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From plasma crystals and helical structures towards inorganic living matter
V N Tsytovich1,5, G E Morfill2, V E Fortov3, N G Gusein-Zade1, B A Klumov2 and S V Vladimirov4
1 General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova str. 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
2 Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85740 Garching, Germany
3 Insitute of Physics of Extremal State of Matter, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
4 School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
5 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 19 April 2007
Published 14 August 2007
|Abstract. Complex plasmas may naturally self-organize themselves into stable interacting helical structures that exhibit features normally attributed to organic living matter. The self-organization is based on non-trivial physical mechanisms of plasma interactions involving over-screening of plasma polarization. As a result, each helical string composed of solid microparticles is topologically and dynamically controlled by plasma fluxes leading to particle charging and over-screening, the latter providing attraction even among helical strings of the same charge sign. These interacting complex structures exhibit thermodynamic and evolutionary features thought to be peculiar only to living matter such as bifurcations that serve as `memory marks', self-duplication, metabolic rates in a thermodynamically open system, and non-Hamiltonian dynamics. We examine the salient features of this new complex `state of soft matter' in light of the autonomy, evolution, progenity and autopoiesis principles used to define life. It is concluded that complex self-organized plasma structures exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for inorganic living matter that may exist in space provided certain conditions allow them to evolve naturally.
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Plasma over-screening and plasma fluxes
- 3. Helical dust structures
- 4. Replication of helical dust structures
- Acknowledgment
- Appendix
- References
1. Introduction
A universal definition of life [1] relates it to autonomy and open-ended evolution [2], i.e. to autonomous systems with open-ended evolution/self-organization capacities. Thus a number of features follow: some energy transduction apparatus (to ensure energy current/flow); a permeable active boundary (membrane); two types of functionally interdependent macromolecular components (catalysts and records)—in order to articulate a `genotype–phenotype' decoupling allowing for an open-ended increase in the complexity of the individual agents (individual and `collective' evolution) [3]. The energy transduction system is necessary to `feed' the structure; the boundary as well as a property called `autopoiesis' (which is a fundamental complementarity between the structure and function [4, 5]) are necessary to sustain organized states of dissipative structures stable for a long period of time. To maintain a living organic state, it is also necessary to process nutrients into the required biochemical tools and structures through metabolism which in mathematical terms can be seen as a mapping f that transforms one metabolic configuration into another (and is invertible) f(f) = f; i.e. it is a function that acts on an instance of itself to produce another instance of itself [6, 7]. Finally, memory and reproduction of organic life are based on the properties of DNA which are negatively charged macromolecules exhibiting an important property of replication [8].
Self-organization of any structure needs energy sources and sinks in order to decrease the entropy locally. Dissipation usually serves as a sink, while external sources (such as radiation of the Sun for organic life) provide the energy input. Furthermore, memory and reproduction are necessary for a self-organizing dissipative structure to form a `living material'. The well known problem in explaining the origin of life is that the complexity of living creatures is so high that the time necessary to form the simplest organic living structure is too large compared to the age of the Earth. Similarly, the age of the Universe is also not sufficient for organic life to be created in a distant environment (similar to that on the Earth) and then transferred to the Earth.
Can faster evolution rates be achieved for non-organic structures, in particular, in space consisting mostly of plasmas and dust grains, i.e. of natural components spread almost everywhere in the Universe? If yes, then the question to address is: are the above necessary requirements of self-organization into a kind of a `living creature' present in plasmas containing macro-particles such as dust grains? Here, we discuss new aspects of the physics of dust self-organization that can proceed very fast and present an explanation of the grain condensation into highly organized structures first observed as plasma crystals in [9, 10]. We stress that, previously, important features of these structures were not clearly related to their peculiar physics such as plasma fluxes on to grain surfaces, sharp structural boundaries, and bifurcations in particle arrangements that can serve as memory marks and help reproduction. The plasma fluxes strongly influence interactions of dust particles, sustain the boundaries, and realize the energy transduction. We discuss experiments which indicate the natural existence of the memory marks in helical dust structures, similar to DNA, and natural mechanisms of the helical dust structure reproduction.
2. Plasma over-screening and plasma fluxes
An important feature of inorganic structures is the presence of `memory marks' existing as `rigid marks' in common crystal systems. In contrast, observations of crystals formed by dust in a plasma (plasma crystals) [9, 10] demonstrate no rigid marks because of unusual properties of plasma crystals such as large coupling constant, low temperature of phase transition, and large separation of grains. These puzzling properties can be resolved by employing the over-screening of grain fields, the effect that was clearly realized only recently. The over-screening appears in the presence of plasma fluxes on to the grain surfaces [11]–[13]. As a result, an attraction well appears as indicated schematically in figure 1. This potential well is usually shallow and located at a distance much larger than the Debye screening length λD (an example shown in figure 1 uses parameters typical for plasma crystal experiments [9, 10]). A shallow potential well explains the large coupling constant as well as the low temperature of phase transitions. By extracting the pure Coulomb potential of interaction and introducing the screening factor ψ, the grain interaction potential is V = Zd2e2ψ/r (Zd is the grain charge in units of electron charge –e). Due to over-screening, the value of ψ changes its sign at large distances as indicated in figure 1. At the potential well minimum, the screening factor ψmin is negative. The value |ψmin| determines the temperature of the associated phase transition Td and also characterizes the distance rd = rd(|ψmin|) of the well minimum (in the simplest case, ). If condensation of grains (or grain pairing) occurs, the grains will be localized at the minimum of the attraction well, rd. The corresponding criterion can be expressed through the coupling constant Γ (which is the ratio of the potential energy of the grain interaction to their kinetic energy) as Γ > Γcr≡Zd2e2/rdTd = 1/|ψmin|. Thus, |ψmin| determines values of the inter-grain distance, the temperature of transition, and the coupling constant. For a shallow attractive well, |ψmin| ≪ 1 and Γ ≫ 1. This qualitatively explains thelarge value of Γ observed in experiments. The model predicts Γcr to be of the order of the difference between the maximum grain interaction and the temperature of transition (about 3–4 orders of magnitude). As a result, the concept of plasma over-screening agrees well [12, 13] with major experimental observations [9, 10]. It also applies for description of dust helical structures and leads to the possibility of unusual `memory marks' impossible in common crystals.
|Figure 1. Sketch of the screening factor ψ of the grain interaction potential. The grain interaction energy V can be described in units of pure (not screened) Coulomb interactions of grains V = ψ(Zd2e2/r) as a function of the distance between the grains in units of the linear Debye screening length. The distance rd displays the position of the minimum of the attraction well and has a typical experimental value of 200 μm [9, 10]. This corresponds to the inter-grain distances observed during the phase transition to the plasma crystal state. The value of |ψmin| varies between 10-2 and 10-4 for different models and different experiments. This value is in accordance with the ratio of the interaction at the minimum of the potential well and the maximum interaction energy corresponding to ψ = 1, respectively. The value of coupling constant Γ = 1/|ψmin| ranges from 102 up to 104 in accordance with observations.
We have performed molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that a random distribution of grains, interacting via the potential shown in figure 1 with a shallow attractive well |ψmin|≈10–3 and experiencing background friction and stochastic kicks, forms spherical grain crystals. In figure 2, we show results of these simulations. Application of this model is of double importance. Firstly, we resolve the problems of laboratory observations, and secondly, we predict the possible existence of large plasma poly-crystals in space—a new state of matter which is unexplored so far. Here, an important point for space applications is that the attraction potential well is shallow and therefore even weak dissipation can cause the grain capture in the well.
|Figure 2. Molecular dynamics simulations of dusty cloud evolution. The figure shows snapshots of the velocity field and grain positions: (a) corresponds to the initial state (t = 0) of the cloud, (b) t = 0.3 s and (c) t = 3 s, respectively. The velocity magnitude is color-coded. It rises from blue to red by a factor of five. Initially, 103μ m-size grains were distributed randomly over the sphere of radius about rd (see figure 1) and the pair interactions between grains are described by the potential shown in figure 1. Grain motions are damped by friction (to model viscosity of plasma neutral component) and stochastically accelerated by Langevin force (to model plasma fluctuations). The simulations reveal formation of a stable self-confined spherical structure in time. Local order analysis shows that some grains (about a few percents of their total number) have hcp lattice type, while the majority of grains are in a liquid state.
Physically, the attraction appears due to the electrostatic self-energy of grains, supported by plasma fluxes continuously absorbed by the grains. The fluxes are necessary to sustain the grain charges and appear almost immediately as soon as a particle is embedded in the plasma. The self-energy of grains is much larger than their kinetic and potential energies so that its (even small) changes can strongly influence grain interactions. It was first shown in [11] that for a fixed source of plasma fluxes, the electrostatic energy of two grains decreases when they approach each other. As the self-energy is supported by continuous plasma fluxes, work has to be done to maintain them and this can almost compensate the associated changes of self-energy. Nevertheless, a full compensation does not occur if the distance between the grains is large. At present it is understood [12, 13] that this phenomenon is a general feature of grain interactions in a plasma. The fluxes on grains depend on the electrostatic polarization charges of the grains and the polarization charges depend on the fluxes and create an accumulation of excess plasma charges between the grains. These plasma charges exhibit the sign opposite to that of likely charged interacting grains and therefore cause the attraction. The appearance of grain attraction is a general phenomenon which converts the grain containing matter into a new unusual state.
Effects of plasma fluxes lead to gravitation-like instabilities with an effective gravitational constant Geff≈Zd2e2|ψminmd2. For a dust size a≈3 μm, a mass density of the dust material of 2g cm–2, Zd≈103 and |ψmin|≈10–4, the effective gravitational constant Geff is approximately 6×104 cgs which is 1012 times larger than the usual gravitational constant G = 6.7×10–8 cqs. The effective Jeans length of this instability has the size of order rd. The effective gravity affects only dust grains and therefore plasmas can be influenced by this attraction only through their interactions with the grains. The new effective instability of a dusty plasma leads to structurization of dust clouds similar to the effects caused by the usual gravitational instability.
Dust structures self-organized in the plasma environment have sharp boundaries such that they are isolated from each other by regions without grains (dust voids). This effect, observed in the laboratory as well as in micro-gravity experiments onboard the ISS [14], is well explained theoretically [15, 16]. The structures and crystals should self-generate additional confining forces due to the plasma fluxes directed into the structures, i.e. these structures serve as sinks of plasmas and the ram pressure of the plasma fluxes acts on the structures to make them self-organized, self-confined and dissipative. This self-contraction should be added to the the grain pairing; their joint effect leads to formation of dust helical structures.
3. Helical dust structures
Helical dust structures (an example is given in figure 3(a)), can be considered as equally separated flat structures with constant rotation angle between the planes (figure 3(b)). Their properties are of special interest for the problems discussed here. Figure 3(a) illustrates double helical dust structures similar to DNA. Molecular dynamics simulations of interacting grains with an additional gas friction show that any cylindrically symmetric grain distribution converts in time into a stable self-confined helical structure [17]. These specific stable dust structures form due to the grain pairing attraction as well as due to the external plasma flux created by the whole structures (and the anticipated ram pressure). In experiments in gas discharges with a longitudinal external electric field forming striations [18, 19], modulated cylindrical grain crystals were observed. As predicted by numerical simulations [17], these cylindrical crystals convert into helical structures with fewer grains per unit length. According to numerical experiments, highly symmetric spherical dust structures can be formed only when the spherical symmetry is externally supported (e.g. when all initial conditions are spherically symmetric). In the other cases, even a small asymmetry leads to formation of cylindrically symmetric and/or helical structures. In nature, some asymmetry always exists and therefore formation of helical structures is quite probable. First observations of dust self-confined moving helical structures were done in dc cryogenic gas discharges [20]. The particle traces, moving in a self-organized way, are shown in figure 4. Similar ion helical structures were also observed in laser cooling traps [21].
|Figure 3. (a) and (b) Sketch of helical double winding grain structures similar to DNA. (c) Bifurcations in (ϕ,D/Δ)—plane of structures confined by external potential Kr2/2; ϕ is the rotational angle in each plane of the helical structure; D is the diameter of the helical structure and Δ is the spatial separation of the planes of the helical structure; the line K = 0 corresponds to self-organized stable structures without external confinement K = 0 but with the presence of dust attraction [17].
|Figure 4. (a) Traces of helical structures on the walls of the chamber observed in dc cryogenic plasmas at Ti = 2.7 K. The traces of conical helical structure are shown black on the green background of discharge at several distances from the top of it; x = 0 mm—the `head' of the structure, x = 3 mm—the middle of the structure and 5 mm—the end of the structure. The whole structure looks like a `worm', hollow inside (having a dust void inside) and moving on cylindrical surfaces around the axis of discharge. (b) Sketch of the central part of the helical structure of the `worm' deduced from the traces left of the structure on the wall of the discharge chamber, the grains are located at the surfaces of a few cylinders inside each other [20].
Important features of dust helical structures observed in simulations [17] and indicated by analytical investigation of stability of helical structures and mode oscillations is the existence of numerous bifurcations in the dependence of the helical winding angle upon the diameter of the structure. An example of this helical structure behavior is demonstrated schematically in figure 3(c). Bifurcations in helical structures appear naturally and correspond to the critical conditions when any slight change in the helical structure diameter D results in a sudden change of the helical winding. We note that various helical structures with different bifurcations can be obtained in experiments using current cylindrical discharge plasma crystals by continuously decreasing the number of grains injected into the system. Numerical investigations show a universal character of these bifurcations. The helical structures have the unique property of bifurcations which can serve as memory marks. With increasing of diameter of the structure suddenly the rotational angle of the structure is changed. This is illustrated by figure 3(c) which shows that an increase of diameter of the structure at certain radius there appears possibility of presence of two equilibrium vales of the rotational angle (the upper thick dashed line and the lower solid line) instead of one possible equilibrium value for the rotational angle before bifurcation (the upper thick line). After the bifurcation the solid thick dashed line represents an unstable branch and the solid lower line represents a stable branch. Thus the rotational angle at some critical radius is changing abruptly.
These bifurcations can serve as possible memory marks for the structures. The helical crystals can then store this information.
4. Replication of helical dust structures
Dust convection and dust vortex formation outside the structure is another natural phenomenon observed in laboratory experiments and in experiments onboard the ISS [14]–[16]. The physics of dust vortex formation is related to the grain charge inhomogeneity and its dependence on surrounding plasma parameters. The gradients of grain charges are supported self-consistently by the structure, and they are the reason for the non-potential character of the electrostatic force –eZdE acting on the grains and causing the vortex formation. Dust convection was observed in experiments on cylindrical dust crystals formed in modulated gas discharges [18] (figure 5(a)) and was obtained in numerical modeling [19] (figure 5(b)). It is important that the helical crystals modulated in their radius are always surrounded by self-created dust convection cells. The helical dust structures, after they are formed, resemble features similar to those of DNA. In particular, they can transfer information from one helical structure to another via the dust convective cells surrounding any bifurcation of the helical structure. A rough sketch of a possible model of the helical grain structure reproduction is shown in figure 5(c).
|Figure 5. (a) The observed grain convection surrounding the cylindrical grain crystal. Different colors correspond to different grain velocities [18], The velocities vary from about 0.4 cm s-1 (blue) up to 1.5 cm s–1 (red). (b) The dust convection obtained in numerical simulations [19]. (c) Sketch of the model for helical structure duplication (reproduction). See details in the text.
Let us discuss some details about possible sequences of events during the reproduction. The abrupt change of the rotational angle will create an inhomogeneity in random halo dust grains surrounding the helical structure with grain charge gradient not collinear to the electric field and will create a force forming pair of toroidal vortices around the structure. For a negatively charged structure the upper toroidal vortex has a clockwise rotation while the lower has an anti-clockwise rotation. If another (second) helical structure has no bifurcation and moves close to that with bifurcation the vortices start to be created in this structure. Finally these vortices create the bifurcation in the second structure and transfer the information from the first structure to the other one.
The evolution of dust structures in the presence of plasma fluxes is related to the characteristic frequency of dust motions. In first instance, this can be estimated by the dust plasma frequency ωpd∼(Zd2e2/mdrd3)1/2, where md is the mass of a dust particle. We note that characteristics of the potential well (located at rd) and therefore the physics of plasma fluxes enter this expression via rd and Zd. This consideration destroys one of the current myths in astrophysics, namely, that the grain interaction is vanishing for distances larger than the linear Debye screening radius. This is obvious since inside the dust Jeans length (where the interactions are still effective) many grains are present for most dust clouds in space. For most situations, the plasma dust frequency of a few (or even a fraction of) Hz leads to times extremely short compared to typical astrophysical times. If grain structures exist in space, they have collective modes of oscillations which in principle can be detected as modulations of the infrared emission of different cosmic sources. The effective Jeans size of dust clumping is in the range that can be detected by the Spitzer telescope in observation of (the closest to the Earth) formations of dust clouds around stars and star outbursts preceding the formation of new planetary systems. The program to measure low frequency regular modulations from dust clouds with the effective structure sizes caused by the dust attraction instability can be included in, e.g. the Spitzer telescope project.
Our analysis shows that if helical dust structures are formed in space, they can have bifurcations as memory marks and duplicate each other, and they would reveal a faster evolution rate by competing for `food' (surrounding plasma fluxes). These structures can have all necessary features to form `inorganic life'. This should be taken into account for formulation of a new SETI-like program based not only on astrophysical observations but also on planned new laboratory experiments, including those on the ISS. In the case of the success of such a program one should be faced with the possibility of resolving the low rate of evolution of organic life by investigating the possibility that the inorganic life `invents' the organic life.
This work was partially supported by the Australian Research Council.
A.1. Methods used for description of plasma crystal
Special methods have been developed to treat the plasma over-screening for present experiments with large grain charges which cause the screening to be nonlinear at short distances between the grains [9, 10]. The full nonlinear treatment of the screening polarization charges and plasma fluxes is rather complicated [12]. The progress was achieved on the basis of physical arguments showing that close to the grains the influence of fluxes on polarization is small. Neglecting the effect of fluxes the nonlinear screening was solved in [13] by using the approach of [22]. Far from the grain the coupling of fluxes and polarization charges became important but the polarization charge became small and one can use the linear approach to find the coupling. The matching method at the distances where the nonlinearity starts to be weak have been applied successfully [13] to describe the nonlinear over-screening.
A.2. Numerical simulation methods
The cooperative behavior of charged grains embedded in a plasma is due to electrostatic coupling between the charged particles, which are believed to interact via a potential which has both a repulsive and an attractive short-range component. 3D molecular dynamics simulations including electrostatic collisions between grains, neutral drag and stochastic Langevin force were performed to simulate the evolution of a dusty cloud. Free boundary conditions were used. To analyze the local order of grains, we used the bond order parameter method [23].
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- Fortov V E et al 1996 Phys. Let. A 219 89–94
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- Tsytovich V N 1994 Attraction of equally charged dust grains and formation of new type of matter Comment. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 15 349
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- Tsytovich V N and Morfill G 2004 Non-linear collective phenomena in dusty plasmas Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 46 B527–39
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- Tsytovich V 2006 New paradigm for plasma crystal formation J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39 4501–9
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Gustavo on The Tom Leykis Show THIS WEDNESDAY for Monthly ¡Ask a Mexican! Segment
If it's the last Wednesday of the month, it means that it's time for me to trek up to Burbank and spend the afternoon with Tom Leykis. Lemme explain how it goes, as it's now part of the show's tradition. The first hour (starting at 3 p.m. PST) is devoted to Tom and I shooting the shit, on conversations that can go ANYWHERE.
Hour Two is the ¡Ask a Mexican! hour, where I people's questions on Mexicans LIVE. And Hour Three? Even better: the weekly Wednesday wackfest known as "Be Funny!" where people can make any joke possible--the more offensive, the better.
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The Choral Reef starts with vintage analog chorus tone. It then adds control over the depth, width, mix, and feedback. A 3-way mode switch transforms the overall character of the chorus, from subtle flange-like tones to crazy warbled dissonance. The Choral Reef is based on the analog MN3007 budget-brigade chip, which has become more rare & expensive in the past few years.
- (2012-10-28) VFE Pedals Choral Reef Analog Chorus by JetCityMusic
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It's also a big week for healthcare at the Supreme Court, where the justices will hear oral arguments Tuesday in two cases that affect the pharmaceutical industry.
The bigger of the two cases deals with patients' ability to sue when they suffer injuries from generic drugs. The Justice Department says the type of lawsuit at issue in this case should be blocked, arguing that decisions about drugs' safety belong to the Food and Drug Administration.
But some Democrats disagree, citing a Supreme Court case from 2009 that affirmed the right to sue brand-name drug companies.
The court will also hear arguments Tuesday over the extremely complex system for compensating people who are harmed by vaccines.
Back on Capitol Hill, the House Energy and Commerce Committee has a busy week planned.
On Monday, the panel's Health subcommittee will hold a hearing to examine the state of U.S. entitlements.
On Tuesday, the Communications and Technology subpanel will look at wireless innovations as they relate to healthcare. On Wednesday, the Health subcommittee will ask how new technologies are benefitting patients. And on Thursday, the Oversight and Investigations subcommittee will look at the effect of regulations on developing technologies.
The Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee also has a full plate, with a hearing on retirement savings Tuesday and an executive session on the Animal Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 on Wednesday. That meeting will also cover the HIV Organ Policy Equity Act.
Also on Wednesday, the Senate Finance Committee will hold a hearing on the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation and its efforts to reform the U.S. healthcare system. Discussion is likely to touch on demonstration projects and accountable care organizations that are under way. The center's director, Richard Gilfillan, will testify.
The Senate Veterans Affairs Committee will also hold a hearing on veterns' mental health and their access to good care on Wednesday.
Off Capitol Hill, the National Association of Community Health Centers will hold a four-day policy conference at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel starting Wednesday.
On Thursday, the Alliance for Health Reform will hold a briefing on the future of the healthcare workforce. The event will take place at Union Station.


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Talk:State Of The Map 2016/Logo entries
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Atomium copyright issue
Yesterday SK53 pointed me to the Atomium copyright, which might be a problem here. MarkusHD (talk) 07:09, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
- Thank you or being aware of this, amongst the SotM Working Group we also brought the concern up. The conclusion was "Last July 9th, the European Parliament has *rejected* an amendment to limit the freedom of panorama." The Guardian has an article with background on the freedom of panorama amendment. - LastGrape/Gregory 13:28, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
- Unfortunately, in Belgium there has never been freedom of panorama. On the Dutch Wikipedia page about the Atomium, a scale model is shown, and the image used on the English one has a non-free media use rationale. Besides copyright issues, this could also be a trademark issue, because the Atomium is operated by a company. Therefore it may be advisable to reject Atomium depictions.
- P.S.: Yes, really, if you're on holiday in Belgium and take a nice picture with the Atomium and you put it online, you're acting illegally. —M!dgard [ talk ] 14:27, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
- Oh no!. but... screw it! I'm so reckless. I'm like the guys in this video. :-) -- Harry Wood (talk) 10:11, 18 August 2015 (UTC)


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Eight men arrested in India following rape of elderly nun
Eight men have been detained by police in India investigating the gang-rape of an elderly nun as she tried to stop burglars ransacking a convent school.
The woman, in her 70s, was attacked by robbers who escaped with cash, a mobile phone, a laptop and a camera intended for pupils in Ranaghat town.
Six suspects were caught on CCTV released by police and it is believed that four men identified from the footage were among the group arrested on Sunday.
They are being held in custody for interrogation in the Nadia district of West Bengal, the Times of India reported, and investigators are probing motives including extortion and revenge as well as robbery.
CCTV showed robbers aged between 20 and 30 scale the convent's boundary wall at around 11.40pm on Friday night before disconnecting phone lines.
The elderly nun was asleep in bed when they broke in but the gang entered her room after attacking a security guard and tying him up with rope, police said.
When she tried to stop them robbing the school, she was taken into another room and allegedly raped.
Prayers for the victim are being said in churches across the country as she recovers in a Kolkata hospital after reportedly undergoing surgery.
The Archbishop of Kolkata, Thomas d'Souza, called for more security at the convent.
"There are only three sisters in the community," he told the BBC. "One sister was molested badly. The other two, and a guard, were tied to chairs."
The men also stole money from the school, he said, vandalised the chapel, broke open the tabernacle and took away the ciborium, the sacred vessel used during Mass.
Rev d'Souza is expected to lead a protest in Kolkata this week after the attack ignited outrage over pervasive sexual violence against women in India and perceived discrimination against the country's Christian minority.
- Reuters


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MEXICO: New Renault-Nissan finance alliance targets 50,000 customers in 2004
The new Renault-Nissan Alliance financing programme in Mexico expects to reach 50,000 customers by the end of 2004.
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"Nightmare trying to see a doctor or even get a..."
Posted by Anonymous
Once you see a doctor or nurse you cannot fault treatment or how you are dealt with.
Frustration can be ever getting to actually see a doctor if that's what you really want and sometimes after considerable difficulty trying to get through on the phone you may well find you cannot even get a telephone appointment with a doctor- they get full too.
Receptionist's must get frustrated along with the patient which sometimes means they adopt 'robot' mode and fail to grasp the real seriousness of the situation for the patient.
If you are unwell the stress and uncertainty can make you feel worse.
Do you have a similar story to tell? Tell your story & make a difference ››


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15th Street is dangerous
7/1/2010 Update:
No regard for signs, markings, etc.
Hoboken411 reader John followed up to the 15th Street situation that has many area residents concerned:
"Here are a few photos of the parking lot that now forms at the corner of 15th and Garden almost on a daily basis. The no parking signs and yellow curbs deter no one and the parked cars just add to the problem."
Drivers rush in and out of Hoboken
15th Street in Hoboken between Park Avenue and the Waterfront is a relatively major thoroughfare in and out of Hoboken. Many residents and visitors use it as a way to avoid traffic lights uptown. Lining the street are several parking garages and large apartment buildings.
While I can't recall any struck pedestrians recently – cars speeding in both directions are a major cause of concern for area residents. In the past four years, many speeding deterrents and traffic calming measures were put in place – like additional stop signs, speed bumps and more. However, the near-misses continue regularly.
Psychological speed control is attempted; not working yet
The latest trick to try and get drivers to slow down are these lane-narrowing stripes on the side of the road – which supposedly create a psychological effect that automatically makes drivers more cautious.
I was speaking with one Hudson Tea Building resident this week about the concerns of tenants – and we had a healthy discussion about what the root causes of this dangerous phenomenon was. From impatient and inattentive pedestrians, drunk drivers, and crazy speedsters. Ironically, as we were talking – some toolbag in a convertible BMW decided to floor it while making the left from 15th and Washington, and nearly fish-tailed out of control. Only 20 feet away was a five year old on a bicycle. So much for those stripes.
Maybe if stripes, bumps, and signs don't work – perhaps grooving the street similar to what is installed near toll booths on the Garden State Parkway would help? Or would people just complain about that too?
How would you better control the flow of cars and pedestrians without causing a traffic nightmare?


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Hits and Misses (July 24)
Braves 5 Mets 2 (51-45, 1st place, ½ game ahead of Phillies) Hits: The Braves rallied for four in the eighth to come from behind and beat the Mets 5-2, and JD Drew extended his hitting streak to 20 games with a single in the third. Ten different braves batters reached safely on base hits, including every batter in the starting lineup, even pitcher John Thomson, and Charles Thomas who had come into the game as a pinch runner. Seven of eight starters (not including Thomson) also reached base on walks! Misses: Drew's single in the third left the bases loaded with one out, but Chipper Jones and Julio Franco hit into consecutive fielder's choices to end the threat without a run scoring. The Mets threatened big in the first when Johnny Estrada's throwing error left a runner on third, and after two consecutive walks the bases were loaded, but Estrada made up for it by participating in a third-to-catcher-to-first double play to douse the Mets' spark. Line of the Day: Al Leiter: 5 IP, 4 H, 5 BB, 1 R -- He lowered his major-league-best ERA to 2.22 and his bullpen lost it for him. Too bad, so sad!


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Thank you page is not displayingAsked by insuranceguy on January 27, 2015 at 11:37 AM
Hi insuranceguy,
I tested your form (NICE CLIENT APPLICATION) and I was able to replicate the issue. However after cloning your and did a test on my cloned version of the form it functioned just fine. Could you try cloning your form to see if this will resolve the issue.
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Hi there! My name is Triscuit and I'm about as cute as can be! I originally came into Angels with my puppies but they all found loving, wonderful homes so now it's my turn! I'm a goofy girl who loves to play, but I also listen really well. I can lay down, sit and stay like a pro and I'm eager to learn anything else you want to teach me! My favorite activities include playing chase, playing fetch, cuddling on the couch, and learning new tricks! Things you should know about me, I love everyone, but will probably do best with adults and teenagers only! The littlest ones make me nervous. I also would prefer not to have to share my home with other pets. I can give you all the love you need because I am a really sweet, loving girl who is looking for a family to call my own. I hope that's you!! I am crate trained, house trained, spayed and so ready for my forever home! Make a donation in this dog's name at http://www.angelsrescue.org/donate. For inquiries, email email@example.com An Adoption Application for this dog can be found and submitted online at http://www.angelsrescue.org/adopt/adoption-forms Be sure to like our Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/angelsrescue. Please note: Puppies under 6 months are not currently available for adoption outside the state of Georgia.
Thank you for visiting
Our efforts are funded by tax-deductible contributions from compassionate people and organizations who care and want to help make a difference... one pet at a time.
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You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
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|<< Previous book
|Next book >>
The Bridge(2014)
(The first book in the Brody Law series)
A novel by Carol Ericson
His past is coming back to haunt him, and only one woman can bring this detective the redemption he needs in Carol Ericson's new miniseries, Brody Law. Under the Golden Gate, Elise Duran refused to be a serial killer's next victim. She was the first of the abducted to survive. And Detective Sean Brody was there to make sure a second chance wouldn't be necessary. As the elusive murderer sends them messages, both personal and gruesome, the point becomes clear: no one can escape death. But Sean's presence can't be any stronger as he shadows Elise while on the job - and off it - proving she couldn't have asked for a better protector. Though beneath his cool exterior, Sean hides a troublesome secret. One that's absolutely to die for....
Genre: Romantic Suspense
Genre: Romantic Suspense
Similar Books by other authors...
Glitter and Gunfire
(Shadow Agents, book 4)
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Primal Instinct
(Instinct, book 1)
Janie Crouch
Evidence of Passion
(Shadow Agents: Guts and Glory, book 3)
Cynthia Eden
Riding Shotgun
(Kavanaugh, book 1)
Joanna Wayne
Used availability for Carol Ericson's The Bridge
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
March 2014 : UK Mass Market Paperback
|Title: The Bridge (Harlequin Intrigue)
Author(s): Carol Ericson
ISBN: 0-373-69754-6 / 978-0-373-69754-0 (UK edition)
Publisher: Harlequin
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
March 2014 : UK Mass Market Paperback
|Title: The Bridge (Harlequin Large Print Intrigue)
Author(s): Carol Ericson
ISBN: 0-373-74808-6 / 978-0-373-74808-2 (UK edition)
Publisher: Harlequin
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Audio Editions
October 2015 : USA Audio edition
|Title: The Bridge
Author(s): Carol Ericson
Publisher: Harlequin Enterprises, Ltd.
Availability: Amazon
Kindle Editions
April 2014 : USA, Canada Kindle edition
|Title: The Bridge (Brody Law Book 1)
Author(s): Carol Ericson
Publisher: Harlequin Intrigue
Availability: Amazon Amazon CA
April 2014 : UK Kindle edition
|Title: The Bridge (Mills & Boon Intrigue) (Brody Law Book 1)
Author(s): Carol Ericson
Publisher: Mills & Boon Intrigue
Availability: Amazon UK
Genre Pages


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Discuss PC, Mac, and Linux game hacking, iOS (iPod/iPhone) and Android game hacking, and the latest ROM hacks in this multifaceted forum.
Sticky Threads
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Hi guys,
I recently bought my first netbook with ubuntu on it and I'm loving it. The only problem is that my external hard drive from my mac does not work with ubuntu (obviously ). I formatted it in gpartition to FAT32 and now it only works with ubuntu.
Is there any way I can make it work with both?
Any help greatly appreciated


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Jump to:
About the listing
Freshwater Creek Steiner School Spring Fair showcases the abundance of the school community. Each year homemade foods, drinks and preserves, homegrown fresh produce, seedlings and plants, along with a pop up chai cafe that offers a dazzling array of home baked cakes, biscuits and raw treats are on offer.
There are also market stalls and craft items on display and available to purchase, as well as craft activities for children, including woodwork and the making of flower crowns. Games and activities run all day in a beautifully designated children's area alongside the school's abundant vegetable patch.
Performances and live music add to the festive atmosphere, with appearances by students, parents and local musicians.
All of the purpose built classrooms will be open to view, showcasing the children's work and class teachers will available to chat and answer questions.
Roaming the picturesque grounds on Spring Fair day is a sensory experience, which inspires a genuine sense of wellbeing. The smell of hearty food in the air, music lilting on the breeze and smiling, rosy faces at every turn. A truly inspiring event, that celebrates the art of learning, creating, community and abundance.
Contact details
Phone: 03 5264 5077
Website: Visit Website
Email: email@example.com
Freshwater Creek Steiner School Spring Fair and Open Day
|21 Oct 2017
52 McIntyres Road, Freshwater Creek, VIC 3216 View map
Phone: 03 5264 5077
Email: email@example.com
Website: Visit Website


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the cold weather here last for so long,but today is sunny,not cold then before.
I have met many good friends in a QQ group named "chat and chat",many guys are funny there,chat with them made me felt very relaxed,and also reduce my work pressure.
I am waiting for hear your news here
Not sure if your comment is appropriate? Check our Commenting Policy first.
New lesson idea? Please contact us.


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Impact Factor
The Asian Education Index (Incorporated in UK) is a division of Robertson & Robertson Corporation.
Impact factors for 2010-2011 will be assigned in January 2013. Readers should review this article for information on IF calculations.
The Asian Education Index Factor is known as Academic Journal Impact Factor (AJIF)
AJIF analysis system is comprehensive and complex and aims to provide a fair reporting of a journal's AJIF.
Contact : email@example.com
Impact Factors
Universities require journals to be indexed – though numerous factors make it difficult for academic journals to get indexed –
a) indexes may be limited by country of journal registration
b) Indexes may just list all journals applying without review
c) Indexes do not have the resources to carry out comprehensive research
d) much criticism has been leveled by the academic community at IFs as being unreliable and biased
e) Indexes may own journals that are indexed thereby negating impartial results
f) Journals can not be expected to report confidential information that makes IF reporting reliable and thus credible
Given the above arguments, AEI is preparing in conjunction with global academics a review system that takes into account the dramatic change in journal publication- namely on-line journals. The list of factors assigned consists of 17 elements. That list will be published in January 2013 along with IFs for various journals


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Member since 22 July 2013 | Blog
- SPORTS MOMENT: 1. Attending the 2015 CFP National Championship in D TOWN and watching the BUCKS WIN!
2. Cie Grant pressure on Ken Dorsey for the final play to win the 2003 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl
3. Braxton Miller to Devon Smith, Wisconsin @ tOSU October 29 2011 TD to win the game
4. Kenny Guiton, Purdue @ tOSU October 20 2012
- COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYER: Sam Hubbard
- COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYER: Kam Williams
- NFL TEAM: Miami Dolphins
- MLB TEAM: Cincinnati Reds
- SOCCER TEAM: US National
Recent Activity
It is still processing, uploading will happen overnight. Easter and stuff....
Maybe less demanding and more clicking on the signature bud ;)
I was kidding- I am going to post it on ytube. Channel is on UFM.
I'm pulling it off psvue right now, but where oh where to post it?!?!?!
YouTube has defriended me
Touched it up a bit!
yw guys... thanks to esecpn for making it available in 1080p60 on watchespn every week for better quality footage :)
You only get paid if you monetize. It would be illegal to monetize game posts that are broadcasts owned by the network that carried the game, which is why I do NOT monetize.
I have recompiled the video so it is not stuttery, sorry about that first version. The new video is the OP here.
The numbers are sewn on for the $150 version. Buy on Dick's Sporting Goods website and it will come to $120 before tax in your cart if you order it before midnight tomorrow, can pick up in store as well.
Bought mine at Dick's tonight, the numbers are sewn on.
its cool
I went to the game and it was a happy place! Had a ton of fun until around midnight.
Glad you have something to watch until it happens again in 20 years!
Excellent. Great game!


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Author | Nitin Pandey | Friday, Aug 06,2010 8:46 AM
Does brand philosophy work for real estate brands? What is the most effective way of marketing real estate brands? These and other relevant issues concerning the real estate industry came under the scanner at the exchange4media organised 'Impact Roundtable on Real Estate Marketing', held in the NCR on August 4, 2010. The event was presented by Star News.
The differentiating factor
The panel was moderated by Anurag Batra, Chairman and Editor-in-Chief, exchange4media Group. Commencing the discussion, Batra asked the representatives of the real estate industry how they differentiated their brands from others.
Brijesh Bhanote, Senior VP, The 3cs Company, replied that his company believed in the 'green' philosophy and projected its brand with the tagline: 'Think Green, Live Green'. He maintained, "Green homes not only save national resources and reduce carbon footprints, they also give a sense of satisfaction to us as well."
Stressing on the value of deadlines and quality of construction, Anil Kumar Sharma, CMD, Amrapali Groups, said that they needed to keep their system accessible to each and every buyer. "Because we sell speculation before selling any home, achieving timeline is a big factor of differentiating the brand. If we can achieve deadline and quality of work, eventually we get profitability," Sharma added.
Speaking on the ingredients of building a real estate brand, Harmit Chawla, VP, Paras Buildtech, noted that a brand was all about trust and when trust was in place, for buyers, luxury and comfort went with it without saying. He further said that the company's commitment, what kind of treatment a customer got, and how long he had to wait to get the required information mattered a lot in building any brand.
The money factor
However, Sharma of Amrapali believed that it was only buyers who demanded where the ad should go and they tried to fulfill their demands. He added, "They are always keen to see the ad of the product that they have bought on the various mediums that they consume. We spend Rs 3-4 crore per month on the media brands." He noted that earlier, real estate advertisement ratio in TV and print medium used to be 25:75, respectively, which now stood at 45:55.
The media factor
While the creatives of real estate industry are very evident in the print and electronic media, how do other media tools work for the industry? To this, Deepak Kapoor, Director, Gulshan Homz, replied, "There is nothing like good and bad medium. It is the situation which decides how successful the project is. Necessity of any advertisement should be that it is truthful and transparent and it should reach out to the right target audiences. Till the time we are achieving the targets, nothing is wrong. But the biggest problem is that we don't evaluate."
Putting forward the media industry's perspective, Neeraj Sanan, Vice President & Head of Marketing & Marketing Services, MCCS, suggested, "Do not buy the media, but the thought." He further said, "One should be clear about what he/she is going to communicate to the audience. Take for example the Tata Tea advertisement, similarly we should work in a way that makes a connect with the consumers. We are moving towards commoditisation even in luxury brands."
Speaking on buying of media by real estate players, Sanan stressed that the issue was not about which media was better. One needed to buy smart media property and should not just run after CPRP, he maintained. He further said, "It is ideal to have an integrated media plan, but shifting money from an inefficient medium to an efficient medium, where your TG belongs, is more prudent way today. Speaking on the purchase of media, Sanan raised a serious concern when he said, "Media in India is purchased unscientifically."
He concluded by saying, "Brands should connect with consumers by solving their problems. If developers take initiatives like cleaning up garbage, managing parking space and so on in any locality where their TG resides and engages more with the buyers, it will help them in winning the trust of the people and building their brand."
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Ascension of the Mantis was a festival [1] which celebrated the Mantis was elevated to Great Clan status, in the ninth day of the Month of the Ox of 1128. [2]
External Links Edit
- Ascension of the Mantis (Hidden Emperor 3)
- ↑ The Twenty Festivals – 2015 Spring Kotei Weekend
- ↑ Time of the Void, p. 101
|This article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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Caterpillar says the proposed national health care bill before Congress, if passed, will increase the company's health care expenses 20 percent and add $100 million to it's annual costs.
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Carthage is a notable city in Call to Power II. It becomes notable in the classical age mod page that comes with the game, in which the elephant warrior also becomes notable.
Carthage Key datesEdit
- mid 700 or 800s BC - Carthage is founded.
- 275 BC - 127 AD - The Rise of Rome scenario is fought out.
- 202 BC - Battle of Zama is fought in the hills near Carthage.
- 146 BC - Carthage is destroyed by the Romans.
- after 146 BC - Carthage is rebuilt and becomes the city of Tunis, Tunisia.
- 2300 AD - Chronological end of the game.


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BOCA RATON, FL (BocaNewsNow.com) — Turns out Ronald Tuch must really like Taco Bell. And we mean really like.
The 30-year-old Boca resident, according to police, forced his way into the closed and locked restaurant at 1361 West Palmetto Park Road through the drive through window by breaking it. He didn't actually gain entry, but managed to seriously damage the window that is supposed to protect workers from people who, as it turns out, want to gain entrance to the restaurant by means other than through the front door.
Tuch was charged with burglary. He was released on $3,000 bond.
Use our Lyft promo code BNN123 for substantial discounts for your first Lyft rides. Enter the code in your app, or just click here.
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Delhi, India (PressExposure) June 01, 2008 -- RNCOS new research report, âUkraine Banking Sector Analysis (2007-2008)â, says that the bank loan segment of the Ukraine banking industry is consistently growing. It grew at a CAGR of 56.02% during 2001-2006 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 23.84% by 2011. The report also says that the growth during the forecasted period drive both short-term and long-term lending.
The report identifies that improvement in lending possibilities in the corporate sector has pushed up growth in the loan segment of Ukraine banking industry. As obtaining business license is simple and easy in Ukraine, new businesses are being increasingly set up, which, in turn, is increasing the demand for corporate loans. Hence, business freedom has increased the pace of establishing new businesses that boosted growth in the Ukraine banking industry in past and will continue to drive the industry in future as well.
The RNCOS report also says that strong growth in domestic deposits over the medium-term and rise in borrowing abroad by Ukraine banks will continue to push up lending from the commercial banks in future. However, despite rapid expansion in past few years, lending by Ukraine commercial banks is still less than banks of more developed transition economies in Central Europe.
In addition, âUkraine Banking Sector Analysis (2007-2008)â also covers and comprehensively discusses other important factors, including growth potential, employment growth, disposable income per head, net interest income, current account deposits and time & saving deposits.
Besides, the report also gives an extensive research and objective analysis on product quality and service in the Ukraine banking industry. It helps clients to find out leading edge opportunities for success of the banking industry in the country. Moreover, the report gives investors, financial service providers and global banking players with quality analysis and extensive data to navigate through the banking industry of Ukraine.
For more information visit: [http://rncos.com/Report/IM535.htm] Current Industry News: [http://www.rncos.com/blog]