text:
Intellectual Property Law
Intellectual Property Law Questions? Ask a Lawyer
Thank you for using JustAnswer. I am researching your issue and will respond shortly.
What, specifically, is the name that is at issue?
Door Saver is the name of his business. Door Savers is the name of mine. We both operate under a corporate name and the door saver(s) part are d.b.a.'s
his web address is doorsaver.net and mine is doorsavers.com
Do you operate in the same market?
I originally started my business in Missouri and have moved it to california this year. His business is in Marrietta, CA which is about an hour and a half away from San Diego, which is where we are focusing on. He said that they have plans to move into the San Diego area this year
How long have you been in operation with this name?
In California I have only been in operation with Door Savers for a few months, In Missouri since 2010.
Unfortaunately as it is now, he has a very good case against you, mainly because he's had the "Door $aver" Federally registered trademark since 2006. If you had a same or similar mark that you were using before the registration, you could have "common law" trademark rights, but only in the territory that you were operating in at the time the other party registered the name. Once the name is XXXXX XXXXX can only operate in that territory that you were operating in before the registration, and the registrant would have the trademark rights everywhere else in the U.S.
The crux of trademark law is "likelihood of confusion". . That is, confusion that consumers will believe the products or services originated or was authorized from the trademark owner. If there is an action against someone using a mark, the court is going to look at the following factors to see if there is such a likelihood:
But it all depends on the distinctiveness of the original mark. (distinctiveness, for instance, means that "TexOnMobile", for a mobile phone company, probably would still be dissallowed because "ExxonMobil" is a very distinctive mark, so regardless of the difference in the industries, it probably would not be allowed... )And to the extent that a distinctive mark is already filed, a mark that is exactly the same is almost certainly not going to be. Now if it were a combination of words in existence (such as "Silent Night" or some other combination), then industries will come into play, because the likelihood of confusion where there are not made up words would be less if there are differing industries.
Because you're in the same industry, and he filed the Federal trademark, the less distinctive the marks need to be before a court would find infringement. And infringement does not have to be knowing. That is, you can unintentionally infringe upon another's registered trademark.
Small differences like the addition or subtraction of an "s" at the end will almost never save you from infringement.
Hi Mr. Erdman,
that is the email from here. So what do I do from here?
Unfortunately I would agree that this is almost certainly too close, and if they took it to court, you would almost certainly lose. While you could seek to license the name (that's where they give you the right to use the name), they can set their own prices or even refuse completely to license it. In that instance, you could continue to operate under that name and risk being sued (and if you were sued, you almost certainly would lose), or you could stop using the name altogether.
Sometimes on this site I get questions where the matter is 50/50, or there are common law rights with the alleged infringer, or the trademark holder is on a fishing expedition with no real case. But this is a situation where the trademark holder, if they were to take you to court, would almost certainly win.
even though our publications are two different types? And why would I even fathom assigning my domain to them? Can they do that as well? And what could they sue us for?
If you're marketing the same type of product (that is an advertising product) and thus marketing to the same companies (or even feasibly the same companies) that would certainly be enough to say that you were in the same market.
As for the domain name, that's pursuant to the Anti Cybersquatting law, where if there's a trademarked name and you pick it up, they can sue you for misappropriating that name.
so what can i do from here? Could we change the name to Door Saverz?
I've already laid out your options above. If you change your name (stop operating under Door Savers) the new name would be analyzed under those same factors as above. Door Saverz probably would not be enough of a change, although of course the further you get away from the registered trademark, the less of a likelihood of confusion exists.
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text:
Interview Tips for the Station Visit
By: Mike Brannen
A while ago a friend asked me for some advice going into an interview with a TV station. Three of the four stations that brought me in for a face-to-face last year offered me a job. So either I'm lucky, or I surprisingly said and did the right things (some might say a face-to-face is a near-lock for the job, and I wouldn't reject that thought).
Anyways, I emailed my friend some tips, along with anecdotes from my interview experiences. It's kind of a rambling mess, but the least you can take away from it is something to consider when you get an interview.
1. Arrive early, smile a lot.
2.Don't come empty-handed
I brought a small binder that had a legal pad in it so I could write things down and store any paper work handed to me. I got lots of little notes. I kept extra cover letters and resumes in there too. Whether or not you actually use it is moot. Having it with you gives the impression (or illusion) that you care. I wouldn't bring an iPad/tablet if you have one; I think it looks tacky at an interview. Maybe in a couple of years it will be acceptable.
3. Have a valuable ethical question to discuss.
At one interview, I said I was concerned about how many scripts said "according to the (local newspaper)." I said I came from a background where we didn't report anything that wasn't ours. This was my attitude straight out of school. The Assignment Editor at this station gave me a fair answer by saying if it was the biggest story (like the Mayor embezzling money or something), and we didn't at least mention it and attribute it, and every other TV station did have it, our audience is going to feel left out. This was a good five minute discussion, but I thought it was important because it showed I was paying attention to what was happening at the station.
4. Find ways to show you are different than their current employees
I had an Executive Producer make a really good point by saying he didn't want to hire somebody who would just agree with everything and everybody. He wanted somebody who thought differently, and the station into a different direction. Someone who was forward-thinking, independent, etc. So, hopefully your ND has that attitude, as opposed to wanting to hire sheep.
5. Oversell yourself
For every question they ask, say you'll be able to do it and more, and still be able to be creative. In TV, aggressiveness is never a disliked trait.
6. Relax
Have fun in the interview. Make them laugh, because 20-30% of the hiring decision is on personality too. Some News Directors will want a hard-ass who'll get stuff done. Some will want someone who is good at what they do, but also have a personable attitude. I'm more of the latter. It's kind of a guessing game with whoever is doing the interview. You'll have to feel it out. As I mentioned earlier, some will tell you that you are already hired if you are coming into the interview, but it's upon you not to screw up and lose it. They just want to confirm you're not a whack job.
Of all the things I've discussed, I cannot stress enough the importance of observing what the interviewer says and does. This is the time to do all you can to impress them, and convince them you are the hire they need, and not just want. Every interview will be different, so stay on your toes, and pay attention to perceptual cues.
Even if you don't get the job, use each experience to improve your interviewing skills. You'll get 'em next time.
Mike Brannen is a morning newscast producer for KIRO7, the CBS affiliate in Seattle. He recently received a Master's Degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia and completed his thesis, Motivational Use of Twitter. He previously worked multiple positions at KOMU-TV in Columbia, Missouri during for four years. You can follow him on Twitter: @MikeBrannen.
Tags: advice, broadcast news, career, Careers, employment, entry level positions, Gen J, Gen Jers, generation j, job, job hunting, journalism, journalist, journalists, Mike Brannen, newsrooms, print media, Society of Professional Journalists, spj, tv news, young reporters
Defending the First Amendment and promoting open government are more crucial now than ever. Join SPJ's fight for the publics right to know either as an SPJ Supporter or a professional, student or retired journalist.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
For those of you who do not believe in the bible and consider it to be just a book of fairy tales:
How do you explain the fact that of the HUNDREDS of prophecies in the bible, not a single one has failed. Some of the notable prophecies include:
1) David's portrayal of how Jesus would die by crucifixion 1,000 years BEFORE crucifixion was even established as a punishment.
2) How could a mere human pinpoint the birth town of the messiah 700 hundred years before it actually happened?
Most Helpful Girl
Listen dude. It's up to YOU to prove to us that half that Bible crap is real. Not us. If I said "there's an invisible purple cow in the room", it would be up to me to prove it not you to disprove it.95|40|0
These prophecies do just that. How were those men supposed to forecast events that took place hundreds and thousands of years before they happened?
Think Lalawethika.
Most Helpful Guy
I'm sorry but you're just very poorly informed. First of all, there are tons of prophecies that never became true. Just a few examples:
Ezekiel 26:7-14
Here God explicitly states that Nebuchadnezzar would completely sack and destroy the city of Tyre and that Tyre's land would never be built upon again. However, this never occurred. After a 13-year siege, Tyre compromised with Nebuchadnezzar and accepted his authority without being destroyed. Despite being conquered and razed by Alexander the Great 240 years later, Tyre still exists.
Ezekiel 29:8-15
God sets out a checklist:
- Egypt and everything from the tower of Syene to Ethiopia will be desolate and waste
- God will own the Nile
- No humans will walk through Egypt
- No animals will walk through Egypt
- Nobody will live in Egypt for 40 years
- Egyptians will leave Egypt and be scattered among other nations
- After 40 years of scattering, Egypt will be repopulated by the scattered Egyptians
- Egypt will be a weak kingdom, and will never control "the nations"
This passage is one of the most erroneous in the Bible. Since Ezekiel was penned, Egypt has never been a desolate waste, there has never been a time when people have not walked through it, there has never been a period of forty years when Egypt was uninhabited after the civilization started there, and it has never been surrounded by other desolate countries.
Ezekiel 30:12
Here the bible claims that God will dry up the Nile. According to scientific recorded history, such an event has never occurred.
Now, let's get to the reasons why you might have heard the prophecies are true. The most frequently used argument to refute the things I've just listed is to say "But it's symbolic!" When you think about this, it's actually a ridiculous statement (any yet, many biblical scholars have used it). It basically says "When God says he will do X, he REALLY means to say he'll do X or Y or Z or W or V... it's hard to tell" Well, I'm sorry but that's not how prophecies work. And here we get to the core of the issue. There are RULES that prophecies have to fulfill to be counted as prophecies:
1. The prophecy has to be ACCURATE. If I make the prophecy "tomorrow it'll rain", it must rain. Grey clouds are not enough.
2. It must be UNAMBIGUOUS. If multiple outcomes are possible to make a prophecy come true, it's not a prophecy. In that case it's just a good guess.
3. It must be IMPROBABLE. Saying "tomorrow it''ll rain" is also not a prophecy because it's not unlikely52|30|0
to rain in May if you live in Europe or the US. Improbable would be if you could write a 5-page prophecy about a train accident that will occur on the 4th of November 2057 in Minneapolis, stating and explaining all the minute details. There's a reason NOBODY has ever been able to pull this off: it's not possible.
4. It must be UNKNOWN at the time of writing. If you live in 2016 and you say "I already knew in 1980 that a airplane will hit the twin towers in 2001", it's not a prophecy. You're just adjusting the claim to things that have already happened.
Maybe you've heard of Nostradamus. He was a medieval scholar who made all kinds of prophecies about our times. Some people think he was right but it's the same as with the bible. Nostradamus was extremely vague and it's easy to interpret him in hundreds of different ways. For example, saying that "Germany will once be on fire and there will be death and destruction" only sounds like WW2 because this already happened. Had WW2 never
happened, we would think Nostradamus was referring to a big fire or maybe a nuclear war or a contagious disease etc. Making up these kind of statement is not hard. Anyone can take educated guesses. I have yet to find a biblical verse where it says something like "On the 31st of October, 1517, Martin Luther, philosopher, theologian and priest and monk, born in Eisleben to Hans and Margarethe Luther will go to the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg and hang up his 95 theses. This will lead to a great struggle within the christian religion and the catholic church, eventually resulting in a bloody, 30-years war from 1618-1648 and ending in the split of the christian religion into catholicism and protestantism." THIS could possibly count as a prophecy (and even this would still be quite vague, you'd have to add more details how this struggle actually happened). There's no such thing in the bible and nobody, no christian, no muslim, esoteric "mentalist" has ever been able to make such a prophecy.
Apparently someone doesn't have the right Bible because mine has all facts and nothing less.


text:
Thursday 31 December 1953, NewYear's Eve
It was Thursday, under the sign of Capricorn. The US president was Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include James Remar in Boston and Jane Badler in Brooklyn.
In UK Answer Me by Frankie Laine was in the top 5 hits.
David and Bathsheba, directed by Henry King, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1953
while Beyond This Place by A.J. Cronin was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching The Spike Jones Show.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1953 or at December 31 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 31 December 1953 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last months ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released this week ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 31 December 1953!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 31 December 1953 ?
- New Year's Eve on the Gregorian Calendar.
Famous Birthdays:
- James Remar in Boston: Massachusetts, USA; actor (48 Hours, Rent-a-Cop, The Cotton Club).
- Jane Badler in Brooklyn: New York, USA; actress (Fine Gold, Easy Kill, V).
- James Remar: American actor, best known for his portrayals of psychopaths and villains.
- Jane Badler: American actress and singer.
- Michael Hedges: American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1997).
- Trevor Phillips: English broadcaster and politician
- Hulan Jack sworn in as Manhattan Borough President
- Willie Shoemaker shatters record, riding 485 winners in a year
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of December 1953 ?
Search For Your Ancestors
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Remember when
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So I'm a teenager, and of course as a teenager I ride a shortboard (5'9 and 6'0). I surf at Assateague Island (near OCMD). Assateague is known to be a "longboarders heaven" but it's also very fun for shortboarders. I'm low on money... But surfing is my passion. Should I just stick to shortboarding?
Results 1 to 10 of 47
So... Should I buy a longboard or not?
May 10, 2014, 04:56 AM #2
If you want one, first rent or try out a friend's. Then save your money and buy a used one. If surfing 's your passion, learn to ride different sizes and types of boards. IMO, it helps make one a more complete surfer. With the surf conditions we have on the east coast, a long board is a good option to have.
May 10, 2014, 05:07 AM #3Senior Member
- Join Date
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Q,q.qqq? And qqq ?
Last edited by GreenFlash35; May 10, 2014 at 05:26 AM. Reason: QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
May 10, 2014, 11:24 AM #4
longboarding at assateague could mean the difference of surfing (that day) or doing
something else.
May 10, 2014, 12:05 PM #5Junior Member
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yes. single fin pin of course. there is not much better than getting toes over on overhead surf.
May 10, 2014, 12:51 PM #6
May 10, 2014, 12:53 PM #7
May 10, 2014, 01:53 PM #8
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I know single fin riding is like an art form, but I feel like I can still use some of my shortboard antics on the thruster LBs.
This entire statement probably makes me a longboard blesphemist or something, but hey...
Ohh and to the OP, yeah brother. Get one. Even all the "cool kids" in California, who were sponsered and have 645 shortboards all secretly have a few LBs. I have caught all of them at one point or another hiding down on sunset cliffs. As I paddle out, I point at them and say "HA! I KNEW IT!!!"
LBs are the tits sometimes.
May 10, 2014, 01:56 PM #9
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I will never forget the first time I road a longboard. It was down in Baja, when my room-mate, who had a couple LBs from Wrightville Beach said, he bro, I know you aren't a longboard guy, but why don't you give this a try....
For the next hour, I was out there just chillin. Having a blast. When I came back in, I said "All these time, and I never knew you guys were cheating. If I had known how easy these things are, I would have bought one years ago" Changed my perspective of the LB and surfing in general for ever....
Not saying LBing is easy by any means, but if you are an experienced shortboarder and you try one of those puppies on for size, its like having a motorcycle with training wheels.... Incredible...
May 10, 2014, 02:09 PM #10Member
- Join Date
- Jul 2013
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- 43
There are a lot of days during the summer when riding tiny stupid waves is the only option. A longboard at Assateague will let you have a little more fun on those days. Probably 20-30 days a summer when the LB is it. A mini simmons type board works well when its a little bigger, but not when its tiny.
If you need to be out those days you'll need a log.
That said, on big days, the LB helps you get into the wave early, make the big drop and go go go. Really fast, and really fun in a way you just can't get with a shorter board.
Last edited by sharknado; May 10, 2014 at 03:48 PM.


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Come on out to the Entertainment Tent on Saturday, August 27th from 8pm-Midnight, and listen to Toaster. You can learn more about them by going to their website at https://www.toasterrockslive.com/
This is a 21 and over event. Alcohol will be for sale. There is a $5 cover charge for entrance to the tent.


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We focus our work in three key areas, because nurturing the potential of kids, helping people live healthier, and supporting our neighbors are fundamental to strengthening communities.
TennisThe YMCA tennis program is committed to providing a full range of tennis experiences for juniors players of all levels, ranging from complete beginner to experienced advanced players. We offer tennis instruction on both an individual or group basis.
NO PROGRAM SESSIONS FOUNDThere are no program sessions matching your criteria. Please broaden your search and try again.
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2012 MAZDA MAZDA6 i Touring Sedan 4D
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Peter Ackroyd has been praised as one of the greatest living chroniclers of Britain and its people. In Rebellion, he continues his dazzling account of the history of England, beginning the progress south of the Scottish king James VI, who on the death of Elizabeth I became the first Stuart king of England, and ending with the deposition and flight into exile of his grandson James II.
The Stuart monarchy brought together the two nations of England and Scotland into one realm, albeit a realm still marked by political divisions that echo to this day. More importantly perhaps, the Stuart era was marked by the cruel depredations of civil war and the killing of a king. Shrewd and opinionated, James I was eloquent on matters as diverse as theology, witchcraft, and the abuses of tobacco, but his attitude to the English parliament sowed the seeds of the division that would split the country during the reign of his hapless heir, Charles I. Ackroyd offers a brilliant, warts-and-all portrayal of Charles's nemesis, Oliver Cromwell, Parliament's great military leader and England's only dictator, who began his career as apolitical liberator but ended it as much of a despot as "that man of blood," the king he executed.
England's turbulent seventeenth century is vividly laid out before us, but so too is the cultural and social life of the period, notable for its extraordinarily rich literature, including Shakespeare's late masterpieces, Jacobean tragedy, the poetry of John Donne and Milton, and Thomas Hobbes's great philosophical treatise, Leviathan. Rebellion also gives us a very real sense of the lives of ordinary English men and women, lived out against a backdrop of constant disruption and uncertainty.
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UK: Western Europe's car market up a healthy 10.7% in March
Western Europe's car market stepped up a gear in March, posting year-on-year growth of 10.7% and hitting a SAAR over 13m units for the first time in over three years.
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London -
A British man was on Tuesday jailed for 18 weeks after pleading guilty to drunkenly kicking to death a cat that had just been run over by a car.
CCTV footage showed Anthony Delaney, 30, approaching the ailing animal on a road near Manchester, northern England, before kicking it in the air.
He was also seen aiming a follow-up kick on the animal, which died as a result of its injuries.
The magistrate also banned Delaney from keeping animals for five years. - Sapa-AFP


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"Treatment of Rick (Robert Richard) Fulton..."
About: Wythenshawe Hospital Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester M23 9LT
Posted by Anonymous
On behalf of Rick's work colleagues, can I offer our sincere thanks for the efforts made by the A&E team and the Ambulance Service Paramedics on Rick's behalf after his collapse on the flight back to Manchester from Dubai. I think we knew a successful outcome was unlikely, but that did not prevent everyone from doing their absolute best. It was an example of exemplary team work. Our thanks again
Response from Wythenshawe Hospital 2 years ago
Many thanks for taking the time to post your comments on the NHS Choices website. I have forwarded your comments to the teams involved as I know they will be appreciative that you have taken the time and trouble to post such positive comments. Kind regards Patient Experience Manager
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) are a novel type of direct repeat found in a wide range of bacteria and archaea. CRISPRs are beginning to attract attention because of their proposed mechanism; that is, defending their hosts against invading extrachromosomal elements such as viruses. Existing repeat detection tools do a poor job of identifying CRISPRs due to the presence of unique spacer sequences separating the repeats. In this study, a new tool, CRT, is introduced that rapidly and accurately identifies CRISPRs in large DNA strings, such as genomes and metagenomes.
CRT was compared to CRISPR detection tools, Patscan and Pilercr. In terms of correctness, CRT was shown to be very reliable, demonstrating significant improvements over Patscan for measures precision, recall and quality. When compared to Pilercr, CRT showed improved performance for recall and quality. In terms of speed, CRT proved to be a huge improvement over Patscan. Both CRT and Pilercr were comparable in speed, however CRT was faster for genomes containing large numbers of repeats.
In this paper a new tool was introduced for the automatic detection of CRISPR elements. This tool, CRT, showed some important improvements over current techniques for CRISPR identification. CRT's approach to detecting repetitive sequences is straightforward. It uses a simple sequential scan of a DNA sequence and detects repeats directly without any major conversion or preprocessing of the input. This leads to a program that is easy to describe and understand; yet it is very accurate, fast and memory efficient, being O(n) in space and O(nm/l) in time.
Repetitive sequences are abundant in bacteria and archaea, accounting for close to 5% of the genome size in many organisms [1,2]. These repetitive sequences come in various forms/sizes and may be found dispersed throughout a genome, clustered in close proximity or arranged contiguously. The identification of repeats has proven to be of significance, as they provide insight into the functional and evolutionary roles of various organisms [3-7].
This study centers on a recently recognized family of repeats known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs). Since their description by Mojica et al. [8], CRISPRs have attracted a great deal of interest [9-16]. CRISPRs have been found only in the genomes of prokaryotes and are composed of short direct repeats currently known to range in sizes from 21 – 47 base pairs. This family of repeats is unique in that they are interspaced by non-repeating sequences of similar size. CRISPRs were found in approximately 40% of bacterial genomes investigated [14]. Of those genomes with CRISPRs present, about one half contained multiple CRISPR loci. The average number of repeats per loci was found to be 27, with an average repeat length of 32 base pairs. Although knowledge of the characteristics of CRISPRs continues to grow, their complete function is still not yet known. One recently verified hypothesis, however, is that they defend against invading viruses [16].
Several software applications are available for identifying various forms of repeats. However, because the focus on CRISPR elements is recent, only one CRISPR-specific tool has been published for their automatic detection [17]. Identification based on generic repeat searching applications such as Patscan [18] require considerable manual post-processing. In this study, a new tool for the automatic detection of CRISPR elements is presented. This software program, CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT), uses a simple sequential search technique that detects repeats directly from a DNA sequence. Unlike most repeat detection techniques, the algorithm presented in this paper does not rely on the use of the suffix tree or alignment matrix as a central data structure. Instead, repeats are discovered directly from the DNA. As a result, this technique is very efficient in terms of memory usage, and it is much easier to understand and implement than most other methods. Despite its simplicity, the presented algorithm is able to achieved impressive execution speed when compared to other repeat detection tools.
CRT's search for CRISPRs is based on finding a series of short exact repeats of length k that are separated by a similar distance and then extending these exact k-mer matches to the actual repeat length. The value of k should be small and less than the length of the shortest repeat to be detected. By making k small, string comparison is faster and the likelihood of finding exact matches between approximate repeats is increased. Once actual repeats are found, they are filtered to remove those that do not meet CRISPR specific requirements.
The algorithm begins its search for repeats with a left-to-right scan of a sequence using a small sliding search window of length k. The value in the search window represents a candidate repeat, and each time the window reads a new k-mer, the algorithm searches forward for exact k-mer matches. When searching for each successive match, the search space can be restricted to a small range, called search range. Given a k-mer that begins at position i, any exact k-mer match, if one exists, should occur in the range:
Here, minR and maxR refer to the lengths of the smallest and largest repeats to be detected. The lengths of spacers, which are the similarly sized non-repeating regions between repeats, are referred to by minS and maxS (See Figure Figure1).1). Since CRISPRs are to some degree evenly spaced, the distance between the initial repeats can be used to approximate the spacing between subsequent exact k-mer matches. Thus the size of the search range can be reduced further, resulting in faster processing time.
The size of the search range has a direct effect on the processing time of the algorithm, with smaller ranges being more desirable. Thus, the algorithm runs fastest when there is little variation between the sizes of the smallest/largest repeats and the smallest/largest spacers.
The search described above detects a succession of similarly spaced repeats of length k. Since these repeats do not represent the true length of the repeating pattern, they must be extended (left and right) to the actual repeat length. Any method for extending repeats must consider that mutations occur in DNA sequences, so, repeats may not be exact. The approach taken is this paper is to read the characters to the left or right of all repeats and compute occurrence percentages for each base, ACGT. If there is a character that has an occurrence percentage greater than or equal to some preset value, p, the repeats are extended. For example, if extending left, a p value of 100% extends exact k-mer matches to exact (k+1)-mer matches only if the character to the left of all repeats within the CRISPR is the same. Thus, for p = 100%, exact repeats are detected, while lower values allow for the detection of approximate repeats. This method of extending repeats works well for CRISPRs, give an appropriate value for p (CRT uses a default value of 75%).
If no exact k-mer matches are found, the search window advances forward and the process described above is repeated. The search window can actually advance forward in intervals greater than one without missing any repeats. The size of this interval is one of the major factors contributing to the speed of the presented algorithm.
The key to being able to advance at greater intervals is guaranteeing that the search window will never skip any repetitive sequence during its traversal of the DNA sequence. That is, the interval at which the search window advances must be small enough that the entire window will (at some point) fall entirely within each repeat. The length of this interval is dependent on the size of the search window, k, and the length of the smallest repeats to be identified, minR. It can be computed as follows.
Longer repeats produce larger intervals, as do smaller search windows. Larger intervals result in significant improvements in speed because less data is analyzed. For example, for minR = 21 and k = 6, the search window can skip 10 positions each time it advances. Thus, processing a DNA sequence of length 1,000,000, for the most part, becomes equivalent to processing a sequence of length 1,000,000/10 (or 100,000).
Although smaller search windows improve processing speed, if continuing to reduce their size, the speed of the algorithm may at some point worsen. This is because smaller search windows increase the likelihood of the program finding short repetitive sequences that are not really part of a true CRISPR element, but happen by chance. This will cause the program to spend more time processing repeats that are actually false positives. As an example, for a search window of length k = 3, there is a 1/43 chance that any 3-mer will be a match to the search window. This assumes that all four bases are equally likely to appear at any position.
Many of the candidate CRISPRs found from the process described above will either be contiguous repeats or repeats with incorrect starting and/or ending positions. To remove unwanted repetitive sequences, filters are applied. The first filter checks that the candidate CRISPR is composed of short repeats (between minR and maxR in length). If that condition is met, the spacers are checked for being non-repeating and similarly sized. Filtering is fast because most repetitive sequences do not make it deep into the process. Also, when testing for similarly sized/non-repeating spacers, it is only necessary to check the first few spacers of the CRISPR.
The final part of program checks the left and right flanks of a CRISPR in case repeats were missed because of too many mismatches. The flank check is less strict than the initial search for repeats in that it does not look for short exact matches. Instead, the discovered repeats within the CRISPR are used for comparison (using hamming distance) to detect any nearby approximate repeats. The flank check is important for two reasons. The likelihood of missing repeats with mismatches increases when advancing the search window in intervals. Furthermore, according to Jansen et al. [10], the last or last few repeats of CRISPRs contain mutations in most organisms, and about one-third of CRISPRs have the last repeat truncated.
The CRT algorithm moves a search window through a sequence in intervals, at each step scanning the search range for the pattern in the search window. Searching for a pattern in a text can be done using any fast search algorithm. The Boyer-Moore [19] string-matching algorithm is used here. It is linear in time (on average, the algorithm has a sublinear behavior). Thus, the running time of the algorithm for finding CRISPRs as described in this paper is O(nm/l), where n is the length of the DNA sequence, m is the length of the search range and l is the interval at which the search window advances. (The actual behavior of the algorithm is linear and is supported by empirical evidence in the following section.) The algorithm is also linear in space, since repeats are detected directly from the input sequence with no additional major structures required.
CRT (version 1.0), Pilercr (version 1.0) [17] and Patscan [18] were compared based on execution speed and ability to correctly identify CRISPRs. Patscan is a generic pattern discovery application that identifies repetitive sequences given a user-specified input pattern. The number of repeats that Patscan detects must be predefined, and the tool has no mechanism for distinguishing repeating and non-repeating regions of CRISPRs. Thus, considerable manual processing of the output is required in order to remove unwanted results and to extend repetitive sequences beyond the fixed size limit set by the input pattern. Pilercr is a recently developed tool designed specifically for the automatic detection of CRISPR elements. It is based on the Piler [20] program, which utilizes alignment matrices for detecting contiguous repeats.
Both Patscan and Pilercr were implemented in the C programming language. CRT was developed using Java. All tools were tested on finished microbial genomes available in the IMG version 1.5 database [21]. Each was run under Cygwin version 1.5.21 on a PC having the following specifications: Windows XP operation system, Pentium 3.4 GHz processor, 1.0 GB RAM.
Figures Figures2,2, ,33 and and44 show the execution times of the three tools. The x-axis contains the accession number for the analyzed organisms followed by their approximate number of base pairs in millions (Mbp). As the number of repeats may affect execution time, only genomes with similar repeats counts were used (between 70 and 80). Figures Figures22 and and33 are based on a search with repeat size 21 – 37, spacer size 19 – 48, and minimum number of CRISPR repeats 3. CRT required an additional setting for search window length. It was tested for values 6 and 8. Figure Figure44 shows results when searching for longer repeats of size 19 – 50 and spacer size 19 – 60 (this is beyond the range of any CRISPRs found in any previous work). Patscan is not included in this figure, or any subsequent figures, because it's extended running times flattens the other graph lines, making it difficult to compare the other tools (see Figure Figure22).
The speed of CRT and Pilercr is very impressive and a huge improvement over the previous technique of CRISPR detection using Patscan, as shown in Figures Figures22 and and3.3. CRT achieves the best performance, being able to process a DNA sequence of nearly 6 million bases in about 3 seconds using a search window of size 8, CRT(8), and in about 2 seconds for a search window of size 6, CRT(6).
Figure Figure44 shows a slight decrease in the performance of CRT as the range in the size of repeats to be detected is increased (see the previous section). The performance of Pilercr, however, appears to be independent of the size range of repeats. For these settings, the speed of CRT(8) and Pilercr are about the same, with CRT(6) performing best.
In the previous example, execution speed was analyzed based on increasing genome size. In Figure Figure5,5, speed is analyzed for increasing number of repeats. Only genomes of similar sizes were used (2.7 – 3.8 Mbp). The repeat size is 21 – 37 and spacer size is 19 – 48. The figures show that CRT performs better than Pilercr for larger number of repeats. Like Pilercr, whose speed appears to be independent of the size range of repeats, CRT's speed is independent of the number of repeats contained in a genome. Actually, CRT improves slightly in processing time as the number of repeats increases. This is because it is able to process sections of a sequence containing repeats very fast, as explained in the previous section.
In order to assist in determining the effectiveness of the three tools in identifying CRISPR elements, three evaluation measures were used: quality, precision and recall.
Detected CRISPRs are sometimes inconsistent with their actual form in a sequence. This generally results because DNA repeats are not always exact, and consequently are often difficult to correctly identify. Three common types of inconsistencies were identified in this study. Type I inconsistencies occur when a tool reports a CRISPR that is incomplete (that is, the CRISPR does not contain all of the repetitive sequences). Type II inconsistencies occur when repeats within a CRISPR do not begin and/or end at the correct position. For example, A CRISPR that actually begins with the sequence GTTTAC may be reported as beginning with TTTAC. In this case, it can be seen that the reporting tool is off by one position. Type III inconsistencies occur when a CRISPR is split. For example, a single CRISPR containing 10 repeats may be reported as two CRISPRS, each containing 5 repeats.
Let quality represent the likelihood that a CRISPR reported by a search tool does not contain an inconsistency of Type I, Type II or Type III. Based on this definition, there is no distinction between a CRISPR with one inconsistency and a CRISPR with three inconsistencies. Given the set of CRISPRs resulting from a search, let a be the total number of CRISPRs reported and b be the total number of CRISPRs containing at least one inconsistency. Assuming a > 0, quality (q) for a search tool can be computed as follows.
Quality alone is insufficient for measuring performance, as it does not consider the cost of failing to retrieve relevant CRISPRs or the cost of mistakenly retrieving instances that are not CRISPRs. For evaluating inconsistencies of these types, precision and recall are used.
Precision and recall are measures commonly used in the field of information retrieval (IR) when evaluating search algorithms. Their definitions are based on true positives, false positives and false negatives. The descriptions given here are expressed in terms of the tools evaluated in this study.
True positive (TP): the number of instances retrieved that were CRISPRs, False positive (FP): the number of instances retrieved that were not CRISPRs, False negative (FN): the number of instances not retrieved that were CRISPRs.
Determining FN can be problematic because it requires the total number of CRISPRs in the dataset to be known. As is often done in IR, in this study FN is estimated using the composite result sets from all of the available searches tools.
Using the definitions above, precision (p) and recall (r) can be computed as follows.
Precision is the ratio of the number of instances correctly identified to all the instances retrieved. Given an instance from the result set, it represents the likelihood of that instance being a CRISPR. Thus, precision can be used to answer the question, "Did the retrieval system identify a lot of junk (or instances that were not CRISPRs)?"
Recall is the ratio of the number of instances correctly identified to the total number of instances that are CRISPRs (whether retrieved or missed). Thus, recall can be used to answer the question, "Were all of the CRISPRs retrieved?"
In [14], Godde and Bickerton documented CRISPRs in 101 species with the use of Patscan. From that set, a random sample of size 27 was selected for comparison with results from CRT and Pilercr (using default parameter settings). Between Patscan, CRT and Pilercr, a total of 83 distinct CRISPRs were identified. Using the collective information, quality, precision and recall were computed for each tool. The results are presented in Table Table11 under the heading CRISPRs with Cas genes. Note that precision is not applicable for Patscan, because false positives are removed during manual post-processing. Also, the results for CRT are based on a search window length of 8. A search window length of 6 would produce similar precision/recall results, but would have a slightly lower quality score, because the likelihood of Type III inaccuracies is slightly increased.
The high scores for CRT and Pilercr show that automatic detection of CRISPRs can be very reliable, even more so than with the use of manual post-processing as is done with Patscan. However, it is not clear whether the lower scores for Patscan were mostly from the human involvement in the detection process or from the Patscan algorithm.
The quality score was highest for CRT. The lower score for Patscan was due entirely to Type I inconsistencies. The categories of inconsistencies for Pilercr were evenly spread, with Type I and Type II inconsistencies usually missing by only small amounts. Precision was highest with Pilercr, while CRT had the best recall score. In this application of precision/recall, recall is more significant as it gives an indication of the number of CRISPRs that were missed by a search tool. Although precision is important, a more sensitive tool that detects most CRISPRs but also reports a few repetitive sequences that are not really CRISPRs is more desirable than a less sensitive tool that misses several CRISPRs but reports very few false positives.
As mentioned above, in order to include Patscan in retrieval evaluations, results were used from Godde and Bickerton. However, they reported CRISPRs only for species that had CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes [10]. The authors of this study suspect that CRISPRs with Cas genes may have fewer mutations, thus they are easier for search tools to detect. As a result, the tools have higher evaluation scores. For this reason, a second experiment was undertaken using 80 randomly selected finished genomes from the IMG version 1.5 database. Using CRT and Pilercr, a total of 51 distinct CRISPR elements were identified within the 80 genomes. The evaluation scores are shown in Table Table11 under the heading CRISPRs with/without Cas genes. These results should be more reflective of the performance of the tools for a typical search. Almost all measures show a reduction in performance. The most noticeable difference is a decrease in precision for CRT and a decrease in recall for Pilercr.
The importance of identifying repetitive sequences is clear; however, the considerable size of many genomes makes fast and efficient repeat detection very challenging. Consequently, many detection techniques convert sequences to an alternative representation in an attempt to make analysis more efficient. A frequently used representation is the suffix tree [22]. Here, a DNA sequence is converted into a tree structure containing indices to all suffixes in the original sequence. By traversing the tree, an algorithm is able to find all occurrences of any pattern in time proportional to the size of the pattern. Because of the impressive speed of suffix trees, they have been widely used in DNA repeat detection [23-26]. The increased speed, however, comes at a cost. First, even before the search for repeats can begin, the suffix tree must be constructed from the sequence data. Second, after it is constructed, the tree can consume large amounts of memory.
Another technique frequently used for detecting repeats involves computing alignment matrices from DNA sequences [27,28]. Once implemented, the matrix can be used to find repeated regions in the sequence using one of several algorithms [22,29-31]. These algorithms, however, can be problematic because of extended processing times.
Unlike most repeat detection techniques, the algorithm presented in this paper does not rely on the use of the suffix tree or alignment matrix as a central data structure. No major conversion or preprocessing of the input is required. Instead, repeats are discovered directly from the DNA sequence using a simple left-to-right skip search technique with localized iterative extensions of identified repeat arrays in order to find exact boundaries. As a result, CRT is very efficient in terms of memory usage, at O(n), and O(nm/l) in time. Thus, a standard desktop machine is sufficient for processing large prokaryotic genomes, usually in a matter of seconds.
Future research plans are to modify the presented algorithm so that it is also able to identify contiguous repeats. Because of the nature of the CRT algorithm, the tool would not be practical for detecting very short patterns of sizes 2 – 4 nucleotides, for example. CRT is fastest when identifying longer repeats, and when there is little variation between the sizes of the smallest and largest repeats to be detected. Also, the tool is fast when processing genomes with large numbers of repeats; so, CRT may be useful for detecting contiguous repeats in eukaryotes, which tend to have more repetitive sequences than prokaryotic genomics.
In this paper a new tool was introduced for the automatic detection of CRISPR elements. This tool, CRT, was shown to be a significant improvement over the current technique for CRISPR identification using Patscan. CRT's approach detects repeats directly from a DNA sequence. This leads to a program that is easy to describe and understand, yet it is very fast and memory efficient. In terms of retrieval performance, CRT was shown to be very reliable in detecting CRISPRs, based on measures quality, precision and recall. For performance measures tested, CRT outperformed Patscan in all cases. Additionally, when compared to a recently developed CRISPR detection program, Pilercr, CRT showed improved performance under some important conditions. However, using CRT and Pilercr for detecting CRISPRs is recommended, as both are fast and have complementary strengths for precision and recall.
Project name: CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT)
Project home page: http://www.room220.com/crt
Operating system(s): Platform independent
Programming language: Java
CB implemented CRT and wrote the manuscript. NCK and PH guided the research and revised the manuscript. FS, TLR, ML and KDB participated in background research, data collection and tool comparison.
This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Los Alamos National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-ENG-36. Also, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's CSEE and Jackson State University's LSMAMP programs are kindly acknowledged for their support.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My dog 15 pounds ran to the neighbor dog 150 pounds with leash attatched but we let go and neighbor dog maulled and killed my dog. Neighbor dog killed 1 dog previously to mine.
"My dog 15 pounds ran to the neighbor dog 150 pounds with leash attatched but we let go"
Are you claiming you could not restrain a "15 pounds" dog, or that you LET it run ("we let go") to a "150 pounds" dog that had already killed?
Either way, the greater negligence appears to be yours. If you wish to pursue the issue, contact an animal law attorney in your county.
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Was the other dog leashed? If the other dog was leashed and you let your dog go, you probably don't have a very strong case. Moreover, unless the vet bills are astronomical, it would not make economic sense to file a lawsuit. Try talking it over with the neighbor; I'm sure he/she feels very bad.
You can also report the incident to animal control if you believe the dog is dangerous.
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It is difficult to tell based on your answer. There are important issues, such as where this happened. However, you share liability by letting your dog loose. You can try to file a criminal complaint, especially if the dog has killed before. You may want to ask the neighbor if they are willing to share in the vet bill. Another option is small claims court.
Michelle L Radloff 248-767-0239. The advice provided here is provided under the limitations of Avvo's terms of use and does not establish an attorney/client relationship.Ask a similar question
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The Commissioner for Entrance Examinations (CEE), Kerala, invites applications from the candidates who have qualified and have figured in the Kerala State list of AIPGMEE 2014 exam.
CEE, Kerala will accept AIPGMEE 2014 scores for allotment / admission to PG medical / diploma courses for the state quota seats in the government medical colleges and for the 50% of seats available in the self financing / co-operative medical colleges in Kerala.
- Candidates should have passed MBBS degree from any of the medical colleges recognised by the KUHS.
- Candidates who have completed one year internship or are likely to complete it on or before 31st March 2014 are eligible to apply for admission.
- Candidates must have secured good marks in AIPGMEE 2014 exam.
- There is no upper age limit for General Quota candidates.
- For Service Quota candidates, other than medical Education services quota (MESQ), upper age limit will be 48 years for postgraduate degree courses and 49 for postgraduate diploma courses, as on 01st January 2014.
Mode of selection:
- All candidates including Service Quota candidates will have to qualify the AIPGMEE-2014 for Admission session 2014 conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE).
- The CEE shall prepare a Merit List and Category Lists of SC, ST, SEBC, PD and XS for allotment and admission on the basis of applications submitted by the qualified candidates.
- The selection of service candidates shall be made from the rank list furnished by the Director of Medical Education and approved by the Post Graduate Selection Committee.
Please note:
The selection and allotment of seats, including those under Service Quota, will be made by the CEE through a Centralized Allotment Process (CAP), which is a Single Window System of allotment based on the options submitted online by the candidates, eligible as per prospectus for admission to PG medical courses, Kerala-2014, approved by the Government of Kerala.
How to apply:
- Candidates have to apply online.
- Candidates have to pay the required fee at any of the branches of State Bank of Travancore using the bank challan available with the printout of the online application.
- The candidates outside Kerala can remit the application fee by way of a Demand Draft for the requisite amount, drawn from any nationalised bank in favour of Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, payable at Thiruvananthapuram.
- All candidates seeking admission to the course should take the printout of the online application, affix their passport size photograph (same as the one uploaded to NBE for AIPGMEE-2014) in the space provided in it and get it attested by a Government Gazetted Officer.
Application fee:
- For service / general candidates: Rs 1,000/-.
- For SC / ST candidates: Rs 500/-
Important dates:
Last date for submission of application form is 28th February 2014.
Stay tuned with Oneindia Education on: Entrance Exams, Admissions, News, Value Education, Online Courses


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STELATOPIA BALM 400ML MUSTELA relipidant
STELATOPIA BALM 400ML MUSTELA replenishing sale in our baby area - Maternity: The balm replenishing Stelatopia of Mustela soothes and repairs very dry skin and atopic instantly children from birth. Face and body. The STELATOPIA range of Mustela is designed to soothe and protect dry and damaged skin of infants
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STELATOPIA BALM 400ML MUSTELA relipidant
Description MUSTELA STELATOPIA replenishing BALM 400ML
Stelatopia replenishing balm soothes and repairs of Mustela very dry skin and atopic instantly children from birth. Face and body
The STELATOPIA range of Mustela is designed to soothe and protect dry and damaged skin of infants, babies and children by natural formulas hypoallergenic, paraben free, dye-free, alcohol, phenoxyethanol, phthalate, chorphénésine without essential oil and fragrance for the respect of the most sensitive skins.
The relipiddant balm oleostistillat consisting of sunflower which is a patented natural asset, the Active Relipidation and plum oil protects the delicate skin of toddlers by reforming the protective film and fighting against irritating factors cause redness and irritation, nourishes, moisturizes and soothes upon application.
Its creamy texture and melting balm penetrates quickly to leave skin very soft.
From the first use of the balm on the skin, irritation subsides, the skin regains its suppleness and comfort.
Directions for use of replenishing 400ML MUSTELA STELATOPIA BAUME
Apply a small amount of balm on the whole body and clean dry face, massage gently until completely absorbed, morning and evening.
Do not apply to oozing lesions.
Aqua, Glycerin, Petrolanum, Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, Cyclopentasiloxane, Caprylic / Capric Triglyceride, Sucrose Distearate, Dextrin, Copernica cerifera (Carnauba) Wax, Healianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil Unsaponifiables, Prunus Domestica Seed Extract, 1.2 Hexanediol, Sucrose Stearate, Candelilla Cera (Euphorbia cerifera (Candelilla) Wax), squalane, Dimethiconol, Glyceryl caprylate, Hydroxyethyl Acrylate / Sodium acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, Xanthan Gum, Glucose, Sorbitol, Citric Acid, Polysorbate 60, Sorbitan Steatrate, Sodium Hydroxide, Ceramide 3, Phytosphingosine.
400ml pump bottle
Buy at low prices all baby products Mustela brand. Toiletry baby and most appropriate products for baby skin with atopic range Stelatopia
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Planned giving can be an advantageous way to provide a future gift to San Francisco AIDS Foundation. By remembering the foundation for any amount in your estate plans, you ensure the continuation of vital education, advocacy and direct services for the prevention and care of those living with and at risk for HIV/AIDS. Please consider joining the Legacy Society. With your commitment, you are bringing us one step closer to our goal of making San Francisco the first U.S. city to end HIV transmission, once and for all.
If you have decided to include San Francisco AIDS Foundation in your estate plans, please let us know. We would like to thank you for your generosity and show you our appreciation by including you as a member of San Francisco AIDS Foundation's honorary society, the Legacy Society. The foundation periodically holds special events for Legacy Society members. Members who have given their permission to list their names are also recognized in the foundation's annual report to the community. For those who wish to remain anonymous, the foundation will honor that request.
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The following sample provision may be helpful to you and your attorney.
"I give, devise, and bequeath to San Francisco AIDS Foundation, a not-for-profit corporation as described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and located in San Francisco, California, or its successor organization, $___________ (insert dollar amount, percent of estate, or description of property to be donated) to be used for its general support and charitable purposes."
Before making your estate plans, you should consult with a qualified estate planner, financial planner and/or attorney.
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