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Predicting incident fatty liver using simple cardio-metabolic risk factors at baseline
Heptobiliary and pancreatic disorders
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease but identifying patients who have NAFLD without resorting to expensive imaging tests is challenging. In order to help identify people for imaging investigation of the liver who are at high risk of NAFLD, our aim was to: a) identify easily measured risk factors at baseline that were independently associated with incident fatty liver at follow up, and then b) to test the diagnostic performance of thresholds of these factors at baseline, to predict or to exclude incident fatty liver at follow up.
2589 people with absence of fatty liver on ultrasound examination at baseline were re-examined after a mean of 4.4 years in a Korean occupational cohort study. Multi-variable logistic regression analyses were used to identify baseline factors that were independently associated with incident fatty liver at follow up. The diagnostic performance of thresholds of these baseline factors to identify people with incident fatty liver at follow-up was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
430 incident cases of fatty liver were identified. Several factors were independently associated with incident fatty liver: increased triglyceride (per mmol/l increase) OR 1.378 [95%CIs 1.179, 1.611], p < 0.0001; glucose (per mmol/l increase) OR 1.215 [95%CIs 1.042, 1.416], p = 0.013; waist (per cm increase) OR 1.078 [95%CIs 1.057, 1.099], p < 0.001; ALT (per IU/L increase) OR 1.009 [95%CIs 1.002, 1.017], p = 0.016; and platelets (per 1x109/L increase) OR 1.004 [1.001, 1.006], p = 0.001; were each independently associated with incident fatty liver. Binary thresholds of the five factors were applied and the area under the ROC curve for incident fatty liver was 0.75 (95%CI 0.72–0.78) for the combination of all five factors above these thresholds.
Simple risk factors that overlap considerably with risk factors for type 2 diabetes allow identification of people at high risk of incident fatty liver at who use of hepatic imaging could be targeted.
Prevalence estimates for non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) range from 17% to 33% in general populations in Western countries
Patients with possible NAFLD are treated by a range of specialists
There is increasing interest in developing algorithms or risk scores for identifying liver fat, because accumulation of liver fat or some component of fat metabolism is the prerequisite for progression of NAFLD to steatohepatitis and fibrosis
Recently, in a cross sectional study of people with and without diabetes, and people recruited from gastroenterology clinics, Kotronen et al. developed a NAFLD liver fat score based on serum insulin, aspartate transaminase (AST), ALT concentrations, presence or absence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These investigators validated the fat score against the presence and quantity of hepatic fat as assessed by MRS
We have undertaken a cohort study of people who were shown to be free from hepatic steatosis on ultrasound examination at baseline, and who had a further ultrasound examination at follow up an average of 4.4 years later. We used these data to identify individuals who had developed new (incident) fatty liver during the follow up period. Since there are no guidelines to help identify which patients should undergo ultrasound testing to diagnose fatty liver, the aim of our study was to: a) identify easily measured risk factors at baseline that were independently associated with incident fatty liver at follow up, and then b) to test the diagnostic performance of thresholds of these factors to predict or to exclude incident fatty liver at follow up.
Electronic medical records were used to identify 4463 participants from a cohort of Korean employees who had had an occupational health check in 2003–2005 that included collection of data on anthropometry and liver ultrasound. Information on smoking history (never, current, or past) and whether individuals participated in any regular exercise was obtained by questionnaire. A follow up examination was performed in 2008 and 2009 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital in Seoul, Korea and people without fatty liver at baseline were only included if they had a further ultrasound at follow-up (Figure
Figure 1
Flow chart summarizing the selection of study participants
Flow chart summarizing the selection of study participants.
We excluded participants with positive serologic marker for hepatitis B (n = 188) or hepatitis C virus (n = 13) and alcohol consumption in excess of 20 g/day (n = 531). Regular exercise and smoking status were assessed by a physician administered questionnaire. Individuals were asked if they had participated in any regular exercise at least once a week and smoking status was classified as never, ex and current smoker. Data were specifically requested from the central source on those individuals who had a complete data-set for all these measurements.
Plasma and serum were collected after at least 12 h of fasting. Glucose was measured using the hexokinase method (Advia 1650 Autoanalyzer; Bayer Diagnostics, Leverkusen, Germany). Insulin was measured with an immunoradiometric assay (Biosource, Nivelle, Belgium) (intra- and interassay coefficient of variation of 2.1–4.5% and 4.7–12.2%, respectively). An enzymatic calorimetric test was used to measure total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) concentration was measured by the selective inhibition method and a homogeneous enzymatic calorimetric test was used to measure low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) concentration (Advia 1650 Autoanalyzer). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was analysed by performing particle-enhanced immunonephelomety using the BN System (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) was calculated as a measure of insulin resistance
Risk prediction modeling for fatty liver comparing established and population-specific newly optimized thresholds
All the observations including ultrasound and blood tests that are included in the analyses were undertaken at base-line and data from a further ultrasound performed at follow up was available for people without fatty liver at baseline. Established thresholds for metabolic risk factors (waist, glucose and triglyceride) were identified according to the Joint Interim Statement 2009 criteria for the metabolic syndrome (MetS)
For ALT, we used sex specific cut-offs for normal liver function that have been shown to exclude NAFLD
Additionally, we also identified new population-specific optimized thresholds of each variable that showed the highest accuracy (based on the area under receiver operating curves, AUROC) for identifying people at high risk of incident fatty liver, and the best accuracy (NPV%) for excluding incident fatty liver at follow up; using the Youden index method
Validation of the performance of established thresholds and population-specific thresholds in training and validation data-sets
We established training and validation data-sets to validate the performance of the established and new population-specific thresholds. To develop training and validation data-sets, we split the data for each stratum into training and validation data-sets, using random sampling methodology to ensure similar distribution of sex and body mass index (BMI) between both data sub-sets.
Statistical analysis
The descriptive statistics for continuous variables are presented using means and standard deviations (SDs) for normally distributed variables and medians and ranges for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were described using frequencies (percentages). Continuous variables were compared between two groups using
We identified 988 people with prevalent fatty liver and 2589 people who did not have ultrasound evidence of fatty liver, positive hepatitis B or C serology or excessive alcohol consumption at baseline examination. Of these 2589 people, 430 developed incident fatty liver, during the mean follow-up period of average 4.37 years (1596 days). Table
As several individual cardio-metabolic risk factors are common to insulin resistance, MetS and type 2 diabetes, we investigated the relationship between individual cardio-metabolic risk factors at baseline and incident fatty liver at follow up. The results of analyses in which all potential baseline cardio-metabolic risk factors were entered into a logistic regression model with incident fatty liver as the outcome are shown in Table
The significant variables identified from regression analysis (shown in Table
Since there has been recent debate as to whether there should be population-specific thresholds for waist circumference as a key feature of the metabolic syndrome, we tested the diagnostic performance of population-specific thresholds that showed the best discrimination for each of the five factors (waist circumference, glucose, triglyceride, ALT and platelets), to identify or exclude incident fatty liver. The results of applying the newly defined population-specific thresholds of each of these variables are also shown in Table
We examined the diagnostic performance of combinations of the variables (waist circumference, and concentrations of glucose, triglyceride and ALT, and platelet count) to identify high risk of incident fatty liver, using both the established, and the population-specific measurement thresholds. When all five risk factors (waist circumference, and concentrations of glucose, triglyceride and ALT, and platelet count) were combined, for established thresholds, the area under receiver operator curve (AUROC) value for incident fatty liver was 0.65 (95%CI 0.61, 0.69), with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 50.0% (95%CI 15.7, 84.3) and an NPV of 84.0% (95%CI 81.9, 86.0); whereas for the population-specific thresholds, the AUROC for incident fatty liver was 0.75 (95%CI 0.72, 0.78), with a PPV of 40.0% (95%CI 15.7, 84.3) and an NPV of 85.4% (95%CI 83.3, 87.3). We used the population-specific criteria to calculate the number and proportion of people who did not have fatty liver at baseline who met all five thresholds or who met the ALT threshold alone as these criteria are most likely to be applied in clinical practice to inform a decision to request a liver ultrasound examination. The number (%) of people who met all five specific criteria was 87 (3.4%) whereas 585 people (23%) met the ALT threshold alone. Consequently, 585 people might be selected for an ultrasound examination, based upon the presence of an ALT concentration above the population-specific threshold for ALT, whereas in contrast only 87 people would be selected for ultrasound investigation, by using the presence of all five criteria as the essential pre-requisite.
Next we compared the diagnostic performance of combining the five factors in the training and the validation datasets. The performance of both sets of thresholds was very similar in the training and validation data-sets (Table
Our study is the first to combine identification of risk factors with the subsequent testing of these factors in risk prediction modeling for incident fatty liver at follow up. Whilst others have examined relationships between risk scores (or cardio-metabolic risk factors) and prevalent fatty liver in cross sectional studies
Interestingly, the factors that we have identified as being associated with increased risk of developing fatty liver are also strongly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes either directly, (glucose, triglyceride, ALT and waist circumference)
The unexpected finding that platelet count was associated with increased risk of fatty liver may be explained by the fact that platelets are a potential mediator of inflammation
The diagnostic performance of ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), T1-weighted dual-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and point-resolved proton (hydrogen 1[(1)H]) MR spectroscopy in the assessment of hepatic steatosis has previously been compared. MR spectroscopic measurements of hepatic fat and ultrasound measurement of liver fat both correlate well with histopathologic steatosis assessment
There are several strengths to our study. There is a considerable body of published research that has investigated cross sectional associations of risk factors with liver fat. To our knowledge, no previous studies have described the etiological factors associated with incident NAFLD in a longitudinal study, and then tested the utility of these factors in risk prediction modeling in a general population. Other studies have used more sensitive tests for detecting liver fat, such as the MRS-based study that focused on developing a risk score (for liver fat)
Our study has some limitations. We have used routine clinical data so that although ultrasonography was undertaken by experienced clinical radiologists, a formal assessment of inter-observer variability was not possible. As the incidence rate for NAFLD is probably highest in the sixth decade
We have identified simple baseline etiological factors (waist circumference, glucose, triglyceride and ALT concentrations, and platelet number) that are associated with incident fatty liver over a follow up of an average of 4.4 years. Importantly, we have shown that the diagnostic performance of either the population-specific or the established thresholds used in the definition of the MetS is such that either could be used in clinical practice to focus limited resources and identify a high risk subgroup for fatty liver. We suggest that this selected sub-group should receive a liver ultrasound and may derive particular benefit from lifestyle change and assessment and management of diabetes risk as well as the hepatic disease risk. We suggest that thresholds of these five factors combined, could be used as a screening tool to select people who are particularly likely to, either already have, or to develop fatty liver. Such an approach would improve the use and specificity of ultrasound imaging in a more targeted approach to the diagnosis of fatty liver.
NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MetS: metabolic syndrome; ALT: alanine aminotransaminases; AST: aspartate transaminase; ROC: receiver operator characteristic curves; AUC: area under curve; AUROC: area under receiver operator characteristic curve; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDLc: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; BMI: body mass index.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author contributions
K-CS and CDB designed the study and wrote the manuscript. SHW contributed to study design and to writing the manuscript. B-SK, Y-KC and D-I P contributed to the manuscript. SW and SK analysed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by
This study was partially supported by Samsung Biomedical Research Institute Grant SBRI C-B1-114-1.
Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States
Defining nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for epidemiologic studies
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an overview of current insights in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients
Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome
Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations are independently associated with hepatic steatosis in obese subjects
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Selected practical issues in their evaluation and management
Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels
Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy: validation in vivo
Fatty liver disease: MR imaging techniques for the detection and quantification of liver steatosis
Metabolic disturbances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Plasma sCD36 is associated with markers of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and fatty liver in a nondiabetic healthy population
Fatty liver is associated with insulin resistance, risk of coronary heart disease, and early atherosclerosis in a large European population
Fatty liver and chronic inflammation in Chinese adults
A simple index of lipid overaccumulation is a good marker of liver steatosis
The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population
Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease liver fat score and fat equation to predict and quantitate hepatic steatosis: promising but not prime time!
Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man
Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis
Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and international association for the Study of Obesity
Index for rating diagnostic tests
Identification of undiagnosed type 2 diabetic individuals by the finnish diabetes risk score and biochemical and genetic markers: a population-based study of 7232 Finnish men
Platelet and white blood cell counts are elevated in patients with the metabolic syndrome
Blood platelets and inflammation: Their relationship with liver and digestive diseases
Platelets and the immune continuum
Biomarkers of liver fibrosis
Assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients undergoing liver resection: comparison of US, CT, T1-weighted dual-echo MR imaging, and point-resolved 1 H MR spectroscopy
The role of bright liver echo pattern on ultrasound B-mode examination in the diagnosis of liver steatosis
Fatty liver incidence and predictive variables
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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The hotel's warm hospitality and energetic approach offers the best in luxurious accommodations and the ideal destination for a guests vacation, business conference or special event. The hotel offers a business center, gift shop and wireless Internet access (surcharge). Self-parking is complimentary. The hotel also provides complimentary shuttle service within 8 km, including beaches and golf courses during limited hours.There are no room charges for children 11 years old and younger who occupy the same room as their parents or guardians, using existing bedding. Large pets are allowed for a non-refundable service fee.All contemporary guestrooms at the hotel offer the Serenity Bed, which includes a pillowtop mattress, down duvet and hypoallergenic feather/ down pillows. Granite-and-marble bathrooms supply makeup/ shaving mirrors and bath amenities. Rooms also have safes and recieve newspapers daily.
Deerfield Beach City Center- East on Hillsboro Boulevard approximately 1,6 km. From beaches head West on Glades Road to I-95 South approximately 5 km. Exit Hillsboro Blvd East to first traffic light Fairway Blvd. Turn left and proceed to hotel on the left.|

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2 simple ways to configure WCF binding
Tutorials Shared by the Internet Community
2 simple ways to configure WCF bindingExplaining how to configure WCF Binding through configuration as well as programmatically with complete code snippet.
Total Hits - 33196
Total Votes - 14 votes
Vote Up - 8 votes
Vote Down - 6 votes
Domain - www.topwcftutorials.net
Category - ASP.Net/ASP.Net Misc
Submitted By - Imran Ghani
Submitted on - 2014-07-04 20:19:50
An Endpoint of Service has following three parts also known as ABC (Address, Binding, Contract):

1. Address defines Where: Where is the location of WCF Service?
2. Binding defines How: How we can access the WCF Service?
3. Contract defines What: What a WCF Service expose?

As Binding in Windows Communication Foundation defines that how to communicate with a WCF Service? It specifies the follows details:

1. Communication protocol
2. Encoding method
3. Other optional factors as transactions, reliable sessions and security etc. More detail...


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Risotto Primavera
READY IN: 50mins
Recipe by Kim127
From Herb-Ox
Top Review by cricketbird
I went to dinner with my husband, and ordered Risotto. It was so good, I wanted to learn how to make it myself. I picked this recipe, and this was far better than the risotto I had ordered. This was excellent Kim, and will be made many, many times in the future. Absolutely a keeper!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 cups sliced fresh mushrooms
- 1⁄2 cup diced carrot
- 1⁄2 cup chopped onion
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 cup arborio rice or 1 cup risotto rice
- 3 cups water
- 1 tablespoon herb-ox chicken bouillon granule
- 1⁄2 cup cooking sherry or 1⁄2 cup white wine
- 1 cup shredded Fontina cheese
- 1⁄4 cup grated parmesan cheese
- chopped fresh parsley, for garnish
- diced fresh tomato, for garnish
Directions See How It's Made
- In large saucepan, saute mushrooms, carrots, onion and garlic in hot oil until onion is tender.
- Add uncooked rice.
- Cook and stir over medium heat 3-5 minutes or until rice is golden brown.
- Meanwhile, in another saucepan, heat water, bouillon and cooking wine to a boil.
- Slowly add one cup of the broth to the rice mixture, stirring constantly.
- Cook and stir over medium heat until liquid is absorbed.
- Continue to add 1/2 cup of broth at a time to rice mixture, stirring constantly, until all broth has been added and the rice mixture is creamy.
- Add cheeses and stir until well blended.
- Garnish, if desired, with fresh parsley and diced tomato.


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Mayor outlines plans for new administration at first full council meeting
Despite some dramatic interruptions from the opposition African National Congress (ANC) including claims that the Speaker was biased towards the Democratic Alliance (DA) led coalition, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Executive Mayor, Athol Trollip, delivered his speech to the first full sitting of the new Council on Wednesday.
Leader of the opposition, Danny Jordaan, had apparently called in sick.
"Given five short years to bring about change, we remain cognisant of the mandate of the electorate, and under no illusion about the complexity of the task ahead. The complexity extends to the overall makeup of this Metro. We envisage changing the face of the Nelson Mandela Bay and its burgeoning prospects, based on our vision for change and premised on our promise to stop corruption, grow the economy to create jobs, and provide better services. This is the lodestar and mandate of this new multi-party DA-led administration," he told Councillors.
He said the Metro needs to work hard to include all communities into its vision, "so that there is no alienation as we go about our task of creating a caring city - close to its residents and that ensures that when community members engage with government, they are heard".
Trollip said; "A City government that listens to its communities is responsive to their needs, accountable to them and dedicated to ensuring fairness and providing more opportunity. This means making sure that residents can easily communicate their concerns and matters of importance to the city. Importantly, we must ensure that vulnerable members like our aged, people with disabilities, women and children in a caring city are supported to access a better quality of life. Because engaging with a caring city is easy and comfortable, people feel cared for and trust that their interests are looked after.
"As we break away from our dysfunctional past, we need to build a new future and direction relevant to the needs of our communities we serve. This we believe is a crucial lever that will open up opportunity that provides people with a chance to improve their lives."
Skills, business and jobs
Trollip said that in order to provide opportunity for all the people, there must be an environment where businesses want to invest, where entrepreneurship can thrive and where government is supportive and enabling.
"This DA-led local government is committed to creating enabling business environs where there is freedom to innovate. Skills development and facilitating access to opportunities for people seeking employment is an important feature of this environment," he described.
"The city can help create this opportunity-rich space by connecting people and businesses, making sure information is easy to access, and that reformed regulation enables innovation. In a nutshell, we see a city where people and enterprises from anywhere in the world will want to do business, feel welcomed and taken care of for the investment, jobs and opportunities they bring."
A world class city
"Our strategy and vision have at heart the ambition to ensure that Nelson Mandela Bay becomes a world-class city positioned to make the most of its citizenry, location, capabilities and offerings. We see a well-run city that does not have to worry about potholes, broken streetlights and crumbling infrastructure. People in such a city have a good quality of life," Trollip said.
"They have access to excellent and affordable basic services, safe roads and well-maintained public spaces. In these communities there is a high level of trust - where the public know what their money is being spent on and have a say in their government and planning for the future.
"Ensuring fairness for all residents is a key goal of well-run cities. There is transparency in a well-run city and the best skilled people are always considered for employment. A well-run city inspires trust from its residents and provides them with more opportunities."
He said that behind this ambition is a vision of Nelson Mandela Bay where people can feel safe again, when they trust their city will safeguard every aspect of their community's welfare and ensure that their freedom has meaning.
"Safety means living in environments that are clean and secure and enhance the health of those who live in them. Experienced professionals must deal rapidly with emergencies in these communities. Safe communities have public spaces that all people can enjoy.
"A city that cares about safety also cares about protecting the natural environment. Residents value their homes, neighbourhoods and city, and play an active role in keeping these areas safe. It is a major challenge that cannot be ignored. It will take lots of guts and grit, but it is a major task if we are to create a city that is really safe and secure."
Social coehesion
"We also need to make certain that we take full advantage of what is probably our city's greatest asset – its diversity. Our community has always been proudly multicultural and diverse. So we have to move on issues of diversity, because an inclusive city embraces and welcomes diversity.
"In an inclusive society, all people feel welcome, and differences are celebrated. In this city, all residents are free to flourish as fairness rejects unfair discrimination. An inclusive city ensures that space is provided where all members of the public can come together," he said.
"These spaces provide opportunities for reconciliation from our harmful past so that all who use them will feel a sense of belonging and ownership. Building an inclusive environment means taking deliberate steps to bring people from different walks of life together, where they can live, work, play and love. Harmony and understanding have always brought us together and will continue to be the binding threads. We will continue to take a leading role in fostering and celebrating our multicultural community."
'The elephants in the room'
Trollip said in the next 100 days; "We will deal with all Section 154 interventions due to political instability, governance deficiencies and vacant posts filled by acting Executive Directors and Directors. Directorates and departments cannot be optimally operational without full-time competent leadership.
"We shall develop a new vision and governance model that will define this DA-led multi-party government.
"We have learnt lessons from the Missionvale bulk infrastructure issue, where 15 houses may need to be demolished because they were constructed on a flood-plain. This will not be repeated. Accountability is what prevents repetitive mistakes.
"In terms of the IPTS, we must make decisions on its continuation. We will need to source budget through roll-over allocations, identify routes, and finalise a memorandum of understanding with stakeholders to ensure the currency of mandates and routes. With increasing traffic pressures and issues around access to public transport, transport continues to be a significant challenge for our community and this Metro."
The Mayor said that the Metro was in a water-scarce area and 42% losses cannot continue.
"We must synchronise 'war on leaks' with ongoing training of plumbers and the immediate deployment of plumbers into the worst affected areas. Plumbers must be excellently managed to control leaks and maintain our infrastructure. Major leaks and antiquated bulk infrastructure must be evaluated and the prioritisation of repairs must be rolled out. 'Best practice' principles must be applied with maintenance and new construction at 60% and repair at 40% of the budget. Continued over-extraction of this precious resource will have a huge impact on jobs in neighbouring rural areas and compound already grave unemployment in the platteland," he said.
"We will devise a new budget that will be informed by the impending budget adjustment, which will cater for changed priorities. We will assess the existing IDP and undertake a gap analysis between this and our Manifesto. We will develop a new draft IDP for consideration by the citizens of this city who have given us a mandate to bring change and good governance to Nelson Mandela Bay."
He also applauded past successes, such as the BAIC investment in the Coega IDZ.
"We as the DA-led government will do all we can and need to make this enormous investment profitable and sustainable, regardless of where it was conceptualised - it is to the benefit of the people of Nelson Mandela Bay."
He said that over the next 100 days, he will also be identifying what the DA-led administration has inherited "in every respect, to assess what we have got and haven't got".
"We will marry this reality with the weight of expectation of the public and administration and will then craft our vision and values for this government. We cannot be pressured into reflex and ad hoc decisions. We will not act in haste and then repent at leisure! This is not business as usual.
"This vision and implementation plan must obviously be for the information of the public and to their benefit, but must equally and importantly be for the information of all staff and officials. It is critical that they internalise the fact that change has happened in this Metro and that they are now inextricably part of this change," he described.
"In this regard, I want to announce that we will be changing the governance and leadership model of this Council from a MAYCO led by an Executive Mayor with Section 80 committees to an Executive Mayor led MAYCO with the establishment of Section 79 committees."
He said that the objective of this change is to reinforce the concept of the separation of powers espoused in the Constitution and the Municipal Systems and Structures acts.
"This separation of powers enhances oversight and improves accountability. It also ensures hands-on active participation of all Councillors in the affairs of Council. It also ensures that oversight by directorates and the MMC is done on an ongoing and current basis.
"I want this administration to be accountable, to be service-oriented and to be prepared to answer not only to the public, but to you. I have made commitments to be available to interact regularly with society on TV and radio platforms, where I will take responsibility for failure or inefficiencies and where I will keep you and the citizens of this city informed about what we are doing in government," explained Trollip.
"This will in turn mean that our officials will have to be a lot more accountable, accessible and responsive. My MAYCO and I will lead by example and in turn expect the same from the administration.
"I am in the process of visiting all directorates with the Deputy Executive Mayor, the responsible MMC and the Acting City Manager. This is to get a first-hand experience of the composition of Directorates and departments, evaluate leadership, get information on challenges and proposals for the resolution to these. I have asked all MMCs to prepare situation analysis reports for me at their directorates."
He said that this will allow him to then identify areas of concern or deficiency.
"We will conduct a skills audit and place dubious appointments with qualification compliance under the spotlight. This is to ensure that we have an effective, efficient and competent professional staff complement that will allow us to give effect to our Manifesto promises and to bring about much-needed and sought after change. I have already identified some glaring capacity shortfalls in some critical sub-directorates that will require immediate attention and capacitation."
Municipal finances and tariffs
"Our finances are in reasonable shape and for this I must give credit to the former Mayor and his Finance MMC. However, our reserves are precarious and will soon be placed under severe strain if we don't address our revenue flows, especially with regard to the collection of rates and tariffs revenue. Our budgeted collection target of 94% is the bare minimum and current collection rates of 88% will have catastrophic consequences to our operational budget if not addressed," said Trollip.
"Those who can pay must pay in order to provide for those who cannot. We are doing an analysis of the debtors to be able to identify a strategy to address all outstanding fees.
"The challenge around rates and tariff revenue target achievement is going to be severely exacerbated by our lack of economic growth, unemployment, poverty and the impending recession. These issues are also all directly affected by macro political manifestations - as we have experienced to our collective expense over the last few years.
"The current national political travails are not helping this situation, and I appeal to everyone in the Council not to do anything that will compound this current situation by creating micro political instability, insecurity and chaos. This will serve no-one's interests, least of all the interests of those who are most vulnerable to an economic downturn. It is said that the upper economic class (affluent) and bourgeoisie are best able to survive or endure an economic downturn or recession - the poor just suffer more in these instances. We must and will protect the poor."
Job creation
"Joblessness is undoubtedly our biggest challenge. The indices in this regard for this city are simply unacceptable and cannot sustain a modern metropolitan city and the requirements of its citizens, especially those that are desperate for decent employment. In this regard, I am intending to establish an economic advisory council that will assist this administration to take the appropriate decisions that will enhance economic growth and job creation," said Trollip.
"Tourism is central to this objective. Nelson Mandela Bay is a world-class tourism destination. Tomorrow is the start of Tourism Month, which will also kick-start a new prioritisation of this sector of our economy. We will have to be much more innovative and strategic in order to unlock the latent but moribund potential that tourism holds for the city.
"We have such huge potential in our beaches, two ports, airport, our weather, our geographical position and being the entry and exit points to the world-renowned Garden Route. No-one goes east of Nelson Mandela Bay – this must change. We will collaborate with neighbouring councils - Ndlambe, Makana, Sundays River, Beyers Naude, and Kouga. There are so many tourism treasures around us that are untapped, largely due to lack of marketing, safety concerns, and ignorance.
"We must continue to seek investment partners and market our city for competitive advantage. BAIC identified these. Nelson Mandela Bay is undoubtedly a beautiful place in which to live, work and play. Our city also prides itself in our education, offering top schools, universities, abundant labour, great people. No-one who's been to the Eastern Cape ever forgets it and those born here are sought after everywhere: in business, politics, sports. We have it all! Come on, let's make it happen!"
Trollip said the some of the things that they will do immediately or plan to implement almost immediately is to identify the challenges that are holding the Metro back.
"Corruption is the enemy of opportunity. Thus, we will be operationalising an anti-corruption hotline that is available to both residents and Metro officials for the purpose of providing information and evidence that will assist in stopping corruption," he said.
"We must also adopt a different attitude to accepting the practice of using deviations. This became a corruption loophole under our predecessors. Deviations should be closely monitored and be used only in exceptional circumstances.
"I will spend at least 2 full days in Uitenhage and Despatch every month to address a long-lasting legacy of isolation. We are one inclusive Metro and it is time for this administration under new leadership to reach out to the forgotten fringe communities."
He said that in terms of dealing with the burgeoning unemployment crisis, "I will launch a Jobs Desk in the Mayor's Office. The Coordinator responsible for this Desk will engage with universities, business and other industry stakeholders to build a database of available employment and bursary opportunities, to provide a platform for job-seekers".
The municipality will be resurfacing and resealing sections of 15 roads across the Metro, and will roll out a comprehensive ongoing maintenance programme to ensure that all roads, traffic signalling devices and streetlights are in excellent working condition.
"In addition to this, we will appoint 192 EPWP workers to assist with cleaning of stormwater drains and open ditches.
"The IPTS bungle continues to be a national embarrassment, which this government aims to resolve urgently. We will release the Audit Report compiled by National Treasury so that we can account to the public and make provision to roll out a fully-functional public transport system," Trollip said.
"Through cutting appointments and reducing unnecessary expenditure, we will secure R100 million savings over the next 100 days. It is also crucial that we create a tamper-proof Supply Chain Management, by conducting a comprehensive forensic audit and employing the services of a quantity surveyor.
"Furthermore, we must finalise all outstanding forensic audits and ensure that all bid adjudication is fair, open and beyond reproach."
Ghost employees
He said that they will finalise the entire municipal organogram to identify overspend in payroll and eradicate any ghost employees.
"We must also fill all critical service delivery vacancies relating to water and electricity, so that we can work toward delivering better services.
"All disciplinary matters will be finalised with haste, so that we hold those responsible for corruption and graft to account," said the Mayor.
The Missionvale Bulk Infrastructure project, which has been plagued by delays and complications, will be completed within the next 100 days.
"Going forward we will ensure that all houses are built in conjunction with sewerage and water infrastructure.
"We are going to fully operationalise the Joint Operation Centre so that it is able to deal with all service delivery related complaints and action appropriate response. We will increase law enforcement across the Metro, bolstered by the swearing in of 50 Metro Police officers, who are adequately trained and equipped to deal with all Metro Policing matters," he said.
Law enforcement
"The Metro Police will work in collaboration with the South African Police Services to roll out at least 3 road-blocks every week, monitoring vehicle roadworthiness and licensing.
"The municipal court will be resourced appropriately to ensure that all bylaw cases are dealt with swiftly and without hindrance," the Mayor said.
"We will ensure that the Problem Buildings By-law is brought before Council and passed so that we can begin a process of rejuvenating our inner city and other areas. The days of collapsing, derelict buildings are over.
"We are going to review the existing housing list to ensure that it is in order, and then make this list publicly available at all municipal buildings. Only residents who are on the list will receive a house and title deed."
He said that they will ensure that weekly refuse collection is rolled out in every community, overgrown bushes are cut back, and litter is picked up.
"We will make our Metro clean again. All those caught dumping illegally will be fined and repeat offenders will have their vehicles impounded. We are going to ensure that the Ward Committee allocation procedure is fair and transparent, and will make all Councillors accountable to the people they serve."
"All municipal resorts will be assessed for viability. Those that are in a state of disrepair will be considered for private management through a fair tendering process.
"We are going to revive the defunct Thusong Centre by opening up a one-stop-shop for residents who wish to make applications and receive information relating to licensing, land use and rates," Trollip said.
"A Tourism Advisory Council will be established so that we can capitalise on our tourism potential, which will bring additional revenue into the Metro and could see the creation of thousands of jobs.
"We are also going to open the Red Location Museum, through constant dialogue with the community, so that we can have a place to celebrate our local and national icons through art exhibitions and displays."
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text:
GameStop wants a do-over after angering customers by removing coupons for a competitor that were in boxes for a popular video game.
Customers who bought the couponless game are being offered a $50 gift card and a "Buy Two, Get One Free" used game purchase coupon.
The mea culpa comes after the company landed in hot water recently when people found out it had pulled coupons from the PC version of Deus Ex: Human Revolution for a free OnLive version of the game worth $50.
While GameStop understandably didn't want customers trying out a competitor's cloud gaming platform, gamers didn't appreciate the company removing the coupon included in the box by game publisher Square Enix.
Square Enix has since said it never told GameStop about the coupons in advance and agreed to take back any unsold copies to remove the coupons itself.
As reported by SlashGear, GameStop's CEO, Paul Raines, sent an email to customers apologizing and saying the company wants to win back their trust.
"We regret the events surrounding this title release and that our customers were put in the middle of this issue between GameStop and Square Enix, the publisher of this game. And for this, we are truly sorry," Raines wrote.


text:
Ballet Company's Stage-Warming
American Ballet Theatre Opens at the David H. Koch Theater
If a you went to Yankee Stadium and the Mets were playing, it'd take a minute to adjust. That's kind of what it was like on Wednesday night when the American Ballet Theatre opened its season at the David H. Koch Theater, which since 1964 has been home to New York City Ballet.
Ballet Theatre has typically performed its fall season at New York City Center, but last year it announced that it would move to the Koch. The shift felt a...


text:
Education has always been a major part of my life. My father, Dr. George N. Smith, was a highly respected teacher and school superintendent here in Arizona for over 35 years. As the superintendent of one of the largest school districts, my father lived education – at the dinner table, at church, even at the grocery store. During his tenure, Mesa's schools were considered to be among the finest in the nation.Read More »
True love or two-timers in Congress?
We certainly heard a great deal about the need to help small business during the presidential debates. And it's no different when it comes to battles for seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.Read More »
Declining economic freedom in the U.S.
Despite the apparent confusion of assorted elected officials, no mystery exists as to how economic growth is generated, whether at home in the United States or in other nations around the globe.Read More »
Problems with polling bias in today's political climate
What is the purpose of a political poll, and how does one figure out which polls are worth watching? Or to put it another way: What's a good poll and what's a bad poll?Read More »
3 tax solutions equal more in-pocket cash for consumers
If the adage that small businesses are the engine of the economy is true, then consumer confidence is the fuel. As the economy continues to struggle, no group has been more squeezed during the past four years than Americans simply trying to maintain a decent standard of living.Read More »
History says be skeptical of presidential polls
Given my work and interests, it's not surprising that I'm a big time political junkie. And when it comes to the presidential contest, and hot Senate, House of Representatives and gubernatorial races across the nation, I eat up the latest polls.Read More »
Subsidies for moviemakers: Disappointing results lead to second thoughts
Bigger than 3-D … bigger than comic-book superheroes … in the past decade, the most significant trend in making movies is that taxpayers have helped finance them.Read More »
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While many Arizonans are determining how they will vote in November's election, a vote will soon be taken in Arizona that can impact how we learn about health insurance rate increases.Read More »
We can generate clean energy while protecting our natural beauty
Like most elected officials, I've had to balance demands from diverse constituents over the years. No one ever seems completely satisfied, but I always tried to find policies that served the public need and were cost-effective. Of course, it is best when policies enjoy broad popular support, an especially difficult task in today's polarized politics.Read More »
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text:
Adult MRSA Protection Kit Plus
$ 47.00 $ 62.95
The MRSA Kit Plus is an adult-sized single patient kit designed for MRSA infection control. This disposable patient care kit is latex free and includes the HMP single patient digital thermometer, an aneroid gauge, an adult-sized antimicrobial cuff, an inflation bulb with plastic valve, a disposable stethoscope and a biohazard bag.
MRSA Kit Includes:
When the threat of MRSA is near, you need a kit that allows you to take care of your patients without spreading the disease. This Hopkins Medical MRSA patient kit is for single patient use only and is completely disposable – perfect for controlling infection. Even the thermometer is single use – it features the convenience of digital technology with the safety and security of disposability. Each item in the adult MRSA kit is latex free for the safety of your latex-sensitive patients, and features an antimicrobial cuff for added protection.
MRSA infection control


text:
My name is Patricia by the way, I have no idea how I picked my user name
appearing shy
Apart from that I love many of different genres of music. At the moment my favorite is U.S. Girls & goth/deathrock.
Exploitation cheesy 70s/80s era B-moves, cult favs, sci-fi and horror films are a highlight.
I'm currently trying to make my way through all the books I've mindlessly bought over the years. Currently reading Interview with a Vampire. Next up is Dune.
That electric feeling that city life can give
My cat
Access to a beach
-Hypothetical situations
-Inspirations for designs
-What really happened between marilyn monroe and the kennedys and who really pulled the trigger on JFK.


text:
Deployment Manager unable to access C&DS Content Repository. Receives SSLHandshakeException.
Technote (troubleshooting)
Deployment Manager user unable to access C&DS Content Repository.
User was able to log in the previous week.
[main] ERROR com.spss.mgmt.content.ui.AuthorizationCredentialsCallback - Unable to
verify repository version.
faultString: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException:
com.ibm.jsse2.util.g: PKIX path building failed:
java.security.cert.CertPathBuilderException: PKIXCertPathBuilderImpl
could not build a valid CertPath.; internal cause is:
java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException: The certificate
issued by CN=Company.com, OU=Root Certificate,
OU=xxxCell01, OU=xxxCellManager01, O=XXX, C=US is
not trusted; internal cause is:
java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException: Certificate chaining
Resolving the problem
Customer's WebSphere's Personal Node Certificate had been recently updated.
To resolve the login issue, user extracted the new certificate and imported to the Deployment Manager machine.
Related information
Need more help? Our C&DS forum is Live!
Document information
More support for:
SPSS Collaboration and Deployment Services
Software version: 5.0
Operating system(s): Windows
Reference #: 1637518
Modified date: 07 September 2016
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text:
Portraitfo... Photographer
Andy_GModel Male Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
Mayhem # 3086780
About MeGreetings!
I'm a current fitness Model/Actor, Men's Physique Competitor, Promotional Model, and more!
I spent the past 4 years earning a college business degree and playing two sports, so now I have the time to devote more attention to my passion for modeling and acting.
My personality ranges from being whimsical, fun, outgoing and personable which comes through in my work.
If you have ideas to improve our portfolios, or you or one of your clients would like to hire me, feel free to send me a message!
Have you worked with Andy_G? Add Credits for Andy_G! >>
Credit NotesRecent work involves:
- Lead role in a "Baywatch" reenactment commercial.
- Fitness modeling for McDavid Performance and Protective Apparel (http://www.mcdavidusa.com/).
- Various promotional modeling work at concerts and weekend events.
- Serving wine shirtless at the W Hotel for a Women's Leadership Conference.
Portraitfo... Photographer
Sheila M Meh Model
Kiah Mae Model
MaeIDesign Photography Photographer
Oplaque Photography Photographer
Miles Schuster Photographer
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text:
Question: A business firm is considering two investments It will choose
A business firm is considering two investments. It will choose the one that promises the greater payoff. Which of the investments should it accept? (Let the mean profit measure the payoff.)
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsBill has completed a 10-question multiple-choice test on which he answered 7 questions correctly. Each question had one correct answer to be chosen from five alternatives. Bill says that he answered the test by randomly ...Test the following function to determine whether it is a probability function. a. List the probability distribution. b. Sketch a histogram. Given the probability function R(x) _ 0.2 , for x _ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , find the mean and standard deviation. The random variable has the following probability distribution: a. Find the mean and standard deviation of b. What is the probability that is between m _ σ and m _ s ? Evaluate each of the following.
Post your question


text:
Busy Signal - These Are The Days MP3
One of the biggest tunes by Busy Signal ever!
Van Morrison These are the days MP3
van morrison these are the days.....Song used in video:Van Morrison These are the days(1989)All rights to performer.
O-Town - These Are The Days (Nickelodeon Edit) MP3
Music video by O-Town performing These Are The Days. (C) 2002 J Records LLC.
These Are The Days
O-TownMotel, sitting in the dark Empty room like an empty heart Lovers stop, but they never stay They don't look back as they drive away Maybe I can fix this broken neon light Fill in the cracks and paint it bright That maybe love will stop here tonight CHORUS And if she knocks on my door I[...]
Sugarland - These Are The Days (AOL Sessions) MP3
Music video by Sugarland performing These Are The Days. (C) 2006 Mercury Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
These Are The Days
SugarlandIt's written on our palms and It's written on our hearts It's written in our songs and It's written in the stars Sometimes all we can do Is stand up tall When[...]
Turin Brakes - 5 Mile (These are the Days) MP3
Music video by Turin Brakes performing 5 Mile (These Are The Days).
Queen - These Are The Days Of Our Lives (Live) (Subtitulado) MP3
Esta gran cancion de esta excelente banda interpretada por sus legendarios musicos restantes,subtitulada y traducida en español, en esa genial version en ...
The Exies - These Are The Days ft. Sixx:A.M., Debbie Harry MP3
Music video by The Exies;Sixx:A.M.;Debbie Harry performing These Are The Days. (C) 2008 Eleven Seven Music.
These Are The Days
The ExiesThe more I talk, the less I say When the words get in the way Loneliness is so hard Loneliness is so hard Ordinary, I confess Living under house arrest Maybe I belong here Maybe I belong Suddenly there's beau[...]
These Are The Days mp3 MP3
Just Left - "Just Forget it" mp3 from the album "Think Fast" Produced by Ace Enders of The Early November. In Stores Now, Worldwide on Victory/Standby ...
The Exies - "These Are The Days" MP3
Scott Stevens from The Exies performing at Joe's Records in Evansville, IN - July 15, 2007 SIDE NOTE: THIS WAS THE FIRST TIME THIS SONG WAS EVER ...
Just Left - These are The Days MP3
Song: Just Left - These are The Days Album: Better Late Than Never Please Subscribe!
Lift To Experience - These Are The Days MP3
This album should be considered mandatory listening... Hailing from Denton, for an all too brief time they really were "The Best Band in the Whole Damn Land" ...
Natalie Merchant - These are the days lyrics MP3
Natalie Merchant - These are the days Lyrics Video I apologise about the lyrics being wrong, this was the first video I created and I'm not sure how to post-edit.
QUEEN "These are the days of our lives" SUBTITULADO AL ESPAÑOL MP3
El video (editado por Hollywood Records) del single del álbum #1 "Innuendo" lanzado en febrero de 1991.
"These Are the Days" by Keith Urban MP3
Country music singer Keith Urban performing "These Are the Days" from his Be Here album CD version in HD (c) 2004. Song: "These Are the Days" Artist: Keith ...
The Exies - These Are The Days With Lyrics MP3
http://exiesfanpage.com/ SORRY FOR TEAR BEING YEAR!!! My bad ^^" This is my second lyrics of The Exies. With my favourite song. I hope you enjoy. And this ...
The Go Set - These Are The Days Documentary Trailer MP3
PRE-ORDER the documentary now at http://bit.ly/1w7k0DZ This is the trailer for the up and coming live dvd documentary film and DVD release for The Go Set.
These are the days sung by Ashlin MP3
Singer : Ashlin Thomas Audio video recording & Mixing : Rexon Thomas These are the days of Elijah Declaring the word of the lord And these are the days of ...
These Are The Days | Van Morrison | Lyrics ☾☀ MP3
Released | May 19th, 1989 Disclaimer | This video is for entertainment purposes only and no copyright infringement is intended.
Queen - These Are The Days Of Our Lives (Official Video) MP3
Click here to buy the Queen Collection Boxset - https://queenofficial.lnk.to/studio-collection Subscribe to the Official Queen Channel Here ...
The Exies' These Are the Days Acoustic MP3
Check out this extended cut of The Exies' performing These Are the Days in an acoustic performance, and go check them out on the road on the Most Wanted ...


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Need a Blood Titer in Temple, TX? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Blood Titer at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
Why would I get a Blood Titer?
A Blood Titer is a blood test that checks the titer level. People in Temple, TX order the Blood Titer to demonstrate immunity to certain diseases.
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Our Blood Titer prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Temple, TX, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
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text:
Splendido Camuffo 47 C mantenuto dal suo armatore in condizioni impeccabili verniciatura anno 2015
email@example.com +39 347 2234548
Porto di Lavagna Box 102
16033 Lavagna (GE) Italy
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 23, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 24, 2001
|Priority date
|Apr 24, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael J. Grier, RoseMarie FitzSimons, David D'Souza, Peter Wilson, Srivatsan Parthasarathy, Sanjay G. Shenoy, Micheal Dunn
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (53), Classifications (5), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/199,374, filed Apr. 24, 2000, and is also related to U.S. patent application entitled "Configurations for Binding Software Assemblies to Applications," Ser. No. 09/842,278, filed concurrently herewith.
The present invention is generally directed to computer systems, and more particularly to executable computer code such as application programs that utilize shared assemblies (components).
At one time, computer applications were monolithic blocks of executable code and data, although some of their data such as variable settings could be maintained in separate files. This made tasks like moving or replacing the application simple. In contrast, contemporary computer applications and other executable code (such as an operating system component) bind to and make use of shared components, wherein in general a component is a self-contained software entity, offering a set of functions that can be used by a variety of applications. Such components include dynamic link libraries (DLLs) and objects such as OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) components and COM (Component Object Model) components, including ActiveX� controls. In turn, some of these shared components depend on other shared components.
On any given machine, at present there is one version of each of these components shared by applications, such as the most-recently installed version, although some mechanisms are known that replace an installed component only when an available replacement component has a higher version number. The metadata maintained for using these components is generally maintained in the system registry, and the application has the names of the needed components compiled into its binary code. Because in general the application does not change as components change, to function properly, global component sharing requires that any shared component function exactly like previous other versions of that component with respect to what an application expects. In practice, however, perfect backwards compatibility is difficult if not impossible to achieve, among other reasons because it is impractical to test the many configurations in which the shared component may be used. For example, both newer and older applications end up sharing the same component, whereby over time, fixing and improving the component becomes increasingly difficult. Moreover, the practical functionality of a component is not easily defined. For example, some applications may utilize unintended side effects in a component that are not considered part of the core function of the component, e.g., an application may become dependent on a bug in a component, and when the component publisher chooses to fix that bug, the application fails. Of course, on the other side, application writers cannot test future versions of components.
As a result, problems occur when a component is updated to its newer version, such as when a new application or operating system service pack is installed with updated copies of components, as the newly installed component versions become the ones used by other applications and components on the system. The sheer volume of applications and components that rely on other components magnifies this problem, which is sometimes referred to as "DLL Hell."
One mechanism that provided sharing for some applications while enhancing the stability of other applications was provided in Microsoft Corporation's Windows� 2000 and Windows� 98, Second Edition, operating systems. In general, this mechanism provided a way for an application to be bound to a local copy of a component instead of a shared copy. However, with this solution, a component needed to be isolated per application, which resulted in multiple copies of the same component version having to be maintained on the system. Additionally global non-code data, such as COM data, was not isolated, limiting this mechanism's usefulness with COM objects.
Briefly, the present invention provides a method, system and infrastructure that allow an application to run with specified versions of components bound thereto, wherein each component (also referred to herein as an assembly, wherein an assembly is set of one or more component files which are versioned and shipped as a unit) may exist and run side-by-side on the system with other versions of the same assembly being used by other applications. To this end, the application provides a manifest to specify any desired assembly versions. An activation context is created for the application based on the manifest to map global, version independent names to a particular version maintained in an assembly cache or in the application's respective directory. In order to specify a version for an assembly, applications need not have their code rewritten, but instead can provide the application manifest, (e.g., in an XML data structure). Similarly, each assembly has an assembly manifest that specifies the versions of dependent assemblies.
In the pre-application execution phase when creating a new process, the operating system checks for an application manifest in the same file system directory as the calling executable. When an application manifest exists, the operating system checks for an activation context for the application that was built from the manifest. If the activation context does not exist (for example this is the first time application has been executed), or it exists but is not coherent with current policy, an activation context is created via the application manifest and the assembly manifests of any dependent assemblies/assemblies listed in the application manifest.
At runtime, when a program requests creation of a global object, the operating system automatically consults the activation context built from the application and assembly manifests, to locate and load the assembly version that the application wants to use. The operating system also maps any uses of this named object (such as object (e.g., Windows�) classes) to the appropriate version to allow for multiple versions of the code module to run simultaneously without interfering with each other. By its manifest and the activation context built therefrom, an application may be bound to specific assembly versions and thereby be isolated from changes made to assembly versions by other applications.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
Exemplary Operating Environment
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
The computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by the computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media, discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
Isolating and Binding Assembly Versions
The present invention is generally directed to isolating versions of components (including code and/or data) per-application program or the like, in a manner that allows multiple versions of the same component to exist and operate side-by-side on a system. For practical purposes, components may be collected into an assembly, which, when referring to items such as a component, is the lowest unit of storage packaged for activation, distribution and versioning, and isolation, as described herein. Rather than deal with individual components, of which there may be a relatively large number, many of the actions regarding components that are grouped together can be handled by referring to their assembly. For example, rather than list in the manifest 204 1 the dependencies on a large number of individual components that are packaged together in an assembly, the manifest may simply list a dependency on the assembly. As used herein, the term "assembly" will refer to one or more components, whether referring to a single component (e.g., one contiguous DLL) or to a plurality of components grouped together.
Assemblies can be shared, such as when more than one application or the like needs an instance of the assembly's code. To provide significant flexibility while being transparent to existing and newly-developed applications, the present invention has been implemented in an operating system, with applications being run via the operating system. As will be understood, however, the present invention is not limited to applications and/or an operating system implementation, but rather is capable of being implemented by virtually any mechanism internal or external to executable code (e.g., an application) that needs or wants to use a specific version of an assembly. Note that as used herein, an application program is not limited to any particular type of software product, but includes any executable code such as operating system components, drivers and so on that in turn use other assemblies. Notwithstanding, the present invention will be primarily described with an application that uses assemblies including DLLs, resources and objects.
Although the application manifest lists its dependencies on assembly versions, it should be noted that technically, the application is only dependent on the manifest-specified assemblies themselves, not necessarily the exact versions that are specified. Instead, the specified versions are only those which have been tested with the application. In one implementation, another version of a needed assembly can replace the application-preferred version when additional information is available to the assembly loading mechanism (e.g., an operating system component). For example, as also described in copending U.S. patent application entitled "Configurations for Binding Software Assemblies to Applications" Ser. No. 09/842,278, assigned to the assignee of the present application, filed concurrently herewith, and hereby incorporated by reference, policy data (configurations) and/or an assembly manifest associated with the specified assembly may override the version information set forth in the application manifest. Nevertheless, it is expected that such policies and assembly manifests will be used conservatively, e.g., only for important fixes and/or after thorough testing, since they will cause replacement of the trusted assembly version.
Two types of assemblies are possible, those having strong names, e.g. including a public key signature or the like such that any two different assemblies can be unambiguously identified, and those having a simple name, which may be ambiguous in the context of an application and, for example, do not contain a public key. To provide isolation, any simply-named assemblies on which an application manifest specifies a dependency are treated as privatized. Privatized assemblies are those that the application does not intend to be shared with other applications. Privatized assemblies that have simple names are normally installed into the same folder as the executable application code, whereby the assembly is isolated and the application is given the effect of being monolithic, e.g., its assemblies are not influenced by different assemblies having the same simple name, and so forth. By not being shared, privatized assemblies with simple names thus have the benefit of virtually complete isolation, at the expense of the benefits obtained by sharing. Assemblies having strong names do not need to be placed into the application folder for isolation purposes, because assemblies with strong names are known to be the exact one the application needs. Thus, instead of being privatized by storing in a certain directory, such assemblies may be placed into a global assembly cache 212 to obtain the benefits of sharing, while effectively preserving isolation, because an application that asks for a strongly named assembly will get a copy that is exact.
Note that as represented in
As further represented in
Privatized assemblies that are not strongly named are copied to the application folder, as described above. To this end, an installer or the like contacts the operating system, which then directs the installer as to where (e.g., what folder) to install any given application files or assembly files based on the manifest type, file name data (strong or simple), and/or other installation information. In this manner, any privatized assemblies with simple names are installed into the same folder as the executable application code, as described above, while sharable assemblies are stored in the assembly cache 208.
The assembly manifest is preferably copied to the assembly cache 208 with its corresponding assembly at the time of installation. The assembly manifest describes the assembly and includes information about its individual assembly, including, for example, the name and version of the assembly, the items (program files, resources) that make up the assembly, and the binding path to items within the assembly (e.g., for Win32 DLLs this is the location of the DLL relative to the root of the assembly, whereas for COM Servers this is the CLSID (class identifier), ProgID (programmatic identifier) and other COM metadata). The assembly manifest may also include any dependencies on other assemblies, object classes and global names.
Example manifests in XML format are set forth in the tables below, wherein TABLE1 is an example of a simple application manifest where the application depends on a side-by-side version of COMCTL32:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"
<description>Your app description here</description>
TABLE2 is an example of an application manifest where the application depends on a side-by-side version of COMCTL32 and an assembly is privatized to the application:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"
<description>Your app description here</description>
<!-- Privatized assembly -->
<file name="mypaint.dll">
<comClass description="Font Property Page"
<comClass description="Color Property Page"
<comClass description="Picture Property Page"
<file name"mydraw.dll"/>
<file name="testct132.dll">
description="SxSTestObject Class"
<progid>"SxS_COM.SxS_COMObject "</progid>
description="SxS_COM 1.0 Type Library"
Assemblies may be dependent on other assemblies, which in turn are dependent on other assemblies, and so on. To ensure the proper versions of dependent assemblies, one or more of the assemblies 210 1-210 n (e.g., assembly 210 1) may have an assembly manifest 212 1 associated therewith that provides assembly dependency data 214 1. To this end, assembly authors that create side-by-side assemblies may also author an assembly manifest 212 1 with each assembly, and have that assembly manifest evaluated for proper version dependencies. Note that although not separately shown in
A sample assembly manifest is set forth in TABLE3 below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"
<assemblyIdentity type="win32"
version"126.96.36.199" processorArchitecture="x86"
<file name="mfc42u.dll"
<comClass description="Font Property Page"
<comClass description="Color Property Page"
<comClass description="Picture Property Page"
<file name="mfc42.dll"
<file name="atl.dll"
<comClass description="Registrar Class"
<interface iid="{B6EA2051-048A-11D1-82B9-
00C04FB9942E}" name="IAxWinAmbientDispatch"
<typelib tlbid="{44EC0535-400F-11D0-9DCD-
00A0C90391D3}" version="1.0" helpdir=""/>
<file name="msvcrt.dll"
<file name="msvcirt.dll"
<file name="msvcp60.dll"
Among other things, an assembly manifest can specify (e.g., in an XML format) an assembly's dependency on a particular version of an assembly. For example, in
Note that although not shown in
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the metadata in an application manifest and the metadata in appropriate assembly manifests is used during the creation of an activation context for the application to provide an efficient way to load the correct version of an assembly for the corresponding application. As a result, when an application uses the side-by-side assemblies, the application code does not have to change internally to reflect the version of the assembly being used, e.g., the application simply executes its code generally rather than perform different operations each tailored to a particular assembly version. For example, in
As represented in
It should be noted that not every assembly used by an application needs to be specified in the application manifest, nor does each assembly manifest have to specify all of its dependent assembly versions, only those versions wherein there is a particular version desired. This is because the architecture described herein allows a default assembly version to be used when a particular version of an assembly is not specified in a manifest. Normally, when more than one version of an assembly is available, the default assembly is the most-recent version, however it is possible for an administrator or user to set (e.g., via interaction with the operating system through a dialog box, property sheet or the like) any version as a default.
In keeping with the present invention, the activation context 302 for an application maps version-independent assemblies that are requested by an application to the versions that are specified in the application manifest and/or assembly manifests. By way of example,
Once created, the activation context 302 1 is maintained in a persistable binary form for caching. Preferably, a new activation context is recomputed each time the application is launched, and freed when the application is closed. However, in one alternative, the activation context may be preserved, e.g., to a non-volatile storage. If preserved, because policy or the like may change the dependency information therein, (e.g., a new assembly manifest has been installed), the activation context 302 1 may include a cache coherency section 402 that is used to detect whether the saved activation context 302 1 is valid, wherein when the activation context 302 1 is not coherent with current policy, it is recomputed. A section per API that implements version-specific binding is maintained.
To map the application's requests to the proper assembly versions, the activation context 302 1 includes a DLL redirector section 404 and an object class redirector section 406. The DLL redirector section 404 includes a record or the like for each DLL dependency that includes fields (e.g., 408 1 and 409 1) that relate the DLL name used by an application to the exact pathname of the version specified in the application manifest and/or assembly manifest. The object class redirector section 406 includes a record or the like for each object class (e.g., Windows� object class) on which an application depends, wherein each record includes fields (e.g., 412 1, 413 1, and 414 1) that relate the object class name used by an application to the DLL file it is in and a version specific name. Note that the fields are arranged in a manner that optimizes lookup, e.g., the application-provided request data corresponds to the search key, and the records may be arranged in any way (e.g., alphabetically, by frequency, linearly, binary or so on) to speed searches.
Via the activation context, during runtime, an application's requests for assemblies can be efficiently satisfied with the correct version of that assembly. If a given assembly is not found in the activation context data, the default assembly is used. To summarize, when an application first runs, the activation context built from the manifest data is cached, whereby the global, version-independent named objects requested by an application are mapped to version-dependent named objects as specified in the manifest. As the application executes and requests a named object via one of the activation APIs, the version-independent named objects are applied in a version specific fashion by accessing the application context, whereby the application gets the correct version.
When the application API 300 1 receives the request, the request data (e.g., the application provided name) is passed to a runtime version-matching mechanism 502 (the arrow labeled two (2)). The runtime version-matching mechanism 502 locates the correct activation context 304 1 for the calling application 202 1, and accesses the records therein to determine the correct version of the requested assembly (the arrows labeled three (3) and four (4)). Via the tables in the activation context 304 1, the runtime version-matching mechanism 502 will either return (e.g., as a return parameter, with the arrow labeled five (5)) the path and filename of the version-specific assembly, or a not-found status or the like (and/or the path and filename of the default file) to the activation API that called it, in which case the activation API will load the default assembly. As represented in
Turning to an explanation of the operation of the present invention with particular reference to the flow diagrams of
When step 600 determines that an application manifest exists, the initialization mechanism 304 (
In the event that the initialization process continues to step 610 to create the activation context, step 610 represents obtaining the binding information from the application manifest. Steps 610, 612, 614 and 616 of
By way of example,
When the appropriate assembly is in the graph following any possible replacements, step 702 branches to step 706 wherein any dependencies listed in the current assembly's manifest are added to the dependency graph. For example, in
Beginning at step 900 the activation API receives the application request including the version-independent assembly name, not the version specific name, and passes it as a parameter or the like to the runtime version matching mechanism, where it is received at step 902. If an entry for the name is in the activation context at step 904, the runtime version matching mechanism returns the version specific information (e.g., including the path and filename of the correct version) based on the manifest at step 906. If an entry for the name is not found in the activation context at step 904, at step 908 the runtime version matching mechanism returns a not found status, (or alternatively can determine and return the path and filename of the default version). At step 910, the activation API loads appropriate version, and returns a loading status or the like. The operating system also maps any uses of this named object to the appropriate version to allow for multiple versions of the code module to run simultaneously without interfering with each other, whereby, for example COM object data is isolated per object. At this time, the correct version as specified in the manifests is loaded, even though the application's executable code did not specify any version. Indeed, by providing an associated manifest that can be stored into the application's directory, an already existing application (e.g., written and installed before the present invention) can benefit from the present invention.
By way of a further example, consider two versions of an object class container, COMCTL32 version six (v6), and COMCTL32 version seven (v7), both of which have a SysListView object class therein. When the application launches for the first time, the operating system reads the manifest and creates version-specific classes for items listed in the manifest, for example, the application manifest has listed v6 and this has not been overridden. The activation context is created and the object class created for SysListView, wherein the version number for the COMCTL32 object class container and the SysListView object class is v6, as specified in the application manifest.
When the application program is running and requests an object class, the application does so as it always has, that is, by specifying the object, SysListView, without specifying any version information. However, based on the activation context, the appropriate version name of SysListView (in this example corresponding to V6) will be automatically returned and version v6 of the object will be located. As is understood, the application developer need not modify the application in any way to get the appropriate version, but instead only needs to provide a suitable application manifest.
In this manner, instead of having a system default of a single control such as SysListView in COMCTL32 that the processes use, multiple side-by-side versions of SysListView can be available and running. Each process has the option to choose the specific version to use. Moreover, because more metadata is being maintained about the runtime, self-healing systems are possible. For example, if an application fails, the operating system may intelligently use this metadata to repair the problem.
As can be seen from the foregoing detailed description, there is provided a method, system and infrastructure to version globally named objects in the system. Application authors may create safe, isolated applications by simply creating a declarative manifest that describes dependencies on these shared objects, without needing to be concerned with coding the application to adjust to the version of the assembly being used. By the present invention, assemblies can be safely shared and applications can be more completely isolated.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
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text:
I have heard people tell me that they are afraid of secession because of what happened to the Confederate States of America. They have also heard that the act of secession is an act of sedition.Well, is it or not?
We do not wish to levy war against Washington. We do not wish to prevent, hinder or delay the execution of any law of the United States. We do not wish to take or possess any property of the United States.
We. Just. Want. To. Leave.
Read the rest at Dump DC.


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