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Talk:World-systems theory
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- 1 Unusable format
- 2 Literature
- 3 World-Systems Theory?
- 4 World-Systems Theory?
- 5 Capitalized - why?
- 6 moved from history of international trade, Intangible 18:11, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
- 7 Merger now having been performed
- 8 POV-check-section on Second section
- 9 Literature
- 10 Possible Original Research or Synthesis
- 11 Name: theory, analysis, approach...?
- 12 Rewrite
- 13 Merge from Core-periphery
- 14 Criticisms section seems very one-sided
- 15 Unidisciplinary
- 16 In reference to Human Geography
- 17 theory or not?
- 18 Proposed mergers of history sections
- 19 Definitions of world-system in section 2.3
- 20 Map of the world is weak
- 21 Peer Review
- 22 Clumped Concepts & Data Problems
- 23 Comment from 2010 writer - need to restore Martínez-Vela reference
- 24 Repetition and Lengthy Presentation
- 25 What do you mean by historically?
Unusable format[edit]
Guys...! This article is rather long and messy. I think what happened is, everyone was only working on the part touching his personal interests.
I haven't even bothered to read all, but I think it's fair to say, the article talks about at least 4 different and sometimes mutually exclusive theories (and more can be created any time). So it's obvious to me, those main theories should get main articles (copy and paste, linked from this article here), this page should get trimmed down to a usable size and the first paragraph should name the different approaches at least.
Anyone in (dis-)agreement with me?Hirsch.im.wald (talk) 10:52, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
Shannon, Thomas R. "An intorduction to the World-System Perspective." Westview Press 1996. Bouldar, Colorado.
So, Alvin Y. "Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency, and World-System Theories." Sage Publications, Inc. 1990. Newbery Park, California.
World-Systems Theory?[edit]
The entry "world-systems theory" is a gross error. Wallerstein has written more than one article on why world-systems analysis is not a "theory" (singular) nor is "theory" (i.e. nomothetic abstraction). Ironically the writer of the current entry, to which I've made only a minor edit to replace the term "theory" with "analysis," even refers to one of Wallerstein's works titled, World-Systems Analysis. I don't know how to do it yet, but the entry should be changed to World-Systems Analysis, and an explanation as to why it's not theory ought to be included. Better yet, just buy Wallerstein's Introduction to World-Systems Analysis.
Elson E. Boles Saginaw Valley State University
I have to disagree with this decision. Wallerstein notwithstanding, most of us actually practicing in the world-systems world refer to it as "world-systems theory" or WST. Whether or not it is a theory, it is called world-systems theory. I won't unilaterally make the edit, however.
Salvatore Babones The University of Sydney (Secretary of the Political Economy of the World-System section of the ASA) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 06:35, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
I also disagree with this decision. Although calling it World Systems Theory might be controversial, I'm afraid that there are many texts that refer to World Systems Theory. As an encyclopedia, it would be more helpful to have an entry at World Systems Theory and then mention that in more specialized literature "analysis" is preferred and/or a description of the controversy. Even more specialized reference sources such as the Oxford University Press Dictionary of the Social Sciences have an entry for World Systems Theory. I suggest World Systems Theory is a much more helpful starting point for those with no domain knowledge. I mention that many texts include the phrase World Systems Theory not to suggest that it somehow makes the phrase "correct" but instead to point out that many readers might encounter it and turn to wikipedia for a general explanation of it. Rabourn (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:34, 14 May 2009 (UTC).
World-Systems Theory?[edit]
Oops. I meant it should be changed FROM "World-Systems Theory TO "World-Systems Analysis." Elson
- It may even be World-system analysis. See also Talk:World_System_Theory
--Henri 19:04, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
Capitalized - why?[edit]
Any objections to moving this article to world system theory? As for theory vs. analysis, I'd leave it to sb familar with his theories to make the appopriate changes and move the article (be bold and so fix it...). You may need to register first, Elson.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:03, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
- just make the changes Elson - seems you have the necessary knowledge... --Boszko2 16:34, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
- I strongly oppose leaving this entry as "world-systems theory" precisely because -- as practitioners argue, including the founder Immanuel Wallerstei -- it isn't a theory but a paradigm within which there are different theories. Elson 12-18-06
- I support renaming but be aware there is already a page World-systems analysis which redirects here. There are also quite a few pages that link to World-systems theory, so the whole thing will take a bit of sorting out to get it properly tidied up. Good luck! Kahuzi 12:05, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
moved from history of international trade, Intangible 18:11, 7 October 2006 (UTC)[edit]
Marc Bloc once wrote: Il n'y a pas d'histoire de l'Europe, il y a une histoire du monde! (There is no history of Europe, there is a history of the world.) World-system theory was introduced during the 1970s by historians like Immanuel Wallerstein, Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank as opposition to classic historical and economical views. Main goal of World-system theory is to show that one cannot limit history and especially economic history to arbitrary units like modern nation-states, empires like Byzantine Empire or even units like Western Europe instead we must look at world-systems which are historically formed and interconnected units.
Fernand Braudel[edit]
One of the precursors and an early application of this theory can be found in Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen a l'époque de Philippe II which originally appeared in 1949 where he thinks of the Mediterranean as a center around which an economy-world formed. Later in Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Centuries (1979) Braudel claims that there are long term cycles in capitalist economy which developed in Europe in 12th century. Cities and later nation-states follow each other subsequently as centers of these cycles. Venice in 13th to 15th century (1250-1510), Antwerpen in 16th (1500-1569), Amsterdam in 16th to 18th (1570-1733), London and England in 18th and 19th (1733-1896). The other source is Dependency theory first developed in the 1950s by Raul Prebisch.
Imannuel Wallerstein[edit]
Wallerstein locates the origin of the modern world-system in 16th century Western Europe and defines: "A world-system is a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioning."
Andre Gunder Frank[edit]
Andre Gunder Frank goes even further and claims that there is really only one world system which includes Asia, Europe and Africa and claims that we can trace ongoing trade in this system in the last 5000 years. The center of this system has always been in Asia. Europe only prospered when Asian economy was in its contracting phase of long-term economic cycle and Europe had access to virtually free silver and gold from the Americas. There was no European miracle, Europe simply had geographical advantage in discovery of Americas. This contracting phase is now coming to an end and the center is moving back to Asia.
World system theory links[edit]
- Journal of World-Systems Research
- World-Systems Archive
- Preface to ReOrient by Andre Gunder Frank
- Andre Gunder Frank resources
- The Modern World-System by Immanuel Wallerstein
- Immanuel Wallerstein resources
- The African Crisis - World Systemic and Regional Aspects by Giovanni Arrighi
- The Rise of East Asia in World Historical Perspective by Giovanni Arrighi
Merger now having been performed[edit]
(Franz weber) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Franz weber (talk • contribs) 12:44, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
POV-check-section on Second section[edit]
Mainly the last para. of this section, e.g. "...We agree with Arrighi ... Following Arrighi, we postulate that...". Not clear if this is quoting Kalecki or what? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Helvetius (talk • contribs) 11:55, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
The literature-"selection" is far too detailed. It should be reduced to the BEST 5-10 books and structured into primary literature (e.g. Wallerstein) and secundary literature about the theory. Maybe the German version could be an example, though the secondary literature part is not complete yet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 09:03, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
David Lempert's 'contribution' should be removed from this page. It was undoubtedly added by Lempert himself, whose own obviously self=authored wikipedia page shows him to be a consummate self-promoter, and not much of a genuine scholar, by the standards required in Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 07:39, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
Possible Original Research or Synthesis[edit]
The text under "Wallerstein's formulation of the world-system approach" appears to be an essay on the subject. It is interesting but makes a few grosse claims: "Human history is progressive and inevitably so." It lacks references, and the formatting is also confusing; I am not sure when a quote begins or ends. Fijnlijn (talk) 11:44, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
- I don't think that this section is ORish; it does seem to (claims to...) describe Wallenstein's views. Rather, its problem is same as most of the article - it lacks citations. Thus I think that we don't need the OR template; the current article-wide template about lack of citations seems to cover it. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 12:38, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
Name: theory, analysis, approach...?[edit]
According to Google Books search:
- "World-systems theory" -> 19,5k hits
- "World-systems analysis" - 8k hits
- "World-systems approach" -> 2,5k hits
Thus I'd suggest to move this article back to "world-systems theory"; I don't believe that the 2008 move to "world-systems approach" was ever discussed. Thoughts? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 11:52, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
This article was (still is...) in need of a major copyedit and rewrite. Part of that will include removal of some mostly irrelevant or OR-ish sections. I will move such sections here - perhaps somebody can rescue them later. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 12:35, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
1) I am removing a very long quote on dependency theory. First, such a long quotations is against our policy (WP:QUOTATIONS); second, it seems to concern dependency theory only - and not thee world-systems theory.
Latin American economist Osvaldo Sunkel, one of the founders of dependency theory:
|The interpretation so far advanced suggests that the international capitalist system contains an internationalized nucleus of activities, regions and social groups of varying degrees of importance in each country. These sectors share a common culture and 'way of life', which expresses itself through the same books, texts, films, television programs, similar fashions, similar groups of organization of family and social life, similar style of decoration of homes, similar orientations to housing, building, furniture and urban design. Despite linguistic barriers, these sectors have a far greater capacity for communication among themselves than is possible between integrated and marginal persons of the same country who speak the same language . . . Modernization implies the gradual replacement of the traditional productive structure by another of much higher capital intensiveness . . . On the one hand, the process of modernization incorporates into the new structures the individuals and groups that are apt to fit into the kind of rationality that prevails there; on the other hand, it expels the individuals and groups that have no place in the new productive structure or who lack the capacity to become adapted to it. It is important to emphasize that this process does not only prevent or limit the formation of a national entrepreneurial class, as indicated by Furtado, but also of a national middle class . . . and even a national working class. The advancement of modernization introduces, so to speak, a wedge along the area dividing the integrated from the segregated segments . . . In this process, some national entrepreneurs are incorporated as executives into the new enterprises or those absorbed by the TRANCO (i.e. transnational corporations), and others are marginalized; some professionals, forming part of the technical staff and the segment of employees are incorporated, and the rest are marginalized; part of the qualified labor supply and those that are considered fit to be upgraded are incorporated, while the remainder are marginalized.
The effects of the disintegration of each social class has important consequences for social mobility. The marginalized entrepreneur will probably add to the ranks of small or artesanal manufacture, or will abandon independent activity and become a middle class employee. The marginalized sectors of the middle class will probably form a group of frustrated lower middle class people trying to maintain middle class appearance without much possibility of upward mobility and terrorized by the danger of proletarization. The marginalized workers will surely add to the ranks of absolute marginality, where, as in the lower middle class, growing pools of resentment and frustration of considerable demographic dimension will accumulate . . . Finally, it is very probable that an international mobility will correspond to the internal mobility, particularly between the internationalized sectors . . . The process of social disintegration which has been outlined here probably also affects the social institutions which provide the bases of the different social groups and through which they express themselves. Similar tendencies to the ones described for the global society are, therefore, probably also to be found within the state, church, armed forces, political parties with a relatively wide popular base, the universities etc. (Sunkel, 1972: 18-42)
2) Sentences that seem irrelevant to the subject:
- History is the study of events (the idiographic approach) and social science discovers universal rules of human/social behavior (the nomothetic approach).
3) One very theoretical quote, followed by an unreferenced paragraph:
Wallerstein writes that:
|"World-systems analysis offers the heuristic value of the via media between trans-historical generalizations and particularistic narrations… <ref>Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, ''Unthinking social science: the limits of nineteenth-century paradigms'', Temple University Press, 2001, ISBN 1566398991, p.221</ref>
It argues that the optimal method is to pursue analysis within systemic frameworks, long enough in time and large enough in space to contain governing 'logics' which 'determine' the largest part of sequential reality, while simultaneously recognizing and taking into account that these systemic frameworks have beginnings and ends and are therefore not to be conceived of as 'eternal' phenomena. Modern countries or 'states' are societies, or there is a society underlying each state. World-systems analysis argues that modern states have never been societies, but are the political units of modern society's interstate system and economy.
4) This entire section seems substandard, and goes off to discuss a minor aspect of the theory. It could make a good subarticle, after an expert takes a look at it...
=== The question of cycles ===
World systems theory has become part and parcel of the debate in major international peer-reviewed journals in the social sciences. For one, the entire notion of business cycles fascinates the profession. Without question, the notion of business cycles and war cycles dominates the debate about the time-series trajectory of the world system.
Although many contemporary economists don't consider the ideas of Nikolai Kondratiev on long term swings in economic activity relevant [1], several major figures of economics of the 20th Century, among them Economic Nobel Prizewinners, were deeply impressed by Nicolai Kondratiev's research, which forms the starting point of the world systems theory notion of long cycles. Among them were not just Joseph Alois Schumpeter and also in a way Simon Kuznets, but Ragnar Frisch; Gottfried Haberler; Alvin Hansen; Walt Rostow; and Jan Tinbergen. The revival of Kondratiev research in the 1960s and beyond is linked to the simulation efforts of Jay Forrester at the MIT in the context of his world modeling for the Club of Rome. IIASA developed a highly sophisticated debate on the issue, centered mainly on the works of the physicist Cesare Marchetti and the Portuguese systems scientist Tessaleno Devezas. Devezas' research is particularly noteworthy here, because it combines sociological insights into values and generations with the mathematics of cyclical swings in economics and demography. Forrester reproduced a 50-year pattern for the US-economy, based on his System Dynamics National Model (NM-model) which is based on 15 sectors. Marchetti moved the debate away from price series to physical quantities, including production and energy consumption. Unfortunately, as sophisticated and statistically satisfying as this IIASA debate might sound, it has been rather overlooked by both the mostly Marxist and world system supporters of Kondratiev waves and by their economist detractors.
Early on, the United States Central Intelligence Agency commissioned a research paper by Ehud Levy-Pascal in the 1970s on Kondratiev cycles, and it was published in 1976.[citation needed] The Swiss world system sociologist Volker Bornschier also carried out quantitative sociological surveys of Kondratiev type of waves. In addition, a decisive breakthrough in the entire debate was the M.S. dissertation by Joshua Goldstein at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under supervision of Hayward Alker.[2] NATO's interest in the entire question has an obvious background - long cycle theory allows long-term predictions that are important for military and political contingency planning. Finally, Russia rehabilitated Kondratiev's reputation and now devotes a state research institute to scientific investigation in his memory.
Kondratiev downswings were always particularly severe in the Russian periphery of the world system, and the vicissitudes of reform and the re-centralization of government are closely linked to the Kondratiev cycle. The cyclical swings in the periphery are by far more pronounced than in the center and the depressions more severe. The level of inequality is historically higher in the periphery than in the center, but inequality also increases in the centers. Such comparisons clearly suggest three tendencies:
- a) first, a faster growth in the peripheries during the beginning B-phase of the Kondratiev cycle
- b) a more severe depression in the peripheries than in the center
- c) a belated recovery in the periphery
The very logic of industrial processes and basic innovations, as well as the societal models, connected with them, would suggest building cyclical fluctuations into more general theories of development (Amin, 1997). Blast furnaces and other important components of the industrial process, too, have a certain life cycle, comparable with the Juglar cycle and Kuznets cycle, just as technical innovations are scattered in a non-random fashion along time, coinciding with the Kondratiev cycle (Bornschier, 1988 and 1995; for a very comprehensive summary Scandella, 1998). There are short term instabilities of 3 to 5 years duration (Kitchin cycles), 8–11 years duration (Juglar cycles), 18–22 years duration (Kuznets waves), and longer, 40-60 year Kondratiev waves. The following dating scheme, taken here from Tausch/Ghymers, 2006 could be suggested in the light of the Schumpeterian theory tradition (Scandella, 1998). Global capitalism since 1740 had the following Kuznets cycles (calculations based on the untransformed rates of global industrial production growth, 1740–2004), based on polynomial expressions of the sixth order:
The period between 1756 and 1832 is then the first Kondratiev cycle of the industrial age, the period between 1832 and 1885 as the second Kondratiev cycle, the period between 1885 and 1932 as the third Kondratiev cycle, and the period between 1932 and 1975 as the fourth Kondratiev cycle. Therefore, according to this logic, we are now in the fifth Kondratiev cycle of the industrial age; with one Kuznets cycle after the depression of the mid-1970s already well behind us, and the second Kuznets cycle since 1992 pointing in a downward direction.
For Volker Bornschier, there are the following phases in the K-cycle:
- Upswing
- Prosperity
- Prosperity-recession
- Crisis
- Temporary recovery
- Depression
Tests, provided by Tausch/Ghymers show that the Bornschier dating scheme much better corresponds to the structure of world production data than the alternative, proposed by Goldstein. This scheme is in line with the dating scheme proposed by Joshua Goldstein, Phil O'Hara, and Ernest Mandel, among many others.
The question of war cycles has received enormous international attention. Joshua Goldstein was led to the conclusion that the capitalist world systems tends continuously towards wars and violent conflicts. The international system is characterized according to him by
- global war -> world hegemony of the dominant power -> de-legitimization of the international order -> de-concentration of the global system -> global war et cetera
The duration of these phases of the international order is approximately one Kondratieff cycle, so the unit of time of the international system can be symbolized by the expression 1K.
At a time of major shifts in world politics and economics, it is no wonder that systematic studies in the evolution of the international order have gained ground. Goldstein's quantitative approach (1988 ff.) concentrated on the major power confrontations as the `watershed' in international relations. Ample empirical evidence supports both Arrighi's and Goldstein's theories. Each world political cycle up to now corresponded to a `W'-pattern of untransformed annual battle fatalities from major power wars in thousands. The war cycle 1495-1648 is a polynomial expression of the 6th order; R^2 is 91.7%; 1649-1816 yields an R^2 of 33.6%; while a polynomial expression of the 6th order explains 50.1% of war intensity 1817-1945. The x-axis in our graph is the number of years after the end of the major power wars, i.e. 1648, 1816, and 1945. The same, deadly function explains 49.5% of annual battle fatalities in thousands from 1946 to 1975 (Tausch, 2007).
Now, one of the most intriguing features of contemporary capitalism seems to be the fact that vigorous upswings need to be supported by a tightly organized new world political hegemonic order, while the strength of the downswings and the severity of the depressions always are a function of the waning world political order. All real major depressions in the world system were hegemonic transition phases, and all these major crises thus had the character of what the present author calls a "Tsunami wave" of world politics that each time was also connected with terrible social upheavals, depressions and the onsets of major power wars, like the great crash of the early 1340s, which marked the beginning of the Genoese age (Arrighi) or Portuguese and Genoese age (Modelski), the crash of the 1560s, which marked the beginning of the Dutch era, the depression of the 1750s and 1760s, which marked the beginning of the British era, and the Great Depression in the 1930s, which was the terminal crisis of British world capitalist dominance (Arrighi, 1995).
By re-analyzing latest conflict data (great power battle fatalities from all wars, Goldstein, 1988 and COW/PRIO, 2005, from 1945 to 2002 and as yet unpublished UNIDO data about the growth of world industrial production 1740 - 2004) it was shown in Tausch/Ghymers that the long Kuznets and Kondratiev swings and cycles of capitalist world development that play such an important role in the analysis of global war since 1945 have indeed not ended after the end of Communism, and that instability, and not stability, characterize the world economy, and that there is an indented "W" shaped pattern of global conflict since 1945 that did not end with the end of the Cold War. World hegemonies that characterize the workings of world capitalism arise and they end. As it is well known in world system research, especially from the works of Arrighi and Silver, there are signal crises of world capitalism (the usual Kondratiev depressions), and there are terminal crises of the world system, when hegemonies end. Peaceful transitions from one hegemony to the other are among the most intricate questions of peace research and peace policy of our time.
5) Another section moved from main, this seems to be again a discussion of too much detail for the general theory, and unreferenced, too
=== Regaining a Schumpeterian perspective ===
Authors like Joseph Alois Schumpeter, and later world system and dependency writers like Samir Amin, Volker Bornschier, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Raul Prebisch, and Osvaldo Sunkel were always aware of the crises, cyclical imbalances, regional shifts, and of the rise and decline of entire regions and even continents in the process of capitalist development.
Like many other development theorists of the first generation of development economists after the Second World War, whose stars began to rise long after Schumpeter in the post-war period, and who all greatly influenced "dependency theory" in the world periphery, like Kurt Mandelbaum, Paul Narcyz Rosenstein-Rodan, and Hans Wolfgang Singer, capitalism for Schumpeter never was a smooth equilibrium process, whose end result is crisis-free growth, full employment, environmental sustainability and an end to social exclusion.
Quantitative world systems debate has to mention the name of the Swiss sociologist Volker Bornschier, who throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and beyond, has been a critical voice on the long-run detrimental effects of transnational penetration on the host countries in world capitalism, dynamizing the host countries of transnational foreign investment only in the short run, but leading towards inequality and stagnation in the long run, thus enormously enriching earlier work on dependency theories, pioneered by Peter Heintz and the Latin American "dependency theory school". His theoretical and empirical developments made "dependency theory" truly global and linked it up to the evolving world system school, and by his networking and collaboration –especially with Christopher Chase Dunn – firmly entrenched the "quantitative approach" in the world system school. His later work, related to the long cyclical fluctuations in the world economy, has shown that instability is also an overwhelming element in the historical evolution of capitalism, and that the world would need a new social contract similar in its encompassing nature to the one that shaped the world after the Great Depression in the 1930s. Bornschier put high hopes into the European Union as an alternative, more "social" pole in the world economy.
Ok I am done with early rewrite, although I still have more planned for this article. I will try to keep expanding it in the coming weeks and months... comments appreciated. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 20:40, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
6) this was moved from New Developements. While it is referenced, it seems to me that it is too detailed for this article, giving too much due weight to a few papers and views. The first sentence raises a red flag for me: "An important contribution to the study of the history of the World System..." - an important contribution according to whom? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 19:10, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
An important contribution to the study of the history of the World System was produced by Christopher Chase-Dunn and Tom Hall who discovered a significant synchrony in the urban dynamics of the western and eastern parts of Afroeurasia starting from the 1st millennium BCE (Chase-Dunn, C., and T. Hall. Rise and Demise: Comparing World-Systems. Boulder, Colorado.: Westview Press, 1997). The possible mechanisms of this synchrony were analyzed by Peter Turchin and Tom Hall (Turchin, Peter and Thomas D. Hall. 2003. Spatial Synchrony among and within World-Systems: Insights from Theoretical Ecology. Journal of World-Systems Research 9:37-66).
Modern applications of the theory have sought to incorporate the changing relations between the First World and the Second World with the collapse of the Soviet Union, describing attempts by the United States and Europe to "colonize" or "absorb" the Newly Indepenent States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the New World Order. David Lempert's description of "Pepsi-stroika" builds on the "Coca-colonization" theme. Michael Burawoy has also focused on these transformations.
Looking at World Systems Theory (as distinct from world-systems analysis) from this perspective demonstrates similarity to the concept of the Oecumene, used by cultural historians like William McNeill. Historically World Systems Theory have been very useful as an antidote to the exceptionalism of Globalisation Theorists who argue that the current system is wholly without precedent in world history.[3]
- ^ Note that these cycles are supposedly more visible in international production data than in individual national economies - see, e.g. Korotayev, Andrey V., & Tsirel, Sergey V. A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4. #1. P.3-57.
- ^ JS Goldstein (1983) "Long waves and war cycles" - Master's thesis, MIT Dept. of Political Science http://library.mit.edu/item/000215975
- ^ An overview of current world systems theory debates is to be found, among others, in the volume: Globalization. Critical Perspectives. Editors: Gernot Kohler and Emilio José Chaves. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2003, with key-note contributions by Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein.
Merge from Core-periphery[edit]
I've taken a closer look at the Core-periphery article, and it is - at this point - a totally unreferenced fork of the "Characteristics of the modern world-system" section of the world-systems theory article (it explains the terms core, periphery, etc.). I suggest we merge it here (or, merge the few small part that appear salvageable). I am not sure if we need a core-periphery article at all, as we have a relatively well developed articles on the concepts of core countries, semi-periphery countries and periphery countries. Thoughts? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk 15:26, 11 July 2010 (UTC)
there's also a dependency theory article that's pretty much the same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 18:32, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
Criticisms section seems very one-sided[edit]
This is by no means an area of expertise for me--I'm just refreshing my memory for a lecture I have to give, but I was pretty disappointed by the criticisms section. Drawing your information on the criticisms from the primary proponent of the theory, only citing his descriptions of the criticisms, and then highlighting a quotation from him rebutting the critics doesn't seem to provide a real presentation of the other arguments.
Like I said, not my field, but the article comes off as unbalanced because of this section.
Numenetics (talk) 22:38, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
I thought you might like to know that Wallerstein does state in World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction that his approach is neither "multidisciplinary" nor "transdisciplinary". These concepts refer to a form of research that moves from discipline to discipline, unable to make up its mind whether it is sociology, history, economics, politics, etc. Such researchers tend to come across as leaving their field and they lose credibility when they migrate from sociology to politics or economics, etc. Wallerstein disagrees with that whole structure of the disciplines as separate narrow-minded domains, and uses the word "Unidisciplinary" for World-Systems Analysis and his own field of research. Unfortunately, this not a widely recognised word. The word Unidisciplinarity could be considered as the title of a whole new article on Wikipedia if anyone is willing to research further. Wallerstein considers all societies to be one, all economies to be one, and all disciplines to be one, with the idea of exclusion being erroneous. This article should reflect that. Earthprophet (talk) 20:37, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
In reference to Human Geography[edit]
In reference to Human Geography the term Core-Periphery Model has been used exchangeably with the term World System's Theory —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 01:36, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
theory or not?[edit]
According to the article, Wallerstein rejects the term "theory" attributed to his world-systems analysis/project ("Wallerstein's project is frequently misunderstood as world-systems "theory," a term that he consistently rejects")
but elsewhere in the article, the term theory is used ("The most well-known version of the world-systems approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, who is seen as one of the founders of the intellectual school of world-systems theory") —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 00:58, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
- Well, apparently most scholars disagree with Wallerstein, and the term theory is widely used in this context. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 15:56, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
Proposed mergers of history sections[edit]
Semi-periphery countries and Core countries have long history sections which stray from the topics of those subarticles. These would be better presented as a single, unified history, either in this article or a subarticle titled something like World-systems theory interpretation of history. There may or may not be enough left over after this consolidation to keep these subarticles at all. -- Beland (talk) 19:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
- Having just discovered the Core countries article, I have to agree. Considering core countries independently from WST is not useful. Mracidglee (talk) 22:29, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
Definitions of world-system in section 2.3[edit]
There are three quotes mentioned as definitions of the world-system provided by Wallerstein, and the paragraph that follows right after the last quote also provides another definition by Wallerstein. Overall, this seems mostly like a simple copy-paste of different excerpts, which is problematic because it lacks conciseness and organization. This seems to be a contributing factor to the excessive lengthiness of this article, which is also the first problem mentioned regarding this article.
--220.127.116.11 (talk) 01:54, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
Map of the world is weak[edit]
The map showing which countries are considered core, periphery, etc. appears incomplete. Upon inspection, I learned that it looks this way because only countries that have consistently been classified the same way are shown. As a consequence though, nearly all of eastern Europe and much of Africa is gray. Perhaps it would be better simply to put the most recent attempt at classifying different countries. I'd nominate this image from the "semi-periphery countries" page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_trade_map.PNG -- Levlitichev (talk) 19:15, 26 August 2016 (UTC)
- @Levlitichev: The new image (File:Core, periphery, and semiperiphery, 1975 - 2002. .png) is, well, newer, so probably more up to date, which is good - I've been hoping to see an updated version for years. Unfortunately I consider both to be highly problematic. The 2002 one classifies some important countries as periphery: Poland and most of East Europe, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, several others that seem logically to be semi-perhiphery. Seriously, any analysis that claims Russia and China as peripheries is to me naive to say the least. The new map has the virtue of not classifying most countries, through I am curious why India and China were demoted from semi-periphery to periphery (and classified lower then a semi-periphery Iran. Or Brazil... methinks BRIC here. They are, from a logical perspective, very clearly semi-peripheries). Also, it seems that Indonesia and Malaysia's status was changed - the old map listed Malyasia as periphery, and Indonesia as semi-periphery, and the new one reversed it (again, both seem semi-peripheries). Both maps also show South Korea as semi-periphery, where it is an OECD country with major companies (Samsung, LG) and should likely be seen as a core; again, common sense and economic indicators suggest it as at least as developed and important to world's economy as let's say Portugal or Iceland (whose only virtue is that they have been core a bit longer). Last but not least, given that modern China is a major power in world economy, and certainly has regional influence in Asia and Africa, to classify it as a periphery is another folly, as it should be seen as a semi-perhiphery level. Since you looked at the sources, Levlitichev, could you comment on those issues? Is there any justification for those glaring (IMHO) errors (classifications defying common sense)? I'll also ping the author of the article, as he occasionally stops on wiki: User:Sbabones, and the authors of both maps (the original articles, for some strange reason, contained no maps, only datasets - maps have been created by Wikipedians: User:Jared.mckay.walker, User:Lou Coban). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:36, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
From Salvatore Babones: While I'm very flattered to be cited (thank you!) the article is from 2005, not 2015, and the data on which the article was based are from 1975-2002. So the categorizations are pretty far out of date. Unfortunately, I don't know a better, updated source. In my own research, I have proposed what I think is a more meaningful definition (but without giving categories): "the core-periphery hierarchy of the modern world-economy can best be understood in terms of state strength and cultural integration: strong-state, well-integrated societies form the core of the world-economy, strong-state, poorly-integrated societies form the semiperiphery of the world-economy, and weak-state, poorly-integrated societies form the periphery of the world-economy." This comes from: http://the.sagepub.com/content/127/1/3 Sbabones (talk) 10:58, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
Thanks for the note, @Sbabones:. I corrected the year of publication in the main figure caption from 2015 to 2005. @Piotrus:, I haven't any background in this area, so I'm afraid I can't provide any comments about the content of the map. But I generally agree with your points about obviously incorrect classifications such as China being a periphery nation. One source that it seems could be credible enough to make a figure from is the following by Lloyd et al. 2015: http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/335. Of particular note is Table 2 at the end, which contains core-periphery classifications for many countries. -- Levlitichev (talk) 02:24, 1 December 2016 (UTC)
- Good find. I will ping again the authors of the previous maps: User:Jared.mckay.walker, User:Lou Coban. Anyone willing to make a new version? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:02, 1 December 2016 (UTC)
Peer Review[edit]
The article, although quite lengthy, does provide all the related information on the world systems theory. I liked how there is a section on the origins and the links to the dependency theory. I also appreciate in the Wallerstein section, there were direct quotes from him and not just paraphrasing. I also liked how research questions were in a easy list format to show what the world systems theory sought to explain or solve. Overall, the article is well written, with its information being backed by reliable sources. Mchang20 (talk) 21:52, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
Clumped Concepts & Data Problems[edit]
Evaluation of Articles and Sources
This article is well written and provides thorough information. However, it is important to note that while the references are reliable a majority of them draw upon Wallerstein's work.
In fact, over half the sources are from Wallerstein's books. The problem with this is that his viewpoint is over-represented and gets clumped together under the "world systems theory" heading. He in fact quoted concepts from all his books, prior too and after the world systems "analysis".
In addition, the information does not provide adequate enough critique because of lack of recent data. While it states that it is used widely today- it doesn't discuss data past 2006 and the last edit was 2015.
Cloudcalonje (talk) 05:23, 8 October 2016 (UTC)
Comment from 2010 writer - need to restore Martínez-Vela reference[edit]
I rewrote this article in 2010 (see my notes above at #Rewrite), but never finished. There is still plenty of unreferenced claims. Logic needs to be more fleshed out. The origins mentions four predecessor theories - dependency, modernization, Marxism and the Annales school, but confusingly it has the sentence that lists just three of those. Comparing my old revision to the current, one, I see that the reference to Carlos A. Martínez-Vela's paper ([1]) has been removed by an anon few years ago ([2]); granted, it does not seem to have been peer reviewed, but Martínez-Vela is still a respectable scholar ([3]). Also, removing a ref and not replacing it or rewriting the content is close to vandalism - it is pure information loss (I cited my sources, now some are hidden). I would recommend that one of the first steps in fixing this article is to restore this reference, then add citations to missing content, then see what needs to be rewritten/added. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:22, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
Repetition and Lengthy Presentation[edit]
The information presented under Background, particularly on Wallerstein, has been repeated under a separate heading with his name. This could be condensed into one section.
Also, the Interpretation of World History could be more concise.
Shawna-Kay (talk) 07:13, 27 October 2016 (UTC)Shawna-Kay
What do you mean by historically?[edit]
The golden age of the west have between 300 and 200 years, not even dishonest concept of "Europe" existed before that. 2000 years ago most part of "Europe" was land of primitive tribes that suffered racial discrimination of their neighbors, only the Mediterranean was civilized but this civilization was not exclusive of "europe". Then again, based on what they say that "europe" is historically core and other places are peripheral? Why were Westerners going to the East to learn technologies, philosophies, and buy products and not the inverse? — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheBr0s (talk • contribs) 05:27, 11 April 2017 (UTC)
- C-Class socialism articles
- High-importance socialism articles
- WikiProject Socialism articles
- C-Class sociology articles
- High-importance sociology articles
- C-Class politics articles
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text:
One of NXT's most heated rivalries will reach its boiling point at WWE Roadblock on WWE Network Saturday, March 12, when Enzo Amore & Colin Cassady challenge NXT Tag Team Champions The Revival.
The history between these two tandems dates back to last October, when Scott Dawson & Dash Wilder ambushed Enzo & Big Cass before a match. The Revival ruthlessly zoned in on Cassady's leg, demolishing the 7-footer's knee with a stomp off the ropes. The assault left Big Cass with a sprained MCL and a bone bruise in his left knee.
See also
|Roadblock 2016 previews
|Triple H v Dean Ambrose • Dash Wilder & Scott Dawson v Colin Cassady & Enzo Amore • Brock Lesnar v Bray Wyatt • The New Day v The League of Nations •

subset: commoncrawl


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As a loving grandmother, she gives a message to her grandson" ang wish ko lang sa kanya sana ay magtagal pa siya sa trabaho nyo dito at maganda ang pagsasama nyo lahat. sana ay mabigyan siya ng mabuting health at saka more blessings. OK ba yun?" After the message of her grandmother, he gives a birthday wish to the show Sunday PinaSaya to continue the highest rating of the Sunday noontime show of GMA Network, stability, good health for him and his family and giving thanks to all his supporters.
Alden added that he loves very much his Lola Linda and his family working hard for them to give them better future. Jose Manalo told the kindness of Alden by saying" Yun lang ang problema sa apo mo,lola. masyadong mabait." Not only Jose Manalo, his grandmother and all the people in the Sunday PinaSaya knows how Alden Richards is kind but to AlDub Nation as well.This message of Jose Manalo to Lola Linda is very true because Alden is very kind to everybody.


text:
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Skeletal System Website
Biology4Kids.com: Animal Systems: Skeletal System
Parts of the system-
Consist of 206 bones
The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions.
Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are actually the minority, as 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have internal skeletons or backbones. Human infants are born with 300 to 350 bones.
The skeletons of adult males and females have some variation, primarily to accommodate childbirth. The female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger.
A male's pelvis is about 90 degrees or less of angle, whereas a female's is 100 degrees or more.
A typical bone has a dense and tough outer layer. Next is a layer of spongy bone, which lighter and slightly flexible. In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone.
How the system helps to maintain homeostasis-
The skeletal system helps maintain homeostasis by producing new red blood cells as the old ones die off. It also helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood stream.
How the systems work with the other systems-
The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together. They help the process of movement happen in a smoother manner. The calcified bones of your skeleton also work with the circulatory system. Marrow inside of your bones helps produce the cells inside of you blood.
A problem that can occur with this system and how it affects life (A disease)-
our skeletal system is prone to injury, wear and tear, infections, tumor and metabolic conditions that damage bone and can become life threatening. Listed below are some common skeletal system diseases.


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Craig Charles teams up with the BBC Philharmonic
BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music presenter Craig Charles is teaming up with the BBC Philharmonic once again to create a spooky, alternative fairy-tale poem set to orchestral music.
Written by Craig, the Scary Fairy concert will be presented by BBC Breakfast's Louise Minchin and opens with a feast of popular orchestral classics, before Craig takes to the stage with the orchestra. Craig will tell Scary Fairy's version of the story of Hansel and Gretel, the brother and sister who lose their way in the woods and come across a seemingly welcoming gingerbread house.
His poem will be accompanied by a brand new score cooked up by Iain Farrington and conducted by Clark Rundell.
Craig Charles, says: "It's a fairy tale for children of all ages. As for the first time we lift the lid on what really happened in the dark woods all those years ago. Hansel and Gretel will make you sleep with the light on and check under your bed for years to come".
BBC Philharmonic General Manager, Simon Webb, says: "Following the success of Craig's first Scary Fairy collaboration with the BBC Philharmonic (Little Red Riding Hood for Hallowe'en last year) I anticipate this performance being a highlight of our year.
"Our regular work across the full range of BBC radio stations allows us to perform with people who are not necessarily associated with orchestras and orchestral music, and these unlikely partnerships have become a hallmark of the BBC Philharmonic, and the collaborative nature of our home in BBC North."
The programme will be recorded for broadcast from BBC Philharmonic's studio in Salford, and will broadcast during a special Friday Night is Music Night on BBC Radio 2 on 6 January 2017.


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Friday 2 January 2004
It was Friday, under the sign of Capricorn. The US president was George W. Bush (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Caylie Almada .
In that special week of January people in US were listening to Hey Ya! by OutKast.
In UK Leave Right Now by Will Young was in the top 5 hits.
The Dreamers, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, was one of the most viewed movies released in 2004
while The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Kangxi lai le.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Cabela's Deer Hunt: 2005 Season or Dragon Ball Z: Supersonic Warriors.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 2004 or at January 02 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 2 January 2004 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released this week ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 2 January 2004!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 2 January 2004 ?
- New Zealand ? Statutory holiday, Second day of New Year.
- United States - Bonza Bottler Day.
- Slovenia ? Second day of New Year.
- Scotland ? Second day of the Hogmanay Bank Holiday.
- Catholicism and Anglicanism ? Feast day of St. Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzen.
- The eighth day of Christmas (and ninth night of same) in Western Christianity.
- Science Fiction Day
Famous Birthdays:
- Caylie Almada: Dancer.
Famous Deaths:
- Jess Collins: American artist (Born 1923).
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of January 2004 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 2 January 2004 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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NHL realignment may take place for the 2013-14 season but it is unclear what the new landscape would look like. Saturday night, CBC's Elliotte Friedman reported what the latest realignment proposal looks like.
It's still an unbalanced four conference plan, like the one that the NHL tried to install last season before it was summarily rejected by the NHLPA.
The two Eastern conferences would have eight teams each while the two in the West would have seven. A wild-card scenario is part of the discussion for the teams in the East according to Friedman, but the details are murky. The biggest changes in this plan from the one proposed by the league last year is that Detroit and Columbus would receive their wish to move into the Eastern time zone.
From Friedman's report here's what the four proposed conferences would look like, beginning with the one the Capitals would be in:
Conference 1: Washington Capitals, Pittsburgh Penguins, Philadelphia Flyers, New York Rangers, New York Islanders, New Jersey Devils, Carolina Hurricanes and Columbus Blue Jackets.
Conference 2: Boston Bruins, Buffalo Sabres, Detroit Red Wings, Florida Panthers, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, Tampa Bay Lightning and Toronto Maple Leafs.
Conference 3: Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild, Nashville Predators, St. Lous Blues and Winnipeg Jets.
Conference 4: Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, Phoenix Coyotes, San Jose Sharks and Vancouver Canucks.


text:
Proform 540 Treadmill Review
treadmill Doctor Note :
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Cheap parts make this one a disaster from the start. A great looking machine with a personal fan built in the console will sell many and will ensure lots of parts sales in the future. Thanks Proform!


text:
Hurricane Hero's
By: Anaya James
Something that Matt Corrigan, Ariel Creamer and Deamonte Love all have in common is that they are are all hero's, because of what they did to help people that were involved in a hurricane. Matt Corrigan helped an elderly woman across the frigid water and went back for her two dogs. Deamonte Love watched over his cousins and neighbors and led them to safety. Deamonte and Matt both helped somebody and brought them to safety. Ariel helped people online by making a Facebook page and helping people get back some of the stuff hey had lost. Deamonte also helped his cousins and neighbors get back what they had lost which is their parents. Ariel and Matt have similar characteristics because they both helped people quickly. Also Ariel and Deamonte had to travel to another place because of the hurricanes.
Matt, Ariel, and Deamonte are all hero's but they still differ in some ways. Matt was 16, Ariel was 14, and Deamonte was 6 when the hurricanes hit their homes. Ariel got awarded for helping others and Matt didn't. Deamonte got separated from his family and Ariel stayed with her parents. Deamonte got hit by hurricane Katrina and Matt got hit by hurricane Sandy.


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Leeper, PA
Leeper, PA
Houses For Sale
No Featured Home exists for Leeper, Pennsylvania.
Learn more about making your home a Featured Home. »
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text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
JotForm Support
Hello James,
Yes it is possible by injecting custom css code in your form. You need to find out the field id of the "total field and its label" and inject the following custom css code in form:
position: fixed;
bottom: 30px;
right: -14px;}
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You need to replace the "LABEL_ID" & "FIELD_ID" with your own form field id and also adjust the value of right/bottom to display the field in desired location.
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This is great, but I have a question:
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I am using pre-populate for a specific field, I wanted that to float but can't make it large enough, so I have used the text element and insert {fieldname} which is fine because I can use font size. I now want to make that float but there is no field ID to use in the code above.
lafhab2, please note that we can only assist with one question per thread, so your question has been moved here:
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Hornindal Vacation Packages
Oslo, the national capital, is situated 200 miles (322 kilometers) southeast of Hornindal, while Bergen - Hordaland lies 120 miles (193 kilometers) to the south.
Staying in this popular part of Norway can be an adventure, so set aside some time to take to the road and tour a few of the other interesting natural and man-made attractions around Hornindal. Stryn, lies roughly 8 miles (13 kilometers) to the northwest. Here you can visit the Bodalsbreen and Kjenndalsbreen.
Organize some transportation and visit Alesund, a retail and transport hub for the region, situated approximately 35 miles (56 kilometers) from Hornindal. The place offers a range of attractions, for example Color Line Stadium, Alesund Museum and Sukkertoppen. Don't head back to Hornindal until you've stopped by Alesund's Alesund Church, Alesund Aquarium and Alesund Ferry Terminal.
To truly understand a region, it often pays to understand the past. Fjord Norway's colorful traditional villages are a great place to start. Sample a little local culture amid the great outdoors at the region's fascinating farms, open-air exhibits and open-air museums.
Have you often wondered how it would feel to go sky diving? The Fjord Norway area is a great place to do it. A fun way to experience the wild landscapes in Fjord Norway is to sign up for a mountain biking or abseiling adventure.
And at the end of your time in Fjord Norway area, pack up your backpack and wish Norway a fond Ha det bra (farewell).


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Need Homemade Raspberry Filling Recipe
Baking By Amy061810 Updated 29 Jun 2010 , 12:22am by awatterson
I just received a call for a chocolate raspberry torte order. Im going to do 3 layers of chocolate cake with raspberry filling, topped with raspberry filling, fresh raspberries and chocolate ganache. Im in need of a good raspberry cake filling....she specified she did not want it from jar..like preserveres or jelly..... Any ideas?
It's not 'homemade' but I use the sleeve filling. It is NOTHING like "from a jar" jam or jelly or preserves. It's specifically designed for a cake.
When I make raspberry filling, I use 4 cups of frozen red raspberries and (with the raspberries still in your measuring cup), fill up to 3 cup mark with water, pinch of salt, tsp of vanilla, bring to boil. Have prepared 3 heaping tablespoons of thickening (I use clear gel) dissolved in a little water. Add 1/8 cup of raspberry jello and enough thickening to get the consistency you want.
I get so many requests for cakes filled with this. I hope you like it.
Here's the recipe I use & everyone likes it.
3 pints fresh raspberries
puree in a blender. I strain with cheese cloth. I put about 1/4 cup puree on middle of cheese cloth and fold sides so puree is in the middle and squeeze until there's nothing but seeds left in the cloth. This take some time but it removes all the seeds.
In a sauce pan, combine 1 cup granulated sugar, 1/4 cup cornstarch & 1/4 teaspoon salt. Gradually stir in 1 cup water. Cook and stir until thickened & bubbly; cook and stir 2 minutes more. (I add a little lemon juice to cut the sweetness)
Add raspberry puree until you like the taste. I use almost 3 pints. The filling thichens as it cools so don't over cook.
Hope this helps.
Here is what I use.
Puree 10 oz. package frozen raspberries with syrup, which have been thawed, in food processor. Strain and discard seeds. In a small saucepan, combine 1 Tbsp. cornstarch and 1 Tbsp. sugar. Slowly add pureed raspberries and 1 Tbsp. Chambord. Stir constantly over low heat until mixture thickens. Let cool. Makes enough for 1 layer 9" layer. I use this in cakes and also in my raspberry silk pie.
This is a WONDERFUL raspberry filling recipe!
Here is my favorite ... I like the seeds and fruit pulp in mine .
2 - 12 ounce packages of frozen raspberries (not packed in syrup)
1 1/3 cups water
1 1/2-2 cups granulated sugar (or to taste. 2 cups will be pretty sweet)
2 T of lemon juice (optional)
5-6 T of cornstarch dissolved in 1/2 cup of water
In a saucepan combine the raspberries, water, sugar, and lemon juice. Bring to boil and simmer for 15-20 minutes or until the raspberries have broken down. Remove the mixture from the heat and strain with a fine mesh sieve. Return the stained mixture to the heat. Dissolve the cornstarch in 1/2 cup of water. Whisk the slurry into the raspberry mixture. Bring the mixture back to a boil and simmer for 5 more minutes, stirring occasionally. Remove from heat and cool completely. It will take awhile to set up. It will thicken like a jelly. May stir it for easier spreading on cake.
So I made poodledoodles recipe, but it isnt as thick as im wanting it... How do i get it thicker?
Try mixing some cornstarch with a little bit of water and then add it.


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4931 Airline Rd
Dallas, TX 75205
Living Ayurveda
Traditionally, Yoga and Ayurveda went hand in hand. One was not understood, nor taught, without the other. Ayurveda, or the
"science of life" is the ancient yogic "medicine" that acknowledges individual differences, lifestyles, imbalances and treatments.
For the Yoga Teacher or serious yoga student, an understanding of Ayurveda is part of a complete yoga practice and lifestyle.
It is essential to offering a comprehensive class experience for students. In this workshop, Christina Vargas, Ayurvedic Health
Practitioner will teach you the foundation of this 5,000 year-old science. You will learn how to live harmoniously with simple
seasonal practices, diet and asanas to be your most VIBRANT Self!
• Identify dosha in students and yourself
• Address common imbalances
• Fill your seasonal tool bag with Ayurveda healing practices
• Refine your dietary and self-care regimen


text:
Italian side AC Milan are weighing up a winter offer for Tottenham Hotspur striker Harry Kane. The England international has been an influential figure at White Hart Lane since his breakthrough spell in 2014.
The 23-year-old was the subject of an approach from Napoli in the summer transfer window but Spurs were adamant that their player was not for sale.
According to Calciomercato, the Rossoneri are eyeing a surprise £43m deal for Kane after they were given the backing from the Chinese consortium, which took over the Serie A club.
Kane, who graduated through the Spurs' ranks, only penned a five-and-half-year deal in February, but they are suggestions he could earn an improved contract amid the speculation.
Mauricio Pochettino's side are likely to offer the marksman with a fresh £120,000-a-week deal, which is more than double of what he is currently earning. He would also become the club's highest earner surpassing the £80,000 weekly wages paid to club-captain Hugo Lloris.
Kane has amassed over 25 goals in each of his last two seasons at Tottenham Hotspur. He was recently part of the Three Lions' setup that surprisingly lost out to Iceland in the round of 16 of the European championships.
Image Credit : enviro warrior Creative Commons


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The trailer for Dark Sky Films' latest acquisition Deadgirl just leaked online, but we're willing to bet it won't be up for very long!
Bloody Disgusting nailed down the goodies, which will no doubt be taken down soon, so be quick about clicking the image below and checking it out!
Deadgirl tells the tale of two teenagers who make a shocking discovery that not only threatens their friendship but also their lives. In a forgotten room of an abandoned asylum, they find a beautiful woman tied to a bed and soon come to realize she is anything but dead.
Got news? Click here to submit it!
Meet fine lookin' dead chicks in the Dread Central forums!


text:
Evicted and Abandoned is a global investigation that reveals how the World Bank Group, the powerful development lender committed to ending poverty, has regularly failed to follow its own rules for protecting vulnerable populations.
The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists teamed with the Huffington Post, the GroundTruth Project, the Investigative Fund, the Guardian and more than 20 other news organizations to develop this series of stories. For more, go to http://huff.to/worldbank.


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I don't mind doing favors for others tbh I actually like being there for people. In my case one of my friends I always seem to do favors for and the appriciation is overlooked. I have let him copy me for several assignments in which he ended up getting a better grade than me for some of them (ugh). I was basically always doing the work for him. Another time he asked to borrow milk and he would buy me some the next time he went to the store he just needed it at a time he didn't have it. Two months later STILL NO MILK. I'm just very pissed and I feel like I have been taken advantage of. This stuff makes me not want to help out anyone anymore. Now when he asks for answers I don't give it to him and tell him to do his work himself. Is this wrong of me or am I being rude and unfair about it?
Is it fair to stop doing favors for someone who seems to be taking advantage of you?
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 2
Of course it's fair to stop. There is a difference between being a good person and being a doormat. Just because someone asks for a favor, doesn't mean you have to do it00|00|0
just have a chat to him... sort it out. be honest00|00|0
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Find the Best Knowing APK Mobile Android Apps and Games Below!
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text: The Confederate States Presidential election was held on November 8, 2005 to elect the President of the Confederate States. Incumbent Progressive Al Gore was prohibited from seeking additional terms of office as per the Constitution of the Confederate States. The Progressives nominated North Carolina Senator John Edwards as their candidate, the Southern Front nominated former Texas Senator Phil Gramm, and the Conservative Party nominated former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee. In the aftermath of the economic devastation wreaked by Hurricane Katrina and with a general shift of working-class white voters away from the Progressive Party as a result of the Gore years, Huckabee won a resounding victory, carrying twelve of sixteen states, and for the first time since its founding the Southern Front failed to carry a single state in the Presidential election.


text:
Special Education and Social Services
Teacher Consultant
Suann Foust joined the MS@K team in 2016. She comes to us most recently from Sparta Area Schools, and has 30+ years of experience working with high school students. She has degrees from Michigan State (Go Green!) and Western Michigan. Suann is also a facilitator on our KCTC Challenge Course and coaches youth swimming.
School Social Worker
Robert McCormick has provided social work services to students and families since 1978. He received his BS from Arizona State University and an MSW from Western Michigan University. Rob is a licensed Master Social Worker with the state of Michigan. He focuses on helping students overcome barriers that interfere with school programs.
Kat Welton joined the MS@K staff from private practice in the Grand Rapids area. She is a graduate of the University of Michigan and Western Michigan University. Her experience includes work with D.A. Blodgett's St. John's Home and she continues to operate the support services provided by The Barn for Equine Learning that offers therapeutic support through an association with horses.
KSSN - Support service on KCTC campus for individual and family counseling.
Network 180 - Programs and support services for mental illness, substance abuse & developmental disabilities for children and families.
Love & Logic - Changing relationships with a"win win" approach.
Pine Rest - Kent County mental health hospital.
Forest View Hospital - Mental health hospital.
Dispute Resolution Center - Mediation support services.
ARC Anxiety Resource Center - How to cope with anxiety, join groups, read blogs, ect.


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Vogue 8066; ca. early 1980s; Misses' Blouse. Loose-fitting, blouse has concealed mock buttoned band, front and back princess seaming and full length sleeves gathered at cap and into buttoned cuffs. A has collar on band (cut-in-one). B and C have bias collar extending into tie ends. C has self ruffle. D has double lace collar, lace trim and purchased ribbon tie.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Great service .. I like the way MJM is managed... a easy friendly system. You will be satisfied. I cant wait to have my items reach at my door.
Read More ->
I bought a deck of cards and I had some questions. Answered the same day. On other magic websites you couldn't even choose the color of the exact...
Read More ->


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|contains aluminum
I assume, dear parsimonious readers, I won't shock anyone reading this. It's just nice to know things for the future! Why? Here's why.
*First of all, you may have run out of baking powder and cannot or do not want to stop and go shopping.
*Second, you may have plenty of baking powder and discover it is waaay out of date.
*Third, (this is for preppers) baking powder may no longer be available in your situation.
*Fourth, maybe you, like I, do not want aluminum in your food.
The recipe:
1 tsp baking soda
2 tsp cream of tartar
Stir in small dry bowl with dry fork.
That's it. Just make sure nothing has moisture or salt on it when you are making this. Make just what you need since this will be ruined by moisture. If you want to make more at once, add a tsp of corn starch to the mixture. Stir thoroughly. Store in airtight container. I would use a small canning jar with lid and ring. At Christmas, you might want to make enough to last through your baking spree. At other times, make just what you need. I have some 2-ounce Ball Canning/Freezing jars that I would feel comfortable storing a few teaspoons of homemade baking powder.
If you are a prepper, you only need baking soda and cream of tartar. Both have long shelf lives. I finally used my Calumet the brand I have used my whole life and that my mother used. Now, I will use the brand below or make my own.
Your turn
Have you ever made you own baking powder? Does it work for you? Do you make it in large amounts to store? Do you try to avoid aluminum? Just say something so I won't feel so alone.


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Getting started (1.15 or earlier)
This article helps you to get started on software development with the Doomsday Engine.
Before you begin
It is important to understand, that Doomsday is an open source project. Doomsday is licensed under the GNU GPL v2 or later license.
To further that goal, we ask that all contributions use the following license:
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
If you do not wish to use the GPL or a compatible license like the MIT, New BSD or LGPL, then we can't accept your contribution.
Check that Doomsday's requirements are fulfilled.
Tools needed
|Mac OS X
|TortoiseGit is a nice Git client for Windows. It integrates with the Windows shell.
|Git should be installed along with Xcode, but you can also get it from MacPorts or Homebrew (Intel-only).
|Available as a package (see distro).
|Qt web site
|qt4-qmake, libqt4-dev
|Qt Creator (optional)
|Qt web site
|Other tools
|Build tools for Unix
Accessing the deng source code repository
The deng source code is stored in a Git repository on GitHub. You can browse the contents of the repository by visiting that link.
About Git
Git is an advanced distributed version control system. Before you do anything else, you should familiarize yourself with its basic functionality and operating principles. These should get you started:
- Git documentation: tutorial, introduction for SVN users, user's manual, etc.
- Linus Torvard's talk about Git at Google
Setting up a working copy
To get a copy of the Doomsday source files to your own computer, you will first need to set up your working copy of the deng repository. With Git being a distributed version control system, every working copy is actually a full, independent copy of the entire repository. Once you have your working copy set up, it will be configured to fetch changes from the GitHub Doomsday-Engine repository.
The first thing you will need to is to clone the deng repository:
git clone https://github.com/skyjake/Doomsday-Engine.git name-of-your-working-copy
This will download the full repository (about 200MB) from GitHub, so it may take a while.
Next, you should make sure your repository configuration is good. To see all your Git configuration settings, type:
git config -l
Your master branch should be tracking origin's (= the GitHub repository) master branch:
branch.master.remote=origin branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master remote.origin.url=https://github.com/skyjake/Doomsday-Engine.git remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
You may find it convenient to set a default branch for pulling changes:
git config pull.default tracking
The options user.name and user.email should be set if you are going to commit changes to your repository.
user.name=yourname email@example.com
Getting new changes
To synchronize your copy of the repository with the origin, use the following command:
git pull
This will fetch the new changes from the deng repository and merge them to your working copy.
Switching to another branch
Say you want to work on another branch, e.g., stable-1.10. You will first need to create a local branch that tracks the changes of the stable-1.10 branch in the deng repository:
git checkout -t -b stable-1.10 origin/stable-1.10
This will also automatically switch to the new branch. In the config you now see:
branch.stable-1.10.remote=origin branch.stable-1.10.merge=refs/heads/stable-1.10
This means your stable-1.10 is tracking the one in the origin repository.
Now you can switch between your branches with:
git checkout master git checkout stable-1.10
Building Doomsday
See: Compilation


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So, my friend and I have been hanging out a lot lately, and it usually goes like this: He asks to go to the movies, or out for lunch, or for me to come over so he can cook for me. And I always do because I like hanging out with him!
However, my friend recently told me that what we're doing sounds more like going on dates. It's true he does try to pay, and usually I have to fight him on it. But I'd hardly call that reason enough, right?
So tell me, what is the difference between going on a date and just hanging out?
Most Helpful Guy
I think this can be a thousand times more tricky to discern for girls. Why? Well I think it's cause guys and girls have very different definitions of friends. I have never once and doubt I will ever hear a guy friend say "hey man lets go out to dinner and ill pay" or "Hey come over ill make something to eat for the both us". However when a girl hears that from a guy they almost always think things like "oh he's so thoughtful and a good friend" or think he's just being a gentleman.
I'm not calling you a gold digger or anything but if a friend, guy or girl asked me to hangout and they'd pay I'd be like hell yeah count me in.
If a guy tries and does pay then in his mind it's a "date". I personally have never asked any of my friend girls to hangout 1 on 1 so this type of thing is new to me and if I did wan't to do nothing but hangout with them I wouldn't: pay for them, probably wouldn't pick them up, talk to them about their personal life, or expect too many similar "hangouts" like that in the future cause then they'll get confused and start thinking "wait so are these dates or are we just hanging out".
If you don't see him in that way (someone your romantically interested in) you should probably stop "hanging out" with him at least in 1 on 1 scenarios, because he could be thinking it will eventually lead to a relationship when all you see him as is a friend.00|00|0


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Thanks to Sari at Lux Couture, our giveaway is well under way for Valentine's Day. Only a few days are left in this amazing contest; be sure to enter to win the beautiful Clara Kasavina Clutch!
In the meantime, visit Lux Couture and discover the unique designs, exotic materials and highly sought after bags that Lux Couture has to offer.
Read the rules below
The Contest
Though we think that love should not just be emphasized in just one day per year, Valentine's Day is undoubtedly the one day on which we should especially cherish and appreciate the ones we love, the ones that mean the most to us. For this year's Valentine's Day, we are giving away a gorgeous Clara Kasavina Arielle Clutch, a stunner in passionately red washed leather and silver hardware. You can find more of Clara Kasavina's designs at Lux Couture!
The Rules
To enter this contest, we want you to send us your personal, favorite picture that resembles love. Whether it may be your wedding picture, you and your best friend from your childhood, your kids, your relatives, a random shot of strangers you took during a vacation, your favorite romantic spot, whatever it may be. Let us feel the love and we'll give some love back.
Please email us with your name, your picture, an (optional) title/caption until February 10th at 6PM EST. Megs and I will then pick our favorite 8 submissions and share them with our Purse Forum community, where our members will vote on their favorite. The winner will be announced on February 14th at noon!
Submissions for this contest are closed! Thanks to all that sent in their pictures!
P.S. Please consider supporting our small, bag-loving team by clicking our links before shopping or checking out at your favorite online retailers like Amazon, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, or any of the listed partners on our shop page. We truly appreciate your support!


text:
Simplicity 6368; ©1974; Men's Jiffy Shirt. The top stitched shirt with front button closing has collar, short set in sleeves, square "comb" pocket and side slits.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
- Your Pattern Shop
- SimplySewingSize Large
- AnnesVintagePatternson Etsy Chest 42 to 44
- Romeo & Juliet
- One More Cup Of Tea
- mbchills modern and vintage sewing patterns
- Denisecraft on Etsy Chest 36 to 38 & 46 to 48
- Mom and Pop Culture Shop Chest 42 - 44
- allthepreciousthings.com.au Chest 42 - 44
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
There were some pretty standout performances in the ACC games we saw over the weekend.
Miami running back Duke Johnson, North Carolina running back Giovani Bernard, Duke receiver Conner Vernon and Florida State defensive end Bjoern Werner all come to mind, as Heather noted with her helmet stickers.
But the one that stood out the most: Clemson running back Andre Ellington, my choice for ACC player of the week for what he did against Auburn in a 26-19 win Saturday night. Ellington was not just good. He was the best in the country.
Ellington racked up a career-high 228 yards rushing to put him squarely atop the NCAA rushing leaders list after Week 1. I can guarantee you that nobody would have guessed that headed into the season because, quite frankly, he sometimes gets overshadowed in this offense with playmakers like Tajh Boyd, Sammy Watkins and DeAndre Hopkins.
But there is no question he is just as valuable to this team as they are, and he proved it with some of his incredible feats of balance against Auburn. Not once, but twice, he somehow stayed on his feet after getting oh-so-close to having his knees hit the ground. He broke through tackles, and he showed an incredible second burst. He showed what a healthy Ellington looks like, and that has got to make Clemson fans smile today.
Of course, everybody in the ACC knows just how good Ellington can be because they have seen him play. Last season, he also had a 200-yard rushing game against Maryland. But he took his game to another level on Saturday night. Ellington now has three straight 100-yard rushing games, dating back to last season.
In all, he has 10 career 100-yard rushing games -- tops in the ACC.


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Cornbread Sourdough Stuffing
The prunes and dried pears add a sweetness to this classic cornbread stuffing.
- Yield: Stuffs one 14-pound turkey
Source: Martha Stewart Living, November 1998
- 6 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 1 medium onion, cut into 1/4-inch dice
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 2 carrots, peeled, cut into 1/4-inch dice
- 1/2 bulb fennel, ends trimmed, cut into 1/4-inch dice
- Basic Cornbread for Stuffing, cut into 1/2 inch cubes
- 1 day-old 10-ounce sourdough ficelle, cut into 1/2-inch cubes
- 3 tablespoons finely chopped assorted fresh herbs, such as rosemary, sage, thyme, parsley, and marjoram
- 1 cup pitted prunes, cut into 1/2-inch dice
- 5 dried pears, cut into 1/2-inch dice
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 1/2 cup Homemade Turkey Stock, or low-sodium canned chicken broth, skimmed of fat
Melt 2 tablespoons butter in a large skillet over medium-low heat. Add onion, garlic, carrots, and fennel; cook until vegetables are tender, about 10 minutes. Remove from heat.
In a large bowl, combine cornbread and sourdough. Add vegetables, herbs, prunes, and pears; season with salt and pepper.
Melt remaining 4 tablespoons of butter. Add melted butter and turkey stock to stuffing mixture. Toss to combine; let cool.
Reviews Add a comment
jimstoichotmai25 NOV, 2016Until I baked the whole thing at 325°F for 15 minutes, it didn't taste like stuffing to me. The bread needed to be toasted at least a little, IMO. Great flavor combinations, though.Reply
ksartgirl16 NOV, 2011This is a fabulous recipe. The fruit and herbs all mesh and makes the stuffing very moist. A must have for the holidays.Reply
Kucharz24 NOV, 2010I also need recipe for the sourdough ficelle/a have no idea what is this/,I'm not bad cook,and rest of recipe is easy!Thank you!Reply
rebeccamac10 OCT, 2010I need a recipe for the sourdough ficelle if possible! Thanks!Reply


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
question about creating an original templateAsked by Cori on December 19, 2014 at 05:51 PM
I am interested in using a transparent theme with a picture of our office in the background. I think it would be a custom template. I am not sure if I can upload the picture and then chose the theme.
please advise.
JotForm Support
I understand that you want to use Transparency Theme from Theme Store and use your office image as a background. Is that correct? If so, yes. You can replace the existing image with your office picture. Please follow the steps below :
1. Create a new JotForm with necessary fields and save it
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5. Click on Install Theme
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7. Remove the existing background by clicking on X
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9. Save and preview your JotForm.
Hope this information helps. Please let us know if you are looking for something different. We will be happy to help.