text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Unprecedented Power: The Obama Administration and Light Footprint Foreign Policy
|Hasler, Daniel
|Cameron, Chuck
|Woodrow Wilson School
|Class Year:
|President Barack Obama inherited a nation exhausted from prolonged conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq and keenly aware of the physical and monetary costs of not only the initial offensives, but the nation building campaigns that followed. Accordingly, the President altered the U.S. approach. By expanding and developing Bush era prototypes in drone and cyber technology, the Obama Administration reoriented U.S. foreign policy to a light footprint strategy based on minimal costs, maximal benefits, and limited liability. In doing so, though, the President morphed the way this nation goes to war into a constant, low grade campaign waged at the sole discretion of the executive branch. There is a robust debate regarding how much power the Constitution affords the President in wartime, but most contend that the Framers never intended for decisions of war to be made by only one branch of government. This thesis analyzes how, with the help of light footprint technology like drone and cyber weaponry, the President has upset the war time partnership between the executive and legislative that the framers envisioned. Through historical analysis I will frame the classic debate between executive supremacists and constitutionalists, and illustrate how this executive's overreach is unique even among a presidential tradition of executive supremacy. Next, through two case studies I will explain how the expediency and covertness of light footprint weaponry have lent themselves to executive abuse, outpacing not only constitutional checks and balances, but other legislative attempts to increase executive accountability. Finally, I will make analyze various methods of restoring the executive-legislative balance, in particular decentralized modes of accountability like journalism.
|97 pages
|Type of Material:
|Princeton University Senior Theses
|Appears in Collections:
|Woodrow Wilson School, 1929-2017
Files in This Item:
|681.46 kB
|Adobe PDF
|Request a copy
Items in Dataspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
Perceived causes of severe mental disturbance and preferred interventions by the Borana semi-nomadic population in southern Ethiopia: a qualitative study
Culture affects the way people conceptualize causes of severe mental disturbance which may lead to a variation in the preferred intervention methods. There is a seemingly dichotomous belief regarding what causes severe mental disturbance: people living in western countries tend to focus mainly on biological and psychosocial risk factors; whereas, in non-western countries the focus is mainly on supernatural and religious factors. These belief systems about causation potentially dictate the type of intervention preferred. Studying such belief systems in any society is expected to help in planning and implementation of appropriate mental health services.
A qualitative study was conducted among the Borana semi-nomadic population in southern Ethiopia to explore perceived causes of severe mental disturbance and preferred interventions. We selected, using purposive sampling, key informants from three villages and conducted a total of six focus group discussions: three for males and three for females.
The views expressed regarding the causes of mental disturbance were heterogeneous encompassing supernatural causes such as possession by evil spirits, curse, bewitchment, 'exposure to wind' and subsequent attack by evil spirit in postnatal women and biopsychosocial causes such as infections (malaria), loss, 'thinking too much', and alcohol and khat abuse. The preferred interventions for severe mental disturbance included mainly indigenous approaches, such as consulting Borana wise men or indigenous healers, prayer, holy water treatment and seeking modern mental health care as a last resort.
These findings will be of value for health care planners who wish to expand modern mental health care to this population, indicating the need to increase awareness about the causes of severe mental disturbance and their interventions and collaborate with influential people and indigenous healers to increase acceptability of modern mental health care. It also provides information for further research in the area of mental health in this semi-nomadic population.
Severe mental illnesses are universal phenomena in the world affecting every society, but beliefs about causation vary across cultures. It has been reported that people living in western countries focus mainly on biological and social risk factors such as genetic vulnerability, disease of the brain, infection or stressful social conditions or personal weakness
Beliefs about the causes of mental illnesses influence the preferred treatments
Although several studies have investigated beliefs about causes of mental illnesses in a variety of non-western countries, including some African countries, studies involving nomadic populations are extremely rare. A community based epidemiological study done among Borana semi-nomadic people in southern Ethiopia near the Kenyan boarder, involving 1854 people of both sexes aged 15 years and above, using Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) failed to show any case of psychosis
The Borana semi-nomadic people reside in Southern Ethiopia close to the Kenyan Border, Borana administrative zone of Oromia regional state which is the largest regional states in Ethiopia. A significant number of the Borana people also live in Northen Kenya who share the same language and culture. They are among the few nomadic people that still exist in the world. The zone covers a vast predominantly arid and savannah vegetation of 48, 743 sq kms. The population of Borana zone is 966,467, consisting of 489,001 males and 477,466 females, with about 9% of the population classified as urban
Gender roles exist in Borana society with women mainly engaged in household activities, looking after smaller animals, milking, fetching water and collecting fire wood, while the men engage in managing cattle and farmland
The infrastructure is poorly developed, and they have little access to modern mental health care but access to primary health care has improved recently.
The Borana pastoralists move from place to place in search of grazing land and water for their cattle, especially during severe periodic drought seasons, which occur as frequently as every two to three years. This study was conducted in the villages of Megado, Dida Yabello and Dida Hara and, according to data from register of local administrations the total population aged over 18 years in the three districts was 10,598. These villages were the site of an earlier epidemiological study
Study design and selection of participants
In total, 56 Key Informants (KI) were invited to participate in a qualitative study, each selected using purposive sampling, the most common sampling method in qualitative research
Based on the inclusion criteria, two FGDs, one for men and one for women, were organized in each study site.
Interview procedure
The FGDs were conducted by a moderator and attended by a note-taker, both of whom are Ethiopian psychiatrists who speak the local Borana dialect (Oromiffa language). The group discussions were held in a local heath care center (two FGDs) or community meeting area (four FGDs). The interview followed a topic guide using a series of open-ended questions regarding awareness of mental illness, symptoms and causes of severe mental illnesses, and traditional ways of caring for severely mentally ill persons in the context and culture of the Borana pastoralists. Each FGD lasted between 45 and 80 minutes. In all groups, the moderator encouraged participants to become actively involved in the discussion and ensured that each participant had an equal chance to contribute. An audio tape was used for recording the meeting and supplemented by hand-written notes.
Data analysis
A person fluent in the local dialect was hired to transcribe the audio recordings and notes from the FGDs. The local Oromiffa transcripts were then translated into English by the first author (ST), who is a psychiatrist, and the accuracy of the translations was cross-checked by the coauthor (TS), a psychiatrist who has good command of both languages.
Codes, themes and categories
Our analysis method was 'thematic/content analysis' a process which involves systematically examining the data and other notes in order to identify themes and develop categories
The two authors independently coded each transcription one of them using the Open Code software
Ethical considerations
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty of Medicine Research and Publication Committee, Addis Ababa University, and the Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, and all of them gave their verbal consent to participate in the study.
Themes referring to causes of severe mental disturbance such as bewitchment, spirit possession and curse were grouped in one core category 'supernatural' and other themes such as infections, substance abuse and loss were grouped under a core category 'biological and psychosocial'. Themes referring to preferred intervention methods were grouped into three big core categories namely 'indigenous', 'religious' and 'modern mental health care'. These themes and categories helped us to provide an overall picture of each interview. As such there was no striking difference reported between the male and female participants. So, we didn't present the opinions of each separately, only an indication of sex of the participant is given besides the quote. The findings of the study are presented in two parts: (1) conceptualization and perceived causes of mental disturbance among the Borana semi-nomadic community, and (2) preferred interventions when someone from their community develops mental illness.
Conceptualization and perceived causes of severe mental disturbance
When participants were asked what name was given to someone who had severe mental disturbance, they unanimously agreed on one name,
Supernatural influences
The majority of participants spoke of the importance of supernatural influences in causing severe mental disturbance. Bewitchment, witchcraft and possession by evil spirits were all reported to be causes of mental disturbance. The concept of bewitchment was particularly related to the evil deeds of others, in order to retaliate to an offence or misdeed. According to the participants, when someone is bewitched, it not only makes the person develop severe mental disturbance, it also causes property loss. And the mental illness could also be transmitted to other people related with the person who is affected. Severe mental disturbance was believed to be caused by god as reported by one of the participants 'Madness is first caused by
FGD2; R1 (male): In Borana there is such thing called
Evil spirit attack
The following situations were particularly mentioned as making people more vulnerable for attack by evil spirits:
Child birth
Many participants reported that 'exposure to wind' before a woman becomes clean from the blood after child birth to be a reason for attack by evil spirits. This idea was reflected particularly by female participants for obvious reasons. Some were reported to have recurrent episodes with each child birth experience as illustrated by the following quote.
Exposure to blood, war and dirty water
Another cause of mental disturbance that was reported by the participants was exposure to blood. The experience of fear when seeing blood was reported to be the reason for developing the disturbance. War was also mentioned as a cause of mental disturbance. Fear from crossing flooding river [during rainy season] was also mentioned to be a cause for mental disturbance. Although stress might be an important factor here, these incidents are believed to involve some bad spiritual interference as well. So, it combines both psychosocial stressor and spiritual influence. The following quotes illustrate the above points:
Biological and psychosocial factors
Infections, loss: 'worry' vs. 'true madness', 'curable vs. non-curable'
Many participants across the group meetings mentioned malaria (a tropical infectious disease) as an important cause of mental disturbance, but they distinguished mental disturbance caused by malaria, which they considered to be a curable condition, from other forms of worry and madness, generally considered a severe and non-curable condition. Another important distinction emerging from the discussions was between so-called 'true madness' and 'worry'. According to their description, 'worry' was considered to be more related to psychosocial stressors as a result of loss, such as death of loved ones, loss of property and such events.
The following quote illustrates this belief:
Alcohol and khat
Alcohol and khat, a naturally occurring amphetamine-like substance whose leaf is chewed to get the stimulant effect, were considered to play a role in causing mental disturbance by some of the participants.
Madness may be inherited
Some of the participants reported that madness could be inherited from parents to children. But compared with the other reasons, this one was mentioned only by few participants. One of the participants gave the following example to illustrate the heritability of mental disturbances:
Preferred interventions for mental disturbance
The participants in the various FGDs were asked about preferred interventions among the Borana pastoralist community when someone develops mental illness. The findings were summarized as follows. Several interventions methods were described by the participants. Although they expressed preferences for one intervention over another, their approach was pragmatic, pursuing every possible means of treatment until they got solutions. The intervention methods included indigenous, religious, and modern mental health care. They are summarized under three categories as follows:
Borana wise men and indigenous healers
The overwhelming majority of the participants said they would take their relatives to Borana wise men for consultation. These wise men were recognized by the participants as having the necessary skill to help people who developed mental disturbance arising from a range of problems. The following quote illustrates some of the techniques they use in helping such patients:
The second most preferred intervention for the mentally ill was indigenous healers. Such healers use a variety of different methods to treat people who have mental disturbance. This was described as follows:
Prayer, Holy water: 'The devil will scream and leave the patient!'
Seeking help from religious institutions which offer prayer and treatment with holy water were strategies reported by several participants. It was reported that consulting religious institutions, such as Christian and Islam prayer places is common in this predominantly animist population signifying the more pragmatic approaches they follow as illustrated below.
Modern health care as a last resort
Modern health care was mentioned by a few participants who said it was usually a last resort when other modes of interventions had failed. Again the majority had a more pragmatic approach ready to try anything that would help the sick person.
This qualitative study explored views held by prominent men and women from the Borana semi-nomadic community in Southern Ethiopia with regards to their belief about causes of severe mental disturbances and their preferred intervention modalities when someone in their community developed mental disturbance. It provides a unique opportunity to understand the belief systems and intervention in mental health related issues in this relatively isolated and underserved community.
According to Kleinman
The predominant views held in this study population regarding causes of mental disturbance incorporated both religious/magical and biopsychosocial. Among the religious/magical views, possession by evil spirits was commonly held as the main cause of mental disturbance. Bewitchment/witchcraft was another magical view that was reported as a common reason for developing mental disturbance. But besides the religious/magical views, there were prominent biopsychosocial causes reported: biological causes such as malaria, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and alcohol and khat abuse; psychosocial stressors such as loss (of property or family member), the experience of child birth, severe psychological stress (such as fear, war) and 'thinking too much' were reported time and again by the participants as major causes of mental disturbance. 'Thinking too much', which was repeatedly mentioned across the groups as cause of mental disturbance, is a finding consistent with reports from Zimbabwe by Abas et al
Mental disturbances following the experience of child birth which was associated with 'exposure to wind before the woman becomes clean' was a common view held by the participants which is consistent with a finding from a study in a rural setting in Butajira, Ethiopia. The women participants reported pregnancy to be a time of high risk for evil spirit attack. To protect the woman from attack by evil spirit, they keep the woman in hiding behind curtain and close every hole or window until she becomes clean
Several reports from other non-western countries also showed the diversity of opinion held by people living in non-western countries. For instance, a study done in Nigeria involving a large community survey found that as many as one third of the respondents suggested that possession by evil spirits could be a cause of mental illness, but in this same study the majority held the biopsychosocial causes such as drug and alcohol misuse, traumatic event/shock, stress, physical abuse and genetic inheritance as the causes of mental illness
More recent studies from Ethiopia showed inclusion of biological and psychosocial factors as causes of mental disturbances in addition to the age old spiritual and magical views. For instance, a study done in western Ethiopia before the 1974 communist revolution on traditional perception and treatment of mental disorders reported that traditional and religious views were the predominant views as causes of mental illnesses. These were disturbances in relationships between people and divinity, possession by evil spirits or punishment by God to the unfaithful
The findings in this study regarding preferred interventions for mental illness were mainly indigenous, although modern health care was also mentioned as important. The overwhelming majority reported preference for consulting the Borana wise men and indigenous healers, but they also reported their belief in other interventions such as modern mental health care delivered in health centers in their area or going to bigger towns to get more specialized care as a last resort. According to their report the care delivered in modern health facility was expensive and inaccessible. To go to a hospital one has to sell his property and take the patient to the capital city, Addis Ababa, which is very far from the place they live. This shows that the people do not necessarily have a special preference of one over the other; rather, it all depends on the availability of the services, financial capacity and severity of the problem as demonstrated by the pragmatic nature of their approach to seeking help, although the role of belief system in dictating preference is acknowledged. According to reports from Nigeria and India, belief system had a direct effect on the preferred treatment. In these countries, the prevailing attribution styles were reported to be mainly supernatural and the preferred treatments were mainly alternative i.e. traditional and religious
Strengths and limitations of the study
The strength of this study is the fact that it presents an important knowledge on the views of the understudied Borana semi-nomadic population in Ethiopia regarding their explanatory systems of causes of mental disturbances with special emphasis to religious/existential magical frameworks and interactions of the different systems and their preferred interventions. Qualitative studies offer a unique opportunity to describe the lived experiences of people and it is an important tool to investigate mental health related phenomena. The findings in this study have the potential to serve as hypotheses to investigate other similar populations living in underserved remote areas. It will also be useful for policy makers to design appropriate mental health intervention strategies. The main limitation of this study is generalizability. However, this is the inherent nature of a qualitative study design since the study participants are selected by the investigators 'purposefully'. Hence the views expressed are those of the participants and may not necessarily reflect the views held by every member of the community in the area. But, to get as many diverse views as possible, we selected at least one participant from each village and made sure that even all men and women participants were from a different village. So, there may not be significantly different views left untold. Another potential source of bias is the researchers' educational background of being psychiatrists. Maximum possible care was taken to focus mainly on describing the thoughts of the participants and distance ourselves from introducing our opinion when presenting the results.
In sum, we found that even people who live in the remote parts of southern Ethiopia had mixed views regarding the causes of severe mental disturbances. They reported various biological, psychological and social factors as causes for severe mental disturbance besides the religious, spiritual and magical factors. They also reported the role of modern health care in helping people with severe mental disturbances. But, their preferred intervention was mainly indigenous healers, religious rituals and other non-medical interventions because these were the modality of treatments they had easy access to in their locality. Interestingly, they were highly pragmatic in their attitude and willing to try every possible means until the patient got relief. Modern mental health care was mentioned as a last resort. An important explanation for this could be lack of access to modern mental health care which is almost non-existent in the area. The argument that people in African do not utilize modern mental health care services may be a gross underestimation of the people's ability to identify what is best for them. This view may further weaken the already neglected field of mental health care by governments. Indigenous and alternative treatments will continue to be important for helping people with mental health problems, but this shouldn't preclude the expansion of mental health service to communities in these countries. It is hoped that the findings in this study will give the critical areas to address while attempting to introduce and expand modern mental health care in this community. Designing a mental health policy and strategy that incorporates culture is important
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TS participated in the conception and design of the study. TS secured the grant to conduct the study. ST and TS participated in data collection and analysis. TS and ST contributed in the analysis and write up of the manuscript. Both authors were involved in the write up of the final manuscript.
Acknowledgement and funding source
This study was supported by the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI), USA.
All individuals involved in the study are gratefully acknowledged. We would like to acknowledge Professor Lars Jacobsson for his valuable input to the study. Dr. Charlotte Hanlon is also gratefully acknowledged for her comments and generous editorial help.
Lay theories of schizophrenia a cross-cultural comparison of British and Hong Kong chinese attitudes, attributions and beliefs
Beliefs About Schizophrenia in Italy: a comparative nationwide survey of the general public, mental health professionals, and patients' relatives
Public beliefs about causes and risk factors of mental disorders: a comparison of Japan and Australia
Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia: trend analysis based on data from two population surveys in Germany
Explanatory models of mental illness in sub-saharan africa
Perceptions of mental and physical illnesses in north-western ethiopia causes, treatments, and attitudes
How are mental disorders seen and where is help sought in a rural ethiopian community? a key informant study in Butajira, Ethiopia
How are mental health problems perceived by a community in Agaro town?
Conceptualizing psychosis in Uganda: the perspective of indigenous and religious healers
Public attitudes to schizophrenia in rural Turkey
Beliefs about causes of schizophrenia among family members: a community-based survey in Bali
Cultural influences in the aetiological beliefs of Saudi Arabian primary care patients about their symptoms: the association of religious and psychological beliefs
Perceptions about psychosis and psychiatric services: a qualitative study from Vellore, India
Public perceptions, explanatory models and service utilization regarding mental illness and mental health care in Kenya
Exploring indigenous mental health practices: the roles of healers and helpers in promoting well-being in people of color
Perception and beliefs about mental illness among adults in Karfi village, northern Nigeria
Public conceptions of serious mental illness and substance abuse, their causes and treatments: findings from the 1996 general social survey
Mental disorders among the Borana semi-nomadic community in Southern Ethiopia
Exploring the apparent absence of psychosis amongst the Borana pastoralist community of Southern Ethiopia: a mixed method follow-up study
Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: an introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research
Qualitative research in psychiatry: review paper
Depression, somatisation and the new 'crosscultural psychiatry
Defeating depression in the developing world: a Zimbabwean Model: One country's response to the challenge
Lay Concepts of depression among the Baganda of Uganda: a pilot study
Postnatal mental distress in relation to the sociocultural practices of childbirth: an exploratory qualitative study from Ethiopia
Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria
Perceptions about the cause of schizophrenia and the subsequent help seeking behavior in a Pakistani population - results of a cross-sectional survey
Traditional perception and treatment of mental disorders in western Ethiopia before the 1974 revolution
Popular, traditional, and professional mental health care in Ethiopia
A Qualitative Study of Religious Practices by Chronic Mentally Ill and Their Caregivers in South India
Preferred treatment for mental illness among southwestern Nigerians
Philosophy's role for guiding theory and practice in clinical contexts grounded in a cultural psychiatry focus: A case study illustration from southern Norway
Health Policy of Ethiopia
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Is it possible to restrict the permission to Jotform to just one specific folder in my Dropbox account and not give entire acces?Asked by ramkam on January 30, 2014 at 11:24 PMHi, Your systems wants me to give you access to my entire 100Gb of dropbox data ... No way. How can we restrict this to a single folder that you manage ?Cheers Ram
JotForm Support
Hi Ram,
You need to allow and add JotForm to your App list like Dropbox. That authentication is required so that you can give permission to JotForm to send the submission data into your Dropbox account.
You need not worry because it is only asking for authentication permission, but does not capture any of your account details.
Hi, According to dropbox api specs, you can request a per folder access, and it is highly encouraged, as stated herehttps://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/devguide"Use the minimum permissions you needIf your app only needs the user to select a single file so you can print/publish/post/share it, use the Chooser. It's the easiest way to integrate with Dropbox and simple for users to use as well. If you only need to access files created by your app, use an App Folder. Requesting Full Dropbox access to pick a file when you could use the Chooser isn't a good use of the permission."And there https://www.dropbox.com/developers/blog/44/file-type-permission-access-just-the-files-your-app-needs i dont want you to have full access. Limited access is good, otherwise forget me.:-)
JotForm Support
Thank you for that information.
I have submitted your request for deliberation.
We will update this thread as soon as possible.
Any update on this? Restricting permissions to specified folder(s) would be a best practice and make or break for many users. Thanks.
Please let me inform you that we have not received any update yet. We are still awaiting for the answer of our higher ups about this request. We will inform you as soon as we get any information.


text:
Strand VCI version ofThomas's Christmas Party & Other Stories.Thomas' Christmas Party It was Christmas on the Island of Sodor. All the engines were working hard. Thomas the Tank engine were busy carrying people and parcels up and down the branch line.Everyone was happy. Only the coaches, Annie and Clarabel were complaining. It's always the same before Christmas. They groaned. We feel so full. We feel so full.Oh, come on.Said Thomas.Where's your festive spirit? Chistmas day is almost here.By the side of the track, was a lonely little cottage with a familiar figure waving to them. It's Mrs. Kyndley.Whistled Thomas.Peep-peep! Happy Christmas.Thomas always felt better for seeing her.Christmas just wouldn't be Christmas without Mrs. Kyndley.When work was over, Thomas went to see the other engines. All their coats have been polished. Huh.Said Gordon.Just look at us. Your driver will have to work fast to get you as smart as us.Never mind that. Replied Thomas. I've something important to say. Do you realize it's a whole year since Mrs. Kyndley saved us from a nasty accident? Do you remember when she was ill in bed and...Yes, of couse. Interrupted Edward. You told us how she waved her red dressing gown out of her window to warn you about a landslide ahead.And you and love gave her presents.Percy joined in. And the Fat Controller sent her to Bournemouth to get better. But.Said James and Henry together.The rest of us have never thanked her properly.Exactly.Said Thomas.So now I think we should all give her a special Christmas party.Everyone was getting very excited. The drivers felt sure that the Fat Controller would agree. As indeed, he did. The engines were all busy making plans when silence fell. Sir Topham Hatt had bad news.The weather's changed badly. Mrs. Kyndley is snowed up. Thomas says he'll help to rescue her. You must help too, Thomas. There's yes party unless you do.Thomas hated snow, but he said bravely. I'll try, sir. We must rescue her, we must.There's a good engine. You and Thomas will manage splendidly.Thomas charged the snowdrifts fiercely. Sometimes he swept them aside, sometimes they stuck fast and the men had to loosen them.Thomas' arrive at the cottage But at the cutting near the cottage, they could go yes further.Look at that. Exclaimed Thomas' fireman.The cottage was covered with snowThomas' whistle toots Peep-peep-peep. Here we are.Whistled Thomas. An answering wave came from an upstairs window. Then they heard a familiar sound.Terence comes byThat's Terence.Said Thomas.He's come to help too.Sure enough, Terence had a snowplow and was working hard to clear a path for the railway line and safety.Terence backs upPercy takes away the brakevanAt long last, the rescue was complete. Percy took the tired workmen home. Terence said goodbye to Mrs. Kyndley, and promised to take care of her cottage as he watched them all set off.Thomas'swhistle toots as they puff awa The engines made good time. Yes,more snow had fallen. The yard was dark. Thomas' heart sank. Suddenly, all the lights went on. What a marvelous sight awaited Mrs. Kyndley.Well done.Said the Fat Controller.I'm really proud of you all.Mrs. Kyndley especially thanked the smaller engines.Thomas the Tank engine are old friends. She said.And now, Percy. You are my friend too.Percy was very pleased.Three cheers for Mrs. Kyndley.He called.The engines' whistles tootPeep-peep-peep.They all whistled.Thomas's horn honksWe wish you a Happy Christmas, we wish you a Happy Christmas, we wish you a Happy Christmas, and a Happy New Year.The engines' whistles tootThomas the Tank Engine and his friends thought it was the best Christmas ever. And Mrs. Kyndley could think of nowhere she would rather live than here with them on the Island of Sodor.
=Nameplates after Thomas' Christmas Party
- Thomas
- James
- Gordon
- Henry
- Edward
- Duck
- Diesel
- Bertie
- Terence
My Comments
- Jor1217: I have Daisy, VHS Percy takes the plunge.


text:
Opengesotat Consulting works with their partners in order to provide a diversity of services and to ensure higher quality on final products. Our main partners are:
Snowden Group
Snowden is a consulting company with headquarters in Perth, Australia. Opengeostats promotes and sells the Snowden's software Supervisor and presents Snowden Training Courses in Canada.
Georeference Online
Georeference Online Ltd is a privately held company incorporated in British Columbia, Canada and provides scientific, management and software services. Opengeostat works in partnership Georeference Online on the area of resource estimations and critical evaluations of third party resource estimates.
Objectivity Canada
Objectivity Canada is a data analytics consultancy company using simulation and data mining to develop products and services for mineral exploration, mine ventilation, financial analytics, 4D visualization software and large scale visualization and collaboration systems. Opengeostat promotes the Objectivity's DRX service, a delineation and infill drill hole layout planning service based optimization algorithms. DRX minimizes the meters of drillholes required to upgrade Mineral Resources Categories or maximize the volume of resources conversion with a minimum of drilling. Probably the best analogy to understand this is the Whittle and Millawa algorithms, but with optimization algorithms and applied to drillhole optimization problem.


text:
Topo maps & elevation data.Paid
From legal articles and trends in the law to noteworthy events and programs, Wyoming Lawyer, the official bi-monthly publication of the Wyoming...Free
The official road condition and traffic information app of the Wyoming DOT.Free
This App helps find and identify plants. When you give the App information about a plant, such as its location, flower color and the time of year,...Free
Wyoming Road ConditionsFree
Wyoming Traveler shows you the current conditions of major roads and highways throughout Wyoming. You can view traffic cameras, read alerts about...$2.99
Bathroom Wyoming - This is the bathroom app that ONLY picks bathrooms that are cleaned more than once a day and are safe. Bathroom Wyoming is an...$0.99
get friends/as, chat, dating and meet people from Wyoming.Free
Get the Wyoming Wireless experience on the go. The Wyoming Wireless/Verizon Wireless Premium retailer app is designed to enhance your wireless...Free
Fully compatible with iPhone, iPod Touch iPad and with Retina Display Graphics.The biggest reason any camping trip gets spoiled is WHERE you camp...$1.99


text:
Search pagination
National Party senator John 'Wacka' Williams has made the decision to tell people that he has Parkinson's disease.
He'd been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in June 2016, and his own GP had suspected it for a year before that, but he'd kept it a private matter, shared only with close friends and colleagues.
"Nancy [Williams' wife] said 'well, you've always been a straight shooter, you may as well just tell everyone the truth'," Senator Williams told The Age's Tony Wright.
It's all very well to talk about changes, of course, but should the party room agree on them they would still have to go through Parliament.
Labor and the Greens are strongly opposed to the changes and so is Nick Xenophon, who commands a bloc of three votes in the Senate.
Senator Xenophon told Fairfax Media: "We are not convinced on these substantive changes to the wording. We want to see how the proposed process changes go first."
And, yes, it is Harmony Day.
Welcome to the "International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination". Seriously. YOU CAN'T SCRIPT THIS.— Sam Dastyari (@samdastyari) March 20, 2017
Government ministers - none of whom are warriors on this one - are trying to get through interviews on this one this morning by arguing (a) that ordinary people do not care about the issue at all but (b) the issue has become as a distraction so, therefore, the government needs to do something.
Trade Minister Steve Ciobo says it is a "small niche of people that really care about it" but "this is something that's preoccupying us.....so we're going to deal with it so we can continue to focus on issues like jobs".
It couldn't get any action under former prime minister Tony Abbott but now it looks likely changes will be made by Malcolm Turnbull (oh the irony).
The Coalition party room is going to debate the issue in about half an hour's time.
The proposal is that the words 'insult', 'offend' and 'humiliate' be replaced with 'harass' and 'humiliate'.
(Let's leave aside the ultimate irony that this issue is being fanned by people with access to parliamentary privilege, the ultimate in free speech.)
Free speech and, specifically, section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act.
Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce says it's hardly as issue people are chasing him down the street to talk about.
Nevertheless, it has become a cri de coeur of the right of the Coalition.
Hello and welcome to the day in politics.
Andrew Meares, Alex Ellinghausen and I are pleased to have your company once more.
Thanks for joining us.
Search pagination
1 new post(s) available. View post(s) Dismiss


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"V.Narayanan (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (DERBY-3392) Performing failover on a database not being replicated should give a more meaningful error message.
|Wed, 06 Feb 2008 10:55:14 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/DERBY-3392?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12566076#action_12566076 ] V.Narayanan commented on DERBY-3392: ------------------------------------ The appropriate error messages are thrown in the RawStore when a findServiceModule to find the Master Factory module fails indicating that the database was not replicated in the first place. I can either follow the suggestion given by Jorgen on this issue 1) "I think SQLState.REPLICATION_UNABLE_TO_STOP_MASTER would give a better error message than REPLICATION_FAILOVER_UNSUCCESSFUL in RawStore#failover if that message was slightly changed to "Could not perform replication operation because... ". In this case I will change REPLICATION_UNABLE_TO_STOP_MASTER to something more generic like REPLICATION_UNABLE_TO_PERFORM_OPERATION. I will have to change other places where the former message was being used. 2) or add another message specific to Failover and use that. Unless I contradicted I will go for 2) which requires lesser changes. > Performing failover on a database not being replicated should give a more meaningful error message. > --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: DERBY-3392 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/DERBY-3392 > Project: Derby > Issue Type: Bug > Components: Replication > Affects Versions: 10.4.0.0 > Reporter: V.Narayanan > Assignee: V.Narayanan > Priority: Minor > Fix For: 10.4.0.0 > > > Oystein says > "If I do failover on a database where replication has not been started, I get the following: > ij version 10.4 > ij> connect 'jdbc:derby:masterDB;user=oystein;password=pass'; > ij> connect 'jdbc:derby:masterDB;user=oystein;password=pass;failover=true'; > ERROR XRE21: Error occurred while performing failover for database 'masterDB', Failover attempt was aborted. > I think I should rather get an error that says that database is not being replicated. (I get that if I try to stop replication on a non-replicated database)." -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
|View raw message


text:
Multi Skilled Tradesman - Exeter
- Recruiter
- Randstad CPE
- Location
- Exeter
- Posted
- 10 Aug 2017
- Expires
- 14 Aug 2017
- Sector
- Construction & Maintenance
Are you a Multi Skilled Operative looking for a long run of work in the Exeter area? Do you have experience in domestic maintenance? This could be the ideal contract for you The Contract You will be carrying out Multi Skilled Social Housing maintenance tasks in the Exeter area. Duties will include: Reactive and PPM work Be able to attend emergency call out work Van and Fuel included This is an initial 3 months contract that may lead to permanent employment. The organisation work 40 hours a week. Monday to Friday 8:00 - 16:30. The Candidate The ideal candidate will have experience responding to a variety of maintenance issues within a Social Housing environment. You will require: City & Guilds / NVQ CSCS Card Full UK Driving Licence Apply If you would like to be considered for this contract, please respond to this ad with your current CV. We look forward to hearing from you Randstad CPE values diversity and promotes equality. No terminology in this advert is intended to discriminate against any of the protected characteristics that fall under the Equality Act 2010. We encourage and welcome applications from all sections of society and are more than happy to discuss reasonable adjustments and/or additional arrangements as required to support your application. Candidates must be eligible to live and work in the UK. For the purposes of the Conduct Regulations 2003, when advertising permanent vacancies we are acting as an Employment Agency, and when advertising temporary/contract vacancies we are acting as an Employment Business. This job was originally posted as www.totaljobs.com/job/75374673


text:
Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) speaks smugly to reporters recently. He is currently holding the Benghazi attack banner for reasons that mystify us. (Image Source: Reuters)
Today, in a refrain that has been repeated nearly a dozen times since it happened, the right wing media and Republicans went bonkers over a report broadcast by CBS' 60 Minutes news program on the attack of the diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, which left 4 dead in 2012, including Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens. In it, there were claims that the White House did little to protect their ambassador and fellow Americans from what was a "planned, sophisticated" militant attack. However, the right wing's response has been, again, to blow this extremely out of proportion, with Senator Lindsey Graham claiming he will block any every Presidential appointment until Congress hears from survivors of the Benghazi attack. Of all the things that the right wing could focus their time on, why Benghazi, a clearly unfortunate incident that nevertheless had only a tiny amount of impact on the country's security?
The amount of time spent investigating the Benghazi attacks were initially sufficient, with investigations coming from the Senate, the FBI, and the State Department. All of them said essentially the same thing: The State Department screwed up big time in not hiring enough guards to protect the diplomatic mission, especially given Benghazi's unstable situation. However, the House of Representatives, burning with intent, continue to investigate the Benghazi incident, claiming to leave no stone unturned. This would be fine, except there are now five House committees dedicated to investigating the Benghazi attack, as well as the aftermath, including the Oversight and Government Reform Committee because, you know, reasons. That is overkill, not to mention a waste of government resources.
It is understandable that the Republicans leading the Benghazi investigation are mostly conducting them for political brownie points of some kind, to be paid later in votes in next year's election or for some time on the right-wing media circuit. But it is getting old. People have accepted that the State Department screwed up and have moved on, to the point that nobody really cares anymore about the Benghazi attacks. There are plenty, plenty of other things to criticize and attack President Obama. The catastrophe that is HealthCare.Gov, for one. The still-really-sluggish economy, another. The NSA, a third! Then again, with that last one, some Republicans are really with the President.
So, really, why continue investigating an incident with a zeal that could only be sufficient if the attack was that of, say, September 11, 2001? It just does not make much sense anymore. Give it up, already.


text:
Have Relationship Questions? Ask a Counselor for Answers ASAP
I had to complain about some of his staff to his boss and wrote a letter to their head office but I praised him in this letter. I sent him a copy of the letter as it included comments about him. Could it be he just doesn't like me? He did tell me he is single and that he has a scare on his arm which apparently 'girls like'?
So what do I do? I really find him very attractive
I told him today that he owes me a coffee? I can't be anymore direct than that now can?
I live in England, I am from Northern Ireland as is his best friend and his Dad is also Irish. If I asked him out that directly I would either get arrested for stalking or be labelled a wanton woman.
Yesterday I had to walk through the business this chap works for to get to the train station. I have a very distinctive northern Irish accent and I said 'good morning Ruth, how are you?' as I walked past one of his employees. This, believe it or believe it not is considered quite strange behaviour in England, being friendly is. Then I walked passed him, he was quite a bit away and speaking to a collegue but he didn't even turn to look at me but I though you know what I am going to be polite and said 'good morning', he said, 'good morning back without even looking at me.
Then, I went for my hospital appointment and a guy there gives me a small bouquet and asks me out. I am not interested but to get home I walked through this guy's store and he had to walk straight past me, see's the flowers and had a big smile for me. You sure he is interested in me or just relieved there is someone else on the scene and he has to polite to a customer? Yes I know your not The Lord or a mind reader.
I have no idea what is going on this site today because I got no notification that you had answered. I have already told the guy who gave me the flowers thanks but no thanks and the guy who I like and smiled at me today completely ignored me again!
Thank you


text:
Category:Death Eaters
From UnknowableWiki
Death Eaters are dark wizards commanded by Lord Voldemort.
Riddle's companions at Hogwarts
While Tom Riddle, who later became Lord Voldemort, was still at Hogwarts, he started gathering followers. Many of those companions were part of the Slug Club, such as Avery and Lestrange. Those companions were a combination of ambitious people that wanted to share the glory of the handsome prefect, and weak people who wanted protection from the members of the group. The years those students were at the school were marked by numerous different nasty events, including the death of a Ravenclaw student, Myrtle, after Riddle opened the Chamber of Secrets. Some of those companions (Riddle didn't trust or care for them as friends) became the first Death Eaters after they left school, although at that point they had not taken on that name (HBP17).
Before the First War
After graduating, Tom found a job at Borgin and Burkes, and, after stealing Hufflepuff's Cup and Slytherin's Locket, he disappeared for ten years. What happened to his companions while he worked there is unknown.
When Voldemort came back to England, he reunited himself with his followers, and started recruiting among children of the pure-bloods families, such as the Blacks and the Lestranges. He also decided to ask Dumbledore for a job as Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, having learned from Slughorn how much influence a professor can have upon his students. As he visits the castle, Nott, Rosier, Mulciber and Dolohov stay in the Hog's Head, waiting for his return. It was around that time that they started calling themselves Death Eaters, although this name was not widely known, and Voldemort is surprised that Dumbledore knows it (HBP20).
First War
The eleven-year period when Voldemort and his Death Eaters openly waged war is known as the First War. They wished to wipe out all Muggle-borns, half-bloods and blood traitors. They also attacked Muggles for fun, and killed a goblin family (OP5).
The Dark Lord used his servants to kill, torture and force other wizards to do their bidding, terrorizing the wizarding world (GF9). Soon enough, Dumbledore created the Order of the Phoenix, an organization to fight the Death Eaters independently from the Ministry of Magic. Many of its original members died at the hands of the Death Eaters, such as Edgar Bones, Marlene McKinnon, Benjamin Fenwick, and Gideon and Fabian Prewett. The two brothers took five different Death Eaters to kill them (OP9).
Some Death Eaters who served Voldemort during the First War were Severus Snape, Lucius Malfoy, Avery, Crabbe, Goyle, Rosier, Igor Karkaroff, Wilkes, Travers, Yaxley and the Lestranges. There were around four hundred Death Eaters working for Voldemort when he killed James and Lily Potter and disappeared after failing to kill Harry.
Inter-war period
After Voldemort's downfall, several of his servants claimed that they were under the influence of Imperius curse while being judged by the Ministry of Magic, and went back into their so-called respectable lives, for example, Lucius Malfoy (CS3). Igor Karkaroff made a deal with Barty Crouch; he was set free in exchange for naming Rookwood as a spy, along with many other names that were useless to the Ministry.
Even after their master was gone, some of them remained faithful to their Lord and tried to found out where he had gone. Bellatrix Lestrange, her husband Rodolphus Lestrange, his brother Rabastan and Bartemius Crouch, Jr. tortured Frank and Alice Longbottom believing that the aurors had some information on Voldemort's disappearance. The couple was permanent incapacitated because of the length of their exposure to the curse, and have lived in St. Mungo's ever since (GF30). All the four of them were sent to Azkaban, but eventually escaped.
More than ten years after Voldemort's downfall, Lucius Malfoy was still faithful to his master's philosophy, and gave Ginny Weasley one of Voldemort's Horcruxes, Riddle's diary. He wanted to rid Hogwarts of Muggle-borns and jeopardise Arthur Weasley's position at the Ministry, who he disliked. Harry, however, managed to kill the Basilisk in the Chamber of Secrets and destroy the diary (CS17).
After Harry Potter, Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley and Remus Lupin find out the truth about Peter Pettigrew's allegiance to Lord Voldemort and his betrayal of James and Lily, the Animagus runs away and starts looking for his master. (PA20). During the Quidditch World Cup, some of the Death Eaters used a spell to hang the Muggles that took care of the camps upside-down, but they all disapparated when they saw the Dark Mark (GF9).
Second War
After Voldemort's re-birth, he summoned the Death Eaters to the Little Hangleton cemitery. About thirty of them showed up, including Goyle, Crabbe, Avery,Nott and Lucius. He punishes Avery to show how unhappy he was about his servents lack of efforts to find him during the previous thirteen years, and promisses to kill the ones that had left him (GF33).
As the Ministry refused to believe on the Lord's return, most of the Death Eaters started working underground. Ten of the imprisioned Death Eaters manage to leave Azkaban with their master's help, such as Bellatrix, the Lestrange brothers, Antonin Dolohov and Augustus Rookwood (OP25). When he finally manages to lure Harry Potter into the Department of Mysteries, he sends some of his Death Eaters to get the Prophecy. Dolohov, Jugson, Mulciber, Macnair, Crabbe, the Lestranges and are being lead by Lucius on the attempt to get the propecy record to their master. Although they fail, they manage to do the children some harm and Bellatrix kills her cousin Sirius Black (OP34).
After being rounded up by Dumbledore, most of the Death Eaters are sent to Azkaban. Bellatrix, however, manages to scape with Voldemort (OP35). Once the ministry can't deny the truth about You-Know-Who return, they move into open. Voldemort threatens Cornelius Fudge into stepping down as Minister for Magic in his favour, and as the minister refuses to do so he orders his servants to destroy a bridge, drowning dozens of muggles. He also attacks the south of the country, using giants, and orders the Death Eaters to kill Emmeline Vance, while he manages to kill Amelia Bones (HBP1).
As the war progresses, many other people are attacked. Notably, the Montgomerys' youngest son was attacked by Fenrir Greyback and died at the Hospital (HBP21). Is also mentioned a case of a cursed nine year-old that tried to kill his grandparents, among other things. Susan Bones's mother also dies in an attack (HBP12). The most notable of Death Eaters victims during the Second War was Albus Dumbledore. Voldemort determined that Draco Malfoy should kill the Headmaster, and as he failed to do it, Snape killed the old wizard.
During the Battle of the Astronomy Tower, Fenrir Greyback attacks Bill Weasley and one of the Death Eaters dies while someone keeps on sending killing curses all over . Besides the unnamed deceased Death Eater, Snape, Fenrir, Draco, Amycus and Alecto also take part on the battle. All of them run away unharmed (HBP28).
Usual Techniques
The Death Eaters are often involved in terrorist acts or on attacks to reduce the resistance from those who are againts Voldemort by threatening, kidnapping, killing, blackmailing or physically harming the person and/or their families, particularly the children.
After joining, Death Eaters are required life-long loyalty and obedience. Failure to do any of their designed tasks results in punishment, often in the form of torture or even death.
The Dark Mark
The Death Eaters are branded with the Dark Mark on their left forearms. Voldemort can use the Dark Mark to call them to his side. Also, they usually cast it over the spots of their attack. The Dark Mark is based upon the Protean Charm.
Pages in category "Death Eaters"
The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total.


text:
The July 30, 1962 Edition of NWA All-Star Wrestling was held at Empire Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Numbers in parentheses indicate the length of the match.
- (c) refers to the champion(s) heading into the match.
- Danno McDonald defeated Pierre LaChappelle
- Sonny Redwing defeated Johnny Commo
- Clyde Steeves vs. Don McClarty ended in a draw
- Hercules Cortez defeated Vince Montana
- Roy McClarty vs. Sweet Daddy Siki ended in a draw
- Lou Thesz defeated Hard Boiled Haggerty by DQ
- Bearcat Wright & Whipper Billy Watson defeated Killer Kowalski & The Outlaw
- NWA World Heavyweight Champion Buddy Rogers defeated Gene Kiniski