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Nevada Senator Harry Reid today announced that the Senate has passed, 82-16, an amendment that extends Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) funding through FY 2013 and Secure Rural Schools (SRS) funding through FY 2012. Under the amendment, Nevada counties would receive roughly $23 million in PILT funding and an estimated $4.4 million in SRS funding. The amendment was based on a bipartisan bill that Reid originally co-sponsored last September.
"Nevada counties would take a big hit without PILT and SRS funding," Reid said. "Rural areas depend on this funding for schools and services that affect the vast majority of county residents. For years I've worked hard to ensure that Nevada receives its fair share of funding under these programs and I am pleased that the Senate has voted to continue providing the resources needed to help pay for essential services around our state."
The amendment is based on bipartisan legislation (S. 1692, the County Payments Reauthorization Act) that Reid co-sponsored last year. PILT expires in September 2012 and the amendment extends it through September 2013. SRS expired in September 2011, and the amendment extends it through September 2012.
Under the agreement Reid led in 2008, Nevada's SRS county payments rose from $407,000 in Fiscal Year 2007 to $4.5 million in FY 2011, and its PILT payments went from $13.8 million to nearly $23 million.
Source: http://www.reid.senate.gov/newsroom/pr_030812_reidsenatevotestoextendpiltsecureruralschoolsfundingfornevada.cfm


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ATLANTA (Feb. 5, 2016) – Bounce TV, the nation's fastest-growing television network designed for African-American audiences, continued to be that and more in the just-completed January 2016 ratings period, expanding its audience at breakneck speed while skewing significantly younger. Bounce TV posted strong double-digit demo growth in Total Day delivery during January, racking up… Read more »
Monthly Archives: February 2016
Premier Boxing Champions – The Next Round on Jan. 31 Scores Ratings KO, Posts Tremendous Viewership Increases Across the Board
ATLANTA (Feb. 3, 2016) – Bounce TV's latest installment of Premier Boxing Champions – The Next Round on Sunday, Jan. 31 racked up huge viewership gains while becoming the series' most-watched telecast to date among young male audiences. Driven by three exciting bouts, PBC – The Next Round posted tremendous double-and-triple digit increases among… Read more »

subset: commoncrawl


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We used to get frustrated that smoky eye tutorials didn't take the spectrum of eye shapes into account (after all, were a diverse bunch). Turns out we weren't alone. After nine years of research examining thousands of faces, the makeup pros at Smashbox narrowed it down to six common eye shapes found throughout the world: almond, round, upturned, downturned, monolid, and hooded. They applied their findings to this universal neutral palette, which comes complete with a guide to help you identify your eye shape and master three flattering looks for it (day, night, and defined). The top has seven shimmery shades and on the bottom, you'll find seven matte hues, ranging from nudes to blacks. Oh, and there's also a double-sided brush, a built-in mirror, and a travel-size Full Exposure Mascara.
the colors are so pigmented, absolutely beautiful. I really love the exact split of shimmer and matte and array of neutrals. although, an eye shadow primer is definitely needed. haven't tried the mascara that comes with it yet but will do and probably review separately. the size of the palette is perfect, fits in my makeup case, love the packaging and the brush included is awesome quality. I've been waiting to get this palette for a long time and glad I finally did. Can be used for work, day and night looks, its so versatile - if you mainly go for neutral looks this is the palette for you. Great range from black/gray to brown/taupe.4
I love this eyeshadow palatte! It is so much fun! There are gorgeous matte colors, for day or night, plus super fun sparkly ones too! I love doing matte during the day, and the sparkly ones when I go out. I also like to mix and match. This is very versatile, and you can get many neutral-colored looks, from natural to dramatic. Plus the mascara sample is awesome! I love that mascara, and now want to purchase a full sized one!5
This was my first Smashbox purchase, and so far I haven't been overly impressed. I bought this palette a few months ago, and I feel as though it isn't great for all-day wear. It creases after only a few hours, and the shimmery shades do not have much color to them; I rarely use them. However, I do like the matte colors. Before this I used one of the Naked palette from Urban Decay, and think I'll go back to that, or purchase a different brand.3
This is the only palette I will ever own that's not a Naked palette. I bought after getting a sample in my box, and bought the next day! So nice because it makes the smokey eye so easy with matching matte and shimmer/sparkle. Stays on so well, will absolutely buy again.5
I love this pallette, I had the travel size, and after I tried it, I had to have the full size. The colors look so good with my eye color and complextion. This is my go to eye shadow pallette from now on. It is so worth the $, and it don't take much at all to get the shade you want. So recomended !5
First of all, this sample felt like it was a inlet that's usually found in magazines & slightly insulting since other companies send maybe 2-4 little plastic palettes for you to try. This was a sheet. Ok fine whatever, moving on to the colors and quality of the shades themselves. I think the black, brown and the shimmery gold showed up and the rest well, i rubbed it until the paper showed through and ended up with no eyeshadow to be seen on my lids. Not impressed at all. Smashbox disappoints again! Still not as bad as that full exposure mascara, jeez im better off getting cheap drugstore mascara that'll work and not break off my eyelashes.2


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Hey Fairy Tail
I want to keep this blog strictly related to the anime. Which was some of the best fights scenes in Fairy Tail. I am not a fan of the anime only story arcs and there fight scenes were even worse. With that being said how many Fairy tail fights did you enjoy and which ones did you hate.
My top 3 Fairy Tail Fights:
Erza vs Azuma: To me this has got to be hands down the best fight scene the Fairy Tail anime had. This fight went back and forth and even though you new the good gut (or girl) would win Azuma had her on the ropes. Even watching the fight there was several times where it looked like Azuma had the win.
Team Natsu & Laxus vs Hades: This was an all out fight in which once again the the villain was close to winning. In fact had it not been for Team Exceeds then team Natsu would have lost. Given that all the team members were already hurt from previous battles Hades was outnumbered and not to mention Laxus was at full strength.
Natsu & Gajeel vs Sting & Rouge: OK I know this was a highly criticized fight but to me it was still one of the best. I would have like to see Gajeel finish the fight but Natsu kicked but from beginning to end. The most disappointing part about the fight was all that trash talk Lector was doing just to see Sting get his butt kicked BAD(am I the only one that hates Frosch).
My bottom 3 of disappointing fights.
Erza vs Kagura/Erza vs Minerva: This fight seemed to be hyped up for such a let down. I thought Erza would have been in a fight for her life but to be honest she seemed to have a tougher time with the butt jiggle gang. If Erza was at full strength she would have not needed the Nakagami Armor to defeat Minerva.
Laxus vs Raven Tail: He took out the entire guild without even using his full strength. Hell he wasn't even pushed to his limit.
Gildarts vs Bluenote: Bluenote walked on the island like a boss but got curb stomped by Gildarts. Hades made it seem like he didn't want Bluenote on the island because he was so powerful but Azuma looked like he was the one with the power and the game plan. Bluenote went out like a whisper.
Honorable mention: Erza Scarlet vs Erza Nightwalker: Probably should have been 3 on my list
Natsu vs Zero
Erza,Natsu, & Gajeel vs Laxus
Natsu vs Jellal
Lucy vs Flare
Gray vs Ultear
Elfman vs Bacchus
Gajeel vs Rouge: Iron Shadow Dragon nuff said


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About Texwork
TEXWORK 2016 Dubai / Sharjah
22-23 November Expo Centre Sharjah
After the successful edition in Istanbul in 2015, we have chosenwith Dubai / Sharjah a new location for Texwork 2016. Being a real international platform, Dubai allows us to reach visitors coming not only from the Middle East, the Arabic countries and Africa but also from India. Serge Ferrari is very active in theses growing markets and our local Serge Ferrari team mention very large needs of equipment to follow the growth of these economies.
Texwork 2016 is the right place to meet leaders out of the technical membrane business in a cosy atmosphere with real networking possibilities.
Be part of Texwork 2016 in Dubai and send us now your inscription! Please send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com


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DES encryption was a form of data encryption used by CTU Los Angeles. It used a single key.
When performing a capability search at the beginning of Day 3, Kim Bauer asked Adam Kaufman if the link file had DES encryption on it. He replied that it didn't, as it had a two-key encryption instead. She asked him where the filter was stored, and he told her it was in the Études 7 volume. ("Day 3: 1:00pm-2:00pm")


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We can work with you to provide a customized newsletter to communicate with your parish community.
Newsletters can be general parish information or can be targeted to special ministries within the parish, such as liturgical or parish education.
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Chinese banks must tap growing online market
Andrew Sheng says e-banking can be a competitive tool, provided regulatory issues are addressed
The rise of the internet suggests that electronic commerce will develop rapidly globally, but especially in China. One British research estimate is that business-to-consumer e-commerce transactions worldwide will exceed US$1.25 trillion by 2013, even as the total number of internet users equals nearly half the world's population.
Currently, the world's largest e-commerce market is the US, followed by Britain and Japan, with growth rates of roughly 10 to 15 per cent a year. However, with China's e-commerce sales more than doubling in 2011, the Chinese electronic consumer sales market is about to catch up with the global leaders.
According to Forrester Research, e-commerce sales in China will grow roughly 20per cent annually to more than US$350billion by 2016, compared with an estimated US$160billion today. Currently only 40per cent of Chinese internet users shop on the web, compared with 69per cent in Japan and 58per cent in Australia.
Buying and selling over the internet has become much more prevalent since the arrival of smartphones and tablets. This year, global sales of personal computers is expected grow by only 0.9per cent to 367million units, but tablet sales are forecast to rise by 54per cent to 107million and smartphones by 39per cent to 686million pieces.
Hand-held phones and tablets fulfil the functions of PCs and therefore are becoming the consumer's preferred platform for electronic banking and e-commerce. It is estimated that there are 5.6billion mobile phones in use globally.
If this is the trend, the biggest competitors to Chinese banks for consumer service are the mobile phone companies. China Mobile alone has 683million subscribers, while the total number of mobile subscribers in China is 1.046billion. The number of places where subscribers can pay their mobile phone charges is larger than even the Postal Savings Bank of China's network, which is the widest in the country with more than 40,000 branches.
Until recently, the biggest obstacle to consumer purchase and payment online has been internet security. But five basic technology trends are going to change the game for electronic banking and buying online.
The first is eye-scanning technology that recognises the user. The iPad2 has already incorporated that technology. The second is cloud computing, which means that much of the software and data need not be stored inside the computer. Third, the analytical power of smartphones has increased, and apps downloads make them more user-friendly. Fourth, the arrival of 4G broadband will widen the spectrum for different consumer uses. Finally, social media has become extremely popular and retailers will begin to exploit this to reach out to customers.
Electronic banking involves a range of functions, including payment, checking account balances and investments.
Competition in e-banking will come from different sources. In Kenya, rural residents use mobile phones to transfer small amounts of money instead of using cash. In China, Taobao is wildly popular: it accounted for 79per cent of total Chinese online transactions in 2010, compared with Rakuten's 30per cent share in the Japanese market, and Amazon's 17per cent share in the American market.
As we see more middle-class Chinese consumers and investors, who are educated and empowered by technology, they will demand higher-quality services, involving both bricks (physical branches) and clicks (through the web).
The transition from branch banking to phone banking and now web banking has not been easy for many banks, as the skills required are very different: e-banking is not just about buying bigger computers, but changing the whole marketing, back-office and risk management systems and processes. As competition within Chinese banks intensifies, having a strong strategy on moving innovatively and creatively to e-banking will be a major competitive step.
The key problem is still regulatory; e-banking services cut across different regulatory regimes. The most obvious is between mobile operators, electronic service providers and the banking industry. Will credit facilities provided through mobile operators and specialist platforms constitute banking business? If so, what are the regulatory considerations involved?
There is no doubt that the Alibaba and eBay model of bid-and-buy provides excellent "flow" information to monitor the creditworthiness of customers. Transactions-based credit is in one sense superior to collateral-based credit, since you know in real time whether the customer/borrower is having sales and/or liquidity problems. Because traditional banking relies on collateral to protect the bank against credit losses, monitoring is not in "real time" and by the time the bank wakes up to the exposure, the loan may already have gone bad.
The time has come for Chinese banks to examine their scope for going into e-banking as a strategic competitive tool. The larger banks will be able to do this on their own. Some smaller banks may wish to pool resources and adopt common platforms so they can compete against larger players.
This review at the policy and strategic level will mean revolutionary changes in Chinese financial services. Whether the Chinese financial sector can serve the real sector through better quality of services will be vital for China's long-term global competitiveness.
Andrew Sheng is president of the Fung Global Institute
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ABOUT one in every nine women will develop breast cancer, said Dr. Arthur G. Lerner, chief of surgery and medical director of the Cancer Program at White Plains Hospital Center.
There are 180,000 new cases of the disease a year nationwide, he said. For women faced with the results of a mammogram -- an X-ray screening procedure -- that has revealed an abnormality in her breast, new, sophisticated technology is available to make an early diagnosis of breast cancer.
''There is a point in time when the breast cancer develops and a later point when it is diagnosable,'' Dr. Lerner said. ''Years ago it was only diagnosable when there was a palpable lump. We are trying to detect smaller and smaller tumors.''
The Breast Imaging Center at the White Plains Hospital Center has a full range of diagnostic and screening techniques. They are used in combination with one another, depending on the particular breast tissue profile of each woman.
White Plains Hospital Center is the most comprehensive breast care unit in the county and the only medical center in the region certified to train doctors in the use of stereotactic biopsy procedures. The next closest hospital for such training is in Virginia.Continue reading the main story
''Today we look at the individual patient,'' Dr. Lerner said, ''not the disease.'' In years past when a woman received a diagnosis of cancer, she had only one option, Dr. Lerner said: removal of the breast, surrounding muscle and lymph glands, ''a radical mastectomy.'' The new technology can detect tumors of less than a centimeter, which increases the chance for recovery.
''The longer the tumors are there the greater the opportunity to spread to blood vessels, lymph nodes or other organ systems in the body,'' said Dr. Vincent Campanella, attending radiologist and director of breast imaging at White Plains Hospital.
''Choice and sequencing of technological procedures for each patient is an art form and requires a certain expertise,'' he said. High Definition Breast Ultrasound Imaging can be used for women with dense glandular tissue to analyze suspicious shadows or possible lesions, which have showed up on a mammogram, he said. High-frequency acoustic energy is transmitted and reflected from tissue inside the breast and the image is displayed by computer on a video monitor. ''It's a complementary procedure for further investigation for malignant potential,'' Dr. Campanella said.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, commonly known as M.R.I., is a screening tool that produces images by magnetic fields. Although M.R.I. application to breast screening is relatively new, White Plains Hospital Center has experts in breast M.R.I.
''It is used very selectively for women genetically at risk whose mother or perhaps maternal aunt or grandmother had the disease,'' Dr. Lerner said, ''or for women with a difficult mammography or difficult physical exam.'' Breast M.R.I. has the potential to pick up tumors that are much smaller and aids in checking patients for recurrences after treatment.
''It's in its infancy,'' Dr. Lerner said. ''It's going to be, in my opinion, a major tool. The problem now is that insurance companies don't want to pay for it. It's expensive.''
A suspicious lesion needs to be biopsied, but 80 percent of these abnormalities are benign. At the Breast Imaging Center, a woman may choose to have the tissue removed with stereotactic biopsy, a departure from the traditional surgical removal. Perfected five years ago, this technology has been available at White Plains Hospital for four years.
''Teaching is a love,'' Dr. Campanella said. ''It helps us to stay on the cutting edge.''
The patient lies face down on a futuristic-looking apparatus with a special round opening in the table. Three X-ray images of the target area in the breast are taken from different angles and projected by computer onto a video screen. Guided by the image on the screen, a needle is then injected to extract the precise point of tissue to be sampled. The procedure is rapid (the actual tissue is extracted in 6/100th of a second), said Carol Perelson, the mammography coordinator.
The biopsy area is numbed by injecting a local anesthetic with a very tiny needle. ''This technology is such a wonderful enhancement for us,'' Dr. Campanella said. ''We can digitally vary the contrasts or magnify the depiction of details on the screen to intensify our perception and direct the biopsy.''
Unlike surgical biopsy, there are no sutures or stitches. There is no cosmetic change and no internal architectural distortion from scar tissue, which can alter things for future examinations. Studies at White Plains Hospital show the success rate to be 95 percent with both surgical and nonsurgical procedures.
Dr. Lerner said he was aware that the procedure, like all breast procedures, is emotionally charged. ''I can't lose sight of the fact that the patient has fears even if we use needles instead of scalpels,'' he said. ''Nobody's happy to be here. There are a particular set of fears in this field, which are unrivaled. The enormity of these feelings for women is perhaps only comparable to their having a very sick child.''
It takes a day to get the biopsy results of breast cases, which are put ahead of others because, Dr. Lerner said, lab pathologists are sensitive to statements like, ''I haven't heard my results; it must be bad.''
Looking to the future, Dr. Lerner asks: ''If I can diagnose malignant tissue stereotactically, why can't I destroy it or remove it nonsurgically? Perhaps with laser? Or by freezing? We are actively working with manufacturers on some of these devices. They are on the drawing board and may be clinically available in the not-too-distant future.''
White Plains Hospital is one of the few test sites on the East Coast for the new full-field digital mammography. Coming to the hospital in September, this highly refined mammography allows for detailed computer manipulation to emphasize certain details of the breast to help discover malignant tissue.
The ultimate goal, Dr. Lerner said, is to be able to diagnose breast cancer even more simply, perhaps with an infallible blood test. Or even, he continued, to be able to prevent the disease prophylactically, perhaps with a vaccine, making breast imaging unnecessary. Meanwhile, the goal for now is to make this disease diagnosable sooner. ''At White Plains Hospital, it's as good as it gets,'' Dr. Lerner said.
Other Hospitals With Breast Units
Other hospitals besides White Plains Hospital Center offering new breast imaging technology include the following:
*Westchester County Medical Center in Valhalla, which offers stereotactic biopsy, ultrasound mammography and breast M.R.I.
*St. John's Riverside Hospital in Yonkers and St. Agnes Hospital in White Plains, which offer stereotactic biopsy and ultrasound mammography.
*Phelps Memorial Hospital in North Tarrytown, which offers ultrasound mammography.Continue reading the main story


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The increasing complexity of the telecommunications environment brings new challenges for operators to increase their revenue streams. Focus on the customer is the one of the paradigms that are crucial in helping to achieve this goal. But the scope of data sources bringing valuable information about customer behavior is constantly growing, to include network probes, the Internet of Things, beacons, location services, OTT (Over the Top) services, and social networks. Effective utilization of this information requires a modern customer experience management platform that can answer tough questions originating from marketing, customer care, and service operations centers. Comarch experts shed new light on this challenge and support you on the journey.
Customer Experience Management for Telecoms - Comarch Solution Benefits
Validate and steer your marketing decisions
Comarch's Customer Experience Management provides information relevant for marketing, steering wise decisions regarding service packaging and marketing campaigns, resulting in increased operator revenues.
Personalize your offers
Information extracted from different data sources improves understanding of customer behavior and allows you to be proactive in fulfilling their needs. This helps you to improve customer satisfaction, increase loyalty, and decrease the churn rate.
Optimize your network investments
Knowing customer behavior and customer-related issues allows you to plan your network investments efficiently and avoid outages in the highest revenue areas (hotspots). In this way you can eliminate over-investment in lower priority areas.
Proactive customer care
Monitor potential customer experience issues in the network and enable your customer service representatives to contact your customers proactively upon detection of incidents, even before a complaint is made. Detailed information about the service restoration processes may improve customer experience significantly.
Comarch Customer Experience Management - Key Features
Efficient analytics for processing terabytes of data
The analytics engine process terabytes of data daily, with capability to increase the volume to petabytes. Flexible architecture ensures the efficient utilization of resources by assignment of reports to categories assuring real time, near real time, or postponed generation depending on their frequency and urgency.
Comprehensive visualization
Besides flexible dashboards, easily configurable by data scientists, the solution provides a number of specialized dashboards supporting most important use cases, e.g. roaming monitoring, and VIP monitoring tailored for our customers.
Customer impact analysis
Get an insight into customer perception of your services, thanks to combined fault management and performance management functionalities. Benefit from a trustable tool for customer experience management, which automatically aligns application monitoring and black box customer service probing with an ability to calculate the impact of network problems on customer services.
Comarch Customer Experience Management is a part of:
Ensuring Seamless Customer Experience for Telecom VIP Customers - Case Study
I am confident that Comarch solutions will enable MTS to accomplish transition from a network-centric towards a customer-centric OSS ecosystem with an ultimate goal of creating the best customer experience.
Andrey Ushatsky, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, MTS
Want to know more? Need some help with product selection?
Tell us about your business needs. We will find the perfect solution.


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Question: ABC Software a small software producer decides to renovate its
ABC Software, a small software producer, decides to renovate its premises. Instead of hiring an outside contractor and trades people, the firm decides to use its employees—secretaries, programmers, sales staff, and others—to do most of the work. The firm makes all its employees try painting and carpentry and other tasks needed for the renovation and selects the people with the strongest skills in those areas to take time off from their regular tasks and work on the renovation. Is this strategy a good one? Why or why not?
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View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsDoes an increase in average income cause a shift of the demand curve for avocados or a movement along the demand curve? Explain briefly.Using the supply and demand functions for avocados in the chapter, derive the demand and supply curves if pt = $ 0.80, Y = $ 4,000, and pf = $ 0.95. What is the equilibrium price and quantity of avocados?Carrot Patch Dolls, a small doll producer in Malaysia, is considering producing a new doll variety. Production of this doll type requires an initial setup cost, followed by constant variable cost. The cost function of ...How would the shape of the total supply curve in Q & A 17.1 change if the U.S. domestic supply curve hit the vertical axis at a price above p?In Table 17.3, suppose that the payoff if both firms enter is positive, 5 rather than – 5, while the other payoffs remain the same. Now, what is the effect of a subsidy of 10 to Novartis?
Post your question


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Dog-friendly Isle of Wight, 3 Dogs & 9 People
In an idyllic setting in Brook village, this delightful holiday property offers a wonderful base to explore the island. Situated in the peaceful and private estate made up of the old Brook House grounds, the property has been refurbished to a very good standard.
Nestling in the beautiful Bowcombe Valley, just 4 miles from the nearest south coast beach. Brummell Barn is one of the original outbuildings to Cheverton Farmhouse, converted to provide highly individual and spacious accommodation. Boasting a wealth of interesting and original features, the barn enjoys lovely views…
This beautiful detached Georgian house dates back to the 1700s and stands elegantly within its own well maintained gardens. Peacefully located along a quiet rural lane country lane, The Mill House offers spectacular far reaching views across fields to the Downs, and is only 10 minutes' walk to the sea.
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Rotherham Council leader and cabinet resign after damning report
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Lauren's Day in Mimico
Back in July, we had an Experience Mimico Facebook contest and we gave away a set of three gift cards to our favourite Mimico hotspots; Vos Organic Spa, Birds and Beans Café and Everest Indian Cuisine.
Abigail's day out in Toronto
Back in April, we had a Day out in Toronto contest where we gave one lucky person the opportunity to win $500 to spend on their ideal day in the city.
Experience Mimico: Summer by the lake Facebook contest
It's an exciting time for us as we prepare for construction to begin at Eleven Superior Condominiums in Mimico! To celebrate, we're giving away
Win a $500 Day out in Toronto!
What's your idea of a perfect day in Toronto? Better yet, if you had $500 to spend on your ideal day in the city what would you do, where would you go, and who would you spend it with? Tell us about it and you could win $500 to spend on your "perfect day in...


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ex. chest, the back of your neck, etc
Most Helpful Guy
Neck or hair is better than chest. Rubbing shoulders is nice. Lighly trailing down my back to my butt is VERY nice. Lightly stroking my inner thigh is extremely nice. And then, yes, touching the balls and the (by that time) erection is fabulous! Ramping it up in that order should give you fairly explosive results. . .00|00|0


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BookRenter.com's 5-Star Satisfaction Guarantee
We strive to deliver the best value to our customers and ensure complete satisfaction for all our textbook rentals.
- You can return your online books for any reason within our refund period – no questions asked.
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ISBN: 9780028971438 / 0028971434 Students of the Third Age: University/College Programs for Retired Adults (American Council on Education Oryx Press Series on Higher Ed)
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Julia Jordan Metallic Shimmer Dress
Metallic shimmer knit sheath dress with a bateau neckline and cap sleeve. Concealed zipper closure. Brand: Julia Jordan Fiber Content: 78% nylon, 10% polyester, 8% spandex, 4% metallic
Julia Jordan Sequin Sheath Dress
This sheath dress features laser cut detailing and sequins. It's the perfect piece for any social event. Lined. 36.5-in. L; hits above the knee. Dry Clean Only. Brand: Julia Jordan Fiber Content: 100% polyester
Julia Jordan Sequin Mesh Dress
This black sequined and mesh dress is over a nude lining. Pair this beautiful dress with a pair of strappy heels and a statement necklace and your set for your night out. Brand: Julia Jordan Fiber Content: 100% polyester


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The Owool was a heavy fighter,[1] with a tapered fuselage and a curving, twin-pronged frontal fuselage, that gave it a sickle-shaped bow.[2] It was a robust design, but also fast, with twin engines that left visible efflux trails even at long range.[1]
The armament of the Owool included 4 laser cannons and 2 ion cannons, as well as missiles (3 launchers), and could be equipped to launch shadow bombs.
The Owool was originally designed to serve the Galactic Alliance, but it was a product of a new Wookiee shipyard named KashyCorp, and it entered service just as the Second Galactic Civil War was breaking out.[1] As a result, when the Wookiees joined the Confederation, the Owools participated in the defense of their homeworld, the Battle of Kashyyyk.[1]
A squadron of Owools was the first combat unit of the Wookiee fleet sent against the Fifth Fleet at the start of the battle.[1] During an attack run on the Anakin Solo, the flagship of Darth Caedus, several of these robust fighters were destroyed by the ships advanced point-defense weaponry, but one was flown by the Jedi Knight Lowbacca, and his shadow bomb was able to cause significant damage to the Star Destroyer.[3]
Following the Battle of Kashyyyk, the Wookiees contributed military assets to the Jedi Coalition. Owools were used by the Coalition as escorts for blastboats during raids on Galactic Alliance convoys, and were set to act in this capacity during the opening stages of the Second Battle of Roche, before Luke Skywalker decided that they were unnecessary and ordered them to stand down.[4] An Owool Squadron was also present at the Battle of Uroro Station where they were launched, in conjunction with blastboats and StealthXs, against the Galactic Alliance's fleet in an attempt to draw them into the waiting Hapan ambush.


text: Hi everyone! Im new to this and have some questions, never had a inspire allways phantoms and a good friend of mine wants to sell me his inspire 1 that he crashed in the first flight so its new!! Problems: -Broken gimbal, camera looks good but it broke on the mount riping a small cable -Broken left boon lading gear, could be replacable with some carbon tube i guess.. Sooo, me question is regarding what do you guys think abou the camera replacemant? wondering if it possible to mount a phantom 3 pro camera on it??? will the conections cables work? because a zenmuse inspire costs 500$ And how much money do you think it worth paying him knowing the situation? Hope someone can help! Thanks


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Yes, traditional critics have lost a lot of clout in an era where many young moviegoers take their ticket buying cues from friends and acquaintances on Facebook, Twitter, and other social media. But don't count critics out yet Nielsen says today in its annual American Moviegoing report — being released just as studio execs and theater owners converge on Las Vegas for the annual CinemaCon convention. Some 41% of Millennials look at critic ratings on sites including Rotten Tomatoes and IMDb, and about 80% of all moviegoers refer to reviews once in a while, before they decide to buy, Nielsen says. That may be cold comfort to critics: "As movie studios plan their marketing budgets for next year's blockbuster movies, they should consider that most moviegoers are using social media to get their information," says Nielsen National Research Group SVP Kathy Benjamin. "Taking advantage of the potential that social networks provide will be important to connect with their audiences." About 40% of moviegoers say that they rely on recommendations they see on social media. Twitter appears to be especially important. About 55% of moviegoers who use the service regularly tweet about films. They're 25% more likely than other social network users to head to the theater on a release's opening weekend. And they see the most movies — about nine per year.
Critics Still Relevant As Moviegoers Take Buying Cues From Social Media: Nielsen
3 Comments
Are these the same "relevant" critics that despised Divergent, which opened with $56 million this past weekend? They may look at Rotten Tomatoes if they're unsure whether to go to a particular movie, but if they're dead set on going regardless, critics' opinions mean absolutely nothing.
Checking Twitter for the movie's hashtag and seeing what the reactions are probably has more impact that film critics these days.
Shame on you for ripping us off with this garbage. It was garbage. I texted, read a book, watch a video to get through this mess.
You need to be a moron to go to this.
I was seeing it to see what exactly is the hype.
Rip-off. Rip-off.
Pfft, Neilsen can't be taken seriously, these guys base opinions on less than 25% of a market. I can't believe they still use those boxes that are so open to deceit that the results are trash. They don't scale and are as closed-minded as you can get.
This is a Throwaway post.


text:
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refutatory — üd.əˌtōrē, ütə , tȯr , ri adjective Etymology: Late Latin refutatorius, from Latin refutatus (past participle of refutare) + orius ory : refutative … Useful english dictionary
Redargutory — Red ar*gu to*ry ( t?*r?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, redargution; refutatory. [R.] [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
refutative — /ri fyooh teuh tiv/, adj. tending to refute; pertaining to refutation: refutative evidence. Also, refutatory. [1645 55; REFUTAT(ION) + IVE] * * * … Universalium
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The Records & Information Services Division of the Clerk's office is charged with maintaining, protecting and preserving the records of the Clerk's office as well as the records of numerous county agencies. We currently have two records repositories: one is located at the Citrus County Courthouse and the other at the Historic Courthouse.
Florida has a tradition of open government and access to public records. The public records law has been in effect in some form since 1909. Chapter 119, Florida Statutes is the current version of the public records law. Chapter 119 states that "every person who has custody of a public record shall permit the record to be inspected and examined by any person desiring to do so, at any reasonable time, under reasonable conditions, and under supervision by the custodian of the public record or his designee." Our records management program is set up to ensure that the right document gets to the right person at the right time for the lowest possible cost.


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Johnny L. Matson, Ph.D., Professor and Distinguished Research Master and Director of the Ph.D. program in clinical psychology in the Department of Psychology at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, LA. He is the author of more than 450 publications, including 34 books. In addition, he is the editor-in-chief of two research journals, Research in Developmental Disabilities and Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. He has served as an expert for the United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, and is past president of the Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Division of the American Psychological Association. His research and clinical interests are in autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities.
History and Overview.- Theories of social competence from the top-down to the bottom-up: A case for considering foundational human needs.- Etiology and Relationships to Developmental Disabilities and Psychopathology.- General Methods of Assessment.- General Methods of Treatment.- Challenging Behaviors.- Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorders.- Intellectual Disability and Adaptive-Social Skills.- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.- Evidence-Based Methods of Dealing with Social Deficits in Conduct Disorder.- Anxiety/Phobias.- Major Depression.- Medical Issues.- Index.
Fills a much needed information gap by providing clinicians, researchers, and graduate students in the fields of clinical child, school, and developmental psychology a comprehensive scholarly review of the subject
Easy-to-reference resource volume
Addresses topics that cut across a wide range of disciplines and childhood disorders
Focuses on evidence-based assessment and intervention for childhood behavior problems and disorders


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In vitro experimental models designed to study the effects of hypoxia and ischemia typically employ oxygen-depleted media and/or hypoxic chambers. These approaches, however, allow for metabolites to diffuse away into a large volume and may not replicate the high local concentrations that occur in ischemic myocardium in vivo. We describe herein a novel and simple method for creating regional hypoxic and ischemic conditions in neonatal rat cardiac myocyte monolayers. This method consists of creating a localized diffusion barrier by placing a glass coverslip over a portion of the monolayer. The coverslip restricts covered myocytes to a thin film of media while leaving uncovered myocytes free to access the surrounding bulk media volume. Myocytes under the coverslip undergo marked morphology changes over time as assessed by video microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy shows that these changes are accompanied by alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential and plasma membrane dynamics and eventually result in myocyte death. We also show that the metabolic activity of myocytes drives cell necrosis under the coverslip. In addition, the intracellular pH of synchronously contracting myocytes under the coverslip drops rapidly, which further implicates metabolic activity in regulating cell death under the coverslip. In contrast with existing models of hypoxia/ischemia, this technique provides a simple and effective way to create hypoxic/ischemic conditions in vitro. Moreover, we conclude that myocyte death is hastened by the combination of hypoxia, metabolites, and acidosis and is facilitated by a reduction in media volume, which may better represent ischemic conditions in vivo.
- monolayer
- diffusion barrier
- necrosis
- cell death
- ischemia
- myocyte
evaluation of hypoxic and ischemic insults on isolated cardiac myocytes typically involves atmospheric chambers or modified culture media. Replicating a hypoxic environment using a nitrogen chamber is a classical manner to deprive a population of myocytes of oxygen, and several metabolic (25, 32, 33), genetic (16, 21, 29), and functional (22, 32) changes have been identified using this method. Reproducing the noxious metabolic environment associated with ischemia, however, is quite difficult. Glucose-depleted media (25, 27), ischemic solutions (2, 6, 22, 31), and low pH values (11) have all been used to mimic environmental changes that occur during ischemia, but these techniques fail to concentrate myocyte metabolic wastes similar to ischemia in vivo.
In this report, we describe a novel and simple method for studying the effects of hypoxia and ischemia in isolated neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. We show that placing a glass coverslip over an existing myocyte culture creates a barrier to diffusion and results in rapid hypoxia and locally concentrated metabolic by-products. Coverslipping myocytes results in dramatic intracellular morphology changes within 15 min that persist over a 3-h duration and lead to cell death. These changes coincide with loss of synchronous contractile activity and mitochondrial membrane potential and appearance of chromatin margination and plasma membrane derangement. These effects are specific to myocytes, as 3T3 fibroblasts, H9C2 myoblasts, and isolated primary cardiac fibroblasts show none of these changes over the same duration of time. In addition, myocyte death under the coverslip is prevented when myocytes are cultured on a semipermeable membrane. Furthermore, the intracellular pH of synchronously contracting myocytes under the coverslip decreases rapidly. We conclude that myocyte death in this model is hastened by the combination of hypoxia, metabolites, and acidosis, is facilitated by a reduction in media volume, and may better represent ischemic conditions in vivo.
Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblasts
Cardiac myocytes were isolated from day 0–2 Sprague-Dawley neonatal rat pup ventricles using the neonatal cardiomyocyte isolation system (Worthington Biochemical; Lakewood, NJ) as described by the manufacturer. Cells were filtered and pelleted by centrifugation at 300 g for 5 min. Myocytes were then additionally purified on a discontinuous Percoll (Amersham Biosciences; Piscataway, NJ) gradient of 1.050, 1.060, and 1.082 g/ml (top to bottom). Cardiac fibroblasts were extracted from the 1.050/1.060 interface and cultured on 35-mm dishes coated with 100 μg/ml Matrigel (BD Biosciences; Bedford, MA) in DMEM (JRH Biosciences; Lenexa, KS) that contained 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 0.3 mg/ml l-glutamine (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA). Extraction of myocytes at the 1.082/1.060 interface routinely produced myocytes >95% pure as judged by confocal fluorescence microscopy with an anti-troponin I antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies; Santa Cruz, CA) 2 days after plating. Myocytes were plated onto 35-mm dishes coated with 100 μg/ml Matrigel at a density of 1–1.2 million cells per 35-mm dish in DMEM as described above. Myocytes coupled electrically and began synchronously contracting within 48 h, and most monolayers were used for experiments between 3 and 6 days after plating.
For Transwell culture experiments, myocytes were plated onto Matrigel-coated Transwell cell culture inserts that had a pore size of 0.4 μm (Becton-Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, NJ). Inserts were used in conjunction with six-well companion plates (Becton Dickinson).
Cell Lines
NIH 3T3 (CRL-1658, American Type Culture Collection; Manassas, VA) and H9C2 (CRL-1446, American Type Culture Collection) cell lines were maintained in DMEM that contained 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen) and were regularly passaged. For experiments, cells were plated under the same initial conditions as myocytes (i.e., 1–1.2 million cells per Matrigel-coated, 35-mm dish).
Thin-Film Measurements
Round, glass coverslips 18 mm in diameter (VWR; West Chester, PA) and chambered slides (Nalge Nunc International; Naperville, IL) were coated with 100 μg/ml of FITC-labeled collagen I (Sigma; St. Louis, MO) in 0.02 N acetic acid for 3 h at room temperature. Coverslips and slides were then rinsed several times with HBSS, and slide chambers were filled with 2 ml of serum-free DMEM without phenol red (Invitrogen). A coverslip was gently placed in the chamber.
Fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM 510 microscope (Carl Zeiss; Thornwood, NY) set in Z-series confocal mode. Optical sections of varying thicknesses were acquired through ×10, ×20, ×40, and ×63 objectives. Measurements were made on three-dimensional reconstructed Z-series images using tools provided within the standard LSM 510 software. The three-dimensional reconstructed Z-series images reported herein are representative of five experiments and were taken with the ×10 (Fig. 1B, inset) and ×63 (Fig. 1B) objectives.
Video Microscopy and Quantitation
A 35-mm dish that contained a synchronously contracting myocyte monolayer was mounted in a Leica DM IRB inverted microscope (Leica Microsystems; Bannockburn, IL) equipped with an environmental stage that consisted of a heating insert (Leica) controlled by a Tempcontrol 37–2 digital controller (Leica). An incubator (Leica) was attached to the heating insert, which maintained a heated and humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2Fig. 2A are representative of seven separate experiments.
High magnification phase-contrast images of nuclei at 0 and 30 min under the center of the coverslip were acquired through a ×63 objective using a cooled charge-coupled device (Diagnostic Instruments; Sterling Heights, MI). Acquisition was managed using SPOT software (version 3.4.5, Diagnostic Instruments), and images were postprocessed using Adobe PhotoShop. Images in Fig. 2B are representative of 10 images at each time point collected over 2 separate experiments.
Gross morphological phenotypes were quantitated as follows. Chromatin margination was defined as the time point when all myocytes in the field first displayed a distinct phase-dense ring within the nucleus. Asynchronous beating was defined as the time point when all myocytes in the field first displayed irregular beating patterns compared with those seen in previous frames. Because asynchronous beating progressed to contractile arrest, these two phenotypes were compiled and reported together. Severe vacuolization was defined as the time point when all myocytes in the field exhibited vacuoles in >50% of their cytoplasmic area.
Cell Viability Assay and Quantitation
For a given time point, a portion of a synchronously contracting myocyte monolayer was coverslipped as described (see Video Microscopy and Quantitation). The 35-mm dish that contained the coverslipped area was then returned to a standard tissue-culture incubator (i.e., 37°C and 5% CO2). After the specified duration, the coverslip boundary was marked on the dish, the coverslip was removed, and the monolayer was washed twice with culture media. The monolayer was then poststained with 100 nM tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE, Molecular Probes; Eugene, OR) and 50 μl/ml Alexa Fluor 488-annexin V (Molecular Probes) in serum-free DMEM without phenol red at 37°C for 20 min. Poststained cells were then rinsed twice in serum-free DMEM without phenol red and overlaid with the same for live imaging.
Fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss LSM 510 microscope that was prepared to collect 10-μm optical sections through a ×10 objective. Detector gains were adjusted at the border-zone region so that each wavelength was equally represented in the settings. Once adjusted, the gain values were locked for all images acquired in that particular dish. Images were acquired of center, midpoint, border-zone, slip-edge, adjacent, and far-point regions (described in results) along the same axis. Images along three separate axes were acquired from each dish at each time point. Each time point was replicated twice using myocytes from separate isolations. Representative images selected from six images at each position and time point are shown (see results).
Fluorescence intensities for each wavelength were extracted from each image. Pixels binned at 0 and 255 were removed from each image by applying an appropriate threshold. The remaining intensities for a given wavelength were summed and then averaged with the summed intensities from corresponding regions. For a given wavelength, intensity ratios were calculated from intensity values corresponding to regions under the coverslip (i.e., center, midpoint, or slip edge) divided by the average intensity of values corresponding to adjacent and far-point regions. TMRE ratios are reported in Table 1 as fractions of 1 with standard deviations.
Measurement of pH
The pH values in cultured myocytes were estimated using the fluorescent pH indicator carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-4F acetoxymethyl ester (SNARF-4F, Molecular Probes). When excited at 488 nm, SNARF-4F undergoes a shift in relative intensity at two emission peaks, 640 and 585 nm, in response to a change in pH. Estimates of pH change were obtained by tracking the intensity changes through a 565–615-nm band-pass filter. For loading, a dye solution was prepared by dissolving 50 μg of SNARF-4F in 50 μl of DMSO (Sigma) to create a stock solution, which was diluted into 3 ml of media to obtain a final concentration of 10 μM. Myocytes were then incubated with the dye solution for 40 min at 37°C in 5% CO2 to obtain SNARF-loaded myocytes. A dish containing SNARF-loaded myocytes was mounted in a Zeiss LSM 510 microscope equipped with the same environmental stage and incubator described (see Video Microscopy and Quantitation). SNARF-loaded myocytes were coverslipped using round, 18-mm-diameter coverslips. A single coverslip was gently placed over a portion of the monolayer, and the programmable stage was positioned to image myocytes at center, midpoint, border-zone, and adjacent regions as described above. After coverslip placement, images were acquired of each of these regions during a 60-min time course. Experimental images (see Fig. 6) are presented as pseudocolored intensity maps and are representative of three separate experiments.
An approximate pH calibration in SNARF-loaded myocytes was performed as follows: a 35-mm dish that contained SNARF-loaded myocytes was incubated in the presence of a series of HEPES-buffered DMEM solutions of known pH (pH values of 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, and 4.0). After 5 min (to allow equilibration), detector and amplifier gains were optimized and set by the computer using the pH 7.0 dish, and images of 20-μm optical sections at center and adjacent regions were acquired at that pH value. The buffered solution was aspirated, and the steps were performed again (without adjusting detector or amplifier gains) using the next successive buffered solution. The images collected using the 565- to 615-nm band-pass filter and the corresponding pseudocolored intensity maps are presented in Fig. 6A.
Initial studies in which coverslips were placed onto the monolayers for 18 h resulted in universal myocyte necrosis under the coverslipped areas. Surprisingly, regions of the myocyte monolayer not covered by the coverslip were healthy and viable and had retained the ability to synchronously contract. Furthermore, we noted the presence of a transition region within the myocyte monolayer at the coverslip edge. Myocytes in this region contracted more slowly and asynchronously compared with the remaining viable monolayer. Based on these initial observations, we hypothesized that the coverslip had created a regional hypoxic or ischemic event within the myocyte monolayer by drastically reducing the media volume accessible to covered myocytes.
Coverslip Placement Greatly Reduces Media Volume Accessible to Covered Myocytes
To test our hypothesis of coverslip-induced regional hypoxia, we performed confocal microscopy on coverslips placed in chamber slide wells that contained media. Both the coverslips and the chamber slide floors were coated with FITC-labeled collagen (see Fig. 1A), which allowed us to easily and accurately define the borders of these structures using fluorescence microscopy. Assembling a three-dimensional reconstruction of Z-series optical slices taken with a ×10 objective allowed us to image through the entire chamber slide floor and the coverslip in a single series (see Fig. 1B, inset). Our optical measurements of the chamber slide floor and coverslip thickness were 115 ± 15 and 110 ± 9 μm, respectively. These values are within 15% of the smallest thickness in the range reported by the manufacturer for the coverglass and coverslip (130–160 μm; see discussion). Collectively, these measurements function as calibrations and confirm our ability to adequately measure thickness in Z series. Reconstruction of Z-series optical slices taken at the coverslip edge (see Fig. 1B) with a ×63 objective revealed that placement of the coverslip created a thin film above the chamber slide floor. The height of this thin film was repeatedly measured and found to be 9.8 ± 2.6 μm. Assuming that these measurements are underestimated by the same margin observed with the coverslip and chamber slide measurements, the height of the thin film could be as great as 14.25 μm. These data suggest that the volume of media available to myocytes beneath the coverslip is drastically reduced compared with the bulk volume that is accessible to myocytes that are not underneath the coverslip.
Coverslipped Myocytes Exhibit Time-Dependent Morphology Changes
Initial studies in which coverslips were placed on monolayers for 18 h resulted in widespread death of myocytes. To more fully characterize this progression, we performed phase-contrast video microscopy of covered myocytes over a shorter time course. Portions of synchronously contracting myocyte monolayers were coverslipped, and coverslipped dishes were then placed in an environmental chamber mounted to a phase-contrast microscope. Digital video of a single region directly under the center of the coverslip was collected at numerous intermittent time points over 3 h (see materials and methods). Frames from a representative video file were extracted at selected time points and are presented in Fig. 2A. Over the 3-h duration, we observed dramatic and progressive changes in intracellular morphology. In the moments just after coverslip placement (Fig. 2A, frame 0), myocyte morphology and function were unchanged compared with those of uncovered myocytes. As early as 15 min, however, chromatin margination was observed in some cultures and most cultures exhibited this phenotype by 45 min [Fig. 2, A (frames 15 and 45) and C]. The chromatin margination was quite distinct when viewed at higher magnification to compare nuclei at 0 and 30 min after coverslip placement. Nuclear envelopes appeared to be nondescript just after coverslip placement (Fig. 2B, top) but developed a phase-dense boundary with marked thickening by 30 min (Fig. 2B, bottom). Chromatin margination was not observed in uncovered myocytes over the time course.
Interestingly, asynchronous contractions and/or contractile arrest occurred after chromatin margination in most cases (Fig. 2C). Within 30 min, most myocytes under the center of the coverslip exhibited asynchronous and slow sporadic contractions relative to myocytes not beneath the coverslip. Complete contractile arrest under the center of the coverslip was uniformly observed within 60 min (Fig. 2C) and persisted over the 3-h time course. At 3 h, myocytes at the edge of the coverslip continued to contract but with sporadic and reduced frequency compared with myocytes not under the coverslip, which is similar to observations at 18 h in the transition region; this suggests that the development of this region is rapid and sustainable.
Another noticeable phenotype was the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles. Some vacuoles could be seen in cultures by 30 min, and severe vacuolization (i.e., vacuoles comprising >50% of the cytoplasm by visual assessment) appeared in most cultures between 90 and 120 min [Fig. 2, A (frames 90 and 120) and C]. At 3 h (Fig. 2A, frame 180), myocytes exhibited complete cytoplasmic vacuolization reminiscent of those seen at 18-h time points. Vacuolization was not observed in uncovered myocytes over the 18-h time course.
Myocyte Viability and Function Are Differentially Compromised Under a Coverslip
The dramatic morphological changes grossly observed suggest that there may be corresponding molecular events driving the loss of myocyte viability and function under the coverslip. One of the first changes observed at the 18-h time point and subsequently at 1-h time points (Fig. 2C) was the cessation of contractile activity under the coverslip. We hypothesized that changes in cellular energy level production or distribution might be affecting contractile activity, and by staining myocytes with the fluorescent marker TMRE we could evaluate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential as an indirect measure of cellular energy changes. In addition, by staining myocytes with Alexa Fluor 488-annexin V, we could observe changes related to cell death. The combination of TMRE and annexin V staining would provide us with a useful viability assay to monitor related changes that occurred under the coverslip.
Portions of synchronously contracting myocyte monolayers were coverslipped for 0, 1, 2, or 3 h. Coverslips were removed, and cells were poststained with TMRE (red) and Alexa Fluor 488-annexin V (green). Confocal images were acquired of five distinct regions of myocytes from the center of the coverslip, past the coverslip edge, and remote regions not beneath the coverslip. Together, these series of images provide regional snapshots of cellular events at a given time point. As shown in Fig. 3A, myocytes in the center, midpoint, and slip-edge regions stained positive for TMRE [TMRE(+)] and negative for annexin V[annexin V(−)] after 5 min of coverslipping (0-h row). No noticeable differences were observed when these regions were compared with the uncovered adjacent and far-point regions, which suggests that simple placement and removal of the coverslip did not alter myocyte viability or function. At 1-, 2-, and 3-h durations, however, generally the number of TMRE(+) cells decreased, whereas the number of annexin V(+) cells increased. Inspection of the fluorescent images revealed that many of the myocytes in the center region had already lost the ability to load the TMRE dye at 1 h (Fig. 3A, 1-h row), which indicates changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The lost ability to load TMRE corresponded with annexin V positivity, which suggests a progression to events that drove cell death. At 2 h, only a few TMRE(+) cells were seen; the majority of cells were annexin V(+), and annexin V positivity began increasing in the midpoint region (Fig. 3A, 2-h row). By 3 h, both the center and midpoint regions were devoid of TMRE(+) cells, whereas those cells present were annexin V(+). Also, small changes in the slip-edge region appeared at 3 h (Fig. 3A, 3-h row). Ratiometric quantitation of TMRE fluorescence at regions under the coverslip (see materials and methods) revealed a progressive decrease in fluorescence intensity (Table 1) at center regions beginning at 1 h. This progressive decrease was not seen at midpoint regions until 2 h. By 3 h, center- and midpoint-region TMRE fluorescence values were similar. Although little change was seen in the slip-edge region at 3 h, imaging to within 1,000 μm of the slip edge confirmed the presence of a forming border zone separating TMRE(+) and annexin V(+) cells (Fig. 3B). These data suggest that myocyte viability and function are progressively and differentially compromised under the coverslip.
Myocyte Death Under Coverslips Is Regulated by a Diffusion Barrier
Based on the above data, we also hypothesized that cell necrosis under the coverslip might be prevented if covered myocytes were given access to a bulk media volume. To test this hypothesis, we employed semipermeable cultureware (i.e., Transwell inserts). Myocytes plated on the semipermeable membrane could be coverslipped from the top, but unlike previous experiments, the cells would have access to a bulk media volume from beneath through pores in the membrane.
Portions of synchronously contracting myocyte monolayers plated on Matrigel-coated culture dishes or Matrigel-coated semipermeable Transwell inserts were coverslipped. After 3 h, coverslips were removed and cells were poststained with TMRE and annexin V. Confocal images were acquired of myocytes in the center, midpoint, border-zone (i.e., within 1,000 μm of the slip edge), and adjacent regions as described above. Myocytes cultured on standard coated cultureware (Fig. 4A) were TMRE(−) and annexin V(+) in the center and midpoint regions, whereas adjacent uncovered myocytes remained TMRE(+) and annexin V(−). In contrast, images of myocytes on coated semipermeable Transwell inserts revealed that myocyte viability under the coverslip was unchanged compared with adjacent uncovered myocytes (Fig. 4B). Also, myocytes in all regions retained the ability to synchronously contract, which indicates that function was not impaired (data not shown). Higher magnification of the center region demonstrated that each contracting myocyte was in close proximity to several pores (Fig. 4C, arrows), which indicates unrestricted access to the bulk media volume under the membrane insert. These data strongly suggest that myocyte death under the coverslip is the result of a diffusion barrier created by placement of the coverslip.
Cell Death Under Coverslips is Linked to Metabolic Activity
Thus far we have evaluated only the effects of the diffusion barrier created by the coverslip on cardiac myocyte viability and function. We hypothesized that cell death occurring under the coverslip was related to the metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes and that a less metabolically active cell type might remain viable under the coverslip for the 3-h duration. To test this hypothesis, portions of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or H9C2 cells [a rat heart myoblast line (15)] plated on Matrigel-coated culture dishes were coverslipped. After 3 h, coverslips were removed and cells were poststained with TMRE and annexin V. Images of 3T3 fibroblasts taken at center, midpoint, and border-zone regions showed TMRE(+) and annexin V(−) cells similar to those observed at uncovered regions adjacent to or at a far point from the slip edge (Fig. 5A); this indicates that covered fibroblasts remain viable over the 3-h duration. Images of H9C2 cells taken at similar regions exhibited a similar level of viability (Fig. 5B) compared with 3T3 fibroblasts. These data suggest that cell death under the coverslip over the 3-h time course was a direct result of the metabolic activity of the cells. Because cell lines might not be as susceptible to environmental insult as primary cells, we coverslipped isolated primary cardiac fibroblasts (see materials and methods) for 3 h. We observed that cardiac fibroblasts at center, midpoint, and border-zone regions were TMRE(+) and annexin V(−) similar to those observed at uncovered regions adjacent to or at a far point from the slip edge (Fig. 5C). This indicates that covered cardiac fibroblasts remained viable over the 3-h duration. Again, these data suggest that cell death under the coverslip during the 3-h time course is the direct result of the metabolic activity of the cells.
Intracellular pH Decreases in Myocytes Under Coverslips
Because cell death under the coverslip is the direct result of the metabolic activity of the cells, we reasoned that the buffering capacity of the thin film under the coverslip might not be sufficient to maintain pH given the high metabolic activity of myocytes. We hypothesized that the intracellular pH of myocytes under the coverslip decreases over time. To test this hypothesis, a portion of a synchronously contracting myocyte monolayer loaded with SNARF-4F, a fluorescent intracellular dye that undergoes pH-dependent fluorescence intensity changes (see material and methods), was coverslipped. With the coverslip in place, images of 20-μm optical sections were acquired at center, midpoint, border-zone, and adjacent regions over 60 min. Pseudocolored intensity maps of these images revealed that intracellular pH decreased in most cells at center and midpoint regions within the first 10 min under the coverslip, whereas no change in pH was observed at border-zone and adjacent regions (Fig. 6A, compare 0- and 10-min rows). Within 30 min, the decrease in intracellular pH value appeared to be uniform for all cells in the field at center and midpoint regions (Fig. 6A, 30-min row). Little change in pH was observed between 30 and 60 min (Fig. 6A, compare 30-and 60-min rows). These data indicate that a rapid and substantial decrease in intracellular pH value occurs in myocytes under the coverslip within the first 60 min. On the basis of an approximate calibration curve (Fig. 6A), we estimate that the intracellular pH of myocytes under the center of the coverslip decreases to 5.0 and possibly lower.
To obtain a better understanding of pH dynamics at 60 min, 15 contiguous images of 100-μm optical sections were acquired in a 3 × 5 rectangular pattern of a region spanning the coverslip edge. Figure 6B shows the corresponding pseudocolored intensity map that reveals a wave of low pH values approaching the coverslip edge at 60 min. Border-zone pH values appeared normal compared with regions more proximal to the center of the coverslip, which suggests that perhaps exchange of metabolites and nutrients to and from the transition region and the surrounding bulk media volume was sufficient to maintain intracellular pH. Taken together, these data suggest that intracellular pH decreases in myocytes under the coverslip and that this decrease is rapid and substantial.
We describe a novel method for inducing regional hypoxia/ischemia in isolated neonatal rat cardiac myocyte cultures. One of the strengths of this method is its simplicity including its functional end points. In addition, because the insult is regional, both normal and compromised myocytes within the same electrically coupled and synchronously contracting monolayer can be studied side by side. Furthermore, this model may more accurately represent the effects of accumulating metabolites, ions, and gases (e.g., lactate, K+, and CO2) that are typically associated with ischemia in vivo. This aspect is made possible by restricting a population of myocytes to a thin film of media while preserving the benefits of a bulk media volume for the remaining myocyte monolayer.
Myocyte Life and Death in a Thin Film
Our measurements of the thin film created by the coverslip allowed us to calculate the volume of media to which myocytes under the coverslip are restricted. Using the simple equation for the volume of a cylinder where V is the volume of the thin-film cylinder underneath the coverslip, r is the radius of the coverslip (9 mm), and h is the height of the thin film as measured by confocal microscopy (9.8 μm), we calculated the volume under the coverslip to be 2.49 × 106 μm3, or 2.49 μl. For myocytes under the coverslip, this represents a 99.9% reduction in the accessible media volume compared with the nominal bulk volume (3 ml) in the culture dish. As noted previously (see results), however, we typically underestimated the thin-film height as assessed by our measurements of the coverslip and culture-chamber floor compared with reported values. Therefore, we determined the potential impact that this error could have on our calculation of the thin-film cylinder volume. In estimating the potential magnitude of the optical error, we suspected the largest error was observed when the coverslip thickness was measured by our method to be 110 μm, which is in contrast with the manufacturers' reported range of 130–170 μm. If the manufacturers' specifications are accepted as relatively accurate, our underestimation of the thin-film thickness is potentially as great as 35.3% [by 1 − (110/170 μm)]. Thus multiplying the observed thin-film thickness by an optical correction factor of 1.545 corrects for the largest possible underestimation. As shown in Table 2, although the difference in either corrected thin-film thickness or volume under the coverslip appears substantial, these differences have no appreciable effect on the reduction in volume experienced by myocytes under the coverslip compared with the surrounding bulk volume.
Apoptotic vs. Necrotic Myocyte Death under Coverslips
The phase-contrast video microscopy data highlight two interesting observations: chromatin margination and vacuolization. The onset of chromatin margination is quite rapid, typically within 15 min in >70% of the cultures, with severe vacuolization being delayed to the 90-min time point (see Fig. 2). Chromatin margination has been associated with early apoptotic events, whereas vacuolization is most often associated with necrotic (or, more appropriately, oncotic) cell death (3, 4, 23, 26, 30). The data suggest that apoptotic events could be initiated at early time points but eventually transition to necrotic/oncotic events. Others have reported that such a transition is linked to diminishing energy levels in the cell caused by changes in mitochondrial function (13, 14, 19, 34). A time-dependent change in mitochondrial function was observed as evidenced by the inability of myocytes under the coverslip to load TMRE (see Fig. 3). This suggested that mitochondrial membrane potential and, hence, the production of ATP were dramatically altered. These mitochondrial effects were not observed in myocytes with access to media via diffusion across a porous membrane (see Fig. 4), or in less metabolically active cells (see Fig. 5), all of which survived under the coverslip over the same 3-h duration. It will be interesting to determine whether changes in ATP levels coincide with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and more importantly, with the appearance of necrotic markers in this model.
Several studies suggest that apoptosis of cardiac myocytes may play a role in a variety of cardiac ailments, including pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (10, 18, 20), peripartum cardiomyopathy (9, 28, 37), pressure-overload hypertrophy (5, 37, 38), hypertension (7, 8), and ischemia-reperfusion (1, 12; see, however, Ref. 24). Although we imaged dying and/or dead myocytes under the coverslip with fluorescently conjugated annexin V, we have not sufficiently demonstrated in this study that the myocyte death observed under the coverslip is apoptotic in origin. Indeed, at 30 min and 3 h, the annexin V(+) myocytes also label with propidium iodide, which indicates that myocyte death at these time points is necrotic (unpublished data). Again, it is possible that at time points earlier than 30 min, apoptotic events commence but never finish due to energy depletion, and myocytes transition to a necrotic death (see above). In addition, because progression to myocyte death under the coverslip appears to be rapid, it may be difficult to resolve apoptotic and necrotic events. Studies are ongoing to vary the severity of insult and define the apoptotic and necrotic profiles of myocytes in this model.
Is Coverslip Hypoxia Relevant to In Vivo Events?
For in vitro models to be useful, they should adequately and accurately represent in vivo events. Here we report that the coverslip hypoxia model mimics at least three important events associated with ischemia in vivo.
Capillaries vs. thin film.
Myocytes have access to a continual flow of blood in vivo via the capillary bed. Myocytes exchange O2 and metabolites with the blood across the myocyte-capillary interface, and the continual flow of blood readily removes metabolites and replaces O2 and nutrients. This exchange is mimicked in vitro by providing myocyte monolayers with a bulk volume of media. Exchange takes place at the myocyte-media interface, and diffusion to and from the bulk volume is relied on to replace O2 from the continual supply available to cultured cells. Although metabolites build up in the media, removal by frequent media changes keeps their concentrations low.
When arterial blood supply to the myocardium is interrupted (i.e., coronary occlusion; Fig. 7B), myocardium in the ischemic zone immediately becomes dependent on whatever remaining blood volume is available in adjacent capillaries to provide O2 and accept metabolic waste products. Because this residual volume is small and static (Fig. 7D), the myocardium in the ischemic zone is rapidly depleted of O2. In addition, metabolites are concentrated in close proximity to myocytes, and increasing levels of metabolites and fixed acids rapidly become toxic. Ischemic, border, and nonischemic zones in vivo (Fig. 7B) are replicated by distinct zones in the myocyte monolayer (Fig. 7A); the ischemic and border zones are mimicked in the thin film created by the coverslip (Fig. 7C). At 3 h, myocytes under most of the coverslip are annexin V(+) (Fig. 7C, green cells), which indicates they are dead or dying, similar to tissue in the ischemic zone in vivo. Myocytes at the edge of the coverslip, however, are in a transition region where cells are viable yet functionally compromised (Fig. 7C, yellow cells), similar to the border zone in vivo. Finally, myocytes not under the coverslip are TMRE(+) (Fig. 7C, red cells), which indicates they are viable and functional, similar to collaterally perfused tissue in vivo.
Border-zone dynamics.
The data reported demonstrate that at 3 h, no demarcation between live and dead myocytes is present at the coverslip edge (see Fig. 3A). This demarcation appears to be forming with a mixture of nonfunctional and functional myocytes within 1,000 μm of the coverslip edge (see Fig. 3B). By 18 h, however, a distinct demarcation exists within 300 μm of the coverslip edge with a boundary between nonfunctional and functional myocytes. This corroborates our initial observations of a transition region at the coverslip edge where myocytes were viable yet functionally compromised (data not shown). These data suggest the presence of a transition region comprising the border zone that with prolonged insult becomes more defined. Transition regions have been described in vivo (35, 36) and in vitro (11) and present opportunities to study ionic and electrical interactions across cellular regions with differing microenvironments. We are evaluating how these microenvironments give rise to myocyte dysfunction during either ischemia or reperfusion.
Changes in pH under coverslips.
One of the hallmarks of ischemia in vivo is acidosis. Ischemic myocardium responds to hypoxia by switching from respiration to glycolysis, which leads to the accumulation of lactic and phosphoric acids and a subsequent decrease in myocardial pH value. The magnitude of this pH decrease varies depending on several factors including extent of occlusion, changes in cardiac muscle dynamics (e.g., arrhythmias, tachycardia, bradycardia, etc.), and reperfusion. Studies in dogs have shown, however, that intramyocardial pH decreased to 5.4 after 2 h of anoxic arrest (17), which suggests that pH changes can be substantial in vivo. Our observations that intracellular pH under the coverslip drops to 5.0 and perhaps lower (see Fig. 6) are in good agreement with in vivo reports and suggest that this method is capable of reproducing acidosis events as they are generated by the myocytes proper. Interestingly, pH values appear to plateau between 30 and 60 min; this coincides with contractile arrest (see Fig. 2C) and further supports our finding that cell death under the coverslip is the direct result of metabolic activity. Studies are under way to vary the onset of acidosis in this model to gain a better understanding of how myocyte survival can be regulated and promoted in ischemic myocardium.
In conclusion, we have presented a novel and simple method to create regional hypoxia and ischemia in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. This method will allow both normal and compromised myocytes within the same electrically coupled and synchronously contracting monolayer to be studied side by side. Furthermore, this model may more accurately represent the tissue environment that is typically associated with ischemic conditions in vivo and allow for identification of novel pharmacological means to preserve ischemic myocardium at risk of cell death.
The authors thank Richard Gersony at Gersony Medical Media for the illustration in Fig. 7B.
This work was previously presented in part in poster format at the Experimental Biology meeting in Washington, DC, 2004.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society


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Educational Research, The National Agenda, and Educational Reform Ebook
A History. Studies in the History of Education.
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A volume in Studies in the History of Education Series Editor Karen L. Riley, Auburn University at Montgomery Educational Research, The National Agenda, and Educational Reform examines the origins, history, nature, purposes, and status of educational research by focusing on the relationships among educational research, the national agenda, educational reform, and the social and behavioral sciences. Its major claim is that the history of educational research is embedded in the nation's social, political, intellectual, and economic histories. Attention is given to three significant periods: the Progressive Era when modern educational research began to assume its present form; the Post-World-War-II-Era when educators and educational researchers were directed to return to or turn to the academic disciplines; and the Civil Rights Era after the Supreme Court in Brown ended legal racial segregation and raised questions about equality of educational opportunity that are still with us. These were significant periods when there was a clear national agenda shaped by both public and private agencies.Educators and educational researchers adopted policies and strategies in response to concerns and interests expressed by the public, by government officials, and by philanthropies. Researchers' responses have had long-term consequences as seen in the reaction to The Coleman Report, debates about the merits of quantitative research as opposed to qualitative research, the ongoing discussion about the merits of No Child Left Behind, the achievement gap, the creation of the Institute of Education Sciences, and the emphasis now placed on "scientifically-based research." The origins of the common school, the work of the philosopher Johann Friedrich Herbart and his followers, and the revolution in scientific method brought about by Charles Darwin's work are included because they serve as the foundation for educational research. Educational researchers' identification with and interest in individual performance and ability and their measurement is related to the close relationship educational researchers have had with psychology, a discipline that typically does not focus on social context.The significance of educational researchers' borrowing from the behavioral sciences, especially psychology, is examined through a discussion of the mental hygiene movement, as supported by private philanthropy, and through consideration of contributors such as G. Stanley Hall, Arnold Gesell, Lewis M. Terman, Daniel Starch, and Stuart A. Courtis.
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Suzuki Motor and Toyota Motor on Wednesday stated that they were into a technological partnership to explore green cars, safety and information technology. But this will make no difference to their business in the country.
According to a local executive, this collaboration will bring no changes into how the two automakers are doing business in India. In fact, the competition between the two Japanese firms is said to be more intensified.
With Toyota's Daihatsu unit planning to bring its small cars to India, to compete against the country's leading small car manufacturer Maruti Suzuki, the competition will heat up in India.
With changing technology and increase in development cost, Suzuki and Toyota stated that they are considering to share research and development activities in areas such as safety, environment and technology.
This move by both the companies is likely to pay out strongly in the Japanese market, but no changes are expected in India as Suzuki unit Maruti is the market leader in India.
Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Toyota Kirloskar, N Raja said,"There is no consideration at this point of time for the Indian market."
He added, "We would like to consider what we can do to contribute to the Indian market, with the understanding that the two companies will keep competing with each other in a fair and independent manner."
This joint venture is said to be benefited in advanced technologies for electric and hybrid vehicles and in the field of the powertrain. Both the firms will have their advantages through this partnership, but it is unlikely to bring changes in their business strategy in India.


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"It's what's not being said that has some on edge."Hamtramck, Michigan, is the first Muslim majority city in the United States – and Pete Hegseth visited to speak to the politicians and the people. http://bit.ly/1ZE3R3l
Posted by Fox News on Saturday, March 26, 2016
Assimilation!? How many languages are spoken at the school?! Enough said!
These Muslims are there to take over!


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text: NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Shares of CGI Group (NYSE: GIB) were gapping up Thursday morning with an open price 14.7% higher than Wednesday's closing price. The stock closed at $20.42 Wednesday and opened today's trading at $23.43. The average volume for CGI Group has been 174,300 shares per day over the past 30 days. CGI Group has a market cap of $4.62 billion and is part of the technology sector and internet industry. Shares are up 8.9% year to date as of the close of trading on Wednesday. CGI Group Inc., through its subsidiaries, provides information technology (IT) and business process services in Canada, the United States, India, Europe, and the Asia Pacific. The company has a P/E ratio of 13.8, below the average internet industry P/E ratio of 14.7 and below the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 17.7. TheStreet Ratings rates CGI Group as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its reasonable valuation levels and largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company has had sub par growth in net income. You can view the full CGI Group Ratings Report. Get more investment ideas from our investment research center.