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Components of an Operating System Edit
Kernel Edit
The core of the operating system. All modern kernels have elements of all of these, the examples can be considered historical or intentional designs.
- Monolithic - Kernel contains large amounts of functionality (device drivers, file systems) - a single "binary"
- Example: UNIX System V, SunOS, BSD4.4, MacOS
- Faster and easier to program, but often more bloated and hard to customize for individual purposes
- Layered
- POSIX design (Unix)
- Microkernel - Kernel is very small, most functionality is abstracted away in (often user-mode) modules also known as "servers"
- Example: QNX, Minix, vxWorks
- Often used in embedded and real time systems
- Hybrid (or Modular) Kernel - Elements of both monolithic and microkernel
- Example: Windows, Linux, MacOS X, FreeBSD
- Most kernels these days are Hybrid kernels, meaning they have fat (monolithic) kernels that have extensive services, but also have extensive module capability
- Modular
Virtual Machines Edit
- Virtualization allows you to run multiple operating systems on the same machine at the same time.
Example: VMWare, Qemu, VirtualBox, Xen, MS-VPC
- Hypervisor: An operating system whose only purpose is to virtualize (run) other operating systems
Layered System Edit
See Linux kernel diagram: http://www.linuxdriver.co.il/kernel_map
Duties of an Operating System Edit
Process Management Edit
Process Management Jobs
- Creating and deleting process
- Suspending and resuming processes
- Support interprocess communication (IPC)
- Scheduling
- Synchronization
Memory Management Edit
Memory Management Jobs
- Keep track of memory parts
- Allocating and deallocating memory - malloc(), calloc()
- Moving things in and out of memory
File Management Edit
File Management Jobs
- Creating and deleting files and directory
- File permissions (security)
- Searching files
- Getting information in and out of files (I/O)
I/O Management Edit
Also known as a "kernel-level I/O subsystem"
I/O Management Jobs
- Loading and unloading devices (device drivers)
- Abstracting devices to the user-land applications
Networking/Sockets Edit
Allow access to other machines and interprocess communication.
Processes Edit
Process - A program in execution, contains executable code and data
PCB - Process control block. A process descriptor. Contains:
- Program Counter
- Process State
- CPU Registers (Stack)
- Scheduling Info (CPU)
- Memory Information
- Accounting Information (CPU Time)
- I/O Status
Process Queues Edit
Job Queue - queue of all processes
Ready Queue - all processes ready to execute
I/O Queue - all jobs on waiting for I/O (e.g. multi-threaded filesystem)
Process State Diagram Edit
- Ready/Suspended (connected to Ready) - A process that is ready to execute but can not execute (for example, an out of memory condition)
- Waiting/Suspended (connected to Waiting and above) - A process that can not execute even if it becomes ready (for example, an out of memory condition)
Operations on ProcessEdit
- Startup
- Use request
- System call
- Batch
- Normal exit
- Normal error
- Fatal error (involuntary)
- Explicitly killed by another process
Change Priority Block Wake Up Dispatch
Independent flow of control that operates within the same address as other independent flows of control within a process. A thread can be considered a process that does not map it's own virtual memory or register space.
Thread mapping
- Many to one
- One to one
Interprocess Communication (IPC)Edit
Synchronous (blocking) - for every message sent, another must be received Asynchronous (nonblocking) - message is sent and the process continues to execute
Synchronous send and receive - rendezvous
Context Switch Edit
Pure Overhead
A Context Switch must save current PCB information, and load an another PCB.
Optimizing context switchingEdit
- Using threads for concurrency instead of processes
- Efficient scheduling algorithms
Semaphores Edit
- Semaphores - global int (interger), atomic
- Methods on a Semaphore
- Initialization
- Wait (p)
- Signal (v)
- 'Types of Semaphores
- Mutex - binary semaphore
- Complex Semaphores
- Counting Semaphores
'Critical Section
- Mutual Exclusion
- Progress
- Bounded waiting
- Preemptive multitasking - Multitasking where the operating system scheduler can interrupt the execution of a process at any point. (Examples: All modern OSes: Windows 95 and above, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X)
- Non-premptive multitasking - Multitasking where a process can execute an entire CPU burst without interruption from the OS.
- Cooperative multitasking - Multitasking where a process relinquishes control over the processor. (Example: MacOS version 9 and under, Windows 3.1 and under)
Definitions Edit
- Deadlock - waiting process is not able to change state because needed resource is held by other waiting processes.
- Buffer - area that stores data that is being transfered (buffering means using a buffer)
- Cache - fast area that stories copied memory (caching means using a cache)
- Spooling - a buffer that holds output for a slower device, usually no random-access (a queued buffer)
- Interrupt - a event that causes a unexpected change of flow in a process or thread (a software interrupt)
- Trap - a software generated interrupt (also known as a software exception)
- Volatile - when the power goes out, volatile information is lost
- System call - a system call is a type of interrupt that requests a service from the operating system
- Dual mode operation - As logic is run in two modes: user-mode and kernel-mode, user-mode applications can request kernel-mode services via syscalls
- Race Condition - several processes that access and manipulate the same data concurrently, in which the outome depends on a particular order of execution
- Critical section - an area of memory where multiple processes share access
CPU Burst Edit
- CPU Utilization
- Throughput
- Turnaround Time - admission to exit
- Waiting Time - sum of time spent in ready queue
- Response Time - one time measurement
- Shortest Job First
- Priority
- Round Robin
- Shortest remaining time
- Preemptive Priority
Fair Good CPU Use Starvation Aging Preemptive Non-Preemptive
I/O Burst Edit
Operating system spaces Edit
User-space Kernel space (aka system, supervisor, privilege)
System calls (syscall) Edit
- Process control
- File management
- Device management
- Information maintainence
- Communication


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Welcome to Allbright Technical Assistance Center
In order to streamline support requests and better serve you, we utilize this ticket system. Every support request is assigned a unique ticket number which you can use to track the progress and responses online. For your reference we provide complete archives and history of all your support requests. A valid email address is required to submit a ticket. Please click on the green button[open a new ticket] to report your problem. email@example.com | 0886748000/0777651000
Open A New Ticket
Please provide as much detail as possible so we can best assist you. To update a previously submitted ticket, please login.
Check Ticket Status
We provide archives and history of all your current and past support requests complete with responses.

subset: commoncrawl


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Come together. Teach. Find Solutions. Entertain.
A lot of places have meeting and event rooms you can rent, but at The Mendel Center you get more than just a space to meet.
We handle the details so you don't have to
When you host your next meeting, training workshop, or social gathering at The Mendel Center, you'll not only have the space you need, but you have a team of event professionals to provide you with the service and event advice to make you and your guests comfortable so you can get down to business.
Types of events often held in the more than a dozen meeting and event spaces include:
- Corporate retreats
- Workshops and classes
- Focus group testing with live video viewing in a separate room
- Breakout meetings held in conjunction with large events in the Grand Upton Hall
- Legal depositions
- Board meetings
- Press conferences
- Reunions and dinners
- Receptions and parties
- Mainstage pre-show parties
- Weddings
- Dance and performance recitals
Amenities and Services
We feel that the fewer event details you have to handle, the more time you have to focus on your guests and your reason for gathering. That is why your Mendel Center experience will include access to a full line of services to make your event complete.
Services and amenities include
- On-site catering for breakfast, lunch, or dinner meetings or appetizer receptions
- Built-in projectors and screens in all meeting rooms
- White boards and easels
- Ample, convenient, free parking
- Experienced event planner services
- Liquor license and professional bartenders
- Decorating, lighting, and sound
- Linens and table service
- Tables, chairs, staging, and risers
The Mendel Center is equipped with:
- Wi-fi access and wired internet connections in each meeting spaces
- Projectors and screens
- Monitors
- Microphones
- Conference phones
- Portable sound systems
- Laptops
- Video recording services
On-site catering and beverage services
There's no need to worry about ordering out for lunch or breaking the flow by having to leave the building for a meal when you have your meeting at The Mendel Center. Our in-house chef and food preparation staff can prepare a delicious hot meal, box lunch, or snack for any size group from 10 to 1,000.
Easy to find, easy to park
Your guests and attendees will find The Mendel Center welcoming and easy to find. We are located within one mile of I-94 exit 30, as well as the US 31 Bypass exit 24. There are more than 20 hotels and bed and breakfasts within a 10 minute drive. And, The Mendel Center has ample, free parking adjacent to the building.
We'd love to help you make your next meeting or event extra special. Call us today to find out more about doing just that at The Mendel Center.
Links to
Grand Upton Hall page
Catering and beverage services page
Rental and catering information
Tonya Martindale
Director, Conference and Event Services
(269) 927-8604 or by email


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images description
Hello, how is it possible to add images like this style?!
I want have just images and description exactly like this.
No albums, no slideshow.. nothing but images+description from 1 gallery per 1 page, from second gallery for second page, etc.
I am newbie so would you please give me most detailed instruction?
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The Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education disclose a notification for Teacher Eligibility Test which was taken on 13th to 28th February 2016. Now the exam is finished. After the completion of exam board will release the official HPTETAnswer Key on the official website of the Board. The Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education, Dharamshala is a state Government Board that conducts secondary and higher examinations for the school students. We are here to provide you direct link to download hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff marks. The Board took HP TET in various subject i.e…………..as JBT, TET, SHASHTRI, TET, TGT, Language Teacher, TGT (Arts). So the test had been recognized on various dates. The result will also be declared on various dates and even hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff marks will be disclose like that only .
Exam Name : Teacher Eligibility Test
Post Name :
- Shastri TET
HPTET gen obc sc st cutoff :- Click here
official hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff marks / merit list Punjabi & Urdu
UPDATE : Official key for Teacher Eligibility Test (TET), LT, TGT will soon available set wise i.e. a/b/c/d or p/q/r/s on its site and also stay tuned with us for latest updates.
A very sad letter written by one of the candidates. Must Read it !
The Candidate may check HPTET Cut Off Marks 2016 exam wise like as J.B.T. TET, SHASTRI TET, TGT (NM) TET, LANGUAGE TEACHER TET, TGT (Arts) TET and TGT (Medical) TET avaialbe soon on the main site of HPBOSE. Candidate can check district wise merit or category wise cutoff available at hpbose.org.
How To get HPTET 2016 Result : First of all visit the main portal site at www.hpbose.org find link of HPTET 2016 Result . After that select your courses and fill up your detail like as name, DOB and Roll No etc. After submit it. Take a print copy for your future usage.
Follow these steps in order to get hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff marks
- Candidates are first of all required to visit the official website of hpbose.org
- Navigate through the website and find the link relevant to the "hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff mark″
- Click on that link
- Fill the details, press submit option
- hptet 2016 Non medical category wise cutoff list will be displayed in the new tab.
- Download it for further use
Note :
If you guys have any query regarding hptet 2016 Non medical cutoff marks let us know about that. As we are there to help you guys.


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The Great Mushroom War
The Great Mushroom War is suppose to take place proabaly around the late 21st or 22nd Century
i estimate it will be about 2268 A.D
In Simon & Marcy , They were are in a meterpolis area or large city, Which is stupid because all the radition and infected mutants wonder the streets endlessly, They only stay because of the food and shelter.
The mushroom war did Extremely Endanger humans, mutate many animals , And bring about the Lich
It is not known what two countries or nations will start it or what weapons of mass destruction the will use.
Very few humans survived the G.M.W,Simon Petrikov was one of them.
if only he could remember........


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Teriyaki Beef and Broccoli with Udon Noodles
27 DIY Pizza Ideas for Pizza Night!
The Best Spinach Salad! (low carb)
How to Make Homemade Chicken Noodle Soup (from a whole chicken)
Easy Ham and Broccoli Quiche Recipe
Apple, Pear and Toasted Walnut Salad w/ Pork Tenderloin
How to Cook Brisket in the Pressure Cooker
Easy Slow Cooker Meatball Subs
Cuban French Bread Pizza Recipe
20 Game Day Burger Slider Recipes
Pork Tenderloin with Bacon and Apples
Avocado and Bacon Chicken Salad
Three Cheese Tortellini Bake
Easy Low Country Shrimp Boil in the Pressure Cooker
Mediterranean Chicken Tacos
Quick & Easy: Baked Chili Dogs
Gluten Free Pasta with Sausage and Kale
How to Cook Boneless Chicken Breasts in the Pressure Cooker
Spicy Cuban Sliders
Grilled Cheese with Avocado and Tomato
15 Delicious Ways to Use Leftover Boiled Eggs
Red Beans & Rice w/ Sausage Skillet
Chicken and Tortellini Pasta Salad
Green Eggs and Ham Mini Frittatas
Spicy Turkey Lettuce Wraps
Beefy Mac and Cheese Taco Bake
DIY Sub Sandwich Ring
Beer Marinated Slow Cooker Pulled Pork Recipe
Baked Southwest Eggrolls
Easy Baked Tortellini Cups
Quick Orange Chicken
Creamy Mushroom and Sausage Pasta
Easy Mac and Cheese Waffles
Slow Cooker Corn and Sausage Chowder
Easy Black Bean Soup Recipe
Asian Chicken and Veggie Soup
Family Favorite White Chicken Chili Recipe
Easy Sausage and Bean Soup
- 1
- 2
- 3
- …
- 5
- Next Page »


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Advanced Search |
Search Tips
Below are the available bulk discount rates for each individual item when you purchase a certain amount
N Double Male Barrel Coaxial Adapter Coupler
We promise to never spam you, and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer.
Posted by Dick on 9th Aug 2016
Nice product. Need these all the time when working on repeaters.
Click the button below to add the N Double Male Barrel Coaxial Adapter Coupler to your wish list.
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Copyright 2017 American Radio Supply.
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Need a Blood Titer in Bensenville, IL? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Blood Titer at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
Why would I get a Blood Titer?
A Blood Titer is a blood test that checks the titer level. People in Bensenville, IL order the Blood Titer to demonstrate immunity to certain diseases.
How much does a Blood Titer cost?
Our Blood Titer prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Bensenville, IL, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
What does a Blood Titer lab report look like?
For a popular Blood Titer lab report, please CLICK HERE.
We are delighted to offer the Blood Titer in Bensenville, IL.
Blood Titer in other cities near Bensenville, IL:Addison | Aurora | Bloomingdale | Carol Stream | Fox Valley | Glen Ellyn | Glendale Heights | Hinsdale | Lisle | Lombard | Naperville | West Chicago | Wheaton | Winfield


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Employment types and hiring options
Easily compare your options for hiring staff.
On this page
- Understand your employment options
- Decide on the right type of worker for your business
- Information for your workforce action plan
Main employment types
Each type of employee varies so it's important to think carefully about which type of worker will work best for you. Find additional advice on identifying the skills and experience needed for a new role by using workforce planning and HR templates.
The five main types are:
- Permanent or fixed-term employees
- casual employees
- apprentices or trainees (employees)
- employment agency staff (also called labour hire)
- contractors and sub-contractors (hired staff).
Employment Options
The key options are listed below to help you decide on your employment choice.
When you hire people as employees, they:
- receive payment as wages or salary
- have their tax taken out by their employer
- are based at your business, work at your home or are mobile
- can be full-time, part-time, apprentices, trainees or casual, and can be directed when, what and how to do a task.
A contractor or independent contractor usually:
- doesn't receive wages but invoices for their work
- runs their own businesses with an Australian Business Number (ABN)
- has their own insurance
- does a set task, such as designing a computer system and once the task is done, the engagement ends
- can work for more than one customer
- can subcontract their work to others
- provides their own equipment or works from their own base.
Hiring staff through an agency means that:
- the employment agency employs the worker, and you pay the agency for the use of the worker for agreed hours or a set period
- you can hire people at short notice with specific skills or for short or long-term projects
- workers are usually short term, so they may not develop a loyalty to your business and may take their knowledge with them
- the agency pays the worker's wages and other entitlements
- the agency will charge you a commission, agency or finder's fee, which will add extra expense.
Permanent (full-time or part-time) employees
A full-time employee can work a standard day, for example, Monday to Friday 9am-5pm. A part-time employee works regular set hours, but less than a full-time week e.g. Wednesday to Friday, 11am-1pm. Some awards require an employer to roster a part-time employee for a minimum of three consecutive hours on any shift.
When considering your options for full time staff, be sure to consider the Restart Program, offering incentives for employing people full time who are aged 50 or older.
Casual employees
Can be used for short irregular periods of work but can also work in long-term arrangements. Some awards also require casuals to be paid for a minimum of three or four hours work depending on the award.
Casual employees:
- can be asked to work at short notice, with no guarantee of regular hours
- are not entitled to annual or personal/carer's leave
- can be terminated without notice, unless they are covered by an agreement or contract that specifies otherwise
- are good for irregular and short term work demands
- offer a flexible arrangement for the employer and employee.
Casual employees are paid an extra 20-25 per cent (or more depending on the agreement or award) above the base rate of pay to compensate them for not receiving the above entitlements.
If you are thinking of hiring casual workers, look at how to employ casual workers.
Apprentices and trainee employees
Australian Apprenticeships (also known as traineeships) are a training contract between an employer and an employee, in which the employer provides training and the apprentice learns the occupation or trade. At the end of the training the apprentice gains a nationally recognised qualification.
Apprentices may be employed on a full or part-time basis, can be of any age, and may already hold a qualification. Training can be totally on-the-job, or a combination of on and off-the-job programs.
An apprentice wage varies depending on qualification, type of training and industry and is generally entitled to the same superannuation, workers' compensation or other requirements as that of an employee.
Businesses that employ apprentices may be eligible for financial assistance.
Group training
Group training organisations employ Australian apprentices and place them with employers while they're being trained. Group training is a great option for businesses that:
- can't offer an Australian apprentice a permanent position because they're unable to guarantee ongoing work
- might not have the range of work available to ensure an Australian apprentice gains all the necessary job skills for that industry
- do not have the time to undertake all employment and training functions.
State Government of Victoria
© Copyright DEDJTR 2017
Page updated: 13 Feb 2017


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login with
Awesome!!! Lucas has those too, he got them around 4 months and he just now getting top teeth haha. :) Yay teeth!!!
About Lindsay
Birth: April 11
On Moms.com since: Dec 24, 2013
~Team Player (Baby)~ 33 years old, married. SAHM. I love my husband and daughter so much!


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Wednesday 28 August 1963
It was Wednesday, under the sign of Virgo. The US president was John F. Kennedy (Democratic).
Famous people born on this day include Abe Button and Regina Marie Jacobs.
In that special week of August people in US were listening to My Boyfriend's Back by The Angels.
In UK Sweets For My Sweet by The Searchers was in the top 5 hits.
Stray Dog, directed by Akira Kurosawa, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1963
while City Of Night by John Rechy was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Ready, Steady, Go!.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1963 or at August 28 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 28 August 1963 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 28 August 1963!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 28 August 1963 ?
- Many Christian churches: feast day of Saint Augustine of Hippo.
- Hong Kong: Liberation Day (1945)
Famous Birthdays:
- Abe Button: Soccer player (Vitesse).
- Regina Marie Jacobs: Los Angeles, California -- 800m / 1500m runner (1996 Olympics - 10th Place).
- Reyna Thompson: NFL corner back (New York Giants).
- Jennifer Coolidge: American actress.
- Regina Jacobs: American athlete.
- Maria Gheorghiu: Romanian folk singer-songwriter
- Evergreen Point Floating Bridge connecting Seattle and Bellevue opens
- 200,000 demonstrate for equal rights in Washington, DC.
- Martin Luther King Jr gives his "I have a dream" speech at Lincoln Memorial.
- March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his I Have a Dream speech
- Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie are murdered in their Manhattan flat, prompting the events that would lead to the passing of the Miranda Rights.
- September ndash Marvel Comics releases the first-ever X-Men comic book
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of August 1963 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- The Angels - My Boyfriend's Back
- Allan Sherman - Hello Mudduh, Hello Fadduh! (A Letter From Camp)
- Little Stevie Wonder - Fingertips - Pt 2
- The Four Seasons - Candy Girl
- Peter, Paul & Mary - Blowin' In The Wind
- Trini Lopez - If I Had A Hammer
- Lesley Gore - Judy's Turn To Cry
- Inez Foxx - Mockingbird
- Kai Winding & Orchestra - More
- Randy and the Rainbows - Denise
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 28 August 1963 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in August 1963?
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.7834
- Life: Sinatras Senior and Junior
- Time: TIME Magazine Cover: U.S. Atomic Arsenal -- Aug. 23, 1963
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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It really took me lot of hours to complete the full concept, I guess there are more than 1000 layers!
I'm sure you will enjoy this post.
If you like this please comment so I'll know what path to follow :)
Download the Fireworks PNG Source.
My commitment is the customer satisfaction.
Satisfaction Guaranteed.
Code stuff has been my passion since teenage years.
I manage compliant standards trendy code spiced with HTML5, CSS3 and jQuery. Also I handle server code in various programming web languages: PHP, ASP, ASP.NET
Custom interface design since design for media players, flash prototypes, mobile and icon design.


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Google Launches Newsstand Apps for Android where you can get everything from one place . A place where you can Read News, Blogs and News magazine. Its Also provide Subscription for News, Blogs, and Magazine. Its a Great Apps for Android Phone and Tablet . Its Provide Free Subscription Tool for Android user. Early you can get this Apps on iOS Platform .
Google Launches Newsstand Apps for Android
After using this Newsstand Apps you don't need to go for different-2 Websites for different – purpose . Every thing you will from one place. This Apps bring all news , Blog , Magazine at one place . It will Automatic Update New News . You can get all your favorites News on this Apps .
Right Now this Apps will be available for some countries US,UK , Canada and Australia .
You have Download Newsstand App from Google Play for your Android Device and Tablet . its a Great Apps Launches by Google .
you can read here 100+ magazine for tech , Politics , Sports etc also you read your favorites Blog .
Great Feature in this Apps is it will automatic change format according to Blog Post , Magazine , News etc .
Great Feature in this Apps is it will automatic change format according to Blog Post , Magazine , News etc .


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Prince Harry Buried His Feelings, But What He Confesses About Diana… Awful.
The British monarchy is known for being staunch and having a stiff upper lip. Showing emotion is not part of their mantra. Keeping it together despite the circumstances is something every royal has been taught since an early age.
That is part of the reason the late Princess Diana struggled with the demands and expectations of her in-laws. When Diana died in a tragic car accident on August 31, 1997 in Paris, France, the royals quietly retreated to Balmoral Castle in Scotland. Their lack of response at her untimely death plummeted their popularity and public perception.
19 years after her death, it is her two sons' Prince William and Prince Harry who carry out her legacy through their charity work and down to earth approach to life. Prince Harry for his part seems to be the one who mirrors his mother's magic touch with people around the world.
When Princess Diana divorced Prince Charles, she lost the title "Her Royal Highness."
One of her last humanitarian effort was bringing to light the danger of landmines left behind during war conflicts in countries like Angola and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Reuters / Corbis
The Royal family once saw Diana as a "misfit" who didn't fit in.
For her part Diana found the transition of being a shy 20-year-old to the most photographed woman in the world daunting. "You had to either sink or swim. And you had to learn that very fast," she admitted years later.
Tim Graham / Getty
During a revealing interview in 1995 with journalist Martin Bashir Diana spoke candidly of the struggles she faced.
She shocked the country when she admitted she suffered from depression. "I was unwell with post-natal depression, which no one ever discusses, post-natal depression, you have to read about it afterwards, and that in itself was a bit of a difficult time," she said. "You'd wake up in the morning feeling you didn't want to get out of bed, you felt misunderstood, and just very, very low in yourself."
Anwar Hussein / Getty
After Diana's death, many wondered if anyone would be able to capture the heart of the world the way she did.
Journalists wondered if her presence would be completely erased in the princes' life.
Vards Uzvards / Wikipedia
Over a million people stood along the six-mile line between Kensington Palace and Westminster Abbey in London.
The Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair referred to Diana after her death as the People's Princess.
Page 1 of 2Next ›


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A word about our beautiful new website.
Like most things at Tigerfish, this website is the result of inspiration, hard work, and collaboration.
The initial layout came from Bay Area painter Molly Barker (you can see Molly's original brush and ink illustrations throughout the site). Molly started things off by cutting up some paper and taping it together to sketch out an idea for the composition.
Even though the scissors and tape aspect of Molly's sketch was merely a convenient way of working, something about the look captivated our web designer, David Kerr. David was struck by the possibility of constructing a site entirely out of paper.
I felt that the handmade aesthetic conveyed the spirit of what we're trying to do at Tigerfish: personal attention to detail, real human interaction, a stick-to-it commitment to making things, and making them right.
The three of us worked closely to bring the vision to life. I couldn't be happier with the results. Take a moment to glance around — I hope you enjoy it.
Local Color
- Topics:
- Best Practices
- Famous Transcripts
- Local Color
- The Wide World of Transcription
- Tigerfish News
- Transcription Technology
- Transcription Tips
- Video Transcription
- What is Transcription?


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Category: Solitaire/Co-op Games
The Captain Is Dead Review
(The Captain Is Dead by AEG)
Escape Room: The Game Review
(Escape Room: The Game by Spin Master Games)
Arkham Horror: The Card Game Review
(Arkham Horror: The Card Game Review by Fantasy Flight Games)
Mechs vs. Minions Review
(Mechs vs. Minions by Riot Games)
Pandemic: Reign of Cthulhu Review
(Pandemic: Reign of Cthulhu by Z-Man Games)
Beyond Baker Street Review
(Beyond Baker Street by Z-Man Games)
Star Trek Panic Review
(Star Trek Panic by USAopoly)
The Grizzled: At Your Orders! Review
(The Grizzled: At Your Orders! by Cool Mini Or Not)
Kingdom Death: Monster Review
(Kingdom Death: Monster by Kingdom Death)


text: It does not matter where you go to look the Media is taking the Seattle Seahawks to win this game with no doubts. Everywhere I look or hear it is Seattle, Seattle, Seattle. That is the pick. As this year has gone the media has been jumping on our Bandwagon, but not this week. They see a team just coming of 2 division wins and wonder how much we can have in the tank. They see a team that is playing the #1 Offense for 3 weeks in a row, how can Dallas do it 3 weeks in a row. They see S. Alexander running all over everybody, and think he will be the difference. They see us playing on the road and on the West Coast for the 4th time in this early season. They see a Seahawk team that rarely drops one in their own Stadium, and are looking at the Seashawks as contenders. Folks, if we go into Seattle and win this ball game, the Media has no choice but to proclaim the Dallas Cowboys as contenders and for real. Now really who cares what the fricking Media thinks because this game is the type of game that can set this team up for something special this year. Philly and New York are playing tough games as well, and one if not both will lose. If we lose it continues to be a clogged division, but if we win, and you look at the schedule over the next couple of weeks, we can get some seperation. And when all and all is said this game we play tomorrow could have huge impacts on a tie breaker between Dallas and Seattle for Home Field or a Bye, you never know. Tomorrow's game is a BIG one! You feeling it?


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28 - Castor [5m26s Final Scheme Alt] - TRON Legacy MP3
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 22, 2005
|Filing date
|Apr 9, 2003
|Priority date
|Apr 9, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Adnan A. Hamid
|Original Assignee
|Hamid Adnan A
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (7), Classifications (14), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the testing of electronic systems, and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for automatically generating tests for a digital system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Advances in digital electronic technology allows the development of increasingly complex digital electronic systems that include a combination of hardware and software components. These systems must be tested, or functionally verified, to ensure that they operate correctly under as many conditions as possible. It is widely accepted that the complexity of functional verification for a system increases as a square of system complexity. Currently proper verification of a new system is one of the biggest challenges when developing a new product, consuming 50% or more of development resources.
The central problem in functional verification is trying to cover every possible condition, or scenario, that the design may encounter during operation. Functional verification should cover (a) each individual design function, (b) each architectural component of the design, (c) interactions between design functions (and preferably all such interactions) (d) interactions between architectural components (again, preferably all such interactions), and finally (e) interactions between design functions and architectural components (again, preferably all such interactions).
Formal verification techniques attempt to mathematically prove correctness of a design without requiring any tests, but these techniques are generally able to handle designs of limited complexity. What is required is a collection of thorough functional tests that can be run in either simulation or on the fabricated product to find any potential flaws in the design. Furthermore, in order to, support development of large, complex designs, these tests should support hierarchical verification: in additional to verifying the whole system, it should be possible to create tests for part or all of any module or collection of modules that make up the system.
Modern digital electronic systems are too complex to analyze the entire system at once when considering the possible cases that require testing. Instead it is necessary to carefully analyze both the functional specification(s) and the design architecture for the system to consider all possible test cases. Both the functional specification and the design architecture should be broken into a set of component modules that are small enough to analyze as a unit. Each module can then be considered independently in order to define the set of tests that could be run on that module. The linkages or interactions between modules can then be analyzed separately.
Such analysis, especially when considering all possible tests for all module, will lead to a very large number of possible test cases. Limitations of time and equipment make it possible to run only a small fraction of these tests. A method is required to efficiently capture the entire space of possible tests, and then select a random distribution of tests to run from that space. It should be possible to combine information about possible tests for multiple modules to create tests that verify both individual modules and the interactions between those modules. A method is needed to control the scope and distribution of the generated tests to ensure sufficient testing of all parts of the system at different levels of hierarchy.
The required format for tests may be very different for different stages of design development and at various levels of verification hierarchy. For example, the style of tests needed when running in simulation may be very different from the style of diagnostic tests required when running on a fabricated system. Elements of test style may include how the test is applied to the design, how expected results are created, and how the set of tests is analyzed to measure how much of the design has been tested.
A number functional verification tools are currently available. However, none of these tools provide the verification engineer with any mechanism to analyze a complex design in terms of its component modules, instead requiring the engineer to think about testing the entire system as a whole. No mechanism is provided for capturing information about a complex set of possible tests, or for selecting a random distribution of tests from within that set.
Some tools provide engineers with a mechanism for generating random stimulus for specific inputs to the system. These solutions may test part of the module which receives that input, but do not consider the possible interactions this module may have with the rest of the system—in other words, only a small subset of the possible tests are covered. Other tools provide tests for a specific design component (e.g., a microprocessor), but do not lend themselves to be extensible by the verification engineer to test the rest of the system—again, only a portion of the possible set of tests are being covered.
It is difficult to use these tools to generate tests for use at different levels of verification hierarchy, because (a) the tools lack the flexibility to properly cover all (or even substantially all) possible tests at each level of the hierarchy, and (b) the tools do not support the different test formats that may be required at various levels of verification hierarchy.
What is therefore needed is an apparatus and method for functional verification that overcomes the problems of prior art.
In one embodiment, a method of describing a set of tests capable of being performed on a device under test (DUT) is disclosed. The method includes identifying a scenario space of the DUT.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one of skill in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
The following is intended to provide a detailed description of an example of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting of the invention itself. Rather, any number of variations may fall within the scope of the invention which is defined in the claims following the description.
Microchips are the "brains" that drive electronic devices like computers, PDA's and cell phones. When engineers are developing microchips, the designs thus created need to be tested to ensure that the resulting product will operate as desired.
As electronic products become more complicated and incorporate more functions (e.g., cell phones which not only receive calls but also play games), the development of tests becomes more challenging. More tests are needed (e.g., to check that the cell phone properly receives calls and properly plays games), and these tests need to be more sophisticated (e.g., to check that the cell phone can receive calls while playing a game). Modern chips are so complicated that creating tests can consume over half of the engineers' time when developing a new microchip.
Embodiments of the present invention provide an easy way for engineers designing a microchip to provide a complete description of the microchip's testable features to a computer program. The computer program (test generator 110) can then automatically create (i.e., generate) as many tests as the engineers need.
This technology provides several advantages over current methods. First, instead of spending many man years creating tests for a new microchip, engineers can quickly describe what needs to be tested and let the computer program automatically create the required tests. Second, engineers often develop design modules which go into multiple microchips. Once an engineer describes what can be tested on a module, the same description can be reused on every chip that uses the module. Finally, as microchip development progresses, tests are required in a number of different formats. This invention can use the same descriptions to create tests in various different formats.
The present invention is a method and apparatus for the automated generation of functional tests based on a scenario search algorithm. There are four steps involved in generating these tests.
First, a process is defined for identifying a set of tests, referred to herein as a scenario space, for the given system. A scenario space is defined by its corresponding set of tests, with each test being represented as point (or element) in the scenario space. Preferably, substantially all, or even all, possible tests are defined by the scenario space. Initially, the functional specification(s) and the design architecture for the system in broken out into their constituent modules. Each module is considered independently to define the set of (preferably all) possible tests, or scenario space, for that module. A notation, or scenario algebra, is provided to aid in reasoning about scenario spaces, and a method defined to ensure that a sufficient number of (and preferably all) possible tests for each module have been considered. The linkages or interactions between scenario spaces for each module are then analyzed.
Second, the scenario space for each module is encoded in terms of scenario rules. The ability to specialize rules, and frequent reuse of rules when encoding multiple scenario spaces allow scenario rules to provide a compact representation of the complete scenario space for very complex systems.
Third, a software implementation of the scenario search algorithm is run on the defined scenario rules to generate a random distribution of tests within the specified scenario space. This algorithm can combine information about scenario spaces for multiple modules to generate tests that not only verify each module, but also verify the interaction between those modules. The algorithm may be easily controlled to modify the scope and distribution of the generated tests. An internal representation is used to store the test information created at this stage.
Fourth, test formatting rules are used to convert tests from the internal) representation into a form suitable for use in the target test environment. Test formatting rules may include information about how to apply test stimulus to the design, how to obtain expected results for the tests, and how to measure how much of the design is being verified by the generated tests.
The apparatus and method for automated generation of tests using the scenario search algorithm provides several advantages over the prior art:
In the remainder of this description, an example system to be used to aid explanation is first defined. An example of a nomenclature that can be used for scenario algebra is then defined. This definition is followed by a detailed description of the each of the steps in
Example System
A simple example system can be defined as an aid in explaining the activities involved in each stage of the flow. The example system is a simple calculator that has the following functional specification:
Scenario Algebra
When considering sets of tests that can be run on a system, it is useful to have a set based notation to provide a short hand representation of the tests being described. This notation is referred to herein as scenario algebra. Braces ("{ }") are used to denote an literal set (e.g. "+", "{1, 2, 3}" denotes the set that includes the numbers 1, 2 and 3). Ellipses (" . . . ") are used to denote a range (e.g., "1 . . . 99" represents the set including the numbers 1 through 99, inclusive). The "C{SetName}" notation is used to refer to a named set of values (e.g., "C{MathNum}={1 . . . 99}" defined a set called "MathNum" that includes the numbers 1 to 99 inclusive. The "+" or conjunction operator is used to identify a set of sets (e.g., "{A, B, C}+{1, 2, 3}" identifies a set that includes two other sets, namely "{A, B, C}" and "{1, 2, 3}". The or product operator is used to identify a set that includes all possible combinations of elements from a first set paired with elements from a second set (e.g., "{A, B, C}* {2, 3}" would expand to the set of combinations "{A2, A3, B2, B3, C2, C3}").
Identify Scenario Spaces (Step 200)
The objective of this operation is to identify a set of tests (e.g., the set of all possible tests) that could be run on the system to be verified, otherwise known as the Device Under Test (DUT). This set of all possible tests is called the scenario space for the DUT. The DUT may be too complex to make it feasible to analyze the whole system in one step in order to identify its complete scenario space, and a method is required to analyze the DUT in portions under such conditions.
As described above, the central problem in functional verification is to test a sufficient number of (e.g., all) possible conditions that DUT could encounter during operation. To achieve this goal, it is necessary that the scenario space identified for the DUT at this step covers all these possible conditions. First, the functional requirements, or functional specifications for the DUT are analyzed to ensure that the scenario space includes tests for all the functions that the DUT is required to support, along with the possible interactions between those functions. Second, the implementation architecture for the DUT—which specifies the hardware and software blocks that make up the DUT, as well as their interaction—also needs to be considered. This ensures that the scenario space includes tests for each block, and the possible interactions between those blocks. Approaching construction of the scenario space from these two angles ensures that no possible tests have been forgotten.
Identify Supported Functional Specification (Step 410)
Functional specifications define the required operations that the systems being designed need to support. The scenario space for the DUT should test an acceptably large portion (or all portions) of the functional specifications that the DUT supports. A particular DUT might support several specifications (e.g., a computer sound chip may support the PCI specification as well as one or more audio specifications). The identification of supported functional specifications (step 410), involves identifying the list of specifications that need to be supported by the DUT. In the case of the present example, the specifications for the calculator are provided above.
Partition Functional Specifications into Functional Modules (Step 420)
Functional specifications can typically be analyzed and broken into functional modules that describe specific portions of required behavior. At step 420, the functional specifications are partitioned into functional modules. This is the process of decomposing the supported functional specifications (from step 410) into smaller modules that can more readily be analyzed. In the case of our example, the specification may be divided into two functional modules: the first relates to arithmetic operations, the second related to memory operations. Interactions between these two modules should also be considered when considering the handling of sequenced and nested operations.
Identify Scenario Spaces for Each Functional Module (Step 430)
Scenario spaces are then identified for each functional module (step 430). This involves analyzing each functional module identified in step 420 to define the set of tests (e.g., all tests) that could be run to test that functionality. When considering possible tests for a functional module, it is helpful to keep in mind the principle that a function defining S possible states, I possible input combinations and O possible output combinations has a total of SI possible tests, including tests that can transition from every possible state N1 to every possible state N2, and tests that can generate all O possible output combinations. There are also S possible initial states that the module could start at. The inventor determined that it is often efficient to consider the scenario space for a module in terms of the product of multiple orthogonal sets.
In terms of our example calculator, the scenario space for the functional module related to arithmetic operations may be captured as:
C{MathExpr} compactly describes the set of all possible combinations of (a) a number from 0 to 999 inclusive, (b) one of the three operations for addition, subtraction and multiplication, and (c) another number from 0 to 999 inclusive. In other words, C{MathExpr} captures the scenario space for the functional module related to arithmetic operations.
To understand this, a method to expand a scenario space description into a specific test that lies within that scenario space is needed. The following steps outline such a method:
Applying this method to C{MathExpr}, the following is an example of the sequence of results that could be obtained:
Similarly, the scenario space for the functional module related to memory operations may be described by C{MemExpr}:
C{MemExpr} expands to tests such as "234 STO 2" and "RCL 3". Since the memory function involves state, it is possible to define an initial state for this memory in terms of scenario spaces as well. The following pseudo-code will fill each register with a random number selected from C{Number}:
The implementation architecture of the DUT specifies the hardware and software blocks of which the DUT is constructed. The scenario space should cover tests for (preferably all) blocks within the DUT. Tests for (again, preferably all) possible interactions between those blocks should also be considered. In identifying the implementation architecture, the hardware and software components that are required to make the DUT function as required are identified (step 440). The implementation architecture for the example calculator is described above.
Partition Architecture into Architecture Modules (Step 450)
The architecture is then partitioned into architecture modules (step 450), which is the process of decomposing the implementation architecture into its component blocks so that those blocks can be analyzed individually. In the case of our example, the implementation architecture can be broken into the four blocks identified in the architectural description: shift unit (SHFT) 330, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 320, the memory unit (MEM) 340 and the user interface (UI) 310. The interactions between these block also needs to be considered.
Identify Scenario Spaces for Each Architectural Module (Step 460)
Scenario spaces are then identified for each architectural module (step 460), which involves analyzing each functional module identified in step 420 to define the set of (preferably all) tests that could be run to test that functionality. Parallel to functional modules, when considering possible tests for a architectural module, it is helpful to keep in mind the principle that a block implementing S possible states, I possible input combinations and O possible output combinations has a total of SI possible tests, including tests that can transition from every possible state N1 to every possible state N2, and tests that can generate all O possible output combinations. There are also S possible initial states at which the module could start. The inventor determined that it is often efficient to consider the scenario space for a module in terms of the product of multiple orthogonal sets. For example, the scenario space definition for each architectural module of the example calculator can be considered.
Analysis is performed by beginning with shift unit 330, which is used to perform shift operations on a number to aid in computing the result of multiplication operations. Analysis of this block shows that it accepts an input A which can be a number from −999 to +999, and an input B, which is a number between 0 and 12, indicating the number of bits by which input A is to be shifted. In the present example, it is determined that the implementation of the SHFT block is such that values for input A that lie within the set {−999, −998, +998, +999} are of particular concern when testing. C{ShftTest} defines the scenario space for this block, and includes special consideration for the input A values that are of concern (scenario space defined above are reused without being repeated):
The ALU unit accepts two inputs, A and B, both in the range −999 to +999, along with a definition of which arithmetic operation to compute. C{AluTest} define the scenario space for this block:
Memory unit 340 is provided with a register number, and information on whether to recall a number from that register, or store a number to it. In the latter case, the number to be stored is also provided. It will be noted that although our functional specification identified only six register, the MEM block implements seven. C{MemTests} defines the scenario space for this block:
Tests for user interface 310 involve interactions with ALU 320, shift unit 330 and memory unit 340. Discussion of tests for user interface 310 are described subsequently.
Identify Linkages Between Scenario Spaces (Step 470)
To this point, scenario spaces have been defined for each functional module and each architectural module, and provide sufficient information to create tests for each of those modules separately. However, in order to create tests that exercise the interactions between modules, the linkages between modules need to be identified. The following examples give consideration to linkages between (a) two functional modules, (b) two architectural modules, and (c) between a functional module and an architectural module.
(a) Interaction between functional modules: Interactions between the arithmetic operation functional module and the memory operation functional module can be captured by the set "CalcExpr", combined with a recursive redefinition of the set "Arg":
C{CalcExpr} now describes a fairly sophisticated scenario space. To illustrate this point, C{CalcExpr} is expanded to yield the following sequence of results:
Thus, this expansion of C{CalcExpr} yielded a test of the form "32−RCL 4", which would compute the results of subtracting the current value of memory register 4 from the number 32. Other expansions of C{CalcExpr} would yield tests such as "(321−654)*((RCL 3+27)STO 3)". This illustrates the combining of scenario space definitions for the arithmetic functional module and the memory functional module to create tests that verify the correct interaction between these modules.
(b) Interaction between architectural modules: Any multiplication operation will exercise interactions between the ALU and SHFT blocks. However, it is desirable to ensure that particular cases of concern for the SHFT block are given proper consideration. C{AluTest} below handles multiplication tests specially in order to create interactions with the SHFT block that exercise the cases of concern.
Tests from C{AluTest} could include, for example, "(−323)−(+235)", and "(+998)*(−47)", the latter test being design to stress the SFHT unit.
(c) Interaction between functional module and architectural module: to construct the complete scenario space for our example calculator, the linkages between the functional modules and architectural modules need to be considered. To cover user interface 310, tests similar to the those covered by C{CalcExpr} are needed to exercise sequenced and nested operations, but these tests also need to consider interactions between architectural modules. Also, negative numbers cannot be provided to the ALU and MEM units directly, but are constructed by subtracting positive numbers from zero. The complete scenario space for the example is provided below in its entirety:
C{CalcExpr} now defines the entire scenario space for the example calculator, and comprehends both the functional requirements of handling nested and sequenced operations, as well as architectural concerns such as the special cases for shift unit 330. Interactions between the modules will also be tested. An example test might be "(−998*RCL 0)+((342 STO 3)−RCL 3)".
C{MathExpr} can still be used to create tests that target the ALU and SHFT units, with the following redefinitions to prevent nested operations:
From the foregoing, it can be seen that scenario algebra can be used to compactly capture complex scenario spaces. The DUT was broken down by functional specification and by implementation architecture and each module considered independently to define its scenario space. Module scenario spaces were then combined to create the scenario space for the whole DUT. The resulting scenario spaces can describe very large numbers of possible tests. This is of limited use unless scenario space descriptions can be conveniently captured in a computer readable for so that it may be processed by software.
Encoding scenario spaces (step 210) is the process of encoding the scenario space defined in step 200 into a computer readable form. In one embodiment of the scenario search algorithm, scenario rules are used to capture scenario space descriptions.
Scenario rules are software objects that have associated with them slots and methods. A slot is a unit of data storage associated with a specific rule. A method is a sequence of operations associated with a specific rule. Rules should have at least one default method (called the run method) that is executed when the rule is evaluated. A slot values for a given rule can only be read and written by methods associated with that rule. Methods of a given rule may call other methods of the same rule, or evaluate different rules. Evaluating a rule returns a value. It is possible to redefine a rule or a method, or assign a new value to a slot.
Scenario rules are organized in an inheritance hierarchy. Every rule has a parent rule associated with that rule, and is a specialization of that parent rule. When an attempt is made to access a slot or method associated with a rule, and no matching slot of method exists, the parent is searched for that slot or method. This search is continued recursively until the root of the inheritance hierarchy is reached before reporting that the slot or method does not exist. Inheritance allows multiple similar rules to be encoded using scenario rules that share common methods.
Every rule has a weight associated with that rule. If a parent rule (having one or more child rules) is evaluated, the parent rule randomly selects one of its children, weighting this selection based on the weights of the child rules. The selected child is then evaluated. This repeats until a leaf rule (with no further children) is reached. The default weight of all rules is set to one. This mechanism allows encoding of complex sets. Weights can be manipulated to determine the range and frequency of selections that will be made.
Providing each rule with its own pseudo-random number seed allows for random stability, where addition of an extra rule evaluation does not change the sequence of child selection made by all other rules. This feature can be useful when trying to debug and fix a specific problem with a scenario space encoding.
Often it is necessary for a scenario rule to change its behavior based on prior decisions made while constructing a test. In our example, instead of initializing all memory registers at the beginning of a test, one may choose to only initialize registers as those registers are used. In this case, it would be necessary to store information about what registers have been initialized so far.
Scenario rules may also be reactive, where behavior of rules and/or their weights are changed based on the current state of the DUT. This allows the scope and distribution of tests to be changed based on activity within the DUT, allowing better focus on difficult to reach conditions.
It has been found beneficial to use a working-memory to store information about the current state of test generation. This information can be accessed by any scenario rule. Further, the inventor has determined that it is beneficial to divide working-memory into three sections: (a) data this is persistent for the current step of the test being generated, (b) data that is persistent for the current sequence of steps being generated, and (c) data that is persistent for an entire session during which multiple sequences of steps may be generated. The inventor has also found it beneficial to allow for storage of numbers, string, lists and associative arrays in the working memory. For the present example, it would be appropriate to use sequence working-memory to store information about the current state of the memory registers at any given point in the test sequence.
Rule specialization and inheritance properties make scenario rules a very efficient method for encoding scenario spaces. The following pseudo-code encodes the scenario space defined by C{Arg}. This demonstrates how scenario algebra can be encoded using scenario rules to represent each defined scenario algebra set. It will also be noted the manner in which inheritance can make this representation even more compact, and minimized duplicated code for similar operations. For example, note that the steps to create a negative number are identical for C{NegNum} and C{NegShftNum}, although different sets of numbers are being negated. Both C{NegNum} and C{NegShftNum} inherit these steps from their common parent C{Arg}.
The product of two scenario spaces may be encoded simply by evaluating multiple scenario rules from within a method. For example, to encode C{AddSubExpr}:
Rules such as "AddSub" and "ShftNumSet" are implemented with a separate rule for each member only in order to allow the selection weights of each member to be manipulated separately. For example, by setting the weight of rule "AddSub−" to five, it would be possible to generate tests with five time as may subtractions as additions. This construct is used frequently when encoding scenario spaces, and it is beneficial to provide a short-hand macro to define literal sets.
Generate Random Tests (Step 220)
Once scenario spaces for the system have been identified (step 200), and encoded using scenario rules (step 210), the actual generation of random tests is then effected. The user defines the number of steps to include in each sequence. To generate tests, the top level scenario rule (for our example, the rule describing C{CalcExpr}) is evaluation repeatedly, once for each of the required steps. Each call to the top level rule returns an associative array describing the test to be done at that step. A list of associative arrays is constructed to represent the generated test in an internal format.
It will be noted that scenario rules can encode very large and complex scenario spaces in a compact form. Each evaluation of the top level scenario rule results in generating a test which represent a specific, randomly selected point within that space. The scope and distribution of generated tests can be controlled by modifying the weights on individual scenario rules. Setting a weight to zero will ensure that the rule will never be selected. Setting a weights to a high number will cause that rule to be evaluated more frequently than its siblings.
Format Test Output (Step 230)
The result of generating random tests (step 220) is an internal representation of the test to be generated. The next operation is to format each step of the test into an output form suitable for use in the target verification environment. Each step is represented as an associative array, with fields defining properties of the test to be executed. It has been found beneficial to define an additional field in the associative array defining the step-type for each step. Format rules can then be defined to output each step-type to the required format. The inventor has determined that the use of scenario rules to encode format rules is advantageous, removing the need for a separate implementation of format rules. The names of format rules can be built based on the step type. For example, the name of the format rule to output a step of type "MathExpr" may be called "Fmt-MathExpr",
Tests can be output to an intermediate file that can then be read into a verification environment. Tests can also be directly applied to the DUT through simulator PLI calls or through software function calls. Reactive testing may be accomplished by applying the test for each step as it is constructed directly to the DUT.
In addition to applying the test to the DUT, information from the internal representation of the test can also be used to interact with the result checking mechanism (for example, the tests may be provided in a different format to a reference model which returns an expected result that can be checked for in the DUT), or with a coverage analysis mechanism (for example, by counting the number of times a particular rule, or combination of rules have been exercised to provide a measure of how complete testing has been to date). The disclosure of Appendix A, a description of an example commercial implementation, is included by reference herein, in its entirety and for all purposes.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
|Cited Patent
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|Hamid Adnan A
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 12, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 22, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 30, 2017
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
Campbell - Only way is up
Sunderland's Fraizer Campbell is thinking positively as he battles back from a cruciate ligament injury.
Last Updated: 24/11/10 5:06pm
Sunderland striker Fraizer Campbell is thinking positively as he battles back from a cruciate ligament injury.
The 23-year-old has been on the sidelines since sustaining the injury in the win over Manchester City in August.
The former Manchester United player admits being told the extent of the damage left him at the lowest ebb of his career - but he is determined to push on and not feel sorry for himself.
He told the club's official website: "When I went home after the game it didn't feel too bad. The scan wasn't too bad, either.
Hit me
"But when I had it the doctor said I would be out for six months and it really hit me that night.
"That was probably the lowest point of my career but I just had to sweep it under the carpet and get on with it. You don't get better by dwelling on things."
The striker is working hard on his recovery and wants to come back quicker and stronger than before.
"Things are going okay," he added.
Slow steps
"I'm making slow steps towards my goal. An injury like this sometimes makes me sit back and realise how much I love going out there and playing football.
"That's especially true of big games like the one at Chelsea recently. It makes me want to come back quicker and stronger than I was before.
"I was kicking every ball at home (watching the game against the Blues), running round and celebrating every goal. In general though, I try to tone things down when I'm watching with the family.
"We have a great medical team here (at the club) and they have been fantastic with me. The time is flying by. The first couple of months are the hardest and I've found them comparatively easy, so I think things are going really well."


text:
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text: OK. It's not all that big of a deal to me. I am certain that I read 6 million in an article but I can not find it so I will concede the point. Yep, that's pretty funny. You are absolutely right. Now, how bout we act like we are grown as opposed to children? They absolutely can. He's not on the 40 man roster while he is suspended. They can absolutely designate him to the Minors. Well, since Baseball Season is not yet hear, everything we are both talking about is based on the future so I guess you could say that all of it is irrelevant to whatever discussion you are referring to. Please tell Robbie hello for me.


text:
LARAMIE, Wyo. -
Local youth will have a chance to learn from the best of the best when the University of Wyoming men's basketball team hosts its 2015 summer camps. The Mountain West champion Cowboys will provide instruction at three separate camps in June.
Head coach Larry Shyatt and returning Cowboy players will host their team camp on June 6, which is open to all high school programs, followed by an individual camp on June 7-10 for boys ages 8-18. The skills camp will be held June 15-18 for all boys and girls in grades K-12. All camps will be in War Memorial Fieldhouse in Laramie.
More information, including registration forms, can be found online at CowboyBasketballCamps.com or by calling the Wyoming men's basketball office at 307-766-5114.


text:
This game also comes with a tidbit of convention news. Set sail for Amsterdam baby!
It's only a one day convention, all my sads.ReplyDelete
This is all free space material. In fact I don't think you can come away from any bigger panel with more than 3-4 empty spaces.ReplyDelete
As long as you fags don't ruin the first con I go to, I'm fine with it.ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
I'm expecting you guys in dutchfag land next year.
Let's go hangout at my place and shit or go some gigs and smoke the weeds
Regarding it being one day: Stay a bit longer as there should be some other events around in between those 2 days after or so I'll see what I can do or find.
actually correction: It is 2 days not sure how anon came up with it being 1 dayReplyDelete
You have made some good points there. I looked on the internet to learn more about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your views on this web site.
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I really like it when folks come together and share ideas. Great website, continue the good work!
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I blog frequently and I really appreciate your information. This great article has truly peaked my interest.
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رقم محامى


text:
cry out
My baby yesterday was fine until I would lay her down then she would wake up crying as soon as I would pick her up she would stop. She is two weeks old is it to soon to let her cry it out?
Re: cry out
I can't remember how old my oldest two were when i let them cry it out...and I was trying to figure out the other day because Corie continues to do that when we lay her down...so hopefully someone can answer the question for the both of us! :)
Re: cry out
At this age CIO isnt very appropriate, they are crying because they need you! Even if its just for cuddles.
With my daughter I usually have to hold her for about 10 minutes of solid sleeping time before I lay her down. If that doesnt work I throw her fleece blanket in the dryer for 5 mins or so and swaddle her in it before I lay her down and that usually helps.
Re: cry out
Corra has been doing this too. It's exhausting, but I know she needs me right now. I wouldn't let a baby this young cry it out. They are too little to understand and it sends a lot of negative messages to the baby who is trying to communicate an important need (cuddling is important at this stage). Hang in there, it will get better!
Re: cry out
Too soon! She is crying because she feels secure when she's being held. She just spent 9 months essentially being held, so it's a difficult adjustment for some newborns. It will pass, but until then, maybe try a sling or carrier so you can get things done. good luck!
Re: cry out
I agree with the other ladies that it is too young for CIO. I do try and let DS sleep for a while before I set him down. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. I'm exhausted too, but I keep telling myself its not forever.
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text: See-Saw is an episode of the revival television series of "Teletubbies". It will originally air on April 16, 2018. Plot Edit Cast Edit Trivia Edit Retrieved from "http://jariel.wikia.com/wiki/See-Saw_(2018_Teletubbies_episode)?oldid=13006" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Add category Cancel Save


text:
The Tire Giant
The skilled techs at The Tire Giant service tires, engines, and internal systems beneath the prestigious banner of ASE certification. Name-brand tires from Cooper and Kelly replace vehicles' lopsided gaits with a precision capable of convincing yellow lines that they've been painted crookedly. Skilled technicians also service internal operations, hoisting autos of all makes, models, and origins onto full-service bays for repairs and maintenance. From sputtering engines to faulty brakes to climate-control systems with a bad source of weather updates, the versatile techs restore vehicles to working states and send them forth with steady tires and retooled performance.


text:
I can't stop thinking about it! It's so exciting! The Cyber Bingo Blogger has to tell you about it. How would you like to win a sensational seven day cruise to Alaska with £2000 spending cash in your back pocket? All you have to do to join in with this brilliant game is play a 75-25 Swedish bingo game on August 6. The full house is a prize valued at £8000. Cover four lines to win £4000, cover three lines to win £3000, cover two lines to win
£2000, and cover one line to win £1000. Cyber Bingo have also been very generous with the 1TG and 2TG pots. Even if you don't win, you could be walking away with a share of £3000. It's definitely one of the biggest games to come this way, so make sure you play.
If you aren't a member at Cyber Bingo yet, do come and join us. There is a £1 no deposit bonus waiting for you plus a £30 deposit match. Once you have deposited, you can come and play fantastic 75 ball and 90 ball bingo at its best — doesn't that sound like cracking fun?
Gamble Aware (www.gambleaware.co.uk) is managed by the Responsibility in Gambling Trust, an independent charity which funds treatment, research and education about responsible gambling. The website has been developed by a Task Force made up of representatives from the Gambling Commission, DCMS, academia and industry.


text:
He's Just Setting Up For A Still Shot, But Then He 'Clicks,' And My Heart Sank
Most people don't think of the effect they're producing when they toss a wrapper or bottle cap on the ground. One man is making sure that after seeing just one of his heart wrenching pictures, you will never be able to forget again. This photographer and warrior, for the rights of wildlife everywhere, paints a compelling portrait of the disgusting environment the birds and other living creatures must endure on Midway Island. The shoreline of the North Pacific island may seem worlds away, but these pictures bring it close to home, no matter where you live.
The massive amount of garbage and waste that washes up on the otherwise beautiful beaches of this would be paradise, pulls at the threads of humanity. Having to recognize this uniquely generational problem, one is ready to jump out of their seat, upon viewing the photographer's ground zero perspective. It is rare for a person to capture the gripping revelation of microcosmic effect on a grand scale. The pleas of desperation are felt, incredibly and intensely, throughout the course of the portfolio.
If a picture is worth a thousand words, then there is more than a few books worth of tears that begs the question, why are we doing this? It could never be a more important time to act on the emotions that these images provoke. Prepare a trauma kit before viewing, your heart will be bleeding out to find a way to breathe life into these snapshots into human immorality.
Like a violent pornography, these sketches of waste and wasted lives evoke the kind of stomach twisting you don't want to experience. It's a train wreck, and a morbid sense of self destruction is the overwhelming decree of the entire work, shown with brilliant detail. Enough to make you need a bucket to get sick in. Like watching our sins in still life, the collection of photo's depict the reach of man's inequity and the effort we must make to right the course that our actions have led us down. If you have a weak constitution, view with care. If you have a temper, be careful, this body of work may make you want to convince the next litter bug you meet with an outburst of aggression.
If you're not moved by the depressing vignette of the dead and dying seabirds, you can't possibly be human. The tiny rib cages exposed, shrouding a gullet of garbage, will wrap the witness in the guilt of a survivor, realizing we are also the killer, and it needs to be stopped. So, look upon these disturbingly necessary pictures, documenting absolutely terrifying cruelty and see it as a reflection. Your reflection in the waves of that ocean that crashes onto Midway Island.


text:
Anton Siluanov
Member of the Supervisory Board
Finance Minister of the Russian Federation
Mr. Anton Germanovich SILUANOV was born on April 12, 1963 in Moscow.
He is a graduate of the Moscow Finance Institute with a degree in Finance and Credit (1985). Doctor of Economics.
Previously held positions include:
2005-2011 Deputy Finance Minister of the Russian Federation;
Since 2011 Finance Minister of the Russian Federation.
He has no participation interest in the authorized capital of Public Joint Stock Company ALROSA. He has no family ties with any members of ALROSA's executive or supervisory bodies.