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The hypothesis of an oxygen-limited thermal tolerance due to restrictions in cardiovascular performance at extreme temperatures was tested in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (North Sea). Heart rate, changes in arterial and venous blood flow, and venous oxygen tensions were determined during an acute temperature change to define pejus ("getting worse") temperatures that border the thermal optimum range. An exponential increase in heart rate occurred between 2 and 16°C (Q10 = 2.38 ± 0.35). Thermal sensitivity was reduced beyond 16°C when cardiac arrhythmia became visible. Flow-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of temperature-dependent blood flow revealed no exponential but a hyperbolic increase of blood flow with a moderate linear increase at temperatures >4°C. Therefore, temperature-dependent heart rate increments are not mirrored by similar increments in blood flow. Venous Po2 (PvO2), which reflects the quality of oxygen supply to the heart of cod (no coronary circulation present), followed an inverse U-shaped curve with highest PvO2 levels at 5.0 ± 0.2°C. Thermal limitation of circulatory performance in cod set in below 2°C and beyond 7°C, respectively, characterized by decreased PvO2. Further warming led to a sharp drop in PvO2 beyond 16.1 ± 1.2°C in accordance with the onset of cardiac arrhythmia and, likely, the critical temperature. In conclusion, progressive cooling or warming brings cod from a temperature range of optimum cardiac performance into a pejus range, when aerobic scope falls before critical temperatures are reached. These patterns might cause a shift in the geographical distribution of cod with global warming.
- in vivo magnetic resonance imagine
- venous oxygen partial pressure
- heart rate
- blood flow
recently, a northward shift of North Sea cod populations due to warming was suggested to be linked to the thermal physiology of the animals (31), with a species- and population-specific pattern of oxygen-limited thermal tolerance that has been elaborated as a general feature in animal organisms (29). Among marine invertebrates and fish, evidence for oxygen-limited thermal tolerance first arose from observations of low- and high-temperature thresholds termed critical temperatures (Tc), which are associated with the transition to anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism (for review, see Ref. 29). Second, and within the envelope of Tc, thermal limitation occurs early by the onset of a limitation in whole animal aerobic scope at low and high pejus temperatures (Tp; pejus means "getting worse"). Pejus values are set by limited capacities of oxygen supply mechanisms, first seen in crustaceans as the onset of a decrease in arterial Po2 (Ref. 16; for review, see Refs. 29, 32, 34). Accordingly, thermal limitation in fish was interpreted as being caused first by limited oxygen supply capacity and second by transition to anaerobic metabolism (e.g., 23, 40).
The processes of thermal adaptation cause an optimization of whole animal aerobic scope and capacity to a limited thermal window (30, 31). Such optimization may be linked to behavioral preferences. For instance, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the northwest Atlantic react very sensitively to ambient temperature and follow a migration highway between 2 and 3°C as shown by Rose (36). Identifying the thermal optimum and the mechanisms behind will thus provide important information about the degree of thermal specialization of a species and the width of its thermal window in relation to biogeographical distribution.
While the limitation of both circulatory and ventilatory performance capacities appeared responsible for the onset of thermal stress in crustaceans (16), ventilation was affected later than circulation in fish (23). In rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Heath and Hughes (20) found that heart rate (fH) decreased at temperatures >24°C, whereas ventilation remained virtually unchanged until death of the animals occurred. More recently, Sartoris et al. (37) suggested that oxygen uptake via ventilation did not decrease with acute warming in cod, G. morhua; therefore, limited cardiac rather than ventilatory performance might be more crucial in the thermal limitation of fish. Unlike the mammalian heart, the oxygen supplied to the heart of cod, like the majority of fish, is provided by venous blood rather than a coronary circulation. Therefore, this discrepancy might be due to insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium (11, 12). Accordingly, a drop in venous but not in arterial Po2 was observed in gill blood of resting cod during warming (37), reflecting progressive limitation of oxygen supply to the heart. This will likely affect the functional scope of the heart, e.g., during exercise. Farrell (12) concluded that in salmonid fish cardiac output during exercise reaches its maximum within an optimal temperature range. According to a recent model, an increase in temperature beyond such optimum would lead to increased oxygen demand by baseline metabolism, leaving less oxygen for cardiac scope. With cardiac circulation finally being deficient in oxygen, the heart becomes hypoxic and a reduction in functional capacity or scope results. Insufficient capacity of the circulatory system in fish would not only be the cause of unbalanced oxygen delivery and demand, but vice versa, i.e., circulatory organs may also be the first affected by limited aerobic scope, oxygen deficiency, anaerobiosis, and energetic failure at extreme temperatures (for review, see Ref. 30).
Consequently, we set out to analyze the range of thermal tolerance of Atlantic cod based on blood oxygen analyses and to apply the concept of oxygen-limited thermal tolerance and Tps to this species. We investigated whether and how temperature-dependent cardiovascular performance might contribute to thermal limitation by measuring fH, arterial and venous blood flow, and venous Po2 (PvO2) in the ductus Cuvier of cod, G. morhua, from the North Sea during acute temperature change. Thereby, it was possible for the first time to adequately characterize the window of thermal tolerance of this species as the window of aerobic performance in its natural environment.
Animals and experimental protocol.
Cod, G. morhua, of the southern North Sea (mean size, 48.3 ± 5.3 cm; mean mass, 847.2 ± 251.1 g) were caught by bottom trawling in the German Bight. Fish were kept in natural seawater (32‰ salinity) of 10 ± 1°C under a controlled photoperiod (12:12-h: light-dark) for at least 4 wk. Cod were fed a diet of frozen mussels, Mytilus edulis, twice per week. Feeding was terminated 1 wk before the start of experimentation.
Two experimental series were carried out. First, temperature-dependent fH was recorded in fish catheterized in the afferent branchial artery, paralleled by measurements of blood flow with magnetic resonance imaging. In a second set of experiments, temperature-induced changes in PvO2 in the ductus Cuvier were investigated using microoptodes (see Surgery and data collection procedures). After surgery the fish was placed in a Plexiglas flow-through chamber of ∼6-liter volume (length 63 cm; diameter 12 cm). For recovery the fish was oriented toward the incoming water with a constant flow of aerated seawater at 2–3 l/min and 10°C. Because MRI techniques applicable to marine animals like RARE and FLASH could not be used for these demersal fish without movement artefacts (4, 5), the fish was restrained by bails in a way that it was still able to move its tail and pectoral fins but large horizontal movements were prevented. This setup was also used for PvO2 measurements in the second experimental series. In both series, temperature was changed by 1°C/h. To monitor temperature, fluoroptic temperature sensors (Polytec) were installed in the tank reservoir as well as in the experimental chamber. Temperature was controlled to ±0.1°C by means of cryostats.
The cod were left inside the experimental setup at 10°C for at least 24 h to recover from handling stress (37). Data (fH, blood flow, and PvO2) were monitored immediately after surgery. After control measurements at 10°C (acclimation temperature), water temperature was decreased toward 1°C by 1°C/h. Afterward, the water was warmed to 10°C within 30 min, and the cod were left to recover overnight. Temperature was increased to 19°C by 1°C/h on the next day, when fH in all cod had returned to control values. In contrast to fH and blood flow analyses, measurements of PvO2 were performed in different individuals during either temperature decrease or increase. In some cases and over time the microoptode implant became unstable due to movements of the fish. Therefore, the experimental period was limited to 48 h in general. At the end of the experiments, animals were anesthetized by the addition of 0.08 g/l tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) to the system. The catheter or microoptode was gently removed (see Surgery and data collection procedures), and the fish were brought back into the aquarium. None of the fishes died, and all animals had resumed feeding by the next morning.
Surgery and data collection procedures.
For all surgeries, cod were anesthetized with 0.08 g/l MS-222 and weighed. Their body lengths were determined, and they were then transferred to an operating table. During surgery (∼30 min), gills were continuously perfused with aerated seawater (8–10°C) containing 0.04 g/l MS-222.
−1. Before the start of experimentation, daily calibration of the pressure transducer was performed against a static water column.
For PvO2 measurements an optode was implanted into the ductus Cuvier following a procedure modified from Farrell and Clutterham (13). Before insertion, the optode was calibrated in oxygen-free and air-saturated seawater, and the optode tip was soaked in a 100 IU/ml heparin solution. A dorsoventral incision was made in the left cleithrum to expose the ductus Cuvier. A PE-50 tubing (∼2 cm long) was placed right in front of the ductus Cuvier, secured with a skin suture, and fixed with cyanoacrylate glue. Afterward, a small incision was made into the vein. The optode was passed through the fixed PE-50 tubing and advanced ∼1 cm retrograde into the ductus. The optode was then fixed to the PE-50 tubing with glue, and sutures were used to secure the optode to the cleithrum and the fish skin in front of the dorsal fin. In this way, changes in the position of the optode could be prevented for extended periods despite spontaneous fish movements.
Measurements were performed following the principles described by Sartoris et al. (37) using fiber-optic microoptodes (Pre Sens, Germany) connected to a computer (sampling rate: 1 min−1). Temperature corrections as described by Sartoris et al. (37) were not necessary because extended Tx-type optodes with integrated temperature compensation were used instead of Microx I-type optodes.
Blood flow.
MRI for the determination of relative blood flow changes in different vessels was performed with a Snapshot FLASH sequence (18). Imaging parameters were as follows: matrix size, 128 × 128, resulting in an in-plane resolution of 470 μm; repetition time = 9 ms, echo time = 3.1 ms; 45°-60° hermite pulses; pulse length 2,000 μs; 1 slice, slice thickness 5 mm; field of view, 6 × 6 cm; distance of center −40 mm; number of averages, 32; 10 dummy scans; total acquisition time, 32 s. The need of signal averaging resulted in a temporal resolution of ∼30 s for blood flow analyses, yielding a mean value of flow during several heartbeats. Values might therefore underestimate peak blood flow, especially at pulses of higher fH. The analysis yields a relative parameter of flow in units of distance per time. Figure 1 presents a typical axial view of a flow-weighted magnetic resonance image from North Sea cod under control conditions. The faster Snapshot Flash method compared with classical flow-weighted Flash sequences in combination with the restriction of the bails (visible on the left side of Fig. 1) allowed the acquisition of magnetic resonance images without movement artefacts and sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The aorta dorsalis as well as the vena caudalis can be clearly identified as bright spots beneath the spinal cord of the fish. The black area under the vessels represents part of the swim bladder.
Data analysis.
fH was derived from the pulsatile changes in ventral aortic blood pressure and counted for each temperature and cod. Values of PvO2 recorded as percent air saturation were converted to PvO2 (Torr; 1 Torr = 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) using the following formula: PvO2 = (Patm − PH2O) × 0.2095 × (%air saturation/100), where Patm is atmospheric pressure (mmHg), PH2O is water vapor pressure (mmHg) dependent on temperature calculated after Dejours (9), and the fraction of oxygen in air is 0.2095.
Mean signal intensities were calculated by an operator-controlled, pixel-by-pixel analysis of various regions of interest (ROIs) for the determination of relative blood flow changes. ROIs were obtained from the aorta dorsalis, the vena caudalis, and from muscle tissue. Ratios of vessel ROIs over those selected in muscle tissue were generated to correct for possible effects on image contrast other than by flow (e.g., longitudinal and transversal relaxation time, temperature). Blood flow changes are given in arbitrary units.
Data are presented as means ± SD for each temperature. Statistical significance was tested at the P < 0.05 level using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (SigmaStat 2.0; SPSS). Discontinuities in slopes were calculated in Arrhenius plots after Yeager and Ultsch (42) followed by an F-test for slope comparisons. Regressions were calculated using SigmaPlot 8.0 (SPSS) and presented as means ± SE.
Acute temperature changes induced an immediate response of fH of cod resulting in an exponential rise with increasing temperature (Fig. 2A). A typical on-line recording of fH at various temperatures is shown in Fig. 3; fH decreased significantly during progressive cooling (1°C/h) from 36.6 ± 3.6 beats/min under control conditions (10°C) to a minimum value of 17.5 ± 3.2 beats/min at 2°C. In response to warming (1°C/h), fH rose to a maximum of 65.9 ± 4.1 beats/min at 19°C. At temperatures below 7°C and above 12°C, fH was significantly different from control values at 10°C. Over the total temperature range from 2 to 19°C, best curve fit for temperature-dependent fH yielded a polynomial quadratic regression. Arrhenius analysis revealed a discontinuity at ∼16°C (Fig. 2B). Accordingly, fH displayed a clear exponential rise with temperature between 2 and 16°C following a mean Q10 of 2.38 ± 0.35. When cod started to show cardiac failure indicated by arrhythmia at high temperatures (see Fig. 3B), the water was cooled immediately; therefore, the number of data points in the high-temperature range is not sufficient for the comparison of regression slopes. Nonetheless, linear regression analysis of Arrhenius plots indicates a change in slope from −6.96 in the lower temperature range (16.28°C to 1.7°C; P < 0.0001) to −2.50 in the high-temperature range (18.8°C to 16.6°C; P = 0.2123) (Fig. 2B). One cod already failed to show an increase in fH above 15°C; these values were not included in the analysis and are shown as open squares in Fig. 2.
Mean values of arterial and venous blood flow derived from flow-weighted MRI data obtained in cod close to the anterior end of the pectoral fin are shown in Fig. 4. An overproportional drop in blood flow was observed when temperature fell below 4°C, whereas no significant break point in flow was evident at temperatures beyond 4°C when blood flow increased moderately with temperature in both aorta dorsalis and vena caudalis. Best curve fit for both vessels yielded a hyperbolic regression reflecting a strong increase in blood flow in the lower and a moderate increase in the upper temperature range.
Changes in PvO2 with temperature are shown in Fig. 5 for individual cod, since control values at 10°C differed between individuals and ranged from 18 to 70 Torr with a mean PvO2 of 41.7 ± 17.8 Torr (35.8 ± 11.8 Torr, when data from one cod with unexpected high values were excluded). The high PvO2 levels in this cod remain unexplained, but in response to cooling all cod showed an inverse U-shaped curve of temperature-dependent PvO2 values with significant discontinuities in slopes at 4.7, 5.1, and 5.2°C, respectively (Fig. 5A). As a general pattern, decreasing temperature from 10°C by 1°C/h led to an increase in PvO2 with maximum values at a mean temperature of 5.0 ± 0.2°C. Further cooling caused a progressive decrease in PvO2.
When the temperature was increased from 10°C to ∼19°C, all investigated cod showed a decrease in PvO2 (Fig. 5B). An overproportional drop in PvO2 became visible at temperatures ∼16°C with some variability between individual cod. Significant discontinuities in slopes were found at 16.4, 17, and 14.7°C, respectively, resulting in a mean temperature at 16.0 ± 1.2°C. Above these temperatures the slope of the PvO2 decrement was significantly increased (see legend of Fig. 5 for regression analysis).
Figure 6 summarizes the observed changes in PvO2, using values normalized to percentage of controls. Temperature-dependent measurements of PvO2 revealed the highest values at 5.0 ± 0.2°C. Figure 6 contains assigned tolerance ranges and threshold temperatures using the definition and terminology used by Frederich and Pörtner (Ref. 16; see discussion). The optimum temperature range (To) was interpreted as being limited by pejus values at temperatures (Tp) when PvO2 values fell significantly below maximum values at 5°C. The lower Tp (I) was set to 1.6°C and the upper Tp (II) to 7.3°C, respectively. A Tc is indicated at 16.0 ± 1.2°C when PvO2 dropped more strongly during warming (only seen in Fig. 5B in each individual pattern of PvO2 development), in line with the onset of cardiac arrhythmia.
The aim of this study was to quantify the thermal tolerance window of G. morhua from the North Sea by investigating the relationships between thermal tolerance and oxygen delivery through the determination of temperature-dependent fH, arterial and venous blood flow, and PvO2 in the ductus Cuvier.
The use of the last gill arch for recording fH via the afferent branchial artery made catheter fixation easier than via use of the second or third gill arches. Strong ventilation especially at high temperatures did not affect the implant and thus the quality of recordings. Because electronic equipment is affected by strong magnetic fields, it was necessary to use a long catheter (∼2 m) between the center of the MRI system (location of the fish chamber) and the pressure transducer. Nevertheless, the reliability of the approach was supported by the quality of the recordings (Fig. 3).
In a recent study MRI could not be performed in unanesthetized pelagic fish because fish movements led to image artefacts with classical MRI techniques (5). Minimizing the range of movements by bails as well as the use of a faster MRI technique (Snapshot FLASH, Ref. 18) solved this problem and revealed flow-weighted magnetic resonance images in similarly good quality as obtained in immobilized crustacea (4) and in benthic (inactive) marine fish (5, 23). It can be assumed that each individual fish was undisturbed and in steady state with minimal influence by handling stress. The cod showed no fight-or-flight response after recovery from anesthesia. The measurement of blood flow by using flow-weighted MRI rather than traditional flow probes provided the main advantage of yielding arterial and venous blood flow simultaneously (see Ref. 4). The degree to which blood flow is underestimated by data averaging over time is considered minimal, because the development of temperature-dependent blood flow mirrors the pattern of venous oxygen levels and the effects of a higher oxygen consumption rate on venous oxygen levels at higher temperatures.
Low PvO2 values recorded after surgery increased to constantly high values during recovery, a pattern similar to the one recently described by Farrell and Clutterham (13). The slope of the PvO2 change during recovery is a good indicator of a favorable position of the optode in the ductus Cuvier. Overall, our findings support the suitability of the optode system as a tool for Pvo2 measurements in the circulatory and ventilatory system of aquatic animals (13, 16, 37). Using classical blood measuring systems, Davie and Farrell (8) reported PvO2 in resting fish near 30–40 Torr, which corresponds to the mean value resulting from our data. Moreover, PvO2 were very variable, but changes with temperature followed similar slopes despite different starting values.
The rather rapid and progressive temperature change used in this study does not represent a situation that cod would likely experience in its natural environment. However, the experimental protocol was chosen such that cod had no time to acclimate to different temperatures; therefore, an influence of acclimation phenomena that may involve adaptive shifts in thresholds of thermal tolerance can likely be excluded.
Cardiovascular performance.
Mean control fH was 36.6 ± 3.6 beats/min at 10°C and is in good agreement with those reported for Atlantic cod by Pettersson and Nilsson (27), Axelsson and Nilsson (1), and Webber et al. (41). Heart rates obtained at 2, 5, and 7°C of 17.5 ± 3.2, 22.7 ± 3.0, and 25.9 ± 3.6 beats/min, respectively, are similar to the 18 beats/min (2.5°C), 22 beats/min (5°C), and 27 beats/min (7.5°C) obtained in 5°C-acclimated Nova Scotia cod swimming at a low speed of 7 cm/s (7). Heartbeat frequency of cod responded quickly to changes in water temperature and displayed a more or less exponential change (Fig. 2). The Q10 (2–16°C) of 2.38 ± 0.35 fits well with the range of values between 1.3 and 3 found for routine fHs in other species (see Refs 10, 11).
However, cod could not enhance fH much beyond 16°C, and cardiac arrhythmia became visible (see Figs. 2B and 3), indicating dysfunction in cardiovascular performance at higher temperatures. Farrell (11) assumed a temperature-induced upper frequency limit for fH of ∼120 beats/min for most fish species, depending, however, on acclimation temperature. Temperature affects pacemaker discharge by decreasing the action potential duration during warming (19). Furthermore, warm (cold) acclimation increases (decreases) the temperature limit beyond which fH as well as pacemaker rate drop. During acute temperature increase (1.5°C/h), fH of 15°C-acclimated rainbow trout, S. gairdneri, reached a maximum of ∼110 beats/min between 22 and 24°C (20). Cold acclimation of goldfish, Carassius auratus, led to a drop in maximum fH of isolated hearts. A maximum of 38 beats/min at 16.3°C in hearts from lower acclimation temperatures (10°C) compares to a maximum of 51 beats/min at 24°C in isolated hearts of warm (25°C)-acclimated animals (39). With further warming, fH decreased, became irregular, and stopped.
In our experiments with cod acclimated to 10°C, the maximum of fH in vivo seemed to be reached at 65.6 ± 3.89 beats/min for temperatures >16°C. This finding is in line with observations by Rinne et al. (35), who reported that temperature-dependent fH of Norwegian cod G. morhua never exceeded 70 beats/min. To minimize thermal stress, we did not increase temperature above ∼19°C and immediately reduced temperature when cardiac arrhythmia became visible. Therefore, a potential decrease in fH at even higher temperatures likely occurs outside the range of experimental temperatures of the present study. Only one cod displayed a decrease in fH beyond 16°C (see open squares in Fig. 2), emphasizing that a high tolerance limit is reached in cod at ≥16°C with some variability between individuals. The observed variability between individual cod might be due to variable levels of temperature stress according to aerobic fitness and the potential use of the stress response. In most fish, epinephrine is the predominant catecholamine affecting contractility of the heart (14), and it was shown that the level of epinephrine increases under conditions of stress (24, 25). Such variable adrenergic stimulation of the fish heart might have contributed to the observed variability in thermal limits.
According to our present results, an upper limit to pacemaker discharge and fH in vivo may also be set by the level of oxygen supply that decreases upon warming (see Figs. 5 and 6 and discussion below). This hypothesis is in line with observations reported by Sartoris et al. (37) who defined a Tc close to 16°C when North Sea cod showed a sudden drop in intracellular pH and energetic collapse in white muscle. At the Tc, aerobic scope becomes nil and anaerobic metabolism sets in (cf. Ref. 30). In our previous study, the fish died within 1 h despite immediate cooling. In our present study, cooling on the onset of cardiac arrhythmia rescued the fish, which indicates that onset of dysfunction in cardiac performance is an early marker for the upper Tc in fish.
The hyperbolic pattern in blood flow of aorta dorsalis and vena caudalis with increasing temperature (Fig. 4) indicates that a temperature-induced increase in fH is not reflected by a similar factorial increment in relative blood flow. This is in line with Farrell's suggestion that cardiac contractility, which is an important determinant of arterial blood pressure in vivo, and stroke volume decrease with rising temperature (11, 12). In line with our findings, Heath and Hughes (20) found only a slight increase in blood pressure with temperature in rainbow trout, S. gairdneri. Similarly, no temperature-dependent change in blood pressure was observed in turtle, Trachemys scripta (17). These patterns might explain the mismatch between elevated fH and blood flow at higher temperatures. Enhanced arterial and venous vasodilatation at higher temperatures could also explain the limited increment in blood flow (measured as relative distance per unit time) such that a somewhat stronger increase in volume flow is conceivable. Vessel diameters were around 1.5–2.0 mm, depending on fish size and the position of the imaging slice relative to the fish; therefore, an in-plane resolution of 470 μm/pixel will not resolve volume changes <20%. However, changes in the diameter of blood vessels were not visible in the MR images, and therefore volume changes were most likely <20% if they occurred.
The measurements of PvO2 in the ductus Cuvier at different temperatures support the conclusion that a mismatch between organismic oxygen demand and oxygen supply by the cardiovascular system sets in during both warming and cooling (Fig. 5). Highest PvO2 values in cod were obtained at 5.0 ± 0.2°C, indicating an optimum temperature for energy-efficient blood oxygen transport in cod. Below 2°C and above 7°C, PvO2 fell significantly below maximum PvO2. A rising difference between arterial Po2 and PvO2 during warming was also observed by Heath and Hughes (20) in rainbow trout and by Sartoris et al. (37) in cod. Below 5°C, the lower PvO2 values likely resulted from a larger effect of cooling on circulatory oxygen supply than on oxygen demand. This conclusion is supported by the strong decrease in blood flow observed below 5°C. The reduction in flow caused the decrease in PvO2, which became significant below 2°C, defining the lower Tp.
Above 5°C the decrease in PvO2 may indicate that increased tissue oxygen consumption was not fully compensated for by increased oxygen supply through blood flow, leading to the upper Tp temperature above which PvO2 is significantly reduced, and finally the upper Tc was reached where arrhythmia set in and contributed to the overproportional drop in PvO2. PvO2 mirrors the level of oxygen remaining in the blood after oxygen diffusion to tissues is finalized. In the case of fish hearts without coronary circulation, this Po2 is in fact the "arterial" pressure head of oxygen diffusion to the cardiac tissue. Therefore, the statement that the pattern of PvO2 change is an indicator of a progressive mismatch between circulatory oxygen supply and elevated metabolic rate is valid for the heart of the fish itself.
All of these observations indicate a limitation in blood flow and associated oxygen transport as a mechanism contributing to oxygen-limited thermal tolerance in fish. A similar pattern was found in Antarctic eelpout, Pachycara brachycephalum, by Mark et al. (23) when temperature was increased by 1°C once every 12 h. They reported blood flow in the aorta dorsalis to rise steadily up to 6°C, when no further increase occurred. It was suggested that a Tp was reached close to 7°C in the Antarctic eelpout when blood flow became limiting likely due to insufficient cardiovascular performance. A limiting role of blood flow in thermal tolerance is emphasized by observations of Blank et al. (3) who demonstrated that the function of isolated tuna hearts could be retained at 30°C only if input pressure was elevated to produce maximal flow conditions before warming, whereas arrhythmia or failure of the heart occurred under standard conditions of ambient input pressure.
PvO2 optima may shift on thermal acclimation. Webber et al. (41) reported a smaller difference between arterial and venous oxygen contents in cod collected on the Scotian shelf and acclimated at 5°C compared with animals acclimated to 10°C. This pattern was explained by the observed lower Q10 value for cardiac output than for oxygen consumption. As cod from the North Sea are genetically distinct from the Scotian shelf cod used by Pogson et al. (28) and Webber et al. (41), further investigations within and comparisons between populations appear warranted.
In the first study that elaborated the relationships between temperature-dependent critical and pejus thresholds in an animal organism, Tps were identified on both sides of a wide plateau of high arterial Po2 in the spider crab Maja squinado (16). The respective threshold values were in fact those found to delineate the geographical distribution range of these animals. Such a clear analysis may not yet be possible for cod. Arterial Po2 does not display a temperature-limited plateau in cod, likely due to the nonlimited capacity of ventilation within the thermal tolerance range (cf. Ref. 37). Our present observations in venous blood indicate a lower Tp at 1.6°C (Tp I) and an upper Tp (Tp II) at 7.3°C. This would be lower than our previous estimate (37) of an upper Tp close to 16°C, just below the Tc. Considering the pattern of whole organism oxygen demand (15), the development of venous Po2 and blood flow in North Sea cod indicates, however, that the decrement in aerobic scope starts early on beyond 7°C but may be much shallower in North Sea cod than seen in Antarctic eelpout by Mark et al. (23) such that the range of thermal tolerance may be widened and the pejus range may not become limiting until closer to 16°C (37). Thus the loss in aerobic scope in the pejus range may occur more slowly in eurythermal cod with moderate effects on functional scope and flexibility.
A sharp drop in PvO2 was only reached at ∼16°C, with some variability between individual cod as shown in Fig. 5. This may be a fatal drop as expected at the Tc when energetic deficiency sets in (37). The mean value of Tc at 16.0 ± 1.2°C found here is in good agreement with previous data by Sartoris et al. (37). The Tc might reflect onset of insufficient oxygen supply to the heart as oxygen tension in the ductus Cuvier decreased to 25.4 ± 8.9 Torr. This low pressure head may elicit the observed dysfunction in heart performance at higher temperatures. This threshold value is higher than the limit of 8–10 Torr suggested by Steffensen and Farrell (38) and Sartoris et al. (37) and might be explained by the location of the optode in the ductus Cuvier, which lacks venous blood from the sinus venosus of the liver.
Sartoris et al. (37) found arterial Po2 largely constant during warming, and thus arterial oxygen uptake (i.e., ventilation) did not become limiting in cod within the range of thermal tolerance. Our present findings indicate that circulatory rather than ventilatory performance sets the limit of thermal tolerance in cod in line with conclusions by Mark et al. (23) for Antarctic eelpout. This contrasts the situation in crustaceans (16) where breakpoints in ventilation, fH, and arterial hemolymph Po2 coincided in the spider crab M. squinado. In cod, myocardial oxygen supply is provided by venous blood. A warming-induced right shift in O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve would favor oxygen supply to the myocardium (13); however, less oxygen may remain for the myocardium due to rising oxygen uptake by other tissues. The conclusion emerging from the present data that the upper lethal temperature in cod is set by dysfunction in cardiocirculation due to insufficient oxygen supply matches the respective conclusions for exercising fish by Farrell (12). Maximal exercise in fish acclimated at temperatures above the thermal optimum led to a decrease in PvO2 below the venous oxygen threshold required to support maximum cardiac performance. Therefore, the heart became hypoxic and lost scope when temperature approached the upper limit (12). These considerations are in line with the progressive temperature-dependent loss in whole organism aerobic scope suggested by the present study.
Ecological implications.
The present findings indicate that oxygen supply to tissues is optimal with probably lowest energetic costs in a relatively narrow temperature range of ∼5°C in North Sea cod acclimated to 10°C.
In situ observations of the natural thermal range of cod and its thermal preference and limitation match the present finding of an optimum and likely most energy-efficient pattern of oxygen supply between 2 and 7°C for North Sea cod. North Sea surface temperatures vary between monthly averages of 7 to 16°C (22). During May to June, a seasonal thermocline can develop that deepens throughout the summer and breaks down by November. Bottom water temperatures remain between 6 and 8°C throughout summer (6). In the light of the present data, higher summer temperatures of surface waters are a likely reason for cod to spend much or most of their time on the sea floor and to revert to vertical migrations only during October and November. Furthermore, no cod are found in the southern North Sea during warm summers despite sufficient abundance of prey (R. Knust, unpublished observations). Although significant aerobic scope is still present at the acclimation temperature of 10°C, this temperature is already beyond the thermal optimum of adult North Sea cod. This might be the reason why cod avoid higher temperatures in their natural environment when their limited aerobic scope hampers the expression of full performance during active hunting for prey.
Within the pejus range, survival is supported by full availability of aerobic scope. Aerobic performance, which is also essential for growth and reproduction, becomes progressively restricted at temperatures beyond the upper Tp (33). The shallow decrease in aerobic performance seen in cod is emphasized by the observation that optimal growth under ad libitum feeding in laboratory studies was observed at ∼10°C (15, 31). In the field where higher levels of aerobic exercise are required for collecting food, a limitation of population performance of cod may set in somewhat earlier, beyond 7°C. The progressive performance decrement during warming would continue slowly until close to the observed Tc at 16.0 ± 1.2°C when the drop in PvO2 becomes fatal. Such fatal limitation may then explain the high 88% mortality in Iceland cod when acclimated to 15.6°C (2) and the higher mortality for North Sea cod acclimated to 15°C compared with lower acclimation temperatures (15).
During acute temperature change, oxygen supply through cardiovascular performance of resting 1-kg cod North Sea cod, G. morhua, acclimated to 10°C appears optimal at temperatures ∼5°C, indicated by maximum values of PvO2 and moderate fHs. Below and above 5°C, PvO2 decreased, indicating onset of a progressive mismatch between oxygen delivery and demand due to insufficient upregulation of blood flow. Thermal limitation may, therefore, already set in at the transition from optimum to pejus range starting at temperatures below 2°C and beyond 7°C. At temperatures above 16°C, an enhanced drop in PvO2 was observed paralleled by the onset of cardiac arrhythmia toward higher temperatures, indicating the loss of aerobic scope at the Tc. These findings reveal a wide shallow pejus range between 7 and 16°C. The finding of a relatively early onset of reduced performance is in good agreement with the general knowledge of thermal preference and distribution of cod (21, 26, 36). These considerations support a recent hypothesis of why global warming causes a northward shift of the geographical distribution of G. morhua from the North Sea (31). Future analysis will have to address the genetic, molecular, and cellular basis for cardiovascular performance and its thermal optimization. Further study is also required to quantify the consequences of a thermal optimum of oxygen supply for the various processes of organismic and population performance depending on whole animal aerobic scope in the field.
This study is a contribution to the ELOISE project "Effects of climate induced temperature change on marine coastal fishes (CLICOFI)," funded by the European Union program "Climate and Environment," contract no. ENV4-CT97–0596.
We thank R. M. Wittig for technical support as well as F. Melzner for assistance during some of the surgeries.
We declare that experiments performed during this study comply with current legislation.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 the American Physiological Society


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Yamaha FZ-09 fuel tank stickers Yamaha FZ-09 fuel tank… boston
- Publish Date: 10-28-16
- Price: $12.00
We are selling Yamaha FZ 09 stickers. You can purchase your order by visiting our site: http://fz09sticker.com/en/ or visiting our page here: https://www.facebook.com/FZ09sticker/ . The stickers were custom made in order to fit the Yamaha FZ-09 and that's…Read more


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Images within the final submitted .pdfAsked by turnerk on August 24, 2015 at 04:35 AM
When the form is submitted by a stakeholder, I am seeking ALL uploaded documents to be visible within the FINAL .pdf document.
Currently, there are two different outcomes:
1. when a .pdf is attached, there is only a link to the document;
2. when a .jpg is attached, the image uploads into the .pdf document and that is the outcome I am seeking.
Can anyone assist me?


text:
Winless no more: Schneider, Devils silence RangersOct 20, 2013 - 4:38 AM
Andrei Loktionov and Adam Henrique each scored in the first period, with Michael Ryder and Dainius Zubrus lighting the lamp in the second to help the Devils end their franchise-worst seven-game losing streak to begin the 2013-14 campaign.
"I think the effort's been there a lot of nights, but obviously the result hasn't been there," said Henrique afterward. "Tonight the guys played a full 60 minutes even when we were ahead. I thought everybody played great."
Cory Schneider, making his initial home start in a New Jersey sweater, needed to make just 22 saves to record his first shutout with his new team.
Schneider outshined counterpart Henrik Lundqvist, who stopped only 15-of-19 shots as the Rangers fell to 2-5-0 on their season-opening nine-game road trip.
The Devils entered the matchup having mustered just six goals over their four most recent defeats, but scored twice on their first six shots against a shaky Lundqvist even with key forwards Damien Brunner and Patrik Elias out of the lineup.
Just over seven minutes in, Anton Volchenkov kept the puck from leaving the Rangers zone and sent a long drive that Lundqvist turned away, but Loktionov swooped in to knock home the rebound to send New Jersey ahead.
"I just think we took them right out of the game," Schneider remarked. "We took some of their emotion away and really frustrated them."
Schneider made a tough save in close on Benoit Pouliot later in the period, and Henrique got loose down the left side shortly afterward before blasting the puck by Lundqvist for a 2-0 lead.
"I just need to come up with more saves and give the team a little more confidence," said a dejected Lundqvist. "It's tough to get the game going as a team when you fall behind like that."
A Rangers penalty early in the second period enabled their rival to increase the margin. The Devils worked the puck on the resulting power play to Ryder, who rocketed a low shot through Lundqvist's pads at the six-minute mark of the session.
Zubrus made it a 4-0 game by backhanding in the carom of Bryce Salvador's initial attempt 5:28 prior to the second intermission.
The Rangers did control the action for much of the final frame. However, Schneider withstood all 10 shots he faced in the third period to polish off his 10th career shutout, the first nine of which came with Vancouver.
Game Notes
Elias did not play due to a case of the flu, while Brunner was held out with an undisclosed injury ... The Rangers played without captain Ryan Callahan, who fractured his thumb during Wednesday's 2-0 triumph over Washington, as well as defenseman Michael Del Zotto (illness) ... Salvador briefly left the contest late in the first period after being checked hard into the boards by Pouliot, but returned for the second ... The Devils' longest winless stretch to begin a season in franchise history remains nine games, when the Kansas City Scouts opened their inaugural 1974-75 campaign with eight losses and a tie.
Oct 19 9:33 PM
End of 2nd
Oct 19 8:40 PM
- New Jersey Goal - Dainius Zubrus (2), from Bryce Salvador and Marek Zidlicky at 14:32.
Rangers 0, Devils 4 2nd - 5:28Oct 19 8:28 PM
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Rangers 0, Devils 4 2nd - 5:28Oct 19 8:28 PM
- New Jersey Power-Play Goal - Michael Ryder (3), from Jaromir Jagr and Marek Zidlicky at 6:00.
Rangers 0, Devils 3 2nd - 14:00Oct 19 8:12 PM
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Rangers 0, Devils 3 2nd - 14:00Oct 19 8:12 PM
End of 1st
Oct 19 7:43 PM
- Andy Greene snap shot on Henrik Lundqvist.
Rangers 0, Devils 2 1st - 6:58Oct 19 7:30 PM
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Rangers 0, Devils 2 1st - 6:58Oct 19 7:30 PM
- Adam Henrique slap shot on Henrik Lundqvist.
Rangers 0, Devils 1 1st - 7:23Oct 19 7:27 PM
- New Jersey Goal - Adam Henrique (2), at 12:37.
Rangers 0, Devils 2 1st - 7:23Oct 19 7:27 PM
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Rangers 0, Devils 1 1st - 7:23Oct 19 7:27 PM
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Rangers 0, Devils 2 1st - 7:23Oct 19 7:27 PM
- New Jersey Goal - Andrei Loktionov, at 7:22.
Rangers 0, Devils 1 1st - 12:38Oct 19 7:19 PM
1st Period - 20:00
Oct 19 7:08 PM
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Rangers vs. DevilsOct 19 3:34 PM
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Rangers vs. DevilsSep 25 8:46 AM
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Rangers vs. DevilsJul 20 8:45 AM
Related News
- Rangers sign Stephen Gionta to 1-year deal Aug 8
- NHL Note - New York Rangers Zibanejad, Mika Jul 25
- US beats Czechs at worlds to set up semifinal with May 19
- Major League Baseball suspends Rangers' Odor for 8 games and Andrus for 1 game, and Blue Jays' Chavez and Gibbons for 3 each and Bautista, Leiper for 1 apiece for role in brawl May 17
- Capitals assistant Reirden a 'future head coach' in the NHL May 13
- New York Rangers sign KHL forward Pavel Bucknevich May 13
- Devils' Patrik Elias, Cory Schneider both undergo surgery May 12
- Canada pounds US 5-1 in world championship opener May 6
- Capitals are loose and confident and on brink of elimination May 6
- New York Rangers rookie Oscar Lindberg has hip surgery May 6
- World championship offers audition for World Cup, draft May 5
- Rangers agree to deal with backup goalie Antti Raanta May 2


text:
I'd like to get an opinion from a variety of women on how I look, because I've been told I'm both cute/handsome and ugly, so I wanna know once and for all. The first link is a pic of my face, the second is a link of me with my shirt off (if you happen to care to critique that too, but it's not mandatory). If you choose to look at both, then please rate my appearance based on both factors. 1 to 10 scale. Ladies only, no guys.
And I'll ask a poll too. Assuming that I had a nice attitude/personality and acted like a gentleman, would you be receptive to flirting or asking you out?
- I'd give you a shotVote A
- I'd passVote B
Most Helpful Girl
You're one of those guys who will clearly get a variety of answers on this. Some will think you're handsome, some will maybe even tell you you're not.
Personally, I think you're attractive. Not because you're one of those super handsome guys, but there's something to you that is appealing and makes you quite handsome anyways.11|00|0


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text:
Everybody adores a spotless house, well practically everybody. In any case it is a significant test to keep up a perfect house lasting through the year to a standard where each law breaker and corner in the house is cleaned spotlessly. There is probably a spotless house guarantees a germ free environment and one approach to accomplish this is, to either do it without anyone's help or contract in expert house cleaning services to do it for you.
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Making a decent impression:
Most property holders will know that guests or family companions who go to your home will more often than not have a sentiment about yourself in view of how well you keep your home. The vast majority are that way slanted lamentably continually passing judgment on others either transparently or subtly. As is commonly said initial introductions are enduring, so it is essential to make a decent early introduction by displaying your home in a spotless and clean design.
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House Cleaning in Worcester spotlessly is not for the faint hearted, it requires diligent work and devotion. Property holders who have given the huge spring clean a go in the past will be the first to concur. It's an occupation that isn't possible into equal parts measures and requires an expert methodology.


text: Let's look more little more to our operations. From our last earnings call, you may remember that in late February, we began to see a decline in production output, and made a financial decision to take the plan out of service to implement some unscheduled maintenance work. This work was successful and we continue to make up a loss production, we think we'll make it up before the year is over.But with that work behind us, we're seeing a much improved runtimes for our facilities from the first quarter into the second quarter. During the second quarter the gasifier was on-stream 99% of the time, ammonia synthesis loop which own 98% and the urea ammonium nitrate plant was on-stream 97% of the time. In 2012, second quarter we produced 108,900 tons of ammonia of this amount, we converted 74,000 tons into 180,000 tons of UAN leaving a balance of 34,900 net tons of ammonia available for sale for the second quarter. This compared to the second quarter of 2011, when we produced 102,300 tons of ammonia of which 74,100 tons were converted into a 179,400 tons UAN, that left us a balance for last year in the second quarter of 28,200 net tons available for ammonia sales. During this year, second quarter, we were a net receiver of hydrogen under our feedstock and shared services agreement with CVR entities adjacent refinery. As such we did not report hydrogen revenue sales in this quarter and this is compared to 2011 second quarter, when we elected to sell $6.1 million of hydrogen to the refinery under our keep-whole pricing arrangement. The amount of hydrogen sold during that period remember we're again referring the second quarter of last year was equivalent to producing 9,400 tons of ammonia. Read the rest of this transcript for free on seekingalpha.com


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This blog provides a site for advocates of culturally diverse gifted learners to share concerns, resources and connect w/ each other. I'll try to keep you updated with national programs, research, resources that will empower you to become better advocates as we gain equity and excellence in gifted education for all children and youth in EVERY school district and community in America!
Saturday, July 2, 2016
Why We MUST Refer: Increasing Equity in Gifted Education through Teacher Referral
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text:
Entry requirements
2:1 in politics, history, international relations or similar disciplines.
International Relations; International Relations (Research).
Months of entry
Course content
The MSc International Relations (Research) is designed as a preparation for research work and includes methodology courses. The MSc International Relations is an advanced, academic study of the subject. It is suitable if you plan to progress to a career that might have an international focus. Those intending to apply for ESRC funding should note that only the Research programme is eligible. It will not normally be possible to transfer from one programme to the other on arrival.Compulsory courses
Non-research track:
- International Politics provides an historical and theoretical analysis of core concepts in international relations, of the normative and analytic issues involved, and of their relationship to the social sciences in general.
- Dissertation.
Information for international students
Fees and funding
ESRC (Research strand); LSE Graduate Support Scheme.
Qualification and course duration
|What kind of work will I be doing? (proportionally)
|Written/ formal examinations
|25 (10000 words)
Course contact details
- Name
- Student Recruitment Office
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Phone
- +44 (0) 20 7955 6613


text:
- English
- français
Real values of the W-function
Approximations for real values of W(x), where W is defined by solutions of W exp(W) = x, are presented. All of the approximations have maximum absolute (|W|>1) or relative (|W|<1) errors of O(10−4). With these approximations an efficient algorithm, consisting of a single iteration of a rapidly converging iteration scheme, gives estimates of W (x) accurate to at least 16 significant digits (15 digits if double precision is used). The Fortran code resulting from the algorithm is written to account for the different floating-point- number mantissa lengths on different computers, so that W (x) is computed to the floating-point precision available on the host machine.
- doi:10.1145/203082.203084
Keywords: Mathematics of computing ; Numerical Analysis ; Approximation ; Nonlinear approximation ; Roots of nonlinear equations ; Iterative methods ; Algorithms ; W-function ; Lambert function
Record created on 2005-12-09, modified on 2016-08-08


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A hurricane is most occured on the west coast and the tropical areas.
What is a Hurricane
A hurricane is a huge storm. It can be 600 miles across and have strong winds spirling inward and upward to speeds from 75-200 mph. A hurricane usally last about a week, moving 10-20 mph over the ocean.
How a Hurricane Forms?
When there is a hurricane, it gathers warm water from the ocean. So that means that some parts of a hurricane is water sense it gathering water from the ocean. The water temerature has to be at least 80*F. The temperature has to be the minimum is 79*F. Durring a hurricane there is usualy presipitaion (rain). There has to be a high pressure system (when its sunny and no clouds) in the area and also a warm air front (when warm air is pushing towards the area). There are 2 diffrent clouds in a Hurricane. There is a nimbostatus clouds which carries rain and the other cloud is a cumulonimbus cloud which is a much larger cloud. For the spin that a hurricane has it is used by a coriolis force which is a force that is pushing the hurricane one way and it stays that way.
Historical Events on Hurricanes
A little after a decade ago there was a sever hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. More than 6,000 people died and 69 people were injured. The costs of the repair was $20 millian.
Not to long ago there was a hurricane named Sandy. It started on October 22, 2012 and ended October 31, 2012. In only the US 117 people dies and 69 people were injured. The total cost damage was $65 billian.
How to Improve your House Safe
To keep your house safe from a hurricane, you can cahnge out your windows to a impact resistant glass and shutters. Always keep an emergancy kit when there is a hurricane comming. A way to keep water getting into your house is a gutter or a downspout. You could also put a sump pump (a pump to remove water) in your basement. A kid invented a sandbag to get water out of you house.
Lauber, Patricia. Hurricanes: Earth's Mightiest Storms. New York: Scholastic, 1996. Print.
Weather and Water Resources: Images, Data, and Readings. Nashua, NH: Published and Distributed by Delta Education, 2004. Print.


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Copper Cable Assemblies Are Alternative to Fiber Optic
The GORE SFP+ copper cable assemblies offer a more reliable, efficient, and economical alternative to fiber optic modules for transmitting 10 Gbps data at distances up to 25 meters. The assemblies comply with the SFF-8431 standard while providing reduced jitter, a very low latency, and a maximum signal eye opening. Additionally, they provide the highest performance with a lower dielectric constant, lower loss, tighter impedance control, and a wider bandwidth. Through the use of a proprietary expanded PTFE dielectric, the company achieves a smaller cable size for a given conductor or a larger conductor in a specific twinax diameter. These cables are completely RoHS-compliant, even with some exemptions that have been recently eliminated.
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text:
I usually don't like award shows 'nor do I care to watch them. I'm only looking forward to Beyonce performing and that's it. LOL
The #VMAs are on, anyone tuning in?
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 9
I'm a huge Maroon 5 fan so it would be cool to see them. But... football is on and I'm forbidden to change the channel. I jus can't disappoint football.22|00|0
heard that! hahah
i can't find my remote control... so sadly im watchin it11|00|0
Nope, not interested.00|00|0
no I did not watch vma show that is allwhat that so called award show is nothing but high class sluts and whores their music sucks and so does the vma and so does top 40 rap and hip hop all suck00|00|0
No I'm doing college homework.00|00|0
Lucky you :)
No, I have no interest in them.00|00|0
No it's always so horrible. I would only want to see maroon 500|00|0
Only fools would watch that garbage11|01|0
I wonder what kind of fool I am since I'm only tuning in for one performance lol
- Show AllShow Less
Anyone who watches the VMA's doesn't understand what real music is. smh
I agree LOL
That was my first time watching since I was younger
Geeeeezus anon cut me some slack here lol
What Girls Said 7
I didn't watch the VMA'S. I used to watch it. Now I find it annoying and non sense. Plus, they don't make real music.00|00|0
I tried and failed to see it online :(
Are you watching it online?00|00|0
No D:
Did you need a link?
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i tried that one before, doesn't work :( thank you though! i think i'll just have to see the individual performances when they get posted onlineee
Aww darn. Alrightttt :p
I didn't even realize it was on. Lol.00|00|0
I probably will watch to see if the performances are better than last years. I usually just watch the performances but if they start off bad or don't improve within the first 30 seconds then I change it to something else.00|00|0
same! lol
Haha IKR! Everyone just wants to be on the news & be talked about good or bad, damn popularity contest that's all it is but millions of us tune in. Others take it literal and up the butt though xD I'm not that crazy about who wins and stuff.
Not tuning in.00|00|0
I wish.00|00|0
I'm not because 1D didnt get nominated. :'(00|02|0
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Mehmet Atar, the Honorary Consul of the Republic of Vanuatu in Istanbul, Turkey has written to Ms. Astrid Boulekone, the General Manager of the Vanuatu Chamber of Commerce and Industries in Port Vila
seeking VCCI's assistance to improve trade relations between Vanuatu and Turkey.
In his letter dated December 17, 2016, HC Atar said he had been making his very best to promote "lovely Vanuatu" in Turkey for almost four years.
And big steps have been taken in the fields of education and tourism with these efforts. Similarly he has led some donations made in difficult times of Vanuatu in recent years.
"On the other hand I am still searching all the possibilities to establish trade relations between our countries- Vanuatu and Turkey," he said.
"You know, physical distance makes trade relations difficult with the Turkish company based in Turkey.
"At this stage, I am planning to create a link between Ni-Vanuatu exporter companies and Turkish Businessmen Associations around Vanuatu especially in Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Japan and China.
"In these countries there are many Turkish people living.
"For instance only in Australia roughly 100,000 Turkish people live."
The Honorary Consul of Vanuatu to Turkey requested the assistance of the VCCI General Manager for information on exporter members of the VCCI whom he could "lead to right Turkish Businessmen in those countries." Alternatively, he said the VCCI General Manager could share his vision with the ni-Vanuatu exporter companies.


text:
Bankers Petroleum Ltd. says that the Minister of Energy and Industry, AKBN, and Bankers have signed a formal agreement for the appointment of an international expert audit team to review Bankers' 2011 expenditures and assess whether they were certifiable petroleum costs according to the Petroleum Agreement and License Agreements.
The determination of the expert will be binding and the Albanian tax authority will recalculate Bankers tax obligations for 2011 based upon the expert's determination. The audit is expected to commence immediately and conclude within the second quarter.
Bankers Petroleum Ltd.
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text: \nWhere Will LeBron Go?\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\t\nIan\nTHOMSEN\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\nCleveland. All signs point to Miami, but I've been saying Cleveland all year long. \n\n \n\n\n\n\t\nJack\nMcCALLUM\n\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\n\nBecause if he stays in Cleveland, what will ESPN do for the other 55 minutes of the show? Run clips of the Cavs being swept by the Spurs in '07 or taken down by the Celtics this past season?\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\t\nLee\nJENKINS\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\nHe picks Chicago or Miami if he wants a championship. He picks New Jersey or Los Angeles if he wants a challenge. He picks Cleveland if he wants affection. And he picks New York if he wants fame and riches beyond any basketball player's imagination. Last week I would have bet he went to Chicago. This week I would have bet he stayed in Cleveland. But his most recent power play, carving out one hour of prime-time television to announce his decision, was pure Madison Avenue. Setting himself in Greenwich, Conn. -- home of New York's hedge-fund managers, whose estates are about as big as Madison Square Garden itself -- shows just how badly he wants to join their ranks. He already has the marketing company, the movie deal, the friendships with tycoons ranging from Warren Buffett to Jay-Z. He can now become one of them, as he's always wanted, and he might eventually win something too.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\t\nChris\nMANNIX\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\nDon't let Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh's "We'll let him do his thing" statements fool you: Miami is putting on the full-court press. And if LeBron spends an hour in primetime telling Cleveland why he is walking away he will be come an Art Modellian-type villain. But the signing of Carlos Boozer on Wednesday stacks the Bulls' roster with championship level players that with LeBron would make Chicago the front-runner to win the title next season. Factor in the large media market and from all vantage points it's a slam dunk.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\t\nFrank\nHUGHES\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\nAs much as it would be amusing at this point to see James sabotage himself -- sort of like Plaxico Burress -- I can't honestly see him going on national television to say that he just doesn't love his hometown any longer. I foresee a Tiger Woods-like presentation, with him thanking everybody from Mikhail Prokhorov to Donald Sterling's pool boy before saying he owed it to himself to see what was out there, but in the end he went straight Dorothy and there's no place like home. \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\t\nPaul\nFORRESTER\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\nDespite widespread reports that he is headed to Miami, count me among the dwindling few that believe James will look at the Taj Mahal of a training complex the Cavs have built minutes from his home, the spare-no-expense approach of owner Dan Gilbert, the Chris Paul-endorsed coach in Byron Scott and a team that won 127 games in the last two seasons with him. Players with visions of a legacy need their own team, like Jordan with the Bulls, Bird with the Celtics and Kobe with the Lakers. If LeBron wants that, he stays in Cleveland, not coattail on Dwyane Wade. \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n


text:
This webinar provides the learner the opportunity to improve their Professional Presence. Key elements covered are words we use, vocal variety and saying it with meaning. Our body language and messages relate to our Professional Presence. Learn how to reduce communication distractions including filler words and movement. Demonstrate congruent communication through visual, vocal and verbal channels.
Kevin Karschnik works for iSpeak as a keynote speaker, author, course developer and corporate trainer. Kevin educates and encourages audiences around the globe. iSpeak workshops empower leaders, business professionals and salespeople at Fortune 1000 companies to become highly effective communicators. Learn more at www.ispeak.com
Kevin Karschnik is coauthor of "Corporate Ovations: Your Roadmap to More Effective Presentations" with Russ Peterson Jr. You can purchase a copy at Amazon.com or www.CorporateOvations.com
ATD Competencies
Interpersonal Skills, Business Skills, Personal Skills, Training Delivery.


text:
A 2D Action/Platformer where you must save the Princess from the evil Warlock and his mechanical army by jumping and slashing your way to the top!
They came from Verminest
A ferocious insect army from planet Verminest is spreading through the space. Defend your planet and fight back them until you finally reach the nest of Queen Verminia.
In order to rate this game, you should own it before.
Posted on 14-03-2012 18:08:43
What a clever revising of classic-style games! The whole B-movie atmosphere is genius!


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Notice: This is an old thread. The last post was 2359 days ago. If your post is not directly related to this discussion please consider making a new thread.
Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: Elgin - Lincoln, Nebraska
- Join Date
- Jan 2011
- Posts
- 8
Elgin - Lincoln, Nebraska
My family is from Lincoln, Nebr. and I remember my mom telling me that she worked at the Elgin plant there. I don't know exactly what she did there, and she's gone now. I wish I'd asked more questions...I found a few mentions on the net of the Lincoln factory and even some photos from 1954 that show the Nebr. state governor at the plant.
I'd like to know if anyone knows what watch models, grades or seriel numbers were made at the Lincoln factory. Also, any way to locate employee records to verify when she worked there? It would be cool to try to locate a watch made while my mom worked there. And I was born in Lincoln in 1954, so a watch made there in that year would be another cool find.
Any ideas?? thanks
Re: Elgin - Lincoln, Nebraska (By: Steve Keeney)
You could try contacting Wayne Schlitt, the creator of the The Elgin Watch Collectors Site (scroll down to the bottom of the page for a contact link to the webmaster). I think that he was from Lincoln and did some research on the Elgin plant there.
Good luck,Kent
That guy down in Georgia
Re: Elgin - Lincoln, Nebraska (By: Kent)
I would definitely follow Kents suggestion as this website of Wayne's has much valuable information. Just for grins, I was born in 1954 (good year if I don't say so myself), but in Elgin, IL. I know I have found old copies of the "Watch Word" which was a Elgin Watch Co. inter-company publication at the Gail Borden public library in Elgin, IL. Maybe there is some Lincoln, NE Elgin watch factory information at the Lincoln, NE library? I did find a picture of my Uncle Jimmy in one of the magazines as he was on the basketball team. At best, he may have been a janitor at the Factory, as he was a hard worker but was not the brightest amongst his siblings, and I can say that as all of my relatives on my father's side are now deceased.
Anyway, good luck with your Hunt.
Brad Maisto, Indiana Chapter 18 President, Avon, IN
- Join Date
- Jan 2011
- Posts
- 8
Re: Elgin - Lincoln, Nebraska (By: Brad Maisto)
Thanks Kent and Brad for the info. I've been to Wayne's site many times lately as my interest in pocket watches, particularly Elgins, has been growing. That's where I found some photos of the Lincoln factory. I'll dig deeper and follow that link from Kent.
Brad, that's cool that you also have a family connection with Elgin...and yeah, 1954 was a great year. I've only acquired 1 pocket watch so far, its an Elgin 15 jewel from 1904, ...50 years old when I was born.
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My web hosting guy says me to buy a SSL to get more trust...
Is it must to get a SSL certificate for a website to make it get positioned better in search results and also to get more trust from visitors?????/
Jun 29, 2012 at 3:45 UTC
Thats cool....
Lemme ask my hosting guy to put a hold on to this.
4 Replies
Jun 29, 2012 at 3:39 UTC
No, I don't think SSL has any bearing on google ranking or trust unless you are operating some sort of online shop or your website has some sort of login and user system, in which case you always want to secure your shop and/or login and account pages with SSL to ensure your customers are secure.
Jun 29, 2012 at 3:45 UTC
Thats cool....
Lemme ask my hosting guy to put a hold on to this.
Jul 2, 2012 at 12:34 UTC
Brand Representative for SherWeb
I agree with Nick-C.
You need SSL only if you have an online shop, important data accessible from the site and a login page.
Jul 2, 2012 at 11:46 UTC
Thanks for the suggestions.. I have bought SSL for a particular part of my site which is a SubDomain with some login section in it.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Our store carries the great assortment of desks and office workstations for your home/office. In a variety of styles and finishes, our computer desks and writing tables will fit any working environment. If you're interested in office desks, we, at ModernManhattan.com, have wood and metal desks, computer tables and workstations from leading and trustworthy office furniture manufacturers.
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Scratch us and below the surface you'll discover a diverse and fascinating world of innovators and entrepreneurs all working together across a unique geographic footprint.
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Find out more on our LinkedIn page and discover what career opportunities await you there.


text:
CAERSWS manager Graham Evans has urged his players to end the season on a high with the visit of Flint Town United on Saturday (2.30) their next challenge.
Meanwhile Evans targeted Central Wales Cup success with a quarter-final at home to local rivals Llanidloes Town on Tuesday (7.30) representing a final chance for silverware.
Evans said: "We need to take our away form in to our final four home league games, starting with Flint on Saturday.
"The lads should be full of confidence after the Porthmadog win so am expecting a big performance."
The Bluebirds are beset by injuries and suspension with Jolyon Harries, Mark Griffiths, Scott Williams, Lance Jones, Jack Bermingham and Callum Hawthorne sidelined while Paul Grant and Will Thomas are suspended.
However captain Jack Hughes should return while Evans heaped praise on defenders Jake Parr and Graham Jones upon their return from an injury lay-offs.
Guilsfield welcome bottom of the table Conwy Borough to Clos Mytton with manager Danny Barton conceding a top four finish now out of reach after last week's defeat at Holywell Town.
"It all depends on our next few results but I think it may be beyond us now," said Barton. "Though we have plenty to play for and any finish lower than sixth will represent a failure in my opinion."
The Guils continue to sweat on the fitness of defender Robbie James and striker Louis Irvine but hope to welcome front runner Aeron Edwards back to the fold following a long lay-off.
A Guils victory would do Mid Wales rivals Llanfair United a huge favour with Rhys Stephens' side desperate for points to pull away from the relegation zone.
United travel to inform Ruthin Town on Saturday knowing victory would be priceless in their battle against the drop with the club facing eight cup finals between now and the end of April.
Penrhyncoch travel to Denbigh Town (tonight) with manager Gari Lewis backing his side to take another major step toward safety after a fine start to March.
"Denbigh are flying but we are on a run too and we are looking to get something from the game," said Lewis who welcomes back Owain James from suspenion..
See full story in the County Times


text:
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A concise compendium of these genes, so called because each of the hundreds of genes classified as homeobox genes contains a characteristic sequence, the homeobox, which encodes a highly conserved DNA-binding protein motif central to the control of the development of an increasing number of animal and plant species.
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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Specialist Tradesman
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Smallish garden shed to be demolished and removed from site. Potentially asbestos roof and...
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more detail to be supplied when I have seen the survey. this is work the purchasers of the...
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Top guy, very punctual and competitive quote. Worked to a very tight schedule. Employed for a second job- rendering outside walls. Couldn't be more helpful.
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Video: Car catches fire on busy Dublin roadway
The blaze occurred this evening on the N4 Dublin to Sligo road, near the Liffey Valley junction.
A car caught fire this evening on the busy N4 road in Dublin, near Junction 2 Liffey Valley.
DUB: Car on fire i/b on N4 @ J2 Liffey Valley, causing some delays- take extra care visibility may be affected https://t.co/hEUHP0c7lm— AA Roadwatch (@aaroadwatch) April 13, 2016
The incident was attended by gardai and emergency services, causing delays to motorists as the blaze roared.
DUB UPDATE: Gardai and emergency services are at the scene. All lanes except for the right lane are blocked https://t.co/EY0qAdZlYs— AA Roadwatch (@aaroadwatch) April 13, 2016
The on-fire vehicle was moved to the bus lane to allow traffic to pass but continued to burn alongside the evening traffic.
DUB UPDATE: Car on fire i/b on N4 at J2 Liffey Valley has been moved to the bus lane. Left & middle lanes reopened https://t.co/EY0qAegWQ0— AA Roadwatch (@aaroadwatch) April 13, 2016
Car abandoned and on fire on the #n4 now @rtenews @FM104 #dublin #traffic pic.twitter.com/JFXkGCXgoo— Ciara Hughes (@kiwihughes) April 13, 2016


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- Pharyngotomy
- Pharyngotomy Phar`yn*got"o*my, n. [Pharynx + Gr. ? to cut: cf. F. pharyngotomie.] (Surg.) (a) The operation of making an incision into the pharynx, to remove a tumor or anything that obstructs the passage. (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.


text:
- roofed
- adjective see roof I
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
roofed — [ ruft ] adjective with a roof: an old roofed bridge roofed with: huts roofed with palm leaves … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
roofed — [[t]ru͟ːft, ru͟ːvd[/t]] ADJ A roofed building or area is covered by a roof. ...a roofed corridor... Nowadays, only the two big houses remain roofed. ...a peasant hut roofed with branches … English dictionary
Roofed — Roof Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Roofed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Roofing}.] 1. To cover with a roof. [1913 Webster] I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison. [1913 Webster] 2. To inclose … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
-roofed — [[t] ru͟ːft, ru͟ːvd[/t]] COMB in ADJ: usu ADJ n roofed combines with adjectives and nouns to form adjectives that describe what kind of roof a building has. ...a huge flat roofed concrete and glass building. ...tile roofed farmhouses … English dictionary
roofed — adjective covered with a roof; having a roof as specified (often used in combination) roofed picnic areas a slate roofed house palmleaf roofed huts • Ant: ↑roofless • Usage Domain: ↑combining form … Useful english dictionary
roofed — Synonyms and related words: armored, cased, ceiled, cloaked, clouded, coated, coped, covered, covert, cowled, curtained, eclipsed, encapsulated, encapsuled, encased, enveloped, enwrapped, filmed, floored, hooded, housed, loricate, loricated,… … Moby Thesaurus
roofed — adjective Having a roof. Ant: unroofed … Wiktionary
roofed — adj. covered with a roof, having an overhead covering (about a building) ruËf n. exterior upper covering of a building v. cover with a roof, construct an overhead covering for a building … English contemporary dictionary
roofed stadium — dengtas stadionas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Įrenginys vienos arba kelių sporto šakų pratyboms ir varžyboms su uždaru, atveriamu arba pusiau atviru stogu (dengtos tik žiūrovų tribūnos, pvz., futbolo stadione).… … Sporto terminų žodynas
roofed parking — lot for parking cars that is covered by a roof or covering of some sort … English contemporary dictionary


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Sunday, November 28, 2010
well its winter!
Take it slow people the roads are crazy! At least up by me. The snow has piled up fast and I am hoping for a bit of a warming spell just to clear the driveway.
This Week at the Visual journaling group on Wed Dec 1st 5:30 pm we will be creating characters (dollies) from assorted parts bring along scissors, pens and glue stick.
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I support LEGAL immigration. Legal immigration is what this Country has been founded upon and I support those that come here legally and contribute as a Legal Citizens. Illegal immigration threatens our National Security, therefore our borders to the North and the South must be secured and the visa and entry process must be reformed. Everyone both to the North and South of our borders must have the opportunity to be "legal" and assimilate into our American heritage and contribute to our values and standards.
Source: http://www.beckerforcongress.com/issues.php


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DRM may represent Maryland residents who have a disability and a legal issue within the scope of our Advocacy Services Plan. Contact our intake office at 410-727-6352 ext. 0 (ask for "intake"), Monday through Friday, between 9 AM and 5 PM to learn if we can assist you.
DRM represents Maryland children and adults of all ages with:
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We represent people with disabilities who:
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We annually review and update our public 2017-18 Advocacy Services Plan (Accessible PDF). We encourage Marylanders with disabilities to provide us input about our advocacy services through an annual survey.
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PE Project Ideas at Wikia
Welcome to the PE Project Ideas mini wiki at Scratchpad!
You can use the box below to create new pages for this mini-wiki. Make sure you type
[[Category:PE Project Ideas]] on the page before you save it to make it part of the PE Project Ideas wiki (preload can be enabled to automate this task, by clicking this link and saving that page. Afterwards, you may need to purge this page, if you still see this message).
Welcome to the PE Project ideas wiki. Please list ideas here and we will pick the best one. And please, keep this serious. no not funnys.