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SONY MDR-1AS Headphones - Silver
Product code: 132708
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Music as the artist intended
Your favourite songs should be heard in the quality with which they were recorded – that's why the MDR1 Headphones use advanced speaker and signal processing technologies to deliver a premium listening experience that captures the real soul of each song.
The 40 mm HD drivers, light aluminium-coated liquid crystal polymer diaphragms and a balanced cable result in sound that's faithful to the original recording, even at high volumes. The cable uses four silver-coated copper wires to transmit signals accurately.
Enjoy music that's closer to the original, capturing those deep beats to soaring vocals. Digital upscaling improves the quality of compressed audio files like MP3, and you'll be able to hear every nuance in CD-quality and other hi-res recordings.
What's High-Resolution Audio?
High-Resolution Audio formats usually record at 96 kHz/24-bit or even 192 kHz/24-bit – far higher than CD quality. The result of this is more emotive and true-to-life sound.
CDs and MP3s peak in the region of 20 kHz, but High-Resolution Audio can support frequencies above 24 kHz – in fact, your Sony MDR-1AS Headphones support resolutions as high as 100kHz and provide broader dynamics.
Easy to control
The Sony MDR1 Headphones feature an in-line remote and microphone, allowing for hands-free calling on your smartphone – particularly handy when you're on the move or need to use your hands for other tasks.
Via the Sony SmartKey app, you'll be able to control other key functions direct from the headphones, like playing, pausing and skipping tracks for a more personalised music experience.
Comfortable audio bliss
A pair of earpads keeps your ears exceptionally comfortable, sealing in that luxurious audio while reliving pressure so you can listen for longer. The sleek metal headband provides additional comfort and the perfect visual accent.
These ergonomic 3D pads wrap snugly around your ears to block out external sound and ensure even subtle details are audible, with high-grade materials and seamless stitching to ensure durability.
Choose the Sony MDR-1AS Headphones for uncompromised audio quality and comfort.
Technical specifications for SONY MDR-1AS Headphones - Silver
|Adjustable headband
|Acoustic system
|Single-sided cable
|Detachable cable
|Cable length
|1.2 m
|L-shaped gold-plated 3.5 mm jack
|Passive noise-isolating
|Active noise-cancelling
|Noise-cancelling talk mode
|Volume control
|Remote control
|Control compatibility
|All smartphone
|Control positioning
|Driver type
|Neodymium drivers
|Speaker diameter
|40 mm
|Frequency response
|3 – 100,000 Hz
|24 Ohms
|105 dB
|Maximum input power
|1500 mW
|Box contents
|- Sony MDR-1AS Headphones
- Carrying pouch
- Operating instructions
|225 g
|Manufacturer's guarantee
|1 year
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Reviewed by Binor:
I only use Amsoil products
I use Amsoil 10W30/SAE30 in my Massey Furguson compact diesel tractor. I've used this oil from day one. My tractor was delivered and I drained the oil that day and changed the filter. I do this with everything I own . Amsoil is the best..

subset: commoncrawl


text: NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS) is trading at unusually high volume Tuesday with 2.5 million shares changing hands. It is currently at four times its average daily volume and trading down $2.97 (-7.2%) at $38.03 as of 3:12 p.m. ET. Unisys has a market cap of $1.7 billion and is part of the technology sector and computer software & services industry. Shares are up 58.4% year to date as of the close of trading on Friday. Unisys Corporation operates as an information technology (IT) company worldwide. The company operates in two segments, Services and Technology. The company has a P/E ratio of 11.2, above the average computer software & services industry P/E ratio of 7.5 and below the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 23.2. TheStreet Ratings rates Unisys as sell. The company's weaknesses can be seen in multiple areas, such as its feeble growth in its earnings per share, unimpressive growth in net income, poor profit margins and weak operating cash flow. You can view the full Unisys Ratings Report. See all heavy volume stocks in our stocks moving on unusual volume list or get investment ideas from our investment research center.


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|Page (1) of 1 - 04/05/08
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Gamma Ray Digital RestorationGRD Restores the massive Hungarian epic film called "Satantango" (April 05, 2008)
Gamma Ray Digital completes the restoration and DVD authoring of Satantango, Bela Tarr's seven and a half hour cinematic masterpiece. Facets Video will release the Hungarian epic as a four DVD set later this year.
"Gamma Ray Digital has in many ways been a lifesaver for us at Facets Video," said Ed Husayko, Facets` Director of Marketing. "They have brought back the original luster to so many important titles that we that we thought might be impossible to repair, at a cost that worked within our budget. They are not just a supplier, they are our partner."
Restoration of the film was performed on the MTI Correct system, and included motion stabilization, scratch concealment, manual dirt and dust removal, as well as grading and density adjustments. Gamma Ray Digital worked closely with Facets Video to create this new Director-approved master.
"The print this transfer was made from was in reasonably good shape, but given the scale of the project there were some serious challenges to overcome," says Gamma Ray Digital's President, Perry Paolantonio. "The amount of footage to go through was just tremendous - well in excess of three quarters of a million frames of video in total, and the fixes ranged from simple dust removal to correcting serious motion stabilization issues. The total number of individual fixes is close to half a million," he added.
Hailed by critics as landmark cinema, SATANTANGO transcends all genres, surpasses all styles. The story revolves around an abandoned agricultural collective, where a handful of lost and lonely characters eke out a living until a charismatic con man arrives to shake things up. However, the richness of the film comes from the director's singular vision. A master of melancholy, and a virtuoso of the long take and immaculate composition, he has been rightly called "one of the most innovative and accomplished auteurs in filmmaking today" (MoMA).
Gamma Ray Digital, Inc. is the only facility in New England using the MTI CORRECT film restoration system. The company provides a wide range of mastering and finishing services for the feature film market, including frame by frame digital restoration, color correction, Blu-Ray and DVD authoring.
Find more about the company at their website: http://www.gammaraydigital.com
Page: 1
Related Keywords:company, restoration, documentary film
Source:Digital Media Online. All Rights Reserved


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KKK Leader Threatens To Burn Black Latina Journalist
470 views
Date: 08/19/2017
Andrea Burton, a 30 year old Ohio criminal defense lawyer, was rocketed onto the national social justice scene after she was handcuffed and jailed for refusing to take off a Black Lives Matter pin while in court. The Black Lives Matter pin was about one inch across, the size of a nickel. Burton refused an order to remove the Black Lives matter pin from Youngstown Ohio Judge Robert Milich. Burton told the Judge she was asserting her First Amendment rights. "I said I'm respecting my first amendment right, that I'm not neutral to injustice, and to remain neutral becomes an accomplice to oppression." The judge held her in contempt of court, jailed her and sentenced her to five days. After being jailed for five hours and the NAACP was called in to help, the judge released Burton pending an appeal of his decision. Judge Milich, who was already famous for announcing his refusal to perform any marriages on the day the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same sex marriage, told the media that his own personal opinions had nothing to do with the decision. The local NAACP chapter questioned that assertion and wondered whether the Judge would have jailed Burton if she was wearing a "Support the Troops" pin. When asked by The Daily Beast, whether he would jail a lawyer for wearing a pin that said Support Our Troops, he refused to say. "I can't speculate on what a political pin might be until I look at it. I just used the definition in the Black's Law Library Dictionary, and the standard dictionary of what's political." The Judge further muddied the waters when he said "There's a difference between a flag, a pin from your church or the Eagles and having a pin that's on a political issue."


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Poster: Ron Mader, World Radio Day
February 13 is World Radio Day which raises awareness about the importance of radio and strengthens the networking among broadcasters. Now in its sixth year, the celebration is bigger than ever.
Hosted by UNESCO, World Radio Day celebrates how radio positively impacts millions of lives everyday.
UNESCO: "Radio is still the most dynamic, reactive and engaging medium there is, adapting to 21st century changes and offering new ways to interact and participate. Where social media and audience fragmentation can put us in media bubbles of like-minded people, radio is uniquely positioned to bring communities together and foster positive dialogue for change. By listening to its audiences and responding to their needs, radio provides the diversity of views and voices needed to address the challenges we all face. Radio informs us and transforms us, through entertainment, information and audience participation. Having a radio means you are never alone – you always have a friend in radio. "
For more information on World Radio Day happenings, please visit www.worldradioday.org
What are your favorite radio stations?
What are your favorite podcasts?
How is your radio listening different today than it was ten years ago?
What would improve your radio listening experience?
More info about World Radio Day on the Planeta Wiki
Personal Favorite Podcasts
British History Podcast
Future Tense
Off Track
Late Night Live
Le Show
Mexico Explained
Strike Zone Australia
Word for Word


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Letter: Klumper family grateful for help
By Tresse (Klumper) Evenson, Sioux Falls, S.D.
As an adult, there have been graduation gift thank you's, wedding gift thank you's, baby shower thank you's, and many work-related thank you's to prospective Augustana students. And yet, with all this practice saying thanks, I am truly at a loss for how to adequately say so to the wonderful people of my hometown.
So many of you have stepped in to help us out. You're willing to do my dad's farm chores, walk his dog, water his trees, bale his hay, take his sheep to market. You're keeping everything going so we don't have to worry about it.
We have been blessed beyond belief by generous gifts of money, gift cards and participation in fundraisers. Your spirit of giving is humbling. We never knew we'd be in the T-shirt business. Initially worried about getting rid of just 73 shirts, we will have printed 642. One of the things we are most anxious to show my dad when he wakes up are the pictures of those he knows and loves wearing the 'He Heals' T-shirt in support.It is easy to thank someone for visiting us in the hospital, for bringing us a meal, for sending flowers and cards. To thank you, however, for the countless prayers you've sent up for my dad is beyond my scope of understanding. We have come to rely on our faithful Caring Bridge readers and prayers. The morning my dad's lungs started failing, we threw a quick post up in the journal so everyone knew exactly what to ask God for. Within 24 hours, he had made a complete turn for the better. His ICU doctor said he was quite surprised at how fast he improved. We really should not be so surprised.
"God heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds" (Psalm 147:3). He also blesses us with people willing to go out of their way, time and again. You are healing our hearts as well, as you pray for healing for my dad.
On behalf of my brothers and my mom, thank you. Thank you so much. We could tell you repeatedly and never feel like it's been enough.


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Dr. Christopher Huyck MD Patient Reviews
- Rheumatology Troy, NY
Overall Rating
20 Patient Reviews
- Friendly Staff
- Promptness
- Wait Time 19.2 minutes
- Appropriate Followup
- Spends Time With Patients
- Bedside Manner
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Easy Appointments
Showing 1 - 12 reviews
1.0 of 5
September 7th, 2016
Pick another Rheumatologist.
Dr. Huyck appears to be a good rheumatologist but he has a xenophobic and Islamophobe X-ray tech named Ken, who will ruin your experience here. Complaints are in his file but Dr. Huyck seems to ignore this problem even though Ken is clearly losing Dr. Huyck quite a few patients.
5.0 of 5
March 12th, 2015
I have been a patient of Dr. Huyck for many years. I recommend him to friends and family. I love the staff. I live in Schenectady but travel to Troy because Iâm so satisfied.
5.0 of 5
July 19th, 2012
Gwynne Balson
Am now in FL, but switched to Dr. Huyck from previous R/A doc - one simply had to look around the office to see patients wearing sneakers,without wheel chairs, walkers and canes to know he gets to the bottom of the problem. Wouldn't have traded him for all the tea in China when we lived up North. Found his counterpart here in Venice area - and it took some digging to find this Doctor as well. Talk to patients in the waiting room, especially if you're a new patient - that's the barometer I use as well.
5.0 of 5
February 12th, 2011
Great Doctor!!!
I have been to countless doctors for treatment of the severe lower back pain I suffered from for 20 years dating back to my mid-teens. Pain which was sometimes so bad, I'd be frozen in whatever position I was in because even moving a centimeter would be excruciating. I gave up for several years after everything the previous doctors tried (medications, physical therapy, etc) failed to alleviate my suffering. Then I became so desperate and tired of living in pain, I decided to give it another shot. I asked my GP for a referral and was referred to Dr. Huyck. After two months of treatment, I discovered what it felt like to have a normal back. I actually wondered for many years what that would feel like. Strange thing to wonder but if you suffer from extreme chronic pain, you know what I am talking about. I could go many weeks now without even popping an aspirin and if I had the training I could easily do a back flip. On a personal level, Dr. Huyck is a very kind, caring doctor. He is easy to talk to and will take the time to answer any questions you have. He is always very positive and seems committed to finding a "cure" for whatever it is your suffering from.
5.0 of 5
May 1st, 2017
5.0 of 5
May 1st, 2017
5.0 of 5
January 22nd, 2017
5.0 of 5
December 30th, 2016
5.0 of 5
October 7th, 2016
5.0 of 5
May 23rd, 2016
5.0 of 5
May 12th, 2016
5.0 of 5
July 1st, 2015
Health Guides
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Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf rtf lrf pdb txt html
Raised in the foothills of the mystical Blue Ridge Mountains, I attribute my love of beautiful landscapes and fascination with all things paranormal to my environment. The settings and characters in my novels reflect my appreciation for natural beauty as well as a desire to explore the what-if's of things unseen. Throw in a degree in Psychology paired with a strong interest in the workings of the criminally insane mind and you have a breeding ground for a psychological thriller.
Becoming an author was not a conscious decision; I've always been a writer. Channeling a passion for story-telling into my livelihood required a giant leap of faith, one that I'll never regret as I truly love what I do.
When I'm not writing, I enjoy antiquing, bead-weaving and sharing time with my incredible daughter and our two spoiled-rotten cats.
Review by:
Dee Marcey
on April 20, 2012 :
Great read! Very good trilogy!
(reviewed 23 days after purchase)
Review by:
Katrina Fields
on Feb. 24, 2012 :
(no rating)
GREAT! Ending to the trilogy, wished it was a little more indept about there history but a great story nine the less.
(reviewed 22 days after purchase)


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The current scenario of emergency care policies in Brazil
Health policy, reform, governance and law
The regulation of emergency care has featured prominently in Brazil's federal health agenda since the 2000s. The aim of this study was to review up to the present day the implementation of the National Emergency Care Policy.
The methods employed were documental review, analysis of official data and 11 interviews conducted with federal, state and local managers. The results were analyzed using Giddens' Structuration Theory, relating the cognitive abilities of the agents to their action strategies, in view of the structural dimensions, rules and resources provided by the federal administration.
Federal policy for emergency care in Brazil can be divided into three stages: from 1998 to 2003, the initial regulation; from 2004 to 2008, the expansion of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services (SAMU, in Brazil); and from 2009 onwards, the implementation of stationary pre-hospital care facilities, known as Emergency Care Units (UPA). The structuration elements identified for the emergency care policy were the public health system guidelines, legislation, standards and federal financing. Significant restrictions were found such as lack of hospital beds and intensive care treatment, gaps in the information system for producing evidence for management, ineffective Management Committees, as well as a low degree of commitment among physicians to the services.
Considering the financial constraints imposed on the SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System), emergency care was identified as a political priority with financial support. The individual actions by emergency care workers and governmental agents typified the first period of the policy, structuring the basis and producing changes in the circumstances of action. Federal strategies can be equated to the rules and resources provided to support the implementation process of the policy.
Brazil, a vast country with an estimated population of 193,946,886 in 2012 (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – IBGE data) is organized in a three-tier federative system composed of the central government, 27 states and thousands of municipalities, which reflect substantial regional and social inequalities. The main epidemiological challenge faced by the country today is the fight against chronic degenerative diseases, although infectious diseases typical of poor countries still affect a large portion of the population
In 1988, with the country in a state of transition to democracy, the
From the 1980s until 2010, Brazil showed a significant reductions in infant mortality (from 69/1000 to 19/1000) and the fertility rate (4.35 to 1.86), as well as significantly increased life expectancy (62.6 to 72.8)
An initial evaluation of the more than 20 years since the implementation of the SUS points to a significant increase in access to public health services over recent years
Since the 1990s the public system has been composed mainly of primary health care units and emergency services. The private network, on the other hand, has been comprised of specialized and hospital care. Consequently, low complexity and emergency services have been used more by lower income members of the public, who are the predominant SUS users
The SUS, therefore, competes with the private sector against a backdrop of inequality and, although having the status of a universal system, it is highly dependent on private-public contracts, especially for diagnostic and therapeutic services. This arrangement of resources results in a lack of services to meet the demand, something which is unacceptable on the principle of universality. It should be highlighted that there is also a lack of health professionals, especially physicians, who split their working hours between public and private services.
A primary and emergency care-centered pattern of service use overburdens the emergency services, as revealed in a national survey of SUS user satisfaction conducted in 2002 – Brazilian Public Opinion on Health
Prior to investing in emergency medical services, in the early 1990s the Federal Government initiated significant investment in primary health care, which policy remains top priority to this day
This demand for medical consultation in hospital emergency departments, despite the expansion of primary care services since 1990, reveals that hospitals remain important gateways for medical assistance, which could be related to restricted timely access to basic services, specialists and diagnostic support due to a lack of such services, as mentioned above
Another important feature of the Brazilian health system is the tendency to structure health care subsystems, organized to respond to specific needs, which hinders effective coordination of the care services. However, there are specific SUS policies being set up in the form of networks, such as the emergency medical services, with the purpose of continued care
The aim of this study is to review the implementation of the emergency care policy in Brazil, considering specific aspects of the different stages of its development and the current challenges.
Analysis of documents and official data formed the methodology, as well as interviews with federal, state and municipal health care and emergency medical service managers. The interviews were conducted in the context of two research projects: the first about priority federal policies for the SUS in the 2000s
Giddens' Structuration Theory was used as the theoretical framework for analysis of the results
The structure is formed by rules and resources. The normative aspect of the rules corresponds to practices from the perspective of rights and duties and the ways in which the practices can be executed. The semantic dimension of the rules corresponds to the qualitative and procedural meaning of the practices, associated to their performance. The resources are the facilities or power bases to which the agent has access and that he manipulates to influence interaction with others. These resources may be authoritative (position or office held, for example) or allocative (material)
Access to the agent may come about through discursive consciousness and practical consciousness. The interviews were aimed at giving expression to the discursive consciousness of the actors and were analyzed using discourse analysis methodology
Results and discussion
The construction of federal policy for emergency medical care in Brazil can be divided into three stages: from 1998 to 2003, federal regulation; from 2004 to 2008, major expansion of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services (SAMU, in Brazil); and from 2009 onwards, the implementation of stationary pre-hospital care facilities, known as Emergency Care Units (UPA)
The results of the study are presented according to these three stages, followed by a review of the current status of the policy.
Federal regulation of emergency medical care
Work developed in the first stage produced the rules and defined the resources for the regulation of care services essential for tackling morbidity and mortality indicators. Prominent during this time were governmental agents, who prioritized that level of care, and actors of the practice, who demanded action in relation to such care.
In 2000, medical professionals belonging to the Brazilian Cooperative Network for Medical Emergencies (RBCE) reported to congress the lack of regulation for the field and thereafter a task force working in conjunction with the ministry of health established the conceptual basis for the publication of Ministerial Directive 2048
It was, therefore, this pressure exerted by agents over managers that instigated a cycle that produced the standards for emergency care, with the agents acting as advisors, proponents and demanders of new policy. This policy-making period featured agents manipulating authoritative resources, producing a change in the scenario, constructing rules and resources to establish the emergency care policy.
The RBCE and ministry managers maintained a tight partnership until 2005. Since then, despite not leveraging the same political influence of policy-making, the members of the network remain active and are a recognized partner group, producing information and analysis on the subject of emergency medical care.
As regards federal regulation, the publication of the Regulations for State Systems of Emergency Care in 2002
This period can be identified as triggering a new system of emergency medical services, which has since given priority to pre-hospital care.
Implementation of the SAMU
The Mobile Emergency Medical Service was defined as the first component of the PNAU to be implemented and its expansion consolidated the second period of evolution of the emergency care policy in Brazil. The French SAMU model was used as the template for its formulation.
The historical origin of ambulance emergency services actually dates back to Napoleonic France. In 1960s France the
Using an alternative model, the United States also heavily expanded emergency pre-hospital care from the 1960s onwards, in order to ensure safe and quick transportation of patients to hospitals. In this model, patient transport is executed by professionals who are trained according to federal regulations
In Brazil, this US model of ambulance medical care began to be used by the Military Fire Department (CBM) in the late 1980s, with such professionals working as emergency medical technicians and providing care for traumas. The state of Rio de Janeiro was pioneer in this mode of care and has remained a benchmark by virtue of other emergency care initiatives it has developed, as shall be seen throughout this article.
In the years that followed some states and municipalities took the initiative to implement their own emergency medical services, giving rise to the first Emergency Medical Services. However, up to that point, Brazil had no nationally-regulated pre-hospital care system.
Implementation of the Mobile Emergency Medical Service – SAMU 192 –
SAMU-192 represents a nationally standardized medical service model, which provides 24/7 emergency care at people's homes, work places and on the roads. It has the goal of ensuring care, adequate transportation and routing of patients to an SUS-integrated service. Emergency response is engaged through a toll-free phone number (192) from anywhere in Brazil. Calls are answered by a Medical Regulation Call Center, organized in a regionalized and hierarchical manner, which defines the most suitable response, whether that be specific instructions or the dispatch of a team to the emergency site.
The implementation of the SAMU as the first stage of the policy was advocated based on the argument that the Medical Regulation Call Centers are key elements to the organization of comprehensive emergency medical care, as they can provide the function of observation posts of the health care system networks. The medical regulators are essential players in the SAMU as they have the prerogative to regulate access to the care service, thus making them public health authorities.
The study conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro revealed the fragile position of these professionals in light of their duty as public health authorities, as explained by the state coordinator of emergency care:
It may be asserted that unstable employment relations during SAMU regulation in Rio de Janeiro did little to facilitate the professionals' actions, hindering these regulators in their deployment of service resources against a backdrop of limited state cooperation in the hospitals.
The regulator's function is further destabilized by two structural constraints in the system: a lack of hospital beds for emergencies and a lack of ambulances and ambulance crews.
The ambulances and ambulance crews constitute a structuring resource of the SAMU. The main types of ambulance available in the SAMU are: Basic Support Units, which have few technical resources and a crew limited to emergency medical technicians; and Advanced Support Units, with intensive care resources and a crew composed of a physician and nurse. The federal standard recommends the allocation of one Basic Support Unit for every 150,000 inhabitants and one Advanced Support Unit for every 400,000 inhabitants. These proportional parameters have been questioned and the SAMU coordinators negotiate their needs accordingly, as the following account reveals:
Another feature that has affected emergency care in the state of Rio de Janeiro and, especially, in the state capital, is the disproportionate number of hospital units in relation to primary care. The public hospital network of Rio de Janeiro state is split into municipal, state and federal government-managed units, as well as those run by philanthropical organizations and universities, which fact has hindered the integration of the emergency medical services. The study in Rio de Janeiro state indicated the restricted access to hospital beds, which are not systematically available to the network manager:
Another planning instrument established in the National Emergency Care Policy is the formation of steering committees at municipal, regional, state and national levels, responsible for coordinating between managers, formalizing agreements on priority actions and analyzing the performance indicators proposed by the policy
This piece of legislation
Implementation of this policy, however, is developed quite differently throughout the country, depending on the specific context, the degree of state and municipal adherence to the policy, the local health system structure and the organization in place prior to the service network.
There was also a high degree of variation in the transition process from emergency medical services traditionally performed by the Military Fire Department to the SAMU-192 strategy. There were several forms of coexistence between these two models, according to specific arrangements at each location
The number of SAMU units in Brazil increased progressively between January 2004 and July 2009, slowing down since. As regards the type of coverage, the big cities displayed early adherence to the strategy, but by 2008, the number of regional SAMU units had exceeded the municipal ones. This seems to reflect the Ministry of Health's concern to subsequently encourage the participation of the States and regional organization of SAMU units in order to include smaller municipalities in the emergency medical service networks. This phenomenon is illustrated by the statement of the CGUE coordinator, also in 2008:
However, as is to be expected in a federative set-up, there are marked differences between the states in terms of SAMU coverage and implementation characteristics
As a recent initiative on the national scenario, there is still very little in the way of literature about the SAMU. Nevertheless, the low quality information system used by SAMU units, with software provided by the Ministry of Health, would seem to represent a significant obstacle for the development of indicator-based actions. This handicap was pointed out in a previous study
Local experiences have generated studies that contextualize this service, revealing significant diversity in the models adopted in Brazil and indicating major challenges to be tackled.
In Rio de Janeiro, pioneer state in pre-hospital care provided by the Fire Department, the first regionalized SAMU of Brazil, named Metropolitan II, was installed in 2004 to service 7 municipalities and almost 2 million people. In this case, the Regional Emergency Care Management Committee was fundamental in guaranteeing equal care distributed in a region where the poorest municipality was the one that consumed the most SAMU resources
A recent study describes the SAMU as a complex system due to the unstable nature of the work, the variety of demands, the uncertainty involved in the required interactions and limited understanding among professionals of the variables involved in their work and other motives
Another study, conducted in five large cities with high rates of violence, indicated SAMU implementation as a positive action in tackling urban violence
Several studies have identified the lack of ambulances and professionals, as well as restricted integration with the network for access to hospital beds, as limiting factors
In relation to the types of demand presented to the SAMU, clinical demands are predominant, including demands not regarded as emergencies that could be resolved through primary care
SAMU staff training was reviewed in a study that indicated a low degree of adhesion to continuing education programs among its medical professionals. The authors suggest that staff education and training should be provided during their shifts and be counted as hours worked in order to ensure adhesion to such programs
These studies portray a situation in which complex demands, an insufficient primary and hospital care network, weak agreements, low-quality staff training and unequal access may not be restricted to the experiences studied, suggesting the need for new investigation issues.
A proposal currently exists to expand the SAMU to cover 100% of the population by 2018. It should be highlighted that the population coverage of the emergency medical service (65%) already exceeds that of primary health care in Brazil (53%) (data from the Ministry of Health website
Stationary pre-hospital care, a new strategy for emergency care
After the first two stages of the National Emergency Care Policy implementation - initial regulation and the expansion of the SAMU - the process to install and prepare to standard the Emergency Care Units (UPA) began to unfold in 2008
Defined as facilities of intermediate complexity, between primary care and the hospital system, the UPAs are meant to establish an organized network of emergency care, with mutual agreements and flows to ensure patient reception, allowing for counter-referrals to the service network, when applicable. The UPAs are open to the public 24/7 and serve as a qualified rearguard for the stabilization of SAMU patients. When a patient's complaint is not resolved within 24 hours' observation, he/she should be referred for admission to one of the network hospitals.
Rio was also the first state to implement 24-hour UPAs, the stationary pre-hospital emergency unit foreseen in the PNAU. The fast expansion of these facilities in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro was justified by the substantial deficit in primary care, with the aim of reducing the demand on hospital emergency departments. The most suitable gateway to the SUS is through structured primary care, where multidisciplinary teams can follow patients' care and development. However, in the absence of regulation and integration between the most effective services, all levels of emergency care are left with the task of absorbing the demands
The challenges for emergency care
As regards the future development of the emergency care policy, the Ministry of Health and the General Coordination of Emergency Services have proposed in 2012 the creation of an Emergency Care Network (RUE)
These actions have the value of addressing emergency care in a comprehensive manner, but fail to overcome the lack of beds for emergency care in Brazil and the management issues, another weakness of the SUS, as illustrated by one State Coordinator:
Figure 1
Emergency care units per type in each state in 2011
Emergency care units per type in each state in 2011. Source: Ministry of Health – Emergency Care General Coordination. States in alphabetical order: AC: Acre; AL: Alagoas; AM: Amazonas; AP: Amapá; BA: Bahia; CE: Ceará; DR: Distrito Federal; ES: Espírito Santo; GO: Goiás; MA: Maranhão; MG: Minas Gerais; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; MT: Mato Grosso; PA: Pará; PB: Paraíba; PE: Pernambuco; PI: Piauí; PR: Paraná; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; RO: Rondônia; RR: Rorâima; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; SC: Santa Catarina; SE: Sergipe; SP: São Paulo; TO: Tocantins.
The National Emergency Care Policy has been another step on the way toward improving the quality of hospital care, as hospital-based emergency care is a major source of problems.
The federal strategies for implementation of the policy can be equated to the rules and resources provided to support this implementation process.
The first stage of the policy implementation was heavily influenced by emergency health care workers who, together with the government, produced a foundation standard for the policy and achieved a managerial mechanism within the Ministry.
The second stage of implementation prioritized the SAMU, due to the lack of regulation of such care and its inexistence throughout much of the country. Although the idea of prioritizing just one part of the emergency care policy was a fragmented investment proposal, the outcome has been very positive.
The implementation of the third stage of the policy, focusing on the UPA still requires more extensive analysis.
The study aimed to describe the three stages of the National Emergency Care Policy by means of documental review and discourse analysis of the accounts given by stakeholders. A case study was also conducted in one Brazilian state – Rio de Janeiro – which has played an important role in implementing the emergency care policy.
Limitations of the study include the fact that it was based predominantly on the review of official documents and the discursive consciousness of the agents and it was not possible to gain access to the performance indicators for the emergency care services. Furthermore, the state of Rio de Janeiro does not necessarily provide a fair representation of the experiences throughout Brazil, given the heterogeneous nature of the country and of the implementation of the policy in local contexts. This particular state is renowned for organizational difficulties in primary care and the existence of a large number of public hospitals linked to the three governmental spheres, yet suffers from significantly limited relations within the service network.
Nevertheless, the study allowed for the identification of constraints in the public health system of a more general nature, which have an effect on the development of the policy and the organization of emergency care. Underfinancing, a serious restriction that affects the SUS is partly a result of the competition with the private sector; this dualism has structured the health system in Brazil. There has been a tendency to overcome underfinancing for emergency care, with the federal government using financial induction to implement the policy. For instance, in the RUE proposal
The structural development of the SUS in a context of dependency on, and competition with the private system has led to weakened attachment and commitment among medical professionals to the public service. This entails huge difficulties in health care facilities, but has been particularly restrictive for the job of the medical regulator. The expressive expansion of the SAMU, the UPA and primary care has led to competition for SUS doctors.
A diverse group of actors has influenced this policy and enabled its construction: federal government officials (including the President of the Republic from 2003 to 2010), state and municipal government officials, professional corporations (firefighters) and professional groups (RBCE).
Analysis of the results, according to Giddens' Theory of Structuration, showed that the financing and regulation by federal standards have been structuring elements for the emergency care system in Brazil. The doctors from the Brazilian Cooperative Network for Emergency Care, followed by federal managers, were the key drivers of this process and ensuring change in the national emergency care policy.
The majority of the international literature published on emergency care addresses care in the hospital setting. The analysis performed in Brazil differs little from that produced in other countries. There is a huge issue with overcrowding, with its respective control strategies. The authors focus mainly on the management strategies to improve hospital care
The aim of the emergency care network is to drive changes in national policy. Further studies are required to address the integration of the system in a more systemic manner and to investigate and describe the distinct experiences throughout the various Brazilian states and municipalities.
CBM: Military Fire Department (Corpo de Bombeiros Militar); CBMERJ: Rio de Janeiro Military Fire Department (Corpo de Bombeiros Militares do Estado do Rio de Janeiro); CGUE: General Coordination of Emergency Services (Coordenação Geral de Urgência e Emergência); PNAU: National Emergency Care Policy (Política Nacional de Atenção às Urgências); RBCE: Brazilian Cooperative Network for Emergencies (Rede Brasileira de Cooperação em Emergências); RUE: Emergency Care Network (Rede de Atenção em Urgência e Emergência); SAMU: Mobile Emergency Medical Service (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel às Urgências); SUS: Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde); UPA: Emergency Care Units (Unidades de Pronto Atendimento); UTI: Intensive Care Unit (Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo).
Competing interests
The authors declare to have no conflict of interests.
Authors' contributions
GO and MTK made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation and wrote the manuscript. CVM made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation. RPA and CPA made substantial contributions to the data collection, analysis and interpretation. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors' information
GO e CVM are researchers and MTK, CPA e RPA are students belonging to the research group that investigates the "Formulation and implementation of public policies and management of health systems theoretical and methodological approaches in public policy analysis".
We thank ENSP's Vice-Directorate for Research for its assistance with translation of the manuscript as well as our financial supporters.
Research financed by the National Committee for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq Process number 565982/2008-7) and by the Foundation for Scientific Support of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ – Process number E-26/102.283/2009).
CPA and RPA have received CNPq/FIOCRUZ scholarship (process number: 155101/2011-0) and FAPERJ scholarship (process number: E. 26/102.391/2011) respectively.
The health system in Brazil: history, progress and challenges (O sistema de saúde brasileiro: história, avanços e desafios)
The health care system, 20 years: balance and perspectives (O sistema único de saúde, 20 anos: balanço e perspectivas)
The use of health services by funding systems (A utilização de serviços de saúde por sistemas de financiamento)
Health sector reform in Brazil: a case study of inequity
Interventions to solve overcrowding in hospital emergency services: a systematic review (Intervenções para solucionar a superlotação nos serviços de emergência hospitalar: uma revisão sistemática)
Inappropriate use of emergency services: a systematic review of prevalence and associated factors (Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso inadequado do serviço de emergência: uma revisão sistemática da literatura)
Evaluation of emergency services of the hospitals from QualiSUS program (Avaliação dos serviços hospitalares de emergência do programa QualiSUS)
Health policies in Brazil in the 2000s: the national priority agenda (Política de saúde no Brasil nos anos 2000: a agenda federal de prioridades)
Travelling citizens: the "users" of the Brazilian Unified Health System and the meanings of its demand to the health care emergency services in the context of a process of assistential model reorientation (Cidadãos Peregrinos: os "usuários" do SUS e os significados de sua demanda a pronto-socorros e hospitais no contexto de um processo de reorientação do modelo assistencial)
Caseload profile in emergency services: sentinel events for monitoring primary health care (Ocorrências em pronto-socorro: eventos sentinela para monitoramento da atenção básica de saúde)
Mobile Emergency Care Service: analysis of Brazilian policy (O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência no Brasil: uma análise da política nacional)
The process of regionalization in health: contexts, constraints and the role of Bipartisan Intermanagement Committees (O processo de regionalização em saúde: contextos, condicionantes e papel das Comissões Intergestoras Bipartites)
The SAMU, the regulation in the State of Rio de Janeiro and integral care according to managers of the three government levels (O SAMU, a regulação no estado do Rio de Janeiro e a integralidade segundo gestores dos três níveis de governo)
Giddens' structuration theory and assessment practices studies (A teoria da estruturação de Giddens e os estudos das práticas avaliativas)
Management of attention to emergency rooms and the federal role (A gestão da atenção às urgências e o protagonismo federal)
Emergency and trauma system organization (A organização do atendimento às urgências e trauma)
International EMS Systems: The United States: past, present, and future
Analysis of the implementation of a mobile pre-hospital treatment system in five Brazilian state capitals (Análise da implantação do sistema de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel em cinco capitais brasileiras)
Networks for dialogue and coordination of health activities: a study on a regional mobile emergency care service (Redes de conversação e coordenação de ações de saúde: estudo em um serviço móvel regional de atenção às urgências)
Characterizing complexity in socio-technical systems: a case study of a SAMU Medical Regulation Center Work
In-service training for health professionals of the Mobile Emergency Care Service: report on the experience of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (Educação em serviço para profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU): relato da experiência de Porto Alegre – RS)
The hospital bed referral center under the Unified National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: the case of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease (Central de regulação de leitos do SUS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: avaliação de seu papel pelo estudo das internações por doenças isquêmicas do coração)
Emergency Medicine in Southern Brazil
Conditions trated in the Mobile Medical Emergency Services in Porto Alegre – RS (Agravos clínicos atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) de Porto Alegre – RS)
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
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In this case you are not directly involved in the liquidation process...
We buy and liquidate your company
You will be free of your company and out of the board in a couple of days. We shall take care of the company and/or it's liquidation...


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Is there a natural anxiety treatment?
The answer is: YES!
What is anxiety?
Anxiety is related to worry but less mentally focussed. Anxiety can result from feeling out of control, or at the mercy of events around you. While worry is mostly focused on the future, anxiety is more immediate.
If you've ever had an anxiety attack, you know how uncomfortable it can be.
Feeling the ground under your feet disolve... dizziness and fear... a pounding heart with shortness of breath and extreme emotional agitation... trying desperately to hold it all together without grabbing on to some furniture or wall to get a grip?
There is help!
Acupressure Points for Anxiety Reduction
In body meridian theory, anxiety is an imbalance in Qi flow in the heart meridian.
Interestingly, the spleen meridian compliments the heart meridian. Anxiety is sometimes a reflection of exessive worry holding energy in the spleen and causing deficiency in the heart meridian.
PC7 - Calms the spirit. Used for mania, hysteria, insomnia, panic, fear, sadness and weariness.
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natural anxiety treatment
Easing Depression with Acupressure
In oriental medicine, depression and anger are both imbalaces in the liver and gallbladder meridians. Depression ... or Blues... is often seen as the opposite side of anger - anger turned against itself.
Maybe you feel your life has no purpose, or you've lost connection to your heart. Take some time to connect with yourself... using the following acupoints.
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PRINCETON – Over the past two years, financial markets have turned the spotlight on a succession of countries – Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy – turning each into the epicenter of a seemingly perpetual European financial earthquake. But politicians always recognized that the heart of the European project was the relationship between France and Germany. Is that relationship now in jeopardy?
There is a falling-domino argument that suggests that the crises on Europe's periphery will have a knock-on effect on the Franco-German core. France, in the aftermath of a property and asset-price bubble, is vulnerable to some of the same combination of banking and public-finance problems. Indeed, now France's presidential election has politicized the link between peripheral dominos and Europe's French heart.
In his final campaign rally before the first round of the presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy stood in front of a banner proclaiming "la France forte," or strong France. For much of his audience, Sarkozy's head obscured the "e" in France, so that the slogan looked more like "franc fort," or strong French franc – which sounds like nothing if not "Frankfurt," the German financial center that is the seat of the European Central Bank.
Sarkozy's speech reinforced that message. Only reelecting the president could save a strong currency that guaranteed French wealth and incomes. The left would trigger a currency collapse and a run on French securities that would bring the euro crisis from Greece, Spain, or Italy to the heart of the European process, France's relationship with Germany.


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As far as game marketing is concerned, it is really tough to top a fantastic trailer. Trailers have a variety of purposes: meant to tease a game that is still in development or sum up the experience players can expect from an upcoming title – either way, they can generate enough buzz to stimulate a hefty number of game pre-orders.
At this year's E3, there were a wide variety of trailers, both cinematic and gameplay focused, which premiered to some serious fanfare. For the cinematic trailers, gamers expected a seamless blend of editing and soundtrack to create an experience indicative of the final product.There were a couple that fell flat, but the majority of those trailers seen during this year's event demonstrated a competent technique and an understanding of one's audience.
It was a tough decision, selecting our favorites, and there were a couple that ended up left off the list, but we think this Top 5 sums up the event quite nicely.
Without further ado, let's kick things off with our Top 5 cinematic trailers:
5. Halo 4
After news regarding Halo 4's existence leaked right before the Microsoft press conference, gamers everywhere began eagerly anticipating Master Chief's appearance at the event.
Though it was saved for last, the first tease of Spartan 117's return did not disappoint. Featuring trademark Master Chief awesomeness and some elements prominently associated with the series, this was the perfect way for Halo 4 to make its presence known, and a great way to wrap up Microsoft's event.


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Unresolved orthology and peculiar coding sequence properties of lamprey genes: the
In understanding the evolutionary process of vertebrates, cyclostomes (hagfishes and lamprey) occupy crucial positions. Resolving molecular phylogenetic relationships of cyclostome genes with gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) genes is indispensable in deciphering both the species tree and gene trees. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses, especially those including lamprey genes, have produced highly discordant results between gene families. To efficiently scrutinize this problem using partial genome assemblies of early vertebrates, we focused on the potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related (
Seven sea lamprey
Our results suggest that secondary modifications of sequence properties unique to the lamprey lineage may be one of the factors preventing robust orthology assessments of lamprey genes, which deserves further genome-wide validation. The lamprey lineage-specific alteration of protein-coding sequence properties needs to be taken into consideration in tackling the key questions about early vertebrate evolution.
For a complete understanding of the evolution of vertebrates, jawless fishes (cyclostomes; hagfishes and lampreys) occupy crucial positions as the most early-branching lineages, which diverged more than 500 million years ago from the gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) lineage
It has recently been shown that the 2R-WGDs occurred in the stem lineage leading to vertebrates after the splits of the cephalochordate and urochordate lineages
Figure 1
Alternative tree toplogies supporting different timings of two-round whole genome duplications (2R-WGDs)
Alternative tree toplogies supporting different timings of two-round whole genome duplications (2R-WGDs). As an example, for a gene family with three gnathostome paralogs and three lamprey paralogs, gene trees (top) and species trees with timings of gene duplications (bottom) are shown. Gene duplications that gave rise to multiple gnathostome paralogs are indicated with grey diamond (top) and grey arrows (bottom), and those in the lamprey lineage are indicated with black diamond (top) and black arrows (bottom). Even though a recent large-scale phylogenetic analysis supported the scenario in B
To reveal possible peculiar features of lamprey protein-coding sequences, we focused on the potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily (
Figure 2
Proposed scenario for the evolution of
Proposed scenario for the evolution of
In this study, we identified
Identification of sea lamprey and elephant shark
Seven full-length or nearly full-length KCNA protein-coding sequences were identified in the sea lamprey (
Additional file 1
Figure S1-Sequence alignment of three human KCNA and 16 new KCNA proteins that were newly identified in this study. Only conserved regions are shown. Species names were abbreviated as in Figure 5.
Click here for file
Molecular phylogenetic analysis: an overview
Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the maximum-likelihood (ML) method and Bayesian inference for 32
Additional file 2
Figure S2-Maximum-likelihood tree of potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related (
Click here for file
The tree focusing on the vertebrate
Figure 3
Maximum-likelihood tree of
Maximum-likelihood tree of
Additional file 3
Figure S3-Molecular phylogenetic tree of
Click here for file
All elephant shark
Timings of gene duplications in the
The timing of
Figure 4
Alternative scenarios for the timings of gene duplications in the
Alternative scenarios for the timings of gene duplications in the
Table 1
Probabilities of scenarios I and II and probabilistic counts of gene duplications before and after the cyclostome-gnathostome split
Probabilities of hypotheses2
Total count of gene duplications2
1 Potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related gene (
2 See Figure 4A for details of scenarios I and II and Methods for the count of gene duplications before (
Amino acid composition of
To scrutinize sources of ambiguity in lamprey gene phylogeny, amino acid compositions in
Figure 5
Factor maps for amino acid compositions
Factor maps for amino acid compositions. (A) amino acid composition of alignable regions of
We performed the CA of amino acid compositions in genome-wide sequences data of 15 vertebrate species (Figure
Synonymous codon usage of
We also focused on possible peculiarity in nucleotide sequences of the lamprey. The overall codon usage bias of each sea lamprey gene was estimated with Effective number of codons index (ENc)
Figure 6
Comparison of codon usage for
Comparison of codon usage for
To compare codon usage biases across species, the ENc was calculated using the available sea lamprey coding sequence dataset as well as 14 other representative vertebrates (see Methods). The lowest value of ENc (indicating the most pronounced codon usage bias) was observed for sea lamprey (ENc: 42.41), followed by stickleback (ENc: 48.62) and
Figure 7
Heat map of RSCU values for 15 vertebrate species
Heat map of RSCU values for 15 vertebrate species. Each column represents a codon, and each row represents a species. Sequence datasets employed are the same as those in Figure 6D-F. Frequencies of each synonymous codon are indicated by the colour in the relevant grid. Species are sorted according to their genome-wide GC3 values, and their names are abbreviated as in Figure 5.
Gene repertoires in early vertebrates
Although the genome assemblies for sea lamprey and elephant shark are incomplete, the numbers of
Timing of whole genome duplications
We observed the ambiguity of the phylogenetic positions of the sea lamprey
Additional file 4
Table S1-All tree topologies within 1σ of log-likelihood from the ML trees for each sea lamprey
Click here for file
Unique characters of sea lamprey genes: genome-wide phenomena?
We detected a peculiar amino acid composition in the sea lamprey
In bacteria
Sea lamprey genes show a strong correlation between codon usage bias, measured by ENc, and GC3 (Figure
What is the biological significance of GC partitioning between coding and non-coding regions?
The peculiarity of the codon usage in the sea lamprey relative to that of other vertebrates draws a parallel in its variation among
One possible discrepancy in these biases between the sea lamprey and other vertebrates is the inherent nature of GC3. In vertebrates other than the lamprey, GC3, mentioned above as a source of biases in codon usage and amino acid composition (Figures
In principle, an employment of amino acid sequences in phylogenetic analyses is thought to buffer against the unfavorable effect caused by lineage-specific changes in GC-content and codon usage. However, our findings suggest that comparative sequence analyses with conventional methods involving lampreys at the amino acid level as well as at the nucleotide level can be misleading. The lineage-specific sequence properties that would affect most lamprey genes can cause the typically, but possibly incorrectly, recovered tree topology where lamprey sequences cluster at the basal branch of a vertebrate gene tree (Figure
Our molecular phylogenetic analysis on the
Protein-coding nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human (
Sea lamprey genome assembly (PMAR3.0) was downloaded from the Genome Institute at Washington University
Molecular phylogenetics
Multiple sequence alignments were constructed using MAFFT
Phylogenetic positions of individual sea lamprey genes were further investigated by likelihood-based statistical tests under the assumed framework of gnathostome
Probabilistic counts of gene duplications before (
Correspondence analysis of amino acid composition
To investigate the amino acid composition, protein sequences for each species were concatenated, and frequencies of each amino acid were calculated. A correspondence analysis of amino acid composition was performed using the 'dudi.coa' function implemented in the ADE-4 package
Additional file 5
Table S2-Lamprey nucleotide sequences used in the present study .
Click here for file
Amino acid composition of alignable regions of vertebrate
Synonymous codon usage analysis
Effective number of codons index (ENc)
Authors' contributions
SK conceived the study. HQ and FH identified sea lamprey and elephant shark sequences. HQ analyzed molecular phylogeny, codon usage bias, GC-content and amino acid composition. SK and HQ wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript.
The sea lamprey genomic data were produced by the Genome Institute at Washington University and can be obtained from
Vertebrates (Vertebrata)
Mouth to mouth Evolution
Hagfish embryology with reference to the evolution of the neural crest
Timing of genome duplications relative to the origin of the vertebrates: did cyclostomes diverge before or after?
Timing and mechanism of ancient vertebrate genome duplications-the adventure of a hypothesis
The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype
Survey sequencing and comparative analysis of the elephant shark (
Monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes supported by nuclear DNA-coded genes
Protein tyrosine kinase cDNAs from amphioxus, hagfish, and lamprey: isoform duplications around the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes
Lamprey Dlx genes and early vertebrate evolution
Lamprey type II collagen and
The origin of
Neuropeptide Y-family peptides and receptors in the elephant shark, Callorhinchus milii confirm gene duplications before the gnathostome radiation
Neurodevelopment genes in lampreys reveal trends for forebrain evolution in craniates
Independent Hox-cluster duplications in lampreys
Physical mapping of potassium channel gene clusters on mouse chromosomes three and six
Phylogenomic analyses of KCNA gene clusters in vertebrates: why do gene clusters stay intact?
Identification of thermophilic species by the amino acid compositions deduced from their genomes
The evolution of biased codon and amino acid usage in nematode genomes
Codon usage patterns in Nematoda: analysis based on over 25 million codons in thirty-two species
The 'effective number of codons' used in a gene
Online synonymous codon usage analyses with the ade4 and seqinR packages
Internal correspondence analysis of codon and amino-acid usage in thermophilic bacteria
Origin of the genetic components of the vomeronasal system in the common ancestor of all extant vertebrates
Parallel adaptations to high temperatures in the Archaean eon
Amino acid composition of genomes, lifestyles of organisms, and evolutionary trends: a global picture with correspondence analysis
Codon usage in twelve species of Drosophila
Drosophila Molecular Phylogenies and Their Uses
Human coding and noncoding DNA: compositional correlations
Correlations between coding and contiguous non-coding sequences in isochore families from vertebrate genomes
cDNA-based gene mapping and GC3 profiling in the soft-shelled turtle suggest a chromosomal size-dependent GC bias shared by sauropsids
Compositional correlations in the chicken genome
Insights into cyclostome phylogenomics: pre-2R or post-2R
Time scale for cyclostome evolution inferred with a phylogenetic diagnosis of hagfish and lamprey cDNA sequences
A Bayesian compound stochastic process for modeling nonstationary and nonhomogeneous sequence evolution
A site- and time-heterogeneous model of amino acid replacement
Ensembl 2009
Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA
GeneWise and Genomewise
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform
ProtTest: Selection of best-fit models of protein evolution
A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood
MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models
TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing
CONSEL: for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection
ADE-4: A multivariate analysis and graphical display software
Diversity and function of adaptive immune receptors in a jawless vertebrate
Comparison of correspondence analysis methods for synonymous codon usage in bacteria
Analysis of lamprey and hagfish genes reveals a complex history of gene duplications during early vertebrate evolution


text:
Former boxing legend Floyd Mayweather is in the news again, not for his boxing fights, but for spending a whopping $2.5 million to buy the latest supercar, the Kode 57. The Kode 57 is designed by Ferrari Maestro Ken Okuyama. The car was showcased in The Quail, a motorsport gathering last weekend.
The Kode 57 is likely built on a Ferrari 599 GTB chassis. It's powered by a 6.0-litre V12 power unit that produces 611bhp of power and 607Nm of torque. The engine is coupled to an electrohydraulic manual gearbox with six ratios, similar to the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano.
The suspension and engine of the new Kode 57 can be fine tuned as per the owner's choice. The car is the result of collaboration with the German firm, Novitec Rosso. If the German company can do the same magic as it did with the 500 GTB Fiorano, the kode 57 is expected to produce a mammoth 836bhp of power.


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SN: How will consumers' focus on convenience foods redefine the supermarket's role? McEWAN: Convenience is the question of the day because prepared foods are so labor-intensive and there's such a huge amount of loss if it's not handled properly.
enough to make it worthwhile. NOWAK: We think the desire for convenience foods will increase, especially products consumers can take home and pop in the microwave. We see that as an increasing business because people want convenience -- they d


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Silicon Image Serial-ATA Driver V188.8.131.52
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Some might think that a 14-year-old is too young to start a career in pop stardom but X-Factor finalist Marlisa Punzalan has risen to the challenge.
When she isn't wowing audiences with her explosive voice Marlisa, now 15, is ever the shy and softly-spoken teen. It was for this reason that she decided to enter the competition.
I'm quite shy, I don't speak that much. I think being shy is just natural to me," she said when she first auditioned for the talent quest.
"My dream is to be really confident, like other girls."
If she feels she lacks confidence it doesn't show on the X-Factor stage, where Marlisa just knocked out 26-year-old Reigan Derry to claim a spot in the final three.
"No way in a billion years did I expect this much, and I'm really grateful I got this far," she said.
The pop starlet is up against 22-year-old singer-songwriter Dean Ray and a trio from Mudgee, Brothers3, but said she is not worried about the competition.
"I feel I've grown so much in confidence that my nerves are gone now, and I'm just enjoying the whole thing," she said, adding that she hoped to follow in the footsteps of former Australian Idol contestant Jessica Mauboy.
"She's my inspiration, she is really cool and I think could head towards her style. I just really want to be someone big, like Celine Dion."
Marlisa's mentor on the show, Ronan Keating, said he had high hopes for her.
"She's such an unbelievable talent for only 15 years of age, her voice is incredible and she has such composure. When she sings you forget how young she is," he said.
"I love that when she's not on stage, she's still a kid and totally acts like one. I think she's got a great head on her shoulders and will go far."
There is no doubt Marlisa's age has become a talking point on the show, with judges' comments often prefaced with "for a 14-year-old" but she said she was not fazed by it.
The real challenge for Marlisa has been juggling school work with appearing on the show.
"I have tutoring every Wednesday and I can use that time to catch up a bit, but I stopped going to school when we started the live shows. My parents thought it would be too difficult with everyone noticing me," she said.


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London, England, July 28, 2008 - London Executive Aviation ('LEA'), one of the UK's largest private jet charter operators, has added a second Bombardier Challenger 300 to its rapidly growing fleet. The new aircraft, registration G-KSFR, is expected to mimic the charter success of LEA's first Challenger 300, and further extends LEA's lead in offering the UK's most diverse fleet of quality executive jets. The super-midsize Challenger 300, which is based at Luton and available for immediate charter, has been purchased by an existing LEA aircraft owner. He was advised in his choice by LEA, following very healthy demand for the company's first Challenger 300, which has registered some 450 charter hours in little over a year in addition to 200 hours flown by its owner. Passengers have appreciated the aircraft's quiet and spacious cabin, flying to mainly European destinations, with an average stage length of 1,500 miles.
G-KSFR, which can seat up to ten passengers plus two crew and a stewardess, is a technologically advanced, high performance business jet with intercontinental range. It features 'fly by wire' controls, highly efficient Honeywell HTF7000 engines and a state-of-the-art cabin entertainment system that includes DVD/CD player, an iPod docking system, 20 inch flat panel monitors, touch sensitive controls at each seat position and real time in-flight map displays.
The two Challenger 300s fill a niche in the LEA fleet between the midsize Citation Excel and large cabin Embraer Legacy 600. Their 3,200 mile range allows non-stop flights from London to destinations including Dubai and Moscow and they are capable of operating from runways as short as 1,300 metres, enabling them to serve a wide variety of destinations. George Galanopoulos, managing director of LEA, commented: "In business aviation, one size definitely does not fit all. LEA now offers the broadest range of aircraft of any UK charter operator, from the four-passenger, entry-level Citation Mustang, up to the large cabin, long range Embraer Legacy 600. The Challengers fill an important and popular niche and offer supreme comfort and spaciousness for groups of up to ten."
Speaking about LEA's role in procuring the aircraft, he said, "A crucial part of the charter operator's job is to help owners choose the right aircraft, both to meet their own needs and to make it suitable for chartering. By advising clients on their choice, we are able to guarantee a healthy charter income, typically 400 to 500 hours per year, which significantly defrays costs and offsets most of the owner's private usage. We are delighted once again to have helped one of our owners make his next purchase, which shows that we are hitting the high levels of customer satisfaction and aircraft utilisation that we strive for."
"The secret to long and strong relationships is always being responsive to the owner's needs," he continued. "We are always only a phone call away, with a 24/7 operations centre and a large team of trained staff. We help our owners as their circumstances change, whether it is purchasing their next aircraft or using another from our fleet that is more suited to a specific task. At all times, we have to make owners' headaches go away and help make the best use of their aircraft assets."


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How to add widgets to Posts
Tracks includes an After Post Content widget area that displays widgets below the post content. There is also an After Page Content widget area for Pages.
To add a widget to a Post:
- Visit the Widgets menu (Appearance → Widgets)
- On the left-side, locate a widget that you want to add
- Click on the widget, select the After Post Content option, and click the Add Widget button
- Configure the widget's settings once it is added to the After Post Content widget area
- When you're finished configuring the widget, click the blue Save button at the bottom
- Repeat this for each widget you want to add to your Post
The widgets will be added to your site as you configure them from your dashboard.
Additional Resources
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- Support forum
Ask questions and find existing solutions in the support forum.
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Review recent and past updates to Tracks.
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Review Tracks's commit history and project files on Github.
- WordPress Resources
Check our recommended resources to find great plugins and solutions for your site.
- Codeable.io
We can help you with minor changes on your site, but if you need a highly customized version of Tracks, we recommend finding help through Codeable.


text:
London, Mar 26 (ANI): Chelsea ace striker Didier Drogba has said that beating his Manchester United counterpart Wayne Rooney to the Golden Boot will mean nothing if it does not come with a Premier League champions' medal.
The Chelsea striker took his season's haul to 30 with another double during Wednesday's 5-0 win against a struggling Portsmouth.
He now has 24 Premier League goals just two behind Manchester United ace Rooney at the top of the league scorers' chart.
But, more importantly, it also means Chelsea is right back on United's tail in what is being billed as the tightest title race in years, The Sun reports.
Drogba insisted: "You know what, if I don't finish top scorer I won't mind... as long as we win the league. I won the Golden Boot in 2007 and it would give me great pleasure to do it again but what is really important for me is the Premier League title.
"Football is a team sport. It is nice to have individual honours but much better when you share the medals with your friends and teammates. This season has been a long and difficult one. It would be a poor season if I finished top scorer but Chelsea didn't win a trophy."
Drogba, who turned 32 earlier this month, has now scored 124 goals in six seasons at Stamford Bridge, more than any other foreign player in the club's history.
Now he is eyeing his personal-best tally of 33 in a season to ensure Carlo Ancelotti's team finish on a high. (ANI)


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Does anybody know how to make gumpaste spider mums?
2 replies
I wanted to try some but haven't yet. Looking forward to hearing from those who have.
Oh my gosh. The lime green ones are my favorite flower. If anybody knows how to make them, I want to know too!


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The verdict on Dishonored is in: infusing the design inspirations of Victorian-Era London with first-rate gameplay and absorbing exploration, Arkane Studios and Bethesda have turned the city of Dunwall into a city we don't want to leave. Fortunately, the feeling is mutual.
Bethesda has announced plans today for three upcoming Dishonored DLC packs. The first, "Dunwall City Trials," will be releasing this December and features a tenfold set of challenge maps, while the following two, both releasing in 2013, look to add unique singleplayer campaigns to the game. Unlike the troublesome "limited exclusive" windows Bethesda has used for Skyrim DLC, each of the offerings will release simultaneously on the Xbox 360, PC and (you can breath now) PlayStation 3.
Dishonored's third DLC is apparently too distant to disclose, but the official Bethesda Blog gave a thorough outlining of its first two offerings.
Priced at a slim $5, "Dunwall City Trials" will subject players to an array of AI challenges – horde-like arena modes, time trials, assassinations – and will introduce support for online stat-tracking, leaderboards and achievements. The second (and we're guessing slightly more expensive) add-on is slated for Spring 2013 and composes a singleplayer, narrative-based campaign around the supernatural assassin Daud – the leader of a following known as "The Whalers." Check out the full announcement below:
Dishonored: Dunwall City Trials, being released in December for $4.99 (or 400 Microsoft Points), will include 10 challenge maps that will test and track your combat, stealth and mobility skills. Ten distinct trials await challengers — including an arena battle against waves of enemy AI, a gravity-defying run of drop assassinations, and a race against the clock. Dunwall City Trials also features a whole new set of achievements and trophies as well as a global online leaderboard that will establish the greatest assassins for each challenge.
The second and third add-ons for Dishonored will be coming in 2013 and will each feature story-driven campaigns. Pricing on these two packs will be revealed closer to launch.
Daud, the leader of a group of supernatural assassins known as 'The Whalers', will be the focus of the second add-on pack, scheduled for release in early Spring 2013. Make your way through new Dunwall locales and discover Daud's own set of weapons, powers and gadgets in this story-driven campaign. How you play and the choices you make will impact the final outcome…
Additional story details on the third add-on pack will be revealed closer to its launch next year.
Despite releasing in close proximity to XCOM: Enemy Unknown, Assassin's Creed III, Halo 4, Call of Duty: Black Ops II and so many more, Dishonored's stellar reception (read our review) has assured its relevance well beyond the crowded holiday season. Campaign DLC should perpetuate that even further.
As of right now Dishonored co-creator Harvey Smith remains ambivalent about a sequel – "part of me would love it if the vault door was just closed and that's it," he said earlier this month – but with so many different play styles and so many different pathways inherent to the game already, Arkane Studios has the potential, even through post-release add-ons, to expand greatly on the legacy Dishonored has created.
So: you've read Bethesda's initial announcement; what do you want out of Dishonored DLC?
Follow me on Twitter @Brian_Sipple.
Source: Bethesda Blog


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The complete picture of Saddam's Iraq is clearly in focus now for anyone who cares to look.
David Kay: "It was absolutely prudent to go to war. The system was collapsing, Iraq was a country with desire to develop WMDs, and it was attracting terrorists like flies to honey."
But there's the rub. So few "care to look." This should be headline material for all the networks, but it doesn't even get a mention, let alone a headline.


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Join Scouting
"Scouting really does bring us together and lets us capitalize on the little bit of time we have before he is grown and out the door"
The Adventure Begins Here...
The adventure starts with Cub Scouting, a year-round family program designed for boys in the 1st through 5th grades, or 7 to 10 years of age. The program emphasizes shared leadership, learning about the community, family understanding, character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness.
Young boys grow up fast. Give your son a valuable gift by encouraging him to join Cub Scouting today. The time you invest in him today will make a difference in the person he becomes tomorrow.
Character Development
Boy Scouting is for boys who are 11, or are at least 10 years old and have completed the fifth grade or have earned the Cub Scout Arrow of Light Award, through 17 years old. Boys experience a vigorous outdoor program and peer group leadership with the counsel of an adult Scoutmaster to achieve the BSA's objectives of developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness. Camping, fun with friends -- and more. It's the adventure of a lifetime.
Give your son a valuable gift by encouraging him to join Boy Scouting today. The time you invest in him today will make a difference in the person he becomes tomorrow.
Experiences of a lifetime
Venturing is a coed, high-adventure program for youth 14 through 20 years of age, or 13 years of age and have completed the eighth grade. The program provides positive experiences through exciting and meaningful youth-run activities that help them pursue their special interests, grow by teaching others, and develop leadership skills.
Life is an adventure…go higher, go farther, go Venturing.
Give back to the youth in your area
Through volunteering with the Boy Scouts of America, you will work with youth to build a better future for everyone.
Scouting volunteers come to Scouting from a variety of backgrounds and experiences. Plumbers, lawyers, housewives, teachers, doctors, janitors, and scientists—people from just about every occupation imaginable – are involved in leading youth to become responsible, caring, and competent citizens. They also quickly discover that Scout volunteering enables them to learn new skills and build lifelong friendships while having fun.
Please return applications to:
Istrouma Area Council
9644 Brookline Avenue
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
You may also contact the Council Service Center and talk to a representitive by calling (225) 926-2697
|File Name
|Adult Membership Application_English_524-501.pdf
|Adult Membership Application_Spanish_524-502.pdf
|Merit Badge Counselor Application_34405.pdf
|Youth Membership Application_English_524-406A.pdf
|Youth Membership Application_Spanish_524-423.pdf


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Doctor insights on:
Mask Like Facial Appearance
My facial appearance has changed so much from 15 yrs to 16 yrs and I dont know why, i know faces change in puberty but i just dont look like myself?
:): This is your new mature face, Believe me when I tell you, who you are comes from within. And don't forget this is advice from a person who has not seen the old "you" or the new "you"! ...Read more
What is the facial appearance like in people with broca's aphasia?
Brocas Aphasia: It depends on whether a stroke involved nerves to the face and eyes. An isolated brocas aphasia from injury to a part of the frontal lobe may produce no facial symptoms and only the inability to produce fluent speech. ...Read more
Does having TMJ have any effect on your facial appearance?
No: Having TMJ should not affect your face, unless you are in a lot of pain and you have a pained expression on your face. Tmj has to do with the muscles that move your jaw spasming or cramping causing pain. This should not affect how your muscles look, as the spasm is deep in the muscle. So, i would say you shouldn't notice any facial changes due to tmj. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
Why do people with Down syndrome all have the same facial appearance?
Genetics: The vast majority of ds patients will have enough similarities in physical appearance to be recognized by knowledgeable people.This is caused by the effect of the extra chromosome material on every cell of the body during the formation of all facial and body structures. ...Read more
Does a teens facial appearance change a significant amount during puberty around ages 14-16?
Puberty: Yes it does, maybe even a little earlier in the 10-15 range. ...Read more
Could bone grafting change facial appearance?
Certainly will, if -: Its done on the bones of the face. ...Read more
Will a missing molar tooth affect the facial appearance(on the exterior), skin flexibility,jaw volum loss,..as time goes by? I can't afford an implant
Missing tooth: Molars are key teeth in your mouth. They serve to bring food and that's where most of the chewing occurs. Losing a tooth in one jaw causes the tooth in the opposing jaw to over erupt and the neighboring teeth to drift. A replacement in the form of a "bridge" or an implant crown may be indicated to prevent any undesirable consequences. Consult with your dentist to determine the right treatment. ...Read moreSee 3 more doctor answers
Can one reverse the muscular changes and facial appearance changes from teeth grinding? My jaw has widened and hardened.Can the masseter muscle atophy
R/O TMJ : TMJ can be very difficult to treat and overlap several specialists. I hav had the best results with ENT and oral surgery. . It can start with a poor bite due to genetics/after trauma/Bruxism secondary to stress. A good nite guard is essential. topical Voltaren (diclofenac) gel and a low dose muscle relaxant like skelaxin/FLEXERIL /BOTOX/LIDOCAINE . BOTOX WILLL REDUCE SIZE OF RHE MUSCLES. prednisone can help ...Read more
Whats abnormal facies in trisomy?
Abnormal facies: The term "abnormal facies" refers to unusually facial features. What unusual facial features present will depend upon which trisomy is present. ...Read more
Whats asymmetric crying facies syndrome?
Which one?: There are a number of potential causes for facial asymmetry when crying. Facial paralysis can be congenital (either traumatic or developmental) or can occur at any age due to injury, infection, tumor, etc. There are quite a few congenital syndromes that can be associated with this. ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Remedies for doll like facial appearance
- Home remedies for doll like facial appearance
- Remedies for unusual facial appearance
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Facial mask for whiteheads
- Natural facial mask for pimples
- Make facial mask
- Banana facial mask for acne
- What is the best treatment for mask like facial appearance?


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Fani-Kayode has given support to a call for Nigeria's break up by former vice chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Prof. Ango Abdullahi. Abdullahi believes that if Nigerians cannot stay together, then the different regions of the country should go their separate ways. Femi Fani-Kayode Former aviation minster, Femi Fani-Kayode has expressed support for the dissolution of Nigeria in the face of the many challenges the country is facing. Fani-Kayode tweeted his support of Nigeria's balkanisation in a tweet on Wednesday, August 31.
The ex-minister's tweet quoted the words of former minister of education and member of the Northern Elders Forum, Prof. Ango Abdullahi, which said that Nigerians should go their separate ways if they can't stay together, and added a big 'Amen' to it.
Fani-Kayode is a famous advocate of southern Nigerian equality as against perceived northern hegemony in the Nigerian federation. He has complained against the continuous killings of the southerners by nomadic Fulani herdsmen who have gone on rampage in states like Ekiti, Enugu and Ondo among others. Meanwhile, Prof. Ango Abdullahi has lashed out President Muhammadu Buhari and insisted that he must either wage a war against militants or leave Boko Haram alone. The former vice chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University made this remark in Abuja during the launch of two books written by Dr Hadiza Wada.


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Volkswagen may have faced a lot of trouble with the Diesel Gate Scandal, but there was some bit of happy news for the employees, as they will get a USD 4,470 bonus for the 2015 fiscal year.
Dr. Karlheinz Blessing, the Volkswagen Board Member for Human Resources said, "Volkswagen employees produced a very good team performance last year despite the difficult situation."
"Their strong commitment deserves to be acknowledged and is now being recognized in the form of this profit share, which is also a clear signal that the Board of Management and the Works Council will tackle the difficult challenges together."
Last year, Volkswagen employees got a bonus of USD 6,670, which is USD 2,200 more than what they got this year. Since Volkswagen sales have seen a drop globally, employees did take a cut in their bonus. If the trend continues, the bonus for next year could also see a similar cut.


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Eric Hasslein was a Starfleet officer in the 24th century who had risen to the rank of Admiral. Hasslein was the director of Starfleet's exploration and colonization division.
In 2382, Admiral Hasslein announced his retirement from Starfleet. Captain Jean-Luc Picard was briefly considered to replace him. (TNG - Typhon Pact novel: Paths of Disharmony)


text: Senate is a chance for FVHS students to be leaders on their campus. "Senators" are encouraged and guided to get involved with not only school activities but also their community. They get the unique opportunity to work along side ASB and help put on important events (including homecoming assembly, Bell week, & Baron Games). But most importantly they get to create new friendships with fellow peers on the FVHS campus.


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Purchasing stocks and shares can feel very intimidating, especially when you begin exploring the notion of adding it in your portfolio of financial tools. You happen to be likely aware that it is potentially one of the more powerful method of reaching your long term financial goals, however. Keep reading to achieve some valuable insights on the way to maximize your investments in the ever-changing stock trading.
General stocks are the prime opportunity if you would like a part of your portfolio to stay before inflation. Over the last six decades, annual stock returns have average ten percent. Which has been well prior to bond yields and property earnings. A healthy stock portfolio throughout the industry is historically the ideal proposition for growing wealth, whereas handpicking stocks or sectors may not generate this result.
Ensure your investments regularly have the opportunity to grow by setting up an automatic payment from the daily account to the investment account. Create an automatic transfer to happen on payday in order that you are effectively paying yourself like any other bill. After which watch your investments monies grow.
Make sure you rebalance your portfolio. Rebalancing should be carried out on a quarterly or on annual basis. Monthly rebalancing is just not usually recommended. You may, not just eliminate losses, but additionally make sure that yields from winners are reinvested in other sectors that may eventually hit their growth phase, by periodically rebalancing your stock portfolio.
In relation to purchasing shares, the two main distinct types to choose from: preferred shares and common shares. You will discover a higher risk factor of losing cash with making an investment in common shares in the event the company you hold shares in is out of economic. Bond those, holders and creditors who own preferred stocks will probably be first in line to regain some of their money coming from a company that stops functioning since they have a higher ranking compared to a common shareholder,. This is the cause of this.
Be mindful of your personality, beliefs and psychology when you invest. In every single major decision you will make, you will probably have two choices. The initial one is the decision which enables financial or physical sense, the option seems good on paper. Another choice is usually one that allows you to sleep through the night soundly together with a definite conscience. Choose that certain.
It is very important remain flexible with respect to the cost of a stock. Math explains quite clearly that your particular return will be lower whenever you pay more for any asset which has a lower earning. A stock that seems to be an unsatisfactory buy for $50 1 day, may drop to $30 the subsequent week and grow a great buy.
It is vital you know about stock splits if you are planning to get investing in stocks. A stock split is actually each time a company increase its shares numbers to ensure more people can find involved with it. As an illustration, let's say you owned 20 shares of the stock at 10 dollars each. Having a stock split, you would probably own 40 shares at 5 dollars each.
Stock market trading information you learned here has likely increased your general awareness concerning sound investments. If you utilize sensible strategies for example the ones on this page, you are going to develop the patience and discipline you have to succeed.


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Great Deals on the Garmin 60CSX and MapSource Topo U.S. 2008
Expand Messages
- That price appears to be after the $50 rebate.
The price after rebate from Shipdog.com is $269.50
The price after rebate from Amazon.com is $272.69
Much better than the $500 they were getting for them when they first
came out!
Also, Amazon.com is selling the Garmin MapSource Topo U.S. 2008 for
$78. It has been updated to include most streets now. (Although still
not as good for streets as City Navigator.)
I should have mentioned this a few days ago...I bought it for $53,
minus $30 rebate = $23
--- In email@example.com, Barb Jernigan
<gumbietygress@...> wrote:
> The Tiger price SEMIK/Audra (we have these handles, you see -- a hold
> over from CB radios? I don't know) is the best I've seen. I've gotten
> ours through amazon.com, which also has a deep discount (and, if you can
> be patient, free super saver shipping!)....
> Oh, the fun you'll have, the things you'll see!
> BarbJ/Tygress
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


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Definition Edit
Dynamic cyber defense (DcyD)
|actions combine policy, intelligence, sensors, and highly automated processes to identify and analyze malicious activity, simultaneously tip and cue and execute preapproved response actions to defeat attacks before they can do harm. DCyD uses the Army defensive principles of security, defense in depth, and maximum use of offensive action to engage cyber threats. These actions include surveillance and reconnaissance to provide early warnings of pending enemy actions. DCyD is integrated with the defensive aspects of CyNetOps to provide defense in depth.[1]