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Electoral Process
This section contains non-partisan factual information about the Electoral Process. It has been compiled by the site editor and is updated periodically. It cannot be re-edited by site users. If you believe any of this material is factually incorrect or politically biased please contact the editor.
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Should we use a different electoral system at general elections?
In recent years, the electoral system - first past the post (FPTP) - has come under increased scrutiny. There have been a number of reports discussing electoral reforms, including the 1998 Independent Commission on the Voting system, the 2003 Independent commission on proportional representation, and the 2007 Electoral Reform Society's report on Britain's experience of electoral systems. † More
There are a number of reasons for the increased scrutiny of the electoral system.
- The growing sense that the FPTP system was and is creating disproportional results † More
+for instance, in 1974, Labour had 301 seats, but 37.2% of the total vote, while the Conservatives won 297 seats, but had 37.9% of the total vote, or 226000 more votes than Labour; and the Liberals won only 14 seats, but had 19.3% of the total vote.
- The rise of third parties — in particular, the rise of the Liberal Democrats, who have long campaigned in favour of some form of proportional representation because FPTP prejudices results against them.
- The concern that FPTP encouraged the formation of strong governments able to dominate Parliament with 'false majorities'. The Labour administration elected in 2005 only got 2.8% more of the total vote than the Conservatives, but held a clear majority of 66 in the Commons.
As a result of the political compromise agreed between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which was embodied in the Coalition Agreement, a referendum was held in May 2011 to ask the electorate whether they wished to replace the FPTP system with a system of Alternative Voting. The result was a significant majority (almost 70%) voting No to AV. Although the impact of this decision will undoubtedly mean that it is unlikely that further electoral reform will be brought forward in the near future, the debate about the need for electoral reform is not likely to be over. † More
What does the 'no' vote really mean?
In considering the need for or desirability of electoral reform the following approach may help:
What are the objectives of an electoral system? Many argue over the specific weight to
be given to various objectives, but some of these objectives can be at least set out:
- Stable government
- Proportionality
- Voter choice
- MP-constituency link
- Voter participation
- Legitimacy
There are a number of different voting systems in use around the world, but those that are most discussed in the UK are FPTP and Proportional Representation (PR).
For FPTP
- Produces clear results: it is rare that FPTP leads to a 'hung parliament' where there is no obvious majority
- Produces a clear relationship between constituency and MP
- Is easily understood by voters
Against FPTP
- Distorts the popular vote and produces 'false' majorities † More
+for instance, in 1983, the Conservative won 397 seats (61.1% of the total seats in Parliament) but only had 42.3% of the popular vote; similarly, in 1997, Labour won 418 seats (63.4% of the total seats in Parliament) but only had 43.2% of the popular vote
- Produces 'wasted' votes, and thus may discourage voter participation † More
+Votes are 'wasted' in safe seats, ones where the majority of the incumbent political party is so large that there is no real prospect of an opposing candidate winning the seat.
- Works to the disadvantage of third parties, unless those parties are concentrated geographically
- Intensifies adversarial politics
For PR:
- Provides a closer reflection of the popular vote
- Reduces the number of 'wasted' votes
- Encourages consensus-based politics because, usually, no one party has a majority
- Encourages voter participation, because 'every vote counts' towards proportionality
Against PR:
- Almost always produces multiparty politics and a hung parliament - arguably encouraging unstable and weak government
- Can be confusing to the voter, both in terms of the system itself and the complex ballot papers required
- Can give a voice and a share of legislative power to extremist parties
- Blurs the relationship between constituency and MP
Is it 'unfair' that some constituencies are larger than others?
A variation in the size of constitencies can add to the perception that a government is elected with a 'false' majority. † More
The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 provides for the number of constituencies to be reduced from 650 to 600 by the 2015 election and requires the size of each constituency to be within 5% of the national average.
There is, however, a tension between the desire to create constituencies of roughly equivalent size and the desire to have a system where an MP represents the views of and issues that affect his constituents. In other words, when drawing boundary lines should greater priority be given to grouping together distinct communities, rather than just looking at the head count in each constituency? And are we sufficiently protected from gerrymandering?
The Colaition government argues that we have too many MPs and that there ought to be fewer constituencies, but this would mean that constituencies would become larger. Would this detract from the ability of MPs to be able to take soundings of 'local' opinion?
Should more issues be decided by a referendum?
There are a number of arguments for and against the use of referendums.
- Referendums provide a form of direct democracy, and thus may encourage political participation.
- They provide a means of legitimising a particular course of action.
- They can be used to provide a sense of finality.
- In bypassing Parliament, referendums undermine representative democracy. For instance, they allow politicians to avoid the responsibility to make controversial decisions by shifting the burden onto the electorate.
- Referendums are too crude, reducing complex issues to a yes/no answer (which itself raises a difficulty regarding the wording of the question, which is of great importance).
- They can be manipulated by governments to achieve a particular end, because it is the government proposing the referendum which decides what the question should be and who interprets the meaning of the response to that question.† More
+A favourite way of demonstrating the inherent ambiguity in referendum style questions is the apocryphal question 'Have you stopped beating your wife yet?' The answer 'yes' implies that the respondent used to beat his wife, the answer 'no' implies that the respondent still beats his wife. Neither response admits of the possibility that he has never beaten his wife, or that he does not have a wife.
- The rules on when a referendum should be held are unclear: whether or not a referendum is held seems to be in a government's discretion. † More
+For example, the recent referendum on AV was only called due to a deal struck in the Coalition agreement, whilst other major constitutional legislation like the boundary review, fixed-term Parliaments and House of Lords reform are to be passed without referendums
There are also a number of technical issues regarding referendums:
- Should a referendum be held before the introduction of legislation into Parliament (as in the 1979 referendums), or after (as with the 1997 referendums)?
- Should there be a minimum threshold in order for a referendum result to be successful?
Should voting be compulsory?
In view of the fact that in general as a nation we appear to cherish our democracy and that the right of universal suffrage for men and women was hard fought for over many years, it may seem a little perverse that turnout levels in some elections are very low.
Compulsory voting would compel the participation of the entire electorate and might therefore be thought to produce more accurate outcomes in elections. It is argued, however, that if voting is to be compulsory, all ballot papers should also include the option to vote for 'none of the above' - the point being that failure to attend and vote, far from being an act of complacency, can instead be a way of sending a message to all politicians that none of them is worthy of a vote. According to this argument, low turnout figures are said to be a clear sign to all politicians that they need to work harder to earn our votes, whereas the introduction of compulsory voting would let politicians off the hook of bearing responsibility for the willingness of citizens to vote.
This section last updated May 2011
What you need to know
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- Key Questions
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- What do others think?
- References and Links
Elections are the key means by which the public holds government and parliament accountable. An electoral system is a set of rules for translating the public's votes into seats in the legislature. Political parties attempt to persuade voters of their ability to govern Britain with policies and principles set out in their respective election manifestos.
- In UK general elections, electors vote using the 'first past the post' electoral system to determine the composition of the UK Parliament at Westminster.
- The political party (or group of parties) which gains a majority of constituency seats in Parliament gets to govern Britain - it is 'the government' as it has 'the confidence of the House'.
- There are currently 5 different electoral systems in operation in the UK. Almost all levels of sub-state government are now determined by some form of proportional representation.
- Many areas in Britain have elections for up to 4 tiers of government.
Why does it matter?
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The electoral system is fundamental to Britain's democracy:
- it is the key means of holding governments and parliaments accountable to the public
- it determines which political party is appointed to be the government, and the extent to which that government can enact legislation and implement its policies
- Even though the May 2011 referendum resulted in the AV system being rejected, debate will continue as to whether our existing system ought to be reformed.
What are the key dates?
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- 1832
- Abolition of rotten boroughs; reduced property qualification for voting.
- 1867
- Greater proportionality of representation; further reduction of property qualification.
- 1872
- Replaced open elections with secret ballot elections.
- 1884
- Reduced property qualifications; created voting population of 5m, or 25% of the adult population.
- 1918
- Property requirement removed; women over 30 allowed to vote; created voting population of 21m, or 75% of the adult population.
- 1928
- Voting age of women lowered to 21.
- 1969
- Voting age reduced to 18.
- 1973
- Northern Ireland referendum held.
- 1975
- Referendum on Europe held.
- 1979
- Referendum on Scottish and Welsh devolution held; first direct elections for the European Parliament held in the UK.
- 1997
- Referendum on Scottish and Welsh devolution held; introduction of proportional representation at devolved level.
- 1998
- Referendum on Greater London Authority held; referendum on Good Friday Agreement held.
- 2000
- Establishment of Electoral Commission to regulate elections and referendums; new rules on party financing.
- 2004
- Referendum on Northern England devolution held.
- 2011
- Referendum held on the adoption of the AV system of voting
What are the key facts?
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Types of electoral systems
These can be divided into two kinds: majoritarian and proportional representation. Some electoral systems involve aspects of both systems. Voting systems are many and varied and the following is a summary of the most widely used, or discussed.
Majoritarian systems require one candidate to win a majority of the votes cast in the election; usually no recognition is given to candidates who come second or third. In majoritarian systems, electors are generally voting for an individually-named candidate rather than for a political party.
First Past the Post (FPTP)
This is the electoral system known to most people in the United Kingdom. Electors in a single constituency vote for a candidate who may, but do not have to, belong to a political party and the candidate with the highest number of votes in that constituency is the winning candidate and becomes the MP for that constituency or 'seat'. Depending on the number of candidates, the person winning the most votes will not necessarily have more than 50% of all the votes cast. The political party with the most MPs in Parliament then becomes the Government.
This system is used to elect MPs in the UK House of Commons and in the English and Welsh local government elections.
Supplementary Vote (SV)
This is very similar to the AV system, in that voters on their ballot papers are required to select their first and second choice of candidate (although they do not have to select a second choice). If any candidate wins more than 50% of the first choice votes cast, he is the winner. The key difference between SV and AV systems is that under the SV system if no candidate wins outright on the initial vote, then all but the top two candidates are eliminated, and all the second preferences of the eliminated candidates are allocated to those two candidates (as appropriate). The candidate with the most votes is then the winner. Depending on the number of candidates and whether or not electors opt to indicate a second preference, the winning candidate may or may not have the support of more than 50% of the total votes cast.
This system is used to elect the London Mayor if there are more than 2 candidates and in mayoral elections at local government level.
Alternative Vote (AV) and Alternative Vote Plus
The winning constituency candidate is required to gain over 50% of the votes cast. On their ballot papers, electors have to rank their candidates in order of preference (first, second, third and so on); any candidate gaining outright more than 50% of the first preference votes wins the election. If no candidate wins on first preferences, the candidate with the lowest number of votes is removed and the second preferences indicated on the ballot papers of those who voted for the removed candidate are transferred to the remaining candidates. This process repeats until one candidate gains more than 50% of the votes cast.
AV Plus is very similar to the Additional Member System (AMS), which is explained below.
AV and AV Plus are not used in the UK, but AV plus was recommended for introduction into the UK by the Independent Commission on Electoral Reform. The May 2011 referendum decisively rejected AV.† More
Proportional Representation
There are many forms of proportional representation, but all are aimed at ensuring that a political party is given seats in the legislature according to the proportion of the total votes received by that party. Proportional representation is used at European, devolved and local levels of government.
List systems
In systems of proportional representation, every party provides a list of candidates for selection on a regional or national basis. These lists may be open or closed: an open list means electors have the ability to indicate some preference over which of the candidates they choose from the party list; a closed list means electors must vote for the party as a whole and the list is presented to them as a fait accompli. Each party standing for election wins seats in accordance with the proportion of votes it receives.
A closed list system is used for European parliamentary elections.
Single Transferable Vote (STV)
This is perhaps the most 'pure' version of proportional representation. It is also quite complex and difficult to explain simply, because of the different formulae that can be used to calculate what the minimum quota of votes is that each candidate is required to achieve. In summary, electors in each constituency rank the candidates for their constituency in order of preference. Candidates must reach a 'quota' of votes in order to be elected. If no candidate reaches that quota, the candidate with the lowest number of votes is removed and those votes are redistributed to remaining candidates according to electors' secondary preferences. Surplus votes for a candidate who reaches that quota are transferred to the remaining candidates until other candidates also reach the required quota necessary. This continues until there are no seats remaining. † More
This system is used in Northern Ireland in elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly and for the European Parliament.
Additional Member System (AMS)
Also known as mixed member proportional (MMP). Electors have 2 votes: a constituency vote and a party list vote. Constituency MPs are chosen by FPTP; the party vote is used to 'top up' seats to give each party proportionality within the legislature. As with STV, the system by which this is done is complex and difficult to explain simply. † More
A slightly easier way to understand this system may be found here http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/309426.stm
This system is used in Scottish Parliament elections, Welsh National Assembly elections and London Assembly elections. It is also used in Germany and New Zealand.
Electoral systems in the UK
There are a variety of electoral systems used in the UK. Many areas have elections for up to 5 tiers of government or administration: local government; local mayoral administration; a devolved legislature; the UK Parliament and the European Parliament. † More
The UK Parliament - General Elections at Westminster
The composition of the House of Commons is determined by the first past the post system (FPTP). There are 650 MPs in the House of Commons, each elected in a constituency. There is currently no fixed parliamentary term, though the coalition agreement includes the commitment to introduce fixed parliamentary terms of five years. Under the current system, the Prime Minister has the power to choose the date for an election. Once the date for a general election is fixed, there are usually 3-4 weeks of campaigning before election day. By convention, general elections are always held on a Thursday.
Registered electors may either vote via the post or at a polling station. The votes are counted and the candidate having the most number of votes in his or her constituency is identified as having won that constituency seat. A political party which gains the greatest number of seats in Parliament is declared to be the winner of the election, and is invited by the Queen to form the Government.
If no political party gains a majority of seats in the Commons, this is known as a 'hung parliament'. In this situation, there may need to be negotiations between political parties to see if they can come to an arrangement which will give them a majority in the House: that is, political parties may band together and form a 'coalition' government. If this fails, one political party or a group of parties may agree to form a 'minority' government — one which has no majority in the House. If no agreement can be reached at all, there may need to be a second election.
Hung parliaments are not very common at Westminster; until 2010, the most recent example of a general election resulting in a hung parliament was in 1974. However, there have been a number of hung parliaments at a devolved level. † More
Under FPTP, electors have no means of ranking their preferences. It may be that their most preferred candidate or party has very little chance of winning in their particular constituency. Tactical voting is one means by which electors can maximise the value of their vote. Tactical voting involves people voting, not for their most preferred candidate, but rather voting in order to prevent their least favoured candidate from winning. So, for instance, a Labour supporter might vote for the Liberal Democrat candidate in their constituency in order to prevent a Tory candidate from winning the seat. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in marginal constituencies—where the margin between candidates is very slim. † More
FPTP puts smaller parties at a disadvantage. It is a 'winner takes all' system. The candidate who gains the majority of votes in his or her constituency wins the constituency seat, and the losing candidates receive no recognition at all, no matter how many votes they might have received. This is hardest on small parties whose support is not geographically concentrated, but spread out across the country. The Jenkins Commission suggested this was also perverse: a party's breadth of appeal should be something which counts towards its electoral success—instead it is under-rewarded.
The UK currently has no fixed parliamentary term, though this does not dictate that a Parliament may endure indefinitely. The maximum duration of any Parliament is limited to 5 years by the Septennial Act 1715 (as amended by the Parliament Act 1911). The Queen exercises the prerogative power to dissolve Parliament before the maximum five-year period, though this is normally done on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Fixed-Term Parliaments Bill, introduced by the coalition on the 22nd July 2010, aims to change the current system by introducing fixed parliamentary terms of five years- meaning that the date of the election would be automatically set for the fifth anniversary of the last general election.† More
Proponents of change argue that the current system is unfair as the incumbent government is advantaged in any election by the fact that it is able to choose the date which most favours it and thereby plan more effectively in the run up to the election campaign. It is also thought that the current system creates too much uncertainty before elections because politicians, third party organisations and the public have insufficient notice of the election date. This makes it difficult for political parties and pressure groups to organise their campaign finances, as well as distracting politicians from everyday politics and creating economic uncertainty
The Bill currently before Parliament also proposes measures for dissolving Parliament before the end of the fixed term. The current convention is for Parliament to be immediately dissolved following a vote of no confidence, which requires a simple majority in order to be passed. Under the new bill, a vote for immediate dissolution would require a two thirds majority of MPs, including vacant seats. A simple majority would be sufficient for a vote of no confidence but there would then ensue a period of two weeks in which the House would have the opportunity to pass a vote of confidence in a new government, and so avoid a general election. Parliament would only dissolve if a new government had not been endorsed in this way within fourteen days.
† More
For the full text of the Bill see: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmbills/064/11064.i-i.html. For greater detail on conventions for dissolution see: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-05085.pdf. This Parliamentary briefing paper is also a useful source for further information on fixed-term Parliaments http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-00831.pdf
Britain is presently divided into 650 constituencies, each constituency having one seat each in Parliament. The drawing of constituency boundaries is an important issue, because inequalities in the size of constituencies can have a distorting effect on the outcome of a vote.
By way of example: in 3 constituencies A, B and C, constituency A has 100 electors and constituencies B and C have 60 electors. Two political parties contest an election, Orange and Brown. In constituency A, Orange wins 90 votes, Brown 10. In each of Consituencies B and C Orange wins 29 votes and Brown 31. Orange will have one MP, Brown will have 2 and therefore will form the government, even though, overall it has polled much less than half of the votes cast in all 3 constituencies. If there are more than two parties standing in each constituency, the results tend to be more exaggerated, with an even smaller proportion of the vote being able to secure a victory.
Another issue is the question of so-called gerrymandering - the process whereby constituency boundaries are drawn in order to gain a political advantage, for example by splitting an area known for its strong sympathies to a particular political party into two or more constituencies and mixing the voters together with voters of different political views in adjoining constituencies.
The existence of the Boundary Commission an 'advisory non-departmental public body funded by the Ministry of Justice' is designed to ensure that boundaries will be drawn by reference to a set of impartial rules and thus to ensure fairness in the relative sizes of constituencies and to outlaw gerrymandering. Nevertheless, it requires the cooperation of the government of the day to act promptly on recommendations to ensure the integrity of constituencies. Moreover, the remit of the Commission is to maintain a broad-brush surveillance on boundaries on a permanent basis, but it only formally reviews all Parliamentary boundaries at 8-12-year intervals. This means that general elections may be fought on data that is 10 years old. This has lead some to call for greater scrutiny and more regulation of the way constituencies are drawn. † More
As at 2007, the constituencies by nation were
- England = 529
- Scotland = 59
- Wales = 40
- Northern Ireland = 18
The average size of constituencies by nation:
- England = 69900
- Scotland = 65400
- Wales = 55800
- Northern Ireland = 58000
Source: FN Forman and NDJ Baldwin Mastering British Politics (fifth edition, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2007)
The Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2010 contains provisions to reduce the total number of constituencies and thus of MPs from 650 to 600 by the time of the 2015 election. It wil equalise the size of constituencies so that all have the same number of registered electors (approximately 76,000) plus or minus 5%.† More
Those who may vote in general elections in the UK are British nationals and citizens of Ireland and the Commonwealth resident in the UK over the age of 18 who are registered on the electoral roll. Those who cannot vote include members of the House of Lords, sentenced prisoners, those convicted of corrupt or illegal electoral practices, and those not on the electoral register.
If a person is legally eligible, he or she can apply individually to be added to the electoral register. In addition, in autumn there is a canvass of every household to check for eligible voters. The householder must give details of all eligible occupants, as well as those who will turn 18 within the next year. The process differs for Northern Ireland, which has a history of electoral fraud. † More
Postal voting
A postal vote option is now available on demand to all registered voters. This was seen as a means of increasing election turnout. A person who is already on the electoral register can apply to vote by post. This can be done by filling out and signing an application form and returning the completed form to the local electoral registration office. Ballot papers are then sent about a week before election day. These must be filled in, signed and sent back so that they are received on or before election day. Electors can specify the time for which they wish to vote by post: for one election, a specific time period, or permanently if in the UK.
Postal voting has been the subject of some controversy after it became available on demand because of the lax security requirements and the potential for voter fraud. In 2005, a judge found that six Labour Party representatives in the 2004 Birmingham local elections had committed systematic fraud with at least 3500 votes cast fraudulently. They were able to do this because the postal voting system had a number of flaws, including:
- The registration process, which could not guarantee that the application had been made by the voter in question; and allowed the ballot paper to be sent to an address different to that of the registered elector
- There were no means of verifying signatures, or the names and addresses of witnesses
- Easily identifiable returning envelopes
- Returning officers had no powers of investigating fraud; and the police had limited knowledge of electoral law
- The means by which fraud could be investigated was seen as unwieldy
These flaws led to the enactment of the Electoral Administration Act 2006, which in particular set out offences for postal fraud, and gave greater powers to police to investigate such allegations. It also set out new requirements for postal voting, such as requiring that signatures and dates of births to be provided on postal vote applications and statements, so that checks can be carried out (electoral administrators are required to check at least 20% of all postal votes); and introduces a marked register of postal votes received. The Representation of the People (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 also made changes to the postal registration process, including requiring reasons for the re-direction of postal votes and outcomes of applications for postal voting be confirmed in writing. † More
Since the Birmingham controversy, there have been other allegations of postal voting fraud. † More
See generally on the right to vote http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/default.aspx
Anyone who is a British national, a citizen of Ireland or the Commonwealth and who is resident in the UK over the age of 18 may stand as a candidate at a general election. Those who cannot stand as candidates include members of the House of Lords, lunatics, bankrupts, civil servants, senior government officials, judges, members of the armed forces and the police. † More
4134 candidates stood in 649 constituencies in the general election in 2010. † More
Political Parties
Most candidates — but not all — belong to a political party. Membership of a political party is not a pre-requisite of standing as a candidate. Political parties are associations of people bound together by history and ideology. They organise candidates, provide funding and policy support. For most of the post-war period, Parliament and government have been dominated by two major parties: the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. But the last quarter of a century has seen the ascent of the Liberal Democrats as a third political party of influence in British politics. There are other parties: at the 2010 election, these other parties gained 28 seats at Westminster, or just over 4% of Parliament, having polled just under 12% of the vote.
The administration of a general election is the responsibility of the returning officer of each constituency, a person chosen by the local council. The procedures for the administration of general elections are set out in the Representation of the People Act 1983.† More
See also: House of Commons Library "Election Timetables"http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2007/rp07-031.pdf
Established in 2000, the independent Electoral Commission has a number of duties, including overseeing the registration of, donations to, and campaign expenditure of political parties. It also advises government on proposed changes to electoral law, assists those involved in elections and determines the boundaries of local government constituencies.† More
The determination of constituency boundaries is dealt with by the Boundary Commissions of the 4 nations. A regular review of constituency boundaries is needed to ensure that the relative size of constituencies remain roughly similar to preserve the principle of 'one person, one vote'.† More
- England: http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/
- Scotland: http://www.bcomm-scotland.gov.uk/
- Wales: http://www.bcomm-wales.gov.uk/
- Northern Ireland: http://www.boundarycommission.org.uk/
Originally, responsibility for determining parliamentary boundaries was to be transferred to the Electoral Commission, but the Commission on Standards in Public Life has recommended that responsibility remain with the boundary commissions. This has been accepted by Parliament—see:
The cost of administering the 2005 general election was £80 million.† More
There are strict limits on the amounts that political parties can spend on electoral campaigning in the 365 days leading up to an election. This is monitored by the Electoral Commission. † More
Additionally there are separate limits on the amount that may be spent by individual candidates on their electoral campaigns in the lead-up to an election.† More
By way of example in the 2005 general election, political party election expenditure was as follows:
- Labour = £17.94 million; number of constituencies contested = 627
- Conservatives = £17.85 million; number of constituencies contested = 627
- Liberal Democrats = £4.32 million; number of constituencies contested = 626† More
+Source: FN Forman and NDJ Baldwin Mastering British Politics (fifth edition, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2007). More about party campaign expenditure canbe found at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/election-spending
New rules on candidate expenditure are coming into force as a result of the Political Parties and Elections Act 2009, which applied in the 2010 general election.† More
The 2010 General Election Results were as follows:
|Votes Aquired
|Seats won
|% of seats
|% of vote
|% of electorate
|Liberal Democrats
Note, the vote in the Yorkshire constituency of Thirsk and Malton will not take place until May 2010, as a result of the death of one of the candidates during the campaigning period
The 2005 General Election Results were as follows:
|Votes Aquired
|Seats won
|% of seats
|% of vote
|% of electorate
|Liberal Democrats
Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2007
The European Parliament
The composition of the European Parliament is determined by proportional representation, although the exact form of proportional representation differs from member state to member state. In the UK we use the Single Transferable Vote system. There are 785 MEPs in the European Parliament, elected by 27 EU countries.
The UK is represented by 72 MEPs in the European Parliament. The UK is divided into 12 constituencies, each constituency having between 3-10 MEPs. The nine English regions elected 59 MEPs, Scotland elected six MEPs and Wales four MEPs. In Northern Ireland three MEPs were elected under its own system of proportional representation. Residents in Gibraltar vote in the South West Region.
The European Parliament is a fixed term parliament, with elections constitutionally required every 5 years.† More
Current state of the European Parliament:
The Scottish Parliament
The composition of the Scottish Parliament is determined by a proportional representation system (AMS). There are 129 MSPs in the Scottish Parliament: 73 are elected by constituency vote and the remaining 56 by party vote. Elections are fixed—constitutionally required—every 4 years.† More
Current state of the Scottish Parliament: http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/apps2/msp/msphome/default.aspx
The Welsh National Assembly
The composition of the Welsh National Assembly is determined by a proportional representation system (AMS). There are 60 AMs (Assembly Members): 40 are elected by constituency vote and the remainder by party vote. There is a fixed 4-year electoral term.† More
The Northern Ireland Assembly
The composition of the Northern Ireland Assembly is determined by a proportional representation system (STV). There are 108 MLAs (members of the Legislative Assembly), representing 18 constituencies. Each constituency is represented by 6 MLAs. There is a fixed 4-year term. † More
Current state of the Northern Ireland Assembly:http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/members/breakdown.htm
The Greater London Authority
The London Mayor and the London Assembly are determined by 3 different electoral systems. The Mayor is elected by first past the post where there are only 2 candidates; if there are more than 2 candidates, the SV system is used. The London Assembly is determined by proportional representation (AMS). There are 25 London Assembly members: 14 Assembly Members each represent one of the 14 constituencies; the remainder represent London as a whole. There is a fixed 4-year term for the Assembly and Mayor. † More
Current state of the Greater London Authority: http://www.londonelects.org.uk/results.html
Local Government
The nature and structure of local government depends on location. In England and Wales, the electoral system is FPTP, but the individual constituencies for councillors (often referred to as 'wards') are much smaller than the constituencies used in a general election; in Scotland and Northern Ireland the STV is used. Elections are held every 4 years. † More
To see whether there are any upcoming elections which affect you, visit:
Unelected officials
Members of the House of Lords are not elected, but are either hereditary peers or are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. European Commissioners are not elected, but a Commissioner for each member state is appointed by his or her government. In the UK this means that the European Commissioner is appointed by the Prime Minister. The President of the European Commission is chosen by a majority vote of European Commissioners, whilst the 14 vice Presidents are usually nominated by informal agreement without a vote. The President of the European Union is chosen by informal agreement between the heads of the states comprising the European Union, as are the appointments to the other senior positions created by the Lisbon Treaty, such as the EU Trade Commissioner.
Referendums require a direct vote of 'yes' or 'no' by the electorate on a particular issue. Most Western nations have the machinery for referendums, but use them infrequently. Referendums are generally used to resolve issues relating to the constitution, territory and self-determination, and morality.
In Britain, there have been 10 referendums held on 'constitutional' issues, involving proposed shifts in power to a particular tier of government. Only two of these were nation-wide: the referendum on whether or not Britain should remain within the European Community and the AV referendum. † More
The 9 referendums
- 1973: Should Northern Ireland remain in the UK? (yes) (voters:Northern Irish)
- 1975: Should the UK remain within the European Community? (yes) (voters:UK)
- 1979: Should there be a Scottish Parliament? (no) (voters:Scots)
- 1979: Should there be a Welsh Parliament? (no) (voters:Welsh)
- 1997: Should there be a Scottish Parliament? Should it have tax-varying powers?
- (yes; yes) (voters:Scots)
- 1997: Should there be a Welsh Assembly? (yes) (voters:Welsh)
- 1998: Should there be a Greater London Authority with a London mayor? (yes) (voters:London)
- 1998: is there support for the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland? (yes) (voters:Northern Irish to ratify the agreement; Irish Republic on amendments to Irish constitution to give effect to the Good Friday Agreement)
- 2004: should there be an elected regional assembly in North East England? (no) (voters:North East)
2011: should the alternative vote system be used instead of first past the post? (no)
Until recently, referendums have been rarely held, the key reason being the belief that Parliament, rather than the people, ought to make major political decisions. In practice, referendums have only been held because the governing political party has been split internally over an issue, although this may be changing.
It should be noted that the outcome of any referendum is not necessarily binding on the government, or Parliament.
This section last updated May 2011
What do others think?
- Show All
- Key Questions
- What you need to know
- Why does it matter?
- What are the key dates?
- What are the key facts?
- What do others think?
- References and Links
The Electoral Reform Society
Make My Vote Count
Vote for a Change
Campaign for fixed-term parliaments
Joseph Rowntree Trust Purity of Elections in the UK: Cause for Concern
References and Links
- Show All
- Key Questions
- What you need to know
- Why does it matter?
- What are the key dates?
- What are the key facts?
- What do others think?
- References and Links
General - electoral process
Research papers
Voting Systems in the UK House of Commons Library
UK Election Statistics 1918-2004 House of Commons Library
The Parliamentary Boundary Commissions House of Commons Library
Parliamentary reports
Choosing an Electoral System British Academy; Simon Hix, Ron Johnston FBA and Iain McLean FBA
Changed Voting Changed Politics Independent Commission on Proportional Representation
The Experience of New Voting Systems in the United Kingdom since 1997 Ministry of Justice
Key Websites
House of Commons Library
The UK Electoral Commission
About My Vote
The UK Office of the European Parliament
The Boundary Commissions for the 4 nations:
* England
* Scotland
* Wales
* Northern Ireland
Further reading
John Curtice "The Electoral System" in Vernon Bogdanor (ed) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003)
Rodney Brazier Constitutional Reform: Reshaping the British Political System (third edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007)
Anthony King The British Constitution (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007)
Adrian Blau "Majoritarianism under Pressure: The Electoral and Party Systems" in Robert Hazell (ed) Constitutional Futures: Britain's Constitution till 2020 (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2008)
Vernon Bogdanor The New British Constitution (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2009)
Alternative Voting
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
Select Committees
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
- First report -Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
- Third report - Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
Briefing papers
"AV and electoral reform" briefing paper, House of Commons Library
"Alternative Voting" briefing paper, The Constitution Society
Public opinion on AV and the referendum- results of YouGov poll, The Constitution Society
TCS articles
Referendum campaign funding rules
71% think independent body should draft referendum question
Fixed-term Parliaments
Select Committees
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
- Second report - Fixed-term Parliaments Bill
Briefing papers
"Fixed-term Parliaments", House of Commons Library
Briefing Paper on Fixed-term Parliaments, The Constitution Society
TCS articles
The unseemly haste to introduce fixed-term Parliaments
Vernon Bogdanor on Fixed-term Parliaments, Lords Constitution Committee
Robert Blackburn on Fixed-term Parliaments, Lords Constitution Committee
Constituency boundaries
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
Select Committees
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
- First report -Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
- Third report - Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill
Research papers
Can the Boundary Commissions Help the Conservative Party? Constituency Size and Electoral Bias in the UK, Ron Johnston, Iain Mclean, Charles Pattie, David Rossiter in The Political Quarterly, December 2009.
Parliamentary Constituency Boundary Reviews and Electoral Bias: How Important Are Variations in Constituency Size?, Ron Johnston, Galina Borisyuk, Colin Rallings, Michael Thrasher in Parliamentary Affairs, December 2009.
Drawing a new Parliamentary Constituencies Map for the UK, Michel Balinski, Ron Johnston, Iain McLean and Peyton Young, with research assistance from Angela Cummine, The British Academy
Briefing Paper 'Reduce and Equalise' Constituency Boundaries, The Constitution Society
How strong is the case for having fewer MPs?, Democratic Audit Article by Lewis Baston & Stuart Wilks-Heeg


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To include the URL to this resource within my Addon (https://xenforo.com/community/resources/enable-etag-support-for-css.4082/updates) I first would have to create a resource. I took this steps:
#1 Created a resource with "External site: ..."
#2 Posted an update and told Resource Manager to upload my zip file.
#3 The addon is still showing "Download from external site"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It is time for another contest here at ThinkComputers! This time we are teaming up with our friends
Besides our computers almost all of our other electronic devices get charged via USB, our phones,
Energen today announced the release of the Energen QC 3.0 5-Port 66W 12.1A USB Charger. Charging


text:
Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Carpenter / Joiner
Added 20/04/2017
Supply and fit mirrored sliding doors. Approx opening - 2.0m x 12.m
Gardener / Garden Designer
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Services required: replace / install a gate Type of gate(s): 1 x single gate, One gate/fence...
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Install 1 x light fitting Additional information: Straightforward job in downstairs loo. I...
Carpenter / Joiner
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Removing old mastic seal and replacing with new good quality mastic around multiple wooden...
Carpenter / Joiner
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Replace/install 6 x panel doors Additional information: Ground floor flat needing all internal...
Added 05/09/2013
Water getting into bathroom from roof Customer is the landlord of this property
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
Youngsters take part in last week's Jr. 'Toppers Fundamentals Camp at Griffith Gymnasium.
Indictments handed down for illegal killing
ALBUQUERQUE – A grand jury has indicted two men and a juvenile male from Rio Rancho on several counts in connection with the illegal killing of five pronghorn antelope Feb. 10 on the King Ranch near Zia Pueblo.
Michael Yarbrough, 21, Travis Miller, 18, and a 17-year-old are accused of cutting a fence, illegally trespassing on the ranch and shooting two bucks and three doe antelope. The heads of the bucks were removed and all the carcasses were left in a pile to rot. There was no legal hunt occurring at the time.
Richard Thompson III had the best prediction of the week at the Atomic City Roadrunners' Pace Race Tuesday night.
Thompson, on the 1-mile course, finished the Pace Race with an adjusted error of 12 seconds, finishing three seconds ahead of John Rees, the best predictor on the 3-mile course.
This week's race was run on Powerline Road, just south of White Rock. In all, 34 participants took part.
Except for Thompson, all the top predictions came from the long course runners. Isolina Viloria was off by 18 seconds and Alexander Romero was off by 19 seconds.
Romero was the fastest finisher on the 3-mile course with his time of 21 minutes, 33 seconds. Nikol Strother was the fastest finisher on the 1-mile course (8:09).
Bandelier National Monument has gone into Stage II fire restrictions starting today.
Stage II restrictions include barring the use of campfires, charcoal fires and puts a damper on smoking in areas other than those specifically designated around the monument.
Moving up to Stage II restrictions came as little surprise considering recent hot, dry weather and fire potential in and around the Jemez Mountains.
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — LeBron James had received plenty of help from Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh, and now he had to finish it on his own.
With what Wade called the loudest crowd he'd ever heard booing, certain James had just fouled Kevin Durant, the league's MVP walked to the free throw line with 7.1 seconds left and the Miami Heat's huge lead down to two points.
The guy who has endured too many fourth-quarter failures wasn't letting another NBA Finals game get away.
Catches of the Week
Rio Grande: June 5, Kenneth Hall of Los Lunas caught a 21-inch, 5-pound walleye. He was fishing the river below Elephant Butte and using a Johnson silver minnow with a pearl minnow trailer.
Clayton Lake: June 6, Mikey Montoya of Clayton caught a 6.5-pound walleye and on June 9 caught a 9-pound walleye. He was using a spinner.
Conchas Lake: June 7, Jon Corn of Roswell caught two 10-pound catfish. He was using stink bait.
Competitors kick toward the finish line of the running leg at the 2011 Los Alamos Triathlon. The Los Alamos Triatomics multi-sport club will host the first Splash 'n' Dash of the year June 27. The Splash 'n' Dash is for participants wanting to prepare for the Los Alamos Triathlon in mid August. Registration for the Splash 'n' Dash is limited to 75 participants. Visit triatomics.org for more information.
Round Rock takes series finale over Albuquerque
For those kids who need to get off the couch this summer, they can do so with Justin Black next week.
This summer, Black, a physical education teacher, will be hosting summer school PE This course isn't for those who need to improve their grade, but for those that might want to sharpen skills, learn something new or just spend more time in physical education.
There will be plenty to do and to learn during the PE course.
"Any student that has an interest in improving their skills in throwing, catching and kicking with different size balls, dodging tag, speed stacks, (Dance Dance Revolution), Xbox 360 with Kinect, tumbling, log rolls, and somersaults," Black said.
AUSTIN, Texas (AP) — Lance Armstrong is facing more doping allegations just a few months after he thought he had finally put them to rest.
Although federal investigators in February closed a two-year investigation without bringing criminal charges, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency has filed new doping charges that could strip the seven-time Tour de France winner of his victories in cycling's premier race.
Armstrong insists he is innocent.
Copyright © 2017
The Los Alamos Monitor is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Los Alamos County and Los Alamos, NM, and the surrounding area.


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Like I look back at the nineties quite fondly, the music, the movies, the video games, and just the general atmosphere, and yet I know my older siblings look back at the 80's that way too and my parents do it to the 60's too.
But are kids looking back in this past decade 2000-2009 fondly? or was it a pretty forgettable decade?
Most Helpful Girl
I would say they probably are. I mean, I'm around your age and I'll look back at music and games from the early 2000's with a happy nostalgia. I just see a certain "quality," whether it's there or not, in the tunes compared to music today (think Nelly's old stuff from 2005 and older ( https://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=RtSDWq6HsJE ) versus "Just a Dream" ( https://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=N6O2ncUKvlg ).00|00|0


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26261 Hillview Dr, Edwardsburg 49112
See more homes for sale in Edwardsburg, MI
This property has been Sold!
08/12/2016 at $124,000
Great find in Edwardsburg. Here is a 4 bedroom, 2 bath bi-level in Redfield Estates. This home offers a pool, attached 2 stall garage, storage shed with an over head door on almost 3/4 of an acre. 2 bedrooms and a bath on the main level and 2 bedrooms with a bath in the lower level. There is a large family room on each level each with it's own fireplace.
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 26261 Hillview Dr
- City
- Edwardsburg
- Zip
- 49112
- County
- Cass
- Township
- Ontwa Twp
- Total Finished SqFt
- 2,080
- Above Grade SqFt
- 2,080
- Garage
- 2.0
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Well
- Sewer
- Septic System
- Year Built
- 1974
- Taxes
- $1,671
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 13X11 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 13X11 1st Floor
- Bedroom3
- 13X10 Lower Floor
- Bedroom4
- 13X10 Lower Floor
- Bath
- 9X5 1st Floor
- Dining
- 12X12 1st Floor
- Family
- 19X14 1st Floor
- Kitchen
- 9X8 1st Floor
- Laundry
- 8X6 Lower Floor
- Rec
- 19X13 Lower Floor
- Basement
- Other
- Cooling
- Central
- Heating
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Acreage
- 0.72
- Lot Dimensions
- 125 x 250
- Appliances
- Dishwasher, Range
- Fireplace Desc.
- Family, Rec Room
- Exterior Materials
- Aluminum, Brick, Wood
- Exterior Features
- Deck(s)
Listing Video for 26261 Hillview Dr, Edwardsburg MI 49112
Mortgage Calculator
Listing Broker
Listing Courtesy of Cressy & Everett Real Estate
Office Address 26251 Us 12
Listing Agent Bradley Hafner
Listings last updated: . Some properties that appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have been sold and may no longer be available.
Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 26261 Hillview Dr, Edwardsburg MI 49112. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Edwardsburg, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Edwardsburg, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Edwardsburg, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Edwardsburg, Michigan real estate for sale.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site appears in part from the IDX programs of our Multiple Listing Services. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One includes the name and address of the listing broker where available.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
All information deemed materially reliable but not guaranteed. Interested parties are encouraged to verify all information. Copyright© 2017 MichRIC LLC, All rights reserved.


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With Thor 2 bursting into movie theaters November 8, we decided to add some superhero training to your workout. For arms like the thunder god's, buy a sledgehammer at the hardware store and grab a tractor tire from your local dump. Now try this cardio workout from Rob DeCillis, C.S.C.S., a strength coach in Mineola, NY. DO IT There are two moves you need to know: the diagonal swing, which uses a sliding grip—one hand on top of the other—in a staggered stance; and the overhead swing, performed with both feet shoulder-width apart and your hands close together at the end of the handle. 1) Lay the tire on its side. Take a diagonal swing stance with either foot forward and start smashing. Perform as many reps as you can in 30 seconds. Rest 20 seconds; swing from the opposite side. 2) Switch to overhead swings. 3) Rest up to two minutes and repeat all the swings. Do four to five sets total.
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text:
Wednesday 21 May 1930
It was Wednesday, under the sign of Gemini. The US president was Herbert Hoover (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include David Smith and Stanley Wells.
Hell's Angels, directed by Howard Hughes, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1930
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1930 or at May 21 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 21 May 1930 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 21 May 1930!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 21 May 1930 ?
- Saint Constantine the Great
- Equals-to-the-Apostles
- Saints Constantine and Helena
- Saint Mireille
- Saint Charles-EugFne de Mazenod
- Dia de la Afrocolombianidad marks the abolition of slavery in Colombia.
- Navy Day (Dfa de las Glorias Navales) in Chile.
- Saint Goderik
Famous Birthdays:
- David Smith: Principal / vice chancellor (Edinburgh University).
- Stanley Wells: director (Shakespeare Institute University of Birmingham).
- Malcolm Fraser Prime Minister of Australia (Liberal: 1975-83).
- Malcolm Fraser: Australian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1975 to 1983.
- Tommy Bryant: American bassist (d. 1982).
- New York Yankee Babe Ruth hits 3 consecutive homers
- Max Bishop draws 8 walks in a doubleheader.
Make this date unforgettable
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 21 May 1930 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


text:
* Better stats needed as race for cash heats up
* Big informal economies make calculations a challenge
* Lack of reliable figures a deterrent to investors
By Duncan Miriri
NAIROBI, July 3 (Reuters) - African countries' rapid growth over the past decade may have been the envy of many developed economies, but their number crunchers have struggled to keep up.
That barely mattered when investors were desperate to find a place to park their cash as more developed markets careered off course.
But now that a global recovery is increasing competition for fund inflows, Africa can ill afford to pump out dodgy data from poorly funded statistics bureaux or leave investors in the dark about central bank policymaking.
Years of neglect, a lack of technical skills and large informal economies make reliable data collection a huge task.
Failure to address these challenges could drive away investors unable or unwilling to pay for their own research if they cannot see an economy's true scale or potential.
"It is important for us to boost the quality of statistics in Africa," said Mthuli Ncube, chief economist at the Africa Development Bank (AfDB), which is working to improve its data operations.
"The better the data, the better the information to investors. So it is: more transparency, better data, better investments," he said.
Nigeria showed in April what a review of out-of-date figures can mean: it vaulted South Africa to become the biggest African economy after rebasing its numbers to 2010 from 1990.
For the first time, it properly calculated the impact of mobile phones and its huge "Nollywood" film industry.
Ordinary Nigerians were quick to point out that a more accurate measure of the nation's gross domestic product didn't mean that they were now richer or roads had fewer potholes. But economists and investors say it could have a longer-term impact.
"There has been a tendency to underestimate economic activity in Africa," said Razia Khan, Africa researcher at Standard Chartered Bank. "This may have discouraged some investment in the region, as investors would not have appreciated the true size of those economies."
Some statistics shortcomings are glaring, creating headaches for governments seeking to plan ahead and making it difficult for companies to understand a market's prospects.
In Kenya, for example, more than 40 percent of births and more than half of deaths are not captured by the national registry, said Mwende Gatabaki of the Kenya Citizens and Foreign Nationals Management Services. Kenya is now spending 5 billion shillings ($57 million) to create a digital registry.
Statistics that do emerge can spark strong debate. The AfDB raised eyebrows in 2011 when it said Africa's middle class had risen to 350 million people in 2010, or about 34 percent of the continent's total population, from about 126 million in 1980, about 27 percent at the time. This was based on those living on $2 to $20 a day.
Given that $2 a day or below is widely accepted as a poverty indicator, many economists viewed the AfDB's middle class range in that study as optimistic, saying any sudden sharp rise in food or fuel prices could plunge people back into poverty.
Some economists suggested a more "African-appropriate" measure of middle class would be those on $15 to $20 a day.
Hardened Africa investors have long learned to give official figures short shrift, relying on their own close knowledge of markets. But gathering this kind of data can be hard work and costly.
Jonathan Oppenheimer, director of investment firm E Oppenheimer & Son Ltd, said the lack of reliable data forced investors to open local offices or make more frequent trips than they would in other markets.
"You have to be on the ground," said Oppenheimer, whose $300 million Tana Capital, held jointly with Singapore-based Temasek, invests in consumer firms across Africa.
Some, however, see the opacity of Africa as an attraction.
"That is what makes Africa compelling," said James Mworia, chief executive of Nairobi-based Centum Investment. "When markets are extremely efficient you can't get the sort of returns we are getting."
Centum, which invests in listed firms, property and private equity, has delivered returns that beat the benchmark Nairobi bourse index by 19 percent over the five years to the end of last March. The return on its private equity portfolio was 42 percent in the year to March.
To achieve this, however, it has a team of number crunchers sifting markets and other data, the kind of investment not everyone can afford or wants to pay for.
While local analysis and the figures from corporate earnings reports may trump GDP figures as a guide to the outlook, reliable figures contributing to inflation and growth, or consumer purchasing power, are valuable elements.
So too is greater clarity about policymaking by central banks and other official institutions.
"People need to understand the basis on which a policymaker is making a decision," said Bob Collymore, head of Kenyan mobile phone operator Safaricom, a unit of Britain's Vodafone .
"It is of the utmost importance because otherwise people will take their money to markets where they will get that transparency," he said.
That is particularly pertinent for Africa's central banks, slowly emerging from the shadow of their governments.
"They are behind the curve," said Paul Collier of Oxford University, which organises an annual conference for African central bankers. Central banks, he said, were now more authoritative but needed to learn that "they are there to communicate with citizens not just (act) as technocrats advising governments."
Only one African central bank - the offshore centre of Mauritius - issues minutes after monetary policy meetings, which offer an insight into how members voted. That, in turn, helps investors see where rates could head next. Other central banks are wary about following suit.
"If the minutes are issued with a view to improving the public's understanding of discussions on the economy at the meetings, then that is helpful," said one African central banker, who asked not to be named.
However, he said, in Africa's often cliquey markets, "there is a risk of the issues being personalised" and members might worry about voting against a rate change if their names were published.
Nevertheless, more African countries are seeking to provide greater clarity on their economies, and are seeing the benefits of investing in better statistics data and more transparent policymaking.
"We used to have different statistics from the World Bank, from the IMF, the U.N., from everywhere," said Claver Gatete, finance minister of Rwanda, which has won praise for reforming its economy, left in ruins after genocide 20 years ago.
Rwanda has rebuilt its National Institute of Statistics and issues data that now has broad acceptance, Gatete said.
In addition, "the central bank holds regular press briefings, communicating every quarter," he said - although central bank minutes remain elusive. (Editing by Edmund Blair and Susan Fenton)


text:
We produce a variety of publications to help people and businesses submit building consent applications.
We have developed these application packs for you to use when preparing your application. The checklists will ensure that you provide us with the correct information when you lodge your application.
Simply identify the description that best describes your project on the table below and download the correct application form and checklist for your needs.
If you're uncertain, you can contact us for personal assistance.
Building Consent Application Pack 1
AC1020 Pack 1 Residential coversheet (PDF 65KB)
AC2103 Residential application for a project information memorandum building consent and/or amendments (PDF 153KB)
AC1011 Lodgement checklist - residential (PDF 140KB) (includes amendments, swimming pools, solid fuel heaters, solar water heater if included in the building work)
AC2326 Agreement to provide a producer statement during construction (PDF 75KB)
Building Consent Application Pack 2
AC1021 Pack 2 Commercial coversheet (PDF 69KB)
AC 2130 Commercial application for a project information memorandum building consent and/or amendment (PDF 200KB)
AC1009 Lodgement checklist - commercial (PDF 157KB) (includes amendments, swimming pools, solid fuel heaters, solar water heater is included in the building work)
Building Consent Application Pack 3
AC1022 Pack 3 Solid fuel heater coversheet (PDF 70KB)
AC2116 Application for a solid fuel heating appliance (PDF 132KB)
AC1016 Lodgement checklist - solid fuel heating appliances only (PDF 78KB)
AC2327 Producer statement construction (PS3) solid fuel heating (PDF 75KB)
Building Consent Application Pack 4
AC1023 Pack 4 Water heater coversheet (PDF 69KB)
AC2124 Application for a water heater (solar or heat pump) (PDF 132KB)
AC1017 Lodgement checklist - water heater (solar or heat pump) only (PDF 214KB)
Building Consent Application Pack 5
AC1024 Pack 5 Temporary structures coversheet (PDF 66KB)
AC2128 Application for a temporary structure (PDF 157KB)
AC1015 Lodgement checklist - temporary structures only (PDF 70KB)
Building Consent Application Pack 6
AC1031 Pack 6 Certificate of acceptance coversheet (PDF 103KB)
AC1008 Request pre-application meeting (PDF 67KB)
AC2107 Application for Certificate of acceptance (PDF 161KB)
Our guidance documents provide information and answer questions about specific projects and topics, such as relocating a building, recladding, and eco design. They also provide links to useful documents and websites.
AC1802 Applying for a building consent (PDF 130KB)
AC1803 How building work is certified (PDF 55KB)
AC1804 How building work is inspected (PDF 59KB)
AC1806 Compliance schedules and building WOFs (PDF 70KB)
AC1815 Restricted Building Work and Licensed Building Practitioners (PDF 56KB)
AC1817 Pre-application meetings (PDF 47KB)
AC1819 Seismic performance assessments (PDF 46KB)
AC1805 Unauthorised building work (PDF 54KB)
AC1807 Eco design advice (PDF 67KB)
AC1813 Certificate for public use (PDF 54KB)
AC1816 Exempt building work (PDF 52KB)
AC1818 Owner builder exemptions (PDF 58KB)
AC1821 Water supply tanks (PDF 184KB)
AC1808 Solid fuel heating appliances (PDF 91KB)
AC1810 Moving or relocating a building (PDF 46KB)
AC1811 Guide to applying for a reclad building consent (PDF 2.8MB)
AC1812 Solar water or heat pump water heating devices (PDF 37KB)
AC1814 Fencing swimming pools and spas (PDF 83KB)
Practice notes provide guidance in day-to-day decisions when carrying out building work. Consent processing staff check all consent applications against these notes before a consent is issued.
AC2201 Home-based business activities (PDF 23KB)
AC2205 Change of use to existing buildings (PDF 83KB)
AC2207 Openings between buildings on two or more allotments (PDF 67KB)
AC2208 Foundation depth for buildings outside the scope of NZS36042011 (PDF 67KB)
AC2212 Siting, floor levels and surveyors certificates (PDF 69KB)
AC2219 Minimum apartment sizes (PDF 69KB)
AC2229 Building on land subject to natural hazards (PDF 115KB)
AC2233 Residential apartment buildings on boundaries (PDF 70KB)
AC2238 Structurally fixed cavity battens (PDF 65KB)
AC2241 H1 Energy efficiency in small buildings (PDF 75KB)
AC2255 Venting of branch drains (PDF 16KB)
AC2259 Structures built over, on or under public land (PDF 65KB)
AC2260 Interpretation of the term principle entrance (PDF 65KB)
AC2203 Removal of buildings from a property (PDF 68KB)
AC2210 Alternative solutions (PDF 69KB)
AC2224 Amendments and minor variations (PDF 76KB)
AC2226 Applying the term as near as is reasonably practicable (PDF 96KB)
AC2235 Section 363, Certificate for public use (PDF 68KB)
AC2245 Definition of a historic building consent (PDF 66KB)
AC2248 Processing and monitoring as the result of the enquiry into the collapse of Palace Hotel (PDF 76KB)
AC2253 Geotechnical report requirements (PDF 60KB)
AC2261 Certificate of design work (PDF 82KB)
AC2263 Seismic upgrades (PDF 73KB)
AC2266 Accident overflow (PDF 51KB)
AC2202 Converting non-habitable spaces to habitable spaces (PDF 23KB)
AC2231 Construction of retaining walls (PDF 81KB)
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text:
Scott Milanovich
December 5, 2011 by staff
Scott Milanovich, When the Toronto Argonauts finally decided to talk, what they announced was already old news. Former Montreal Alouettes offensive co-ordinator Scott Milanovich is the Toronto Argonauts' 42nd head coach, the team's fifth in the past four years.
But even if the rumours that followed Sunday's Grey Cup scripted the hiring of the 38-year-old on Thursday, it was not going to wipe the smile off the face of general manager Jim Barker, who said he only relinquished his dual role as head coach because he found his guy.
"The only coach in North America that met all the criteria was available and I knew acting promptly would be critical to executing our plan for the future," Barker said.
But Milanovich's hiring was all the team announced. Despite seemingly endless speculation last year's basement dwellers in the East Division would parade out a new offensive and defensive coordinator and a quarterback with a new contract, there was only one open seat between Barker and team president Bob Nicholson.
"This is a realization of a dream for me," Milanovich said when he finally took his place. And after the former University of Maryland quarterback told the media his new job was the culmination of an itinerant playing career, with stops in the NFL, NFLE, XFL, AFL and CFL from 1996 to 2003, Milanovich momentarily banished the sentiments. In front of the cameras and the microphones, he admitted he has much work to do to bring the Argos from a 6-12 record last season into the 100th Grey Cup that Toronto will host next November. "The next order of business is to get a coaching staff," he said. "And after that we will start getting the personnel. I think we'll move quickly."
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
Stayed about one week ago. We did not have reservations and were driving through the area and decided to stay the night. Several of the chain hotels we checked were booked and when I saw a triple a approved sign at this hotel I felt comfortable checking out a room and price. We looked at two rooms with nice views of the rock from the hill we were on two blocks up from the bay. Both were very clean with nice clean tile bathrooms. I would not hesitate to recommend this hotel for a one or two night stat. It is also very walkable to restaurants and bay. Only one thing to mention that I did not like. The second story landing has a little stone covered ramp that is hard to see when climbing up and down and I almost tripped a couple of times.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Welcome, we are a small 17 unit motel located in the heart of Morro Bay, we are 3 blocks up from the beautiful Embarcadero, our rates are unbeatable, our motto is "we welcome may all who enter as guests, leave as friends" ... more less
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text:
Hi there,,, First time making wedding cake and its for 150 people,,,I had been doing a lot of research and studying. but, i feel like the more i read and study the more i get confuse... to make stoyr short..I am doing a wedding and its due on the 13th of this month...Please somebody help me and tell me how much batter and icing do i need to make four a four tier cakes...square 14",round 12",round 10"and top 6" round also.. i thought four tier is to much and to many for 150 people..but, the bride wants 4 tier.try to convince her just to have three cake and a fake one don't like it..and the most important part how much would i charge her??? she wants chocolate and vanilla buttercream with fondant accents and real flowers...help me pls..
^^^ That's a chart that will give you your batter amounts and etc.
Consider charging her about $4 a serving and $35 for delivery within 10 miles, $1 more per mile after that--mapquest the address for the mileage.
About those fresh flowers--see if her florist will supply them. If you have to order and purchase them I suggest using a Costco or Sam's. Be sure that you protect the cake so none of the flower juju gets in there.
Is this a tower of roses type cake where each tier floats on what looks like another tier of solid flowers or just some flowers scattered hither & yon?
I'd charge double for the flowers if I have to purchase them. I'd get them from a big box store though--very reasonabley priced in the first place. Very important that you order them in advance.
According to Wilton, she ordered 184 servings, so charge her for 184 servings, not 150.
Thanks so much for the respond...i did look at that wilton chart i wasn't quite sure at first which guide to go.. that 184 i was thinking..thank you so K8memphis.she wants the flowers to go around the cake...


text:
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CADENAS' Strategic Parts Management PARTsolutions with its Geometric Similarity Search GEOsearch and PARTwarehouse, provides tools that help you to structure and clean existing master data and create new master data files.
Structure & clean an existing parts database
Classifying an existing parts master manually is very timeconsuming. The Geometric Similarity Search provides a solution with PARTwarehouse, that semi-automatically builds up an ordered structure of your parts data base, so existing master data files can be cleaned up.
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Create clean part master data in an ERP system
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This way a lot of time can be saved and at the same time the quality of your master data is significantly optimized.


text:
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text:
Skip to comments.Fla. woman gets life in prison in family killings
Posted on 12/17/2012 11:58:59 AM PST by ConservativeStatement
A woman who was convicted of orchestrating the beating deaths of her millionaire husband and mother-in-law was sentenced Monday to life in prison. The judge also called her a coward for skipping the court session.
Narcy Novack, of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., waived her right to appear at the sentencing, apparently in protest, and listened to it from a prisoner holding area in an adjoining room.
Judge Kenneth Karas called it "her final act of cowardice."
(Excerpt) Read more at abcnews.go.com ...
I think I would rather be shot than beaten to death with excercise weights.
As guys would say "Definitely guilty"
Hehe. I've been to the Fountainbleu Hotel (mentioned in the article) on a few occasions. It has a great history which can be found here on Wikipedia:
Sounds like the dead husband was a real prize, too:
Rebecca Bliss, a former prostitute and porn actress,
testified at the trial that she was having an affair with
Ben Novack when he was killed.
Yuk. This was a really sadistic crime.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Correspondendo a: bm-connections X
- Classificar por:
- Data ▼
- Título
- Curtir/Votos
- Comentários
- Visualizações
Customizing IBM Connections – Modifying the Report-To Chain iWidget to include profile data retrieved via Ajax
HunterMedney Marcações: iwidget bm-connections ajax customization connections lotus-connections 4 Comentários 8.918 Visualizações
I was recently asked by a customer to append a link at the bottom of the Report-To-Chain widget that shows on a Profile page in IBM Connections 3.0 . The link was to open the corresponding employee's record in the customer's internal corporate directory. The...
do Blog: Hunter's ISSL Blog


text:
Can and should nuclear power play a significant role in combating climate change?
Going Nuclear
January 10, 2017
April 4, 2016
Cold War scientists once worried that a nuclear war could plunge the world into a deadly ice age. But why, three decades later, does Nuclear Winter still resonate?
November 20, 2015
Ongoing U.S.-Russia tensions around Ukraine have spilled over into the nuclear weapons realm, putting at risk decades of post-Cold War effort to foster nuclear predictability, stability, and safety.
August 7, 2015
The US fears Iran's nuclear program but the view from Tehran is far different. Veteran foreign correspondent Reese Erlich goes beyond the stereotypes to get the view of ordinary Iranians.
July 31, 2015
The Pentagon plans to replace the current nuclear arsenal, including 12 new nuclear armed submarines in the coming decades. But can the United States afford this and is it necessary?
May 26, 2015
Seven decades ago the Marshall Islands felt what nuclear war would be like. This century they're grappling with the legacy of U.S. bomb tests—while staring down a new threat driven by climate change.
August 17, 2013
Tunnels in a mountain in Kazakhstan once used to test Soviet nuclear weapons contained enough plutonium for terrorists to construct dozens of atomic bombs.
September 3, 2012
As a global debate rages over nuclear power's future as a safe and clean energy source, Russia is aggressively pursuing nuclear expansion at home and abroad.
July 11, 2012
A full-throttle nuclear arms race is underway in a region where terrorism, ethnic violence, and border disputes are endemic. But the flashpoint isn't Iran. It's Pakistan and India.
January 4, 2012
U.S. officials believe Iran's ongoing progress towards a nuclear weapon is pushing Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt and Turkey to follow suit, raising the odds of an Arab nuclear arms race.


text:
TAMPA, Fla. (WTXL) - Former Florida State University running back James Wilder, Jr. was arrested over the weekend in Tampa.
The former Seminole star was booked on charges of knowingly driving with a suspended license. The arrest stemmed from an outstanding warrant related to an incident from March 1, when Wilder was originally cited for driving with a suspended license.
Wilder is out on $1,000 bail. He is expected to be chosen in next month's NFL Draft.


text: Ingredients Edit 1 tbsp butter dash of nutmeg green, medium-sized papaya boiling salted water Directions Edit Peel and slice one very green, medium sized papaya. There should be about two cups of fruit. Drop it into rapidly boiling salted water. Simmer for about one-half hour, or until fruit is tender. Drain well. An excellent side dish to stews. Add: 1 Tbsp butter, dash of nutmeg. Retrieved from "http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Stewed_Green_Papaya?oldid=605583" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Haitian Salads Green papaya Recipes Recipes that need photos Add category Cancel Save


text:
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Hyperlink as clickable text in autoresponderAsked by mebarry on January 09, 2015 at 07:16 PM
I have a multi page registration form in which I would like the autoresponder of the first form to include a link to the 2nd form, in case the user does not complete the process when first submitting.
Right now the autoresponder includes the direct URL link, which is long.
How do I change that to be text that the user can click.
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Thank you for contacting us for support. I checked your notification email and I realized that it is indeed a long URL. I would recommend placing the URL behind a series of words so it would appear much more organized.
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I hope this helps. Feel free to contact us if additional assistance is needed.
Thank you. Your instructions were perfect and easy to follow.
You're more than welcome. We will always be here to offer support.


text:
As a long distance dedication to Rox, here we go back to Hammer Films for our penultimate night of movies...it's 1956 and X the Unknown. It's written by Hammer scribe Jimmy Sangster (who brought you, among other things, the hammer Dracula) and directed by Leslie Norman (who would go on to direct mostly television, including a slew of Saint episodes). It stars Dean Jagger (Vanishing Point), Edward Chapman (Things to Come) and a relatively young Leo McKern ("Be-at-tle") from early in his career.
The setup is fairly simple and routine for those of us who have been around for eight years now...a creature from prehistory has decided to come up to the surface of the earth to eat radiation. And goes from place to place doing so, like a glowing buffet. But it's old school Hammer, so what's not to like? Enjoy.
The film was released on DVD by Anchor Bay a while back but is out of print though still available.


text:
ansistego provides terminal-level steganography for scripts and other ASCII files (ie, protection against 'cat'). It intersperses a text/script with commented ANSI codes that cause most terminals to clear sensitive lines as soon as they are written. Only a specified front text appears. The front text is embedded in the script using ANSI-cloaked comments, so that the text appears unaltered when the script is viewed with cat, but the script can be run without any decoding stage.
|Communications BBS multimedia Video Display Security Cryptography Shells Terminals Telnet Serial Terminal Emulators/X Terminals
|Operating Systems
No changes have been submitted for this release.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text: Crain's podcast: Ben Venue's troubles and delays in a united plan to help United Comments Email Print December 12, 2011 Updated Crain's podcast: Ben Venue's troubles and delays in a united plan to help United Your browser does not support the audio element. Our Behind the News crew tackles this week's top stories. Related LinksCrain's podcast: Northeast Ohio hospitals dealing with potent double whammyCrain's podcast: The next dominoes to fall in the downtown Cleveland apartment gameCrain's podcast: Gauging the county executive's role in changes at MetroHealthCrain's podcast: Predicting wins, losses or ties for NE Ohio industriesCrain's podcast: The dividing line in Cleveland's construction jobs industryCrain's podcast: A new value proposition for the BrownsCrain's podcast: Is this the lakefront plan that finally comes to fruition?Crain's podcast: Business groups' next step after Issue 2 defeatThe rise, unraveling and return of Jeff ChristianOhio Gov. John Kasich is Cleveland's newest best friend foreverCrain's podcast: Akron-Canton, Hopkins airport directors talk shopFor-profit Chancellor in hot water Morning Roundup Business headlines from Crain's Cleveland Business and other Ohio newspapers — delivered FREE to your inbox every morning. Sign up for the Morning Newsletter.


text:
Major Key Points
- Many countries failed to defeat oncoming forces.
- The World War times were used as times of expansion.
- The Cold War still is going on.
- Imperialism is popular in Southern Africa, the Americas, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands.
- Every "country" is an empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire continued, instead. They failed at capturing Alaska, and the Native American Empire instead took the lands. Instead they decided to sail lower, and arrived in Chile. They saw the land was controlled by the Scandinavian Empire, and decided not to bother them until they arrived in Bolivia where they saw that the Scandinavian Empire owned that as well. They attacked and took the land, as well as Brazil from the British Empire.
As the Russians took that land, they went downwards in their homeland and fought the Chinese, taking Mongolia with it. Owning most of Asia, they stopped there and advanced westward, taking Ukraine and Belarus. Some stupid soldiers went downward and took Georgia, and Armenia. They bought Turkey from the Egyptian Empire. They renamed the city of Constantinople to Musul'manskiy Gorod, or Muslim City. Both armies along the way took Kazakhstan.
When Catherine the Great, the czar at the time, heard of new land opportunities in Africa, she ignored it, thinking it was useless, sandy land.
Their capital is Moscow.
Egyptian Empire
Instead of Egypt falling to the British, it fought back the attackers and created an empire, with Islam as its religion. Destroying colonies in the Sahara, it moved forward, and eventually met the coast. Stopping African expansion there, what many Egyptians called 'The Horde of Allah', they sailed to present day French Guiana, and declared the land for themselves. Moving north, they took over Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela. The Horde of Allah died in a battle against the Scandinavian Empire for Colombia.
As the Horde died, pharaoh مصر بلد محمد, or 'Egypt's Muhammad' declared war on the Arabian Empire, and took all of it's lands. But threats from the British Empire forced it to give up the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. For the lands of Turkey, the Russian Empire gave up much of Southwest and South Asia to the empire. Reaching the Island of Sri Lanka, or in there terms 'The Island of Holiness', they quit there.
The capital is Cairo, Egypt.