text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jul 19, 1966
|Filing date
|Dec 28, 1962
|Priority date
|Dec 28, 1962
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Edson James O, Thomas Lewis C
|Original Assignee
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (16), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
July 19, 1966 .1.0. EDsoN ETAL FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COMMON TDM SUPERVISORY CHANNEL Filed Dec. 28, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet l July 19, 1966 `1.o.IEI3soN ETAI. 3,261,922
FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COMMON TDM SUPERVISORY CHANNEL Filed Deo. 28, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 3520 @gw 3O 3| 32 33 SOUARINC 8 PULSE @T555 OSCILLATOR f 3&)250 CIRCUIT SRARER TO SUPERVISORY 314 CIRCUIT (FIG. 5)
CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS CRS L I I I I I I L 3g TO CHANNEL CIRCUITS (EICl 4) I V 4L. 1 45 4p 4] .l 45 49 l I LIMITER NIOA FILTER I-JI I I I FROM TRUNK ROM LI I CIRCUIT Q 44 C/RRIER f I SUPPLY CIRCUIT I 40 (EIC.3I l LOSSER II CONTRO I CNI CE I [o C, UPPER I I] E) @MIU-2 FROM sURERvIsORY FLTER T CIRCUIT 52 AMR LOWER KI 3 (F195) TOEREOUENCY DIVISION LINE F/G' 4 CIRCUIT 22 (EIO I) July 19, 1966 .I o. EDsoN I-:TAL 3,251,922
FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COMMON TDM SUFERVISORY CHANNEL Filed Deo. 28, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 477.5 CPS I F/G. 5
EROI/I CARRIER SUPPLY CI CUIT (PICS) Mn LEADS PRONI IAODULATOR TRUNK CIRCUITS 9 EREICUENCY CI/I" LEADS To CHANNEL CIRCUITS (FIG. 4) DTI/@ON 32EQCP5 FRONI CARRIER SUPPLY CIRCUIT UNE LEADS CITCUIT T0 IPE I) TRUNK CIRCUITS E' Q e y CE LEADS To CHANNEL CIRCUITS (PIC. A)
7G 95,5 T2 T3 T4 T5 COUNT 477.5 CPS DOWN BINARY BINARY BINARY C BlNARY D PRONI CARRIER SUPPLY CIRCUIT N 7 (FG 3) EINARY FROM TRUNPS( CCT O TROUBLE LEAD To MODULATOR (FIC. 5)
July 19, 1966 J. o. EDsoN ETAL 3,261,922
FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COMMON TDM SUPERVISORY CHANNEL 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Deo. 28, 1962 FROM CARRIER SUPPLY CcTs (Flo) 3820 CPS o6 1 I MoNo- T PULSER |34 T TRUNR July 19, 1966 .1o.EDsoN ETAL.
FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COMMON TDM SUPERVISORY CHANNEL 5v sheets-sheet 5 Filed Dec. 28, 1962 cmi WP Ll United States Patent O 3,261,922 FDM DATA TRUNKING SYSTEM HAVING A COM- MON TDM SUPERVISORY CHANNEL James O. Edson, Mansfield Township, Warren County, and Lewis C. Thomas, North Plainfield, NJ., assignors to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New
York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Dec. 28, 1962, Ser. No. 248,127 Claims. (Cl. 179-15) This invention relates to data communication transmission systems in general and to minimum bandwidth multiplexing systems for combining a plurality of data message channels and a common signaling channel in one transmission facility in particular.
The increasing demand fordata communication services has generated unanticipated pressures on available transmission facilities. Heretofore data communication services have been provided by teletypewriter systems furnished generally on a private leased-wire basis. Public record communication services, las by telegraph, have been available only on an individual message basis. The cost of furnishing these services has been high and hence the rates charged have remained high. It is now proposed to adapt the extensive and omnipresent public switched voice telephone network to -tlhe handling of Ydata traflic. This network is already in existence. It remains for systems to be devised which will make maximum use of voice telephone facilities for data communication purposes. Provision of data communication services over the switched telephone network will make possible the extension of flat-rate and extended-area tariff structures, common with voice services, to data services.
Accordingly, it isv an object of this invention to effect the efficient utilization of voice trunking facilities for data communications services.
It is another object of this invention to concentrate data communications traflic from a plurality of incoming trunk circuits into a lesser number of interoffice and toll trunks.
It is a further object of this invention to provide full duplex data transmission for a plurality of data channels over a single four-wire voice toll facility.
It is yet another object of this invention to transmit supervisory signals for a plurality of data channels over the same voice facility as the message traffic.
It is a still further object of this invention to combine a plurality of data message channels and a common supervisory channel in one voice transmission facilit Irll accordance with this invention these and other-.desirable objects are attained by deriving from a good quality voice toll transmission facility a plurality of narrow-band, frequency-shift message channels and a common time-divided supervisory signaling channel all multiplexed together on a frequency-division basis within a three-thousand-cycle bandwidth. The terminal equipment required for this derivati-on comprises a plurality of individual duplex data trunk circuits incoming to a telephone toll office, a data channel circuit associated with each trunk circuit for translating the baseband message signal to an assigned channel, a supervisory signaling channel for sampling the line status of each trunk circuit and `generating a time-divided pulse train indicative of such line status, a carrier supply circuit for generat- 3,261,922 Patented July 19, 1966 ICC ing the appropriate frequencies for effecting frequency translations between baseband frequencies and assigned channel frequencies, a line circuit for combining the message and supervisory channels onto a voice-frequency transmission band for each transmission direction, and a four-wire voice transmission facility. Only the lower sideband is transmitted in each channel.
Provision is further made to distinguish originating from terminating data calls on each trunk circuit. Each trunk circuit when originating is assumed to transmit data calls as a frequency-shift signal centered near 1000 cycles and to receive incoming data calls `as a frequencyshift signal centered near 2000 cycles. 'l'lhe reverse sitnation holds when the trunk circuit is at the terminating end of a connection. This arrangement permits each two-wire trunk to operate on a two-way basis. Each trunk circuit therefore marks itself originating or terminating to the channel circuit. Responsive to this signal the frequencies selected from the carrier supply circuit for each channel circuit `are applied to modulator and demodulator elements to reflect the terminating or originating status of the call with respect to that terminal.
Signals transmitted by the supervisory channel indicate the on-hook and off-hook status of the trunk circuits at each end of the connection. Signaling from the trunk circuits is assumed to be by means of the so-called E and M lead system. In this system an E and an M lead are associated with each trunk. A ground on the M lead indicates the olf-hook status of the near trunk and a ground onl the E lead indicates the off-hook status of the far trunk. With the aid of signals on these two leads supervisory signals are extended between the two terminals of a through-trunk connection. According to this invention, the M leads from each trunk are sampled sequentially to form a timedivided digital pulse train which in turn controls a frequency-shift modulator. The modulator output Ais vthen frequency-division multiplexed onto the voice transmission facility just below the lowest data channel. In the incoming direction the frequency-shift signal train from the far terminal is demodulated into its digital form. The digital pulse train is demultiplexed and the information contained in each time slot is distributed to the several E leads connecting to the individual trunk circuits.
A common carrier supply circuit furnishes the eight carrier frequencies required to translate between the six message channel circuits and the individual trunk circuits, in addition to the frequencies required to synchronize the supervisory channel signals. The assigned channel frequencies are chosen to be harmonically related in order to lock them all to a single stable master oscillator.
A feature of this invention is the use of all-electronic switching logic in the supervisory signaling circuit.
Another feature of this invention is that the channel circuit operates at fixed gain during call set-up and at controlled gain while the data message is being transmitted.
Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description and the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a data trunking system ular embodiment of this invention;`
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a carrier supply circuit useful in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a channel circuit according to this invention; i l
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a supervisory signaling channel circuit according to this invention;
FIG. 6 is a detailed block diagram of a representative embodiment of a supervisory channel multiplexer circuit useful in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 7V is a detailed block diagram of a representative embodiment of a supervisory channel demultiplexer circuit useful in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 8 is a waveform diagram which is helpful in understanding the operation of the supervisory channel multiplexer shown in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram which is helpful in understanding the operation of the supervisory channel demultiplexer shown in FIG. 7.
The overall arrangement of a data trunking system according to this invention is shown in FIG. 1. On the left are a plurality of leads 10 separately designated Trunk 1 through Trunk 6. Each of these trunks is assumed capable of handling a data call on a two-way full duplex basis by virtue of the fact that the data signal for each direction of transmission is confined to narrow frequency band subchannels centered about spaced subcarriers within the voice frequency band. Central oii'ice switching equipment is also assumed to be located to the left side of this figure of the drawing. Also associated with each truuk circuit are the normal signaling leads. Shown here, for example, are the M leads for outgoing supervisory signaling and E leads 16 for incoming supervisory signaling.
This invention provides novel means for the transmission of data and supervisory signals from one toll central otice represented by the indicated trunk circuits to another similar toll central oice over existing four-wire voice `transmission facilities at maximum efficiency from the standpoint of data messages per voice circuit. In furtherance of this purpose FIG. 1 indicates a separate channel circuit, such as, block 11 for individual Trunk Circuit 1 and block 13 for individual Trunk Circuit 6, for each trunk circuit. Each channel circuit has a twowire trunk connection 1t) on the left and four-wire connections and 21 on the right. These circuits are capable of two-way duplex frequency-shift transmission of binary data signals. Each channel circuit differs from the others in being assigned a unique channel frequency. The frequency of the signals appearing on lines 20 and 21 for each channel circuit are determined by the frequencies supplied on leads such as leads generally designated 17 and 1S for channel circuits 11 and 13, respectively, from carrier supply circuit 12.
By way of specific example each trunk circuit 10, when originating a data call, transmits a frequency-shift signal centered at 1170 cycles per second and responds to an incoming frequency-shift signal centered at 2125 cycles per second. The terminating trunk circuit at a distant central office represented in FIG. 1 by trunk circuits 24 receives frequency-shift data signals centered at 2125 cycles per second and transmits answering frequency-shift data signals centered at 1170 cycles per second. The frequency shift in each instance is plus or minus 100 cycles per second from the stated nominal subcarrier frequencies.
This data trunking system operates compatibly with data sets described in the joint patent application of T. L. Doktor, G. Parker, L. A. Weber and H. M. Zydney, Serial No. 141,672, iiled September 29, 1961, now Patent No. 3,113,176. These data sets, located on a business s ubscribers premises, originate calls on 1170 cycles and receive on 2125 cycles.
inasmuch as the line circuits to the right of the channel circuits are four-wire and .the trunk circuits are twowire a standard four-wire terminating network is included within the channel circuit.
The same line frequencies are assigned to each channel regardless of the direction of transmission. Therefore, two frequencies are supplied to each channel circuit as indicated by double leads 17 and 18 to effect the frequency translation between the assigned line frequencies and the trunk frequencies. These double leads are interchanged within the channel circuit under the control of another signaling lead (not shown) from the trunk circuits depending on whether the particular channel is originating or terminating at the terminal shown in FIG. 1.
In addition to the six data channel circuits indicated as making up a data trunking terminal according to this invention, a time-division supervisory circuit 14 is also shown in FIG. 1. This circuit operates to generate in the outgoing direction a frequency-shift data train constructed from periodic samples taken from M-leads 15 associated with each trunk circuit 10. In the incoming direction a frequency-shift data train is demodulated to baseband form and the condition of each time slot is relayed to each E-lead 16 as an indication to each trunk circuit 10 of the line status of the respective distant trunk circuit 24.A The line side of supervisory signaling circuit 14 is connected to lines 20 and 21 as are the line sides of channel circuits 11 and 13. Supervisory circuit 14 is synchronized from frequencies generated in carrier supply circuit 12 over paths not shown in FIG. l.
Frequency-division line circuit 22 forms the final link between the channel and supervisory circuits and the four-wire line 23. This circuit combines all the channel frequencies and provides the proper impedance match and transmitting level to the voice circuit 23. At the far-end of four-wire line 23 is a duplicate trunking system represented by block 19.
FIG. 2 summarizes the frequency allocations of a practical illustrative data trunking terminal according to this invention. The frequencies used in the system extend from about 315 to 5252.5 cycles per second. On line 26 are shown the frequencies associated with each trunk circuit 10. The nominal subcarrier frequency for originating data calls is 1170 cycles per second and the corresponding frequency for terminating calls is 2125 cycles per second. The black bar associated with each subcarrier frequency extends cycles on either side of the nominal subcarrier. Thus, a single voice-frequency band can handle a two-way duplex or data call on each trunk circuit with ample guard frequency space.
On line 27 of FIG. 2 are shown the line frequencies allocated to each half ofthe four-wire transmission circuit 23 of FIG. 1. Channels 1 through 6 are assigned nominal center frequencies extending from 740 cycles per second and every 477.5 cycles per second thereafter .to 3127.5 cycles per second. Each channel occupies a useful bandwidth of plus and minus 100 cycles about the nominal subcarrier frequency as indicated by the black bars. The white space remaining is for guard space to avoid interchannel crosstalk at the maximum contemplated bit rate of per second. Only the 350-cycleper-second nominal subcarrier frequency for the supervrsory channel is not separated by the same frequency difference from .the lowest data channel carrier as the data channel carriers are themselves. This last frequency is generated directly in supervisory channel circuit 14.
The channel subcarrier frequencies are derived by intermodulating the trunk frequencies with selected frequencies from carrier supply circuit 12. Eight carrier frequencies only are required to effect the frequency translations for all six data channels between trunk and channel frequencies. The six supply frequencies shown above the bar graph on line 25 are used in the successive channel circuits Ito translate from the terminating trunk frequency, 2125 cycles per second, to the respective channel subcarrier frequencies. Similarly, the six supply frequencies shown below the bar graph on line 25 are used in the successive channel circuits to translate from the originating trunk frequency, 1170 cycles per second, to the respective channel subcarrier frequencies. I-t is apparent that four frequencies shown above the line are identical to four shown below the line and therefore a total of eight carrier supply frequencies suffice to handle six channel circuits. Low-pass filters are provided in both the modulator and demodulator sections of the channel circuits so that only one sideband is transmitted in each channel.
The following table lists the channel frequencies and the modulating carrier frequencies required for each transmission direction, The frequencies marked lower are applied to .the modulator section and those marked uppen to the demodulator section when the associated trunk circuit is originating data calls. The reverse arrangement is used when the particular trunk circuit is at the terminating end of a connection.
Carrier supply circuit 'Ihe carrier supply circuit shown in block diagram form in FIG. 3 is a convenient embodiment for impleinenting block 12 in FIG. 1. The purpose of the carrier supply circuit is to generate and distribute the eight carrier frequencies needed for modulation and demodulation in each channel circuit (blocks 11 and 13 in FIG. 1) and to provide two clock frequencies to the supervisory signaling circuit (block 14 in FIG. l). This circuit functions on an analog to digital to analog basis to generate the required frequencies from one crystal controlled oscillator.
The carrier supply circuit comprises a master sinusoidal oscillator 3i); a squaring circuit 31; an eight-to-one, threestage binary countdown circuit; a pulse Shaper 33; and a plurality of filters 35, each sharply tuned to a particular harmonic of the fundamental pulse Shaper output.
The operation of the carrier supply circuit depends on the stability of oscillator 30, which is preferably crystalcontrolled to be free-running at 3820 cycles per second. The sinusoidal o-ut-put of oscillator is converted to a symmetrical square wave by squaring circuit 31. The latter may comprise an overdriven amplifier followed by a one-shot multivibrator with a carefully controlled timeconstant equal to half the period of a cycle of the oscillator output wave in order to insure the generation of a symmetrical square wave. The output of squaring circuit 31 drives a binary counter circuit 32, which includes three bistable countdown stages in tandem. Thus, the output frequency of the countdown circuit is 477.5 cycles per second. Pulse shaper 33 follows countdown circuit 32 and forms sharp pulses at the last-mentioned frequency. The shaper may readily be comprised of another one-shot multivibrator or monopulser, but having a very short time constant. The sharper the pulses, as is well known, the richer the harmonics. The output of pulse shaper 33 is applied on lead 34 to a plurality of sharply selective filters, generally designated 35, each t-uned to a particular harmonic of 477.5 cycles per second, specifically the fourth through the eleventh. Each lof these frequencies is available on one of the output leads 36 for application to the appropriate channel circuit as shown in Table I.
In addition, the 3820-cycle ouput from squarer 31 and the 477.5-cycle output from Shaper 33 are made available to supervisory signaling circuit 14 as shown.
In a practical trunking system duplicate carrier supply circuits may be conveniently provided so that the system may be shifted from one supply to the other in case of a trouble condition in one of them. Also, a single carrier supply circuit may readily handle more than one set of channel circuits in the same central ofiice.
Channel circuits According to the frequency allocation of the particular embodiment of the invention being described in detail, six channel circuits can be used with a single four-wire voice transmission facility. Each of these channel circuits is id-ent-ical except for the passband of filters associated with modulators and demodulators therein and the carrier supply frequencies applied thereto. FIG. 4 shows a representative arrangement for a channel circuit.
A channel circuit comprises a modulator section and a demodulator section both connected to a trunk circuit 10 over a two-wire path designated 40. A four-wire terminating set 44 provides effective isolation between modulator and demodulator sections in a conventional manner.
The modulator branch at the top of FIG. 4 comprises a limiter 45, modulator 46, a low-pass filter 47, an automatic gain controlled amplifier 49 including amplifier 49, losser 48, losser control 50 and gate 51 and a transmitt-ing filter 52. The modulator translates an outgoing data signal from trunk circuit 10 to a particular assigned channel frequency on the outgoing portion of four-wire line 23.
The demodulator branch along the bottom of FIG. 4 comprises a receiving filter 53, a demodulator 54, a lowpass filter 55, and an amplifier 56.
The demodulator translates the incoming line signal on the incoming portion of four-wire line 23 from the assigned channel frequency to the baseband frequency on trunk circuit 10.
The trunk side of the channel circuit includes a switched attenuator represented by resistor 42. A pair of normally open make relay contacts K1-1 connected in shunt of the attenuator is controlled by a relay K1 operated in turn from a lead OG (outgoing) from the trunk circuit. This same relay controls the connections through its transfer contacts K1-2 and K1-3 of the modulator 46 and demodulator 54 to the respective upper and lower carrier frequencies from the carrier supply circuit. The attenuator is provided to compensate for the difference in power between the 1170- and 2125-cycle data signals from the trunk circuit. When the trunk circuit under consideration is originating a call, a ground is placed on the OG lead to operate -relay K1, thereby removing the attenuator 42 from the circuit. At this time the outgoing trunk frequency is 1170 cycles and the incoming trunk frequency is 2125 cycles. The level of the two trunk frequencies is thus equalized. At the same time transfer contacts K1-2 and K1-3 oper-ate to connect the upper carrier frequency to the demodulator and the lower ca-rrier frequency to the modulator. If the call is not being originated at the terminal being considered, the outgoing frequency is 2125 cycles and the relay is unoperated, thereby interchanging the carrier supply frequencies to the modulator and demodul-ator and attenuating the 1170- cycle signal entering the trunk circuit.
In the modulator branch outgoing signals are limited in a conventional limiter 45 to prevent signals of excessive amplitude from being applied to modulator 46. Modulator 46 is conveniently a balanced switch-type modulator for translation to the line frequency of the particu-lar assigned channel in accordance with Table I. T'he resultant line frequency is the difference between the car- -rier supply frequency applied through the K1 contacts and the trunk frequency. The modulator output is applied to filter 47 which passes only the lower sideband of the modulation process. This lower sideband signal is incident on an automatic-gain-controlled amplifier, including losser 48, amplifier proper 49 and losser control 50. Losser 4S and losser control-50 may be a shunt diode network with a variable bias related to the output level of amplifier 49' of the type disclosed in B. J. Morrison United States Patent No. 2,228,866, granted January 14, 1941. Regulation is provided only when the input signal exceeds a predetermined minimum. The control is suitably of the backward-acting type as shown, which develops a direct current for regulating the losser diode impedance.
Coincidence or AND-gate 51 which interconnects losser control 50 and losser 48 is provided for the purpose of inhibiting automatic gain control action during the call set-up interval so that signaling tones are delivered at maximum amplitude. Signals from the supervisory circuit as explained more fully hereinafter appear on the leads marked CM and CE. Lead CM furnishes an enabling input when the calling end of the trunk goes offhook. Similarly, lead CE furnishes an enabling input when the called end of the trunk goes off-hook. Only when both CM and CE leads are enabled can the automatic gain control operate. During call-progress signaling, therefore, amplifier 49 operates at maximum gain unregulated. During the message interval, however, the gain is regulated.
The output of amplifier 49 connects to the common channel circuit output line through transmitting filter 52 in a conventional manner.
In the demodulator branch incoming signals from the toll transmitting facility at the assigned channel frequency are admitted to demodulator proper 54 through bandpass filter 53. The received data signal is translated to baseband (trunk-circuit) frequency according to whether the trunk circuit is in the terminating or originating mode as previously discussed. The demodulating carrier frequency applied is determined by the position of contacts K12 and K1-3 of relay K1 controlled from the trunk circuit. The demodulator proper may be of the same switching type employed in the modulator. The lower sideband of the demodulator output is selected in low-pass filter 55 and applied to four-wire terminating set 44 through fixed-gain amplifier 56. The recovered baseband signal is delivered to the trunk circuit over line 40.
Modulator 46 and demodulator 54 may conveniently be transistorized for minimum space occupancy.
All channel circuits are identical except for filters 47 and 52 in the modulator branch and filters 53 and 55 in the demodulating branch. These are selected according to the requirements of Table I.
S upervsory signaling circuit The purpose of the supervisory signaling circuit is to provide two-Way supervisory signaling information for up to six message channel circuits over a narrow frequency band on the same voice transmission facility. In the outgoing direction the switchhook states from the associated trunk circuits are sampled and time-division multiplexed to form a binary data train which controls a frequencyshift modulator. In the incoming direction the frequencyshift keyed signal is demodulated to form a binary data train from which synchronism is recovered, switchhook states are extracted and passed on to the appropriate trunk circuits. In addition, a time slot is reserved for exchanging trouble information between terminals so that in case of loss of signal, carrier or synchronism all trunks can be marked busy.
FIG. is an overall block diagram of the supervisory signaling circuit according to this invention. The outgoing multiplexing branch is essentially independent of the incoming demultiplexing branch, but each branch is required at each terminal of the transmission facility for two-way signaling.
The multiplexing branch comprises multiplexer proper 60 for sequentially scanning trunk circuit conditions on leads M-l through M-6 in the several trunk circuits and for forming a binary pulse train therefrom, modulator 61 for forming a frequency-shift signal pattern from the binary pulse train about a carrier-frequency centered in the low end of the voice-frequency band, and transmitting low-pass filter 62. The timing of multiplexer 69 is obtained as indicated from a 477.5-cycle square wave from the carrier supply circuit diagrammed in FIG. 3. Multiplexer 6% also supplies signals on leads CM-l through CM-6 at a different clamping level to the channel circuits to help determine the operating mode of the automatic gain control circuits in the modulating branches of the channel circuits. Modulator 61 generates a frequencyshift signal centered on a 350-cycle carrier wave having a swing of plus and minus 35 cycles. The carrier wave frequency is self-generated in modulator 61 and is preferably non-harmonically related to any of the channel frequencies. Filter 62 connects to the voice-transmission facility as indicated in FIG. l. The modulator may be constructed according to conventional techniques.
The demultiplexing branch comprises receiving lowpass filter connected to the voice-transmission facility 23, demodulator 64 for forming a binary pulse train and demultiplexer 63 for sampling the binary pulse train under the clocking control of the carrier supply circuit and distributing these samples to the several trunk circuits. Dernodulator 64 responds to frequency-shift signals with a center-frequency of 350 cycles and a deviation of plus and minus 35 cycles in a conventional manner. The output is a two-level binary signal train. Demultiplexer 63 derives switchhook information from the signal train and presents it to the trunk circuits on leads E-l through E-6. Corresponding signals on leads CE-l through CIE-6 at a different clamping level help to enable the automatic gain control amplifiers in the channel circuits. These leads indicate the switchhoolc status of the far-end trunk circuits. The demultiplexer in addition derives bit synchronization and framing information from the signal train.
FIG. 6 depicts multiplexer 60 in more detail. The multiplexer is essentially a clock-controlled parallel-toserial converter in the illustrative embodiment. The circuit is adaptable to implementation by so-called NOR-` logic circuits.
Bistable binary countdown circuits, coincidence gates and a buffer gate are shown in FIG. 6. The binaries have complementary outputs designated by primed and unprimed capital letters. When there is a positive or one output on one lead there is a negative or Zero output on the other lead. Repeated inputs of the same polarity cause the outputs to alternate states. Binaries can also be arranged with two input points called set and resetf An input signal applied to either of these input points causes a particular corresponding output state to be assumed instead of the opposite state. The coincidence gates, represented by semicircles, produce an output signal only when all inputs are simultaneously activated. A buffer gate, on the other hand, produces an output when any input is activated, but it prevents interactions among the several inputs.
Multiplexer The representative embodiment of a multiplexer for the supervisory signaling circuit shown in FIG. 6 cornprises a countdown-by-ve circuit operating from a 477.5-cycle source in the carrier supply circuit; a time-slot memory circuit including binary cells 72 through 74, an inhibiting binary cell 76 and a framing-rate binary 75; steering gates 77 through 85; and buffer gate 87. Countdown circuit 70 might include three binary stages normally counting down by eight from the 477.5-cycle input square wave, but having a prematurely triggering feedback from the output stage to the first two stages, thereby resulting in a countdown of five.V The output at 95.5
cycles provides a timing pulse for the serial pulse train to be generated by the multiplexer. A dierentiator can be used inthe output of the countdown circuit to produce sharp output pulses.
FIG. 8 is a Waveform diagram of interest in connection 5 with the multiplexer of FIG. 6. The top line shows the pulse output from countdown 70. The interval between pulses constitutes a bit interval of about 10.5 milliseconds duration in the pulse train. Nine intervals constitute a frame within which a two-bit start sequence, an optional trouble pulse and a supervisory signal pulse for each of six channel circuits are contained.
The output of countdown 70 drives the three binary stages 72 through 74 to divide the 95.5-cycle pulse rate by eight. The direct and complementary outputs of each of these binaries, also marked A, B and C, are made separately available. An auxiliary binary cell 76, also marked N, is set once every counting cycle by the C output of binary 74. The N' output of binary N normally enables coincidence gate 71 in series with the input to binary A. As soon as binary N is set, however, output N' disappears and one pulse from countdown 70 to binary A is blocked. The resetting input to binary N is connected to its own unprimed output through coincidence gate 86, which has an enabling input connected to the output of countdown 7 0. Therefore, the trailing edge of the pulse suppressed from the input of binary A causes the resetting of binary N.
The input to binary A is shown on the second line of FIG. 8. One pulse is seen to be suppressed every frame. The polarity inversion shown occurs in AND-gate 71. The unprimed outputs of binaries A, B and C are shown on the next three lines of F IG. 8.
An additional binary 75, also designated D, is driven by binary C and produces a change of state once per frame. The output of this binary controls the start sequence in the pulse train.
Steering gates 77 through 85 are connected respectively to .the leads M1 through M6, to binary D (S1 and S2) and to a trouble lead T, if used. By means of combinational logic the several primed and unprimed outputs of binaries A through C enable each of the gates in sequence during each frame. The following Table II shows the enabling inputs to the several steering gates from the timeslot memory binary counters 72 through 76.
TABLE II Time Slot Memory Outputs Gates A comparison of Table II above with the waveforms of FIG. 8 clearly shows that each steering gate is enabled during only one time slot per frame. For example, in the M1 time slot, the time interval in which lead M1 is sampled occurs when binary 9 output is down and the complement of the outputs of binaries B and C are down, i.e., all of the same polarity. Similarly, the other time slots can be derived. The ultimate output of the steering gates depends on the condition of the M1 through M6 leads. An arbitrary, but representative, output pulse train in non-return-to-zero form is shown on the last line of FIG. 8. The time slots, or sampling intervals, occur between the vertical dotted lines. The pulse train could indicated that trunks 1 through 3 are on-hook during two successive frames and trunks 4 through 6 are olf-hook 10 during two successive frames. Each frame is approximately 94.3 milliseconds long. Thus, each trunk signaling lead is examined nearly eleven times a second.
The generation of the start sequence S1-S2 depends on the output of binary D which cycles once every other frame. Thus, the start sequence alternates from frame to frame with transitions of opposite polarity as shown. This arrangement is used for frame synchronization recovery in the demultplexer. y
Steering gate 85, also marked T, is indicated as sending a trouble indication to the far-end trunk circuit. The source of the trouble indication is not shown. The farend trunk may use a timer and `if the trouble condition persists for some minimum time, such as three seconds, may mark all incoming signals as on-hock and open all connections. The inclusion of this time slot in the assumed train is for the purpose of illustrating that other information besides switchhook status can be conveyed by the supervisory signaling system.
Finally, all the individual steering gate outputs are fed serial-fashion through buffer gate 87 to the modulator. The latter is not shown in detail because there are many well known frequency-shift keyed oscillators which can perform this function.
Demultplexer The pulse train generated in the multiplexer just described and transmitted as a frequency-shift signal by the modulator is received at the opposite terminal and is 'demodulated in a demodulator of known construction, details of which form no part of this invention. The demodulated pulse train is delivered to a demultiplexer, the detailed block diagram of which is shown fin FIG. 7.
The demultiplexer receives from the demodulator `a pulse train from which can be derived framing reference, switchhook status of the far-end trunk circuits, and optionally the trouble status of the far-end supervisory circuit. The switchhook states are delivered to the six connecting trunk circuits on leads E1 through E6.
In order for the demultiplexe v determine which time slot in the pulse train has the requisite information, framing and bi-t synchronization information must be recovered. Therefore, a local clock must be synchronized with the start sequence pulses in the data train. For this reason a major portion of the demultiplexer is devoted to synchronization recovery.
The demultiplexer shown in FIG. 7 comprises a countdown-by-forty circuit 96 driven by a local 3820-cycle clock signal from which a 95.5-cycle bit rate signal is derived; `a further three-s-tage countdown circuit including binaries 97, 98 and 99 from which the frame rate is derived; a start-stop logic circuit controlled by the start sequence in the -pulse train including monopulsers 100, 101, 102 and 106, and flip-flops 105, 110 and 113; steering coincidence gates 114 through 125; and output registers 126 through 131.
The :local carrier supply furnishes a 3820-cycle square Wave through coincidence or AND-gate to countdown circuit 96. The latter circuit provides Ia countdown by forty to the bit-rate frequency of the signal train. The large countdown ratio permits synchronization at any one of forty subdivisions within a bit interval. AND-gate 95 can be opened and closed by the logic circuitry later described to start counting down in phase with a start sequence in the incoming pulse train.
Since the frame rate is one-ninth the bit rate, a divideby-nine counter would seem to be required. However, a divide-by-eight counter is fused here instead and stopped for one bit interval in each frame. During the stop interval the pulse train is examined for the presence of a start sequence. The steering memory comprises binary counters 97, 98 yand 99, also designated A, B and C. These Iare ydriven in tandem from the 95 .5-cycle output of counter 96. An output from each of these binaries is taken and applied to coincidence AND-gate 132 which drives a monostable flip-flop or monopulser 100, also designated P, once every frame. AND-gate 132 produces an output only on the eighth count and triggers monopulser P, which generates a narrow pulse of predetermined length. The -leading edge of this pulse resets flipliop 110, also designated G. The G output of 'this ipflop normally enables gate 95 which passes the 3820-cycle square wave from the local oscillator to countdown 96. When flip-flop G is reset, the 3820-cycle Wave is blocked and the steering memory, including binaries A, B and C, ceases its count. Y
The serial pulse train is received in the upper left-hand corner of FIG. 7 and is immediately split into two paths, one of which includes polarity inverter 90. The letter I adjacent lto symbol 90 indicates that this is an inverter and not a .coincidence or buffer gate. The direct and inverted signal data are brought to separate monopulsers 101 and 102, also designated DP and DN (data positive transition and data negative transition) which generate sharp output pulses on every transition in the signal wave. Monopulser 101 produces an output on positivegoing transitions and monopulser 102, on negative-going transitions.
Flip-flop 110 also designated G, is normally set on the next transition in the signal wave, provided it is of the correct polarity. It will be recalled -that the start sequence alternates in polarity from one signal frame to the next. Flip-flop 105, also designated H, is provided to retain a memory of the ypolarity of the last transition. This tlip-flop controls the setting of flip-flop G. Flipop H has three inputs, a complementing input controlled by the output of monopulser P, at the end of each frame a setting input controlle-d by positive-going transitions in the signal wave, and a resetting input controlled by negative-going transitions in the signal wave. The latter inputs -are blocked except during a hunting sequence following loss of synchronization. The H output of ip-op H in :conjunction with a negative-going transition in the signal train sets flip-flop G.V The H' output in conjunction with a positive-going transition also can set flip-flop G.
An additional safeguard is incorporated in this logic control circuit. Monopulser 106, also designated T, is triggered by the trailing edge of the P pulse and generates an output pulse one bit interval in duration. Output T is inverted in inverter 111 and is applied alike to coincidence gates 107 and 108, whose inputs also include the respective H and H signals as well as the signal-transition outputs DP and DN of monop-ulsers 101 and 102. The outputs of gates 107 and 108 are combined in buffer gate 109 leading to the set input of Hip-flop G. The result of this safeguard is that ip-flop G can be set only by la signal-wave transition occurring within one-bit interval after flip-flop G has blocked the counting of the steering memory, without permitting the generation of a loss-of-synchronization signal.
On the other hand, flip-op H will enable gates 107 and 108 only if its outputs are in phase with the signal transition.
In the event that the signal-wave transition is not present or is of the wrong polarity, flip-flop 113, also designated K, is provided to generate an out-of-synchronization signal. Flip-flop K normally remains in the reset condition because its reset input is connected through buler gate 112 to the same signals which set ip-op G. The K output existing at this time enables signal input gates 91 and 92 leading yto the signal registers. The K o-utput is of a polarity at the same time to inhibit gates 103 and 104 controlling the set and reset inputs of flip-flop H.
Flip-flop K is set, however, at the end of the T pulse through coincidence gate 133 if the G liip-op has not been returned to the set state by the occurrence of a start-sequence transition in the signal train.
FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram explanatory of the operation of the synchronization recovery system of the demultiplexer. On the first line is shown a representative data train similar to that generated in the multiplexer and shown on the last line of FIG. 8. However, it is assumed that a start-sequence S1-S2 was obliterated in transmission and it is necessary to hunt for the next correct transition. Binary A normally generates four cycles of a square wave from the 95.5-cycle wave at the output of countdown 96, followed by the suppression of one-half cycle due to the operation of nip-kop G. Binaries B and C count down successively from the output of binary A as shown in lines 3 and 4 of FIG. 9. With each complete count to eight, the pulse P is generated as shown on line 5. This pulse in turn drives the T monopulser t0 produce a sampling wave at the time the start-sequence should occur as shown on line 6. Flip-dop G is reset by each P pulse and should return to the set condition during the T pulse if a start sequence occurs in the correct phase. It' the G iiip-tlop is not set by the end of the T pulse, then liip-op K is set as shown on the third last line of FIG. 9. Flip-Hop H normally changes state with each P pulse except when synchronism is lost as is indicated by the setting of the K flip-flop.
In FIG. 9 at the left on the first line a start-sequence (shown by dotted outline) should have occurred during the T-pulse interval but did not due to noise on the transmission facility, for example. Therefore, flip-flop K is set. No more data is delivered to the register, but the outputs of monopulsers DP and DN are fed to the set and reset inputs of ip-tlop H through gates 103 and 104, previously inhibited. Now, a DP pulse derived from a positive transition in the data train sets the H flip-Hop, and a DN pulse derived from a negative transition in the data train resets it. Because of buffer gate 134 between the outputs of gates 103 and 104 and butter gate 109, either a DN or a DP pulse sets the G flip-flop. Gates 103 and 104 are enabled only for the duration of the P pulse after a frame-counting sequence as is obvious from an examination of FIG. 7.
The next transition occurs at vertical dotted line Q, corresponding to a signal transition between the T and M1 bit intervals. Obviously this is not a start transition, but the logic circuit tests it by enabling gate to trigger countdown 96. The steering memory counts to eight and generates a P pulse, followed by a T pulse. Flip-flop G is reset. Output H has reversed polarity but the signal transition is still negative going. Thus, ip-op G is not returned to the set condition until time R, when a positive-going transition occurs in the data wave. The counter counts again to eight. P and T pulses are generated at time S. Flip-op H changes state and flip-Hop G is reset. The transition here is the same as at time R. Therefore, Hip-flop G is not returned to the set state and flip-iiop K remains set. The next transition occurs at time T and is a true negative-going start transition. The counting proceeds until time V at which a positivegoing transition occurs. It therefore agrees in polarity wth the output of the H flip-Hop. Both G and K ip-ops are set and data distribution returns to normal. At times V and W the start signals occur normally at the correct polarity and ip-op K remains reset.
In the absence of any synchronization troubles the direct and inverted signal data pulses are incident on coincidence gates 91 and 92. These gates are enabled when the K flip-flop is reset and during a sampling interval determined by the output of monopulser 94, which generates a fixed-duration pulse during each bit interval determined by the output of countdown circuit 96. The sampled data are distributed to the E-leads through registers, which are merely bistable circuits having set and reset inputs. For convenience the registers may control reed relays so that a ground or battery potential is available on the E-leads. The set and reset outputs of gates 91 and 92 are steered to the set (S) and reset (R) inputs of registers 126 through 131 through gates 114 through 125. These gates are paired for each register and the pairs are enabled in sequence by outputs of binaries A,
13 B and C. The following Table III lists the inputs to the steering gates:
TABLE III Gates With this chart and FIG. 9 it can readily be seen that one and only one register is connected through one and only one pair of steering gates to the data input point during a given time slot. Depending on the state of the bit the register is either set or reset during the appropriate time slot. The steering gates, steering memory and registers effectively form a serial-to-parallel converter.
While this invention has been described in terms of a Specific illustrative embodiment, anyone skilled in the art to which it relates will realize that there are numerous modifications that may be made Without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
For example, the channel circuits provided in accordance with this invention are not restricted to the transmission of message traffic. Dialing, ringing, busy and reorder signals can also be transmitted in these narrow-band channels by appropriate terminal equipment. In a copending patent applification, filed of even date herewith in the joint names of L. T. Anderson, I. Dorros, I. C. Ewin, L. J. Gitten, Q. D. Groves and I. R. Harris and bearing Serial No. 248,128, a dial pulsing system compatible with the narrow channel bandwidths of this invention is disclosed.
What is claimed is:
1. A multichannel data transmission system comprising a plurality of data trunking circuits, each presenting a separate switchhook appearance,
a voice-band transmission facility,
means for deriving from said transmission facility a plurality of adjacent narrow-band message channels, one for each of said data trunking circuits, means for translating the data on each of said trunking circuits to the individual message channels formed by said deriving means,
means for sampling the switchhook appearances of said trunking circuits in time sequence to form a supervisory signal pulse train,
means for further deriving from said transmission facility a narrow-band supervisory signal channel adjacent to said plurality of message channels, and
-means for modulating the signal pulse train from said sampling means onto said supervisory signal channel.
2.In a communication system the combination of a plurality of frequency-division multiplex channels,
a time-division multiplex channel adjacent said frequency-division channels,
la plurality of message-carrying trunk circuits each of which presents an appropriate switchhook appearance,
means for modulating the messages from each of said trunk circuits onto a different one of said frequencydivision channels,
means for sequentially sampling the switchhook appearances of each of said trunk circuits to obtain a series of signals representing the switchhook status of all said trunk circuits,
means for modulating said series of signals on said time-division channel,
a voice-transmission facility, and
means for combining the intelligence on said frequencydivision and time-division channels into one composite signal for transmission over said facility.
3. In a communication system, the combination with a two-way, four-wire voice band transmission facility comprising,
a first and second plurality of trunk circuits at the respective ends of said transmission facility each capable of carrying independent data messages and each presenting appropriate switchhook appearances,
means for deriving a plurality of narrow-band frequency-multiplex channels on each half of said fourwire facility for messages between said first and second plurality of trunks, each half of said facility being restricted to transmission in a particular direction,
means at each end of said facility for sampling the switchhook appearances of said first and second plurality of trunks and forming trains of pulses representing said appearances, and
means for time-division multiplexing said trains of pulses onto an additional channel on each half of said four-wire facilty adjacent to said narrow-band frequency multiplex channels.
4. In a communication system,
the combination with a two-way, four-wire voice band transmission facility having originating and terminating ends comprising a first and second plurality of trunk circuits located at the respective originating and terminating ends of said facility, each of said trunk circuits `being capable of carrying independent data messages and each presenting appropriate switchhook appearances,
first modulating means at the originating end of said facility for frequency-multiplexing the messages from said first plurality of trunk circuits onto individual adjacent narrow-band channels providedby one-half of said four-wire facility,
second modulating means at the terminating end of said facility for frequency-multiplexing the messages from said second plurality of trunk circuits onto individual adjacent narrow-band channels provided by the other half of said four-wire facility,
first demodulating means at the originating end of said facility for frequency-demultiplexing messages on the individual channels-of the other half 0f said four-wire facility to said first plurality of trunk circuits,
second demodulating. means at the terminating end of said facility for frequency-demultiplexing messages on the individual channels of the 4one-half of said four-wire facility to said second plurality of trunk= circuits,
first sampling means at the originating end of said facility for forming a train of signals indicating sequentially the switchhook states of each of said first plurality of trunks, A
second sampling means at the terminating end of said facility for forming a train of pulses indicating sequentially the switchhook states of each of said second plurality of trunks,
first means at the originating end of said facility for time-division multiplexing the train of signals from said first sampling means onto a channel of one-half of said four-wire facility adjacent to the narrowband message channels thereon,
second means at the'terminating end of said facility for the time-division multiplexing the train of signals from said second sampling means onto a channel of the other half of said four-wire facility adjacent to the narrow-band message channels thereon,
first means at the originating end of said facility for demultiplexing the ti-me-divided signal train on the one-half of said four-wire facility to each of said first plurality of trunk circuits, and
second means at the terminating end of said facility for demultiplexing the time-divided signal train on the lating means to determine the frequency separation otv said adjacent narrow-band channels.
6. The communication system according to claim in which said carrier generating circuit comprises a stable master oscillator having a singlefrequency out- Put,
a frequency-dividing countdown circuit connected to the output of said oscillator and having an output at Ia predetermined subharmonic of said single frequency,
pulse-shaping means operating on the output of said countdown circuit for forming sharp spikes at said subharmonic frequency, said spikes being rich in harmonic frequency components, and
a plurality of sharply tuned bandpass filters resonant at selected ones of said harmonic frequencies and having said sharp spikes incident thereon.
7. The communication system according to claim 4 in which said first and second modulating means each comprise a plurality of individual balanced modulators connected one to each individual trunk circuit for translating the data message from a base frequency level on said trunk circuit to that of an assigned message channel in said transmitting facility,
a plurality of low-pass filters for transmitting one only of the sidebands generated in each of said modulators, and
a plurality of gain-controlled amplifiers for the sideband transmitted by each of said filters.
8. The communication system according to claim 4 in which said first and second demodulating means comprise a plurality of bandpass filters one for each narrow band center-channel :frequency occurring on said transmission facility,
a plurality of balanced modulators each connected to one of the plurality of bandpass filters for translating the data message on each of said channels from the assigned channel frequency to the frequency on said trunk circuit, and
a plurality of low-pass filters for suppressing one of the sidebands generated in each of said modulators.
9. The communication system of claim 4- in which each of said first and second sampling means comprise a clock source of pulses at the desired sampling rate,
a countdown chain of bistable circuits having outputs at one-half, one-fourth and one-eighth the frequency of an input wave,
an auxiliary bistable circuit controlled by said countdown chain to change its output state once every complete counting cycle thereof,
means responsive to the output state of said auxiliary -bistable circuit for normally connecting said clock source to said countdown chain, but said means being disabled by a change in the output state of said auxiliary bistable circuit,
means under the -joint control of said clock pulse source and the output of said auxiliary circuit for resetting said auxiliary circuit after said converting means has been disabled for a predetermined number of clock pulses,
a plurality of coincidence gates,
a switchhook status signaling lead from each of said trunk circuits, each of said leads being connected to a different one of said coincidence gates,
means for combining the several outputs of said countdown chain on the respective coincidence gates in a logical manner so that the respective gates are enabled in a fixed sequence each counting cycle,
a further bistable circuit driven by said countdown chain to change its state once every counting cycle, the output state of said further bistable circuit controlling a pair of said coincidence gates to provide a starting signal sequence of opposite polarity in successive counting cycles, and
a common output point to which all coincidence gates are connected.
it). The communication system of claim 4 in which said 4first and second demultiplexing means comprise a local clock source operating at several times the frequency of the time-divided signal train,
a chain of said binary countdown circuits each having direct and complementary outputs,
means for recognizing a start signal sequence in the ltime-divided signal train,
Ifirst bistable means controlled by said recognizing means for connecting said clock source to said countdown chain only after a start sequence,
resetting means for said first bistable means operated when said countdown chain completes each counting cycle,
a plurality of bistable register circuits having set and reset input points,
a plurality of coincidence gates controlling the respective inputs of said register circuits,
means for connecting the direct and complementary outputs of said countdown circuits in a predetermined logical order to said coincidence gates to enable the pairs of gates connected to individual registers in fixed sequential order each counting cycle,
an input point for the time-divided signal train,
gating means interconnecting said signal input point and the set and reset input points of said plurality of register circuits, the marking bits in said signal train being directed to said set inputs and the spacing bits, to said reset inputs,
second bistable means operated by said recognition means when no start sequence is detected in said signal train to generate an inhibiting output for blocking all inputs to said register circuits, and
means for connecting said last-mentioned inhibiting output to said gating means.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1964 Saol et al 179-15 1/'1963 Wright et al. 179-155 12/1965 James 179-155
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 1947
|Jan 6, 1953
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Carrier telephone system and supervisory signaling arrangement therefor
|Nov 17, 1961
|Dec 28, 1965
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Time division telephone signaling
|Sep 26, 1957
|Mar 31, 1964
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 8, 1965
|Oct 7, 1969
|Motorola Inc
|Time division multiplex system with prearranged carrier frequency shifts
|Oct 27, 1966
|May 5, 1970
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Coded audio frequency digital transmission system
|Apr 5, 1968
|Feb 16, 1971
|Communications Satellite Corp
|Local routing channel sharing system and method for communications via a satellite relay
|Mar 3, 1969
|Apr 6, 1971
|Bendix Corp
|Communications system with frequency and time division techniques
|Jan 8, 1968
|May 4, 1971
|Vernitron Corp
|Portable computer terminal
|Mar 28, 1969
|Jun 29, 1971
|Lignes Telegraph Telephon
|Signal data transmission device for terminal telephony equipment employing carrier currents
|Dec 9, 1970
|Oct 31, 1972
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Switching voice and data communications simultaneously over a common path
|May 20, 1971
|Feb 27, 1973
|Multiplex out-of-band signaling system
|Oct 13, 1971
|Jul 3, 1973
|Nippon Electric Co
|Signal level supervising system for a pulse code modulation communicating system
|Dec 30, 1971
|Oct 23, 1973
|Clemetron Corp
|Hospital communication system
|Apr 24, 1972
|Mar 4, 1975
|Gen Datacomm Ind Inc
|Method and apparatus for control signaling in fdm system
|Apr 11, 1972
|Mar 25, 1975
|Telescan Communications System
|Simultaneous transmission of a video and an audio signal through an ordinary telephone transmission line
|Sep 5, 1972
|Apr 1, 1975
|I I Communications Inc
|Variable bandwidth voice and data telephone communication system
|Apr 2, 1975
|Oct 26, 1976
|Cselt - Centro Studi E Laboratori Telecomunicazioni
|Inter-office signaling system for telecommunication network
|Aug 4, 1975
|Apr 26, 1977
|Teleplex, Inc.
|Random access, multiple station communication system
|Dec 19, 1978
|Dec 9, 1980
|International Standard Electric Corporation
|Method of and system for transmitting two different messages on a carrier wave over a single transmission channel of predetermined bandwidth
|U.S. Classification
|370/478, 379/108.1, 370/522
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
In a gut-wrenching essay published Tuesday in Lena Dunham's Lenny Letter, best-selling author Jessica Knoll revealed that she was a victim of gang rape as a teenager.
Like Knoll, the Luckiest Girl Alive protagonist grew up in the suburbs, attended a respected private high school, and became a successful editor at a women's magazine after college. They also share a devastating secret—one that Knoll is now making public.
"The first person to tell me I was gang-raped was a therapist, seven years after the fact. The second was my literary agent, five years later, only she wasn't talking about me. She was talking about Ani, the protagonist of my novel, Luckiest Girl Alive, which is a work of fiction," Knoll wrote. "What I've kept to myself, up until today, is that its inspiration is not."
In the New York Times best-seller, Ani is a highly successful writer for the fictional The Women's Magazine and planning a wedding of her dreams. Despite a facade of success, she remains haunted by the sexual assault she experienced as a teen. In describing the horrific act, Knoll penned a scene so harrowing and descriptive that many readers have asked her how she was able to capture such a devastating moment so accurately. In Knoll's Lenny essay, she discloses that she was able to do so by drawing from her own experience.
In the essay, Knoll relives her sexual assault—an incident that occurred when she was just 15-years-old. The author was raped by several male classmates at a party and for many years she was tortured by feelings of confusion, shame, and helplessness. She was derided as a "slut" by other students for the remainder of her time in high school. Even adults in her life denied her support after the incident, and, when visiting a clinic after the incident, Knoll described the exchange she had with the physician treating her, saying: "The doctor, a woman, listened to me describe the events of the evening...and I know that when I asked if what had happened to me was rape she told me she wasn't qualified to answer that question."
Even more heartbreaking, Knoll never spoke openly about what had happened because she feared how people in her hometown would respond.
"I submitted to my assigned narrative. What was the point in raising my voice when all it got me was my own lonely echo?" she wrote. "Like Ani, the only way I knew to survive was to laugh loudly at my rapists' jokes, speak softly to the mean girls, and focus on chiseling my tunnel out of there."
Now, 17 years after her assault, Knoll is opening up and sharing her story, publicly. Glamour spoke to the best-selling novelist about her decision to open up, how public discourse about sexual assault has changed in the years since her attack, and what she hopes other victims of sexual assault can learn from her essay.
Glamour: What has the response to your Lenny essay been like?
Jessica Knoll: It's been completely overwhelming. I anticipated a bit of a response, but I didn't think that I would be parked in front of my computer and my phone since 7 A.M. this morning and still unable to answer everyone who's reached out to me.
__Glamour: You mentioned in the essay a woman that you met at a book event in New Jersey whose emotional response to the rape scene in Luckiest Girl Alive allowed you to share, for the first, something similar to what happened to Ani happened to you. How did this interaction affect you and make you want to share your story with the world? __
JK: That happened either the day of or the day after I had pitched the essay idea to Lenny. They were very supportive and very happy to work with me on it. It just happened that I had this book event and it just happened that someone asked me about it there. I had a moment where I was just going to give my usual B.S. response and I was like, This is what I'm trying to avoid doing. Just say it. Be forthcoming about it for once. And that was the first time I really came clean about how I was able to write that scene so accurately.
Glamour: What was it about Lenny that made you want to share your story?
JK: Lenny Letter was a place where I could speak and say what I had to say. I was able to be open and honest. I felt really comfortable sharing it in that space. They're so supportive of women and women's voices, and I knew that I would be really supported there.
Glamour: Do think victims of sexual assault are becoming more vocal and more open to sharing their stories with the public?
JK: I definitely do. It's part of the reason why I felt [comfortable doing so]. A lot of people tell me, "you're so brave," "you're so courageous," and I'm so grateful for someone to tell me that. It's so amazing to be told that, but I have to give credit where credit is due. I'm able to tell this story because a lot of women before me over the last couple years have stood up and told their own stories. They were the ones who were brave, they were the ones who were courageous first. It was a chain effect for me—one woman sharing her story led to another woman sharing her story. Eventually you get to a place where you're like, if they're doing it, I can do it too. Cases like [the Bill Cosby accusers speaking out] laid the groundwork for me to be able to feel comfortable telling my story.
Glamour: Do you think there is more of an awareness and understanding of sexual assault today than there has been in the past?
JK: A thousand percent, yes. I think it's night and day between what it was 17 years ago and what it is today. We're still not where we need to be but it's been a vast, vast improvement. I can speak to it today—I have maybe gotten one or two negative responses and everything else has been wholeheartedly supportive and full of warmth and love and respect. It far outweighs the naysayers out there.
__Glamour: In your essay you wrote, "If I were the victim of the other horrific crime in my book, I would talk about it openly. I wouldn't pretend like it hadn't happened." Why do you think many victims of sexual assault, unlike other crimes, are so afraid to speak out? __
JK: For me, I tried. I woke up in the morning and was like, This is not OK. Something bad has happened. That was all I could metabolize at that age with my limited understanding of what consent was and what rape was. All I know is that I felt like something very, very wrong had happened to me. I felt very violated. I expressed this to the doctor, I expressed this to my friends, I expressed this to my rapist, and everybody shut me down everywhere I turned.The message I ended up internalizing was, Sorry you feel really shitty but nothing bad happens here [in this town]. You've just got to deal with it now. I was so young I couldn't process what had happened. I knew I felt horrible and I knew it felt wrong to me. I called it rape even but everyone around me said "No, no, you're wrong." I felt like, OK, I guess I'm wrong. Everyone's telling me I'm wrong, I guess I'm wrong.
It really wasn't until I got to college and sought therapy for it that all the pieces started coming together. In college they give seminars about what consent was and how if you're drunk you can't legally consent. We started talking about it more and my initial instincts were right. I was raped. At the time I was completely shut down at every turn and that's why I didn't speak up about it at the time or didn't speak up more than I initially tried to. Because I did try.
Glamour: Do you wish you had pressed charges against your attackers?
JK: That's a difficult thing to think about. It's a double-edged sword. Looking back at the way everyone handled it, I don't regret not pressing charges because I think I would've been completely slaughtered. I don't think even the police would've taken me seriously. If a female doctor at a clinic didn't even take me seriously or didn't take my claims seriously...we know how the police tend to handle most of these claims. I don't think I would have had much of a shot at [a case] coming to fruition. That being said, it does haunt me to think about, well, I'm pretty sure one of these guys is a really bad egg and went on to do this to more women. If it could have stopped him in any way then yes, I wish had done it. I just don't think I would have gotten anywhere with it at the time.
Glamour: After publishing your essay, has anyone from your past reached out in support?
JK: Well, today I've gotten a lot of messages. [Laughs.] I think everyone was really young and people didn't know how to react or to respond to this. Some people did acknowledge that something bad had happened, like the two guys I write about in the essay. And I remember on Monday morning coming in and a girl I wasn't even friends with getting up from her desk and hugging me and asking me if I was OK. I think I even laughed and said, "Of course, I'm fine. What would be wrong?" Meanwhile I was splintered up inside. But yes, today I'm getting really nice messages of support from people from my past.
Glamour: Is there any other message you want to send beyond what you wrote in your essay to young women who have experienced sexual assault?
JK: What I've come to understand and what I've learned in therapy is that not talking about it is what makes it shameful. It's what makes it hard to heal from. That's why I'm talking about it. I don't have anything to be ashamed of—I'm not the one who did something wrong. I hope that other women hear that message and that message resonates with them. They don't have anything to be ashamed of and they're not alone. When I was younger, I felt so very alone and it was the worst feeling in the world. If I had read an essay like this when I was 15 years old, I would have held onto it with all my might. It would have given me so much encouragement at a time when I really needed it.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Title: Double Major; Media Studies, Journalism and Digital Arts and Spanish
My volleyball coach in high school had told us about St. Mike's and my high school, Christ the King, is a partner school so there was an overnight. It was on October 7th – 8th, 2011 and we just came up and I feel in love when I got on campus. I can't say I've turned back.
I did about 15 overnights at different colleges; I definitely wanted to make sure it was the right fit for me. St. Mike's was my first, it was the one that stood out the most and I feel like it set the bar because it was the first; every college I went to I compared it and none of them seemed to have what St. Mike's had.
A lot of inner city kids attend here too, mainly from the Brooklyn/Queens area, and we just kind of found each other, especially in the Center for Multicultural Affairs office. We're always in there laughing, joking and helping each other with homework; that reminds me of home. I'm from Newark so it's always loud and with my friends it's never quiet, so I feel like I'm right at home even though I'm 300 miles away.
This is a few years from now, but I hope to open a center for young women in the inner city from the ages of 7 to 17 to help them obtain their goals; either the academic route, the athletic route or in the arts. That's why I like Admissions because now I know a little bit about what Admissions is looking for in a student. Once I have my center, I'll know how to help the young women become the student a college seeks.
I'm going to be an RA for my 3rd year next year. I was an International Resident Assistant, now I'm with sophomores, next year I'll be back in the Quad Commons once again. I was President of the Martin Luther King Jr. Society my sophomore year. I was the Class Treasurer my first-year and I am the Admissions Overnight Coordinator.
I guess I've enjoyed everything on campus; the overnights are the one thing I've come to love. I love planning them; I love when the prospective students come in and then when they return in the spring as accepted students. I just really love the thinking 'why would this campus be for me?' I just love that the experience; getting texts or emails asking 'hey do you know about this club or do you have this club?' If it's no I'm always like, 'no, but if you come you can start it!' That's my biggest passion on campus, so far.
I'm also applying to be Secretary of MLK!
At my overnight I was able to not only see the academic classes, but I was also able to see the clubs and St. Mike's at night. With the overnight, I feel like St. Mike's is the only overnight that gives you the full perspective of St. Mike's. You get to go to a class, you work with some of the clubs, you get to meet current students and hear why they chose St. Mike's, what they like about St. Mike's and why St. Mike's is there home. It helps bring it all together. My choices were between St. Mike's and Syracuse, and they're completely different. I was thinking of how it would be to have a Syracuse degree, but I don't think the degree is worth four years in a classroom of 200 students when at Saint Michael's the classes have 22 students and the professor knows your name, every time.


text:
Raiders' rookie receiver Denarius Moore was back at practice Wednesday on a limited basis. He missed the past three games with a foot injury. If he doesn't suffer a setback, he may be able to play Sunday against Detroit. However, running back Darren McFadden (foot), and receivers Jacoby Ford (foot) and running back Taiwan Jones (hamstring) did not practice. Yet, Ford and Jones were running on the side, so they could be on their way back soon.
McFadden has been out for seven-plus weeks with no signs of him returning. Raiders coach Hue Jackson has maintained McFadden will be back this season, but timing is running out. You have to wonder if we have seen the end of McFadden in 2011.
In other AFC West news:
In Denver, starting defensive backs Brian Dawkins (neck) and cornerback Andre Goodman (concussion) did not practice Wednesday. Neither player was able to finish the Chicago game. That is not a good sign considering Tom Brady and the Patriots are visiting Denver on Sunday. Also, Denver receiver Eddie Royal was limited in practice after missing the Chicago game with a concussion.
Here's the reaction from Brady when told Wednesday he has a 1-5 record against Denver. It is the only team Brady has a losing record against. "1-5? Man, that's pretty bad. Hopefully we get to 2-5 this week."
Four players from the AFC West (one player from each team) were named to the 26-member USA Football All-Fundamentals Team. The four AFC West players are: Denver's Eric Decker (catching with hands), Kansas City's Tamba Hali (pass rush), Oakland's Shane Lechler (punting mechanics) and San Diego's Eric Weddle safety (footwork in coverage). Former Chiefs executive Carl Peterson and former Chiefs coach Herm Edwards are on the five-person board.
Oakland quarterback Carson Palmer took a dive on ESPN.com's quarterback watch.
Denver linebacker Von Miller remains atop ESPN.com's Rookie Watch.
Former Kansas City coach Todd Haley will join ESPN's Audibles on Thursday night as a guest analyst at 7 p.m. ET. He was fired Monday.
New Kansas City starting quarterback Kyle Orton indicated he is healthy after injuring his finger two weeks ago. If he doesn't suffer a setback, Orton will start Sunday against Green Bay.
Denver quarterback Tim Tebow is third behind Brady and Pittsburgh's Ben Roethlisberger in the fan Pro Bowl vote. The fan voting counts for a third of the voting along with player and coach's votes. The team will be announced Dec. 27. Meanwhile, ESPN2's First Take -- hosted by longtime Tebow supporter Skip Bayless -- will broadcast live from Jackson's Sports Bar in Denver from 10-12 a.m. ET Friday. The public is invited to the free event.


text:
SPAIN: Car output unscathed by plunging domestic sales
Spain's car production this year will match the 2.9m units made in 2007 as rising sales in key markets Germany and France offset falls elsewhere in Europe, a spokesman for manufacturers' federation Anfac told just-auto.
Get full access to all content, just $1 for 30 days
A Message From The Editor
just-auto gives its paid members access to the very best automotive market coverage.
And now there's just-auto plus, our premium membership that gives you exclusive component forecast data, company profiles and extended news coverage - just for premium members.
Today I can offer you 30 days access for $1 - and that includes just-auto plus.
Dave Leggett, editor of just-auto
* plus VAT if applicable
Only on


text:
Monday 11 May 1987
It was Monday, under the sign of Taurus. The US president was Ronald Reagan (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Justin King and Louis Murphy.
In that special week of May people in US were listening to With Or Without You by U2.
In UK Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now by Starship was in the top 5 hits.
La Bamba, directed by Luis Valdez, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1987
while Fine Things by Danielle Steel was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Vreme za pat.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Aaargh! or Genghis Khan.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1987 or at May 11 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 11 May 1987 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last months ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 11 May 1987!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 11 May 1987 ?
- Saint Francis of Girolamo
- Saint Estella
- Holiday of the City of Miskolc (since 1992).
- Saint Odilo of Cluny
- Saint Majolus of Cluny
- Saint James Walworth
- Blessed John Rochester
- Saint Bertilla
- Saint Gengou Gangulphus
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church: Saint Mamertus, first of the Ice Saints
- Roman Empire - Feast of the Lemures (See Larvae).
- Saint Gauthier of Esterp
Famous Birthdays:
- Justin King: American football player.
- Louis Murphy: American football player.
- Monica Rosu: Romanian gymnast.
- Eniko Mihalik: Model.
- Kenneth Schmidt: Movie Actor.
- Albulena Haxhiu: Kosovo jurist and politician
- Monica Roșu: Romanian gymnast
- 1st heart-lung transplant take place (Baltimore)
- Corazon Aquino is elected President in the Philippines.
- First heart-lung transplant takes place (Baltimore, Maryland, USA).
- In Baltimore, Maryland, the first heart-lung transplant takes place. The surgery is performed by Dr. Bruce Reitz of the Stanford University School of Medicine.
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of May 1987 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- U2 - With Or Without You
- Jody Watley - Looking For A New Love
- Cutting Crew - (I Just) Died In Your Arms
- Madonna - La Isla Bonita
- Chris DeBurgh - The Lady In Red
- Bryan Adams - Heat Of The Night
- Fleetwood Mac - Big Love
- Kim Wilde - You Keep Me Hangin' On
- Poison - Talk Dirty To Me
- Atlantic Starr - Always
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 11 May 1987 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in May 1987?
- Time: Inset: Iran-Contra affair.
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.9062
- Time: TIME Magazine Cover: South Africa -- May 4, 1987
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


text:
Farm to School Program
Attention Caregivers: New Roots Charter School offers free meals to all students. All students enrolled at New Roots are eligible to receive a healthy breakfast and lunch at school at no charge to your household.
School lunches have never been so fresh and delicious!
New Roots School is part of a growing Farm to School movement across the country connecting school lunch programs with local farms. Not only do these relationships bring healthy food into the cafeteria, they also help youth see the impact that food systems have on communities.
Allyn Rosenbaum, New Roots Farm to School Coordinator, leads student classes in planning and preparing school lunch with locally-grown produce. Using the farm and kitchen as classrooms, Allyn works with students to create wholesome, satisfying meals — a refreshing departure from the usual cafeteria spread. In addition to understanding the hard work required to sow, harvest, procure, and prepare whole foods, students gain a true appreciation for the creativity that makes a meal richly appetizing and thoroughly nourishing. And school lunch is one of their favorites.
Our Farm to School meals program also integrates the study of agricultural science and hands-on applications at local farms with our community-based learning curriculum. As part of this program, all students have the experience of applying academic studies to field experiences at sustainable farms like West Haven Farm in Ithaca, among other local farms.
West Haven Farm, one of the area's most exemplary small farms, is an important part of the New Roots campus. Located close to downtown, West Haven Farm offers a model for connecting with the earth through farming and farm management. Thanks to the commitment of these local farmers, New Roots students participate regularly in activities at the farm where they get hands-on experience growing some of the food used in daily lunches.
Through the Farm to School meal program, agricultural studies focus on learning where and how to procure foods locally and affordably, and learning to design systems for food processing, storage, and preparation. New Roots students learn about sustainable food systems by being part of one that results in great school meals. This experience gives them a foundation for understanding the critical importance of a vibrant regional food system to our community's health as we enter an era of declining fossil fuel resources.
Local nutritionist Dr. Jennifer Wilkins, Director of the Farm to School program at Cornell University, helped design New Roots' program. Dr. Wilkins is working in partnership with EcoVillage at Ithaca's West Haven Farm and the Center for Local Foods and Farming.
For more information, visit http://farmtoschool.cce.cornell.edu/


text:
AMERICAN HERITAGE - Prolapse album trailer
Tearing through 9 tracks in 33 minutes (3 of them cover songs of Black Flag, Descendents and Girls Against Boys' originals), "Prolapse" by AMERICAN HERITAGE is frantic and vicious, a boisterous collision of mathcore, sludge and noise rock elements. This gem to be out on November 24th through on CD and LP.
We just opened preorders for this upcoming butchery riffs factory :
- LP 12" (two colours available) : http://bit.ly/Zg5Kdm
- CD : http://bit.ly/Zg5Kdm
- Prolapse + Sedentary LP bundle : http://bit.ly/1uMydAK


text:
Melakkoil - Kudumiyanmalai Cave Temple
Main characteristics
|10.4160 N 78.6576 E (possible mistake up to 200 m)
|68 (list of all attractions)
|Hindu shrines, Rock cut architecture
|Art, Architecture, History, Archaeology
|Asia, India, Tamil Nadu, Pudukottai district, 18 km west - north - west from Pudukottai, west from Kudumiyamalai village
|Alternate names:
|the 7th century AD
Popular tourist destination near Pudukottai is the impressive Kudumiyanmalai temple complex. One of the most interesting monuments of the past here is Melakkoil - rock-cut Hindu temple.
Melakkoil is created in the 7th century by Pandyas (Mahendravarma Pallavan) as a single monolith. One of characteristics for Pandyan temple is linga cut out of monolith just like the whole temple.
Melakkoil contains many inscriptions. One inscription is made in the 36th year of the reign of Kulottunga Chola I (1070 - 1118) and records commercial transactions that ensured supplies to the temple.
In the 13th century there was a case when the temple property was put for auction. Temple dancer Thiru-k-kaariyaan Magal Umaiyal Nachiar bought it and transferred back to the temple. She later built Soundaravalli Amman temple next to the cave temple.
Ragunaatharaayath Thondaimaan (1686 -1730) built the outer mandapam of the cave. Interesting detail since this time are sculptures of two seemingly relaxed dwarapalas (guards of the temple) standing at the portal inside the outer mandapam.
Around the 10th century there was built another temple on the other side of hill - Kuduminatha temple. It developed into impressive temple complex with especially impressive monument of architecture - 1,000 pillared mandapam (having "only" 645 pillars).
Close to the temple there are several more exciting monuments of the past.
Above the temple there is bas-relief os Shiva and Parvati sitting on Nandi, flanked by 63 Nayanmars - devotees of Lord Shiva from Tamilnadu. Nayanmars are arranged in long rows in both sides of the family of deities.
To the south from the temple there is famous Music Inscriptions - the 7th century cliff inscription in Sanskrit, treatise about the theory of music left for the benefit of students. Earlier it was considered to be a deed of king Mahendra Pallava, though late studies have shown that inscription is done by King Parama Mageshwaran.
To the south from the temple there is also a stone carving of Ganesh.
See Melakkoil - Kudumiyanmalai Cave Temple on the map of India!
- Confluence of different styles, The Hindu, April 10, 2009. Accessed on May 9, 2010.


text:
- Location:
- Marlboro Township, NJ, USA
- Price:
- No price
- Manufacturer:
- DCI tanks
- Model:
- 325 Gal
- Condition:
- used
- Serial number:
- Stock number:
- 14990
- Category:
- Tanks in United States
- Subcategory:
- Stainless steel
325 gallon closed top pharmaceutical grade stainless steel vertical tank by dci inc. (st. Cloud mn.) serial # 95ph52252. Features 316l construction, internal vacuum and pressure rated, fully shrouded/insulated body, national board rated tank shell (# 3039) for -15" vacuum to 30 psi @ temperature range of -20 to 300 degrees f, dish top and bottom, veseel is 42" id with 48" straight side, 18" top manway with hinged dome cover with four threaed locking clamps, seven top inlets grouped to one side of vessel with tri clamp connections, two opposed lifting lugs, 2" center bottom discharge with manually operated plug valve and 18" floor clearance, one bottom side temperature well and bottom port for flush temperature sensor, mounted on fourstainless steel legs with floor pads. Formerly used for usp water storage in ethical pharmaceutical service. 46" diameter overall x 7' 2" high with fittings just near 8' overall
Get email updates for DCI 325 Gal


text:
Contrasted colouring for the band, case, and protector of this model adds a selection of new colour to the fashionable BGA-180 Series. A "lug protector" made of fine resin on the band not only creates an attractive design element, it also helps to protect the back of the watch from impact. Feature-wise, the BGA-180 also includes a TIDE GRAPH feature. In the Timekeeping Mode, the small hand of the dial at 9 o'clock normally indicates current tide information. Each press of the button at 4 o'clock in the Timekeeping Mode advances the tide information indicated by the dial hand by one hour. A great design, powerful features to support surfing activities and much more makes this model the perfect choice for today's active woman.
Product TypeWatch
CategoriesCASIO, CLEARANCE, GIFT IDEAS, GIFTS UNDER $250, WATCHES
Featured onClearance
Watch Details
Glass MaterialMineral Glass
Case Size49x44mm
Dial ColourBlue
Case ColourBlue
Band ColourBlue
Movement OriginJapan
Water Resistance100 metres / 10 ATM
Special FeaturesShock Resistant. Selectable illumination duration (1.5 seconds or 3 seconds), afterglow. Flash alert. World Time - 31 time zones (48 cities + UTC). Thermometer. Moon data (moon age of the specific date). Tide graph (tide level for specific date and time). Tidal Trend Indicator (Shows tidal changes over the next 12 hours). Daily Alarm. Hourly Time Signal. Countdown timer. Full Auto Calendar (pre-programmed until the year 2099). 12/24 Hour Formats. Low Battery Warning. Button operation tone on/off.
Delivery Times Within Australia (estimated)
Requires an extra 4-10 business days to process before shipping. Estimated delivery dates in accordance with the shipping method selected during checkout.
- Standard postageBetween Thursday, 31 August and Thursday, 14 September, 2017
- Express postageBetween Wednesday, 30 August and Friday, 8 September, 2017


text:
Added: Friday, March 05, 2010
Loading Tied up Helen fucked by Master with a vibrator Video
Tied up Helen fucked by Master with a vibrator
Thorin slowly ties Helen up to the chair. He will not just tie her up today but also fuck. Though he will not fuck her with his own dick..
Bondage Vacation Video Galleries
More Video Galleries
My Teacher Gave Me Something to Play WithViews: 2,149
New Fetish Among Teenagers ... EYEPIEViews: 2,924
Happy Birtday Bro, She`s All Yours NowViews: 5,330