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Samskaram (Sanskrit: saṃskāraṃ "accomplishment, embellishment, consecration"; Hindi: Sanskar) are Vedic rites of passage finding varied acceptance among religious adherents of Hinduism, Jainism and some schools of thought in Buddhism.
Beliefs and practices
Philosophy · Dharma
Vedas · Upanishads
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Hinduism by country
The Samskāra are a series of Sacraments, Sacrifices and Rituals that serve as rites of passage and mark the various stages of the Human life and to signify entry to a particular Ashrama. All Human beings, especially the Dvija or twice-born are required to perform a number of sacrifices with oblations for gods, Ancestors and Guardians in accordance with the Vedic dictums for a Dharmic or righteous life.
Sanskar is a commonly used variant of the Sanskrit word 'Samskara' and signifies cultural heritage and upbringing in modern Hindi. Apart from the practices, the word "Samskāra" is used in communication denoting the upbringing criteria of a hindu. For example- It is said that a boy with good Samskāra does right and it is supposed that he will not fall in sin, i.e Lust, Anger and Wine. It may be concluded that Samskāra is a word to denote the qualitative quality among Hindus.
Most Vedic rituals consist of Homa - fire sacrifies of elaborate and intrinsic designs and complex methodology, accompanied by recitation of Vedas by qualified Priests in honor of a particular Demigod or god, fire offerings of various ingredients, gifts to be given in charity, presence of elders for blessings, amidst sanctified sacrificial grounds, sacred herbs and good omens. Each important milestone of a Human life is to be celebrated by undertaking a particular Samskara wherein the significance of that milestone is ritualistically conveyed.
The 16 Samskaras
Most of the Brahmins used to follow complex rituals in connection with major events in their lives, such as pregnancy, childbirth, education, marriage, and death. The majaor samskaras 16 in number; generally known as "Shodhasa Samskaras" (IAST:Ṣoḍhaśa Saṃskāra). They are illustrated below:
Garbhadhanam (IAST: garbhadhānaṃ) (literally, gifting the womb), is the act of conception. This is the first sacrament which followed immediately on every marimonial union. There are a number of rites performed before conception. The act of first sexual intercourse or insemination is known as Nishekam. (Garbhdhanasamskaram is cited in Manusmrti, 2.27)
Pumsavanam (IAST: puṃsavanaṃ) is a ritual conducted in the third month of pregnancy. If it is the first pregnancy, it can be in the forth month also. The pregnant woman consumes one bead of barley and two beads of black grain, along with a little curd. This is accompanied by religious chanting. (in SED Monier-Williams cites Grihya-Sutra,MBh.)
Seemantam (IAST: sīmantaṃ) or seemantonayanam (IAST: sīmantonayanaṃ) sacrament is performed in the fourth month of a woman's first pregnancy. Seemantam is conducted for the protection of the mother at the critical period of gestation.
Fragnant oil is poured on the head of pregnent woman. A line of parting is drawn three times through her hair from the forehead upwards with three stalks of 'Kusa' grass bound together. The Pranava mantram "OM" and the sacred words called Vyahritis (Bhur, Buva, Sva) are chanted during each operation.
If the child is still-born, this has to be repeated during the next pregnancy.
Jatakarmam (IAST: jātakarṃaṃ) is meant for the development of the intellect of the child. When a male child is born, the ritual connected with birth is performed immediately (within 90 Naazhika). A small portion of a mixture of gold, ghee and honey is given to the new born infant. This rite symbolises good fortune. (Cited in Manusmrti 2.27)
Namakaranam (IAST: nāmakaraṇaṃ) (literally, naming) ceremony is performed to name the child. It is performed on the12th day after birth. The father calls the child's name in its right ear three times. At this time, male children are given the surname 'Sharma' and female children are given the surname 'De'. Then the mother takes the child by calling him (her) without surname. (Cited in Manusmrti, 2.30)
Nishkramanam (IAST: niṣkrāmaṇaṃ) is taking the child for the first time outside the house. The child is usually taken out into the open only in the 4th month.
Annaprasanam (IAST: annaprasanaṃ) (literally, food-giving) ritual, which takes place when a child is six months old, is the first time the child eats solid food. A few grains of rice mixed with ghee are fed to the infant. This is an important ritual among all sections of Hindus. (Cited in Manusmriti 2.34)
Chudakaranam (IAST: cūdākarṃaṃ), also known as 'choulam' or 'mundanam' (literaly, tonsure) is the ceremony of cutting child's hair for first time. In the child's third or fifth year, the head is shaved, leaving behind a small tuft of hair. (Nowadays this ritual is not practiced.) (Cited in Mn.2.27,35)
Karnavedham (IAST: karṇavedhaṃ) (literaly, ear-piercing) is piercing the ears. This is done with a particular thorn. Butter is applied to the wound. It is applicable to both male and female children. (MW cites Purāna-Sarvasva.)
Vidyarambham (IAST: vidyāraṃbhaṃ) (literaly, commencement of studies) is done either when the child attains three or five years. On the tongue of the child the letters "Hari Sri Ganapataye Namah Avignamastu" and all the alphabets are written with a piece of gold. The child is made to write the same letters from "Hari Sri" onwards with its index finger on raw rice in a bell metal vessel and the child is made to utter each word when it is written. Either the father of the child or an eminent teacher officiates at this ritual. (Citation Mn.2.69)
Upanayanam (IAST: upanayanaṃ) is the ceremony of wearing the sacred thread called Yajñopaveetam. When the child attains eight years, the wearing of the sacred thread "Yajñopaveetam", is ceremoniously done. This is only in the case of the boys. It is taking the child to the teacher for initiation of formal education. Along the sacred thread, the hide of the antelope called Krishnajinam is also worn by the boy. The upanayanam ceremony is followed by brahmopadesham - teaching Gayatri mantra to the boy. (Cited in Manusmrti 2.27)
Praishartham (Vedarambham) is the learning of Vedas and Upanishads in'Gurukulam' or 'Pāṭhaśāla'. In the beginning of each academic period there is a ceremony called Upakarmam and at the end of each academic period there is another ceremony called Upasarjanam. ( Mn.2.71)
Kesantham and Ritusuddhi
Kesantam (IAST: keśāntaṃ) (literaly, getting rid of hairs) is the first shave. It is ceremoniously performed for a boy at his age of 16. (Citation: Mn.2.65)
Ritusuddhi is a ceremony associated with a girl's first mensturation.
Samavartanam (IAST: samāvartanaṃ) (Snanam) is the ceremony associated with the end of formal education of Vedas in 'Gurukulam' or 'Pāṭhaśāla'. This ceremony marks the end of student hood. This also marks the end of Brahmacharyaasrama of life. (Citation: Mn.3.4)
Vivaham (IAST: vivāhaṃ) (Marriage) (Citation: Mn.3.4). Nishekam is the ritual associated with first sexual intercourse. It is performed in the night of 4th day after marriage.
Antyesti (IAST: Antyeṣti) (literaly, last rites), sometimes referred to as Antim Sanskar, are the rituals associated with Funeral.
Controversy in the total number of samskaras
Since ancient times there has remained a dispute between experts on the total number of samskara that exist. As written in Gautamsmriti 8.8 there are 40 of them, Maharshi Agnirane directed of 25 of them, but according to the Puranas, 12 or 16 of them are main and necessary. These ceremonies are enjoined on the first three (twice-born) castes in Manusmrti and Grhya Sutras (Grihya Sutras) (esp.Pāraskar). Some list 42 samskaras , ie the 16 listed above plus the 21 compulsory Yajnas , plus the 5 panchamahayajnas .
Vidyārambham,Vedārambham, and Antyeṣti are not enumerated as separate samskāras in ancient texts like Manusmriti or Grihya Sutra(Pāraskar). To this list may be added Karṇavedham too, which reduces the list of most essential sanskāras to 12 only.
|Part of a series on
Sikh Practices
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5 Banis . Five ks
Sanskar are religious rites in Sikhism which take place at various important stages of life. For a man to attain various worldly stages he must go through various ceremony at certain times in his or her life. The ceremony that takes place at these events is called a sanskar.
The Sikhs have 4 main Sanakars or ceremonies in life. They are:
- Naam Karan –This is a Sikh ceremony of naming a child and it usually takes place in a Gurdwara (Sikh place of worship) after the baby and mother are medically and physically fit to attended the Gurdwara. There is no limit or threshold to this timing and the family should not feel undue pressure of any kind as to the timing. The only matters that need to be taken into account is the well being of the mother and child. It normally just involves the main family members attending at the local Gurdwara.
- Amrit Sanskar or Amrit Sanchar or the Amrit ceremony is the Sikh ceremony of initiation or baptism. This practice has been in existence since the times of Guru Nanak Dev (1469 - 1539). During that time-period, this ceremony was known as Charan Amrit or Charan Phul or the Pag Pahul. However in 1699, the Khande di Pahul (Amrit ceremony) was initiated by Guru Gobind Singh when Khalsa was inaugurated at Sri Anandpur Sahib on the day of Baisakhi. "Khande Di Pahul" embodies the primary objects of Sikh faith; promises connection with the Guru; and also promotes the ability to lead a pure and pious life which will unite the "pure one" with Almighty Lord.
- Anand Karaj – is the name of the Sikh Marriage ceremony, meaning "Blissful Union" or "Joyful Union," which was introduced by Guru Amar Das. The four Lavan (marriage hymns which take place during the marriage ceremony) were composed by his successor, Guru Ram Das. It was originally legalised in India through the passage of the Anand Marriage Act 1909 but is now governed by the Sikh Reht Maryada (Sikh code of conduct and conventions) which was issued by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC). It dictates that only those who follow the Sikh religion may marry under the ceremony, therefore, Sikhs cannot marry persons professing to other religions under it. It also states that child marriage is invalid and that no account should be taken of the prospective spouse's caste. However, in practice, many Sikhs take preference in people from their caste.
- Antam Sanskar – The funeral ceremony (cremation): In Sikhism death is considered a natural process and God's will or Hukam. To a Sikh, birth and death are closely associated, because they are both part of the cycle of human life of "Birth and Death of the body" ( ਆਵਣੁ ਜਾਣਾ , Aaavan Jaanaa) which is seen as transient stage towards Liberation, ( ਮੋਖੁ ਦੁਆਰੁ , Mokh Du-aar) complete unity with God. The soul being a unique form of energy from the source of all creation i.e. God, itself is not subject to death. Death is only the progression of the soul on its journey to God. In life, a Sikh tries always to constantly remember GOD (naam japna) so that he or she may be sufficiently prayerful, detached and righteous, and at death becomes one with God. "Lakh Akasha Akash" meaning countless galaxies or 'skies' also pervade or exit within the same ONE ALMIGHTY GOD along with all creation, including one and all of us. That is why Nanak said "Naa Ko barry naa he begana, sagal sang huam ko ban aai" (there are no enemies or others, I seek the company of all) & "Mannas kee jaat saabey eko pehchanbo" (O' humankind, consider everyone as one and equal).
See also
- Translation by G. Bühler (1886). Sacred Books of the East: The Laws of Manu (Vol. XXV). Oxford. Available online as The Laws of Manu
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/ .


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Essendon have kept alive one of their proudest names with Jake Long, the son of Michael, to join the AFL club.
The 18-year-old will join the Bombers on Wednesday as a pre-listed rookie under the father-son rule.
Veteran Michael, who won two premierships with the Bombers, said he was delighted his son was following in his footsteps.
"We're pretty proud of what he's achieved," Michael Long said.
"He's just finished year 12 ... to top that off to be rookie-listed by the club that's been a big part of my life, it's a proud moment for the family."
Jake said he was anxious in the lead-up to the draft but over the moon to be joining the Bombers.
"Ever since I was kid, I've loved the footy club and didn't want to go anywhere else," he said.
The father and son shared a few jokes at the club's Tullamarine base, with Jake saying dad liked to whip out the highlights' reel a bit too often.
"He always tells me he's quicker than me but I'm not too sure about that," Long senior joked.
Long's talent was identified early by the Bombers, who invited him to join the James Hird academy - a training pool for potential footballers from non-traditional AFL backgrounds and sons of past players.
Essendon list manager Adrian Dodoro said Long's potential shone through in a training session five years ago.
"There were two kids that stood out, a guy called Joey Daniher - he was about 14 or 15 at the time - and a guy who was a lot smaller who was called Jakey Long," he said.
"It's a great day for the club because the program identified these guys and we've helped nurture them."
In truth, there cannot have been much identification necessary.
Michael Long's talent is still revered by Essendon fans, more than a decade after he hung up his boots.
The brilliantly gifted on-baller with electric pace was an incredible talent - with the Bombers sure the Long genius hasn't skipped a generation.
"We're as confident with Jake as we are with our first two picks in the national draft," Dodoro said.
"When he debuted for St Mary's at 16 years of age in the NTFL ... he showed he had a lot of attributes like his father, his run, his speed, the agility, the game awareness.
"Last year, we actually played him in the VFL in the last game of the year against Geelong.
"He just stepped straight up to the mark, I think he had 14 possessions, seven tackles, kicked a goal.
"It was enough for us to say I think we've got a player here."
Jake isn't the first Long since Michael to appear on Essendon's list; nephew Anthony was delisted without playing a senior game.
But the Bombers expect Jake - who completed his schooling at Scotch College this year - to crash through for senior footy as soon as 2015.
"We're not putting any limitations on it; after a full pre-season, who knows what could happen?" Dodoro said.


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The same week her husband of 15 years ditches her for a guy he met on Gay.com, a partially inebriated teenage driver smacks her VW Beetle head-on. Marriage over, body bruised, life upside-down, Rhoda does what any sensible 43-year-old would do: She goes home.
But hers is not just any home. It's a Mennonite home, the scene of her painfully uncool childhood and the bosom of her family: handsome but grouchy Dad, plain but cheerful Mom. Drinking, smoking, and slumber parties are nixed; potlucks, prune soup, and public prayer are embraced. Having long ago left the faith behind, Rhoda is surprised when the conservative community welcomes her back with open arms and offbeat advice. She discovers that this safe, sheltered world is the perfect place to come to terms with her failed marriage and the choices that both freed and entrapped her.
©2009 Rhoda Janzen; (P)2009 Highbridge
"thoroughly captivating"
This had a great review in the Telegraph so I downloaded it for a long car journey and boy am I glad I did, It is quite brilliant. I didn't laugh out loud a lot but had a big smile on my face most of the time, which probably worried other drivers! It's a beautifully read story of life in middle age beset by the kind of trials that life hurls at you when you think you're doing alright but in this case Rhoda Janzen has the guts to get back up (with the help of her eccentric family) and face it full on, then write a book about it. It's funny, it's sad, it's upbuilding, it's family, it's life.
Enjoyed the strong performance by the narrator. It was interesting too to hear about Mennonite views. Pretty down to earth in observations. A sarcastic sense of humour but always sounding truthful.
"It's OK"
As a Mennonite in the Fresno area, I hardly recognized my community in this book. I'm 25 years older than the author (whose family I know) and didn't suffer the deprivations she describes. There's a whole lot of literary license going on here. So I say, go ahead, listen to the book and enjoy it, but keep that grain of salt firmly in place.
A bigger disappointment for me was the mispronunciation of so very many words by the reader. I was under the impression that readers or producers checked with the author re pronunciations. Guess I was wrong.
"Tender and Touching"
This is a sweet tender book. Janzen Reflects back on her Mennonite upbringing with great humor and intelligence. She is kind to her parents and siblings. If you are looking for dirt, go elsewhere. This is a book of love and hope.
"Laughing through tears."
Boy, Rhoda Janzen has bad luck. The schadenfreude alone would be reason to read this memoir, but luckily she also has a sense of humor and a way with words. I hope I'm not giving away too much but you have to or else there's no plot summary at all. Rhoda grew up Mennonite but as an adult, she strayed far afield, becoming a college professor (Mennonites do not approve of higher education), marrying an atheist, not having children. Then she has a medical issue, and the procedure does not go well. To her surprise, her husband is great at nursing her back to health. Then he leaves her for a guy named Bob that he met online. A week later, Rhoda is in a terrible car accident. Unable to really get around (and unable to afford her house payments alone), she moves back in with her parents, temporarily. Which means she becomes reimmersed in Mennonite culture.
Most of us are probably pretty unfamiliar with the Mennonites. They are not the Amish - in fact the Amish split with them centuries ago because the Mennonites were so liberal - but liberal is not a word anyone would use to describe them. Rhoda's church had an outhouse. Her mother had grown up wearing clothes made from flour sacks. Rhoda and her first boyfriend in high school dated for a year without even French kissing - because they had no idea it existed. As someone who has lived fully in the secular world for over 20 years, she is the perfect person to introduce us to Mennonite culture. Also it's refreshing that she didn't have any great falling out with the religion herself - it's just not for her, but she respects her parents' beliefs and still likes the food and hymns.
Throughout the narrative, as small incidents of everyday life are conveyed, Rhoda is healing both physically, and emotionally. We get details of her tumultuous life with her artistic, bipolar husband. Returning home was obviously soothing to her soul as well as her body. And her mother is hilarious. Hilary Huber does a good job is giving the different characters different voices (although all fairly nasal though that's not her normal voice), but Rhoda's mother's voice is the best. The slightly childish aspect of the tone matches up perfectly to her upbeat, effervescent personality.
There is an explanation of the Mennonites at the end of the book.
"Unexpected and funny"
I am not sure what I expected but this was a fun listen and at times laugh out loud unexpectedly funny. The narration added a great deal to what otherwise might have been a disjointed "memoir". Somehow her voice and tempo made the transitions easier. I always enjoy hearing words that I know I don't know how to pronouce...half of the food consumed in this book met that definition.
"A surprising delight"
An funny and quirky look into the life of this author. An excellent "read" and a good job by the narrator. Kept me interested and laughing the whole way through.
"Wanted to Love It"
I also grew up in and out of an isolating religion, and thought I would relate to Ms. Janzen's book. However, her memoir does not succeed, at least for me.
The first problem is structural. This book had its genesis in e-mail messages to friends and colleagues during her sabbatical, and its structure betrays this: it's discursive, disconnected and uneven. Lots of space is taken up when she's bored (the pointless board game story), and not enough space given when she's busy/involved (the encounter with Mitch is dropped with virtually no development, even though I've read that they in fact became a couple).The narrative pools and repeats, but does not get anywhere: she has no more real insight at the end than she does at the beginning and the closing uplift feels tacked-on.
The second problem is one of tone. She insists that she is genuinely fond of and interested in the people and practices she describes, but she sure scores a lot of cheap shots off them before professing her affection. While it's clear that her upbringing launched an intelligent, hard-working woman into the world, it is also obvious that it left her so naive and unworldly that she was dangerously vulnerable to exactly the kind of disastrous marriage she made. She never expresses anger or regret toward her religion or community for this. Instead, she engages in relentless mockery of the "they don't even know what Prada is!" variety. When there is more serious criticism to be made, the fashion-label snark is a bit jarring. It makes Janzen appear more superficial and slight than she can possibly be. I understand she does not want to engage in self-pity, but she's turned it inside out with a coat of brittle barbs. What's hilarious over wine with girlfriends doesn't come off well on the page.
"A fun ride!"
This is a fast-paced, charming, smart memoir! GOOD FUN and the narrator easily brings across the irony and humor in the author's story. Great job.
"Not for me"
The narrators voice was difficult to listen to for so long. The story shallow. There were funny lines. Overall I found it boring.
There were some humorous points, but all-in-all this book DRAGS. I grew up with lots of Amish and Mennonite so it was interesting to hear this point of view, but I was so often frustrated with the author I couldn't find much entertainment in the story. It's ok, and like the author I rarely leave a book unfinished, but...
"Annoying to listen to"
While I normally enjoy this genre of book, I just could not get into it. I gave it about 6 hours of listening time and gave up.
Happy Ali After
Yes, could not stand her voice.
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I am afraid of snakes.
It's interesting hey don't bite and are harmless. It is odd they come out on the feast day of all days.Don't they come out at all on other days?
If you spend long enough on this forum, you'll come away with all sorts of weird, untrue ideas of Orthodox Christianity.
I would suggest most persons in general avoid any question beginning with why.
Well...it seems the snakes are following the "new" calendar.
Quote from: LizaSymonenko on August 07, 2013, 05:51:55 PMWell...it seems the snakes are following the "new" calendar. Well, the Holy Fire in Jerusalem at Pascha (Old Calendar) is more awesome than snakes.
One day (read: year) I want to be there for them.
The whole forum is Mor. We're emanations of his godlike mind.
Actually, Mor's face shineth like the Sun.
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Definition Edit
A breach of security is
|the unauthorized acquisition or unauthorized use of unencrypted data or, encrypted electronic data and the confidential process or key that is capable of compromising the security, confidentiality, or integrity of personal information, maintained by a person or agency that creates a substantial risk of identity theft or fraud against a resident of the commonwealth. A good faith but unauthorized acquisition of personal information by a person or agency, or employee or agent thereof, for the lawful purposes of such person or agency, is not a breach of security unless the personal information is used in an unauthorized manner or subject to further unauthorized disclosure.[1]


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A natural for alt styles, hip-hop, reggae, and drum'n'bass.
The Pearl M-80 snare drum makes an incredible alternate snare. Poplar wood construction and a compact 10 x 4" size give the M-80 explosive power and projection.
Review Snapshotby PowerReviews
- Great sound (11)
- Responsive (11)
- Sensitive (10)
- Versatile (6)
Best Uses
- Accompaniment (4)
- Small venues (3)
- Reviewer Profile:
- Experienced (11), Professional musician (3)
Reviewed by 19 customers
Displaying reviews 1-10
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- Can't Beat Pearl Quality
- Excellent Snare Strainer
- Good Factory Head
- Need More Color Options
Best Uses
- Jazz Clubs
- Pro-recording
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
I absolutely love this snare & Musician's Friend with their discounts & free shipping...
This snare is crafted excellent. The snare strainer works great, easily adjustable, and is reliable.
I bought the Sound Percussion SPH05 Adjustable L-Rod Ball Mount 10.5Mm (SKU #491675000496000) & put it on the hi hat stand. I extended the L-arm almost all the way out, since I am using 15-inch Agop Hi-hats. The drum is out far enough perfectly.
The snare wires DO NOT have an annoying over-buzz when either tight OR extra loose (when the drum is played).
The stock factory head is excellent & might not need swapped for a different one.
For the money, I honestly think Pearl cannot be beaten! In fact, I think that this specific item is under-priced (that's how good it is).
I only wish that they would offer more colors, and possibly some un-wrapped finishes (such as bare wood lacquered.
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
Overall, this snare is a great addition to any set-up and is great for intros/outros of songs.
It's a great snare and I would recomend it to any drummer.
It has an awesome throw off and comes with nice coated factory heads
This snare has an awesome sound very high pitched with a nice crack..great for effects or high energy songs
For the money this is a fantastic snare with great hardware, sound, and even includes a drum key.
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
Overall this is probably one of the best investments I made to my kit, and it didnt even cost that much. Theres better out there of course, but for the price, youre not going to get any better. Pearl is a great company for someone whos on a budget.
I love how you do not need to have a stand to hold the snare, it saves so much space that way. Just make sure you get a bracket that holds cowbells because the tom mount i ordered is almost too big for it :/ the throw off is okay, its easy to get to but the wires tend to rattle even when its all the way off.
You cant beat the quality for the price you pay, it has a beautiful sound and a nice crack to it even with the standard pearl heads that come with it. it is constructed very well and holds a lot better than i expected.
The value on this is great, for the sound you get i would expect to pay $125+.
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
Overall i will give this snare a very good
Its looks very good on the outside.
The only thing i would change is the batter head, because the one it came with sounnds like crap, and im going change it into a Remo black X snare head to make it sound better.
Pretty cheap for the price now. Plz dont miss out on this right now.
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
What a great little addition at a great price! You won't believe the power & projection, just like a real M-80 ! I added a Aquarian Response 2 black batter head and 1 Moongel. No over ring and no snare wire sizzle. Add a Gibralter clamp with L rod and your good to go! You won't be dissappointed! Rock On & God Bless!
- Responsive
- Sharp and tight
Best Uses
- Jazz Combos
- Small Venues
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
Excellent for accents and 'drum & bass' style music. As a 10" tom, it doubles as an extra tone in fills. There are several other heads I've used and each have their own personality. The factory head endured many months of daily use. The M-80 is a great complement to my kit.
- Responsive
- Sensitive
Best Uses
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
I purchased this snare to use with my cocktail kit. The 8" snare that came with the kit is now used as another tom. This snare has a clear sharp sound, and works well, cutting right through the mix with a clean snare sound. However, the skins were awful; initially I was very disappointed with the sound, but when I changed the batter head to an Aquarian performance II coated, it was night and day different! I have an Aquarian classic clear coming for the reso head and I am sure that will again make a huge difference in the sound. Bottom line, its a nice snare, well made and should stand up well. You can't beat it for the price!
- Definitley Portable
- Great Sound
- Nice Projective Sound
- Nice Quality Heads
- Responsive
- Sensitive
- Versatile
- Doesnt Soundgood Dampened
Best Uses
- Accompaniment
- For Jam Sessions
- Maybe Studio Sessions
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
I Ordered this to go with a 5 shell kit I have becausae I broke my snare. I didnt realize it was a SIDE snare until I unboxed it. Well, actually I should've been mad, but my thoughts quickly changed when I heard this. baby! The maplewood really gives a true projection of sound, its easy to tune, and it doesn't give off alot of overtone! This snare drum actually has a better more full sound than the regular size snare I had before. Thanks Pearl, and Musicians friend, fot a great product! M-80 forever.
- Great Sound
- Responsive
- Sensitive
- Versatile
Best Uses
- Accompaniment
- Soundtracks
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
I was blown away by this cheap drum, no wonder they're tough to find stock of! It's a good poppy sound but is flat enoigh for drum and bass grooves. The quality is good, especially for the price and I have no complaints of the hardware or shell. The stock heads are ok, I only replaced the batetr head because it chips off in large flakes and makes a mess. There wasn't a huge difference in sound after putting on a single ply Remo. The strainer has a nice action and the drum has a nice timbale sound with the snares off.
Overall, this is a great buy if you are looking for a different voice or new option for cheap money. I have it mounted on a PDP tom arm and it works perfectly.
- Great Sound
- Responsive
- Sensitive
- Versatile
- nothing
Best Uses
- Side snare
Comments about Pearl M-80 Snare Drum:
This snare is a great snare for the money. Even with the factory heads the sound is still pretty good. I would definitely recommend this snare to anyone. 5 Star for sure.
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text:
It's 1985, and this programmer pilot fish is asked to work on a pioneering banking software project -- one that uses PCs.
"The bank's own staff was highly skeptical about the ability of networked microcomputers to do the job of the bank's old mainframe system," says fish. "To appease their apprehensions about the system's ability to produce reports in a timely manner, we configured high-speed line printers onto a network of BTOS workstations."
Fish's job is writing the program to generate customers' monthly statements -- but he has to do it with very insufficient information.
Case in point: He can't get a straight answer about how many options to provide -- for example, whether inactive accounts should be suppressed, whether transaction detail should be included, or whether low checking-account balances should be flagged.
As a result, he ends up with a form containing about 50 check boxes for various options, and tells the team to delete the ones that aren't necessary.
They keep them all.
"Then came the demo," fish says. "The bank staff and the manager of the branch that was to be the guinea pig all turned up, and expectantly started typing in commands -- BTOS had a beautiful, advanced GUI forms system -- and up came the statement printing selection screen."
Fish is at the back of the room, but he can still clearly hear the demo leader say, "No problem, select absolutely anything you want" to the clearly clueless bankers.
"What's this last option that asks if it's raining outside?" says one banker, looking baffled.
Fish winces -- that's check box 50, one of the whimsical options he added to fill out the bottom of the screen. Fish expected the demo leader to replace them with real filter criteria. Somehow that never happened with the final question.
Demo leader gives fish an incinerating glare across the full length of the room, and tells the banker the option is to control humidity in the printer paper.
Then the demo leader firmly presses the "proceed" button. The banker's options: print all statements in account number order -- including nonexistent accounts.
"Everybody watched in awe as the 6,000-lines-per-minute printer printed ten thousand blank pages at thirty pages per second on continuous stationery," says fish. "The cover being open, the paper sailed clear across the 40-foot computer room in a whooshing, rustling arc and bounced off the opposite wall, to collapse in a huge pyramid on the floor.
"The bank canceled the project. The demo leader quit. And I was quietly sent to our office in England for a nice vacation -- in the dead of winter."
Got a story? Choose Sharky. Send me your true tale of IT life at email@example.com. You'll snag a snazzy Shark shirt if I use it. Add your comments below, and read some great old tales in the Sharkives.
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text:
Felinfoel CC: Gray-Nicolls Storm Track Trouser
Official Felinfoel CC: Gray-Nicolls Storm Track Trouser
Storm Track Trouser
Supplied in Navy
Composition: 100% Polyester
• Cricket specific fit engineered to move naturally with the athlete's body during sport for greater comfort.
• Key heat and ventilation zones to assist the athlete with temperature regulation regardless of the conditions.
• Ventilation areas allow air to flow close to the skin and draw heat away from the body.
• Elasticated waist with drawcord (Drawcord adult only)
• Adults with zip at lower leg, kids with elasticated ankle
‹ See more Felinfoel CC.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 2003
|Filing date
|Dec 22, 2000
|Priority date
|Jun 22, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Roland Nitschke, Hansjörg Meise, Hans-Gerhard Hutter, Ulrich Enders, Peter Senge, Detlev Schulz, Dieter Wiemer
|Original Assignee
|Barmag Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (2), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of copending international application PCT/EP99/04225, filed Jun. 17, 1999, and designating the U.S.
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for spinning a synthetic multifilament yarn of the type disclosed in WO 95/15409 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,431.
In the apparatus and process of the above referenced publications, an air stream assists freshly extruded filaments in their advance. With that, it is accomplished that the solidification point of the filaments moves away from the spinneret. This leads to a delayed crystallization that favorably influences the physical properties of the yarn. Thus, for example, in the production of a POY yarn, it was possible to increase the withdrawal speed and thus, the draw ratio, without changing the elongation values of the yarn necessary for further processing.
The known spinning apparatus comprises a cooling tube and an air stream generator downstream of the spinneret. Between the spinneret and the cooling tube, an inlet cylinder extends with a gas-permeable wall. By the interaction of the inlet cylinder and the air stream generator, a quantity of air is caused to enter the cooling shaft, and to advance within the cooling shaft as an accelerated air stream in the direction of the advancing yarn. The inlet cylinder consists of a perforated, gas-permeable material. Therefore, the radially inflowing air quantity is proportional to the applied pressure difference that becomes greater as the yarn speed increases. Thus, the quantity of air entering the inlet cylinder becomes greater with an increasing distance from the spinneret.
However, it has shown that besides assisting the advance, it is necessary that the filaments uniformly firm up in their surface layers. While advancing through the inlet cylinder, the filaments are precooled in such a manner that the surface layer has firmed up before entering the cooling tube. In their core, the filaments are still molten when they enter the cooling tube, so that the final solidification occurs only in the cooling tube. Consequently, it is also necessary that all filaments be uniformly precooled. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a uniform quantity of air present over the entire cross section of the inlet cylinder, so that each filament in the cooling tube is uniformly assisted in its advance.
In the production of a yarn, the quality of the yarn is determined by the interaction of the filament properties. It is therefore known that for producing a high-quality yarn, each filament within a bundle of filaments must undergo an equal treatment. In the known method and apparatus, the solidification point is deliberately removed from the spinneret, so that the filaments solidify only after passing through a precooling zone in the cooling zone formed by the cooling tube. Thus, the filaments cover a relatively long distance, over which they are exposed to different air streams.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,182 discloses a spinning apparatus, wherein the inlet cylinder is arranged in a pressure chamber. The inlet cylinder has a screen-like wall, so that based on the overpressure prevailing outside of the inlet cylinder, a greater pressure difference is obtained and, thus, a larger quantity of inflowing air. However, this leads to the problem that the filaments are already exposed to a considerable cooling effect within the inlet zone.
It is therefore an object of the invention to further develop a spinning apparatus of the initially described type such that it is possible to make available an air quantity adjusted to the uniform precooling of the filaments and an air quantity necessary for assisting the movement of the filaments.
Another further object of the invention is to further develop the method and the spinning apparatus such that all filaments of the filament bundle undergo a substantially uniform treatment until their solidification.
The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention are achieved by the provision of a melt spinning apparatus and method wherein the inlet cylinder is subdivided into several zones in the direction of the advancing yarn, each with a different permeability to gas for controlling the air quantity entering the inlet cylinder.
The invention would not have been suggested either by the spinning apparatus known from EP 0 580 977 or the spinning apparatus disclosed in DE 195 35 143. In the known spinning apparatus, the inlet cylinder downstream of the spinneret is constructed with its air permeability varying in the direction of the advancing yarn, so as to realize a cooling the filaments as a function of the yarn advance speed. The purpose of the known spinning apparatus is a complete cooling of the filaments within the inlet cylinder, and they are thus totally unsuited to generate an air stream that assists in the movement of the filaments in the case of only precooled filaments.
The invention has the advantage that, irrespective of the filament speed and irrespective of the differential pressure between the spin shaft and the surroundings, it is possible to influence the air quantity flowing into the spin shaft. This makes it possible to exert a purposeful influence on the properties of the filaments that originate from different zones of the spinneret. On the one hand, the influence may lie in that all filaments undergo a precooling for firming up the surface zones, if possible under the same cooling conditions. Furthermore, it is possible to influence the entry of the filaments into the cooling tube, as well as the development of the air stream in the cooling tube, in particular by the air quantity entering into the lower region of the inlet cylinder. The air quantity entering through the wall of the inlet cylinder is proportionately dependent on the gas permeability or the porosity of the wall. In the case of a high gas permeability, a larger quantity of air per unit time is introduced into the spin shaft under otherwise constant conditions. Conversely, in the case of a low gas permeability of the wall, a proportionately smaller air quantity enters the spin shaft.
The upper zone may have a greater gas permeability in the wall than the lower zone. This has the advantage that a relatively large quantity of air is available for cooling the filaments. A further advantage lies in that a substantially uniform distribution of the air quantity adjusts itself inside the spin shaft. Since in the upper zone the filament speed is low, and since furthermore the filaments are spaced from each other relatively wide due to the small distance from the spinneret, the air quantity is able to distribute itself in the upper zone of the inlet cylinder substantially unimpeded over the entire cross section of the spin shaft. With that, it is accomplished that within the filament bundle, a uniform air stream is able to develop in the cooling tube.
Alternatively, the upper zone may have a smaller gas permeability than the lower zone. This is especially suited to treat the filaments in a relatively weak precooling. From this follows the advantage of a particularly gentle cooling, which means a further improvement in spinning reliability. Spinning reliability means in this instance the quantity of filament breaks.
In the lower zone facing the cooling tube, however, a relatively large quantity of air enters the spin shaft, which facilitates the entry of the filament bundle into the cooling tube. This advantageously prevents the filaments from striking the tube wall in the region of the narrowest cross section.
It is also possible to decrease the gas permeability in the upper zone such that the upper zone becomes impermeable to gas. Thus, a quiet zone develops directly downstream of the spinneret. This quiet zone ensures a stable spinning of the filaments, and thus favors the formation of a uniform filament structure.
An intermediate zone may be positioned between the upper and lower zones, and the intermediate zone may have a smaller gas permeability than the lower zone and/or the upper zone. This has the advantage that both a uniform distribution of the air quantity is realized inside the spin shaft, and thus a uniform precooling of the filaments. On the other hand, it favors the advance of the filaments into the cooling tube. Since relatively little air enters the spin shaft in the center region of the inlet cylinder, an air stream oriented in the direction of the advancing yarn is already able to develop due to the filament speed. The air quantity supplied directly before the entry into the cooling tube thus forms an air stream that engages each filament substantially uniformly.
Since the filament speed increases as the distance from the spinneret becomes greater, and since the spacing between the individual filaments decreases at the same time, a specially advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the gas permeability of the inlet cylinder is uniform within one zone in the direction of the advancing yarn. Thus, the air entering the spin shaft within the zone is dependent on the filament speed. This means that at a higher yarn speed, more air is supplied to the spin shaft.
The gas permeability of the wall of the inlet cylinder may differ within a zone in the direction of the advancing yarn. This makes it possible to generate over the length of the inlet cylinder a flow profile that contains no stepwise changes in the supply of the air quantity. Furthermore, it is possible to realize therewith that irrespective of the yarn speed, the air quantity entering the spin shaft can be maintained substantially unchanged over the length of the zone.
The wall of the inlet cylinder may be made from any porous material. In this connection, the wall of the inlet cylinder may be formed from a perforated sheet member having different perforations which define the plurality of zones. In this embodiment, it is possible to predetermine very precisely the gas permeability or air resistance within the wall. In this instance, the number of the inlet openings of the perforations and the diameter of the inlet openings of the perforations define the gas permeability.
An embodiment of the spinning apparatus is especially suited for generating an air stream that assists the filament movement. In this embodiment, a plurality of inlet openings forms the perforation of at least one zone. These inlet openings extend through the wall of the inlet cylinder obliquely with an inclination toward the direction of the advancing yarn, so that an air stream oriented in direction of the advancing yarn enters the inlet cylinder.
The wall of the inlet cylinder may comprise a wire cloth having different mesh sizes which define the plurality of zones. A high, substantially uniform radial air stream is thereby generated over the entire circumference of the inlet cylinder.
To be able to form the zones within the inlet cylinder, it is possible to stack individual cylinders with the same or with respectively different gas permeability. This may be realized by different mesh sizes of the wire cloth or by a different multi-layer arrangement of layers.
The changing of the gas permeability may be provided by means of a paper sleeve which is disposed in circumferential contact with the wall of the inlet cylinder. The paper sleeve thus performs an air filtering function, so that no impurities may enter the spin shaft.
To generate a uniform flow in the inlet cylinder and to prevent turbulences upon entry into the inlet cylinder, the wall in the interior of the inlet cylinder may mount in the region of at least one zone a plurality of baffles with an inclination extending from the wall in direction of the advancing yarn.
In a particularly advantageous further development of the invention, the inlet cylinder connects to the spinneret in heat transferring relationship. Thus, it is possible to heat in particular the upper zone of the inlet cylinder, which leads again to heating the air flowing through the wall, so that a shock-like cooling effect on the filaments is prevented.
In the previously described embodiments of the invention, the air stream generator may be formed by a blower in the region of the inlet cylinder, by an injector directly upstream of inlet into the cooling tube, or by a suction device that connects to the cooling tube on the outlet end thereof. The suction device has the special advantage that during spinning all emerging particles, such as for example monomers, are removed from the spin shaft. With that, a contamination of the spin shaft is prevented.
To produce a yarn of a very high, uniform quality, the arrangement of the nozzle bores within the spinneret is selected such that in the cooling tube, equidirectional and identical air streams oriented in the direction of the advancing yarn engage each individual filament.
The invention would not have been suggested either by the spinning apparatus and by the method known from DE 25 39 840. In the known method and known spinning apparatus, a uniform air stream that is used for treating the filaments is directed in the direction of, transversely, or oppositely to the direction of the advancing yarn. However, this does not apply to the spinning apparatus of the present invention. The vacuum atmosphere present in the cooling tube of the apparatus according to the invention generates an air stream in direction of the advancing yarn with a flow profile which is a function of the tube cross section and with different flow velocities.
With the present invention, the nozzle bores in the spinneret are positioned at locations based upon the prevailing flow profile of the air stream in the cooling tube and such that the air stream substantially uniformly assists the filaments in their advance through the cooling tube. Since the air stream engaging the filaments assists the filaments in their advance within the cooling tube, it is especially significant that a substantially uniform assistance in the advance be maintained for each of the filaments over the entire distance. The flow profile of the air stream that develops in the tube is dependent on the inlet geometry of the cooling tube, as well as on the inside condition of the cooling tube, and lastly on the diameter of the cooling tube and the kind of flow. In this connection, different flow velocities may develop inside the tube cross section, which would be bound to lead, in an even distribution of the filaments, to a different treatment within the tube cross section. Thus, the invention offers a possibility of arranging the filaments within the bundle of filaments in such a manner that each filament advances through the cooling tube at substantially the same flow velocity.
A funnel-shaped inlet cone may be positioned at the inlet end of the cooling tube, and the inlet bores may be annularly arranged so as to encircle an inlet zone. This has the advantage that the filament bundle safely enters the cooling tube, and that a less turbulent air stream develops in the inlet region of the cooling tube. In this connection, it has been found that the air stream inside the cooling tube exhibits a flow profile that tends to have a maximum flow velocity in the center of the cooling tube. Thus, the above configuration of the spinneret prevents the filaments from entering the cooling tube in the central region thereof.
With an oval or round tube cross section, the inlet zone of the spinneret may be encircled by one or more closed lines or circles of equally spaced apart bores. This is especially suited to advance the filaments through the cooling tube in zones of identical flow velocities. The arrangement of the nozzle bores in a closed line of bores further accomplishes that precooling is equalized inside the inlet cylinder.
The nozzle bores of adjacent lines or circles of bores are preferably offset from one another in the transverse direction. This provides a uniform precooling in the case of a plurality of lines of bores.
In a particularly advantageous further development of the spinning apparatus, the filaments advance at substantially the same distance from the wall of the inlet cylinder. This accomplishes an additional equalization of precooling and, thus, a reproducible firming up of surface layers.
To realize in the cooling tube a flow profile that is favorable for producing the yarn, it has been found that the spacing between the spinneret and the cooling tube should be from at least about 100 mm to at most about 1000 mm. In this connection, the cooling tube has a diameter in the region of the narrowest tube cross section from at least about 10 mm to at most about 40 mm.
To further delay crystallization of the filaments, and thus produce a yarn with higher elongation values, a heating device may be provided between the spinneret and the inlet cylinder for heat treating the filaments.
The same effect can also be accomplished by heating the ambient air outside on the periphery of a zone preferably the upper zone—of the inlet cylinder to a temperature from about 35° C. to about 350° C. The hot air entering the inlet cylinder thermally treats the filaments as a function of the air temperature before the actual cooling.
The apparatus of the present invention, the method of the invention, and the inventive use of a spinning apparatus are suitable to produce textile yarns or industrial yarns of polyester, polyamide, or polypropylene. It is possible to arrange downstream different treatment devices for the yarn to produce, for example, a fully drawn yarn (FDY), a partially oriented yarn (POY), or a highly oriented yarn (HOY).
In the following, some embodiments of the spinning apparatus according to the invention are described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings, in which
FIG. 1 shows a spinning apparatus with a take-up device downstream thereof;
FIG. 2 shows an inlet cylinder of the spinning apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 show different wall configurations with a corresponding flow profile;
FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the spinning apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a flow profile within a cooling tube of the spinning apparatus of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 6.1 and 6.2 show several configurations of the bores in a spinneret.
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a spinning apparatus of the present invention for spinning a synthetic multifilament yarn.
A yarn 12 is spun from a thermoplastic material. To this end, the thermoplastic material is melted in an extruder or a pump. A spin pump delivers the melt via a melt line 3 to a heated spin head 1. The underside of spin head 1 mounts a spinneret 2. From the spinneret 2, the melt emerges in the form of fine filament strands 5. The filaments 5 advance through a spin shaft 6 that is formed by an inlet cylinder 4. To this end, the inlet cylinder 4 extends directly downstream of the spin head 1 and encloses the filaments 5. At the free end of inlet cylinder 4, a cooling tube 8 follows in the direction of the advancing yarn. The cooling tube 8 connects to the inlet cylinder 4 via an inlet cone 9. At the opposite end of inlet cone 9, the cooling tube 8 comprises an outlet cone 10 that terminates in an outlet chamber 11. In the underside of outlet chamber 11, an outlet opening 13 is arranged in the plane of the advancing yarn. On one side of the outlet chamber 11, a suction stub 14 terminates in suction chamber 11. The suction stub 14 interconnects an air stream generator 15 arranged on the free end of suction stub 14 and the outlet chamber 11. The air stream generator 15 is constructed as a suction device. The suction device 15 may comprise, for example, a vacuum pump or a blower, which generates a vacuum in outlet chamber 11 and thus in cooling tube 8.
In the plane of the advancing yarn, a lubrication device 16 and a take-up device 20 are arranged downstream of the outlet chamber 11. The take-up device 20 comprises a yarn guide 19. The yarn guide 19 indicates the beginning of a traversing triangle that forms by the reciprocal movement of a traversing yarn guide of a traversing device 21. Downstream of the yarn traversing device 21, a contact roll 22 is arranged. The contact roll 22 lies against the circumference of a package 23 being wound. The package 23 is produced on a rotating winding spindle 24. To this end, a spindle motor 25 drives winding spindle 24. The drive of winding spindle 24 is controlled as a function of the rotational speed of the contact roll, so that the circumferential speed of the package and thus the take-up speed remain substantially constant during the winding.
Between the lubrication device 16 and the take-up device 20, a treatment device 17 is arranged for treating the yarn 12. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the treatment device is formed by an entanglement nozzle 18.
As a function of the production process, the treatment device may comprise one or more heated or unheated godets, so that the yarn can be influenced in its tension or be drawn before its take-up. Likewise, it is possible to arrange within the treatment device 17 additional heating devices for drawing or relaxing.
In the spinning apparatus shown in FIG. 1, a polymer melt is delivered to spin head 1 and extruded via spinneret 2 to a plurality of filaments 5. The bundle of filaments is withdrawn by take-up device 20. In this process, the filament bundle advances at an increasing speed into the spin shaft 6 inside of inlet cylinder 4. Subsequently, the filament bundle enters the cooling tube 8 via inlet cone 9. In the cooling tube 8, the suction device 15 generates a vacuum, thereby sucking into cooling shaft 6 ambient air that surrounds the exterior of inlet cylinder 4. The air quantity entering spin shaft 6 is proportional to the gas permeability of wall 7 of the inlet cylinder. The inflowing air leads to a precooling of the filaments, so that the surface layers of the filaments firm up. However, in their core the filaments remain molten. The air quantity, together with the filament bundle, is then taken in, via inlet cone 9, into the cooling tube 8. Due to a narrowest cross section in cooling tube 8, the air stream is accelerated under the action of suction device 15 in such a manner that there exists no longer an air stream in the cooling tube that counteracts the movement of the filaments. With that, stress on the filaments is reduced.
To generate in the outlet region of cooling tube 8 as little turbulences as possible, the air stream flows, via outlet cone 10, into outlet chamber 11. To further stabilize the air, the outlet chamber 11 accommodates a screen cylinder 30 that surrounds the filament bundle. The air is then sucked off and removed from outlet chamber 11 via stub 14 and suction device 15. The filaments 5 exit on the underside of outlet chamber 11 through outlet opening 13 and advance into lubrication device 16. By the time the filaments emerge from the cooling tube, they are totally cooled. The lubrication device 16 combines the filaments to a yarn 12. To increase cohesion of the yarn, the yarn 12 is entangled in entanglement nozzle 18, before it is wound. In the take-up device 20, the yarn 12 is wound to package 23. In the arrangement of FIG. 1, it is possible to produce, for example, a polyester yarn that is wound at a take-up speed >7,000 m/min.
The spinning apparatus of FIG. 1 is characterized in that the air quantity entering inlet cylinder is adapted to the heat treatment of the filaments. In this connection, it is possible to influence with advantage both precooling and the suction stream. FIG. 2 shows again the inlet cylinder 4 of FIG. 1. In this embodiment, the wall 7 of inlet cylinder 4 is constructed as a perforated sheet element with two different perforations 29 and 26. In an upper zone at the end of the inlet cylinder, which faces spinneret 12, a perforation 29 with small diameters is provided. In the upper zone, the perforation leads to a schematically illustrated flow profile 28. The flow profile 28 that is symbolized by arrows provides a measurement for the air quantity entering spin shaft 6. Within the upper zone, the perforation 29 is identical. Thus, the air quantity increases as the distance from the spinneret becomes larger, due to the vacuum effect in the cooling tube 8 and due to the increasing filament speed.
In a lower zone that is formed at the end facing the cooling tube 8, the wall 7 comprises a perforation with a greater opening cross section. As shown by the symbolized flow profile 27, a larger quantity of air will enter the spin shaft 6 in the lower zone. Likewise in this instance, one can see the tendency that the inflowing air quantity increases, as the distance from the spinneret becomes greater.
The flow profile shown in FIG. 2 above the wall of the inlet cylinder is especially suitable for obtaining a slow and slight precooling of the filaments. This results in particular in a very uniform yarn cross section.
FIGS. 3.1; 3.2; and 3.3 show further embodiments of an inlet cylinder, whose wall 7 forms different flow profiles. In these embodiments, a wire cloth forms the wall 7 in the permeable zones. However, the wire cloth may advantageously be replaced with any other porous material, such as for example a sintered material.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3.1, the inlet cylinder is divided into an upper and a lower zone. The upper zone I has a greater permeability to gas than the lower zone II. The thereby developing flow profile results in that a larger quantity of air flows into the upper zone than into the lower zone II. Such an arrangement is particularly advantageous to realize a high, uniform cooling action and a uniform distribution of the air quantity within the spin shaft. In particular in the upper zone I, the filament speed is relatively low and the spacing between the filaments relatively large, so that the air quantity is able to distribute evenly in the spin shaft. As previously described with reference to FIG. 2, the air quantity increases likewise within one zone based on the unvarying gas permeability.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.2, an upper zone I, an intermediate zone II, and a lower zone III are formed. In this embodiment, a relatively small quantity of air enters the spin shaft in the intermediate zone II. However, the upper zone I and the lower zone III are designed to admit a larger quantity of air. This arrangement promotes both the distribution of the air quantity within the spin shaft and the entry behavior of the filament bundle into the cooling tube. The large quantity of air in the lower zone III causes the filament bundle to contract to a greater extent when entering the cooling tube, so that the filaments are unable to strike the wall. The wall of the zones II and III is constructed such that a uniform distribution of the air quantity adjusts itself over the length of the zone. To this end, the gas permeability in the wall decreases as the distance from the spinneret increases.
FIG. 3.3 shows an embodiment, wherein an upper zone I of inlet cylinder 4 has a gas-tight wall 7. The lower zone II comprises a triangular flow profile, with the largest quantity of air entering the spin shaft 6 in the lower region. The arrangement is especially suitable for realizing a uniform formation of the filament strands in the quiet zone. Only when the melt of the filaments has slightly firmed up in the outer region, will an air stream enter the cooling shaft. This arrangement is especially suited for producing yarns with low yarn deniers.
In the embodiment of the spinning apparatus shown in FIG. 4, a heating device 31 is arranged between the inlet cylinder 4 and the spin head 1. The heating device 4 leads to a thermal treatment of the filaments, so that cooling is further slowed down. In this arrangement of FIG. 4, the heating device may be combined with any previously described embodiment of the inlet cylinder.
The inlet cylinder 4 comprises an upper zone with a perforation 37 and a lower zone with a perforation 26. Based on the different hole diameters of perforations 37 and 26, symbolically illustrated flow profiles 27 and 28 result. Thus, a smaller quantity of air enters the inlet cylinder 4 in the upper zone than in the lower zone thereof.
In comparison with the previously described embodiments of the spinning apparatus, the air stream entering the inlet cylinder 4 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is deflected in the direction of the advancing yarn, so that the filaments are assisted with a great flow component in their movement in direction of cooling tube 8 directly upon entry of the air quantity. To this end, the inlet openings 38 of the perforation 37 in the upper zone of the inlet cylinder 4 are arranged in wall 7 obliquely with an inclination in direction of the advancing yarn. For this purpose, the length and diameter of the inlet opening 38 are selected at a predetermined ratio such that a directed flow forms upon entry into the inlet cylinder 4.
The lower zone of inlet cylinder 4 has a perforation 26 with radially directed inlet openings 38. In the interior of inlet cylinder 4, wall 7 mounts several baffles 39. The baffles 39 extend from wall 7 into the interior of inlet cylinder 4 with an inclination in the direction of the advancing yarn. Thus, the quantity of air entering through perforation 26 into the lower zone of inlet cylinder 4 is converted into a flow in direction of the advancing yarn. To optimize the flow conditions in inlet cylinder 4, the baffles 39 could be made in addition adjustable in their inclination.
Basically, it should be mentioned that the inlet cylinder might be divided into a plurality of zones to realize a uniform flow profile. In addition, by varying the combination of perforation and baffles in the inlet cylinder, it becomes further possible to influence the flow of the cooling air and the cooling of the filaments in the cooling tube.
For purposes of providing essentially the same assistance to all filaments of the filament bundle in their advance inside the cooling tube, it is necessary to surround the filaments with an air stream of substantially the same velocity. FIG. 5 shows by way of example a flow profile 32 that tends to adjust itself, for example, in the center of cooling tube 8 of the spinning apparatus of FIG. 1. The length of the arrows identifies the velocity of the air stream inside the flow profile or cooling tube. In this connection, the air stream generated by the suction device shows a maximal velocity in the center region of cooling tube 8. For this reason, the filaments advance, for example, along a pitch circle D1 or a pitch circle D2. To this end, it is necessary to arrange the nozzle bores within spinneret 2 accordingly.
FIGS. 6.1 and 6.2 show several embodiments of nozzle bore arrangements inside spinneret 2. FIG. 6.1 shows a spinneret 2, wherein nozzle bores 33 are annularly arranged in one line of bores 34. In the line of bores 34, the nozzle bores 33 are each arranged in the spinneret equally spaced from one another. The closed line of bores 34 encloses an inlet zone 35 formed in the center region of the spinneret.
FIG. 6.2 shows a further spinneret 2, wherein two lines of bores 34 and 36 are annularly arranged in the spinneret. The nozzle bores 33 of the two lines of bores 34 and 36 are offset from each other such that the nozzle bores of the inner line of bores 36 are each located between two adjacent nozzle bores of the outer line of bores 34. In their arrangements of the nozzle bores, the spinneret of FIG. 6.1 and the spinneret of FIG. 6.2 are laid out for the flow profile in the cooling tube shown in FIG. 2. The layout is based on a circular cross section of the cooling tube 8 of FIG. 1. With that, the flow profile results likewise in a circular arrangement of the nozzle bores. With the use of a cooling tube with an oval cross section or a square cross section, other flow profiles would be bound to result, which would lead to a changed arrangement of the nozzle bores inside the spinneret.
In the production of a polyester yarn with a denier of 2.4 dtex, the spinning apparatus of FIG. 1 was used. In this process, a spinneret with an areal arrangement of the nozzle bores and a spinneret of the type of FIG. 1 were used for comparison. In all, both spinnerets had 55 nozzle bores. The nozzle bores were arranged within a pitch circle of 60 mm. In its narrowest cross section, the cooling tube had a smallest diameter of 16 mm. The spacing between the spinneret and the cooling tube amounted to 260 mm. The cooling tube connected to the inlet cylinder via an inlet cone of 75 mm length. The take-up speed was 6,000 m/min. In the direct comparison, it was found that the spinneret with an areal distribution of the nozzle bores resulted in a yarn that exhibited a very high amount of lint. The yarn had a boiling shrinkage of 9.6% and an elongation of 62%. In the method of the present invention with an annular arrangement of the nozzle bores, a yarn was produced that showed no lint formation. The boiling shrinkage was 3.1% and elongation 56%. With that, the special advantage of the method and the apparatus of the present invention lies in that it is possible to produce a qualitatively superior yarn with a high spinning reliability.
The invention is not limited to a certain configuration of the inlet cylinder and the cooling tube. The round shapes shown in the embodiment are exemplary and may be easily replaced with oval shapes or, in the case of rectangular spinnerets, even with angular shapes of the inlet cylinder and cooling tube. The spinneret is correspondingly variable in its shape.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 27, 1983
|Jul 16, 1985
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company
|Apparatus for quenching melt-spun filaments
|Apr 30, 1986
|Aug 18, 1987
|E. I. Du Pont De Neumours And Company
|Low crystallinity polyester yarn produced at ultra high spinning speeds
|Feb 27, 1987
|Dec 15, 1987
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Apparatus for quenching melt sprun filaments
|Aug 29, 1986
|May 10, 1988
|Barmag Ag
|Melt spinning apparatus
|Apr 30, 1986
|Jul 23, 1991
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Melt spinning process for polymeric filaments
|Dec 18, 1991
|Jun 15, 1993
|Dr. Karl Thomae Gmbh
|Substituted thiazoles and oxazoles and pharmaceutical compositions and methods thereof
|Mar 4, 1994
|Jan 14, 1997
|Akzo Nobel Nv
|Apparatus for melt spinning multifilament yarns
|Sep 28, 1995
|Dec 23, 1997
|Barmag Ag
|Apparatus and method for the thermal treatment of fibers
|Jan 17, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Ronald Mears
|Melt spinning process to produce filaments
|Title not available
|Sep 8, 1975
|May 6, 1976
|Schwarza Chemiefaser
|Verfahren zur sicheren erspinnung von polyfilen faeden mit relativ hoher festigkeit und geeignete spinnduesen
|Sep 21, 1995
|Apr 4, 1996
|Barmag Barmer Maschf
|Cooling tube for synthetic yarn mfr. adapts simply to different tasks
|May 19, 1993
|Feb 2, 1994
|Barmag Ag
|Device for spinning synthetic yarns
|Feb 28, 1994
|Sep 7, 1994
|Akzo Nobel N.V.
|Device for the melt-spinning of multifilament yarns and its use
|Dec 2, 1994
|Jun 8, 1995
|Rieter Automatik Gmbh
|Melt spinning process to produce filaments
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 8, 2008
|Jan 19, 2010
|Holon Seiko Co., Ltd.
|Plastic pellet forming apparatus
|Sep 23, 2011
|Jan 20, 2015
|Drexel University
|Integratable assisted cooling system for precision extrusion deposition in the fabrication of 3D scaffolds
|U.S. Classification
|264/40.3, 425/464, 425/377, 425/72.2, 264/101, 425/379.1, 425/378.2, 425/135, 425/382.2, 264/103, 425/143, 264/211.14, 264/211.12, 264/237
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 13, 2001
Owner name: BARMAG AG, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NITSCHKE, ROLAND;MEISE, HANSJORG;HUTTER, HANS-GERHARD;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011978/0114
Effective date: 20010619
|Sep 23, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 23, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 10, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 3, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 26, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110603


text:
Climate change impact assessment of extreme precipitation on urban flash floods – case study, Aarhus, Denmark
- Authors:
- Abstract:
- Climate change is expected to cause more intense extreme rainfall events, which will have a severe impact on the risk of flash floods in urban areas. An assessment study was performed for the city of Aarhus, Denmark, analysing different methods of statistical downscaling of climate model projections for estimation of changes in extreme rainfall characteristics. Climate model projections from 20 regional climate models (RCM) from the ENSEMBLES data archive were used in the analysis. Two different estimation methods were applied, using, respectively, a direct estimation of the changes in the extreme value statistics of the RCM data, and application of a stochastic weather generator fitted to the changes in rainfall characteristics from the RCM data. The results show a large variability in the projected changes in extreme precipitation between the different RCMs and the two estimation methods considered. Urban flooding in Aarhus was simulated with a model that dynamically couples a hydraulic model of the drainage system and a 2D overland flow model. Scenarios representing current and future climate including uncertainties in the climate projections were analysed using synthetic design storms derived from the estimated intensity-duration-frequency curves.
- Type:
- Conference abstract
- Language:
- English
- Main Research Area:
- Science/technology
- Review type:
- Peer Review
- Conference:
- EGU Topical Meeting: Floods and climate, 2013
- Submission year:
- 2013
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- 253256772


text:
New Avenue in Multi Channel Ecommerce
October 26, 2010 | Ecommerce | No Comments|
Have you heard of electronic point of sale or Epos software? It has become a vital part of multi channel e commerce. Web based retailers have come to understand the importance of EPoS and they are turning to multichannel EPoS. No matter whether your business is large or small you can take advantage of this e commerce solution. Here are a few reasons for you to opt for this software.
- Electronic point of sale software is very easy-to-implement. It can integrate different sales channels in a systematic order. This is the major reason for people to opt for EPoS.
- The modern EPoS software is also quite easy to operate. You can use this device with ease. In fact if you have any experience in operating electronic cash register, using EPoS will not be a difficult task for you.
- Another advantage of suing EPoS is that it comes with a wide range of functionality which include transaction recovery. You can also add different criteria to calculate discounted price of each product.
- EPoS offers accurate accounting saving your time and effort as well as your money because you don't need to hire someone who will be dedicated to calculation jobs.
- It also helps you to improve your business with faster sales processing.
- With sophisticated EPoS, marketing becomes an easier job. You can promote all the products online thorough various channels and you can also have various concurrent price lists of those products.
- EPoS helps you to get information on promotion, pricing and stock.
- Multiple EPoS is not only advantageous for you but also for your customers because they can easily switch between different channels with the help of this software.
- Your customers can also view their entire order history.
So you have understood why EPoS is an integral part of multi channel ecommerce. If you wish to survive the competition you should make use of it.
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text: Persistence of Penicillin G Benzathine in Pregnant Group B Streptococcus Carriers.WEEKS, JONATHAN W. MD; MYERS, STEVEN R. PhD; LASHER, LISA MD; GOLDSMITH, JANE PhD; WATKINS, CHRISTOPHER MD; GALL, STANLEY A. MDObstetrics & Gynecology: August 1997 Articles: PDF Only Abstract In Brief Objective: To determine if streptococcicidal levels of penicillin G benzathine can be detected in maternal serum 4 weeks after treatment with 4.8 million units. Methods: Thirty-seven pregnant women with positive group B streptococcus vaginal or urine cultures were each given 4.8 million units of penicillin G benzathine. Maternal blood samples were collected after injection and at delivery. Serum penicillin levels were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Follow-up cultures were done when possible. Results: None of the patients had serum penicillin levels below 0.20 [mu]g/mL 30 days after treatment. Cord blood levels were approximately 50% lower than maternal levels. In all but three subjects, cord blood levels exceeded 0.06 [mu]g/mL, the minimal inhibitory concentration for group B streptococcus. The three exceptions were patients who delivered more than 100 days after treatment. Group B streptococcus cultures were negative at the time of delivery in 72% of cases. None of the patients with positive cultures were moderately or heavily colonized. Conclusion: In pregnant women, penicillin G benzathine levels are high enough to inhibit the growth of group B streptococcus for more than 4 weeks after injection with 4.8 million units. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether this regimen can prevent neonatal colonization and invasive group B streptococcus disease. (C) 1997 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Streptococcicidal levels of penicillin G benzathine can be dected in the serum of pregnant patients 4-6 weeks after injection with 4.5 million units.


text:
X-Charge Credit Card Processing Software
Additional Images:
Credit Card Processing Software POS Software
The X-Charge Credit Card Processing Software has reached end of life.
X-Charge has been discontinued and will be replaced by OpenEdge EdgeLink - At this time we have no further information on EdgeLink.
X-Charge is a fast and secure way to run your credit cards. It works as a stand alone terminal or integrated into most Point of Sale software. Works with Proxis Store Manager Classic plus many other software packages.Features:
- Merchant account from Accelerated Payment Technologies
- No Set Up Fees
- 1.69% Discount Rate
- $.22 per transaction
- $5 Unlimited Tech Support/Customer Service
- $5 Statement Fee
- No Application Fee
- No Additional Fees
X-Charge authorizes and performs electronic draft capture for all major credit cards. MOTO (Mail Order Telephone Order) applications are supported via the built in AVS (Address Verification System) feature that aids in reducing fraudulent charges. The AVS feature also provides the merchant with lower processing fees since all mandated card data is transmitted to the processing network.
Software sale dependent on new merchant account through Accelerated Payment Technologies.
|Merchant Account Application
X-Charge Credit Card Processing Software Reviews
Customer Reviews
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Previously Available Models
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Sign up for exclusive POSGuys promos.
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text:
Welcome to the ineedhits Search Engine Marketing blog, where we share the latest search engine and online marketing news, releases, industry trends and great DIY tips and advice.
Following the rollout of Google+ pages for business, today I want to discuss how Google's new social extensions feature can give your AdWords campaigns a boost.
What Are Social Extensions?
Social extensions let you share your +1′s between your AdWords campaign and your Google+ page. This means all +1's on your Page are eligible to serve as annotations on your ads, and all +1's on your ads can serve as annotations on your Page.
Here's an example of how this works,
Let's say George, the owner of Happy Burgers, creates a Page for Happy Burgers. He also creates a Happy Burgers AdWords campaign, and creates a social extension by linking his Page to the campaign. His ad campaign contains ads for Happy Burgers. When 32 people +1 this ad, Happy Burgers' Page will receives 32 new +1′s. Alternatively, were George to connect his AdWords campaign to his Page after the Page already had 32 +1's, all of his ads could now have these +1's as social annotations.
How Will Social Extensions Impact My Campaign Performance?
Social extensions can help to boost the performance of your AdWords campaigns in a couple of ways. Firstly, having +1′s serve as annotations on your Ads is going to help them stand out visually from the competition. This may catch the eye of potential searchers and results in a higher click through rate.
Social extensions can also make your listing appear more trustworthy. If you ad displays a high number of +1′s compared to the competition, it may appear that other searchers have endorsed this listing as "the best".
How to Add Social Extensions to Your AdWords Campaigns
To add social extensions to your existing AdWords campaigns the first step is to create and verify your Google+ business page. If you're wondering how to get started, have a read over some of our previous posts to learn how to set-up and optimize your Google+ Page.
Once your page is created you will need to verify the page.
Now that your page is active and verified, to add your Google+ page to an existing campaign follow these steps,
1. Sign in to your AdWords account at https://adwords.google.com.
2. Click the Campaigns tab and then the campaign you want to edit.
3. Click the Ad extensions tab.
4. Select View > Social Extensions from the drop-down menu above the extensions table.
5. To add: Click New extension to add a new Page URL for this campaign.
6. To edit: Click the pencil icon to edit the existing Page URL for your campaign.
7. To delete: Check the box next to the extension and click Delete above the table
For more information on social extensions you can check out Google's blog post and also the help centre in Google AdWords.
[...] this article: Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost with Google Social Extensions … Comments [...]
By Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost with Google Social Extensions … « Best PPC Publishing - November 30, 2011
Social extensions works very well for the promotion. As being promotional, One should take note that using social media extensions will always keep him stand with time along with good result.
By search engine optimization - December 1, 2011
[...] the scope of the 3rd edition of (December, 2011 release) of Google AdWords for Du more… Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost with Google Social Extensions – Search Engine Marketing (bl… – blog.ineedhits.com 12/01/2011 SEOmoz (blog)Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost with Google [...]
By News about Google Adwords issue #342 - December 1, 2011
[...] Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost With Google Social Extensions — If you've been playing around with Google+ pages for businesses and trying to get more out of them, have a look at some of these features Matthew Elshaw covered in his iNeedHits piece. [...]
By The Best Small Business Marketing News & Blog Posts of the Week — December 2, 2011 – DIYSEO - December 2, 2011
[...] Give Your AdWords Listings a Boost with Google Social Extensions [...]
By Exact Match Keywords Coming to Google AdWords - May 3, 2012
Keep up to date with the latest from our blogs.
9 Essential Website Optimization Controls…from Bing
Our friends over at Bing recently posted about the 9 areas of your website which you should be able to ...


text:
OnBoard Scout delivers basic end-user reservation management to smartphones capable of standard web browsing. The smaller screens and light footprint of OnBoard Scout works well on mobile phones and devices such as RIM Blackberry.
OnBoard Scout brings AgilQuest's enterprise-class reservation system to Blackberrys and web-capable smartphones. This web app designed for smaller screens on employees' phones and eliminates the last remaining excuses for not checking in.
- Ease of use for your employees
- Increased user adoption for your hoteling program
- Greater check in accuracy for space planners
Easy to make reservations from anywhere
Now employees can find the closest available desk or meeting room with just a couple of taps on their phone. They don't need to stand in line at a kiosk or look for an empty desk to check in. Using their web-enabled smartphone, they can browse a list of the available resources to make a new reservation or browse their list of existing reservations to make changes.
Change of plans is easy to handle
When employees are in route to another location or stuck in traffic or a late train, OnBoard Scout lets them edit existing reservations and make new ones for a different location or better-suited time. They benefit from the additional flexibility and coverage of their phone and the organization benefits from the higher utilization of more accurate reservations.
OnBoard Scout is an optional interface for version 4 or later of the OnBoard workplace management system. Licensing, configuration and setup details are available from your account manager or sales person.


text: Apps & Tech SYFY WIRE for Amazon Alexa You can now catch up on the geeky goodness of the day, no web browser required. SYFY WIRE is now available on Amazon's Alexa — all you have to do is ask. Learn more Sharknado: ShARkmented Reality It's Shark huntin' time! In celebration of Sharknado 5: Global Swarming we've transformed Go Shark Yourself in the Sharknado: Sharkmented Reality app. Pick up your chainsaw and fight sharks in the real world in our augmented reality app! iPad / iPhone Android Learn more SYFY App Want to watch full episodes of SYFY shows - when you want? The SYFY App is the answer.The SYFY App allows you to watch full episodes for most of the SYFY line-up, including new episodes available the day after they air. After downloading and opening the SYFY App, all you need is an account with your cable or satellite provider and you've got access to full episodes, as well as a library of show clips, interviews, behind-the-scenes clips and more! iPad / iPhone Apple TV Android Windows Xbox Roku Fire Tablet Fire TV Learn more 3D Printing You may have heard the news, but SYFY Labs (our amazing new emerging technologies division) has partnered up with MakerBot, one of the industry's leading innovators in 3D printing. Learn more SYFY for Amazon Alexa What is Alexa? Well, if you have the Amazon Echo, Echo Dot, Amazon Tap or the Amazon Fire TV device, you know that Alexa is the brain behind those devices, the voice companion with the pleasant female tone that answers questions and responds to commands. Alexa is like a digital concierge to any of your internet queries. Learn more


text:
The housing loan interest is made up of the base interest and a personalised customer margin. Nordea also offers interested housing loan customers different options to cap interest cost.
You need to make payments each month in order to repay your loan. You can choose between an annuity payment schedule or a fixed principal payment schedule.
So with the annuity payment schedule you pay the same amount each month but you pay more interest in total over the whole loan period. With the fixed principal payment schedule on the other hand, you pay more each month at the beginning of the loan period and steadily less each month as time goes on. The total amount of interest that you pay for the whole loan period is smaller.
How can I reduce the part of the property price that I must pay myself?
How is the interest rate calculated?
The interest rate for a housing loan is made up of the base rate and an additional margin that is set individually for each customer.
Options to cap interest cost
Nordea recommends housing loan customers the following options to cap interest cost:
For example, when taking a loan in the sum of 30 000 euros, with a floating loan interest of 3.0% a year, loan period 360 months and agreement fee 300 euros, the preliminary annual percentage rate of charge is 3.08%. The loan security must be insured for the duration of the loan period, but the total amount of insurance costs depends on the insurance provider and terms and conditions of insurance the loan recipient chooses, and therefore is unknown to the loan provider. The loan recipient will pay the state fee and notary`s fee for establishing the security, and therefore, the loan provider is unaware of the final amount.
You can find additional information on annual percentage rates on the website of the Consumer Protection Board.
What is the main collateral and additional collateral?
Valuation and insurance of collateral
You can get a valuation of your collateral from the real estate agencies accepted by Nordea. You will also need to insure the property that provides the collateral for your loan throughout the whole of the loan period.
Nordea Bank accepts all property insurance companies registered in Estonia and licensed by the Financial Supervision Authority that are pledged in favour of Nordea as insurers of assets in Estonia . The list of companies is published on the website of the Financial Supervision Authority.
What do I need to apply for a loan?
Changing other terms and conditions of the loan contract (incl. changing margin) / Changing collateral
Extending the loan disbursement period
1% of the loan balance, min 200 €
200 €
30 €
1 The current loan must be repaid first and after that a new loan can be granted.
2 Not applicable to loans with a fixed base rate or loans with a limit on interest rate rises.
3 Starting from 21.03.2017 the service is no longer provided.


text:
To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
Welcome to Firefox Add-ons.
Choose from thousands of extra features and styles to make Firefox your own.Close
Debian-user 20120310
by Scott Ferguson
Uses Google SSL to search the last month of Debian-user mailing list posts. Time period for search results is easily modified in the Google search results page.
About this Add-on
This search bar plug-in will give you Google search results from the last month of posts.
It's simple to change the time period being searched - take a look on the left-hand side of the search results window (see the arrow in the above thumbnail on this page).
NOTE: these results will be of limited use for Debian based distributions like Ubuntu, and others - for information about those distributions consult their mailing lists and forums.
Version Information
Version 20120310
Changed linked icon to embedded icon.
Added warning if search terms are empty.
- Source code released under GNU General Public License, version 2.0
- What's this?


text: As far as my diary pages go, I've been quite content using the Personal Week On Two Pages Cotton Cream from Filofax. The weekly layout works well with my organizational needs, I like that the days are spread out evenly, and the paper quality is pretty good. Well, as far as Filofax paper goes, at least. But, I'm always on the lookout for something better. So, when I saw these diary inserts at a local stationery store, I was curious to try them out.


text:
Minimalist: Shaun wears secure-loop-design Bowers & Wilkins C5
earphones, £149; bowers-wilkins.co.uk.
Jacket, Joseph Abboud. Shirt, Paul Smith
The 10 best Lego vehicles
The true spirit of Christmas: the best 10 ales for the festive season
Holy Land pilgrimage: away to the manger
The best Christmas crackers of 2011, part 1
O come all ye tone-deaf – if only once a year
Snow threatens Christmas sales
Bethlehem: the divisions deepen
Think you know all about Downton Abbey?
Harry Hill's top alternative Christmas albums
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