text:
24 photos
$880,000 160 acres 473 Pierce Road, Dequincy, LA 70657 - Beauregard Parish
160 acres Dequincy, LA
This +/-160 acre tract along Hwy 12 and Pierce Road in DeQuincy/Ragley, LA, with approximately .625 mile of blacktop frontage, contains +/- 50 acres of improved pastureland with 3 ponds and +/- 110 acres of mixed hardwoods and pine timber. A beautiful driveway lined with age-old live oaks in the middle of the pasture could be the path to the remarkable home you have always dreamed of. Watch your cattle graze, deer chase, and birds play while enjoying the cool shade of the oaks all from your front porch. Don't let the opportunity to own this truly amazing Beauregard Parish property get away. Call Jill Cunningham at 337.526.7008 or Leah Cureton at 337.302.4620 for a site visit.
Jill Cunningham Mossy Oak Properties of Louisiana - Lake Charles


text:
Customer Service Representatives
We are hiring motivated Inbound Customer Service Representatives interested in providing excellent customer care for brands such as Lane Bryant, Justice and National Geographic.
As a Customer Service Representative, you are confident, outgoing and self-motivated with a strong work ethic. You are also team-oriented, open minded and willing to learn. You have excellent verbal, written and interpersonal communication skills and can easily establish rapport with customers.
Are you looking for a career?
A company you can call home?
Opportunity for growth?
Global Response is a great place to work!
- Respond to customers with knowledge and empathy via telephone, email and chat.
- Assist the customer in identifying his/her needs, suggesting products and completing purchases.
- Assist customer in a courteous, friendly and professional manner according to approved procedures.
- Correctly apply season codes to each interaction accurately and completely.
- Basic computer proficiency, particularly with Microsoft and web-based applications.
- Excellent Verbal/Written Communication Skills.
- Punctuality and consistent work attendance.
- Customer Server or Call Center experience a plus.
- Typing 35 words per minute is preferred.
- Bilingual Spanish or french a plus.
Global Response offers benefits and perks for eligible employees, including:
- Health, dental and vision insurance
- 401(k)
- Weekly pay
- Bonuses for performance and attendance
- Paid training
- Discounted tickets program
- Family culture
- 10-year employees are celebrated with diamond earrings or luxury watch
- 20-year employees receive an all-expense paid, two-week trip for two anywhere in the world
walk-ins always welcome
- Please apply in person at 777 S. State Rd 7, Margate, FL 33068 or Reserve an Appointment Here
- For Questions, call 954-969-2433
- We look forward to a conversation with you about our many opportunities.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mimsy will be there on Sunday. She is looking for a home with another friendly dog who would want to sleep next to her and to wrestle from time to time. She likes cats and calm, older children. She likes short walks on the beach, long snuggles on the couch, and to play in the yard. She doesn't like being off leash yet, because she likes the security of being close to her human.
or cancel
Sign in, if you're already a member of this group or Join San Francisco Chihuahua Meetup
6 photos
Activity on Jun 30, 2017
5 photos
Activity on Jun 3, 2017
6 photos
Activity on May 7, 2017
3 photos
Activity on Mar 31, 2017
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How do I attach an image to my quiz form. I want to use that image as a part of one of the questions.Asked by vishwagangajobs on July 12, 2015 at 12:03 PM
you can refer to my form "Vishwaganga- Web Development Internship - Written Round"
i can see image displaying in the form builder, but when I am previewing the form, then the default jotform image is getting displayed.
JotForm Support
I have checked your form using the Form URL you have provided. I have viewed your Quiz questions and I believe you are referring to this:
Can you try if clearing your browser's cache would show the supposed image on your end?
By the way, I am using Google Chrome as shown on the image above. You can also try using a different browser and see if that helps.
If you have tried both and still having issues, please do get back to us so we can further assist you. You may post a screenshot of the issue you're having. Thank you.


text:
- "As an avid online shopper, I rely heavily on user reviews and ratings...
Rank & Style saves me time on browsing and research with its trusty algorithm-based ranking system so I don't spend hours sifting through reviews on different sites." – Jane, Fashionista, 31
Be in the know:
Top tens in your inbox.
Thank you for subscribing!
Enter your email address below and live list-fully ever after!
Most Popular Top Ten Lists:
Top Ten Lists You Might Like:
Featured Content
- Talking Top Tens: Alexa Von TobelAlexa von Tobel, CFP® is the founder and CEO of LearnVest.com, and the New York Times Bestselling Author of Financially Fearless. She attended Harvard College and Harvard Business School before starting LearnVest, which has raised over $73 million in financing since its inception. Alexa brings her passion for innovative product design to the financial planning space, as she works to bring financial advice to people nationwide and revolutionize how Americans interact with their money. Follow Alexa and LearnVest on Twitter, and @AlexavonTobel and @learnvest on Instagram.
- Talking Top Tens: Rati Sahi LevesqueBorn and raised in San Francisco, Rati Sahi Levesque graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz with a degree in economics. After sharpening her chops in the financial industry, Rati opened the fashion-forward Anica boutique in San Francisco's hip Russian Hill neighborhood. Setting out to fill the void of avant-garde designers in the city, Anica acquired a significant following, especially for the store's luxury consignment selection, which featured specialty and vintage pieces. In addition, Anica built a large online presence, with e-commerce sales comprising 50% of business. Rati combined her consignment and e-commerce success when she joined CEO Julie Wainwright and The RealReal. Now both a mother and an entrepreneur, Rati cites the creative selling process as the most fulfilling part of working at The RealReal, as well as the access to the world's most beautiful and unique fashion. Follow Rati on Twitter.
- Popular This Week:OROBLU 'Repos 70' Control Top Support Hosiery


text:
Please tell us a little about your business and what you are trying to achieve so we can see if we are a good fit for your next Project.
Name *
Email *
Phone *
Business Name *
What is your budget range? *Please Select$3000 - $5000$5000 - $10000$10000 - $15000$15000 - $20000$20000+
Project Deadline *
How can we help you? *Tell us a bit about your business and the goals of your project
Subscribe Me To Your Mailing List
Services *
WordPress Web DesignWordPress SEOWordPress DevelopmentExplainer VideosInfographicsOthers
Capsicum Mediaworks, LLP
Ground Floor, Manusmruti,
Tejpal Road, Vile Parle (East),
Mumbai 400 057. Maharashtra, India.
+91 98330 94626
+91 98330 94626
[email protected]
© 2009 - 2017 Capsicum Mediaworks LLP.
If you'd like to talk to us about a project or receive a quote or just want to say 'HI', just fill up the form below!


text: With so much attention on Riesling these days, it seems that Chardonnay is slipping through the cracks. It is easy not to notice it, but that would be a mistake. There is a reason Chardonnay was the first vinifera to be planted in the Finger Lakes. Chardonnay fits our climate perfectly when planted in the correct areas. While it is a bit more sensitive to the bitter cold of Finger Lakes winters and takes more care to plant in some of the warmer and more protected microclimates, the climate during the growing season is perfect for cool climate Chardonnay. Whether it is grown to be vinified as a sparkling wine (one of the Finger Lakes' hidden treasures) or as crisp, still Chardonnay, we believe this is one of the most exciting and unsung grapes in the Finger Lakes.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 22, 2006
|Filing date
|Jul 16, 2004
|Priority date
|Jul 16, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mario Kupnik, Andreas Schröder, Michael Wiesinger, Klaus-Christoph Harms
|Original Assignee
|Avl List Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (38), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an ultrasonic gas flowmeter including at least one transmitting sound transducer, one receiving sound transducer, transmission and reception electronics, and a device to measure exhaust flows of internal combustion engines, as well as a method to determine the flow of gases whereby the mean flow velocity is determined and whereby the flowing quantity of gas is also determined with a highly synchronized resolution from the transit time of the acoustic signals between transmitter and receiver.
2. The Prior Art
Such ultrasonic flowmeters are known for fluids and gases and they are the subject of various publications and professional articles. They use the so-called dragging effect, namely in that the velocity in the direction of the beam of acoustic signals in fluids is not only determined by the orientation of the acoustic transmitter and the sound velocity of the (static) medium, but these acoustic signals are dependent, among other things, on the flow velocity of the fluid medium. At least two transit times along at least two measurement paths are measured whereby at least one path must be oriented parallel or at an angle to the flow direction, upstream or downstream. The course of transit relative to one or other measuring paths can be transverse, shifted parallel or converging parallel as well.
The at least two transit times of the transmitted sound characteristics in the region of the flowing medium are determined from two measured time differences between transmitting time and receiving time. A mean flow velocity can be determined from the transit times, which results in the searched volume flow data with the aid of the known diameter of the pipe with the flowing medium.
The mass flow of the flowing gas can be calculated from the volume flow if the density of the gas is known. However, this is generally not known, especially in case of a pulsating gas flow and overlaying pressure pulsations and high temperature fluctuations. It is now a possibility to determine also the effective propagation velocity of the sound from at least two transit times of the sound, which is approximately the sound velocity of the static gas, and at the same time to measure the actual gas pressure and possibly also the actual gas temperature—simultaneously to the measuring of transit times—and to take these values into consideration in the evaluation.
However, this known method has currently limited applications. Based on the known equations for the ideal gas there is additionally necessary, as a result of an accurate determination of the gas mass-flow, either the knowledge of the adiabatic coefficient of the gas—that is the ratio of the specific heat capacity at constant pressure at constant volume—or the knowledge of the molar mass. However, these values are not always known and they are not constant over time in case of an exhaust gas from a variably occurring combustion.
The values of the mean flow velocity and the sound velocity are obtained from the transit times and the course of the flow in the volume, which passes the sound paths. They respectively represent a determined value of the sound path and the transit time, while the determined flow velocity relative to the diameter of the pipe is of importance in the determination of the flowing gas quantity. Since these two pieces of information do not give generally the same results, complicated systems were envisioned to minimize the influence of the flow profile on the sound paths and on the values of flow and sound velocity, which are determined from the transit times. For example, it was proposed to position several ultrasonic transducers in such a manner that the flow velocity determined from the transit times corresponds to the velocity determined from the diameter of the pipe. In addition, special sound paths in the vicinity of the pipe wall were proposed, especially for large pipe diameters. Through a suitable but costly arrangement and evaluation, it was to be ensured that the flow velocity, determined from the transit times, corresponds to the velocity detected relative to the pipe diameter.
It is further known that an error correction can be performed in the form of a calibration constant to consider the flow profile existing in the medium, which is sensible, nevertheless, only in case of a time-constant flow characteristic but not in case of a non-stationary and pulsating flow.
One disadvantage of the known device and method is especially the fact that they are often and wrongly based on a linear course of the sound path in the pipe with flowing medium.
In fact, the azimuthal flows in the measuring pipe have a well-known large influence on the respective sound path and thereby and influence on the measurement results of an ultrasonic gas flowmeter. Flow-shaping devices are suggested to be installed inside the measuring pipe as a remedy against such rotational velocities, i.e. flow rectifiers or stream-lining devices in the form of lamellas or thin tubing.
However, it is generally not taken into consideration that sound breaks occur based on an axial flow profile besides the altering drift of the sound. Starting from zero at the ultrasonic transducer diaphragm and near the pocket of the transducer, which is mounted to the measuring pipe at an angle, the flow velocity is even or smooth up to the maximum velocity at about the center of the pipe. A deviation of the local sound impedance occurs dependent on the local sound velocity relative to the flow velocity whose gradient causes the breaking of sound.
The additional breaking as a result of a temperature profile in the flowing gas, which is also not considered in prior art, is of special significance. Especially at a temperature difference between the measuring pipe and the medium there can be a sound path largely deviating from the linear propagation.
It may occur in an extreme case that the sound emitted by the aligned transmitter and receiver is made to drift or is broken to such a high degree that it does not reach the receiver at all and a measurement of the transit time is no longer possible thereby. A circumstance like this can be observed, for example, in the measurement of the quantity of exhaust gas in an internal combustion engine. At sudden load changes from idling to full load, there might occur high flow velocity and temperature differences of 300° C. between the flowing exhaust gas and the pipe, for example, which can lead to the formation of extreme flow and temperature profiles and to the deflection of the sound from the linear propagation, depending on the pipe dimension of up to a few centimeters.
Drifting and breaking of the sound in the non-stationary gas flow, which has a non-stationary temperature profile, are also the cause that now only one part of the maximal detectable amplitude, dependent on the temporarily existing flow characteristic, reaches the receiver and is measured thereby. In addition, the transmission of sound can be extremely distorted and damped based on the local vorticity and pressure fluctuations up to cavitation effects. These highly fluctuating interruptions lead to a strong influence on the amplitude and signal form of the two reception signals, which results in placing high demands on the evaluation method, the ultrasonic transducer, and on the entire arrangement. Based on these effects, the usable measuring range of the flowmeter is clearly limited and the evaluation of data is made more difficult. Furthermore, the employment of the flowmeter on an engine test bench represents a difficult surrounding for the sensor electronics relative to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMV). Traditional systems and evaluation methods, e.g. cross-correlation with a stored reference signal (EP 0 797 105 A2), or methods using threshold sampling (DE 196 36 945 A1), cannot satisfy all these commands.
The flow velocity to be measured in the exhaust pipe may include a wide range of values, mainly when the usual standard diameters are used for the measuring pipe, independent from the size of the engine. There are in fact proposals relative to maximizing the measuring range proposing a special mechanical alignment of the transducer with a specific correction angle (K. S. Mylvaganam, "High-Rangeability Ultrasonic Gas Flowmeter for Monitoring Flare Gas," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 36, pp. 144–149, 1989.) However, this requires higher manufacturing costs for the measuring pipe and does not make possible constant adaptation to different flow velocities and different temperature profiles.
The exhaust gas temperatures can be from −40° C. to approximately 1,000° C., depending on the operational condition of the internal combustion engine and the position of the flowmeters in the exhaust train (e.g. at a cold start of the engine in the environmental chamber.) Current devices (i.e. from Sick AG) are highly limited relative to the maximal admissible exhaust gas temperature (200° C. ) because of the use of piezo-ceramic ultrasonic transducers.
Deciding is also the fact that the exhaust gas temperature of an internal combustion engine can change rapidly and to a high degree, e.g., at a load change in engine operation at full load during pulling operation. Based on this large and rapid change of the flow characteristics, there may also occur unpredictable reflections and overlaying of the actual reception signal together with parasitic sound signals, which would lead to false results during the use of traditional evaluation methods.
Known ultrasonic gas flowmeters have the difficulties to detect sufficiently accurate the pulsations of pressure and flow velocities existing in the exhaust gas flow to a high extent. Based on the scanning theorem, there is namely the requirement for the avoidance of measurement artifacts (aliasing) to scan the signal at such a high frequency that the scanning frequency is at least twice as high as the frequency of the signal component existing in the signal that has the highest frequency. An exhaust gas quantity sensor must therefore have also a correspondingly high measurement repetition rate. One has to assume for automobile engines, for example, a repetition frequency rate of at least 3 kHz, depending on the position of the mass flow sensor in the exhaust train. Commercially available devices (e.g. Sick AG) operate with a measurement repetition frequency of maximal 30 Hz.
Based on the condition existing in the exhaust pipe, the evaluation method used in the exhaust gas quantity sensor should have an adequate possibility for plausibility controls of the detected flow values.
The employment of capacitive ultrasonic transducers represents a basic improvement for ultrasonic flowmeter for gases as it was already proposed in general (I. J. O'Sullivan and W. M. D. Wright, "Ultrasonic measurement of gas flow using electrostatic transducers," Elsevier Ultrasonics, vol. 40, pp. 407–411, 2002.) It is not known, however, how the number of the aforementioned problems can be solved. In particular, there were not disclosed any suitable evaluation methods, transducers and arrangements for the employment in the exhaust train of an internal combustion engine.
A general difficulty with ultrasonic transmission and reception transducers for gases is to send sufficient acoustic energy into the medium and to be able to obtain a sufficiently strong electric reception signal from the received acoustic energy. Up to now, piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers were practically exclusively employed as transducers that are distinguished by a compact structure made of a solid-state material. The large difference in the acoustic-wave resistance between the gas medium, on the one hand, and the material of the sound transducer, on the other hand, has a disruptive effect since solid-state materials have a specific wave resistance that is 100,000-fold higher than the one of gases. This means that most of the acoustic energy is reflected from the bordering surface of the transducer to the gas medium and only a small portion is transmitted. These transducers have therefore an extremely low sensitivity in high frequency ranges for transmission or for reception as well.
The same characteristic has the result that the piezoelectric sound transducer can easily described as solid-state acoustic resonators with a characteristic natural frequency and having a relatively high oscillating quality or having a narrow-band frequency characteristic. This fact is intentionally exploited to obtain a sufficiently high sensitivity: In the range of its natural frequency or its resonance frequency there is an acceptable high sensitivity based namely on the resonant rise, even though the sensitivity drops to essentially unusable low values outside this narrow-band frequency range. Of course, there is related to the frequency characteristic of the high-quality resonator also a long-term build-up and decay behavior of the transducer, which causes difficulties again with the accurate transit time measurement and which leads thus to inaccuracies and a low sampling rate during flow measurement.
Various attempts have been disclosed to improve the situation. It has been tried to damp the back echo in the piezoelectric transducer through sound-absorbing layers, so-called "backing layers" to increase the bandwidth to some degree in this manner—this was accomplished, however, in exchange for a loss in sensitivity. Layers were arranged on the front of the transducer for so-called impedance matching to the wave resistance of the gas medium, however, with little success. The transducer element itself was made also of a composite wherein piezoelectric rods are embedded in a plastic polymer matrix so that the wave resistance of this element of composite is lowered and "clean" vibration modes are achieved at the same time. Signal-analytical methods were developed to achieve accurate transit-time measurements in spite of the occurrences of build-up and decay. Even with all these efforts, the efficiency of ultrasonic flow measurement remained limited mainly because of the narrow band of the employed transducer, especially the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer.
An additional disadvantage of these transducers exists in their limited temperature stability. Its metallic coated diaphragm stretched over an electrically conductive substrate forms at the same time the insulation layer of the electric capacitor whereby the plastic foils or silicone nitride usually used as dielectric diaphragm material are not sufficient for the temperature requirements for the quantity measurement of the exhaust gas (D. A. Hutchins, D. W. Schindel, A. G. Bashford, and W. M. D. Wright, "Advances in ultrasonic electrostatic transduction," ElsevierUltrasonics, vol. 36, 1998.) Even the so-called electret transducers, which have a permanently polarized dielectric diaphragm, do not have sufficient temperature stability, i.e. a Teflon-type polymer diaphragm with inserted electric charge carriers (electrons).
A particular disadvantage with traditional ultrasonic flowmeters with oblique irradiation by ultrasonic waves is the angled position of the transducer to the pipe wall, which is required in traditional transducers. The thereby developing recesses or pockets cause an advanced transit time of the ultrasonic wave that would have to be considered in the evaluation of the transit times. In addition, flow vortexes are induced in the recesses and in the flow that can cause falsification of the measured values. The vortexes additionally increase the problem of the deposit of particles transported along with the flow. Particles deposited on the transducer diaphragm can greatly change the transmission characteristics of the transducers. The disclosed proposal for a remedy could not sufficiently solve the problem, for instance, a screen stretched over a recess that is to be permeable for the ultrasound but impermeable for the flow—or the aeration of the recess with clean air.
The use of capacitive ultrasonic transducers does not only offer advantages. Improvements in circuitry would be desirable relative to the polarization voltage, which has a considerable co-effect on the electrical and mechanical operational center of the transducer. The required polarization voltage of 100 to 200 volts, for example, is usually established for the transducer capacity via a high-ohmic electric resistor. The resulting electrostatic force causes, on the one hand, the flat placement of the diaphragm onto the textured back plate and, on the other hand, a linear transducer characteristic, which means, a transducer sensitivity that is almost independent from the amplitude of the electric transmission signal or the acoustic reception signal. However, the polarization voltage prevents also the simple use of circuitry concepts common in piezo-ceramic transducers or electret transducers, namely the electrometer and charge amplifiers that relate directly to the mass potential.
The charge amplifier and the electrometer amplifier would both be advantageous and nearly of the same value as reception amplifier relative to the achievable SNR (signal-to-noise ratio); however, in contrast to the electrometer circuit, the charge amplifier makes a greater bandwidth possible, which can be advantageously used especially in high-frequency applications such as optical data transmission with photo diodes or with ultrasound. The large bandwidth is the result of the fact that the parasitic capacity of the transducer and of the connecting cable does not have to be recharged with the signal voltage in case of the charge amplifier concept. The operational amplifier creates in fact zero voltage at its inverting input so that the voltage in the transducers and in the existing parasitic components remains exceedingly small to the point of disappearance.
However, a charge amplifier in the traditional form is not possible because of the electric polarization voltage necessary in capacitive ultrasonic transducers. The electrically pre-charged transducer has been coupled up to now to the charge amplifier acting against the mass potential via a voltage-proof coupling capacitor. A "pure" charge amplifier operation of the capacitive ultrasonic transducer is no longer possible with all its advantages. The transducer lies no longer directly at the virtual zero-point of the operational amplifier, which reduces the bandwidth that can be achieved. A very large coupling capacitor would put too much load on the transducer—but with small transducers, the total sensitivity of the transducer plus the amplifier or their group transit time would not be defined enough based on the manufacturing-related fluctuations of the transducer capacity. In case of the ultrasonic flow measurements by means of transit time detections at two reception channels, two respective amplifiers would have to be calibrated in the rule since any asymmetry would lead directly to a time error based on the group transit times, which must be considered to be extremely problematic. The same applies to the connecting cable since achieving of complete symmetry of the two connecting cables is difficult and costly in a final configuration of the apparatus.
As a conceivable alternative thereto, one would have to mention also the electric impedance conversion occurring directly on the transducer in the housing. However, this is to be discounted because of the lack of space and in view of the high temperatures of the exhaust gases to be measured.
The aforementioned disadvantages of the state-of-the-art are of special significance in the measurement of exhaust gas flows of internal combustion engines and they can prevent the realization of advantageous devices in the measuring technology having gas flowmeters in the exhaust gas system (see for example WO 02/42730 A2 of PCT/AT01/00371), particularly in hot and strongly pulsating regions. With the available gas flowmeters there can be performed, nevertheless, some applications in the automotive measuring technology such as, for example, the measuring of blow-by gases (leaking gas from the crankcase.) However, the possible applications are very limited, especially in the exhaust gas analysis on the engine and drive-train test bench as well as on the roller-type dynamometer for vehicles, or in vehicles on the road.
It is the object of the present invention to overcome the aforementioned difficulties and to provide an ultrasonic gas flowmeter having considerably improved capacities, particularly in view of temperature stability and the reduction and consideration of an existing temperature profile.
An additional object of the invention is an improvement of the evaluation method for more accurate and dependable detection of the volume flow or the mass flow of gases, especially highly dynamic flows.
This object is achieved according to the invention in that the sound transducers are designed as capacitive ultrasonic transducers for the generation of sound as well as for the reception of time transient sound signals, and devices to level the gas temperature profile of the flow, and to minimize the influence of the temperature profile on the flow measurement.
For example, a metal diaphragm made of titanium is employed in place of the highly elastic insulating diaphragm foil having mostly a metallic coating on one side, which is otherwise commonly used.
However, the through-going electric conductivity of the diaphragm material makes the construction of the capacitive transducer more difficult. Instead of simply providing the commonly used electrically conductive material for the second electrode of the capacitor, which forms the transducer, it is necessary to make special provisions for an insulating layer. An electrode or a back plate having an insulating layer can serve for this purpose, which advantageously consists of a doped semiconductor and an insulating layer superimposed thereon, which is usually applied and onto which the diaphragm is placed directly.
Care must be taken so that the insulating layer corresponds to the base material of the back plate (doped semiconductor) relative to its thermal expansion factor. It is therefore especially advantageous if the insulating layer is made of material that has been created through a reaction of the material of the second electrode or back plate under the influence of heat with the ambient atmosphere during the manufacturing process. For example, a base material of highly doped silicone can be treated in a furnace in an oxygen atmosphere at approximately 1,000° C. for about 24 hours. A silicone oxide layer of approximately 1.5 micrometers is created thereby that satisfies the required insulation demands. Layers "grown out" of the material in such a manner have a considerably higher thermal and mechanical capacity compared to the layers applied by means of sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology.
The frequency behavior, which means, the sensitivity of the high-temperature ultrasonic transducers constructed in this manner, can be influence by means of resonance volumes developing between the insulating layer and the diaphragm lying directly thereon. In addition, the second electrode or back plate is provided with a texture whereby trapped air, caused by the natural roughness of the surface, can additionally influence said frequency behavior.
According to another embodiment, the second electrode or back plate is provided with a texture made of discrete artificial texture elements, preferably an etched texture. Shown to be especially advantageous were line-shaped or honeycomb-shaped texture elements with a characterizing width of 80 to 120 micrometers for an interesting frequency range of 100 to 600 kHz. There is furthermore a direct relationship between the depth of the texture and the sensitivity of the ultrasonic transducer. Especially good results were achieved for the required application with texture depths of approximately 0.4 micrometers. It is to be mentioned that the texture can be produced before the creation of the insulating layer on the unfinished back plate as well as after the creation of the insulating layer. That means, in the doped semiconductor as well as in the insulating layer. Since texturing after creation of the insulation is preferred in this case, a larger space is created between the charged electrodes disposed between the non-textured areas (connecting elements) of the back plate and the diaphragm, and the static capacity of the transducer is thereby lower then if the insulation layer is created after the texturing. According to the invention, the production of a relatively low texture is performed by means of a chemical etching process using traditional methods of lithography. That is, the entire back plate is at first coated by means of light-sensitive lacquer (mostly with the aid of a spinner) and it is then exposed with the aid of an exposure mask according to the processing instruction of the manufacturer. Depending on the lacquer, the exposed or the non-exposed surfaces of the lacquer are opened through development of the lacquer in the developing bath. The texture patterns can then be deep-etched at the opened surfaces. The etching depth can be determined thereby through the etching period.
The transducer is advantageously provided with a plurality of separately accessible or readable areas in a linear or a plane arrangement. This make the avoidance of pocket holes possible relative to the transducer reception, which could cause additional turbulence of the flow in the region of the ultrasound path. These so-called "array transducers" are preferably manufactured by means of the aforementioned technologies. They have the advantage to make possible the characteristic of being oriented at an angle relative to the face of the transducer for the transmission or reception of sound. Flush-mounted installation of the ultrasonic transducer in the measuring pipe is thereby possible even at oblique irradiation by ultrasonic waves in the pipe. Individual areas of the array transducer are selected with the electric transmission signal at periodic discrete intervals in the use as transmitter. In the use as receiver, the individual reception signals are evaluated at a delayed time. In both types of operation, the angle characteristic of the transducer can be influenced by the variation of the periodic intervals, and the acoustic drift as well as the acoustic breaking phenomenon can be advantageously counter-acted thereby.
The construction of a transducer of this type is similar to the above-described manner: A uniform pattern of electrodes made of platinum, for example, is placed on an insulating, high-temperature stable material (substrate), i.e., aluminum oxide (AL2O3)or sapphire by means of sputtering or vapor deposition. A strip-shaped pattern with strips of a width of 1 mm is applied to the substrate at a distance from one another of 0.5 mm, for example, for a plane and angled transmission and reception characteristic in a frequency range of approximately 100–600 kHz. In a second step, an insulating layer is placed on the surface in such a manner that a separate selection of the individual strips of electrodes is made possible by means of contact. The insulation layer is then textured by means of the lithography and etching technology described above. The metallic diaphragm lies then against this texture whereby said diaphragm is held in place by the transducer housing as in traditional capacitive ultrasonic transducers. The effects of acoustic breaking and drifting through the temperature or flow profile can be counter-acted by means of an adjustable radiation angle realized by a transducer of this type.
Another possibility to act against the aforementioned effects is to make the distance between the transmitter and the receiver adjustable in the direction of flow. This can be achieved according to the embodiment of the invention in that at least one sound transducer, preferably the reception transducer(s) is/are movably mounted. At a flow velocity of 30 m/s, which results in a drift of approximately 10 mm downstream at a pipe diameter of 50 mm, for example, the reception transducer can be moved exactly by this distance to ensure the same transmission behavior as without any flow.
A rotatable mount of one or several transducers achieves successfully in a similar manner that a corresponding correction angle can be provided in the acoustic radiation so that the acoustic beam of the transmitter hits directly the receiver surface with its maximal sound level even at a high flow velocity or at a high temperature difference between the pipe wall and the flowing gas. In addition, the transducer is movably mounted in such a manner that the incoming and outgoing angle of the acoustic beam relative to the pipe axis can be changed by rotating the transducer.
Furthermore, a high temperature difference between the pipe wall and the flowing gas is decreased or avoided by means of a heating device for the wall of the measuring pipe, possibly also for the sound transducer. It is proposed thereby to match, as much as possible, the pipe temperature to the actual temperature of the flowing gas.
It is especially recommended to manufacture the measuring pipe of a material that has a low specific heat capacity, especially made of thermally insulating material, and/or to provide it with a coating of such material and/or to enclose it with a casing of such material. In the ideal case, this leads to the fact that the temperature of the pipe wall at the side of the measured gas always follows automatically the temperature of the gas itself—this can be achieved with only a small heating effort or none at all.
It is additionally advantageous for transient processes of long duration, as they occur with exhaust gases of internal combustion engines during a change in load, to install or integrate temperature- and/or flow profile-forming devices in the measuring pipe. These devices cause leveling of the temperature profile as well as of the flow profile. According to the invention, there are screens and sections of tubing bundles proposed, as they are used otherwise to cause a laminar flow, to ensure, on the one hand, uniform mixing of the generally turbulent flow as much as possible to obtain a uniform gas temperature thereby, and to obtain a uniform and irrotational flow profile, on the other hand. Furthermore, heatable screens are provided on the measuring pipe, which do not obstruct sound radiation, and they close the pocket holes and are flush-mounted in the continuation of the pipe wall.
Aside from the purely mechanical measures to minimize the temperature profile of the flowing gas, it has been shown to be especially advantageous to add computed corrections to the results of the flow measurement depending on additional physical parameters. It can be shown in this manner that the change of the sound path caused by the temperature profile can be taken into consideration by means of an additional correction factor in the evaluation of the flow and sound velocity computation. It has been shown to be especially advantageous thereby to change this correction factor depending on the temperature of the pipe and the characteristic temperature of the gas. According to the invention, a temperature sensor is provided to measure the temperature of the wall of the measuring pipe whereby said sensor is connected to the evaluation electronics.
In an additional embodiment of the inventive device, an additional temperature sensor is provided to measure the temperature of the flow whereby said sensor is connected to the evaluation electronics.
In addition, there is shown a not to be discounted dependence of the measurement results of the gas flowmeter relative to the composition of the gas, especially if the mass flow has to be generated for a measurement result or if data has to be created about the volume flow while standardized to a specific temperature. A device to determine the gas composition is therefore provided according to the invention, particularly a lambda probe, to detect the so-called air ratio λ. It has been shown to be especially advantageous, particularly in the measurement of the exhaust gas mass-flow on test benches, to determine the gas composition by means of a lambda probe whereby said composition relates parametric to the air ratio λ.
Consideration of the gas composition can be taken thereby directly during the evaluation of the flow (which means, independent from the actual flowmeter) or in the evaluation electronics of the flowmeter itself as proposed in the invention. A respective data line and data interface is provided through which the information about the gas composition is forwarded.
Primary signals of a large signal-to-noise ratio, being undistorted as much as possible, are necessary for a correct and highly dynamic evaluation of the flow by means of ultrasound. The capacitive transducer and the analog primary processing of the signals are used for this purpose. The reception electronics are designed as an analog amplifier, according to the invention, and the reference potential or a least the primary amplifier stage is elevated to the potential level of the transducer, which means, to the bias voltage. To avoid the above-mentioned problems relative to the asymmetry and bandwidth in the amplifier circuit of the traditional type for capacitive ultrasonic transducers, the reception electronics are designed as an analog amplifier, according to the invention, and the reference potential of at least the primary amplifier stage is elevated to the potential level of the transducer, which means, to the bias voltage. Traditionally-used coupling capacitors can thereby be avoided, which would considerably lower the transmission bandwidth of the transducer amplifier for signal detection and it would capacitively stress the ultrasonic transducer. The coupling capacitor represents thereby a capacitive load lying parallel to the transducer at the input of the amplifier circuit under consideration of the virtual zero-point.
In another especially advantageous embodiment, the inverting input of the amplifier circuit is connected directly to the capacitive transducer.
For the protection of the amplifier in case of a disruptive charge, it can be advantageous in the above-mentioned embodiment that the capacitive transducer and the reference potential is connected to the inverting input of the amplifier circuit via a capacitor, but which does not function as a traditional coupling capacitor in this embodiment, but functions purely as protection since there is the same voltage at both side of this capacity, namely the bias voltage. The amount of the capacity can be chosen to be very large in this case, e.g. 100 nF, since the transducer is biased in this case by a capacity through the series connection and the internal resistance of the bias voltage source. However, the internal resistance is only to such a degree in standard operation that the load of the transducer can be nearly disregarded.
The capacity of the capacitive ultrasonic transducer represents an RC element (resistance capacitance) together with the coupling resistance of the bias voltage and it is thereby a low-pass filter for interferences of the bias voltage. Since there is now the same voltage at the non-inverting input of the amplifier, namely the bias voltage (possibly separate from the transducer potential by means of the above described capacity), it is advantageous and it is proposed in the invention not to suppress interferences at the non-inverting input of the amplifier whereby the reference potential exists also at the non-inverting input of the amplifier circuit via an RC element.
It is advantageously proposed in a special embodiment that the time constant of said RC element is approximately equal to the time constant of the filter formed by the transducer capacity and the coupling resistor of the reference potential.
According to the invention, additional filters are connected on the load side to the primary amplifier circuit to suppress interfering signal components outside of the used frequency range of 300–400 kHz, for example, preferably a high-pass filter, possibly a second amplifier stage with a subsequent band-pass filter, and possibly at least one catcher capacitor. The de-coupling of the useful signal from the bias voltage by means of a voltage-stable coupling capacitor can be performed as desired in front, in, or also behind these connections.
According to the invention, a device to measure exhaust gas flows of internal combustion engines is characterized in that a gas flowmeter is installed in the exhaust train of the internal combustion engine according to one of the prior paragraphs. Accurate and highly dynamic measurements of the flow can be performed of the pulsating and the extremely hot exhaust gases during many operational conditions—be it stationary in test benches or workshops of also on-board of vehicles in normal operation. The employment directly in the exhaust manifold of a single cylinder is as conceivable as the installation in front or after the catalytic converter as well as between the mufflers and the end of the exhaust train.
According to an advantageous embodiment, the gas flowmeter is provided in the close vicinity of a possible location of a gas sampling point for the determination of pollutant components in the exhaust gas.
Of course, the gas flowmeter can be employed in pipe sections with partial flows of exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine if it is necessary for the measurement or if the location of installation is more suitable.
In the best case, all gas flows are to be monitored to be able to obtain the best possible overview of the internal combustion engine whereby it may be proposed that the gas flowmeter is employed in pipe sections which have a gas flow designed for the dilution of the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine.
It is proposed to improve gas flow measuring with capacitive sound transducers not only as seen from the mechanical side but also to improve the aforementioned evaluation method in that an assessed value is calculated for the flow after the determination of acoustic transit times and said assessed value is then corrected at least by means of a characteristic temperature of the gas and the temperature in the pipe wall.
An assessed value is at first determined for the flow velocity v and for the sound velocity c under consideration of a constant k1 corresponding to the flow profile, the transit time in direction of flow t+, the transit time against the direction of flow t−, as well as of two constants k2 and k3 corresponding to the pipe geometry:
A first assessed value for the volume flow V is obtained from the equation EQ 1 by multiplication with the diameter of the measuring pipe A:
This assessed value is now corrected corresponding to the characteristic temperature Tc as well as to the temperature of the pipe wall Tw by means of function ƒ1(Tc, Tw):
Should a value for the actual mass flow be of interest, then this can be calculated from the equation EQ 4 by means of multiplication with a nominal density.
It is additionally proposed in a further improved embodiment of the method that the value of the actual pressure in the measuring pipe is used to determine this assessed value, preferably exactly at the location of the transit time measurement. Sudden density changes of the flowing medium can thereby be included in the computation. The actual density p is thus determined from the sound velocity c (EQ 2) that is computed by means the transit times, the ratio of the specific heat capacity κ and the actual pressure p:
In another special embodiment it is proposed that the assessed value is corrected relative to the temperature difference of the characteristic temperature of the gas and the temperature of the wall of the measuring pipe.
Shown to have been especially advantageous is a functional relationship of the function ƒ1(Tc, Tw) of the form:
ƒ1(T c ,T w)=k 4(T c −T w) (EQ 6)
The value k4 is thus a constant that is determined empirically or it is based on the theoretical assumption about the flow and temperature profile.
According to the invention, for the determination of the mentioned temperatures that measured are either the temperature of the pipe wall or the temperature of the gas in the measuring pipe—or even both temperatures. Traditional temperature sensors can be employed for this purpose.
However, the slow reaction times of temperature sensors are of disadvantage thereby, especially in measuring the gas temperature, which can in fact change at very short time intervals, for instance, within a few milliseconds. It is therefore proposed according to the invention that the characteristic temperature of the gas is determined from the transit time—and thereby from the assessed value for the sound velocity—with the aid of a physical model of the temperature profile of the measuring pipe.
It is further proposed according to the invention to state the characteristic temperature of the gas more precisely through consideration of the temperature of the wall of the measuring pipe.
The sound velocity c determined by means of the transit time measurement represents in fact a mean value of the location-dependent sound velocity {hacek over (c)}(r) (r . . . pipe radius of a radial symmetrical pipe, R . . . inner pipe radius) relative to the pipe diameter:
If one continues in respect to the ideal gas equation in the following illustrated form of the local sound velocity from:
whereby ƒ2(r) implies the form of the temperature profile M, the molar mass of the gas, and R is the ideal gas constant,
then a characteristic temperature of the gas can be determined from the equations EQ 7 and EQ 8.
Since the temperature changes in the gas occur very rapidly, as already mentioned, it is of advantage to perform the temperature measurement in such a manner that the measurement values of the temperature and the measurement values of the transit time are valid for the same volume. That can be achieved in that the geometry of the arrangement and the flow velocity are taken into consideration during the selection of times for the temperature measurement(s) and the transit time measurements.
In a special embodiment of the method, the computation of the assessed value of the flowing gas quantity considers the gas composition of the medium in such a way that a nominal value for the adiabatic coefficient κ—which means, the state of the specific heat capacity at constant pressure and volume—is used in the computation of the gas quantity.
It is further proposed to correct this nominal value correspondingly to the characteristic temperature of the gas, which means, the temperature-dependent adiabatic coefficient κ(Tc), dependent on the composition of the gas, is inserted into the equation EQ 8 and EQ 5.
According to the invention it is proposed for consideration of parasitic reflection signals and thereby for precise detection of the ultrasound transit times that an expectation time window is determined relative to the transmission time and an assessed value for the transit time of the ultrasonic signals. A search is conducted then in said time window for the exact arrival time of the reception signal.
It is further proposed to adapt the sequence of the transmission times—which means, the measurement repetition rate—to the assessed transit time, whereby it can be achieved that probably no parasitic reflection signal lies before the actual useful signal in the time window of expectation.
In a simple way, the transit time of a prior measurement can be used as assessed value for the transit time according to a first method version.
Another version of the method being less complicated in the detection but having greater accuracy proposes that a computed value derived from a sample value corresponding to the results of a prior flow measurement can be used as assessed value.
In an additional advantageous embodiment of the method it is proposed that at first an estimated time for the start of the reception signal is set for the determination of the transit time and the precise start is set through analysis of the phase information of the reception signal represented as a complex value.
The Hilbert transformation of the real reception signal can be used for the determination of the reception signal of complex value.
In an especially advantageous embodiment of the evaluation method for the actual reception signal, the actual phase position of the complex representation of the reception signal is determined and the estimated time for the start of the reception signal is set at any desired time in the domain of a continuous change of the phase position.
The time of the appearance of the maximal amplitude can be used thereby advantageously for the estimated time of the start of the reception signal. The arrival time can be set with such a method with a least one uncertainty of half of a cycle duration of the transmission signal (±T/2).
It can be further proposed to increase precision in that the precise start of the reception signal is determined with the aid of a first noisy phase position based on the estimated time for the start of the reception signal.
The first zero passage of the reception signal is advantageously defined as the sound characteristic determining the arrival time.
The invention is illustrated in the following with the aid of some illustrations of preferred embodiments of the invention.
The longitudinal section of the inventive gas flowmeter arrangement of
The transmission transducers 7 and 8 as well as the reception transducers 9 and 10 are inserted in the pockets or lateral cylindrical pieces of the measuring pipe, which can be closed off by the acoustically-transmissive full covers 6, i.e. screens or the like, being flush-mounted with the wall of the measuring pipe 1 whereby said transducers are designed as capacitive ultrasonic transducers. The capacitive transducers 7 through 10 and the covers 6 can be heated by the heating elements 2 of the wall of the measuring pipe 1 or by their own separate heating elements.
The ultrasonic transducers 7 through 10, preferably only the reception transducers 9 and 10, can be mounted in an insert that is movable in longitudinal direction of the measuring pipe 1 whereby the insert is adjustable via a spindle with a step motor. Displacement can be performed thereby adaptively during operation and controlled by the evaluation electronics 3. The longitudinal adjustment of the transducers 7 through 10 may also be performed in predefined discrete steps.
However, the transducers 7 through 10 can also be mounted rotatably in or on the measuring pipe 1 itself and advantageously about an axis oriented normally along the longitudinal axis of the measuring pipe 1 and parallel to the tangent line on the wall of the measuring pipe 1 at the location of the installation of the respective transducers 7 through 10. The phenomenon of the drift of acoustic signals can be acted against with an arrangement of this type and the sound-breaking effects can also be considered.
A high-temperature stable array transducer, as shown in
The supply of the amplifier 30 occurs symmetrically about the bias voltage potential. The reception signal of the ultrasonic reception transducer 9 or 10 is then forwarded for further processing via an additional coupling capacitor 33 and a preferably interconnected filter circuit 34, which no longer lies on the bias voltage potential. A second amplifier can be connected preferably behind the filter circuit 34 to achieve the required total amplification (up to 80 dB). An electrometer amplifier is suitable for this purpose. Setting of the total amplification of the reception electronics (AGC—automatic gain control) is expediently performed in this second step. A change of the amplification in the first step can, in fact, strongly influence the frequency transmission behavior.
An alternate computation method 36 a is illustrated by dotted lines to indicate that the characteristic temperature of the gas can be determined not only by measurement but also from the sound velocity under consideration of the material quantities. In the last step 37, the flowing gas mass M or the flowing gas volume V is determined using the input value κ (kappa), the adiabatic coefficient, possibly again a characteristic temperature TG of the gas, and the air ratio λ (lambda) as well as the actual pressure p.
A plausibility control is advantageously provided about the theoretic mean sound velocity in the measuring pipe 1 in the determination of the gas flow from acoustic transit times. A known relationship between the gas temperature TG and the sound velocity c exists based on the molar mass of the gas, the universal gas constant and the temperature-dependent adiabatic coefficient of the gas, which can be used for a plausibility test. The composition of the gas is determined with the aid of the lambda probe 12 or other analyzers, for example. This is furthermore still needed for the computation of the temperature-dependent adiabatic coefficient κ(T) whose dependency is advantageously not disregarded in the determination of the flowing gas mass M or the gas volume V.
The inventive exact detection of the time of arrival of the ultrasonic signals is explained in the following with reference to
The lowest signal φE shows the phase position of the reception signal illustrated complex through Hilbert transformation or similar convolution integral. A continuous change of the phase position can be seen in the areas in which the actual useful signal and the parasitic reflections exist.
The phase begins to turn with a relatively uniform "incline" during the arrival of the pulse at the transducer. This incline depends on the signal frequency of the reception signal. The phase does no longer turn completely about the entire amplitude at the first displacement in the reception signal E since the first displacement forms the transition from phase noise to pulse. The phase transverses the zero line wherever a displacement has reached its maximum. A phase noise can be observed before the pulse arrives.
An expectation time window T± is defined about the assessed value to, which is a first assessed value to for the transit time of the ultrasonic signal. An improved assessed value for the transit time tL is searched for within this time window. The maximal amplitude value of the reception signal E is determined as the improved assessed value t2. From this value, a time t3 is determined in the direction of the transmission time at which the continuous change of the phase position comes to a halt. The time t4 is determined from this new assessed value t3 in the direction of positive time whereby the time t4 determines the first zero passage of the reception signal. This systematic time, which moved by a half period to the actual arrival time of the reception signal, is corrected by computation and used as a transit time for further processing.
As described above, the reception signal is put together by the overlay of useful signals and parasitic reflection signals. The time period between associated reception pulses—which means, between signals originating from the same transmission pulse—is always an even-numbered multiple of the average transit time in and against the direction of flow. However, this mean transit time is mainly determined by the actual sound velocity of the medium and it is determined thereby also by the actual temperature to a great extent.
The temperature of the gas can rapidly fluctuate in large areas in many applications. This leads inevitably to a serious problem in that interfering overlays of useful signals and reflection signals can occur in the domain of the expectation time window, which can make timely and accurate evaluation difficult and which could lead to faulty measurements since the reflected signal is very similar to the actual reception signal relative to the characteristics of such a signal type and phase, for example.
According to the invention, the proposed solution for this problem is to influence the measurement repetition rate so that overlays can be avoided between the reception signal E and the first or second reflection. An optimal measurement repetition rate can be calculated with the aid of an assessed value for the sound velocity whereby the first reflection, and thereby also the second reflection, is placed always behind the actual reception signal having a freely selectable time period in between for safety. This safety period is meaningfully selected as short as possible so that a high measurement repetition rate is made possible and the region in front of the reception signal is kept "clean" relative to second and other additional reflections as well. It is furthermore meaningful to make this safety period dependent on the duration of the transmission signal.
The transmission signals can be advantageously interlaced as long a sufficient time period exists for the reception signal E and the first two reflections until the next reception signal E. The measurement repetition rate can be increased thereby, if necessary.
Should the measurement repetition rate be set adaptively, then the corresponding time markers must be stored together with the computed mass flow values to be able to reconstruct the behavior of the mass flow over time.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 12, 2001
|Feb 15, 2005
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Fluidic device with integrated capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers
|Aug 7, 2003
|Oct 25, 2005
|The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
|Micromachined ultrasonic transducers and method of fabrication
|Jul 6, 1999
|Jan 20, 2000
|Faure Herman
|Crossed measurements of a flowmeter sound signals
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 2004
|Jan 13, 2009
|Shell Oil Company
|Method of determining a fluid inflow profile of wellbore
|Oct 19, 2006
|Apr 21, 2009
|Mib Gmbh Messtechnik Und Industrieberatung
|Method and apparatus for the ultrasonic measurement of the flow rate of flowable media
|Jul 31, 2007
|Jun 23, 2009
|Denso Corporation
|Flowmeter element, mass flowmeter and mass flow measurement system
|Aug 3, 2006
|Aug 17, 2010
|Flownetix, Limited
|Low power ultrasonic flow measurement
|Jan 21, 2010
|Nov 30, 2010
|Murray F Feller
|Speed of sound and pipe size detector
|May 11, 2006
|Apr 12, 2011
|Endress + Hauser Flowtec Ag
|Magneto-inductive flow measuring device
|Jun 1, 2006
|Aug 2, 2011
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Ultrasonic measuring unit having integrated humidity analysis
|Jan 19, 2007
|Aug 20, 2013
|Panasonic Corporation
|Flow rate measuring apparatus and program thereof
|May 19, 2011
|Sep 17, 2013
|Cameron International Corporation
|Chordal gas flowmeter with transducers installed outside the pressure boundary, housing and method
|Nov 19, 2010
|Oct 1, 2013
|Cameron International Corporation
|Chordal gas flowmeter with transducers installed outside the pressure boundary
|Feb 18, 2010
|Feb 18, 2014
|Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V.
|Apparatus and a method for estimating the air humidity within an oven cavity
|Aug 2, 2011
|Oct 14, 2014
|Hospira, Inc.
|Method of varying the flow rate of fluid from a medical pump and hybrid sensor system performing the same
|May 20, 2011
|May 12, 2015
|Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.
|Ultrasonic flow rate measurement device with temperature sensing circuit
|Dec 18, 2012
|Sep 22, 2015
|Cameron International Corporation
|Smooth bore, chordal transit-time ultrasonic meter and method
|Jun 19, 2012
|May 31, 2016
|Avl List Gmbh
|Method for determining the flow rate of fluids using the ultrasonic transit time method
|Jun 10, 2014
|Jun 6, 2017
|Itron Gmbh
|Gas meter and particle trap
|Oct 11, 2016
|Jul 4, 2017
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Position measuring apparatus
|Apr 28, 2016
|Jul 4, 2017
|Keyence Corporation
|Ultrasonic flow switch
|Dec 22, 2004
|Jul 12, 2007
|Pribnow Daniel F C
|Method of determining a fluid inflow profile of wellbore
|Jul 31, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|Denso Corporation
|Flowmeter element, mass flowmeter and mass flow measurement system
|Oct 19, 2006
|Sep 18, 2008
|Mib Gmbh Messtechnik Und Industrieberatung
|Method and Apparatus for the Ultrasonic Measurement of the Flow Rate of Flowable Media
|Aug 3, 2006
|Oct 16, 2008
|Flownetix Limited
|Low Power Ultrasonic Flow Measurement
|Jun 1, 2006
|Jul 16, 2009
|Uwe Konzelmann
|Ultrasonic Measuring Unit Having Integrated Humidity Analysis
|May 11, 2006
|Oct 29, 2009
|Endress + Hauser Flowtec Ag
|Magneto-inductive flow measuring device
|Jan 19, 2007
|Oct 29, 2009
|Panasonic Corporation
|Flow rate measuring apparatus and program thereof
|Nov 19, 2010
|May 24, 2012
|Cameron International Corporation
|Chordal gas flowmeter with transducers installed outside the pressure boundary, housing and method
|Feb 18, 2010
|Sep 6, 2012
|Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V.
|apparatus and a method for estimating the air humidity within an oven cavity
|Jul 13, 2011
|Mar 14, 2013
|Panasonic Corporation
|Ultrasonic flow measurement unit and ultrasonic flowmeter using same
|May 20, 2011
|Apr 18, 2013
|Panasonic Corporation
|Ultrasonic flow rate measurement device
|Dec 18, 2012
|Jun 19, 2014
|Donald R. Augenstein
|Smooth Bore, Chordal Transit-Time Ultrasonic Meter and Method
|Jun 19, 2012
|Aug 7, 2014
|Avl List Gmbh
|Method for determining the flow rate of fluids using the ultrasonic transit time method
|Jun 10, 2014
|Apr 21, 2016
|Itron Gmbh
|Gas meter and particle trap
|Apr 21, 2016
|Oct 27, 2016
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives
|System and method for measuring a fluid flow rate by processing of acoustic waves
|Apr 28, 2016
|Nov 17, 2016
|Keyence Corporation
|Ultrasonic Flow Switch
|Oct 11, 2016
|May 18, 2017
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Position measuring apparatus
|Jan 19, 2007
|Jul 20, 2011
|Jan 19, 2007
|Dec 5, 2012
|Flow measurement instrument
|Aug 14, 2015
|Sep 1, 2016
|Soneter, Inc.
|Devices and system for channeling and automatic monitoring of fluid flow in fluid distribution systems
|U.S. Classification
|73/861.29, 73/861.27
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 16, 2004
Owner name: AVL LIST GMBH, AUSTRALIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KUPNIK, MARIO;SCHRODER, ANDREAS;WEISINGER, MICHAEL;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015470/0806;SIGNING DATES FROM 20041028 TO 20041104
Owner name: AVL LIST GMBH, AUSTRIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KUPNIK, MARIO;SCHRODER, ANDREAS;WIESINGER, MICHAEL;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015470/0849;SIGNING DATES FROM 20041028 TO 20041104
|Feb 4, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 19, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Vietnam Implements 100% Change To Open Source Software
Vietnamese ministry servers are to run exclusively on open source software in 2009 and the government is also urging dealers to install the free software.
The government of Vietnam has long been openly considering the blanket implementation of free software and now it has turned words to action. According to an instruction issued by the Ministry of Information and Communications, 100% of government IT departments must be installed with open source software by the end of June 2009.
Software favored by the Ministry include OpenOffice.org, Thunderbird, Firefox and the Vietnamese typing software Unikey. The measure would appear to target OSS applications rather than server operating systems.
The Ministry has also called for all employees of its IT divisions to be trained in the use of the software, 50% to an adept level, although it's unclear what this actually means. By December 2009, all other ministries and local government agencies are to follow, with 70% of IT workers undergoing training, resulting in 40% becoming capable of using the software in their daily work.
The Ministry forecasts that by 2010, all of its employees will be familiar with open source software and requests also that computer traders no longer sell PCs with cracked software, only open source.
Issue 202/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
Gnome is Celebrating it's 20th Birthday
More than 33 releases since the first release of Gnome.
SQL Server Comes to RHEL; OpenShift Comes to Azure
Microsoft and Red Hat expand their partnership.
LibreOffice 5.4 Released
Comes with improved support for Microsoft Office file formats.
Red Hat to Drop Support for Btrfs
The company is building their own storage solution called Stratis.
Reinvent your network with DevOps tools and techniques:
Opportunities and Risks: Containers for DevOps
Automated Builds Using CentOS 7 and Kickstart
Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana – The ELK stack
Are you ready for DevOps? Try your luck with the beta version of Linux Professional Institute's new DevOps exam.
Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.


text:
These are patch notes.
"Here you can find the full patch notes, starting from Update 4.0 - Secrets of Dragon's Spine...Patch Notes
"The following are the Patch Notes for Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures : Update 18.104.22.168...Patch Notes 184.108.40.206
" Playfields Characters should no longer get stuck when they zone into Lacheish Plains. Items...Patch Notes 23rd May
" Barbarian in Reaver Stance now correctly moves at slower speed while hiding Fixed an exploit...Patch Notes 26rd May
"Contents[show] General Grouped players that are apprenticed will now get their kill XP capped to...Update: 27th May 2008
Pages in category "Patch Notes"
The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total.


text:
Everyone has had the "birds and the bees" talk with their parents. Sometimes, it's given to us by our grandparents. While that's all well and good, how embarrassing would it be if you got the talk in front of your friends?
Well that's what happened to Sadie and John Luke Robertson during an episode of Duck Dynasty. The two siblings popped by their grandmother's house to say hi really quick before they went bowling with a few of their friends from school.
Once Miss Kay heard they were going bowling, she pretty much invited herself because she hadn't been bowling in 20 years! The looks on John Luke and Sadie's faces were priceless as they were thinking about what they just got themselves into.
After thoroughly embarrassing her grandkids into the next millennium, Miss Kay decided to take it one step further when she asked all the kids, "Have y'all had your sex talk with your parents and all that?"
"Yes, yes," John Luke responded, almost cutting her off, in hopes she would just stay quiet!
That didn't work because Miss Kay was ready with a whole lecture.
"Okay, well let me just give you some little pointers about it. There's thing married people do and there's things dating people [do]. You don't do the same thing."
The looks on Sadie and John Luke's faces were priceless. They've clearly never been this embarrassed in their whole lives and when she asked the kids, "Did I ever tell you about the time your father was conceived?" that was the last straw! They got their Mamaw out of there as quick as they could.
Watch the whole clip below! You'll be laughing your head off! Sorry, Sadie and John Luke...
Interested in becoming a partner?
Contact us for more info.


text:
The Chive made its name as a video and photo hosting website that liked to put a funny twist on its content. While the brand is a mega-hit online, many of you may be more familiar with KCOO (Keep Calm and Chive on) tees being worn by people. The brand is now taking its next step into stealing the hearts of men everywhere by launching the Chive KCCOBlack Lager Beer ($TBA), a collaboration with Resignation Brewery.
The beer has a 5.1% alcohol volume and is carrying hints of dark chocolate and coffee. For now the beer will be limited to San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin, Boston, Dallas, Chicago, New York, Seattle and Washington DC, but if it takes off it will certainly go nationwide.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Form Runs off Right of Page in Internet ExplorerAsked by John on November 19, 2013 at 08:16 AM
Hi there,
On Internet Explorer (I have version 10) the form runs off the right hand side of the page instead of stopping at the page border. It works perfectly in Chrome and Firefox. Do you know how to fix this?
JotForm Support
Hi John,
We can help you about this matter but please share to us the webpage URL to where the form is currently embedded so we can check the page and do the adjustments. It would be easier for us to fix this if we can have the webpage URL.
Hi Welvin!
Appreciate the quick response. I'm having the trouble on all of my forms - http://fantasycharms.com/contact_us.html, for example. Would it be possible to teach me how to make the fix so I can do it moving forward independately? We tend to create a decent amount of forms.
If you're making edits to the form live, please be careful and QA in all browsers when you're done!
JotForm Support
Hi John,
Please try to re-embed your form using iframe embed code. This might fixed it. How to get your iFrame Embed Code
Let us know here if this doesn't help. Thank you!
Hi Welvin,No luck unfortunately. I've tried Source, Embed, and iFrome, and haven't had any luck. Any other ideas?Thanks!
JotForm Support Manager
Have you tried clearing the browser's cache? As advised by Elton, please try with iFrame. Clear the browser cache before to refresh. Our forms are certainly better viewed in Chrome or Firefox, but iFrame should fix the problem with IE versions
Just tried that. I was also in "Private Browsing" so the cache would be automatically empty with no stored cookies. Any other ideas?
JotForm Support Manager
Can you please just embed the code between <iframe></iframe> tags while discarding the <script> code rendered by the builder?
Still no luck unfortunately. Any other ideas?
JotForm Founder
Is this the page?
or this:
Both pages look fine. I don't see the problem. If this is a different page can you let me know the URL?
If this is still happening in your browser I think you should just decrease the iframe width until the problem is fixed.


text:
Trend Watch: Are the Nets actually dangerous?
Some contending teams have gone through lulls, but this is the homestretch where teams try and gear up, establishing their standard of performance heading into the playoffs.
March is a month for college basketball to take the spotlight, but it's also one where the NBA has a lot of movement. And while some contending teams have gone through lulls, this is the homestretch where teams try and gear up, establishing their standard of performance heading into the playoffs.
With just weeks left in the season let's check what's trending in the NBA:
Are the Brooklyn Nets actually dangerous in the postseason?
Since Jan. 1 the Nets are 22-9. They've gone from Eastern Conference embarrassment, to now two games above .500.
The question is: Are they actually a threat in the East now?
Since the start of 2014, the big change the Nets made was going smaller early and often, trying to create mismatches at the 4 with Paul Pierce . Deron Williams came off the bench for a while to try and help facilitate better flow throughout the rotation and aid a weak bench. (He's back to starting now.) Shaun Livingston has blossomed into the player he's always been capable of, routinely providing a secondary and sometimes, primary, scoring load. Joe Johnson carried them in January and players like Mirza Teletovic , Alan Anderson and Andray Blatche have made their contributions.
On the season, the Nets have used two lineups most, and for almost the exact amount of time. Williams, Livingston, Johnson, Pierce and Garnett have played together 122 minutes as Livingston, Johnson, Anderson, Pierce and Garnett have played together 121 minutes. But get this: Those two lineups had played together only a combined 13 minutes before Jan. 1.
Those two lineups? Net per 100 possession ratings of plus-12.9 and plus-7.9.
A quick perusal of NBA.com's lineup data shows that since the start of the new year, the Nets have only played two traditional bigs for a total of 20 minutes. Jason Kidd hasn't just gone to smallball. He's invested his season in it.
This was obviously never the intention behind the Nets, as the plan was set to be around Brook Lopez and Kevin Garnett as a tandem, with quality creator and isolation players like Williams and Johnson to help provide scoring. But with Lopez's season-ending injury, Kidd had to readjust. So he just threw his chips all in to the middle with Paul Pierce as his starting power forward.
It's somewhat similar to what Erik Spoelstra and the Heat did during the 2012 postseason, exclusively playing Chris Bosh at center and a combination of LeBron James and Shane Battier at power forward. The Heat have moved a little further away from the positionless mentality lately, but the Nets have picked up that baton and are running with it.
As it stands today, they're set to have the No. 6 seed in the East, which would match them up with the Raptors in the opening round of the playoffs. Coincidentally, the Nets just beat the Raptors on Tuesday, 101-97. If they were to get through Toronto. they'd then get the Heat in the second round. When Garnett and Pierce were sent to Brooklyn in the offseason, the thinking was the Nets were building to beat Miami. And some wondered if they were capable of it. The answer is probably still no, but the series extending to six or seven games wouldn't be all that surprising.
But the Brooklyn resurgance has brought them into not just the playoff conversation, but it's worthwhile wondering how far they could go. They might be missing their best, or at least second best player, but you can't argue with what they've sustained the last two-plus months. Since January, against top level teams like the Thunder, Heat, Warriors, Pacers and Spurs, they're 4-3. So it's not just that they're winning games against poor Eastern teams they should. They're actually playing good basketball.
The problem with the playoffs is you have to beat one of those top tier teams four times out of seven, then turn around and do it again, and again. The Nets could very likely get out of the first round. But topping either the Heat or Pacers seems like a bit too much to ask of them, regardless of their recent surge.
For most of the season, it's been obvious the East is a two team race, and the first two rounds of the playoffs were just filler until the Pacers and Heat met. But with the Nets surging, the Bulls scrapping, the Wizards having some firepower and the Raptors clicking, those first two round may still be filler, but they'll at least be intriguing.
The Western race for eight
Three teams for two spots. The Timberwolves probably have missed their window of opportunity, still five back with 19 games to go. Outside of an extending winning streak, it's over for them.
But for the Suns, Grizzlies and Mavericks, it's going to be a fight to the finish. The seemingly sturdiest team is the Grizzlies, who have stabilized the past couple months after finally getting healthy. They've won seven of 10 and are back to playing their type of successful style.
The Suns are getting Eric Bledsoe back -- probably tonight -- which could be the needed boost to keep them in the playoff hunt. On the back of Goran Dragic , they've survived without Bledsoe, keeping in the race. But they've dropped consecutive games, and now are a game back (but tied with the Mavericks in the loss column).
Dallas may be the team in the most danger. Their performance has slipped as of late, despite a big win over the Pacers on Sunday. They're looking tired and old, as their defense has grown frustratingly inconsistent. If you were a betting person (for entertainment purposes only, obviously), the Mavs might be the most likely to find themselves on the outside looking in. It's hard to ever bet against Dirk and they have an eight-game homestand coming soon. That's going to make or break it for them.
Hey, Spurs
Just like that, the Spurs have won seven straight and are sitting atop the Western Conference again. As Tim Duncan said after their impressive win in Chicago on Tuesday, they've got key parts back and they're playing their kind of basketball again.
For a decent stretch midseason, it looked like the Spurs were showing strong signs of wear and tear, but now that they're back mostly healthy, and just in time for the postseason, they may be the Western favorite again. Same ol' same ol'.
76ers watch
They play the Kings at home tonight. One of their best remaining chances to get a win before this turns into a 36-game losing streak. Godspeed, sweet tankers.
KD planning to skip White House visit
Kevin Durant says he doesn't agree with what President Donald Trump agrees with
Evaluating Wade's options if bought out
Evaluating where the future Hall of Famer might land up if he is freed from Chicago's rebuilding...
3-Man Weave: League's biggest issues?
Adam Silver said his piece with the schedule out; we address that and what the slate looks...
Hawks reportedly land jersey sponsorship
The Hawks and Sharecare reportedly agreed to terms on a five-year deal
NBA schedule: Examining trips this year
A look at the context of the schedule and who plays who when, and how far they travel during...
Durant debates rapper about LeBron trade
Durant took on rapper Lil Dicky and actually might have lost


text:
Asparagus is so delicious when roasted in olive oil and sprinkled with yummy seasonings!
Roasted Asparagus
Prep and Cool time
Cook time
Total time
Author: Vered DeLeeuw
Recipe type: Sides, Vegan, Low-Carb, Gluten-Free, Primal/Paleo
Yield: 4 servings
- 1 lb. fresh asparagus, ends trimmed
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- ½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- ½ teaspoon garlic powder
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Line a large baking sheet with foil.
- Place the asparagus on the baking sheet. Drizzle with the olive oil, then toss with your hands to coat. Sprinkle with salt, pepper and garlic powder.
- Bake 20-30 minutes, until lightly browned and fork-tender.
Nutrition Per Serving
Calories: 55; Fat: 3g; Carbohydrates: 5g; Sugar: 0g Sodium: 282mg; Fiber: 2g; Protein: 2g


text:
On April 17, another Board of Education election will take place.
We will all have the opportunity to exercise our civic duty by voting to make a difference for our children and their future. That sounds important, right? It is. Careful consideration should be given to the choices for our next board.
Chris O'Mara is our candidate for the Randolph Board of Education. Her commitment and dedication to our community throughout the last 15 years have been impressive, to say the least. Anyone who knows of her work and devotion can testify to this.
Chris has served on the Board of Education for the past four years. She takes this job very seriously. Her style is to recognize an issue, investigate it by listening and asking questions and then to problem-solve solutions.
Her experience on the education, policy, safety and security, personnel, community relations and revenue development committees give her a rich history as a member. Also, her background in elementary and early childhood education, her motherhood status and her strong character make her an excellent choice.
Chris understands not only what the town needs to do to run an outstanding school system, she also understands what children need in order to have a successful school experience. No one has done a better job over the past four years. We need her back. Vote for Chris.
BOBBIE and MARK STENVALL
Waterview Lane
Randolph Township


text:
Celebrity stories and scandals are worth a lot of money to the UK tabloid newspapers – it's hardly surprising when we're all guilty of loving a bit of celeb gossip! But if you've got a story to sell about a celebrity, you want to make sure you get the best deal. That's where we come in… give us a call on 0117 9076934 or fill in the form on the right.
How do I know I'll get paid?
Understandably, you might be anxious about sending your exclusive pictures, documents, or video clips straight to a national newspaper, with no guarantee you'll get paid. We act as the middleman for the sale – negotiating the sale on your behalf, and protecting the value of your story. We can provide you with a signed guarantee that your tip-off won't be published until you've got a deal on the table that you're happy with. And, even better, we can use our top-level press contacts to ensure you get the best price for your story too.
Do I have to have my name in the story too?
To be honest, this depends on the type of story you're trying to sell. If you've snapped a photo of a celebrity doing something naughty, or captured video footage of a famous face up to something interesting, there's no real reason why you'd have to be identified as the source. You could just provide the tip-off, and leave it to the professionals to work their magic. If you've got concerns about protecting your job or any other reasons for wanting to keep your confidentiality, just let us know.
If you're directly involved in the story yourself, such as in a kiss and tell article or exposing how a celebrity has hurt you or helped you, it's a bit more important that you are are identified. However, that doesn't mean you have to have all your personal information spilled in the press. There are always options for obscuring what you look like or not including where you live. It's best to have a chat with us about your worries – be upfront about them, and we'll work really hard to find a solution that works for you. After all, you're our client and we want you to be happy.
For more information, have a look at our guide to selling an anonymous story to the press.
How much are celebrity stories worth?
There are so many factors that come into play when valuing a celebrity story – you're better off having a chat with us about the gist of yours, and we'll be able to figure out a price. For example, if a celebrity is particularly topical at that moment the story will be extra attractive to the editors. If you've got a story about a Big Brother contestant or a Strictly Come Dancing star you'll profit from striking while they're in the public eye. Also, the more proof you've got to back up your story the better. This could include a series of clear photographs, text messages, documents, or voice recordings. Finally, the shock factor of your story will affect its value. Is your story revealing something about a celebrity that will surprise us?
Working with SellMyStory.co.uk is the best way to get the top price for your story. We know exactly which showbiz reporters to negotiate with, and how to pitch your exclusive to ensure a big fee.
There are more details in our newspaper story price guide.
Can I get in legal trouble for selling a story about a celebrity?
With our expert guidance, you can be sure that your story will be legally absolutely watertight before it goes anywhere near a newspaper's printers. We don't want you to get into any trouble, and we'll make sure you don't. This is why it's always best not to splash your scoop around on social media first – you never know who might be looking. Wait until the lawyers have been through the story with a fine tooth comb, so by the time it's published you can feel confident about sharing it online to your heart's content!
Contact us confidentially for a chat about your options – our team of media consultants is ready to help. Give us a call on 0117 9076934 or fill in the form on the right and we'll get in touch.
By Helen O'Brien Google


text:
So why the press release?
Seems this law firm can only falsify history rather than represent it.
(You also have to be careful with online sources, I remember one case I had where the various online sources actually had different versions of a vital case where a vital paragraph was "edited" except in the orignal reference source.)
seems the firm is more concerned with PR than actually representing their client.
"The opinion of the Federalist has always been considered as of great authority. It is a complete commentary on our Constitution, and is appealed to by all parties in the questions to which that instrument has given birth..."
- The U.S. Supreme Court, Cohens v. Virginia (1821).
[note: no mention of the Anti-Federalist]
"Little more can reasonably be aimed at, with respect to the people at large, than to have them properly armed and equipped; and in order to see that this be not neglected, it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice inthe course of a year." - Federalist Paper 29, Hamilton
The elites decide that the American people should be disarmed? If so, let's see them enforce it. There are a hell of a lot of American citizens who will "take issue" with such an attempt, and who "will not go gently into that good night." There is no surer path to a revolution or a civil war than the attempted disarmament of a free people. Remember Lexington and Concord, 1775. The "shot heard 'round the world" was the report of a gun fired by a man who wanted to be free.
Also see www.WallBuilders.com for David Barton's outstanding resources.
Meanwhile they'd just PO'd one of the largest groups of potential customers in the Nation.
Bye bye Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld.
One of their "fields" is advising cities and towns on how to retain their military bases under the BRAC process. I hope every one of them loses a base to some "arms rights friendly" location.
At least they've got one thing right. And of course that scares them Shiiteless.
This could actually help the people fighting the DC ban, they can review the same documents and prepare to counter anything the DC lawyers provide.
This is good that the founding documents and the surrounding discussions are being used in this case.
If this becomes precedent, then the next thing to push is a Constitutional Review of most Federal programs/powers with respect to the
Enumerated Powers of Article I, Section 8, and the 10th Amendment which further clarifies A1.8.


text:
The Tagalog word gawgaw is Chinese in origin.
gawgaw ng mais
corn starch
corn starch
Gawgaw refers to the starch used in food as well as the starch used to stiffen clothes. Almirol is the more specific, Spanish-derived Filipino word for laundry starch.
In the old days, gawgaw was also used as a weak glue ("paste"), such as for sticking pieces of paper together for whatever reason.
Lugawgaw is a combination of the words lugaw and gawgaw. It is informally used to describe something gruelly or has the consistency of gruel.


text:
I will be arriving in Ljubljana on 1st July and will be making my way to Bovec via Kranjska Gora. I know that buses to KG leave Ljubljana fairly regularly (every hour?) but according to http://www.ap-Ljubljana.si/ there is only one bus I can get from KG to Bovec at 17.00.
Surely this can't be right? I was there last year and there was definitely more than 2 buses a day over the Vrsic pass. Does that website only cover one bus company?
Any info welcome!


text:
Janet Jackson - True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself
Janet Jackson &
David Ritz
|List Price:
|You Save:
|$20.01 (77% Off)
Brand New
Hardcover Book Details
- 259 Pages
- Hardcover
- Illustrated in Color and B&W
- Released: February 15, 2011
- Originally Released: 2011
- Publisher: Gallery Books/Karen Hunter Publishing
|Janet Jackson & David Ritz
|Janet Jackson
Description by OLDIES.com:
From the age of ten, when she made her acting debut on Good Times, Janet was told by Hollywood that she needed to slim down. Her well-meaning brothers, especially fun-loving Michael, teased her relentlessly until she began to believe that who she was wasn?t good enough. It was an idea that no amount of critical acclaim in television and film or, later, international platinum success in music could change. Janet turned to food for comfort and escape. She developed a self-destructive pattern familiar to so many of us: fear and uncertainty led to bad feelings about herself and ultimately depression. The depression led to overeating. And her yo-yoing weight was painfully obvious in the bright lights of the entertainment world.
It has taken Janet most of her adult life to come to terms with who she is. But she has finally broken free of the attitudes that brought her down and has embraced realistic goals that help her eat better, exercise better, feel better, and ultimately be better. This book is about meeting those challenges that face all of us. With candor and courage, Janet shares her painful journey to loving herself. She addresses the crazy rumors that have swirled around her for most of her life, shines an intimate light on her family, and pulls us behind the velvet rope into her unforgettable career. She also shares lessons she has learned through contact with friends and fans and reveals the fitness secrets she has learned from her trainer. Finally, her nutritionist, David Allen, unveils the wholesome, delicious recipes and lifestyle-changing tips that helped Janet get in shape - mind and spirit, heart and soul.
True You is a call to tune in to your own fundamental wisdom, to let go of the ugly comparisons, and to understand that who you are, the true you, is more than enough.
Customers' Ratings & Reviews:
Based on 82 ratings.
Product Info
- International Shipping: 2 items


text:
Having money or considering yourself wealthy makes life easier. But does it make it happier?
That is an age old question that doesn't have a clear cut answer but rather swirling suggestions and opinions that vary.
Those in favor of money being the root of all that is good point to the ability to take vacations, relax on the beach at a moment's notice and cruise around in the car of your choosing, without really having to worry about living from paycheck to paycheck. That thinking suggests that money is directly related to a lack of stress, which is hard to argue.
The irony of that statement is that spending money often is stress reliever in and of itself. An impromptu shopping spree makes you feel great, and so does just spending money in general. But if money is your gateway to being happier, then you might want to think about sharing the wealth. Being able to take some of your money and not only spend it on yourself but give some to charity only would serve to extend your happiness.
Consider it a job well done by handing over a bit of your fortunes to someone less fortunate. That gesture might be the epitome of what it means to have money equate to happiness, more so than collecting cars or houses.
Like this article? Sign up to get similar articles sent to your inbox:
Keycode is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. We are constantly striving to improve our service to both advertisers and consumers. We invite you to join our social community and provide us with feedback.


text:
EXCLUSIVE: USA: February sales fall 4.5% as automakers blame weather, war
Automakers are blaming weather and concerns about war for poor sales in February, writes Bill Cawthon. Unusually heavy snowfalls likely bear part of the blame, but the ongoing economic malaise continues to be the main problem.
Get full access to all content, just $1 for 30 days
A Message From The Editor
just-auto gives its paid members access to the very best automotive market coverage.
And now there's just-auto plus, our premium membership that gives you exclusive component forecast data, company profiles and extended news coverage - just for premium members.
Today I can offer you 30 days access for $1 - and that includes just-auto plus.
Dave Leggett, editor of just-auto
* plus VAT if applicable
Only on


text:
Hartford Court Wine Dinner at BLT Steak Scottsdale
We know how expensive meals can get after you've downed a couple glasses of vino. All of a sudden, the hunger caused by the alcohol has caused you to eat five courses, and the bill is the last thing you want to see.
Thankfully, for people like us who are looking for a fancy meal on a budget, BLT Steak in Phoenix is offering a five-course wine dinner for $85 on Thursday, February 11. The dinner will feature five types of Hartford Court Wine being paired with courses such as soft poached duck egg, prawns, ribeye and angel food cake.
The wine comes from Sonoma County, where the Hartford winery has been in business for nearly 20 years. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Zinfendel are the winery's specialties, and all of those types will be featured in the meal.
The event kicks off with a wine reception at 6 p.m., followed by dinner at 6:30 p.m. Reservations are required. Call (480) 905-7979 for more information.
Get the Food & Drink Newsletter
Our weekly guide to Phoenix dining includes food news and reviews, as well as dining events and interviews with chefs and restaurant owners.
Recommended for You
Powered by SailThru
Popular Stories
Sponsor Content