'distancing' – where communities develop their distinct independent identities – > tolerance, cf multi-culturalism and a limited form of belonging
- 'furthering', the cultural encounters that are a pervasive force in modernity -> (terms of ) engagement
- can translational practice shape the literatures of cities? what are its creative dynamics?
- the practice and the consequences of reading one language, writing in another, ie using one language to introduce new ideas to another
- the role that self-translation can play in the development of an author's voice as well as the contestation of their legacy
- using one city (your 'home' city) to describe another; you are prescribed by your home city
In a feature about Paul Celan in Politiken (1 Feb) Uffe Hansen (KU; retired) is interviewed about Galicia. He praises the "cosmopolitan community" of the Hapsburg Empire, where all nationalities and languages had the same rights, allowing a rich cultural climate to blossom. "A homogenous population does not create culture". Asked whether the cultures were blended or lived parallel to each other, he definitely goes for the latter: "no one demanded integration, and definitely not assimilation…there were many disagreements, but the groups had respect for each other. They practised diversity without enforcing common denominators (fællesnævner), thus making each cultural tradition stronger."