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PRATHER, Justice, for the Court:
George Horace Hubbard was charged with murder of Walter Eugene Hall, convicted of manslaughter, and sentenced to twenty years in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. Billy Dean Hubbard and George Horace Hubbard were charged and convicted of aggravated assault on William Kyle Livingston and each sentenced to twenty years. From these convictions in the Circuit Court of Tishomingo County, the defendants appeal assigning the following errors:
We affirm the convictions on all charges.
On August 11, 1979, George Horace Hubbard was arrested for parading without a permit during a "klan" march in Montgomery, Alabama. Bail bond was posted by William Kyle "Sonny" Livingston for his release. For Hubbard's failure to appear in court, a bond forfeiture was taken in the amount of $2,000.00.
Livingston, with two employees, A.C. Chapman and Walter Eugene "Buddy" Hall, came to Mississippi on January 19, 1980, to return Horace Hubbard to court in Alabama. They asked one Mississippi police officer as to Hubbard's whereabouts and were advised that Hubbard had not been seen for several months.
On that evening George Horace Hubbard was advised by his brother, Billy, that some people were looking for him with warrants. A telephone call was made by Horace Hubbard to the sheriff to inquire as to any outstanding warrant, and the sheriff advised him that he had none.
Livingston, Chapman, and Hall located Hubbard's home on the next morning. Livingston, with a handgun and a 12 gauge double barrelled shotgun, and Hall, with a 38 special stub-nosed Charter Arms light-weight pistol, stayed in the woods near the home to observe the activity there while Chapman went to get the sheriff.
Before the sheriff arrived, Horace and Billy Hubbard left the trailer home and discovered the two armed men nearby. The details of this encounter were disputed. Livingston testified that he told Hubbard he wanted to talk to him; that he wanted no trouble. Horace Hubbard drew his rifles, and Livingston leveled his shotgun. Hubbard testified that he recognized Livingston, and backed his car away, and "thought" he heard a gunshot from one of the Alabama men.
Upon return to his home, Horace Hubbard telephoned the sheriff's office. The sheriff's dispatcher quoted Hubbard's statement to be that he was going to kill two men if the sheriff didn't get there in five minutes.
After about a thirty minute wait, Horace Hubbard and his brother Billy left the trailer to return to the location of the Alabama men. They took with them a Western Field brand, Model 740, lever action 30-30 rifle with scope and a Remington brand, model 700, 7 MM Magnum bolt-action rifle with a telescopic sight.
The evidence conflicted as to the firing of the initial shot, but numerous shots were fired. After the shooting subsided, Ronnie Hubbard, son of Billy Dean Hubbard, drove up with two additional guns.
The sheriff, his deputies, and Chapman arrived to find both Livingston and Hall wounded. Hall subsequently died as a result of the shoulder wound made by a projectile fired from Horace Hubbard's Remington rifle.
After indictment and trial, the defendants challenge several court rulings which allegedly precluded their receiving a fair trial.
The first question to be decided is whether the court's limitation of the witness examination to direct, cross and redirect examination, denies a defendant his constitutional right to confront witnesses against him. The trial court permitted no recross examination of any witness.
The Mississippi Constitution grants and guarantees to an accused in a criminal prosecution the right to confront witnesses
However, the assertion here by the defense is that restriction on recross examination is a constitutional violation. Based upon our constitution and case law we disagree. The rule to be applied to recross examination is that:
It is proper to exclude questions as to matters which were not opened up or brought out on redirect examination, or as to matters already fully covered, or discussed at length on cross-examination, where there is no claim of oversight and no reason stated why the matter was not inquired into on the cross-examination proper. 98 C.J.S. Witnesses § 429.
Although the determination of this question is based on Mississippi constitutional and case law, we compare our decisions with other jurisdictions. See Kinser v. Cooper, 413 F.2d 730 (6th Cir.1969) (no federal constitutional denial in limitation on right to recross examine prosecution witness). It has also been held that recross examination is not allowable as a matter of right, but a matter of trial court discretion. Nelson v. State, 257 Ark. 1, 513 S.W.2d 496 (1974).
The defense relies upon Valentine v. State, 396 So.2d 15 (Miss. 1981), in which this Court reversed and remanded for a new trial where the trial court restricted cross-examination. This case is factually distinguishable as it applied to cross-examination, not recross.
In analyzing the record of this case, however, the Court is of the opinion that full cross-examination was permitted by the trial judge. The court's ruling applied to recross examination, and the court applied the restriction equally to both defense and prosecution. Recross examination may be limited by the trial judge in his sound discretion. No abuse of discretion is present in this denial of recross examination. We find no merit in this assignment.
Appellants contend that prejudicial error was committed when they were not allowed to cross-examine Sonny Livingston concerning statements Livingston made to Al Jernigan or Sheriff Bates subsequent to the shooting. The applicable rule of law for this assignment has been previously stated. We turn to the facts.
Defense counsel attempted to impeach witness Livingston with a prior inconsistent statement. However, the record reveals that Livingston was asked the question and denied making the statement sought to be elicited. There was no objection made by the prosecutor. Cross-examination was not denied or impeded. Fisher v. State, 150 Miss. 206, 116 So. 746 (1928). However, defense counsel did not recall the witnesses to whom the statement was purportedly made for the purpose of impeachment. Therefore, no error was committed.
Appellants claim error in that they were denied the right to cross-examine Officer Dickerson about statements made to him by A.C. Chapman and that such a denial was prejudicial error. When Dickerson was asked to divulge the substance of the statements made to him by Mr. Chapman, obviously for impeachment purposes, the prosecution's objection was sustained on the ground of hearsay.
In Mississippi in order to impeach a witness with a prior inconsistent statement, a proper predicate must be laid. In Carlisle v. State, 348 So.2d 765 (Miss. 1977), we explained that "in laying the predicate to introduce prior inconsistent statements of a witness, the questions should include whether or not on a specific date, at a specific place, and in the presence of specific persons, the witness made a particular statement." Id. at 766. Also, if a witness testifies either on direct or cross-examination "the adverse party for the purpose of
In this case, the appellant attempted to impeach A.C. Chapman before Chapman had an opportunity to admit or deny the statement. Since the proper foundation had not been laid, objection to questions concerning the statement or statements was properly sustained. The defense attorney indicated that he would recall Officer Dickerson so that the impeaching statement could properly be shown. However, no inconsistencies were shown which would have warranted the use of another witness for impeachment purposes.
The appellants argue that they were denied a fundamentally fair and impartial trial when the trial judge admonished defense counsel before the jury, as follows:
The appellants argue that admonishing the defense counsel in this manner in front of the jury prevented them from receiving a fair and impartial trial. We disagree.
The decision in Parker v. State, 401 So.2d 1282 (Miss. 1981), is controlling on this point wherein we held that:
Here, we are concerned with statements made to the defense counsel after he persistently attempted to have evidence placed before the jury after State's objections had been sustained several times. The Court finds no error as the defense counsel provoked the Court's comments.
The admissibility into evidence of a pistol and a shotgun found at the scene of the shooting, but not used in the murder or assault charges, is assigned as error. The two weapons were brought to the scene by Ronnie Hubbard, who was not charged with any crime.
The standard to be applied for admissibility of such evidence is found in Wilkins v. State, 264 So.2d 411 (Miss. 1972), wherein this Court stated:
We held that it was "within the sound discretion of the trial judge as to whether or not burglary tools found near the scene of a burglary are near enough in time and place to be of a probative evidentiary value." Id. at 414.
In the case sub judice, several weapons were used and found at the scene moments after the occurrence including the two brought there by Ronnie Hubbard. These weapons are sufficiently within the Wilkins rule to be admitted into evidence, and we hold the trial court's ruling proper.
Did the trial judge abuse his discretion in receiving into evidence photographs of the deceased picturing the shoulder wound?
This Court has held numerous times that admission of photographs is left up to the sound discretion of the trial judge and will not be disturbed unless it is shown that the discretion was abused. Smith v. State, 419 So.2d 563 (Miss. 1982); Edwards v.
In King v. State, 408 So.2d 1375 (Miss. 1982), there was some doubt as to the decedent's posture when he was stabbed. Pictures of the decedent depicting his stab wound was admitted into evidence, and we affirmed. The "photograph had some evidentiary value, and it was not inordinately gruesome to an adult jury acquainted with the norms of life and death... . The court did not abuse its discretion in permitting its introduction." Id. at 1376.
In the case at bar, there is also some dispute as to the posture of Walter Hall at the time he was shot. Thus, the two pictures had probative value concerning the angle and line of fire. This being so, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the pictures into evidence. Briggins v. State, 416 So.2d 691 (Miss. 1982).
The appellant, Horace Hubbard, argues that he was prejudiced by the admission of the testimony of expert witness whose name was not furnished to appellant pursuant to motion and order of discovery under Mississippi Uniform Criminal Rule of Circuit Court Practice 4.06.
The pertinent part of the rule
Mike Allen, a ballistics expert from the Mississippi Crime Laboratory, was called for the purpose of identifying the projectile taken from the body of the deceased with one of the weapons found at the scene.
The appellants made a timely objection based on the State's failure to give Mr. Allen's name prior to trial. The trial judge, citing rule 4.06, called a ten minute recess to allow the appellants' attorney to interview Mr. Allen and inspect any documents from which Mr. Allen might testify.
This Court affirmed a murder conviction notwithstanding non-compliance of Rule
We decide that there is no reversible error in this case because there was no unfair surprise. Our most recent decision interpreting Rule 4.06 is Box v. State, 437 So.2d 19 (Miss. 1983), where a conviction of robbery was reversed. The undisclosed witness was the only independent witness
The appellants claim prejudice from a State witness's reply during cross-examination. Defense counsel asked when and where Livingston had seen Horace Hubbard. Livingston replied, "... the police had arrested a bunch of people, Klan march, and he was getting off the bus." Defense counsel asked that the jury be excused. He then moved for a mistrial arguing that because of the racial make-up
In this state, cases are reversed because of inflammatory testimony where a pattern of prosecutorial misconduct as well as clear prejudice to the defendant is shown. Branch v. State, 347 So.2d 957 (Miss. 1977). Also, when a trial court instructs the jury, it is presumed that the jurors follow his direction. Whitlock v. State, 419 So.2d 200 (Miss. 1982). Here, the witness's remark was inadvertent. The claim of prejudice by defense is presumed to be overcome by the court's admonition to the jury. We find no reversible error in this assignment.
The appellant, George Horace Hubbard, next contends that the granting of a manslaughter instruction was error where he is charged with murder and he claims self-defense. Appellant argues that the verdict should have been either guilty of murder or not guilty.
This Court has addressed this proposition previously. Where there is evidence to justify a murder conviction, the appellant cannot complain of a manslaughter conviction. Calicoat v. State, 131 Miss. 169, 95 So. 318 (1923); Lowry v. State, 202 Miss. 411, 32 So.2d 197 (1947).
In Lowry, supra, we reviewed cases where the killings were admitted by the defendant, but whose defenses were justification, self-defense, accident, or insanity. We also reviewed cases where the defendant had denied commission of the homicide. This Court approved the rule that in either situation, "where the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of murder ... [a defendant] should, therefore, not be heard to complain that he was granted a verdict of [manslaughter] since he was not prejudiced by the lighter punishment." Id. at 417, 32 So.2d 199. Also, see Mallette v. State, 349 So.2d 546 (Miss. 1977).
In the recent case, Grace v. State, 379 So.2d 540 (Miss. 1980), this Court held:
The right of bail bondsmen is the subject of the next assignment. Appellants contend that an instruction granted the State was an improper statement of Mississippi law. Our statutory authority which authorizes a surety to arrest and surrender the principal is Miss. Code Ann. § 99-5-27 (1972):
The above provisions are declaratory of the common law. Cartee v. State, 162 Miss. 263, 139 So. 618 (1932).
The instruction
Appellants contend that this instruction places bail bondsmen above the law and that it misled the jury into thinking that the appellants were defenseless against these bondsmen. Their authority relies upon two Alabama cases which are based upon Alabama statutory law and not applicable here. Livingston v. Browder, 51 Ala.App. 366, 285 So.2d 923 (1973), Shine v. State, 44 Ala.App. 171, 204 So.2d 817 (1967), Ala. Code Tit. 15, § 209 et seq. As to the contention that the jury was misled into believing that the appellants were defenseless, the record reflects five self-defense instructions granted the defense.
The appellants charge that this instruction placed the bondsmen above the law and was in violation of the appellants' constitutional rights.
However, an analysis of the argument indicates that we must look to the derivation of right. This right to arrest a principal by the surety arises "from the relationship between principal and his bail." 8 Am.Jur.2d Bail and Recognizance, § 119 (1980). It does not come from the state through subrogation. We find no reversible error.
Appellants argue that the prosecutor referred to nonexistent testimony in closing argument and that a mistrial should have been granted. The general rule in this state is that:
A.C. Chapman testified that his .38 pistol which he had given to Walter Hall, had been fired once several months before this shooting occurred and had never been reloaded. When this gun was recovered at the scene of the shooting, it contained only one spent cartridge. There were no lab tests made on this weapon.
During closing argument, defense counsel commented that no test had been made on the .38 caliber pistol to determine how long ago the spent shell had been fired. The prosecutor then told the jury that there was no such test that could determine how long ago a pistol had been fired. Defense counsel objected that the prosecutor's remarks were outside the evidence.
The remark complained of here was invited by the defense counsel and under these circumstances, the appellant cannot complain. Ransom v. State, 149 Miss. 262, 115 So. 208 (1928); Cannon v. State, 190 So.2d 848 (Miss. 1966).
It should also be mentioned that both, defense counsel and the prosecutor as well as the judge had admonished the jury that counsel's argument should not be considered evidence. Holifield v. State, 275 So.2d 851 (Miss. 1973). We find no error.
The last argument posed by Billy Dean Hubbard is that it was error to deny a motion for acquittal as to the aggravated assault charges against him. Appellant argues that there were no facts in evidence which linked Billy Hubbard to the aggravated assault of Sonny Livingston. This argument is without merit.
To determine whether the verdict against Billy Hubbard is supported by the evidence, we must view all evidence supporting or tending to support the verdict, together with all inferences supportive of the verdict which reasonably may be drawn therefrom as true. Aldridge v. State, 398 So.2d 1308 (Miss. 1981).
From the testimony of Horace Hubbard there is sufficient evidence from which the jury could infer that Billy Dean Hubbard fired his rifle and was the person who shot Sonny Livingston. Therefore, this verdict must be affirmed. We find no error.
PATTERSON, C.J., WALKER and BROOM, P.JJ., and ROY NOBLE LEE, BOWLING, DAN M. LEE and ROBERTSON, JJ., concur.
HAWKINS, BOWLING, DAN M. LEE and ROBERTSON, JJ., specially concur.
HAWKINS, Justice, specially concurring:
On the assignment of error of the state's violation of Rule 4.06 of the Criminal Rules, I concur with the majority under the facts of this case, for the following reasons:
There was a blatant disregard of Rule 4.06 by the defense, in that the names of no defense witnesses whatever were furnished the state by the defense, as defense counsel were required to do under this rule.
When the defense objected to Allen testifying, or the introduction of his report, the circuit judge literally applied the provisions of this rule. He stopped court proceedings, gave defense counsel all the time they needed
It is clear from this record that counsel did not consider Mr. Allen's testimony any threat to the theory of the defense. They initially objected to his testifying, but after a brief interview, were satisfied. They made no further statement to the circuit judge to indicate a need or desire for a continuance, or any further relief because of the state's failure to furnish his name.
Where the state has violated a discovery rule, I do not think an accused upon appeal should be required to demonstrate that, absent this violation, he may have been acquitted (or "must show prejudice," whatever that means). On the other hand, when our review of the record leaves no doubt the error assigned had no significance whatever in the trial, we are not obligated to reverse the case.
BOWLING, DAN M. LEE and ROBERTSON, JJ., join this opinion.
When bail is given for one charged with a crime in the manner just described, the Defendant, or Principal under the bond, is regarded as delivered to the custody of his sureties. Whenever his sureties choose to do so, they, or their agents, may arrest the Defendant wherever he may be and deliver him to the proper authorities, and if that cannot be done at once, they may imprison him until it can be done. They may pursue him into another State, and if necessary, may break and enter his house for the purpose of arresting him. No warrant or other process is necessary for the sureties or their agents to take these actions; they have their authority by virtue of the bond they gave which kept the Defendant from going to jail.
The Court instructs you, therefore, that William Kyle Livingston, Walter Eugene Hall and A.C. Chapman as agents and employees of Sonny Livingston Bail Bonds, the surety on the bonds of Horace Hubbard in the Municipal Court of Montgomery, Alabama, had the right and authority of law to pursue Horace Hubbard into the State of Mississippi and to go to his house, and to even enter his house if necessary to arrest him and return him to the proper authorities in Montgomery, Alabama. Furthermore, the Defendant, Horace Hubbard, had no right to resist the attempted arrest as long as it was being made in a proper manner.


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The NFL Pro Bowl selections have been made and five Chicago Bears has made the NFC team. On defense four players were selected; defensive tackle Henry Melton, defensive end Julius Peppers, and cornerbacks Tim Jennings and Charles Tillman. The lone offensive player for the Bears that made the Pro Bowl was wide receiver Brandon Marshall.
Melton has quickly developed into one of the team's impact players on defense and one of the best DT's in the league. Last season Melton had a breakout season with seven sacks in 15 games; this season he has six sacks in 13 games played. This couldn't have come at a better time for Melton who is in a contract year. The Bears have been in contract talks with Melton throughout the year, but the two sides haven't come to an agreement.
This will be Peppers ninth time making the Pro Bowl in his career and his third time as a member of the Bears. His 11 ½ sacks ranks seventh in the league and third in the NFC, and this have been accomplished with Peppers playing banged up throughout the season.
Jennings Pro Bowl selection has been well-deserved. He was benched towards the end of last year for ineffective play. Jennings worked hard in the off-season on his hands and technique in man and zone coverage. The hard work has shown on the field this year as Jennings has developed into a solid starting corner in this league. Jennings currently leads the league in interceptions with eight.
Tillman get his second Pro Bowl honor in his career. Tillman has always been a great corner throughout his career, but didn't get enough National media attention simply because he's not a flashy CB. However Tillman has forced 39 fumbles and 33 INT's in his career. This season; Tillman has compiled 10 force fumbles, three INT's (all going for touchdowns), and 82 tackles. At 31 years-old, Tillman is still playing at a high level in this league.
Brandon Marshall has rewritten the franchise record books in just his first season with the team. Marshall broke Marty Booker's single season record for receptions and also broke Marcus Robinson's single season record for receiving yards. Marshall is arguably a MVP candidate this year as he has been the Bears entire offense this season.
Pro Bowl Snubs: There's always someone who didn't make the team that you feel should have. For Bears fans, those guys are linebacker Lance Briggs and safety Major Wright. Briggs has arguably been the team's defensive MVP. He's on his way to an eighth 100 tackle season in 10 years as he's going into Sunday's game with 96. Briggs has proven the past few seasons that he's been the team's best linebacker.
Wright has been one of the most improved players on the team. He has definitely improved in coverage, and has been a force against the run whenever coming down into the box as an eighth defender. He has been in position on many occasions to make plays, as he has four interceptions and eight forced fumbles this season. Wright has definitely established himself as a possible young building block moving forward.
The Bears will be well represented at the Pro Bowl as all five players will be starters.

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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 27, 1973
|Filing date
|Mar 8, 1971
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 1971
|Publication number
|Holtz K
|Original Assignee
|Holtz K
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (9), Classifications (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Holtz 1 1 Mar. 27, 1973 154 DATA COLLECTION APPARATUS AND 3,623.00] 11 1971 Klcist "340/1725 METHOD I Primary Examinew-Paul J. Henon [76] inventor. Elana (1310111, Adalbertstrasse 104, Assistant Emmm" sydney R. Chimn umc many Attorney-Townsend & Townsend [22] Filed: Mar. 8,1971
Appl No.: 121,657
{57] ABSTRACT Apparatus and a method of collecting data from analog or digital sources wherein the data is initially stored in accordance with a particular program and then read out to a time-share computer remote from the data collection station. Any one of a number of different programming languages can be used to effect the storage and read-out of the data and communication with the time-share computer can be accomplished under existing transmission facilities in a format acceptable to the computer A typewrite terminal can be utilized with the apparatus and can communicate with the computer without interferrence from the apparatus.
11 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures INPUT OUTPUT TRIGGER as TRIGGER F PU ADDRESS 111 1 OUTPUT 2R MULTlPLEXOR REGISTER MULTIPLEXOR, ANALOG 1 1 OUTPUT mino s gmfil 26 A 0 j INPU 011 1 UNIT U111 16 01mm NUMB R 111P1 oF H A f 111111 OPERATIONS d llll 1 01011111 wk ouwur EXTERNAL LOCK c1001 PUT 1a MFTQFM TYPEDRITER TOME 1011111111 SHARE E F- ms E ia- COMPUTER .1 11 011111 1111 Patented March 27, 1973 8 Sheets-Sheet 1 DATA STORAGE DEIIIGE -|2 I0 58 INPUT DUTPUT 24 TRIGGER I F L? TRIGGER INPUT ADDREss DUTPUT ANALOG 20 NULTIPLExDR REGIsTER NULTIPLEXDR. 28 ANALDG ANALDG ANALU INPUT DUTPUT l UNIT UNIT l6 DIGITAL NUMBER IGITA INPUIT 0F BUTPUH UNI DPERATIDNs UNIT T NAIR A ARIN SAMPLINGS A RATE EXTERNAL CLOCK CLOCK I INPUT I8 TYPEURITER 52 To I SHARED TERMINAL GDNPUTER {EPNNETROLS E I N E PHONE INPUT DUTPUT LINE LINE GDNTRDL J FIG. I
INVENTOR. KLAUS E. HOLTZ ymowfw ATTORNEYS Patented March 27, 1973 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR. KLAUS E. HOLTZ ATTORNEYS Q2063 2062 $3 25 N10 IQ Patented March 27, 1973 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 m m 8 9. WE m we no mo no #0 no O 6 M m w K 00 BO 00 no #6 no NO 6 Q 5 is is :6 is w .oE :2: g 3 E E 3 E o 228 m IQ @228 E6 @2200 m :0 :58 N10 @228 I0 5 rfi E rfl E E 31% :28 228 2:8 228 #28 Patented March 27, 1973 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 COMMAND READ- IN FIG. 8
IIIHIII [Tljlllll RESET E DATALOAD ZERO BUS SEND FF CH LOAD n EMPTY *1 RESET sEmFF l NEXT FIG. II
DATA READ -ouf E. HOLTZ QV4/LWF ATTORNEYS KLAUS 7M I IDLE 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 I0 0 I I 0 CHARACTER READ-IN Li] I I I I 0 I I I 0 Patented March 27, 1973 FIG. 9
LNE INPUT IDLE ATTORNEYS 9. E I Ei T cIIl IBWI A I I I SI A I EI I I I I I I Z III AIIs Ev HOLIZ AWZ I I I sm 5H2 5H3 SH4SH5SI-B sur sue sussmo SHII smz E L N I I I I I I I I II m I I I I I 2 H MW IH IM I IIIII IIMIIIIII A I H IM wIIIII II IIIIII I 9 I H mIIIIII IE IIIIII II 2 00 T IH IDIU III s flJ IWIIIIII H m S 4 m I n uIIIIII |$II|II 5 5 n IH mmIIIIII I IIIIII 6 W p IIIIII IIIIIIII 7 5 n mmIIIII I I IIIII 8 2 T In" W I I II I6. I II II M Im 00 8 CL l m S F R IL 8 S E N E m S S I. D C C IoIE' STATE ZERO BUS SEND FF sss SHIFT REP EMPTY DELAY 2 I I CLOCK LINE OUTPUT Fl G. IO
CHARACTER READ OUT DATA COLLECTION APPARATUS AND METHOD This invention relates to improvements in the use of a time-share computer and, more particularly, to apparatus and a method for enabling users of time-share computer terminals to direct analog or digital data to the computer itself.
A recent advance in the field of data processing has been the establishment of time-share computer centers in many locations across the United States. The presence of computers at these centers allows a large number of companies and others to utilize the services of these computers, yet be located long distances away from them. Communication with the computers is accomplished by the use of telephone lines and to enter data into the computer and to read data out of the same merely requires a typewriter terminal and a telephone connection to the computer itself. Data and programs are typed into the computer by hand on a typewriter terminal.
In the present state of the art, data to be processed must be typed into the typewriter terminal using the correct format statements of the programming language. Data, such as fast varying analog data or direct instrument outputs, cannot be analyzed with the present available equipment for two reasons: firstly, data cannot be typed into the typewriter terminal fast enough to follow analog data sensors, and data generated by analog to digital converters or similar instruments do not display the data in a format acceptable to a timeshare computer. A need, therefore, arises for apparatus and a method to overcome these problems so that both analog and digital data can be fed directly to a time-share computer without requiring that the data be typed into the typewriter terminal for feeding to the computer as is presently required.
The present invention provides apparatus and a method which overcomes the problems of existing equipment and techniques by enabling the connection of analog and digital sensors to a time-share computer so that both analog and digital data can be collected, stored and then read to the time-share computer using high level programming languages, such as FORTRAN, PL-l, or BASIC. The invention permits communication with a time-share computer over existing facilities in a format acceptable to the computer. As to the computer, the data will appear to have been typed in by hand on a typewriter terminal.
In carrying out the teachings of the present invention, a user merely connects the analog or digital output to the external connectors. No adjustments on external dials are necessary. All parameters, such as data frequencies, number of data points to be collected, and timing are internally programmable through a typewriter terminal. Moreover, the time-share computer could be programmed to supply such parameters to thereby make routine runs fully automatic.
In handling analog data in accordance with the present invention, the data is first digitzed and thereafter presented to a time-share computer in a readable form. To convert analog data into digital data so as to be readable by the time-share computer, the analog data must be sampled periodically. The sampling rate is dependent upon the highest frequency component of the analog data to be recognized. For instance, heart beats or brain waves require up to 200 samples per second while water pollution analyzers need to be sampled only about every 5 minutes.
Another consideration is the number of samples necessary to describe a complete event. The number of samples is determined by the sampling rate multiplied by the time required to complete the event. For recording heart beats, the event lasts for about I second; thus, a total of 200 data points are necessary to describe one heart beat. For recording water pollution data during a 24-hour period, 288 data points are required if sampling is taken every 5 minutes.
In the present invention, an analog voltage, when sampled, is converted to a digital value which is temporarily stored. A main reason for storing this digital data is that, since telephone lines carry only 15 characters per second and each data point consists of about 5 characters, the maximum sampling rate would be 3 samples per second. However, with a digital storage device the data can be stored very rapidly, up to 10,000 samples per second and thereafter read out from the storage unit to the computer at a speed compatible with the telephone line. An analog event might, therefore, last for only a fraction of a second but it may take minutes to transmit the data to the time-share computer.
In collecting analog data about events which are relatively slow such as a water pollution event, the storage device is advantageous for a different reason. Timeshare computer centers charge for their services with a monthly charge plus processor usage and also charge for the time in which the typewriter terminal is connected to the computer. For a 24-hour record of a water pollution event consisting of 288 data points, the data collection terminal of this invention would store the data automatically without being linked to the computer. At the end of the event, the data could be transmitted to the computer within a smaller interval of time such as l to 2 minutes to thereby minimize computer charges.
Among the other features of the invention are the following: digital data can be stored temporarily at high speed and before the data is read to the time-share computer; only a minimum of adjustment is needed to carry out the method of the invention; initial programming can be done either by a typewriter terminal or by the time-share computer itself; data in any one of a number of different forms can be presented so as to be acceptable to different types of computers; an error code output can be given for both internal and external errors; analog and digital data can be fed in parallel to the temporary storage unit; sampling rate, number of samples taken and the starting address of a data collection even can be easily programmed into the apparatus; the apparatus may have special features available such as programmable switches to control external instru ments, analog or digital outputs, storage scope displays or the like; the apparatus is capable of operating as a remote data collection station without operator attention and with or without a typewriter terminal so that, to the computer, it would appear that the data received by the computer had been typed not by hand; and the apparatus is inexpensive to produce and to operate.
The invention is suitable for a wide range of uses and can, for example, be utilized in the medical field in recording pressure waves for computer analysis of cardiac defects, for computerizing brain wave analysis, for coronary monitoring and for reading, recording and filing of outputs from clinical laboratory instruments to thereby automate laboratory procedures. In the meteorology field, the invention can be used in an automated weather station to collect data and read it to a computer. In monitoring air and water pollution, mobile and stationary analyzers can be used to collect data to be read by a time-share computer. In the general science field, outputs of analyzing instruments, such as laboratory spectrometers, gas chromatographs and the like, can be analyzed and read by the computer. Stress and pressure data from building or bridge constructions can also be collected and analyzed by the computer. A small computer can be coupled with the timeshare computer to exchange data therewith.
The primary object of this invention is to provide apparatus and a method of data collection wherein analog or digital data can be collected and directed to a timeshare computer using high level programming languages without having to type the data in by hand as is presently required with conventional equipment and techniques.
Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus and a method of the type described which can be used to place analog or digital data in the proper format acceptable to a time-share computer by relatively simple, inexpensive equipment which can be coupled to a typewriter terminal in a manner so as not to interfere with the communication between the typewriter and a remote time'share computer.
A further object of this invention is the provision of apparatus and a method of the aforesaid character which permits data collection facilities to be easily programmed either by a typewriter terminal or a timeshare computer to allow the collection unit to be fully automated and left unattended for long periods of time.
Other objects of this invention will become apparent as the following specification progresses, reference being had to the accompanying drawings for an illustration of an embodiment of the apparatus of the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. I is a block diagram of the data collection terminal of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the buffer stage forming a part ofthe line control of the terminal;
FIGS. 2a and 2b are block diagrams of the buffer stage in a more generalized form;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the input-output control forming another part of the line control of the terminal;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one of the buffer units used in the buffer stage shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the data output control connected to the buffer stage shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the command decoder also connected to the buffer stage in FIG. 2;
Fib. 6a is a block diagram ofthe apparatus for inverting a signal used with the command decoder;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the internal command decoder connected to the buffer stage of FIG. 2;
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram for the command, QS=5, illustrating a command read-in step of the method of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a timing diagram for the character (ASC II) illustrating a character read-in step of the method;
FIG. 10 is a timing diagram of the readout of character 3" illustrating a character readout step of the method; and
FIG. 11 is a timing diagram illustrating a data readout step of the method.
The data collection terminal of this invention is broadly denoted by the numeral and is shown in block form in FIG. 1. Terminal 10 includes a data storage device 12, a storage address counter or register 14, a register 16 which establishes the number of operations to be sampled by the terminal in collecting analog data, a sampling rate clock 18, data input devices including an analog input device 20 and a digital input device 22, an input multiplexor 24, an output multiplexor 26, a number of output devices including an analog output device 28 and a digital output device 30, and a line control unit 32 which couples the foregoing components with a typewriter terminal 34 and a telephone line 36. Thus, by virtue of control 32, communication can be established between the storage device I2 and either typewriter terminal 34 or telephone line 36. Since a time-share computer can be communicated with by telephone, communication between storage device 12 and a time-share computer can thereby be established. Also, typewriter terminal 34 can be used to type in programmed data such as the number of samples of analog data to be read, the sampling rate, and the starting address in the storage device 12.
Each of the input devices 20 and 22 comprises a register and, upon receipt of a trigger pulse on line 38 at the input of multiplexor 34, registers 20 and 22 are scanned by the multiplexor and the data is transferred, one register output at a time, to storage device 12. There can be one or more input devices and such devices can include analog-to-digital converters, digital inputs, pulse counters and the like.
Storage device 12 provides a fast data entry and buffering. Data from the input devices 20 and 22 are collected rapidly and stored in device 12 until readout of the data. The storage device may be any one of a number of different types, including a magnetostrictive delay line, a core memory, a rotating disk or drum memory. To facilitate rapid data entry into slow access storage devices, for instance, delay lines, disks or drums, the available storage capacity is divided into a number of words or slots. To enter the data, the elec tronic logic would wait for an empty word or slot on the storage device and then transfer the data plus the address into the storage device. On readout, the electronic circuit would wait for the specified address to appear and then gate the data to line control 32. This method assures rapid data entry but slow data readout as is desired.
Address register 14 provides a means of keeping track of the different data points in storage device 12. The register is preset to a starting address prior to each run. In the data entry mode, the number in address register l4 designates the address under which the next data point will be stored. In the readout mode, the number of the address register would designate the next data point in storage device 12 which is to be transmitted to line control 32 and then to the timeshare computer over line 36. After each read or write operation, the address register 14 is incremented by one count.
Register 16 provides a means of controlling the number of data collecting operations to be performed. The number of operations is preset into register 16 prior to each run. In the data read-in mode, the number in register 16 designates the number of data points or words to be collected from input devices 20 and 22 for storage in storage device 12. [n the data readout mode, the number in register 16 indicates how many words of data are to be transmitted to the time-share computer or displayed on the output devices 28 and 30. The number in register 16 is decremented after each read or write operation. When register 16 reaches 0, all operations will be terminated until a new number is loaded into the register.
Sampling clock 18 provides an internal programmable timing generator to assure accurate timing pulses for sampling the analog data. Clock 18 is programmed to a specific number of pulses per second and is turned on by a trigger pulse on line 40.
The data output devices 28 and 30 can be used to display the data collected in storage device 12 or data received from the time-share computer. These output devices may provide an analog output, a digital output, or output pulses or signals to control external instruments. Multiplexor 26 is used to scan the output devices during the data readout thereto.
Line control unit 32, described in detail hereinafter, has a number of functions, namely, to recognize valid input codes, to generate internal and external command signals, to format an input code, to provide output for data and format statements, and to serialize or deserialize characters from typewriter terminal 34 of the time-share computer coupled with line 36.
The present invention utilizes a unique way of programming and controlling data collection terminal 10. All internal and external registers are loaded and all external and internal control signals are generated through command statements supplied by typewriter terminal 34 or by the time-share computer coupled with line 36. All command statements have the following format: QA 123 which has a meaning, load the address register 14 to address 123. Other examples of command statements are as follows:
QN 234 load the number of operations register 16 to 234 operations V =4 set sampling clock 18 to a sampling speed QM 4 execute internal command 4 (reset interface) QE 5 execute external command 5 (start external instrument) OS 567 store number 567 in storage device 12 The command code will only be recognized if immediately preceded by a carriage return signal. if a carriage return signal is followed by a code letter signal, for example, line control unit 32 will accept the following command code signal. A second letter signal called the designation code signal, will designate the exact nature of the command, for example, the letter A means to load the address counter 14. The signals representing the equal sign and the number which follows designate the number which will be loaded into the specific register. The specified loading command will be executed at the next carriage return. Internal or external commands which do not involve register loadings, for example, reset, trigger, prime and the like,
have the format example of QM 9. In this example, 0 is the command code to start the command read-in, M is a designation code meaning control command, and the number 9 after the equal sign means the specific command pulse to be generated at the next carriage return.
To read data from terminal 10 into the time-share computer or to display the data, the parameters that have to be specified are the starting address in storage device 12 (example: QA the number of data points to be read (example: QN 200), and the output format (example: QM 3).
The carriage return after the output format command statement would alert terminal 10 to be ready to print data. The computer may now print any number of characters including carriage return and line feed. Terminal 10 waits for one of the number of specific characters, for instance, a question mark, an underline, a bell, a mark, a rub-out, and the like, and prints up to 10 data points followed by a line feed, carriage return and rub-out. Terminal 10 would continue printing characters 10 data points per line until all data have been transferred.
Different data readout modes may be used which are suitable to the time-sharing language which is used. Terminal 10 can be programmed either by the computer or by typewriter terminal 34. Fully automated remote data collection centers may be installed. The computer would call terminal 10, program it to collect data and read stored data into its program, compute on the data, and print the results, all without human intervention.
An important aspect of the invention is the way in which data are transmitted over the same path as that used by programs typed in by typewriter terminal 34, Characters generated by terminal 34 are directly transmitted to the time-share computer by way of telephone line 36. Thus, the line is tapped but is not disrupted. Program statements and data flow freely between the computer and terminal 34. Terminal 10 will respond only to commands when directly addressed.
Line control 32 has for its purpose to provide communication between terminal 10 and a time-share computer or typewriter terminal 34. Line control 32 accepts programming statements and converts them to internal command pulses which are used to load registers l4, l6 and 18 or to trigger other circuits, such as multiplexors 24 and 26 and clock 18. Line control 32 has data output circuits which accept data from storage device 12, converts the data to the right output code, and shifts the information onto line 36 for transfer to the time-share computer.
The circuit of line control 32 consists of the following sub-circuits: a buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2), a line input-output control circuit 44 (FIG. 3), a data output control circuit 46 (FIG. 5), a command decoder 48 (FIG. 6) and an internal command decoder circuit 50 (FIG. 7). The functions of each of these sub-circuits will now be described, the specific circuit diagrams being discussed hereinafter.
Line input-output control circuit 44 operates to deserialize characters from the line connected with typewriter terminal 34. The circuit also examines these characters. If a carriage return signal (CR) is read, circuit 44 will check to determine if the following character is a designation code character, for example, Q. If no such designation code character is received, all sub-circuits will be reset and no data will enter control circuit 44. If the following character is a designation code character, circuit 44 will gate this character into buffer 7 of buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2) over line 52. Circuit 44 will accept each following character and shift all of the buffer registers of circuit 42 for each character received. Each new character will be gated into buffer 7 over line 52 and will be shifted toward buffer I as the next character is received at buffer 7.
When the designation code character reaches buffer I of circuit 42 (FIG. 2), the shifting circuit is disabled and the command statement remains in the buffer registers. Circuit 44 will then disregard all incoming characters until a carriage return character (CR) is received from the line input.
Circuit 44 will be the source of a go" pulse on line 53 directed to command decoder circuit 48 (FIG. 6) which will examine the code in buffer 2 of buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2) and will generate the appropriate command pulse. Circuit 44 then generates a "reset" pulse which will reset the buffer registers of cir cuit 42. This pulse will travel over line 54 (FIG. 2) which is connected by line 56 to circuit 44.
If a command is received from typewriter terminal 34 which is shorter than 7 characters, for example, QM 7 (LF) (CR), on receipt of the carriage return character (CR), circuit 44 will generate shift pulses along lines 58 and 60 (FIG. 2) until the designation code character, Q, reaches buffer I. A programmed command is always executed at the following carriage return character.
In the data output mode, circuit 44 will receive a Zero bus signal generated by the buffer registers. This signal is directed along lines 62 and 64 (FIG. 2) and its presence means that data have been gated into the buffer registers and should be shifted onto the output line 66. Circuit 44 will then read a character from buffer 1 of circuit 42 and "shift" the buffer register one position forwardly. The character is then serialized onto output line 66. Circuit 44 provides a start bit and two trailing bits for proper character transmission.
As soon as the character is read out, a new character is read into circuit 44 from buffer I of circuit 42 and the buffer registers again are all shifted one position forwardly. When all characters have been read out, the "Zero bus" signal will decrease in amplitude and the readout mode will be terminated until new data have been loaded into the buffer registers from storage 12.
The input-output control circuit 44 is also capable of recognizing certain characters which will cause data readout from storage device I2 if data output control circuit 46 is loaded. These characters may be a question mark, an underline, a bell, a mark, a rub-out and the like, depending upon the programming language which is used. If any one of these characters is recognized, a proceed" pulse is sent to data output control circuit 46 along a line 67 (FIGS. 3 and 5).
Line control circuit 44 receives characters from buffer 1 of circuit 42 along line 68 (FIG. 2) which are eight bits wide and transmits data characters into buffer 7 along line 52 which are also eight bits wide.
This circuit consists of seven identical buffer circuits, namely, buffers I through 7, each of which has a construction as shown in FIG. 4. In the latter figure, each buffer register is comprised of eight edge-triggered flipflops so that each buffer register is eight bits in width. Data characters from line input-output control circuit 44 are entered into buffer 7 along line 52 (FIG. 2) and shifted forwardly in sequence toward buffer 1. Also, data characters gated into buffer register circuit 42 from data output control circuit 46 are shifted forwardly into buffer I and then gated into line input-output control circuit 44 along line 68.
Data from storage device I2 is in BCD code and these data characters are gated into the last four flipflops of each of buffer 1, buffer 2 and buffer 3. The most significant digit of these data characters is directed into buffer 1 and the least significant digit is directed into buffer 3. Since each data digit fills only the last four flip-flops of a buffer register which has flipflops, the front flip-flops of each buffer register are automatically filled.
Buffer register circuit 42 may also provide eight-bit characters on receipt of the data load" command from data output control circuit 46 along a line (FIGS. 2 and 5). Each buffer register (FIG. 4) provides for two separate characters to be gated into buffer registers circuit 42 on receipt of a data load command depending upon the state of gating input signals MI, M2 and M3 from data output control circuit 46 (FIGS. 2 and 5). Only one character may be gated into buffer register circuit 42 at any one time. The specific charac ters for each buffer register are hard-wired and these characters must conform to the specific transmission code.
The following examples of character combinations may be used, depending upon the gating signals Ml, M2 and M3 from data output control circuit 46, reference being had to FIGS. 20 and 2b which show buffers 1 through 7 in block form and the way in which signals M1, M2 and M3 are applied thereto:
BUFFERS Bl B2 B3 B4 B685 B7 Ml number number number M2 (LF) (CR) Rub-out M3 U E 2= number (LF) (CR) Rub-out Signal MI is used to type out data points. Signal M2 is used in conjunction with signal M1 to generate a carriage return signal after every ten data points. Line M3 is used for error code output or output from a second source. These examples are only a few suggestions of the many control line configurations which may be used to adapt circuit 42 to any programming language requirements.
This circuit provides for proper output formating and interfacing to storage device 12 (FIG. I). This circuit 46 is sensitized through an internal command pulse which alerts the circuit to an impending data readout from storage device 12 to buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2). On receipt of a "proceed" signal on line 66 (FIG. 5) from line input-output control circuit 44, data output control circuit 46 will generate a "next" pulse on line 72 (FIG. and this pulse will be directed to storage device 12. Upon receipt of this pulse, storage device 12 will respond with a data out" pulse when data is available, this last pulse being received by circuit 46 on line 74 (FIG. 5). The data out" pulse will generate a data load" pulse on line 70 and this pulse will be directed to buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2). The buffer register circuit will load the information from storage device 12, the type of control characters which are to be loaded being determined by control signals M1, M2 and M3. FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate in block form the character combinations determined by M1, M2 and M3.
Data output control circuit 46 will wait until the amplitude of the 0 bus" signal is reduced, thereby indicating that the previously loaded data have been read out onto the output line 66', then the circuit will generate another next pulse on line 72 to effect loading of another data point from storage device 12 into buffer register circuit 42.
A buffer register which holds the numbers of data points to be read out will be decremented after each data out" pulse. This register is loaded by a previous program command. It will generate signal M2 after every ten data points to provide for line feed (LF) and carriage return (CR) and terminate the data readout operation when M2 goes to 0.
Command Decoder Circuit 48 (FIG. 6)
This circuit decodes the characters in buffer 2 of buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2). These characters are the command code characters which designate the exact register to be loaded or the exact programming command. The circuit receives all eight bits of information from buffer 2 and a go" pulse from line input-output control circuit 44 along line 76 is directed to circuit 48. On receipt of the "go pulse, the code character in buffer 2 is decoded and a pulse is displayed on one of the output lines ofcircuit 48 (FIG. 6).
lnternal Command Decoder Circuit 50 (FIG. 7)
This circuit provides pulses for internal control of data collection terminal 10 such as pulses which reset all registers, pulses which prime interrupts, pulses which start the sampling, and the like. The program command may have the format QM 5, 0 being the designation code to alert line input-output control circuit 44 to accept the command, M being the command code meaning internal command pulse, and the number 5 indicating control pulse 5. Internal command decoder circuit 50 receives the last four bits of buffer 4 and decodes the same into ten output lines. On receipt of a program command pulse, one of the ten output lines will display a command pulse.
OPERATION Line control circuit 44 performs the following functions:
l. Character and command read-in.
2. Character and data readout. Both functions will now be described with reference to the timing diagrams denoted by FIGS. 8-11.
Character and Command Read-in A character generated by typewriter terminal 34 consists in ASC ll code of eight bits plus one start bit and two trailing bits. In the idle state, the line from the typewriter terminal is at logical l as denoted by the term line input as shown in FIG. 9. The first bit of a character which is received is a start bit which is a logical 0. If circuit 44 is not in the send mode, that is, if the send flip-flop (FIG. 3) is reset, the line character will be gated to the input of a 12-bit shift register 82. A line flip-flop 84 will be set by the start bit. After a delay of l: of the length of a bit, a clock 86 will be actuated. This delay assures that the incoming data is sampled in the middle of each bit where its state is most securely established. The clock frequency is equal to the bit rate received from the line. The line flip-flop operation, the delay and the clock pulses are indicated in FIG. 9.
Clock 86 will cause information from the input line to be shifted forward into shift register 82. After 11 shifts have been made, the start bit will enter into the eleventh flip-flop 88 of shift register 82, flip-flop 88 being used to actuate two one-shot multivibrators 90 and 92. The output from multivibrator 90, indicated by SS1 in FIG. 9 will enable certain gates denoted by C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, CR and Q in FIG. 3. The inputs to each of these gates are connected to the outputs of certain flip-flops of shift register 82, such outputs denoted by 01 through 08. These gates will examine the character which is received. The output from multivibrator 92, denoted by SS2 in FIG. 9, is connected by a lead 94 to the reset terminal of line flip-flop 84 and will cause the latter flip-flop to reset and will also clock information into a carriage return flip-flop 96 by way of a lead 98. If the character received is a carriage return character, multivibrator 92 will clock a one state into carriage return flip-flop 96 which will, in turn, put a one state onto a character flip-flop 100 by way of lead 102. Multivibrator 90, timing out, will trigger another one-shot multivibrator 104 whose output is coupled by a lead I06 to the set terminals of the flip-flops of shift register 82. Thus, the output of multivibrator 104 will present the flip-flops of shift register 82 to logical ones.
When a second character arrives on the input line, the previous sequence will be repeated. If this second character is a designation code character, for example, 0, multivibrator 90 will enable a gate permitting the generation of a Q signal which, by means of lead 108, disables the reset of character flip-flop I00. Multivibrator 92, timing out, will clock the one state from flip-flop 96 which had been set on the last character, into flipflop 100. Flip-flop 100 will go to the one state and trigger a one-shot multivibrator which will generate a shift command on lead 58 connected to lead 60 so that the shift command will be directed to buffers I through 7 and buffer register circuit 42 will read the character 0 into buffer 7. Multivibrator 110 also sets a receive flip-flop I12 and character flip-flop 96 and Q flip-flop 100 are reset.
The next character received from the input line will trigger multivibrator 92 again, which, since receive flipflop 112 is set, will cause another shift on the buffer register. This will transfer the character 0 in buffer 7 to buffer 6 and a new character will be put into buffer 7. Each new arriving character will cause the buffer register to shift its contents and read the new character into buffer 7. When the Q character first read arrives at buffer 1, it is decoded on the input gate 114 whose output disables the shift" line. Each following character, although read into the shift register, will not be read into the buffer register. The buffer register will then remain stationary until the carriage return character is received. The numerical portion of each command in the buffer is in buffers 4, 5, and 6 and these buffers are connected by gate means (not shown) responsive to a particular command put out by command decoder 48 to direct the numerical data in buffers 4, and 6 to a particular register.
The carriage return character, decoded on character gate 96, and enabled by multivibrator 90 will cause a one state to be gated into character flip-flop 96. Multivibrator 92 will set character flip-flop 96 and the latter flip-flop, together with the 0 character in buffer 1, will reset receive flip-flop 112. Flip-flop [12 being reset, triggers a multivibrator 116 which sends a "go pulse to command decoder circuit 48 by way of lead 76. Multivibrator 116, timing out, will trigger another multivibrator 118 which generates a reset pulse for the buffer register and for character flip-flop 96. The reset pulse to the buffers of buffer register 42 is directed along leads 56 and 54 (FIG. 2).
[f a command statement, for example, QM 5, is received, the carriage return would occur before the Q character reaches buffer 1. In this case, character flipflop 96, being set in conjunction with receive flip-flop I12, enables a clock which sends fast shift pulses to the buffer register circuit 42. When the character 0 reaches buffer 1, it resets receive flip-flop 112 which generates the go and reset pulses. The foregoing is illustrated in FIG. 8.
Character and Data Readout Data and command characters are gated into buffer register circuit 42 (FIG. 2). This causes the zero bus line to come up to logical I. If receive flip-flop H2 is reset, then send flip-flop 80 will be set. Send flip'flop 80, coming to the logical 1 state, will trigger a multivibrator 120, whose output will cause the loading of the character which is in buffer one into shift register 82. All eight bits being loaded and the start bit and the two trailing bits are supplied.
Since a character is now in the shift register, the gate which generates the zero bus signal is no longer satisfied and the R signal will go to logical zero. This enables a gate to activate a delay device 122. After a short while, serializing clock 86 will start serializing the character onto the output line 66. The clock will supply shift impulses until the shift registers all zero, which means the character has been serialized on the output line. At this time, the zero" gate 124 and the control gate 126 are satisfied and the R signal will be generated. The R signal triggers a multivibrator 128 whose output will attempt to reset send flip-flop 80 but will not succeed if the zero bus line is at logical zero. Multivibrator 128 will also generate a shift command to the buffer register circuit 42. This will put the next character in the buffer 1. Multivibrator I28, timing out, triggers another multivibrator I30 which loads the new character which is in buffer 1 into shift register 82. This will drop the R line to logical zero which will reactivate serializing clock 86.
If the character loaded from buffer 1 was not a character but just an empty space, the timing out of multivibrator will fire a multivibrator 132 whose output and the output from zero gate 124 will fire a multivibrator 134. The last-mentioned multivibrator, upon triggering multivibrator 128, will cause another shift and load pulse. This will repeat until a real character is loaded into the shift register. Data is read in parallel out of the storage unit into buffers 1, 2 and 3 as shown in FIG. 2, there being gate means (not shown) which is enabled to permit read-in of data to these buffers at the proper time. An error output from the storage unit can be read into buffer 4.
When the last character which has previously been transmitted is in buffer 1, the next time multivibrator 128 is generating a shift command, the zero bus line will drop to logical zero during the shift interval. This will reset the send flip-flop 80 and cancel the next load pulse. This is shown in FIG. 11.
Buffer Register Buffer register circuit 42 consists ofa number of buffers each containing edge-triggered flip-flops. The positive edge of the shift signal will gate information from the previous buffer into the edge-triggered flip-flops while the information currently being in the flip-flops is gated to the next buffer. A shift pulse will, therefore, transfer a whole character into the next stage. The shift pulses are supplied by input control circuit 44. A reset pulse which sets all flip-flops of the buffer circuit 42 to zero is also supplied by circuit 44.
To transfer data from storage device 12 onto output line 66, the raw BCD coded data must first be converted into readable characters as specified by the transmission code used. The BCD data enters into the last four flip-flops if enabled by a gating line (M1, M2 or M3) and the data load line 70. Each buffer has a provision to gate one of two distinct characters into the flip-flops; one of them may be a number. These characters must be hard-wired and preselected on a printed circuit board or the like. These various characters are specified in FIGS. 2a and 2b.
Each buffer circuit contains also a gate which is satisfied when all flip-flops are in the zero state. If data is loaded into the buffer, this gate will go to zero. The outputs of these gates are tied together on all seven buffer circuits to generate the zero bus line, each such gate being noted by the numeral 136 and shown adjacent to FIG. 4. If any character is loaded into the buffer register circuit 42, this zero bus line will be zero.
Data Output Control To start a data readout procedure, data output control circuit 46 (HO. 5) must be activated by an internal control pulse. This pulse is supplied by the internal command decoder 48 (FIG. 6) on receipt of a programming command, for example, OM 7. The internal control pulse will set the command flip-flop 138 (FlG. 5). The circuit now waits for a proceed pulse over line 67 from line control circuit 44 (FIGS. 3). The proceed pulse will set a mode flip-flop 140 which will enable control line M1 and trigger a multivibrator 142, the latter being operable to generate a "next" pulse on line 72 to storage device 12 which, after a short time, will make data available for the buffer register circuit 42. Also, multivibrator 142 will generate a data out" pulse on line 74. This data out pulse will generate a data load" pulse on line 70 to cause data to be loaded into buffer register circuit 42. The data out pulse will also decrement a three-digit decimal counter 144 (FIG.
Since data has been loaded into buffer register circuit 42, the zero bus line will drop to logical zero and the line control circuit 44 will proceed with reading data onto output line 66. As soon as all the data have been shifted out of buffer register circuit 42, the zero bus line will again come up and trigger a multivibrator 146 which will, in turn, generate another next pulse to storage device 12 and another word will be loaded into buffer register circuit 42. This will go until the counter 144 will go to zero which will reset mode flipflop 140 and the command flip-flop 138.
Every time during data readout when the least significant digit of the counter 144 is on 9, the control line M2 will reactivate it. This will supply an automatic line feed, character return and rub-out on the end of the data point. The circuit will, therefore, permit the readout of a string of ten data points followed by a line feed and a carriage return.
Data readout may be initiated by a second source such as an error code output to be displaced on the typewriter terminal if the circuit is not in data readout mode, which means that mode flip-flop 140 is reset and the zero bus signal is at logical one, an error signal will enable control line M3 and will cause the triggering ofa multivibrator 148. Multivibrator 148 will generate a data load command to read the error code into the buffer register from where it is shifted onto the output line 66.
Command Decoder The command decoder circuit 48 (FIG. 6) consists of a number of AND gates 150 which decode a character coded from buffer 2. The go command from control circuit 44 will activate the gates and the gate which is satisfied will put out a command pulse to load internal registers or to activate other circuits. Only one gate 150 will be activated at any one time. If an invalid code character is read into the buffer register circuit 42, no command pulse will be generated and the code is ignored.
Internal Command Decoder This circuit, shown in FIG 7, contains a BCD to decimal decoder which decodes the number in buffer 4. Only the last four bits contain the number information. Each of the ten lines from the BCD to decimal decoder is enabled by a command pulse from the command decoder on a line I52. Only one line at a time will display a pulse command.
An important aspect of the present invention is the way data is transmitted over the same data path as programs typed in by a typewriter terminal. Characters generated by the typewriter terminal are directly transmitted to the computer by way of a telephone line. A unique part of the present invention is the way in which this line is tapped but not disrupted. Program statements and data can flow freely between the computer and the typewriter terminal. The data collection terminal will only respond to commands when directly addressed. As to the computer, it appears that the typewriter terminal is generating characters and vice versa.
I claim:
1. A data collection terminal comprising: a data storage unit for storing digital data, said device having a data input and a data output; means coupled with the data input of the storage device for directing digital data thereinto; a first command-responsive device coupled with said directing means for controlling the amount of digital data directed into the storage unit; a second command-responsive device coupled with the first device for controlling the rate at which digital data is directed to the storage unit; a third command responsive device coupled with the storage unit for controlling the locations thereof into which the incoming data are directed; and a control unit having a command input adapted to be coupled with a source of commands, a command output coupled to said command-responsive devices, a data input coupled with the storage unit, and a data output adapted to be coupled with a data processing unit, said control unit including means between the command input and command output thereof for receiving and deserializing a number of command-defining characters received at said command input thereof from said command source, only when the command-defining characters are preceded by a code-defining character, said control unit further including means between the data input and data output thereof for receiving and serializing data from the storage unit; means coupling said command output of said control unit with said device, whereby any one of a number of commands can be selectively directed to a command-responsive device; and means coupling the data output of said storage unit to the data input of said control unit, whereby data can be directed through said receiving and serializing means to said data output of the control unit.
2. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 1, wherein said receiving and deserializing means includes a shift register coupled with said command input, and a buffer coupled to the shift register for receiving successive characters therefrom after the predetermined code has been received by the shift register, actuatable means coupled with the shift register for clocking a command character into the buffer, means responsive to the presence of a character in said shift register for actuating said clocking means, means coupled with said clocking means for disabling said clocking means after a predetermined number of characters have been received in said buffer, and means for coupling the buffer with the command-responsive devices, whereby said devices can selectively receive commands from said control unit.
3. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 2, wherein said buffer includes a plurality of buffer sections coupled in series to successively receive command-defining characters, said means for coupling the buffer with said devices including a decoder connected to one of the buffer sections, said decoder having a number of command signal outputs coupled with respective devices.
4. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 2, wherein said buffer comprises a number of buffer sections coupled in series to successively receive command-defining characters, certain of the buffer sections being operable to receive the numerical characters of a command, and gate means enabled by a command signal from the decoder for coupling said certain buffer sections to a command-responsive device corresponding to said command signal for readout of said numerical characters thereto.
5. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 3, wherein is included a second decoder coupled with a second of said buffer sections and to a command signal output of the first-mentioned decoder, the second decoder being operable to provide internal commands to said command-responsive devices in response to a character in said other buffer section.
6. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 1, wherein said data receiving and serializing means includes a buffer, a data control device for generating an enabling signal in response to the availability of datareceiving space in said buffer, said storage unit being coupled to the signal generating means and being operable to read data into the buffer in response to the generation of said enabling signal, and means coupling said buffer with said data output of the control unit for serially reading data in the buffer to said data output.
7. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 6, wherein said buffer includes a number of buffer sections coupled in series to successively receive command-defining characters, and gate means coupled with certain of said buffer sections for parallel readout of data from said storage unit to said certain buffer sections in response to said enabling signal, said means coupling the buffer with said data output including a shift register for successively receiving characters from the buffer, and means for clocking the shift register as a function of the availability of data receiving space therein.
8. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 6, wherein is included a decoder for actuating said data control device in response to the presence of a number of command characters in the buffer.
9. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 1, wherein is included a typewriter terminal, a computer in communication with the typewriter terminal, said control unit being coupled to the typewriter terminal and the computer, the typewriter terminal being coupled to the computer in bypassing relationship to the control unit unless said predetermined code is received by the control unit.
10. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 1, wherein said directing means includes a first input device having means for sensing analog data and provided with an analog-to-digital converter, a second input device having means for sensing digital data, and a multiplexer for successively coupling the input devices with the data input of said storage unit.
11. A data collection terminal as set forth in claim 1, wherein is included output means coupled with the data output of the storage unit for display of data received from the storage unit.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 2, 1962
|Oct 25, 1966
|Levitt Harold E
|Multiple remote interrogated information system
|May 12, 1964
|Apr 11, 1967
|Selective-call data system
|Nov 14, 1966
|Jul 8, 1969
|Data Pathing Inc
|Method of and system for interrogating a plurality of sources of data
|Dec 31, 1959
|May 12, 1970
|Control Data Corp
|System and apparatus for automatic data collection
|Sep 1, 1967
|Nov 17, 1970
|Gen Electric
|Communications control apparatus for sequencing digital data and analog data from remote stations to a central data processor
|Sep 12, 1968
|Feb 23, 1971
|Searle Medidata Inc
|Multiphasic medical screening system
|Jan 6, 1970
|Nov 23, 1971
|Peripheral Business Equipment
|Input data preparation system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 4, 1990
|May 12, 1992
|Echelon Corporation
|Input/output section for an intelligent cell which provides sensing, bidirectional communications and control
|May 25, 1999
|Nov 20, 2001
|Pittway Corporation
|Multiple sensor system for alarm determination with device-to-device communications
|Oct 9, 2002
|Dec 12, 2006
|Wacom Co., Ltd.
|Input system, program, and recording medium
|Dec 8, 2006
|Jul 13, 2010
|Wacom Co., Ltd
|Input system, program, and recording medium
|Oct 9, 2002
|May 1, 2003
|Toshiki Kawasome
|Input system, program, and recording medium
|Dec 8, 2006
|Apr 12, 2007
|Toshiki Kawasome
|Input system, program, and recording medium
|Oct 24, 2013
|May 22, 2014
|Industrial Technology Research Institute
|Real-time sampling device and method thereof
|Jun 20, 1985
|Jul 17, 1986
|Title not available
|Nov 2, 1988
|May 18, 1989
|Echelon Systems
|An input/output section for an intelligent cell which provides sensing, bidirectional communications and control
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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I always wanted to be a teacher. My mum tells me that from a very young age I would line up my toys and teach them how to read and write and when my 2 younger sisters were born they too had to sit in my "classroom" and be taught.
I loved my job as a high school teacher when I first started teaching but each year it got harder and harder and now that I have recently resigned from my full time position I realise what a thankless vocation it really is. I am sure that all jobs are stressful and hard but it was getting too much for me to work full time as a teacher then come home to do do it all again with my own children.....
I was getting tired of not being able to help my own kids with homework and assignments because I had been doing it all day at work and I was exhausted.
I was getting tired of always being snappy at my kids and even snappier at my patient and supportive husband.
I was getting tired of getting to school early in the morning to answer emails, prepare lessons and mark papers. I was getting tired of having to work through my lunch break so I could stay on top of everything or to use that time to counsel a student who was behind with her work, fighting with friends or suffering in some other way.
I was getting tired of having to stay after school for department meetings and have someone else pick up my kids from school. I guess I was just plain TIRED!
I am not sharing all of this with you for sympathy-I am saying this because sometimes I don't think many people understand how hard it is to be a teacher these days.
So, on Day 3 of 30 days of Thanksgiving over at The Tatum's blog "Keepin up with the Tatums", I want to spend 5 minutes giving thanks and praise for all teachers; those people who tirelessly work to guide and nurture our young people... our future.
I thank the teachers who sacrifice so much for their students yet get very little in return.
I also want to thank their families and friends, their own children and their husbands/wives who support them when they are tired, cranky and snappy! Thank you Mr Attorney, Maddy and Big Al!
Best wishes,
Natasha In Oz
If a doctor, lawyer, or dentist had 40 people in his office at one time, all of whom had different needs, and some of whom didn't want to be there and were causing trouble, and the doctor, lawyer, or dentist, without assistance, had to treat them all with professional excellence for nine months, then he might have some conception of the classroom teacher's job. ~Donald D. Quinn


text:
Simple Cheese Enchiladas
READY IN: 35mins
Recipe by Careless Heiress
I wanted enchiladas, and didn't have a lot to work with. I looked up a few recipes on the internet, but eventually decided to wing it. =]
Ingredients Nutrition
- 12 corn tortillas
- 28 ounces enchilada sauce
- 1 lb cheese, shredded (Monterey Jack is my favorite, but this time I used Mild Cheddar)
- 2 -4 green onions, chopped
- 2 -4 garlic cloves, diced
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 400°F; divide tortillas into two stacks and wrap each stack in it's own piece of foil. Place in the preheating oven.
- While the oven is preheating I shred the cheese, chop the onions, dice the garlic and add about half of that diced garlic to the Enchilada sauce. Lightly spray a casserole dish or cake pan with cooking spray. Then put a light layer of Enchilada sauce to cover the bottom of the dish.
- Remove the tortillas from the oven. On one tortilla, spoon a little sauce into the middle. Add desired amount of cheese (if you want them really cheesy, add more, if you don't, add less. And remember you will want some cheese left over to put on top). Sprinkle a pinch of onions on cheese. Roll loosely and place in pan.
- Repeat with the rest of the tortillas.
- When all the tortillas are rolled and in the pan, spoon sauce over all the enchiladas. I usually don't use all of the sauce because I like mine with a little thicker consistency. If you like them to sort of "swim" in sauce, then go ahead and use the whole can.
- Sprinkle the remaining cheese over the top of the enchiladas.
- Sprinkle any remaining garlic and onion on top of cheese.
- Bake in the oven for 15-20 minutes. Cooking times may vary.
- Cool for a few minutes before serving.
- Enjoy!


text: PoliticsRivals blast Obama campaign's Bin Laden angle Use of al-Qaeda leader's death as re-election tool has divided Republican and Democratic leaders. 28 Apr 2012 21:13 GMT | Politics, US & Canada, Pakistan, United States Days before the first anniversary of the US commando raid in Pakistan that killed Osama Bin Laden, President Barack Obama has used that success to launch a political strike on his main Republican challenger Mitt Romney. In a pro-Obama commercial featuring Bill Clinton, the former US president alleges that Romney would have failed at killing Bin Laden.John McCain, a prominent Republican senator, said Obama is touting the operation to boost political support. "President Obama is shamelessly turning the one decision he got right into a pathetic political act of self-congratulation," McCain said. Al Jazeera's Tom Ackerman reports from Washington, DC. Source: Al Jazeera


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"My experience of DRI"
About: Doncaster Royal Infirmary / Accident and emergency Doncaster Royal Infirmary Accident and emergency Doncaster DN2 5LT Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust Wakefield WF2 0XQ
Posted by Earthy291 (as ),
I was hospitalised for three days in December 2008 in Doncaster Royal Infirmary. I had been suffering from a fever which had "came out of the blue" as it were, on that day my symptoms included very high temperature, sweating and uncontrollable shivering. I thought bed rest and keeping warm was the thing to do. I got out of bed again about 9pm and as I watched TV, I felt myself becoming more and more comatose, until my system seemingly collapsed. My wife telephoned for an ambulance and called on a neighbour.
The ambulance arrived in remarkably good time and the two male paramedics brought me back to a semblance of consciousness, asked my wife some questions; got me out of the house and into the ambulance which took me to the DRI A&E Ward. I thought the paramedics were very professional, being very competent and caring,
Being a Saturday night the A&E staff were run off their feet; but nevertheless I was attended to fairly quickly. I was divested of half my clothing and given paracetemol which cooled me down and I started to feel better. Had a blood sample taken and a porter took me to X-ray, stayed with me until I had my chest looked at; then took me to the assessment ward where I was kept in overnight. The ward staff monitored me throughout the night, taking readings of my temperature and blood pressure, as well as dosing me with paracetemol.
The following morning I was seen by a Consultant and staff who asked a lot of questions, but I do not recall being given a physical examination. But I have to admit I could be wrong on this matter. The Consultant told me he thought that I had a chest infection, despite the x-ray being clear and absence of any physical evidence indicating a chest problem. I was put onto a course of antibiotics, covering the possibility that the chest infection was bacterial. The course was 1500mg of Amoxycillin and 1000mg of Erythromicin daily.
The first day passed peacefully until mid afternoon when I started to shiver uncontrollably again and a nurse was called who gave me paracetemol and got me to lie in my bed with a portable room fan blowing on me, which brought about an improvement but confirmed that I was not "out of the woods". Monitoring of my temperature/blood pressure proved this point T=39+ and BP=90/65! The day passed into night when I had a further shivering incident which was treated as before.
Next day a change of nursing staff brought its own problems. I had to wait for the Consultant to give permission to take my personal medications which are many and varied. I had left my home in such a rush that I did not realise my medication was not in the packets as prescribed, so I had to explain to a pharmacist what each was for and the relevant dosage. Only then did I get my normal daily medication at 2pm. Other problems resulting from the staff change was some loss of continuity of care. My BP was not sorted out until mid morning (Monday) when I was put on an electrolyte drip (500ml) which made up for the dilation of blood vessels which was caused by my high temperature. After this my blood pressure started to normalise to 120/80. This day I found my movement restricted, as I was classed as "too poorly"- no walking to the toilet 12m away, which I had done freely the day before. I did find this irksome, but did what I was told.
The next morning, another change of nursing staff who were much more tolerant and I was allowed to stretch my legs and walk along the corridor several times. My temperature had normalised at 37.3 C and BP 122/82, my appetite was good and I ate all that I was given and I felt fine. The Consultant came to see me when I was cleaning myself up, but the staff nurse got me to my bed in good time. I was asked how I felt, to which I truthfully said, "fine!" After further questions relating to my problem, the consultant said I could go home, but I was none the wiser as what had been the matter with me; but he stipulated that I had to finish the antibiotic regime. After this I had to sort things out with the staff nurse such as my personal medication, etc. As I had no transport, she kindly fixed me up with a complimentary taxi and was soon home. On the whole I thought the ward staff were very dedicated and caring including the younger generation.
The lessons I have learnt are:
A) Always take all your personal medication into hospital (AND the prescribed dosages) with you at the outset; or the very earliest thereafter.
B) If a fever strikes suddenly and for no identifiable cause DO NOT try to DIY-seek professional medical advice straight away. To delay may mean you will be hospitalised and the state you may be in could prevent accurate diagnosis. This fact was brought home to me two weeks later, when I had a sudden relapse and although my own surgery was closed, I was able to see an emergency doctor at Regent Square. This doctor immediately identified my problem and gave me medication on the spot to treat the condition and eradicate the fever. I also saw my own doctor as soon as possible, who got to the root of the problem and successfully treated that.
C) Beware of the private tariff TV/telephone ward facility- it costs £5 a day and a telephone call is charged at 46p/minute.
I've had worse experiences than this visit to the DRI. It is the only place to be, should you suddenly take ill ( not too seriously) and the hospital is your only resource to medical assistance/advice.


text:
Jacob Lusk has confessed that he expected to be eliminated from American Idol this week.
The 23-year-old gospel singer exited the competition during Thursday night's live results show when it was revealed that he had received the fewest number of public votes following his performances on Wednesday night.
Talking to reporters following his departure, Lusk confessed that he felt "out of [his] element" compared to his fellow competitors, and did not take his elimination as a measure of his success on the show as a whole.
"I had expected it, not because of my bottom three positions in the past but because of the judges' feedback of my performance. I was the only one who wasn't in my element this week and I picked songs that weren't really in my genre, that weren't really my thing, in trying to do something different," he explained.
"I feel that's why I was voted off, not because I was horrible or people didn't like me. Those four that are there were amazing and they were in their element on Wednesday and I wasn't."
Lusk previously promised to begin making different song choices had he survived Thursday's elimination.


text:
Collecting handguns in Australia
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Join Date: Nov 2009
Location: Brisbane, Australia
Posts: 333
Likes: 131
Liked 180 Times in 42 Posts
Originally Posted by
What happens with a person's gun(s) when they can no longer participate in 6 matches a year due to age, medical condition, work obligations, etc?
I also wondered what the market was like for guns there? Expensive because of limited availability or not so much due to fewer buyers willing to do what it takes to buy a gun?
Scott in Ohio
Hey Scott,
If you can't meet your shoot obligations you have to hand in your license and sell your guns. The only way to keep them is to qualify for a collectors license and then prove that the guns are "collectable". ...if you had a safe full of beautiful S&W classics that wouldnt be much of a problem but if you have a crappy Glock 17 and a couple of Taurus revolvers I am pretty certain the police would just laugh at your application for a collectors...lol. (so would I)
Modern guns are not hard to find here but good examples of pre 1970s guns are near impossible to find here. I have seen a total of less than a dozen guns come up for sale with diamond grips, S or K serials, or any more than 3 screws in the lasrt 3 years that I have been seriously collecting. I have also seen a total of 6 nickel guns (3 of which I bought).
There are a lot of mod 10s (old police issue 3" SB) for a couple of hundred but you can only have them on a collectors or security license due to the barrel length. I have seen a few 29s (about a dozen of which I bought 3), 3 model 27's, about a dozen 28's, about 3 Model 17s, a couple of model 57's and about a hundred, well used 14s & 19s that have usually been butchered with slab barrels and no trigger spur
I could buy any number of 686/586...but I dont see them as collectable.
I have seen 1 model 15 and 1 model 18 for sale & 2 Triple Locks.
I also buy pretty much any pre 70's Python that comes up (seen about 8 purchased 2)...the 2 I have were 2 of only 3 pre 70s I have seen come up.
I am sure there are more guns around for sale but not heaps of other models. I have NEVER seen a 58, 24, RM, Heavy Duty or 16 come up for sale...
Australia has a population of only 20 million...Long Island has 8 million alone so we dont have a lot of guns here to choose from..lol. In 1965 there were only 11 milion people here.
I guess its all relative
N frame fanatic
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text:
Details & Care
Brightly colored beads form a set of stackable rings for the perfect finishing touch to a boho-chic look.
- 1/8" band widths.
- Glass/elastic cord.
- By Me to We Artisans; handmade by a Maasai mama in Kenya.
- Half of Me to We's net profit is donated to Free The Children.
- Item #980039


text:
What is IIT-JEE?
IIT-JEE stands for Indian Institutes of Technology Joint Entrance Examination. This examination is annually conducted by the 23 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). IIT-JEE is also known as a single admission test for all 23 IITs. This exam is taken by various IITs each year on Round Robin rotation based pattern. It is considered as one of the toughest examination in the world because of its very low acceptance ratio of less than 1%.
In 2017 IITs will start conducting JEE at the international level to give admission to foreign students. In 2013 JEE examination replaced by a two-phase test which includes JEE Mains and JEE Advanced Examination. Before 2013, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) conducted two separate examinations; AIEEE and IIT-JEE. I think you should have one big question that why such huge amount of student participates in this Examination and what are the benefits of passing JEE exam? Let's find out.