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Curcumin has a variety of pharmacological effects. However, poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability limit its clinical utility. A delivery system for nanostructured lipid carriers has been reported to be a promising approach to enhancing the oral absorption of curcumin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and relative bioavailability of curcumin in rats after a single intragastric dose of a nanostructured lipid curcumin carrier formulation.
Nanostructured lipid curcumin carriers were prepared using the ethanol dripping method and characterized in terms of the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry, drug-loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of nanostructured lipid curcumin carriers and curcumin suspension were compared after intragastric administration.
Nanostructured lipid curcumin carriers showed a significantly higher peak plasma concentration (564.94 ± 14.98 ng/mL versus 279.43 ± 7.21 ng/mL, P < 0.01), a shorter time taken to reach peak plasma concentration (0.5 ± 0.01 hour versus 1.0 ± 0.12 hour, P < 0.01), and a greater AUC0–∞ (820.36 ± 25.11 mg × hour/L versus 344.11 ± 10.01 mg × hour/L, P < 0.05) compared with curcumin suspension. In the tissue distribution studies, curcumin could be detected in the spleen, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Following intragastric administration of the nanostructured lipid curcumin carrier formulation, tissue concentrations of curcumin also increased, especially in the brain. The nanostructured lipid curcumin carrier formulation improved the ability of curcumin to cross the blood–brain barrier, with an 11.93-fold increase in the area under the curve achieved in the brain when compared with curcumin suspension.
The nanostructured lipid carrier formulation significantly improved the oral bioavailability of curcumin and represents a promising method for its oral delivery.
Curcumin, a yellow-colored phenolic substance derived from the rhizome of the spice herb Curcuma longa, widely known as turmeric, has a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activity. Clinical trials have shown that curcumin has antioxidant,1–3 antiinflammatory,4,5 antibacterial,6 antifungal,7–9 and anticarcinogenic activity.10–14 Further, the cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of curcumin are also well documented.15–17 The most compelling and key rationale for the therapeutic use of curcumin is its good safety profile. To date, no studies in either animals or humans have demonstrated any toxicity associated with the use of curcumin, even at high doses.18,19 Unfortunately, the potential use of curcumin is severely limited by its poor water solubility and short biological half-life, which results in low bioavailability irrespective of the route of administration.20–22
Several approaches have been investigated to increase the oral bioavailability of curcumin, including nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and phospholipid complexes.20 Solid lipid nanoparticles have received particular attention because they consist of biocompatible lipids with high drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), enhanced intestinal permeability, and good oral bioavailability.23 However, solid lipid curcumin nanoparticles offered no improvements over standard curcumin when tested in vitro.24 Nanostructured lipid carriers are the second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles and are composed of a binary mixture of solid lipids and a spatially different liquid lipid as a carrier.25 Nanostructured lipid carriers are a novel lipid formulation that offers the advantages of improved drug-loading capacity (LC) and release properties. Furthermore, nanostructured lipid carriers can be prepared for multiple routes of administration, including oral, intravenous, pulmonary, and transdermal formulations.25 To date, intragastric administration of a nanostructured curcumin lipid carrier (CUR-NLC) formulation has not been described.
Recently, we prepared CUR-NLCs by an ethanol dripping method. The aim of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and relative bioavailability of curcumin in rats after single-dose intragastric administration of a CUR-NLC formulation in comparison with curcumin suspension.
Standard curcumin and emodin (as the internal standard) were purchased from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland). Poloxamer 188 was purchased from Chemie (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Munich, Germany) and glyceryl monostearate was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co, Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Soy lecithin was purchased from Shanghai Taiwei Medical Group Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). Medium chain triglycerides (Lexol®) were sourced from Zhejiang WuMei Chemical Products Co, Ltd (Zhejiang, China). Methanol and acetonitrile (chromatographic grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific Inc (Waltham, MA). Water for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was double-distilled. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190–220 g were purchased from the Animal Institution, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University. The rats were housed under standard conditions, and provided with fresh water and a commercial diet ad libitum. The animal tests were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Research Council. All animal experiments were approved by the local animal ethics committee.
Nanostructured lipid carriers, empty or loaded with curcumin, were prepared using an ethanol dripping method.26 Briefly, an aqueous surfactant solution consisting of 1% (w/w) Poloxamer 188 was prepared and heated to 75°C prior to addition of the lipid phase. To prepare the lipid phase, the selected solid and liquid lipid mixture was heated to 5°C–10°C above its melting point. An ethanolic solution of soy lecithin (0.64 mmol) was added under stirring to the melted lipid (1.18 mmol). For obtaining drug-loaded nanoparticles, curcumin (0.32 mmol) was added under mechanical stirring. To obtain nanostructured lipid carriers, the ethanol solution containing lipid, lecithin, and curcumin was dripped into an aqueous surfactant solution with high-speed homogenization (A200-18G-S; Shanghai Angyi Instruments, Shanghai, China) at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The ratio of the ethanolic lipid phase to the aqueous phase was 1:3 (v/v) in the final suspension. The suspension was then dispersed in cold twice-distilled water (100 mL at 2°C–3°C) containing 5% (w/w) sucrose under continuous magnetic stirring at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. Successively, the nanostructured lipid carriers were submitted to exhaustive dialysis using a Visking 18/32 membrane (molecular cutoff 12,000–14,000 Da), freeze-dried by a lyophilizer (Alpha 1–4; Martin Christ, Osterode am Harz, Germany) and stored at −20°C in a freezer. The dry powder was kept at room temperature for successive characterization. Ethanol was completely removed from the nanoparticles during purification.
The mean particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the nanostructured lipid carriers were determined by dynamic light scattering using a nanoparticle analysis instrument (Delsa™; Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA). Morphological examination of the nanostructured lipid carriers was performed using a transmission electron microscope (Hitachi Ltd, Tokyo, Japan).
Differential scanning calorimetry experiments can be used to determine thermodynamic variations related to morphological changes as a result of melting points and melting enthalpies varying with lipid modification. In the present study, crystalline state evaluation of blank nanostructured lipid carriers, curcumin, CUR-NLCs, and a physical mixture of blank nanostructured lipid carriers and curcumin (with same ratio as that of the CUR-NLCs) was conducted using a differential scanning calorimeter (Diamond; PerkinElmer Instruments, Boston, MA). A heating rate of 10°C per minute was used, and the temperature range was 50°C–220°C. According to our previous work, no melting peak is detected in the range of 30°C–50°C.
LC% and EE% were determined by HPLC.27 Briefly, the CUR-NLC suspensions were first dissolved and diluted with anhydrous methanol. The suspensions were then centrifuged at 11,000 rpm for 15 minutes, after which the supernatant was determined by the HPLC method and the total amount of curcumin in the lipid nanoparticles was calculated. To determine the amount of curcumin contained in the nanostructured lipid carriers, equal volumes of the CUR-NLC formulation were accurately dispensed into a 0.9% NaCl solution at a ratio of 5:1 (v/v) to salt out the nonincorporated drug, and the suspensions were centrifuged at 18,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The upper portions of the suspensions were then diluted with anhydrous methanol, sonicated, and centrifuged at 11,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Finally, the supernatant was analyzed under the same HPLC conditions. For sample analysis, chromatography was performed using a Waters Alliance HPLC 2695 series (Waters Technologies, Milford, MA) with separation on a Thermo Hypersil ODS C18 Column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm; Hypersil, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (58:42, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL per minute. The run time for the analysis was 10 minutes and the detection wavelength was set at 423 nm. The sample injection volume was 20 μL and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The EE% and LC% of the CUR-NLCs were calculated as follows:
The dialysis membrane method was used to investigate the in vitro release of curcumin from the CUR-NLC formulation. First, 2 mL of CUR-NLC solution (equivalent to 1.5 mg of curcumin) was transferred into dialysis bags with a molecular cutoff of 3.5 kDa. The bags were suspended in 250 mL of pH 6.8 phosphate buffer (containing ethanol 15% v/v) maintained at 37°C ± 0.5°C in a shaking water bath at 100 rpm. At designated time intervals, 1 mL samples of the dialysis medium were taken for measurement of curcumin by HPLC, and the same volume of fresh medium was then added. The release experiments were performed in triplicate.
Sprague-Dawley rats received a single intragastric dose of the CUR-NLC formulation or curcumin suspension containing an equivalent curcumin dose of 80 mg/kg. The rats were sacrificed at predetermined time points (15, 30, and 45 minutes, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours) after dosing (five mice were sacrificed at each time point). Blood samples were collected from the orbital plexus into heparin-treated (10 μL, 500 IU/mL) tubes and immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C. Tissue samples from the heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain were collected, washed, weighed, and homogenized. All of the samples were stored at −80°C until later analysis.
Curcumin concentrations in plasma and tissues were determined by HPLC assay. Plasma or tissue homogenates (300 μL) were mixed with 10 μL of emodin (20 μg/mL) as the internal standard. The mixture was vortexed with 3 mL of acetic ether and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes to precipitate the proteins. The supernatant was collected into clean test tubes and evaporated under a stream of nitrogen at 45°C. The residues were dissolved in 100 μL of mobile phase, and 20 μL aliquots were injected into the HPLC system as described above.
Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using 3P97 pharmacokinetic software (Chinese Pharmacological Association, Beijing, China). The statistical significance of differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the treatment groups was determined with the Student's t-test using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 12.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Statistical significance was defined to be P < 0.05 or P < 0.01.
CUR-NLCs were prepared successfully by the ethanol dripping method, and their properties are shown in Table 1. The mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, EE, and LC of CUR-NLCs were 129 ± 15.5 nm, −27.8 ± 5.9 mV, 0.257 ± 0.079, 95.98% ± 0.63%, and 4.21% ± 0.07%, respectively. The morphology of the CUR- NLCs recorded by transmission electron microscopy was spherical (Figure 1) and the particle size (<200 nm) was similar to that determined by dynamic light scattering. The in vitro release study showed sustained release of curcumin from the CUR-NLC formulation compared with the free curcumin suspension (Figure 2). While more than 90% of the free curcumin was found in the release medium after approximately 24 hours, the CUR-NLC formulation released less than 10% of its curcumin content after 1 hour and more than 30% after 24 hours. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the melting and crystallization behavior of the lipid materials, ie, to detect whether these characteristics were changed by formulation as CUR-NLCs. As shown in Figure 3A, the melting process for the blank nanostructured lipid carriers took place with maximum peaks at 55.53°C and 132.54°C, respectively. Similarly, drug-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers showed melting points at 56.19°C and 134.67°C (Figure 3B). In addition, the physical mixture showed melting points at 55.20°C and 136.62°C (Figure 3C). Curcumin alone showed a peak at 177.89°C, as seen in Figure 3D. The results were obtained after one day of storage. Compared with blank nanostructured lipid carriers, the drug-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers showed slower recrystallization and disturbance of crystalline order which might influence the loading capacity. There was no melting peak for curcumin observed in the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms for the physical mixture and the drug-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. This absence may be explained by the low amount of curcumin (4.21% ± 0.07%) in the CUR-NLC formulation. From this result, it can be concluded that there was no important difference in this regard between the blank nanostructured lipid carriers, the drug-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, and the physical mixture. A possible explanation may be that loading of a small amount of drug into the nanostructured lipid carriers did not change the melting point significantly. Similar results have been reported elsewhere.27,28
Analytical methods for determination of curcumin in plasma are well established.29 The limit of quantification in plasma for curcumin measurement is 10 ng/mL. The calibration curve over the range of 0.01–3.2 μg/mL for plasma had good linearity (R2 = 0.9996). Intraday and interday accuracy precision was 2.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Recovery of curcumin in plasma was 98.6%.
The plasma concentration time profiles and corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters for curcumin and CUR-NLCs are shown in Figure 4 and Table 2. The pharmacokinetics of curcumin and CUR-NLCs fit a two-compartment model. As shown in Table 2, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the CUR-NLC solution in rats were markedly different from those of the curcumin suspension. The peak plasma concentration for CUR-NLCs was 2.02 times higher than the value for curcumin suspension. CUR-NLCs demonstrated a more rapid distribution phase (t1/2α = 0.77 ± 0.13 hours) compared with curcumin suspension (t1/2α = 1.19 ± 0.27 hours). In contrast, the elimination phase (t1/2β) for the CUR-NLC formulation was longer (t1/2β = 20.62 ± 1.91 hours) compared with the curcumin suspension (t1/2β = 6.47 ± 0.95 hours). The CUR-NLC formulation showed a higher AUC0–∞ (2.38-fold) and mean residence time (2.32-fold) compared with the curcumin solution. Based on these data, the CUR-NLC formulation was found to improve the oral bioavailability of curcumin. Curcumin was still measurable in rat plasma 24 hours after administration of the CUR-NLC formulation, but only up to 8 hours after administration of curcumin suspension. These results show that incorporation of curcumin into nanostructured lipid carriers resulted in increased absorption of curcumin on intragastric administration. It has been reported that the physicochemical environment of the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal epithelium acts as a barrier to curcumin absorption following oral administration.30,31 The nanostructured lipid carrier-modified curcumin formulation may enable bioadhesion at the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby promoting absorption by increasing the duration of contact with the gastrointestinal surface. Furthermore, it has been reported that nanostructured lipid carriers are stable in the gastric environment,32,33 and after adhesion to the gut wall, the drug is released at its site of absorption. Therefore, the enhanced bioavailability of the CUR-NLC formulation might be attributable to uptake of nanoparticles via the gastrointestinal tract, increased permeability because of surfactants, and decreased degradation and clearance.31
An analytical method for measuring curcumin levels in tissue homogenates (liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, brain) has been reported previously.29 The limit of quantification in tissue for curcumin measurement was 50 ng/mL. The calibration curve over the range of 0.05–3.2 μg/mL for tissue homogenate had good linearity (R2 was 0.9994–0.9998). Intraday and interday accuracy precision was 2.7%–4.1% and 3.3%–4.7%, respectively. The recovery of curcumin in the tissue homogenates was 96.4%–98.6%.
The mean concentration-time curve (AUC) and corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters for curcumin and CUR-NLCs in rat organs for the two formulations are shown in Figure 5 and Table 3. After intragastric administration, curcumin and CUR-NLCs were distributed widely and could be detected in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissue. As shown in Figure 5, in rats treated with the CUR-NLC solution, the peak plasma concentration in all tissues collected, except for the heart and brain, occurred at 30 minutes to 1 hour after treatment, and the peak plasma concentration occurred at 2 hours in the heart and brain. The peak plasma concentration in each specimen of rat tissue was increased using the nanoformulation, although this did not occur in kidney and heart tissue. In the present study, the peak plasma concentrations in the brain, liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney after administration of CUR-NLCs and curcumin suspension were 4.91, 2.32, 2.41, 1.80, 0.62, and 0.96, respectively. After administration of the curcumin suspension, the AUC0–∞ values were ranked as follows: heart > kidney > spleen > lung > liver > brain. However, after administration of CUR-NLCs, the AUC0–∞ values were ranked as spleen > lung > kidney > heart > liver > brain. The AUC values in the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and lung of the two formulations were 11.93, 1.75, 1.08, 3.12, 1.26, and 2.32, respectively. From the increased AUC and mean residence time of curcumin, we conclude that our nanoformulation can increase curcumin levels significantly in these organs because of the increased AUC and mean residence time of curcumin. This indicates that CUR-NLCs may be more efficiently distributed to the organs than curcumin alone, and this might be attributed to uptake of the nanoparticles from the gastrointestinal tract and translocation to organs. The extent of biodistribution of particulate drug carriers is greatly influenced by their size, surface characteristics, and opsonization processes. It has been reported that opsonins can get adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface and promote particle recognition by organs of the reticuloendothelial system, including the spleen, lung, liver, and kidney.26
High curcumin concentrations in various tissues are essential for curcumin to have pharmacological activity. It is noteworthy in this study that the AUC0–∞ in the brain was 11.93. In recent studies, curcumin has shown substantial neuroprotective ability due to its antioxidant properties. It is well known that increasing the concentration of curcumin in the brain favors a protective effect in diseases of the brain. Curcumin was measurable in our brain homogenates for up to 24 hours after dosing in the CUR-NLC group, while the concentration was negligible in the curcumin suspension group. This indicates that CUR-NLCs can easily pass through the blood–brain barrier into brain tissue, which is essential for its neuroprotective effects.
According to our tissue distribution results, CUR-NLCs are rapidly absorbed, as evidenced by the shorter time taken to reach peak plasma concentration for the CUR-NLC formulation than for curcumin suspension. As a nanoformulation, the concentration and retention time for curcumin in the organs studied was significantly increased. Of all six tissues collected, the ratios of peak plasma concentration and AUC0–∞ of the two formulations were the largest in the brain. For these reasons, the CUR-NLC formulation might be more effective than conventional curcumin for treating certain diseases of the brain. Further research is being carried out to investigate this.
In this study, curcumin, a poorly water-soluble drug, was incorporated in a nanostructured lipid carrier by the ethanol dripping method. Our research has shown that nanostructured lipid carriers can be exploited in order to enhance the incorporation of a poorly soluble drug. We demonstrated that curcumin and CUR-NLCs were distributed to the brain, heart, spleen, lung, liver, and kidney following intragastric administration. CUR-NLCs significantly raised the AUC and mean residence time of curcumin in all these organs, especially in the brain. Our results suggest that nanostructured lipid carriers are a promising delivery system for enhancing the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs, including curcumin.
This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 81072291) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2010AA023003). We wish to thank Jason W Ashley from the Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, for his helpful suggestions.
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Integrating Mindfulness into CBT/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, In The News, Mindfulness, Professional, Students and Trainees /by Sarah Licata
Denial in Substance Use/0 Comments/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, Professional, Students and Faculty, Students and Trainees, Substance Use Disorders /by Sarah Licata
Children's Emotional Buckets/0 Comments/in Children & Adolescents, Clients and Consumers, English, Faculty, Guest Blogger, Health and Mental Health Providers, Students and Faculty, Students and Trainees /by Sarah Licata
Supervision Issues in Cognitive Therapy/0 Comments/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, Professional /by Sarah Licata
Teaching and Supervising CBT/0 Comments/in Faculty, Guest Blogger, Students and Faculty, Teaching and Supervising /by Sarah Licata
Did you learn CBT through the tradition of "See one, do one, teach one?" Were your instructors and supervisors clinicians who had never learned the principles of adult learning? Did they instead teach or supervise you in the way they themselves had been taught or supervised?
Dissemination and training of quality CBT therapists has become a recent focus for CBT programs throughout the world. There is a renewed focus in the field of CBT and on the skills needed to effectively teach and supervise. In fact, CBT supervision skills have independently been recognized as a competency in recent years.
Perhaps surprisingly, little research exists on CBT training. What constitutes sufficient training? What does "competence" in CBT actually mean? How should therapist "drift" be monitored and assessed? Sudak et al (2015) summarizes the current research in training and supervision.
Training is defined as the effective transfer of knowledge about and practice of the key skills of CBT. It represents both knowing that and knowing how. Most skills are taught both in training and supervision. Therapists or students first learn the rationale for a skill; they watch experts, and model what they have learned in practice with roleplayed "clients" of varying degrees of difficulty (with corrective and confirming feedback). Once trainees have the necessary skills, they can then be supervised with actual clients in a setting of "real world complexity."
CBT supervision is most effective and efficient when the supervisor uses processes that parallel CBT therapy. The supervisory alliance is critical to effective work in supervision. The relationship needs to be safe enough for the supervisee to tell the truth and to be able to hear and incorporate constructive feedback. Supervisors should do a needs assessment with supervisees and then collaboratively set goals which form the "road-map" for supervision. Good supervision uses a session structure similar to that employed with clients in psychotherapy (Liese and Beck, 1997). By so doing, the model is reinforced and the supervisee can have an experience akin to self-practice.
Several other important parallels exist between effective supervision and therapy. These include using Socratic questions to stimulate learning and reflection, action plans between sessions and eliciting and giving feedback. Tapes of client sessions must be used to assess progress, rated by both the supervisee and supervisor with a validated instrument to determine fidelity and integrity, such as the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale and client symptom rating scales provide data to determine if care is adequate and safe.
Supervision also requires conceptualization – both of the client and the supervisee. We are more effective supervisors if we develop a tailored educational plan based on the educational needs of the trainee and his or her capacities as therapist. The cultural competence and the cultural background of supervisees and clients should also be considered as a part of the conceptualization.
Supervisees should be encouraged to use thought records regarding their reactions to clients and expectations of themselves as therapists. This practice helps them to learn more effectively and inculcates the self-reflection that encourages expertise. Bennett-Levy (2003) has published extensively regarding this core process in CBT training. Active engagement and thoughtful implementation of several learning methods, as described by Milne and Dunkerley (2010), heightens curiosity and interest in supervisees.
Making our supervision and training more effective is also more engaging and fun for the teacher, so everyone benefits from this effort to improve our work.
Learn from Dr. Sudak at the Teaching and Supervising CBT Workshop.
Sudak, D.M., Codd, R.T., Ludgate, J., Reiser, R.J., Milne, D., Sokol, L., Fox, M. Teaching and Supervising Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. (2015) Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
Bennett-Levy, J. Lee., N., Travers, K., Pohlman, S., & Hammernick, (2003). Cognitive therapy from the inside: Enhancing therapist's skills through practicing what we preach. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 145–163.
Liese, B.S., & Beck, J. S. (1997). Cognitive therapy supervision. In E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision. New York, NY: Wiley
Milne, D.L., & Dunkerley, C. (2010). Towards evidence-based clinical supervision: The development and evaluation of four CBT guidelines. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 3, 43–57.
My Inspiration for Writing the Basic and Advanced Books in CBT/0 Comments/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, Judith S. Beck, Professional /by Sarah Licata
By Judith S. Beck, PhD,
President, Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Guilford Publications asked me to reflect on my reasons for writing Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond and Cognitive Therapy for Challenging Problems: What to Do When the Basics Don't Work, both of which Guilford first published in 1995 and 2005, respectively. Below is what I sent:
I remember the moment I conceived of writing CBT: Basics and Beyond. It was in the early 1990's and I was presenting a workshop with my father, Dr. Aaron Beck, in California. Most of the workshop participants were familiar with his work but asked very basic questions. Again and again, I found myself surprised by what they didn't know (e.g., how to conceptualize patients according to the cognitive model, structure a session, set an agenda, use Socratic questioning, handle homework challenges, ask for feedback). I realized they needed a basic book that could teach them these skills in a step-by-step format, with transcripts illustrating key therapeutic interventions. I had lots of automatic thoughts when writing the book ("People will think this is too simplistic,"), for which I used CBT techniques on myself to keep going. The book is now the basic text used by most graduate schools in all the mental health disciplines, in the United States and abroad.
I also remember when I conceived of writing Cognitive Therapy for Challenging Problems: What to do When the Basics Don't Work and it traces back to the first book. When I was writing CBT: Basics and Beyond, I had to continually separate material that was basic from material that was advanced–which made me realize that people would probably need a sequel to the basic text. I presented dozens and dozens of workshops on Cognitive Therapy for Challenging Patients and Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders in the years that followed. At each workshop, I asked participants to specify problems they had with some of their patients. ("What does the patient do or not do in session or between sessions that's a problem? What does the patient say or not say that's a problem?") I soon had a very long list of problems. The challenge for me was in organizing the material I collected, and I had lots of false starts. It took me five years to determine how the book should best be structured. Once I figured this out, it took just another two years to complete the book.
I started off my career, not in psychology, but in education. Early on, I learned how to break down and explain complicated ideas and tasks for my young elementary school students who had learning disabilities. Through my books and workshops and other training activities, I believe I've been able to do the same for therapists who are learning and practicing CBT.
Workshop Participant Spotlight – Dr. Ignacio Etchebarne/0 Comments/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, Teaching and Supervising /by Andrew Bartosh
Dr. Etchebarne works as a clinical psychologist treating adults with anxiety and performs psychotherapy research. He is currently developing a research program in Argentina about CBT for Personal Growth. He was so excited to (finally) come to Beck Institute after completing supervision and consultation with multiple Beck Institute staff.
He combined this training, Teaching and Supervising CBT, with his presentation next week at the Society for Psychotherapy Research conference at the University of Pennsylvania, which has a theme of "Psychotherapy: improving adaptation from the inner life to the outer world." His presentation will focus on psychotherapy for personal growth.
This workshop came at the perfect time for him, because he plans to begin providing supervision to new therapists. "I'm eager to start doing everything I learned" "This workshop is a must if you want to learn how to provide evidence based supervision and teaching in CBT."
"It's been so good, I learned so much about teaching in general that took me by surprise. It was shocking in a good sense, I was unconsciously confident."
From CBT Therapist to CBT Supervisor/0 Comments/in Faculty, Health and Mental Health Providers, Teaching and Supervising /by Andrew Bartosh
Judith S. Beck and Daniella Cavenagh
How do you become a skilled CBT supervisor? Delivering effective CBT supervision requires a highly specialized, advanced set of competencies for which clinical acumen is essential but not sufficient. A growing body of literature indicates the importance of:
- developing the relationship with supervisees, including eliciting and responding effectively to their feedback
- setting goals with supervisees
- accurately assessing supervisees' strengths and weaknesses
- developing effective individualized plans for supervision to implement within supervision sessions and across sessions
- structuring supervision sessions (in a similar way to therapy sessions)
- providing experiential exercises in and between supervision sessions (including having supervisees practice CBT conceptualization and treatment techniques on themselves)
- regularly reviewing and providing feedback on therapy recordings and on the progress of the supervisee
- teaching supervisees how to engage in effective self-reflection
- using self-reflection yourself
- engaging, on an ongoing basis, in activities to improve your own clinical and supervisory competence
When we train CBT supervisors, we first train them to be effective CBT therapists. Most of the competencies listed above have parallels in CBT treatment. Once therapists have developed a sufficient level of competence as a therapist, we provide training and supervision in CBT supervision, which includes reading the literature on CBT supervision, attending workshops on training and supervision, and receiving supervision on doing supervision (based on tape reviews of both client sessions and one's own supervision sessions).
Self-reflection is also a crucial part of effective supervision. Supervisors need to objectively examine their knowledge and skill set and attitudes (about supervision, trainees, clients, and CBT in general). We first teach clinicians how to rate therapy sessions they conduct with their own clients (using the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale), then how to rate the therapy sessions of their supervisees.
We also help them assess how they conducted the supervision session. For example, did they appropriately attend to the supervisee's developmental stage? (In our experience, supervisees with relatively little CBT experience may benefit from a somewhat more directive approach than an experienced CBT supervisees for whom greater collaboration is effective). Did they use experiential learning strategies such as role plays? Did they competently handle any ethical issues? Were they attuned to cultural and diversity issues between the trainee and themselves, the trainee and the client, and indirectly, the client and themselves? Did they actively seek feedback and respond appropriately to it?
Finally, we teach supervisors (and supervisors-to-be) to reflect on the effectiveness of the supervision session as a whole. What did they do well? What might they need to improve upon? What can they do to increase their competency?
Providing CBT supervision is an incredibly rewarding experience when you see your supervisees becoming more competent and confident and their clients making good progress. But a strong CBT clinician will not necessarily be a strong CBT supervisor. We encourage researchers to continue conducting studies to establish evidence-based CBT training and supervision competencies and practices — and we encourage clinicians who wish to become supervisors to seek out effective training.
Teaching and Supervising CBT: A 3-Day Workshop
|June 11-12, 2016
|Beck Institute, Suburban Philadelphia
|8:15am – 4pm
|Donna Sudak, MD
|Limited to 42 participants
Topics covered include:
- Structuring and conducting CBT supervision
- Measuring and evaluating therapist progress and competence
- Adapting CBT supervision to the trainee's level of development
- Special issues in group supervision
- Working effectively with a problematic trainee
- Using measures to improve patient outcomes with informative feedback
- Creating a comprehensive CBT curriculum based on core competencies necessary for practice
- Teaching Socratic questioning and other specific competencies
- Distance learning and use of technology
- Advocating for CBT in training programs and competing for resources
Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy is a leading international source for training, therapy, and resources in CBT.
Soldiers Suicide Prevention (Beck Institute) is a Combined Federal Campaign (CFC) Approved Charity: CFC # 11590
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Fireman Sam stars in child safety week
As part of "Child Safety Week", running from 6th to the 12th June this year, the timeless hero Fireman Sam has stepped up to be the mascot, encouraging children to stay safe during summer.
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Avoid Car Crashes From Road Rage – Stay Zen
The UK has in the past been declared the worst country for exhibiting road rage. It's a common occurrence that Brits feel aggrieved while making their commute. Suffering road rage greatly elevates the risk of...


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This next cafe is right in the center of Coruña but it´s tucked away, and you probably wouldn´t know about it unless someone told you. This was the case for me, when a friend of mine who used to live on Calle San Andres discovered it. It´s called La Marmota and she suggested we go… Continue reading Hidden Gem
Category: Coruña
A Monte Alto Secret
There´s a place here in Monte Alto that I first heard about from a Facebook post by a fellow American girl living in Coruña. She said that there´s a place called Migas which is run by a young American woman and her food hits the spot. Since I live in Monte Alto, I just had… Continue reading A Monte Alto Secret
Just the Classics
On my next stop, I decided to check out a place right next to the Plaza of Maria Pita in the heart of Coruña. I had heard about Sweet Place from a few friends and had walked past the cafe several times, and I was curious to see what it´s like. Once again I was… Continue reading Just the Classics
Delicious and Quaint
The first stop on my sweets tour is a familiar one. This past year some American friends of mine told me about a place called Moon Cake. They said the cupcakes were delicious and after checking it out myself I agreed 100%. So I decided to revisit this cute establishment located right in the center… Continue reading Delicious and Quaint


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|TV & Film
The Writers Panel series is an informal chat moderated by Ben Blacker (co-creator of the Thrilling Adventure Hour; writer for Supah Ninjas, Supernatural, among others) with professional writers about the process and business of writing. Covering TV, film, comic books, music, novels, and any other kind of writing about which you'd care to hear. Proceeds from the live panels benefit 826LA, the national non-profit tutoring program.
Parental Advisory
March 28th, 2015
Episode 258 of 433 episodes
Indie game creator Alexis Kennedy (Fallen London, Sunless Sea) of Failbetter Games plumbs the murky depths of games with Heath Corson (Bizarro, Justice League: Throne of Atlantis) as they discuss the role of Kickstarter in indie gaming, game pacing, managing world creation, how to keep game franchises fresh, oh, and cannibalism. There's actually a fair amount of talk of cannibalism.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Question: What is loan review How should a loan review be
What is loan review? How should a loan review be conducted?
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Answer to relevant QuestionsWhat steps should a lender go through in trying to resolve a problem loan situation?Butell Manufacturing has an outstanding $11 million loan with Citicenter Bank for the current year. As required in the loan agreement, Butell reports selected data items to the bank each month. Based on the following ...What are contingent liabilities, and why might they be important in deciding whether to approve or disapprove a business loan request?From the descriptions below please identify what type of business loan is involved.a. A temporary credit supports construction of homes, apartments, office buildings, and other permanent structures.b. A loan is made to an ...Eagle Corporation has posted an average deposit balance this past month of $325,000. Float included in this one-month average balance has been estimated at $50,000. Required legal reserves are 3 percent of net collected ...
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text: A babysitter that Kate considers for Eric, but ALF reminds her that she stands on the corner and yells at busses. After being unable to find another available babysitter, Kate reluctantly allows ALF to watch Eric while she quickly runs to show a house to someone. Retrieved from "http://alf.wikia.com/wiki/Mrs._Carlson?oldid=8841" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: ALF Characters Human Characters Unseen Characters Add category Cancel Save


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The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu
4.4 5
- Get it by Monday, August 28 , Order now and choose Expedited Delivery during checkout.
The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu by Sax Rohmer
The first in the popular Fu-Manchu mystery series introduces English sleuth Denis Nayland Smith and his companion, Dr. Petrie, to the satanic Dr. Fu-Manchu, a cunning Chinese criminal mastermind who means to rule the world. Flavorful atmosphere, fast-paced action, and colorful characters enliven this 1913 classic.
Product Details
|Dover Publications
|Publication date:
|Dover Mystery Classics Series
|Sales rank:
|Product dimensions:
|5.10(w) x 8.30(h) x 0.40(d)
About the Author
Sax Rohmer (1883–1959) was a prolific English mystery writer who was best known for his thriller novels featuring the master criminal Dr. Fu-Manchu.
John Bolen brings his extensive theater, film, and television experience to audiobooks. His recent television appearances include CIA: Masters of Deception on the Discovery Channel, and his recent film work includes The Land and The Inn Outside the World.
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The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu based on 0 ratings. 5 reviews.
Sax Rohmer was a contemporary of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. They both created super villains that have stayed with us. Moriarty was overshadowed by Sherlock Holmes but Dr. Fu-Manchu never took second place in the story. Rohmer's style is similar to many of the storytellers at the turn of the twentieth century, a wordy fast-paced narration by a secondary figure. In this case, a Dr. Petrie takes the role of Watson changing it to a strong ally to Nayland Smith, the lead investigator trying to stop Fu-Manchu. 'The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu' is written as a series of ten linked mysteries. Dr. Fu-Manchu is an evil genius who is working for the re-building of China into the only world power. Assassinations, kidnapping, drugs, biological weapons, poison gas, and hypnotism is just a short list of methods Fu-Manchu uses to attain his goals. Smith and Petrie fight to block Fu-Manchu who always seems to have one more move, one more plan, and one more escape. If you like any of the great popular storytellers of one hundred years ago, you will love the politically incorrect action/mystery story, 'The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu.' It has the mystery of a Sherlock Holmes story mixed with the exotic Orient. It is classic storytelling.
Really? Of course l am!
The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu by Sax Rohmer is a novel which first introduced the famous villain. The novel was first published in 1913. Dr. John Petrie, a physician and our narrator, meets his friend Denis Nayland Smith who served as British police commissioner in Asia. Smith seems to know all things Asia and the innate ability to get all the support he needs from British government officials. Petrie is, of course, knowledgeable in medicine, forensics, chemistry and an ace with a pistol – for good measure. The pair investigates murders, the opium trade, gets into death trap and more all with the common denominator of the Shakespearean looking but devilish Fu Manchu. The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu by Sax Rohmer is an easy, yet superficial read. The greatest claim to fame is introducing this arch villain which was the model for many others to come after him. This is not actually a novel, but a collection of short stories and hence lacks depth and character development (which I can only assume is the fault of the format). Each story contains a few short chapters about the "Yellow Peril". There is constant action, constant peril and, again due to the format, constant narrow escapes by Fu-Manchu at seemingly the last second. Dr. Fu-Manchu is has become to represent embodiment of evil, a master of alchemy (for poison gas), a brilliant physician, leader of assassins and vicious animals, a specialist of torture and of arts of darkness. Add those qualities to a name which practically rolls off the tongue and you can understand why his name became synonymous with villains. The plot revolves around the Asiatic threat and Fu-Manchu's diabolical plan to restore China to its former glory and replace the British Empire with a Chinese one. Of course the British see this as a threat to the white race as a whole. Why? Good question! Fu-Manchu is a contradiction, he prides himself on being a patriot as well as the head of a crime syndicate (much like Lucky Luciano who helped the US during WWII), he heals those he wounded as long as they don't interfere with his nefarious plan to take over the world and prefers not to murder if he can help it. Yet he laughs with pleasure at the sight of British police dying in one of his traps. The dialog in the book is somewhat stiff and the writing is wooden at times. A word of warning to the easily incensed – this novel's sentiments about race and morality are… well… over 100 years old and we shall leave it at that. As I mention in other posts, it is unfair judge others by today's standards, Rhomer believed that the British Empire was a good thing (at the time almost half the world was under a British flag), and saw the emerging China as a real, credible and existential threat to the prosperity he, his


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A return to the form that launched Iain Pears onto best-seller lists around the world: a vast historical mystery, marvelous in its ambition and ingenius in its complexity.In his most dazzling novel since the groundbreaking New York Times best seller An Instance of the Fingerpost, lain Pears tells the story of John Stone, financier and arms dealer, a man so wealthy that in the years before World War I he was able to manipulate markets, industries, and indeed entire countries and continents. A panoramic novel with a riveting mystery at its heart, Stone's Fall is a quest to discover how and why John Stone dies, falling out of a window at his London home.Chronologically, it moves backwards from London in 1909 to Paris in 1890, and finally to Venice in 1867 and in the process the quest to uncover the truth plays out against the backdrop of the evolution of high-stakes international finance, Europe's first great age of espionage, and the start of the 20th century's arms race. Like Fingerpost, Stone's Fall is an intricately plotted and richly satisfying puzzle, an erudite work of history and fiction that feels utterly true and oddly timely and marks the triumphant return of one of the world's great storytellers.More
"Each section reads almost like a self-contained novel, but slowly various elements—seemingly minor or disconnected—converge to offer the full story. … [Stone's Fall] demands slow reading (and even rereading) as the many pieces of this intricate puzzle masterfully come together." (Los Angeles Times)
"[A] labyrinthine historical thriller that travels (sometimes nimbly, sometimes ploddingly) back to the dawn of modern trading and on through two world wars. … This is a massive and well-made book, one ultimately better at characterizing money matters than human affairs." (Entertainment Weekly)
"Stone's Fall is the best kind of fiction: a powerful combination of storytelling and ideas. The former keeps us mesmerized; the latter prompts us to reflect. It's a luminous example of how writers can blur, with great success, the porous barrier between 'popular' and 'serious' literature." (Seattle Times)
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News & Comment
Hospital smoking ban "inhumane" and "impossible to enforce"
Tue 4th August, 2015
Forest has urged the Scottish Government not to ban smoking on hospital grounds and to adopt "light touch regulation" with regard to electronic cigarettes.
Responding to a Scottish Parliament committee consultation that closes tomorrow (August 5), the group said:
"NHS staff have a duty of care to protect people's health but that doesn't include the right to nag, cajole or bully smokers to quit.
"Many smokers are in hospital for reasons that have nothing to do with smoking. Why should they be told they can't nip outside and have a cigarette in the open air?
"Tobacco is a legal product and a lot of people smoke to relieve stress. A cigarette break at work or while they are in hospital is something they look forward to.
"It's heartless and inhumane to ban patients from smoking outside hospitals. It's also impossible to enforce without CCTV cameras, wardens to monitor the grounds, and the threat of court action. Is that a sensible use of taxpayers' money?"
Citing a Populus poll commissioned by Forest in June (2015), the group said:
"Respondents were asked to rate government priorities for the NHS. Investing in new doctors and nurses was the highest priority.
"Addressing response times at A&E was the second highest ranked priority, and improving general waiting times was third.
"Of the ten issues listed, tackling smoking was the lowest priority, behind tackling obesity and alcohol misuse.
"Enough is enough. We get it. Smoking isn't good you, but banning smoking on hospital grounds demonstrates zero empathy for people, whether they be patients, visitors or staff, who find a hospital environment stressful enough without the threat of prosecution for lighting up outside."
Forest' submission to the Health and Sport Committee consultation also called for "light touch regulation" on nicotine vapour products. According to the group:
"Excessive regulation on the sale and advertising of e-cigarettes will inevitably compromise the ability of businesses to market and sell a product that could have a significant impact on public health if it helps smokers switch from combustible products to e-cigarettes.
"If the Scottish Government is genuinely interested in harm reduction it would encourage smokers to switch to e-cigarettes. Excessive regulations on advertising will undoubtedly stop or reduce the rate at which that is currently happening.
"The inability to effectively market their products will also impact on the development by manufacturers of new and better nicotine vapour devices. Light touch regulation has to be the way forward."


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Deakin's MBA is one of Australia's most highly regarded MBA programs. Renowned for its flexibility and real-world connections to business, this internationally accredited program is designed for busy professionals who want to develop their careers while working and balancing family and lifestyle commitments. The Deakin MBA is for managers with at least three years of management or professional work experience.
Deakin's MBA is designed to build your business acumen, enhance your decision-making and communication skills, and ultimately to further your career.
MBA Director
Institute of Managers and Leaders Membership
Our exciting new partnership with the Institute of Managers and Leaders Membership means Deakin MBA students automatically receive membership with Australia's most powerful leadership network for the duration of their study.
Learn more about the Institute of Managers and Leaders Membership
MBA courses
Study with Deakin and we'll help you transform your passion into a successful and rewarding career
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Flexible study options
We know you're busy and not always able to make it to class. The Deakin MBA is available on campus, online, in intensive or residential modes, or can be completed by participating in Australian and local study programs.
Residential units
Deakin Business School's residential units involve six consecutive days of intensive study. You'll immerse yourself in focused business study, undertake innovative and experiential learning activities and build your professional networks.
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Deakin MBA Residentials
Hear three students talk about what they gained from their MBA residential experience at Deakin.
Audacious Leadership
Spend a week on a sailing ship learning the art of seamanship. As the voyage progresses, you'll take increasing responsibility for leadership and for handling the ship. You'll challenge your habits of perception and reaction, gaining insight into your own leadership as you go. An MBA unit like no other, you'll step back onto the pier a competent hand and a different person.
Learn more about the Audacious Leadership unit
Start Anytime
We understand that juggling work, life and study can be complicated. Start Anytime offers you the flexibility to begin some units at any time of the year and complete them online at your own pace.
Find out more about Start Anytime
The WHU European MBA Summer Institute: The Changing Environment for International Business in Europe
Deakin MBA students are eligible to participate in a short-term partner program travelling to Vallendar, Germany, where you will visit the European Central Bank or the German Central Bank, depending on which internship dates are selected.
Students will study topics in:
- European Integration
Business in Eastern Europe
Restructuring Companies in Transition Economies
Innovation Strategies of European Companies
European Marketing
Environment of Mergers and Acquisitions: European Competition Policies
To find out more please contact us.
MBA Career Development Program
Our MBA Career Development Program has been designed to provide you with structured, dedicated career support as you progress through your MBA. From refining your career goals to navigating the recruitment process, we will empower you to manage and achieve your career advancement goals.
Career opportunities
Previous Deakin MBA students have been employed in the following roles and organisations:
- General Manager for Regional and Agribusiness Banking Queensland, Commonwealth Bank
- Manager, Portfolio and Program Management Advisory Services, Ernst & Young
- CEO, Transport Accident Commission
- Principal Advisor, HSEC Training and Competency Development, Rio Tinto
- General Manager, Program Management Office, Myer
- Senior Manager, Consulting Retail and Consumer, PwC
- Managing Director, Australia, Twitter
- Global Marketing Manager, Glaxo Smith Kline
- President, Asia–Pacific Region, FMC Corporation
- Manager, Budget and Finance, United Nations
- Managing Director, Gateway Grant Funeral Directors
- Technology Program Manager, Orica.
Our MBA is internationally recognised and EPAS accredited by the European Foundation for Management Development. EPAS is an international quality benchmark for business programs worldwide.
Deakin's online MBA is ranked number 16 in the world – and the best in Australia for the third consecutive year – in the international university rankings published by the prestigious QS Quacquarelli Symonds.
The Deakin MBA is rated by QS for program strength, delivering an 'attractive and recognised program with a very high graduate employability rate'.
The Deakin MBA is rated 5 stars in both the QS rankings and GMAA MBA 5 Star Rankings.
Deakin Business School (DBS) is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Only five per cent of business programs worldwide are AACSB accredited and DBS is one of only three in Victoria.
The Deakin MBA (Healthcare Management) is only one of three Victorian universities to receive accreditation from the Australasian College of Health Service Management (ACHSM). With ACHSM professional recognition, offers candidates access to ACHSM resources and networks.
What do our students and staff say?
Deakin's Master of Business Administration
Michael Jenkins, Luca Cella and Elizabeth Clancy – all Deakin MBA students – talk about the unique, flexible options and various subjects of our MBA.
Audacious Leadership
Staff and students talk about the unique Audacious Leadership Program, which is part of our MBA.
MBA communities
Top MBA Talent
Deakin First – for top MBA talent, hosted by Pundit Connect – is an exclusive community of top-tier consultants who are Deakin MBA students or graduates.
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Deakin MBA Alumni community
Since our MBA was first offered in 1981, the Deakin MBA Alumni Chapter has grown to over 6000 members across 130 countries. Our alumni connect through professional development and networking events and a variety of social media platforms.
Why Deakin?
Best online MBA in Australia
Our online MBA program is ranked among the top 20 in the world – and the best in Australia – by prestigious university rankings organisation QS.
Excellent international rating
Deakin Business School achieved a maximum QS 5-Star rating for its MBA in the following categories: facilities, internationalization and diversity, teaching and student quality, and engagement and program strength.
The Deakin MBA has also received 5 stars in the latest GMAA 2016 MBA 5 Star Rankings.
World-class staff
Contact us
If you'd like to discuss the MBA with someone, you can email the MBA Course Director, Dr Steve Jaynes.
The Deakin MBA offered me the opportunity to transform my career and differentiate myself within a large multinational business. I learnt to successfully translate external business trends into internal organisational decision and actions, which has since led to my appointment into regional and global roles.
GLOBAL MARKETING MANAGER, GLAXO SMITH KLINE New York
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Choose an area that you're interested in and learn how Deakin's extensive range of study options and experiences can help turn your dreams into reality.


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Take a minimal approach to your look this spring with the pared-back pieces on offer in our Elk sale. Featuring a gorgeous range of tops and dresses that will see you through the warmer days ahead with effortless style, there's something for every modern woman in this not-to-be-missed collection.
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We're experts at vibration energy harvesting – let us help you!
Through our expertise within vibration energy harvesting, we have the possibility to develop a tailored solution for your environment where we create a mobile power source through harnessing vibrations from the surrounding environment. Depending on your needs, the technology can be adapted in different ways to generate the power needed to power your sensor system.


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CHINA: Toyota's subsidiary TMCAP starts production of CVTs
Toyota's (TMC) vehicle powertrain production subsidiary in Changshu, China, Toyota Motor (Changshu) Auto Parts (TMCAP), has held a ceremony to officially mark the start of localised production of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs), which is a first for Toyota outside Japan.
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Cybersecurity's perfect storm
The unprecedented scale and sophistication of modern cyberthreats, combined with the rapidly disappearing IT perimeter, means that while preventing an attack from becoming a breach is ideal, it is no longer realistic. Microsoft proactively monitors the threat landscape for those emerging threats, to help better protect our customers. This involves observing the activities of targeted activity groups across billion of machines, which are often the first ones to introduce new … Read more »


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15 Minute No Bake Chocolate Peanut Butter Fudge
READY IN: 15mins
Recipe by Jen Santiago
In just 15 minutes its ready to cut into squares! This fudge is really good. It was handed down by 3 generations and will stay in the family forever!
Top Review by katie_cakes
We were re-doing our kitchen at the time, so I was without an oven and needed a no-bake chocolate dessert recipe. This recipe fit the bill and turned out great. I added a dash of cayenne and a sprinkle of crushed red pepper to give it a little kick.
See Discussion:9 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (16 ounce) box confectioners' sugar
- 1 cup peanut butter
- 4 tablespoons hershey's cocoa
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1⁄2 lb butter
Directions See How It's Made
- Melt butter, let cool. Mix peanut butter, vanilla and butter by hand. Add cocoa, add 10x sugar, mix well by hand. Place in a square pan. In 15 minutes its ready! Cut into squares and enjoy~.


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Durban - Everyone has been trying to find out what happened to Keegan after a video featuring two men from Tongaat in Durban fighting went viral
In the video, the men fight for before they are interrupted by a friend. The friend repeatedly says "What happened Keegan?" but many online have shortened it to the way they believe he pronounces it: "Warrapen Keegan".
East Coast Radio's Breakfast team was able to track down the "Keegan" in the video and find out what caused the altercation.
"They (picked) on my wife actually," Keegan explained. "We were having a few beers and a braai, and then it just got out of hand.
"I don't wanna get into details because the guy is gonna feel sad if I talk about him on air... He is my friend now, so I don't want to disappoint him."
Keegan added that it was his first time getting into a fight like that.
He also gave an update on the friend who burned his shoes while recording the fight on his cellphone.
He said that his friend had called him earlier to get permission to speak about what happened.
"I said no, go ahead bru, your shoes got burnt I didn't get burnt."
Keegan said his friends and family are fans of the video too.
"They want my autograph, imagine that, my own family," he laughed.
Listen to the full interview with East Coast Breakfast below:


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mussman Review
Powerful . Speeds up drying time in half. Heavy but with my arthritic hand I was able to handle it with ease.
- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? perfect
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? very
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. high end dryer
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Out Of Africa Soundtrack - Suite - John Barry MP3
Out Of Africa Soundtrack - Suite - John Barry.
Out of Africa - John Barry MP3
John Barry's magnificent main theme for 'Out of Africa' demonstrates his wonderful use of strings and brass to create a memorable piece that enhances the ...
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The movie production Out Of Africa starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford is no doubt one of the most beautiful films of the past decade. The music for the ...
THE FILM SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA: Out of Africa (John Barry) MP3
Out of Africa - John Barry MP3
John Barry (1933-2011), born in York, England, was one of the world's best-known and most popular film score composers. Aside from those who were also ...
John Barry - Out Of Africa - 01. Overture (20th Anniversary Edition) MP3
John Barry - Out Of Africa (OST) 20th Anniversary Edition (1985, 2005). 01. Overture ______ Музыка композитора Джона Барри к кинофильму режиссера...
John Barry - Overture (Out Of Africa) HQ MP3
The music for Out of Africa was composed and conducted by veteran English composer, John Barry. The score included a number of outside pieces such as ...
Out of Africa OST - 07. Flying Over Africa MP3
Out of Africa original score by John Barry - Track 07. Flying Over Africa.
Barry, J., Out of Africa Theme (original version), Chamber Orchestra of New York MP3
Out of Africa film theme, by John Barry. Chamber Orchestra of New York; Salvatore Di Vittorio, Music Director. This is the original version, orchestrated by John ...
Out of Africa - En Honneur à John BARRY 02 MP3
Cher JOHN BARRY, tu es dans l'au-delà, dans la Lumière, tu réjouis par la splendeur de cette magnifique musique d'une beauté insondable. Les être qui vivent ...
Out Of Africa: Main Title MP3
album: Cinema Serenade violin: Itzhak Perlman orchestra: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra composer: John Barry.
John Barry Out of Africa HD 720p MP3
My Favorite John Barry Scores 1) Out of Africa (1985) - Barry received his fourth Oscar for his music score of the screen adaptation Karen Blixen's tales of love ...
My Choice - John Barry: Out of Africa - Sunsets in Malta MP3
John Barry left behind a wealth of beautiful themes for various films. This is one of them. To complement this music, we are showing you photos of various ...
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Gravação ao vivo. Concerto dia 19/06/2013 No cine-teatro de Ourém. Maestro: Pedro Andrade.
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Music at a wedding ceremony in Sao Paulo - Brazil. Images from AfricaBackgrounds.com and Wallpaper Africa. South Africa, Morocco, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia ...
Out of Africa - The Very Best of John Barry @ Royal Albert Hall MP3
The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
John Barry 映画「愛と哀しみの果て」 Theme from '' Out of Africa '' MP3
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Out of Africa original score by John Barry - Track 06. Karen's Journey / Siyawe.
Royal Scottish National Orchestra I Had A Farm In Africa (Out Of Africa) 1985 MP3
I Had A Farm composed by John Barry, Joel McNeely Performed by Royal Scottish National Orchestra From the album, Out Of Africa Soundtrack 1985 Label ...
Out of Africa OST - 01. Main Title (I Had a Farm in Africa) MP3
Out of Africa original score by John Barry - Track 01. Main Title (I Had a Farm in Africa)


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Latex Scarecrow MaskProduct # RU3115
Product Includes
- Rope Tie Accent
- Fabric Hat
- Deluxe Scarecrow Mask
Purchase Product
Product Description
Find intelligence along the Yellow Brick Road this Halloween in our Scarecrow Latex Mask. The full face mask includes a brown felt collar with fray at the ends. The latex rubber face has a checkered texture to create a burlap sack appearance. The mask also comes with mouth and eye holes for easy breathing and clear vision. In addition, the black polyester hat fits perfectly on top of the mask. This movie quality licensed mask is the best way to top off any Scarecrow costume.
Recommended Accessories
Recommended Costumes
- Scarecrow Costume
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- Long Dorothy Costume
- Tin Man Deluxe Costume
- Cowardly Lion Deluxe Costume
- Glinda Wizard of Oz Costume
- Deluxe Adult Witch Costume
- Cuddly Lion Costume
- Out of StockScarecrow Wizard of Oz Costume


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$65.00 2 months ago
Very Nice Sheet Music/Record Cabinet - $65 (Bloomington, IL)
A very nice cabinet. Looks like mahogany but not sure. The pictures tell the story.Grab it while you can.
2 months ago
Springfield, IL
$50.00 7 months ago
Vintage Motorola Record Cabinet - $50
Very cool vintage record cabinet. Radio portion works, turntable needs some work. Bought it to fix it up but don't have the time/space anymore. Open to trades/offers!
7 months ago
Frederick, MD
$35.00 11 months ago
Old cabinet record player/radio - $35 (Greenwood,Ar)
Old cabinet record player/radio. Plays 45-78. Radio works, the turn table seems stuck could just need a belt. Was started to be refinished. $35 cash. You pick up. 479 Nine 9 six 4 zero 5 eight. No text or email, will not reply.
11 months ago
Fort Smith, AR
$20.00 1 year ago
Record player cabinet - $20 (cedar rapids)
Record cabinet
1 year ago
Cedar Rapids, IA
Contact Us 1 year ago
Rare Mathes hi-fi record cabinet (Fleming Rd)
Serious offers only, price negotiable. This is a rare piece before the logo became "Curtis Mathes" and was made while the company was still in Athens. Beautiful and works but could use some tuning and if you know anything about restoring these, it would be even more beautiful. Service card is still in tact with the serial and model number. I use it now for more decorative purposes but sometimes pl
1 year ago
Greensboro, NC
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Mon 29th Nov 2010 10:00amBundoran Surf Co's Bundoran - The Peak Surf Report
Tullan is 1-2 foot and clean. Best with a longboard or minimal. High tide: 11:26, 3.5m Low tide: 17:40, 1.2m 3 Day Forecast (to 3rd December 2010) Tullan will be the best option for the rest of the week. Should be small and clean and best with a longboard.
View the Bundoran - The Peak Surf Report and Forecast. Bundoran Surf Co's Reports have received a total of 853573 views.
This report has received 738 views since 29/11/10.


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Buckets of fun
My daughter discovered her voice echos in the bucket, she also had it on her head a couple times. Here's a silly video of her talking into the bucket.
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DIY: Create Your Own Podcasts
- DIY: Create Your Own Podcasts
- Starters
- Music and Sound Effects
- Software
- Hosting and Promoting Your Podcast
Hosting and Promoting Your Podcast
Once you've created your podcast, you'll want to make it publicly available. If you have your own Web server or site, you can upload it, or choose one of many hosting services (including many blogging sites; blogger.com is free) or podcasting sites, such as Liberated Syndication, Audioblog.com, or OurMedia.org (a free media-hosting service). To let the world know about your podcast (and submit it to iTunes), you need to encode it with an RSS tag. Blogging services such as TypePad and Blogger.com support RSS, so one way to syndicate your podcast is to link to it from a blog with RSS enabled. When deciding where to host your podcast, consider whether the service can help promote it. RSS is a start, but people still have to know that it exists.
To enable an RSS feed, you must create and upload a small file written in XML, but you don't need to know anything about the language to create such a file. FeedForAll ($39.95 direct, feedforall.com) is a program that creates the file for you based on information you provide in a form.
ListGarden (free, softwaregarden.com ) is an open-source program that loads into your browser, where you fill out a form with some basic information. The program then uploads an XML file to your Web site. Then you need to tell your listeners the location of the XML file, so they can subscribe and enjoy your programming, either at their computer or on a portable music player.
Larry Magid's podcasts can be heard at www.radiolarry.com or on iTunes.


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Im blind when it comes to flirting, and I've heard people saying that if you see a guy look at you a lot then he might like you, but I never look to see if a guy is looking, because I never think a guy is. So how do I go about discreetly seeing if a guy is looking at me, so he won't catch me looking at him. Please help I feel so dumb when it comes to this.
Most Helpful Girl
Tell a friend to look for you!00|00|0


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CHAPTER 4: Dulcimers in the British Isles since 1800 > Dulcimers in Southern Ireland
Early references
The question of whether or not there was a dulcimer in mediaeval Ireland is discussed in Chapter 7, and there the various points of view are considered, along with a summary of the evidence. Since that evidence is essentially negative, this section will deal with only more positive sources.
The first reference is that of W.K. Sullivan, in his introduction (vol. i) to O'Curry's monumental work on Manners & Customs, 1873. He described the English dulcimer, and then says that "A Dulcimer of this kind, having iron or steel strings, was to be seen in Ireland down to within the last few years"; the instrument was described as
"triangular, and had about 50 wire strings, which passed over two bridges at each end; the longest strings, which were doubled, were about a yard long, the shorter about half that length. When played it was placed on a table or stand before the performers, who struck the strings with a little iron rod held in each hand" (36).
Before we can accept this as eye-witness evidence, we must recall that those expressions which sound a little out of character with other life situations are the same as Grassineau used in his 1740 dictionary: triangular shape, bridges at the ends instead of one being near the middle, the longest strings doubled, and irons rods as hammers. The mention of iron strings is also rather in isolation, for these seem to have been superseded by steel everywhere else by 1800 or a little after; but we cannot discount the possibility that Grassineau's account was selected because it happened to describe the situation as Sullivan saw it, and that to it he added a few other observations which Grassineau had not expressed, viz. the iron strings and the use of a stand as an alternative to a table. In connection with the suggestion that the dulcimer is indigenous in Ireland, it is perhaps significant to note that this reference, the earliest which indisputably concerns the instrument, gives an English model for the Irish type, and draws its description from the secondary concoctions of a Frenchman.


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Pongal is a four day-long celebration held in Tamil Nadu. This festival is usually celebrated in the January to February time span. The Pongal festival is a form of harvest festival and is a way of the people of Tamil Nadu to say thanks to nature for helping their harvest to grow.
The name 'Pongal' means 'to boil' and marks the sspeason when rice, sugar cane, and other cereals are harvested. It is a festival of prosperity and is celebrated grandly in the state. The occasion is celebrated with many pujas; the women draw kolams at the entrance of the house and many contests and feasts are organized.
Kolam, or a special type of rangoli seen in South India, is done throughout the year in most homes. But during Pongal all houses, offices and lanes are adorned in colorful kolam. Kolam-making might look a tough job but with some practice, anyone can get better at this. The colors used in Pongal are usually powdered and the use of fingers to draw the pongal kolam designs is an essential part. Also, flower petals and leaves are used for making kolams. The flower petals of different colors are used in making the designs. Sometimes colored powder is also used along with flowers.
There are innumerable designs which speak for the festive season, but you may be overwhelmed with them. So as we know how much you guys love colorful and unique Pongal kolam designs, we are back with some really unique and easy-to-do kolam designs.
Pongal Kolam Designs:
1. Design 1:
2. Design 2:
3. Design 3:
4. Design 4:
5. Design 5:
6. Design 6:
7. Design 7:
[ Read: Sikku Kolam Designs ]
8. Design 8:
9. Design 9:
10. Design 10:
11. Design 11:
[ Read: Latest Kolam Designs ]
12. Design 12:
13. Design 13:
14. Design 14:
15. Design 15:
16. Design 16:
[ Read: Small Rangoli Designs ]
So these were the top 16 Pongal kolam designs for you to try at home. Do try different colors and ingredients to make your rangoli. We surely hope you will be ready for our next collection. Let us know your thoughts below.
Latest posts by Shabby (see all)
- Comedonal Acne – What Is It And 5 Ways To Control It - March 18, 2014
- 16 Best Pongal Kolam Designs That You Should Try - February 20, 2014
- Top 25 Most Beautiful Athapookalam Designs - November 11, 2013
- 11 Different Types Of Acne And How To Identify Them? - November 8, 2013
- Top 10 Sikku Kolam Designs - October 31, 2013


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Reviews For
Supersmile New Generation Toothbrush
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Tell us your thoughts about Supersmile New Generation Toothbrush so we can help you find the right products. With your review, you'll also receive 50 Rewards Points. Please note that it may take up to 72 hours for a review to appear on site. All reviews are subject to moderator approval.Write a Review
I've been using this toothbrush for a few years. It start when I was having tendon problems in my hands and could not hold my toothbrush in the regular way. The OTC toothbrushes were all very flimsy through their handles and with the way I had to hold my toothbrush due to pain from above, it just didn't work. I was SO happy to find the Supersmile toothbrush with a thick, non-flimsy handle that worked great with the grip that I had to use to use it. Brushing my teeth is now not painful, and I get just the right pressure with this toothbrush.


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Recipe by: SHYAM17
"Easy to make; yummy with naan bread!"
1 gallon whole milk 1/2 cup canned whole kernel corn
1 lemon, juiced 1/2 cup frozen peas
2 teaspoons olive oil 1/2 teaspoon garam masala
1 tablespoon cumin seeds 1/2 teaspoon ground turmeric
1 onion, finely chopped 1/2 teaspoon chili powder
1 red bell pepper, finely chopped 1/4 cup chopped fresh cilantro
Prep Cook Ready In
25 m 40 m 1 h 5 m
- 1 In a large saucepan, bring the milk to a boil. Stir in the lemon juice. Continue cooking 15 minutes, stirring constantly, until curds have formed. Using a cheese cloth, separate the cheese from remaining liquid, and set aside.
- 2 Heat the olive oil in a skillet over medium heat. Stirring constantly, cook the cumin seeds and onion in the skillet until golden brown. Mix in the bell pepper, corn, and peas. Season with garam masala, turmeric, and chili powder. Continue to cook and stir 10 minutes, until vegetables are tender.
- 3 Mix the cheese into the skillet. Reduce heat to low, cover, and continue cooking 10 minutes. Sprinkle with cilantro to serve.


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Blooming Cherry Tree In The Spring PowerPoint Template
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Take taste buds out for a night on the town with dinner and dessert for two or four people from this modern bar and cafe
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Written de minimis Capitalization Policy
Company: Dominion Development Group, LLC
LinkedIn Profile
In efforts to comply with the U.S. Department of
The main thing you need to ensure for 2012 if you have an existing business pre-2011, is that the
Regarding the final regulations, they should be issued soon in December 2012.
One of the most comprehensive high level summaries on this topic including the de minimus rule changes is found at this link
This CCH analysis is posted at State Society websites also, so I believe it is the most recent full scale document unless you can find another one.
Here is a worthy blog analysis
Here are the Revenue Rulings (contained in bulletins)
http://www.irs.gov/irb/2012-14_IRB/ar07.html (Rev Proc 2012-19)
http://www.irs.gov/irb/2012-14_IRB/ar08.html (Rev Proc 2012-20)
My advice is to buy the 2013 US Master Depreciation Guide advertised in the CCH pdf and the 2013 US Master Tax Guide because they will have the final summaries with updates to the MACRS rules and the de minimus rules as well.
In the mean time review the 27 pages provided by CCH.
The audits that will occur will be testing the conformance with the paperwork guidelings and how well you follow the letter of the rulings and regulations within the scope of the dates provided.
Please note:
IRS Circular 230 notice: Any tax advice contained herein was not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, by you or any other person (i) in promoting,
Company: Dominion Development Group, LLC
LinkedIn Profile
Valerie - Thank you for the information you provided. Yesterday I attended a
However, the parent company will be able to benefit from this election.
Thanks again!
The transition will be difficult for many small businesses given that if they do not have a financial statement prepared they will not be able to take advantage of the good things.
If your company has a parent company that does prepare a financial statement and your company is consolidated into it, then my guess is that the parent financial statement will satisfy the requirement, even if you file a separate tax return. I would look into that. I have not read there is any detail definition between parent vs sub reportable entities with regard to having the data included in a financial statement. So look into that question.
In addition you are able to prepare a report similar to a "Board Report" and if there are financials included in that package and you can show evidence of a meeting attended by the Board or
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