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Bride's shame: I BURST with pride… and out of my wedding dress!
I couldn't wait for my big day, but unfortunately I had a big problem to deal with…
By Rebecca-Ruth Rice, 25, Belfast
"That's it! I give up!" I said, throwing my arms in the air and plonking myself down on a nearby chair.
"This is far too stressful. Nothing fits me and I don't like any of the dresses which do fit," I added grumpily.
Wedding dress shopping was not going well, in fact, it was turning into a pretty horrible experience. At a hulking size 26, every bridal shop my mother and I visited had limited stock of dresses in my size. What was supposed to be a great day out was quickly turning into a nightmare.
Eventually, we found a dress which fitted. The princess style dress had a corset with a lace up back which pulled in my bulging waistline, and a full skirt which skimmed over my lumps and bumps.
"I'll take it," I said, handing over my credit card.
It was such a relief – with the dress was out of the way it meant I could focus on the rest of the wedding planning.
I can't remember a time when I haven't struggled with my weight. As a kid, I was on steroid medication for chronic asthma, so even then I was chubby.
As I got older, my love of junk food did nothing to help the situation. I didn't know how to cook, so I would snack on chocolate and crisps all day, before scoffing a huge takeaway pizza or Chinese every night.
I wouldn't touch vegetables and not one piece of fruit ever passed my lips. I believed I was being healthy if I cooked an oven pizza instead of ordering one in.
I eventually tipped the scales at 19st 8lbs, and although I painted on a smile when I was with my family and friends, inside I was very insecure.
I always felt like the 'fat friend' when I was out with the girls, and I would hide in the background rather than talk to men. If a guy did pay me attention, I used to think he was making fun of me.
Clothes shopping was a nightmare, too. I would beg my mum to come shopping with me, but I was limited to plus-size shops like Evans.
Even there, I could never find clothes which suited me. In the end, I always opted for frumpy, baggy clothes which kept my flabby frame hidden from view.
My mum and dad often nagged me to lose the weight, but I just didn't have the motivation to do anything about it. It was far too easy to slouch on the sofa and watch television every night than attempt to go for a walk. I used my asthma as an excuse not to exercise, and eventually even climbing a few stairs would leave me struggling for breath.
As time went on, my confidence only became worse and I started staying indoors more and more. Eventually, I became so insecure I wouldn't even go out alone, because I was too paranoid that people were looking at me.
At least I knew my boyfriend, Simon, 26, loved me for who I was, he didn't mind that I was big and would often happily stay in with me and watch a film.
After six months together, Simon and I got engaged and excitedly booked the wedding for June 2012. I couldn't wait to be a blushing bride, and once I put the trauma of the wedding dress shopping to the back of my mind, I started to countdown the days.
I had planned to lose a little weight before my big day, but a few weeks before the wedding, I went for my final dress fitting. I couldn't wait to see it but as I slipped it on, I felt it tighten around my bulging waistline.
"It's no good," the seamstress wheezed. "I just can't lace it up – it won't fit."
Panic consumed me as the awful realisation hit – I'd burst out of my size 26 wedding dress. My mum looked at me in horror and I was so upset I immediately burst into tears.
"Can anything be done?" I sobbed. "I don't have time to find a new dress – I'm getting married in a month!"
"I can sew a panel into the back," the seamstress replied. "It's not going to look amazing, because you won't get the full effect. But it should do the trick."
"Do whatever it takes," I replied grimly, and she set to work. I cringed as she was forced to sew a huge extra panel of fabric in the back, completely ruining the laced-up look I wanted.
Once the alterations had been made, the dress fitted around my tubby tummy a little easier. But every time I looked at the back of the gown I thought it looked really obvious.
The image of me waddling down the aisle wearing a makeshift wedding dress seemed too much to bear, and as I wriggled out of it, I couldn't help but wish I would never have to put it on again.
A month later, our big day arrived. As excited as I was that I was getting married, I couldn't help but dread putting on my dress.
As I walked down the aisle I tried to suck in my jelly belly but I could barely breathe. It should have been the happiest day of my life, but I had to remind myself to smile.
I tried to put the embarrassing incident to the back of my mind, until a year later, in July 2013, when my mum nagged me to go to a Slimming World group meeting with her.
"I want to lose a few stone and I just need some support," she said. "Why don't you join with me?"
The memory of me spilling out of my wedding dress immediately popped into my head, so I agreed to go along.
"If you don't like it, we can leave," my mum promised as we walked in.
To my surprise, I thoroughly enjoyed my first group meeting. I met loads of women who were in exactly the same boat as me, and I vowed to try my hardest to stay on track.
I went home and taught myself how to cook healthy meals, and gave up my trusty takeaways.
With my mum's support I managed to stay motivated and I lost an amazing 9lbs in my first week. By November 2014 I'd shed an incredible 10st 1lbs, weighing in at 9st 7lbs.
As my waistline shrank, my confidence grew. Sadly, Simon and I split after we grew apart, but now I'm seeing somebody new.
I've also become a Slimming World consultant, which I love. I still cringe when I see my wedding album.
I can't believe I ballooned so much I burst out of my dress. It was the ultimate wake-up call. I've gone from bulging bride to size 10 beauty!


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Ischgl Snow Report 21.01.2014
Last weeks snow has left the snow in resort very good. Piste bashers have been hard at work keeping the snow in Tip top condition.
Forecast: Tomorrow we are due a bluebird all day with temperatures set to be a nice -3 keeping the snow frozen throughout the day. Thursday will bring heavy snow with 16cm set to fall over Ischgl and the surrounding areas. The rest of the week we are due more snow fall, with a further 16cm due to fall through till Sunday. It looks like the slopes are going to be in an amazing condition for next weeks guests with off piste being replenished significantly.
Last Snowed: 20/01/2014
Fresh Snow: 5cm
Lifts Open: 44
Lower Depth: 15cm
Upper Depth: 65cm
Runs To Resort: Excellent
Weather: Cloud
Temperature: -5
Piste State: Excellent / groomed
Off Piste Snow: Limited

subset: commoncrawl


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Mizoram University invites application form for Mizoram University Engineering Entrance Examination (MZUEEE 2012) fro admission in to 4 year B.Tech course and lateral entry in B.Tech course commencing in the session 2012.
- For 4 Year B.Tech Course: Candidates should have passed 10+2 examination secured 50% (40% for SC/ST) of marks in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics from recognized board of examination.
- Fof Lateral Entry B.Tech Course: 3 year diploma holder in engineering in relevant branch with a minimum of 60% marks may apply for lateral entry. Those appearing in the final examination in 2012 may also appear in MZUEEE 2012 provisionally.
How to apply:
- The Application form and Prospectus can be downloaded from official website of Mizoram University.
- Application forms will be available in the office of the Controller of Examination, Mizoram University during office hours on payment of Rs 700/-(Rs 350/- for SC/ST Candidate) in cash or through Demand draft in favour of Controller of Examination, Mizoram University. Application forms can be obtained through post by remitting Rs 50/- extra as postal charges from Controller Office.
Important Dates:
Last date for the submission of application form is on April 30, 2012.
Contact Details:
Member Secretary,
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Mizoram University,
Tanhril, Aizawl – 796004, Mizoram.
Tel,: 0389 – 2330271.


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- eclectic
- I. adjective Etymology: Greek eklektikos, from eklegein to select, from ex- out + legein to gather — more at legend Date: 1683 1. selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles 2. composed of elements drawn from various sources; also heterogeneous • eclectically adverb II. noun Date: 1817 one who uses an eclectic method or approach
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.


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Mitsubishi Philippines breaks stamping plant ground
Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Corporation's (MMPC) Comprehensive Automotive Resurgence Strategy Programme, also known as CARS, has broken ground to inject more than Php2bn (US$43m) to construct a stamping shop facility in the country.
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|Lincoln Campbell
Lincoln Campbell is a Marvel Super Heroes minifigure who appears in LEGO Marvel's Avengers.
Lincoln Campbell is a charismatic Inhuman S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and a member of the Secret Warriors. He previously worked in Afterlife as a transitioner. He helped Skye understand the true extent of her transformation. Originally siding with Jiaying during the War against the Inhumans, he began to doubt her intentions seeing her kill innocent agents, and after learning the truth from Skye, helped S.H.I.E.L.D. defeat Jiaying. In the aftermath of the war, Campbell attempted to start a new peaceful life, but was forced to go into hiding when he was pursued by a murderous Inhuman named Lash and the ATCU, which led him to join S.H.I.E.L.D. and become a member of the Secret Warriors.


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Broncos face another test in Redskins
Another week, another unique challenge for the Denver Broncos. At this point, Peyton Manning must be wondering when the NFL is going to make him play the Tennessee Volunteers.
If it's not a reunion game, it's a family feud or a clash of the titans or some other made-for-TV extravaganza. This week it's Mike Shanahan's return to Denver, which probably won't be half as problematic for the Broncos as Robert Griffin III's return to health.
The surgically repaired RGIII is looking more like the old RGIII every game. That should mean boffo ratings for Sunday's FOX Game of the Week between the Washington Redskins and Denver Broncos.
I'm just starting to feel a little sympathy for the Broncos.
A schedule is supposed to let you come up for air every now and then. The NFL decided to mine every storyline possible out of the Broncos this season, so there hasn't been a lot of routine breathing.
It started with the Thursday night opener against the Super Bowl champ Ravens. Then Manning Bowl III. Then the Eagles when everybody still thought Chip Kelly might be a genius.
There was the epic shootout in Dallas.
Even the Jacksonville game became prime water-cooler talk around the nation as millions debated whether Denver could cover the 28-point spread.
Then came Return to Peyton Place, co-starring Jim Irsay's pregame observations on how the Colts are better off without old No. 18. Now, after facing all that and the No. 1 pick in the 2012 draft, Manning & Co. face the No. 2 pick at the wrong time.
"The last couple of games, he's gotten back to the way he was last year," Shanahan said of his Griffin. "You can see that he's feeling better."
Meanwhile, Manning isn't. On Wednesday, a sore ankle kept him from practicing for the first time as a Bronco. He hurt it in Sunday's 39-33 loss to Indianapolis. It's hard to say exactly what hit did the damage, there were just so many.
Denver's protection and Andrew Luck's ascension had a lot more to do with the loss than Hype Fatigue. But it was obvious he had more to deal with than the Colts' defensive schemes.
"I'm somewhat relieved that this game is over," Manning said.
It's not every week you return to a place you once ruled. Manning got a 70-second video tribute before the game. That's 50 seconds longer than the one Denver has planned for Shanahan. How does he think the ex-coach will handle it?
"I can't speak for someone else in that situation," Manning said. "It's a personal thing."
There are few things in life more personally stressful than reunions. If it's family, you might get stuck sitting next to the crazy uncle who picks his teeth. If it's high school, you worry you'll be mistaken for one of your parents while everybody else looks like they did in 1987.
If it's pro football, you get tired of answering the same questions about Eli for the 10,000th time. And to think Denver's schedule was supposed to be the easiest in the league. Its opponents went 110-146-0 last season, largely due to the sad state of the AFC West.
Division teams have to play each other twice. Since Denver's division was so lame, schedule-makers had more leeway to let their ratings imaginations run wild with the rest of the games.
The hitch is the AFC West is turning out pretty good. First-place Kansas City is 7-0 and already has five more wins than last year, and San Diego and Oakland are tougher. When they're not facing a division opponent the next month, the Broncos will be going against – surprise! – the Patriots.
Manning vs. Brady might get as many eyeballs as Manning vs. Luck. That one drew 26.9 million people, the most for an October game since 1992. It was the biggest TV draw since the Academy Awards. Yes, even bigger than "Sharknado."
The NFL is a business, so you can't really blame it for pushing its most attractive product. But you'll understand why the Broncos are starting to feel more exploited than Honey Boo Boo.
At least this week's reunion should have zero affect on Manning. He never played for Shanahan, unless you count the 2005 Pro Bowl. And he can look way down the schedule to December, when the non-divisional opponents will be Houston and Tennessee.
Presumably the Titans, not the Volunteers.
FOX Sports Go


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I come off both quiet and socially awkward at first and early on meeting people, I'm getting a bit better so I decided to try this site. I would say I'm kind of a nerd, I mean I don't know the difference between Victorian era and Romanticism Literature (or are they the same??) but I know my way around computers, video games, anime, internet culture and such. Also, if anyone wanna teach me D&D, I'd be down with that as well.
Oh, also played Baritone in my university's marching band for a few years, and was part of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity.
Music - Bayside, Pierce The Veil, Isles & Glaciers, Muse, My Chemical Romance, Black Veil Brides, The Used, Chiodos, Avenged Sevenfold, A Day To Remember, Atreyu, A Skylit Drive, Memphis May Fire, Of Mice & Men, Escape The Fate, From First To Last, Thrice, Attack Attack!, Silversun Pickups, Story Of The Year, City and Colour, The Fall of Troy, Childish Gambino, Kendrick Lamar, The Weeknd, G-Eazy, Frank Ocean, Blackbear, Ekali
TV - House Of Cards, Walking Dead, Game of Thrones, Arrow, The Flash, any Marvel Netflix shows (not so much IF), Firefly, Heroes, Community, Black Mirror, Big Brother, Criminal Minds, Louie, Chuck, New Girl, Steven Universe, InuYasha, Full Metal Panic FUMOFFU, Full Metal Alchemist (Brotherhood), S-Cry-ed, Read or Die, Samurai Champloo, Sword Art Online, Attack On Titan, Psycho-Pass, The Devil is a Part-Timer, Death Note, Elfen Lied, Fairy Tail, Case Closed, Code Geass, Claymore, Angel Beats
Also, a few podcasts, but my definite favorites to be The Read, Brillant Idiots, Sneak Attack and The Adventure Zone.
-You have the capacity to geek. (Stupid amount of brownie points for knowing what this is from without Google + and yeah, can geek).


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Industrial Mixers & Agitators | Dynamix Agitators
A Specialty Stocking Distributor Of Innovative Quality Products
Dynamix Agitators has taken its understanding of industrial tank mixers and agitators and applied it throughout its product line. Whether you are looking for large heavy-duty tank agitators, or mixers for bulk containers, Dynamix applies the same high quality engineering into its base designs. Dynamixs agitators and tank mixers are suitable for a range of different applications in industries from Energy and Natural Resources to Specialty Chemicals.
Select your tank type for more detail on your tank mixer, or proceed to our Inquiry Sheet to get a quote.


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Sandhya is an internationally rated chess player who completed her MCA from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Anantapur. In the span of a few years, Sandhya has already been awarded the Silver medal in the 2015 Women's World Amateur Chess Championship (Greece), 3rd place in the 2015 Women's World Open Chess Tournament (USA), Mixed Doubles First place in the 2014 World Open Chess Tournament and Millionaire Chess open (USA), Gold medal in Sri Lanka Open (Women's) Chess Championship.
Sandya aspires to be the Women's World Chess Champion and is now focusing on improving her ratings. Her current rating is 1737 and she needs just 563 points more to be defined as a Woman Grand Master!


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Featuring Model Prices and Specifications, plus Reviews,News and Videos.
First it was the automakers themselves, then automotive parts manufacturers, then the auto financing industry.
Interested in a new car? Simply tell us the vehicle you are interested in and we can take care of the rest.
Get great offers, the latest news and reviews, photos, videos and more delivered straight to your inbox.


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|The Company was incorporated on 23rd February, 1973 as a Private Ltd.Company in the name of Malwa Steel Tubes (Pvt) Ltd. It was promoted by R K Garg jointly with Punjab State Industrial Development Corporation (PSIDC).
With Substantial disinvestment of Share by PSIDC in favour of R K Garg, and his nominees in July 1981, it became a private sector company. The Company was taken over by Steel Strips Ltd. in July 1985 and was converted into a Public Ltd.,Company on 28th August, 1985 under the name Steel Strips & Tubes Ltd.
During 1990-91 the Company became a Sick unit under the provisions of Sick Industrial Companies (Sp.Provision) Act,1985. Necessary steps were being taken to make reference to BIFR.
Steel Strips Tubes Investments Ltd. is a Subsidiary of the Company by virtue of section 4(1) (a) of the Companies Act, 1956.
The Company's Net Worth became positive as on 31.03.1995 and so it is no more remained a Sick Company under the provisions of Section 3(1)(o) of Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.
-Company name has been changed from Steel Strips & Tubes Ltd to Steel Strips Infrastructures Ltd.


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Exciting multi-media podcasts from the LEGO Company, including features from classic LEGO stories like LEGO Power Miners and LEGO BIONICLE, as well as fun LEGO Club videos, and new LEGO Hero Factory content. Free downloads to your iPod, iTouch, iPhone and iPad!
Parental Advisory
July 16th, 2010
Episode 23 of 85 episodes
There is only one place with the technology, expertise, and experience to take on the most evil villains and monsters... Hero Factory! Watch this cool video clip to learn more about the most powerful force of good in the galaxy.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Freshly paved roads ruined!
New Hoboken record: Newly paved road wrecked instantly!
I was joking with various Hoboken cops recently about the "Vegas over/under" (betting terminology) for when the first time the newly paved roads would get ripped up.
I threw out "six months" as a random guess. I thought I was being unkind to the city.
The real line should have been SIX DAYS. Holy crap!
Bloomfield Street ALREADY GETTING RIPPED UP (i.e., "kidney-jarring potholes") near 5th Street.
Why bother paving at all anymore? Should be a crime!
At this point in time – it appears there is NO reason to pave Hoboken streets with asphalt. Can't we just use rubber or astro-turf?
Maybe we can just lower Hoboken by 10 feet and use smooth sailing boats? There has to be a better way!
(Now the over/under need to be changed to "how MANY roads will get fucked up before the end of 2015?" Starting line is one dozen.)
About Hoboken411 Photo of the Day
The Hoboken Photo of the Day is a regularly updated section on Hoboken411.com.
Conceived and launched in 2006, the original Hoboken Photo of the Day category contains thousands of pictures and includes many other subsections, including Drunk Bread Crumbs, HDR Photography, Hoboken Digital Art, and more.
We feel that by photo-documenting the city of Hoboken season after season, "a picture is worth 1000 words," and can tell a myriad of stories encompassing the good, bad and the ugly contained within the mile-square. Our constantly-evolving way of maintaining a historical archive of memories and sights.
Want your picture featured? Simply email firstname.lastname@example.com with your photo and back-story!


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Niche complementarity is a commonly invoked mechanism underlying the positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but little empirical evidence exists for complementarity among pollinator species. This study related differences in three functional traits of pollinating bees (flower height preference, daily time of flower visitation and within-flower behaviour) to the seed set of the obligate cross-pollinated pumpkin Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir. across a land-use intensity gradient from tropical rainforest and agroforests to grassland in Indonesia. Bee richness and abundance changed with habitat variables and we used this natural variation to test whether complementary resource use by the diverse pollinator community enhanced final yield. We found that pollinator diversity, but not abundance, was positively related to seed set of pumpkins. Bees showed species-specific spatial and temporal variation in flower visitation traits and within-flower behaviour, allowing for classification into functional guilds. Diversity of functional groups explained even more of the variance in seed set (r2=45%) than did species richness (r2=32%) highlighting the role of functional complementarity. Even though we do not provide experimental, but rather correlative evidence, we can link spatial and temporal complementarity in highly diverse pollinator communities to pollination success in the field, leading to enhanced crop yield without any managed honeybees.
Global biodiversity decline has focused attention on the implications of species losses for the maintenance of ecosystem functioning (Hooper et al. 2005; Tilman et al. 2006). Animal pollination contributes to 35% of global food production (Klein et al. 2007), but anthropogenic activities such as habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, land-use intensification and use of agrochemicals have adverse effects on pollinator diversity (e.g. Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2002; Tylianakis et al. 2005; Biesmeijer et al. 2006), placing crop pollination services at risk (Kremen et al. 2002; Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2005; Tscharntke et al. 2005). The most important taxon performing this service is the family Apidae (Klein et al. 2007), but a worldwide decline in the number of managed colonies of the European honeybee has increased reliance on diverse communities of wild bees for supplying crop pollination services (Klein et al. 2003b, 2007; Kremen et al. 2004; Ricketts 2004; Shuler et al. 2005).
Recent studies have related declining pollinator diversity to the ecosystem service of pollination (Kremen et al. 2002; Klein et al. 2003b), particularly when realistic (as opposed to random) extinction sequences are considered (Larsen et al. 2005). The literature examining the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship suggests that diverse assemblages might function better due to niche complementarity (Hooper et al. 2005; Cardinale et al. 2006), whereby a combination of many different species can extract more resources in space and time than can a species-poor community (Cardinale et al. 2004, 2006; Fargione & Tilman 2005; Hooper et al. 2005; Fontaine et al. 2006). The importance of this mechanism in natural pollinator communities is unknown, but evidence of a stronger diversity–pollination relationship when flowers are heterogeneously distributed (Tylianakis et al. 2008) suggests that an analogous mechanism may operate. Pollinator species within a community may have behaviourally partitioned niches, but little is known about the mechanisms of complementarity between the bee species. Although complementarity among species niche traits is possible, pollinator abundance and flower visitation frequency have also been frequently related to pollination success (Klein et al. 2003a; Morandin & Winston 2005; Vázquez et al. 2005; Degrandi-Hoffman & Chambers 2006). Therefore, before testing the effect of pollinator diversity on pollination rates, it is necessary to control for the possible confounding effect of abundance that is usually correlated with diversity.
Functional diversity has been suggested to be the most important component of diversity (e.g. Tilman et al. 1997; Hulot et al. 2000; Lavorel & Garnier 2002), and a common approach to test the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning is an experimental manipulation of functional guild diversity (e.g. Lanta & Leps 2006; Scherber et al. 2006). Species are often assigned to functional guilds based on a priori expectations of complementarity due to taxonomic, physiological or morphological traits. This approach has not only been used for plant species (e.g. Tilman et al. 1997; Hooper & Dukes 2004; Fargione & Tilman 2005) but also for pollinators (Fontaine et al. 2006). Here we test the effect of pollinating bee species richness and functional diversity on the number of seeds per fruit of a crop plant, pumpkin Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir, in different habitats (grassland, agroforest and forest). We compare the bee species in terms of their behaviour (Chagnon et al. 1993), and quantify the observed pollinating height, the time of day at which they are active and body size, which is strongly related to behaviour within and between pumpkin flowers (table 1). We then use statistically significant differences in these parameters to group species post hoc into functional guilds, and relate the effect of pollinator species and functional guild diversity to pollination success.
We show that habitat variables affect species richness of pollinators, which in turn is positively related to the pollination success of pumpkin. More importantly, however, we show that quantitative species-specific differences in pollinator traits, such as species turnover in space and time, and behavioural differences during flower visitation, underlie this positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
The study was conducted on the western margin of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia) in the surroundings of the village Toro (120°2′E, 1°30′S, 800–1100m above sea level) approximately 100km south of the region's capital Palu. The land use in this area is small scale and dominated by natural and disturbed tropical forests, cacao agroforestry systems of differing management intensity, grasslands and paddy fields. As no honeybees are managed in this region, farmers completely rely on pollination services provided by the diverse native pollinator community.
We selected 18 study plots in five different habitat types, which covered a range of environmental conditions and differed in the diversity of pollinator assemblages. The five habitat types were natural forest, three different management intensities of cacao agroforestry, and grassland (open area habitat) with few trees. We refer to a plot as a site with homogeneous land-use practices of the mentioned habitat type and a minimum core area of 30×50m. The cacao agroforestry systems formed a gradient according to the composition of shade tree species: low-management intensity agroforestry with natural forest trees as shade trees (low intensity); medium-intensity systems with a diverse shade tree community planted by farmers (medium intensity); and high-intensity plots with few planted shade tree species (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) and Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.); high intensity). The number of shade tree species was strongly correlated with canopy cover (Spearman: R=0.609, n=18, p=0.0073) and corresponding microclimatic conditions such as temperature (Spearman: R=−0.489, p=0.0001) and humidity (Spearman: R=0.705, p<0.0001). Four replicates were chosen for each habitat type, but we were forced to abandon one plot in the natural forest and one plot in the open habitat, as experimental pumpkin plants failed to grow. In our study plots, farmers grew a variety of field crops between the cacao and shade trees.
Pumpkin (C. moschata, Fam.: Cucurbitaceae) is a common cash crop in the research area, with several advantages for studies of plant–pollinator interactions. It is cultivated in all habitat types, has local economic value and is a fast-growing plant with highly attractive flowers for bees. The plant sets seed only after cross-pollination and seed set is pollen limited so that pollination success can be directly measured (Walters & Taylor 2006). Pumpkin is a crawling and climbing plant, which allowed us to use stakes to expose flowers at different heights. This three-dimensional growth allows testing for niche differentiation in space. Finally, the opening time of flowers is restricted to approximately 4 hours in the morning, which makes it possible to record almost the entire temporal pollinator turnover during this receptive phase of flowering. We planted experimental pumpkin patches of 2×5m for observations of the pollinator community and measurement of the resulting seed set in the least shaded part of each plot for standardization and to maximize plant growth. We used liquid fertilizer in a monthly cycle to prevent soil nutrient availability from limiting fruit production.
Pumpkin observations were conducted in three phases: (i) 26 April 2005–1 June 2005, (ii) 10 June 2005–21 July 2005, and (iii) 10 January 2006–3 February 2006, with each plot visited once per phase. Bee abundances in the open habitats were higher when compared with the other habitat types, so in order to classify all the occurring bee species according to body size-related flower visitation behaviour, we visited grassland plots additionally once or twice. The specimens from these fourth and fifth phases were used only for the classification of bee species into functional groups, and were not included in the calculations of seed set, pollinator richness and abundance per plot. Pollinators were recorded in a standardized way for 3.5 hours per session from 07.00 until 10.30, which encompassed most of the opening time of flowers each day (203 plot observation hours in total). We adjusted the number of flowers for each observation and removed the excess flowers or added missing flowers in small jars to keep a constant number of five flowers across replicate pumpkin patches (Ishii 2006), which resembles the approximate number of large and ephemeral pumpkin flowers on an area of 10m2d−1. To add or remove flowers also allows standardization of the sex ratio per plot and control of flower height within a range of 0.1 to 1m in each plot. To determine the factors correlated with flower visitation frequencies, single pumpkin flowers were characterized by the length of their corolla (cm), diameter of corolla edge (cm), height (m above ground) and sex (male/female). Observed bees were caught for identification and to avoid counting the same individual twice, using a simple exhauster for small species and a sweep net for larger ones. The time of flower visitation and the body size-related behaviour of the pollinator species, such as within-flower movements, were noted (table 1). We measured the diameter of the largest pollen-transporting leg part (femur, tibia or first tarsus), including hair structures and noted other pollen-transporting body parts to estimate a size-dependent hierarchy between species in terms of the amount of pollen transferred. Bee species were identified by Stephan Risch (Leverkusen, Germany). Voucher specimens are kept at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Indonesia.
Subsequent to the observation of pumpkin pollinators, the diversity and density of flowers in the herb layer and understorey were measured along six transects, each 4m wide and 30m long. Flower density of each plant species along the transect walks was estimated on a per square metre basis, whereby 1 was equivalent to a single flower of one species and 100, a species that covers the whole area with many flowers. The transect walks per observation day and plot covered approximately half of the plot core area (720m2). Conspecific flowers act as a pollen source and may therefore enhance seed set in the experimental plot, particularly because pollinators often specialize temporarily on a single or a few plant species (Ishii 2006). To assess the number of effective pumpkin flowers in the surroundings, flowers in the plot were counted in a radius of approximately 50m around the experimental pumpkin patch. Temperature, humidity and light intensity were measured every 30min from 07.00 to 11.00 on each observation day at a height of 2m using a thermo-, hygro- and luxmeter (Mavalux Digital, Gossen) in an area receiving full sun. Ripe pumpkin fruits were collected throughout the entire time the plants grew. The size of pumpkins was measured (girth in cm) and seeds were counted. We used mesh bags for 11 female flowers to test the effect of pollinator exclusion on the fruit development. Nine flowers, each from a different plot, were hand pollinated by rubbing the dry anthers of at least three male flowers from different plots against the pistil of the female flower to estimate the maximum possible seed set when pollination is not limiting. To avoid resource re-allocation to open flowers, we applied hand pollination only when a single female flower was open in a pumpkin plantation. We performed only 11 pollen exclusions and nine hand pollinations in total, because pumpkins do not set fruits without cross-pollination and there were no notable differences between hand-pollinated fruits from different habitat types in seed set (see §3).
To identify the factors that structure the pollinator community, we conducted two linear mixed-effects models using the 'nlme' package in R v. 2.3.1 (The R Development Core Team 2006), fitted using maximum likelihood rather than restricted maximum likelihood to allow comparisons of models with different fixed effects structure. Remaining analyses were carried out in Statistica (StatSoft, Inc. 2004, v. 7. www.statsoft.com.). Owing to collinearity of the weather conditions (temperature, humidity and light intensity), we used a principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced the number of continuous weather predictors to one component axis explaining 76% of the overall variation (henceforth, weather conditions, component relations: temperature +, humidity −, light intensity +). Similarly, we conducted a separate PCA with the collinear resource factors, flower density and diversity, reducing them to one axis explaining 74.5% of the overall variation (henceforth, resources). The maximal mixed-effects models included the number of bee species or bee individuals as response variables and season (observation phase), nested in plots as random effects, habitat type as a fixed effect and weather conditions (PCA axis), resources (PCA axis) and the number of pumpkin flowers in the plot surrounding the pumpkin plantation as continuous variables. Maximal models were then simplified based on the stepwise removal of non-significant predictors and comparison of Akaike information criterion (AIC) scores. Significance values for a predictor were obtained using a likelihood ratio test comparing a model including the predictor with one from which the predictor had been removed. Values per plot per sampling phase of response and continuous variables were used for the statistical analyses.
To analyse the effects of variables that we hypothesized to have an influence on seed set and fruit size, a general linear model (GLM) with seeds per fruit and girth as the dependent variable was conducted. Residuals in all GLMs were tested for a normal distribution and transformed if necessary. We used type I (sequential) sum of squares for each model. We give arithmetic mean±s.e. in the text. Bee abundance and richness were used as continuous predictors of seed set per fruit. In addition, the number of pumpkin flowers surrounding the plantation, humus thickness (nutrient supply), slope (water supply) and canopy cover (light availability) were added as covariates because they are likely to affect the plant growth and thereby affect seed set. Habitat type was used as a categorical predictor. Mean values of bee observations, pumpkin flowers in the plot and measured abiotic variables per plot were used, because seed set data were available only at a plot level and not for each observation day. We could not test on the effects of specific pollinator visits to a given flower on seed set because the bee sampling on the pumpkin flower strongly influenced the flower and seed set (e.g. reduced pollen grains due to suction of smaller bees with an exhauster). Owing to a lack of female flowers in four plots (natural forest, low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity), the number of plots was reduced to n=14.
We tested whether species-specific spatial and temporal foraging patterns and body size-related behaviour within flowers differed significantly among species, such that this may lead to complementarity. We fitted mixed-effects models with flower visiting height, flower visiting time and flower volume as dependent variables, and habitat type (fixed effect), plot (random effect nested in habitat type) and species identity (fixed) as categorical predictors. We calculated flower volume from the diameter (2r) and length (h) of the corolla with the formula for a cone as a close approximation for flower volume: . The 12 most abundant species were compared because they were abundant enough to allow statistical analyses.
In addition to the above traits, we sorted species into body size classes, as there was evidence that within- and between-flower behaviours are strongly influenced by body size (Stout 2000). We used four exemplary within- and between-flower pollinating traits that we could easily observe in the field and characterize different size classes (table 1). We used the same 12 species as for the spatial and temporal differences, to ensure comparability. We measured the span of the pronotum between tegulae and obtained five size classes (very small (VS), less than 1.5mm; small (S), 1.5–2mm; medium sized (M), 2.1–3mm; large (L), 3.1–5mm; and very large (VL), more than 5mm; table 1). To test the differences in behaviour within flowers that may depend on body size, we conducted a GLM with duration (in seconds) of flower visitation at a single flower for three size classes (VS, S and VL) as the response variable and habitat type (fixed) and size class (fixed) as categorical predictors. We measured the duration of flower visitation for Lasioglossum sp., Lasioglossum halictoides, Xylocopa dejeani and Xylocopa confusa, as the behaviour of only these species from the 12 focus species (table 2) was readily observable. We described each species in terms of three further behavioural traits (number of visited flowers, pollen deposition and pollen distribution on the stigma) that depend on body size, by dividing them into categories. We recorded the number of visited pumpkin flowers and pollen distribution on the anther or pistil (due to bee movement on reproductive plant parts) during the field observations.
We used a GLM with flower visiting height and flower visiting time, respectively, as dependent variables and habitat type (fixed effect), plot (random effect nested in habitat type) and body size class (fixed) as categorical predictors to test whether bee body size influences variation in flower visiting traits in space and time. Owing to low numbers of social bee species, we did not include social status as a classification criterion.
For a classification into functional guilds, we used differences in the spatial, temporal and body size-dependent behaviour within the flowers above. Species were assigned to the same guild if they did not differ significantly in any of these three variables (table 2).
We conducted a multiple regression model with seed per fruit as the response variable and bee species richness and number of functional guilds as covariates, to have a direct comparison of the explanatory strength of richness versus functional guild diversity. To factor out abundance, we regressed seed set against abundance and used the residuals from this model as the response variable. We then adjusted appropriately the degrees of freedom for F ratios in the multiple regression. As functional diversity and species richness covary (Naeem 2002), we conducted two models. In the first model, species richness was included ahead of functional diversity and vice versa in the second model (Schmid et al. 2002).
Pollinator exclusion by bagging female flowers caused plants to abort the fruit. By contrast, all hand-pollinated female flowers matured to seed-bearing fruits (419±17 s.e. seeds per fruit, n=9). We found on average 2.72±0.33 pumpkin flowers in the surroundings of each pumpkin plot (n=14). In total, 633 bee individuals from 25 species and nine genera were caught, belonging to the subfamilies Anthophorinae, Apinae, Halictinae, Megachilinae and Xylocopinae.
The pumpkin pollinator community was strongly determined by the habitat and environmental variables. Bee species richness increased significantly with the weather PCA axis (increasing temperature and light intensity, decreasing humidity; likelihood ratio=7.06, p=0.008), and the resources PCA axis (increasing density and diversity of floral resources; likelihood ratio=8.31, p=0.004). Although both of these variables differed across habitat types, habitat type itself did not significantly add any explanatory power (likelihood ratio=3.01, p=0.557), and was thus removed from the minimal model. Conversely, the only significant predictor in the minimal model for bee abundance was habitat type (likelihood ratio=11.26, p=0.024); abundance was significantly higher in open area habitats (21.33±4.06 individuals, n=3) compared with all other habitat types (natural forest: 3.56±2.87, n=3; low intensity: 6.23±3.86, medium intensity: 6.08±3.80, high intensity: 10.58±3.80 individuals per flower and sampling (pollination rate), n=4).
Bee species richness was the only significant predictor variable in the model for seed set per fruit (r2=0.452, F1,13=19.24, p=0.022; figure 1) whereas bee abundance did not significantly correlate with seed set (r2<0.01, F1,13=0.13, p=0.74). Mean number of seeds per fruit from plots with high species richness (10 bee species) reached almost that of hand-pollinated control flowers (figure 1), whereas low richness (four species) led to just 50% of the seed set found in control flowers. Number of seeds per fruit was correlated with fruit size (Spearman: R2=0.635, p=0.015), which is the economically most important trait for measuring this ecosystem service. However, we found no correlation between fruit size and the bee community (abundance: r2<0.001, F1,3=0.043, p=0.85; species richness: r2=0.05, F1,3=8.29, p=0.064) in contrast to seed set as the response variable. Habitat type, surrounding pumpkin flowers, humus thickness, slope and canopy cover did not influence seed set significantly (table 3).
Species differed in their spatial resource use (height of flowers: r2=0.142, F11,575=9.712, p<0.001), with Nomia concinna preferring the lowest, and Xylocopa nobilis preferring the highest flowers (table 2, figure 2). Pollinating height in one high-intensity plot was significantly lower (0.26±0.04) compared with two open area plots (0.59±0.03, 0.59±0.05; r2=0.05, F13,575=3.2, p=0.0001), independent of habitat type (r2=0.04, F4,575=1.9, p=0.177). Temporal species turnover showed even stronger differences, as almost all species differed significantly from each other in their preferred time of visitation (r2=0.2, F11,567=14.845, p<0.001). The species that visited flowers the earliest were Apis cerana, X. dejeani and X. confusa, whereas X. nobilis and Ceratina cognata appeared significantly later (table 2, figure 2). Flower visitation in one low-intensity cacao plot was on average earlier (08.16±10) when compared with one medium-intensity (09.19±11), high-intensity (09.14±6) and open area plot (09.05±5; r2=0.08, F13,567=5.123, p<0.001) and habitat had no influence (r2=0.03, F4,567=0.91, p=0.49). Species identity explained minor variance of the overall model for preferred flower size (r2=0.04, F8,430=2.82, p=0.0047), and as only A. cerana (233±37cm3, n=18) differed from C. cognata (134±20cm3, n=17) and Lasioglossum sp. (157±8cm3, n=137) in preferred flower size, we did not include flower size for classification into functional guilds.
Body size was closely related to pollinating behaviour and each size class showed consistent patterns. Duration of a single flower visitation was significantly longer for small bees compared with very small and very large bees (r2=0.38, F2,65=20.11, p<0.001; table 1). Body size classes also differed in the number of flowers they visited. Very large bees checked two or three flowers mostly in their preferred height range, whereas small bees fed for a very long time but only on one flower. The amount of pollen transferred per flower visit was a consequence of species-specific anatomical characteristics, because larger bees had larger pollen-transporting surfaces such as the plumose ventral section of the abdomen and the dorsal part of the thorax or femur (table 1). Within-flower movements are generally responsible for pollen distribution on the stigma (Chagnon et al. 1993). Owing to their size, large and very large bees entered the flower directly and remained between the petal and anther or pistil, while rubbing the pollen-carrying ventral part of the abdomen on the pistil of a female flower, or picking up pollen in male flowers. High pollen transfer was restricted to a part of the pistil, as large bees could not move around the pistil as did small and very small bees (table 1). Small and very small bees landed on the petal, anther or pistil and then walked for a long time on anthers or pistil while feeding on pollen or nectar and thus distributing pollen. Very large bee species such as X. dejeani and X. confusa appeared very early in the morning, transferring large amounts of pollen, whereas Lasioglossum sp., C. cognata and Trigona sp. appeared significantly later, mainly providing the distribution of the pollen that was already transferred by other species (e.g. Xylocopa) on the stigma owing to their activity within the flower.
There was no clear pattern relating body size to pollinating height, even though very small species pollinated significantly lower flowers (r2=0.1, F4,582=18.128, p<0.001; 0.33m±0.026, n=209) than small (0.672m±0.03, n=178), large (0.523±0.048, n=62) or very large species (0.544±0.04, n=91). By contrast, small bees pollinated significantly higher flowers compared with medium-sized bees (0.368±0.042, n=64). We found that medium-sized (08.25±6min, n=64), large (08.40±7min, n=60) and very large (08.37±6min, n=90) bees occurred significantly earlier compared with small (09.02±3min, n=178) and very small bees (09.11±3min, n=203; r2=0.08, F4,574=14.99, p<0.001).
According to the differences between the bee species in the three functional traits of pollination, we could identify eight functional pumpkin pollinator groups (table 2).
In a model where bee species richness was included first, after abundance was factored out, only bee species richness was significantly positively correlated with seed per fruit. However, when functional guild diversity was included ahead of richness in a type I (sequential) sum of squares (SS) model, species richness became non-significant. In a type I SS model, variance that is shared by two predictors is attributed to the first predictor to enter the model (Schmid et al. 2002). This demonstrates that richness and functional guild diversity are strongly correlated, making it impossible to attribute the shared variance to either predictor. However, functional guild diversity explained much more of the variance in seed set (r2=0.45) when it was first in the model, compared with richness (r2=0.32; table 4, figure 3), making functional diversity a stronger predictor of seed set.
Our results show that the ecosystem service of pollination was closely related to functional pollinator diversity, based on the species-specific traits that appeared to drive complementary use of floral resources. Seed set increased strongly with bee richness, supporting previous studies that showed positive correlations between pollinator diversity and pollen deposition (Kremen et al. 2002) or fruit set (Klein et al. 2003b). We quantified species-specific and complementary resource use in pollination and then related this to final crop yield. Complementarity was assessed by classifying species into functional guilds, as this method allows for objective grouping based on the quantified morphological/behavioural differences. In our study, bee species strongly differed in their preferred flower height, time of flower visitation and within-flower behaviour, which were related to body size. This field study relating bee diversity to seed set is necessarily based on correlative, not experimental, evidence although we kept constant potential confounding factors such as soil nutrient availability and shading. Furthermore, we used seed set instead of fruit size as a response variable for testing the effect of functional group diversity, because seed set is more directly and quantitatively related to pollen deposition. Fruit size was less sensitive to pollination, which might be due to the numerous abiotic factors influencing the fruit size in addition to pollination and seed set (Bos et al. 2007).
Spatial niche partitioning of pollinator communities (e.g. Willmer & Corbet 1981; Tylianakis et al. 2005) results in certain bee species being observed foraging at certain heights, which may have been selected to minimize energy expenditure (Hambäck 2001; Dafni & Potts 2004). Pumpkin plants produce flowers at very different heights, thereby attracting pollinator species with different height preferences. Reduced species richness may therefore cause a lack of pollination at certain heights, thereby reducing the average seed set within a plot.
Willmer (1983) and Stone (1994) discussed the relationship between behavioural and physiological determinants of circadian species-specific activity patterns, such as temporally structured foraging activity of hymenopterans, showing that certain species have precise daily times of foraging activity (Stone et al. 1999). Most studies hold not only morphological traits (such as body size and colouring) responsible for the circadian niche partitioning of bees (Pereboom & Biesmeijer 2003), but also time of pollen release from principal food sources in the case of specialized bee species (Stone et al. 1999). In fact, we found that most bees of the three larger pollinator size classes appeared significantly earlier (during cooler morning hours) compared with smaller sized bees. Hence, bee body size appeared to affect flower visitation, but other traits may also influence circadian bee activity. Gimenes et al. (1996) hold the species' response to the environmental light/dark cycle responsible for a coupling of circadian bee activity to the flower's anthesis and withering. We expect that temporal species turnover is beneficial for pollination success, as not just the amount of transferred pollen will increase additively through time, but also the distribution of pollen. The early and large bees transported more pollen, while the late and small bees appeared to enhance within-flower pollen transfer to the stigma, due to their characteristic movements (Chagnon et al. 1993). The temporal change of pollinator species from large pollen-transferring to small pollen-distributing species may improve seed set due to a combination of both traits. Furthermore, for many species, stigma receptiveness of female flowers is known to vary temporally. Owing to the short opening phase of pumpkin flowers, we expect a very short receptive phase for female pumpkin flowers. Our study showed temporal differences in the activity of bees during a day, but bee communities are also known to show temporal turnover at longer time-scales (between months; Tylianakis et al. 2005), and this may further promote complementarity in pollen transfer throughout the season. Our field observations revealed body size-dependent as well as within- and between-flower behavioural traits supporting the inclusion of body size as a functionally important classification criterion (table 1). We rarely observed body size-dependent competition between bees (Pinkus-Rendon et al. 2005) and only when pollinator densities were high, with smaller bees having been subordinate when they met larger species at the pumpkin flowers. However, due to low pollinator densities in almost all plots, competition was unlikely to have played an important role.
Published studies dealing with niche partitioning of pollinators focus on the relationship of complex flowers to the proboscis length affecting resource use by pollinators (Graham & Jones 1996; Fontaine et al. 2006). The pumpkin flowers studied here offered nectar and pollen to a broad spectrum of bee pollinators with spatial and temporal resource partitioning in case of high species numbers, which was related to maximum seed set, equal to that observed in hand-pollinated fruits (figure 1). Diversity of functional pollinator guilds, based on the significant differences in activity at different flower heights, time of flower visitation and body size-related within-flower behaviour, explained variation in seed set better than did species richness. The models (table 4) suggest that interspecific differences in these functional traits allow high complementarity resulting in the enhanced fruit set.
In conclusion, we show how a native bee community may sustain pollination services without any managed honeybees. The species-rich bee community appeared to enhance pollination efficiency through spatial and temporal complementarity in its pollination behaviour, suggesting that a single or a few efficient species may not provide the same benefits as a rich community of functionally distinct species. Owing to species-specific niche partitioning, a single functional group may exploit only a portion of the overall resource.
Our field studies revealed real-world patterns in pollination up to final crop yield, while the experimental manipulation of this species-rich pollinator community or of its species-specific traits was impossible. Our results provide a first step towards a mechanistic understanding of how pollinator diversity affects food production. Global changes greatly affect bee diversity (Biesmeijer et al. 2006) and the associated loss of functional diversity threatens sustainable crop production (Klein et al. 2007). Conservation initiatives will profit from realistic studies showing economic benefits of maintaining high biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financing the Collaborative Research Centre STORMA, LIPI for the research permit and supporting fieldwork, Damayanti Buchori for collaboration and Stephan Risch and Leverkusen for identification of the bee species. We also thank Saul A. Cunningham, Bernhard Schmid and Peter Hambäck for their valuable suggestions and ideas on the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Dunbar, Fort Hill, Joppatowne, Catoctin.
Heard that before?
Yes, last year's four state semifinalists are all back in the region final, and all four are favored to win this week's meetings - thus earning yet another round of state semifinal match-ups.
The 1A history for these programs is quite amazing. Since the current regional playoff format was enacted in 2003, these four programs have combined for 13 region titles out of a possible 20 (Fort Hill and Joppatowne each spent a two-year rotation in 2A since 2003).
Lowest Seed Likely To Win: Dunbar. The Poets are the lower seed, but far from the underdog. In fact, Dunbar is a clear favorite. The Poets happened to get outpointed by Forest Park in the 1A race based solely on Forest Park's undefeated run through Division II while Dunbar had a 9-1 showing in Division I.
Regional Semifinal Surprise: Havre de Grace. OK, it's no surprise Havre de Grace defeated Snow Hill in the region semifinals, but its win was attention-grabbing. The Warriors shut down Snow Hill's high-powered ground attack, holding the Bayside school to a single touchdown.
No. 2 Allegany (8-3) vs. No. 1 Fort Hill (11-0)
Details: Friday at Greenway Avenue Stadium, 7 p.m.
Most Recent Meeting: 2009, Fort Hill won, 17-7
Allegany Region Final History: The Campers are making their sixth straight region final appearance. The Campers won titles in 2004, 2005 and 2007. The team finished runner-up to Fort Hill in 2006 and 2008.
Fort Hill Region Final History: The Sentinels and Campers are scheduled to play in Week 10 every year, and its beginning to be a habit in Week 12, as well. This is the fourth straight year these programs have played for the 1A West region title, with Fort Hill holding a 2-1 edge. Fort Hill also made a region final appearance in 2004 in its final season at 2A, winning the 2A West title.
Game Notes: Both teams had easy region semifinal wins last week and each team was able to rest players in preparation for this week's rematch. Fort Hill has won three straight games over Allegany, which marks the first time either team has won three in a row in this storied rivalry since Fort Hill won in 2002, 2003 and 2004. In the most recent game two weeks ago, Fort Hill's defense held Allegany's offense to a season-low seven points. Fort Hill boasts the running combination of Dakota Welsh (1,157 yards, 14 touchdowns) and Sam Walker (537 yards, seven touchdowns). Quarterback Devin Lee has thrown for 701 yards and nine touchdowns but also saw time at receiver last week, making a 57-yard touchdown reception in the win over Smithsburg. Allegany's Dustin Wharton and J.D. Hook, both who were sophomores on Allegany's 2007 1A state runner-up, scored two touchdowns each in the win over Boonsboro. Hook has rushed for 1,025 yards and 14 touchdowns this season and Hook has compiled 1,869 total yards from running, receiving, punt and kickoff returns. A key addition to this week's game could be the return of Demetrius Taylor. The senior quarterback broke his collarbone Week 5 and has been cleared to play this week, according to head coach Tom Preaskorn. Drew O'Neil will start at quarterback, but Taylor is available if needed and is more mobile and elusive than O'Neil.
No. 2 Pikesville (8-2) at No. 1 Catoctin (11-0)
Details: Friday at Catoctin, 7 p.m.
Most Recent Meeting: 2008 region final, Catoctin won, 50-13
Pikesville Region Final History: Pikesville is making its second straight region final appearance and meet the same program that pinned a 37-point loss on the Panthers last year.
Catoctin Region Final History: This is Catoctin's third straight region final appearance. The Cougars are the defending champions in what has been a stair-step improvement each of the past four years. In 2005, Catoctin lost in the semifinals to the region runner-up. In 2006, the Cougars fell in the semifinals to the eventual region champ. In 2007, Catoctin was the region runner-up. Last year, the Cougars won the region title and lost in the state semifinals.
Game Notes: Catoctin comes into this game healthy and with quarterback Dylan May playing as well as he has all season. May has thrown for 1,469 yards and 15 touchdowns this season to lead an offense with several weapons. Running back Paul Barbour rushed for 85 yards and three touchdowns and Austin Carter gained 54 yards on six carries in the win over New Town last week. Receiver Nick Nowacyk has more than 33 receptions this season. Pikesville will rely on its trio of skill position players: quarterback Jeremy Downing, receiver DeVohn Gilmore and running back Kion Wright.
No. 2 Dunbar (10-1) vs. No. 1 Forest Park (10-0)
Details: Saturday at Poly Complex, 1 p.m.
Most Recent Meeting: 2005, Dunbar won, 44-7
Dunbar Region Final History: Dunbar was won the 1A South region title every year since this format went into effect in 2003. Therefore, its 6-0 region final record and 13-0 region playoff record are state-best.
Forest Park Region Final History: Forest Park is making its first region final appearance.
Game Notes: After an early season loss to Patterson, Dunbar has rebounded and is playing its best football of the season right now. Led by running back Nathan Ayers, the Poets are looking to win its seventh straight 1A South region title. Head coach Lawrence Smith said his team has overachieved all season. With 22 sophomores on the roster, Smith added that if this team wins another title the program is in position to "run off [a] major numbers of championships because we know what we have." Ayers has rushed for 2,023 yards this season and is coming off a 340-yard, four-touchdown game against Forestville. Forest Park plays a fluid defensive scheme - shifting from several defensive fronts: 4-4, 3-5 and 5-3. Offensively, the Foresters will use a multiple running back set with Patrick Makell, Delron Dantzler and Angelo Lewis all receiving carries. While head coach Damon Bomar said he does not like to pass the ball, quarterback Travis Foncseca is more than capable - throwing for 1,056 yards and 14 touchdowns this season.
No. 3 Havre de Grace (8-3) at No. 1 Joppatowne (11-0)
Details: Friday at Joppatowne, 7 p.m.
Most Recent Meeting: 2009, Joppatowne won, 35-0
Havre de Grace Region Final History: Havre de Grace is making a bid to join Joppatowne as the only school to win titles in multiple 1A regions. Havre de Grace was the 2006 1A North champ, the year before realignment sent the team to the East region. Havre de Grace is 1-2 in region finals, and both of those losses have come at the hand of Joppatowne (2003 and 2008).
Joppatowne Region Final History: Since returning to Class 1A in 2007, the Mariners have been a fixture in the 1A East final - winning the past two seasons. Overall, Joppatowne is 5-0 in region finals, which also includes a 2A East title in 2005 and back-to-back 1A North crowns in 2003 and 2004.
Game Notes: When Havre de Grace visits Joppatowne this weekend for the region final it will have a few weapons that were not available in the 35-0 loss to the Mariners in Week 9. Havre de Grace head coach John Brooks was without four players and was using a fourth-string running back in the teams' previous meeting. Havre de Grace is healthy and quarterback Maurice Clemons is coming off a two-touchdown performance against Snow Hill in inclement weather. Clemson has 20 touchdowns on the season. Anthony Johnson and Dayshawn Bolling are Clemons' best targets with more than 66 receptions between them. However, Joppatowne is again a state title contender, although the program tends to get overshadowed by Fort Hill and Dunbar. Epe Henriques rushed for 292 yards and four touchdowns against Bohemia Manor last week and has passed the 1,000-yard mark on the season (1,055 yards and 15 touchdowns). The Mariners also have Chris Wright (786) to run the ball and a boast a strong offensive line that has helped the team average more than 300 yards rushing per game this season. Jake McGinnis leads the defense and recorded 122 total tackles during the regular season.


text:
Corey Hilliard
|No. 65
|Offensive tackle
|Personal information
|Date of birth:
|April 26, 1985
|Place of birth:
|New Orleans, Louisiana
|6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
|300 lb (136 kg)
|Career information
|High school:
|New Orleans (LA) Jesuit
|Oklahoma State
|NFL Draft:
|2007 / Round: 6 / Pick: 209
|Career history
|* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
|Career highlights and awards
|Career NFL statistics
Corey Hilliard (born April 26, 1985) is a former American football offensive tackle who played seven years in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma State, before being drafted by the New England Patriots in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. Hilliard has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts, Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, and New York Jets.
Corey Hilliard attended the NFL Combine.[1]
He measured in at 6'5" 308 pounds. He ran the 40 yard dash in 5.38 (1.86 10 yard split), ran the 20 yard shuttle in 4.65, and ran the 3 cone in 7.45. He had a vertical jump of 27", a broad jump of 8'10", and bench pressed 225 pounds 28 times.
At his Pro Day, he improved his vertical jump to 29" and had a broad jump of 8'5".
Professional career[edit]
New England Patriots[edit]
Hilliard was drafted in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft to the New England Patriots.[2] However, on September 1, he was cut from the team.[3][4]
Indianapolis Colts (2007-2008)[edit]
In the 2007 NFL season, Hilliard made 3 appearances for the Colts, and in the 2008 NFL season, Hilliard made 2 appearances.[5]
Cleveland Browns[edit]
For the 2009 NFL season, Hilliard left the Colts,[6] and joined the Cleveland Browns.[7]
Detroit Lions[edit]
On December 10, 2009, Hilliard joined the Detroit Lions.[8][9] Despite not playing a game for the Lions, Hilliard was resigned as an exclusive free agent for the 2010 NFL season.[9][10]
Hilliard played all 16 regular season games for the Lions in 2010 and 2011,[5] and also played in their post-season wild card round defeat to the New Orleans Saints[11] (as of March 2015, this is Hilliard's only postseason appearance[5]).
Hilliard did not play in the 2012 NFL season, but on March 1, 2013, Hilliard signed a 2-year contract extension with the Lions.[12][13] Hilliard played 9 games during the 2013 NFL season.[5]
In the Lion's opening game of the 2014 NFL season against the New York Giants, Hilliard suffered a Lisfranc injury his right foot, ruling him out of the rest of the 2014 season.[14][15] He was placed on the Injured reserve list.[16]
New York Jets[edit]
Hilliard was signed by the New York Jets on March 24, 2015.[17] He announced his retirement from football on May 8, 2015.[18]
- ^ http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=8672&draftyear=2007&genpos=OT
- ^ "Corey Hilliard NFL Combine Results". NFL. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
- ^ "New England Patriots final pre-season cuts 2007". internet128.com. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Patriots Have No 2007 Draft Regrets Thanks to Randy Moss and Wes Welker". NESN. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ a b c d "Corey Hilliard". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Indianapolis Colts 2009 NFL Season Preview". WalterFootball.com. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Browns bounce George Foster". NBC Sports. 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "2009 NFL Free Agents". WalterFootball.com. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ a b "Corey Hilliard". Detroit Lions. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Lions Re-Sign Other Four Exclusive Rights Free Agents?". SB Nation. 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "2011 Playoffs:Wild Card Weekend". ESPN. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Source: Corey Hilliard gets deal". ESPN. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Lions re-sign Corey Hilliard to two-year deal". SB Nation. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Corey Hilliard out for season". ESPN. 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Corey Hilliard out for season; Lions re-sign Garrett Reynolds". SB Nation. 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ "Detroit Lions will place OL Corey Hilliard on season-ending IR". Fansided. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
- ^ Lange, Randy (March 24, 2015). "Veteran T Corey Hilliard Joins Jets OL". New York Jets. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Lange, Randy (May 8, 2015). "Undrafted Free Agents Signed to Jets Roster". New York Jets. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.


text:
The LOUIS XIII store
The 2016 October 28
On September 20, 2016, LOUIS XIII broke new ground in the spirits industry with the launch of its first boutique in the Beijing SKP, a large upscale shopping mall in the Chinese capital. A grand evening event was put on for the opening of the store, which covers 1,399 square feet. Designed by famous interior architecture firm RDAI, it offers a unique experience to customers, inviting them to discover and taste LOUIS XIII.
This opens a new chapter in the house's story. This world first underlines LOUIS XIII's ambition: to be a benchmark far beyond the wines and spirits industry. The brand is establishing itself as a luxury player in its own right, introducing its customers to a real art de vivre.
The vision
"By opening a store, we can offer an incomparable customer experience. Our customers are knowledgeable connoisseurs or enthusiasts with an appreciation for exceptional quality craft work steeped in history. They are looking for more than just a product; they want an experience. With this unique positioning, LOUIS XIII can change the rules of the game in the spirits industry. This is also a chance for LOUIS XIII to speak directly to its customers and give them even greater importance."
The experience
"Symbolic of French art de vivre and excellence, LOUIS XIII stands out in the spirits industry. Each decanter is the life achievement of generations of cellar masters. The brand is looking to develop an unparalleled customer experience with a focus on all these key points. With this in mind, it has launched international projects including L'Odyssée d'un Roi in partnership with Hermès, Saint-Louis and Puiforcat, and 100 Years, The Movie You Will Never See, a cinematic production with John Malkovich which will premiere in 100 years time. With the opening of the store and the roll-out of more complex and personalized customer experiences, LOUIS XIII is looking to the future."
The concept
The brand called on RDAI to devise this spectacular journey into history and the legend of cognac. This interior architecture and design firm is known for its impressive work on the Hermès and Elie Saab Paris stores.
The entire boutique was inspired by the expertise, craft work and blends that go into LOUIS XIII cognac. With skillful combinations of symbolic materials, artistic lighting, traditional pieces and digital technology, the 1,399 square feet of the store mirror the many facets of the LOUIS XIII experience.
As they enter the store, customers discover a haven of peace and relaxation perfect for a cognac tasting and sophisticated food pairings. The immersion in the LOUIS XIII world continues with an exploration of the full decanter collection, accessories and limited editions, not to mention the limited editions only available in store. At the back of the store, the Eternity Room is the backdrop to private tastings and exclusive events.
The decor becomes the ultimate in refinement as the customer moves deeper into the store. This development mimics that of LOUIS XIII cognac which is perfected during the aging process and the blending of the eaux-de-vie. Reminiscent of the chalky soil of the Grande Champagne terroir, the limestone rock used for the ground and walls presents various finishes—softened, glazed and polished—to mimic the subtle evolution of this natural element under the light. The copper alludes to the stills used to distill the eaux-de-vie while the oak evokes the hundred-year-old Limousin casks known as 'tierçons' which are used to age the cognacs. Finally, the glass bricks recall the decanters and the glasses from which the cognac is tasted.
All the permanent and limited editions are on show in the display cases with lighting specially devised by OZONE for LOUIS XIII. They also encase old decanters and exclusive editions available in-store only. A series of images presents the events, people and places involved in the creation of LOUIS XIII. Tucked away at the back of the store, the Eternity Room draws customers in with the intriguing crystal medallion stamped with royal insignia the fleur-de-lis, which reigns at the center of the stunning Century Wheel.
The Eternity Room is the grand finale of the LOUIS XIII experience
The cozy space is reserved for private tastings and meetings with personalities from around the world. The design evokes the interior of a historic house in the Cognac region. The oak moldings combine to perfection with the crystal decanters and the furniture's lacquered finishes. The brand ambassador leads proceedings as the private room and its antique furniture take visitors on a journey through time. The Eternity Room has everything on-hand for exclusive tastings of LOUIS XIII in a sophisticated ambiance with key pieces in LOUIS XIII history on show. The walls are covered in portraits and memories, brought to life by cutting edge digital technology, as a subtle and innovative way to share history.


text:
Blazing Fast Butcher Is Lucky to Still Have All His Fingers
Subscribe to TheFW on
Yes, watching a butcher cut meat sounds about as exciting as watching paint dry, but you'll think twice about that after watching this.
This butcher looks like he's on fast forward the way he slices and dices up chickens with an electric blade that he gets dangerously close to touching.
The video is basically two-and-a-half minutes of him using the blade and somehow not hurting himself. You'll find yourself riveted and more on edge than if you were watching a Hollywood summer blockbuster.
And who knew butchers wore Aeropostale on the job? That piece of knowledge makes this an educational video.
Another reason it's an educational video? Did you see how slowly the other guy at the end of the clip is moving? Come on, man! You gotta use the technique your co-worker has mastered.


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Very beautiful sweet girl Barbie Starr is a cam model.
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text:
Borderlands 2 is nearly upon us. On September 18th, players will finally get the chance to jump into the game's 58 hour campaign as one of four playable classes: Gunzerker, Commando, Assassin, or Siren. A fifth player class, Mechromancer, is coming soon as post-launch DLC. In fact, it's coming quite a lot sooner than we expected. Just today, Gearbox Software announced that Gaige the Mechromancer will join Borderlands 2's cast of characters on October 16.
With the game's release date only a week away, the Borderlands 2 hype-machine has been locked at its "Max Power" setting. In addition to the Mechromancer news, Gearbox has released a couple of new BL2 trailers: the first (above) offers a comprehensive look at the game and its world, while the second is a live-action affair that made its televised debut on ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown. To top it all off, Gearbox Software has created online Skill Trees for players who just can't wait to plot out their character's progression.
A number of Mechromancer gameplay details surfaced in the wake of PAX Prime 2012, at which Gaige's name was first revealed. No footage of Gaige in action made it out of the show, but Gearbox has released an image of the diminutive cyborg lass, along with a reminder the she'll be a free download for anyone who pre-orders Borderlands 2 – otherwise, be prepared to shell out another $10 to play as the Mechromancer.
The Mechromancer doesn't make an appearance in either of the new Borderlands 2 trailers. Perhaps that's for the best in the case of the game's deliberately goofy live-action commercial. Channeling a distinctly 1980s brand of over-caffeinated action-movie bravado, the TV spot has more in common with the Super Meat Boy "Destroy Your Face" trailer than it does with, say, Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn. That doesn't mean the Borderlands 2 commercial isn't kind of awesome in its own right – it is. Check out a low quality copy of it below, courtesy of YouTube user BiGBANGTH3ORY.
Unlike its predecessor, Borderlands 2 will allow players to level up their characters infinitely. Nevertheless, it might be a good idea to go in with a plan. To that end, interactive Skill Trees have gone up on the Borderlands 2 website. The Mechromancer isn't covered, but players who want to map out an upgrade path for the Gunzerker, Commando, Assassin, or Siren are all set.
Ranters, are you looking forward to playing as the Mechromancer, or are you more interested in one of Borderlands 2's on-disc classes? Have you tried out the interactive Skill Trees? What do you think about that live-action commercial? Let us know in the comments below.
Broderlands 2 releases September 18, 2012, for PS3, Xbox 360 and PC.
Follow me on Twitter @HakenGaken.
Source: Borderlands 2, Gearbox Software, BiGBANGTH3ORY


text:
Dragon Age: Inquisition executive producer Mark Darrah confirmed on his personal Twitter account that the Black Emporium is expected to launch towards the beginning of May.
Providing further details on the Black Emporium update, Darrah also confirmed that the upcoming features will absolutely be offered to existing Dragon Age: Inquisition players as a free download.
Many Dragon Age: Inquisition fans initially thought that the Black Emporium was intended to be included as part of Patch 5. So when that update released without the Emporium, some users were upset by its absence. The confusion stemmed from the fact that BioWare first announced the Black Emporium alongside all Patch 5 content for the new PC beta program.
However, the developer later revealed that they never intended for the Black Emporium to be bundled with Patch 5 but the upcoming content did require features implemented with that update and was therefore tested alongside the patch.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
I apologies for the inconvenience. We are trying to troubleshoot the issue. As it is the duplicate thread, of previous one. So we will send you further updates on the original thread. That is on the below thread:


text: Recently, I've started working on a new website, although one problem I've had both before, and after updating to 1.5, is that when going to create a new thread, there is no text input box. (https://gyazo.com/3cc8c27f44825c13483b93c9a7f56cb6). If it matters, I'm using the "xensplash" theme, from Audentio Design, and I do have xenporta 2 installed (also updated).\n\nAny help is appreciated, and I really hope this is a fix that wont require a full reinstallation. The website is "apheliongaming.net/vanilla".\n\nThanks, Josh.


text:
Turkey Sandwich Supreme (Serves Six)
Recipe by GaylaJ
After picking up a loaf of King's Hawaiian bread on a whim, I went searching for a sandwich recipe to use it in for Super Bowl eats. I found this one on the King's Hawaiian site and decided to try it since it is simple, and I had everything already on hand except for the dressing. I used Miller's Bacon Ranch Dressing, and the bacon flavor added a nice touch. I enjoy sandwiches of this type that serve several people, and I like that this one includes spinach. I think a clove or two of minced garlic would be a nice addition to the spinach mixture, but it does seem like I may just have a problem cooking without involving garlic. :)
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (16 ounce) Hawaiian bread (or other round, unsliced loaf)
- 1⁄4 cup ranch dressing
- 10 ounces sliced deli turkey
- 1 cup shredded mozzarella cheese, divided
- 1 (10 ounce) package frozen chopped spinach, thawed and drained very well
- 1⁄2 cup finely chopped onion
- 4 fresh plum tomatoes, diced (mine were a bit large, so I used 3)
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350°F.
- Slice top off of bread and set aside; carefully hollow out loaf leaving 1 inch of sides and bottom (reserve removed bread for other use).
- Brush inside and top of bread with dressing, then line bottom of shell with turkey.
- Toss together 1/2 cup cheese, spinach, onion and tomatoes; spoon over meat.
- Sprinkle with remaining cheese.
- Replace top, then wrap loaf in foil.
- Bake 1 hour.
- Cool 10 minutes before removing foil and slicing into wedges.
- Can be served hot or cold.


text:
One of the benefits of being a West of Mars client is that if you need something, we'll do our best to provide it. For certain services, we'll even waive fees or give you a discount.
If you'd like to reserve a date for the Featured New Book Spotlight, we'll waive the $5 fee.
If you use separate editors — one for content or line editing, and one for proofreading, for example — you'll get 10% off the newest service.
Back Cover Copy: for $25, we'll take your unsatisfactory first attempt (even if it's five words!) and help you refine it into something you love and want to shout about from rooftops. We'll go back and forth on this as many times as you need us to, and you get priority over everything else we're doing. Keep that end goal in mind: loving it so much, you'll shout from rooftops. (Ever stood on a rooftop? It can be scary on some of them. THOSE are the rooftops we want you on.)
Going the traditional route? For the same fee as the Back Cover Copy service (that's $25 for quick reference), we'll help with your query letter and synopsis so that it's an agent or acquiring editor who's singing off the rooftops.
While You Write: Want or need immediate feedback as you work on your first draft? For a privately negotiated fee, you will gain access to your editor. While we'd love to say you can have 24/7 access, that's pushing ourselves a bit much. But it will be prompt (according to you, not according to Susan) and you'll get priority. Both new and veteran writers have used this service, and it's designed for the author who is working outside his or her comfort zone –Â but it doesn't have to be restricted that way.
If you can conceive of needing it, we can find a way to provide it. At West of Mars, our focus is on helping you produce the best written words possible. Let us help you.
*What's with all this singing from rooftops? Well, Susan is the queen of Rock Fiction, after all. She may have a lousy voice, but that doesn't slow her down. Still, she's always more than glad to hand the microphone — or the roof — over to someone more aurally pleasing.


text:
Klorane Leave-in Fluid with Papyrus Milk is an award-winning treatment that helps smooth hair without weighing it down. This fluid is applied to towel-dried hair before blow-drying to help encourage straighter locks. It also coats hair to protect it against heat styling damage. Papyrus milk helps to control frizz and prevent it from forming throughout the day.
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text:
Raipur, Dec. 6: Ajit Jogi has not only lost the ground beneath his feet; even the airwaves have shut him out.
The states only locally owned channel, Akash, has stopped beaming the Sapno ki raja (dream merchant) theme projected so carefully in the run-up to the polls after the Congress defeat.
The channel had gone overboard during the elections, interviewing key ministers of the Chhattisgarh government and virtually propagating their views. According to the BJP, the logo two small As suggested who the owners were: Jogi and his son, Amit.
Now, even the entertainment channel that Akash used to run has switched from Chhattisgarhi songs and folk music to old, sentimental films. The sad tone of the films virtually echo the sentiment of Congress leaders who lost, says a party old-timer.
As for the news channel, instead of the usual stuff the Jogi governments good deeds it has gone musical. Last heard, it was blaring a popular Bollywood number Gana to ek bahana hai (Songs are just a pretext).
The channels office in state capital Raipur wears a forlorn look. Once crowded with leaders, its newsroom is virtually empty. A few operators hang around, but all that they do is change cassettes.
Raj Awasti, the manager, however says the programmes have been regulated because of lack of adequate staff. Besides, the contract awarded to a company for running the news channel has expired, he says.
But some of the local employees dispute this. According to them, the channel is headed for a change in ownership. Awasti also could not explain why the staff shortage coincided with the BJPs victory as well as the absence of any news item on the change of guard.
The news channel grew in strength after the owner of the cable networks in the state, Dhananjay Parihar, a Shiv Sena activist, got involved in a string of criminal cases following which he was arrested, paraded on the street by police and jailed. As Parihars control over the cable operators weakened, Akash became the unquestioned king of cable operations as well as the local advertisement market.
But now, with chief minister-designate Raman Singh announcing a probe into the channels activities, its high-ups are gradually withdrawing and going into hiding, says Jogendra Raj, a close aide of BJP leader Dilip Singh Judeo who became embroiled in a cash-on-camera scandal just before the polls.
The channel had come under attack from Union law minister Arun Jaitley on November 28, three days before the polls. Jaitley had alleged at a news conference that the channels owners were behind the Judeo episode because the person who booked the hotel for bribing Judeo was Rajat Prasad, one of the financiers.
According to Jaitley, the actual owner of Akash is Amit as, in an e-mail to a friend, he had talked about the bifurcation of the management of the two channels. However, both Jogi and the Congress had vociferously denied that they had any role to play in the functioning of the channels.


text:
- Description
Attractive design compliments most any decor.Includes
Framed tempered glass work surfaces provide ample work surface.
Featuring the L-shaped, espresso finish laminate and large slide-out key board shelf.
1 DeskDimensions
Desk, 23.25"W x 58.75"D x 29.5"H
More from this collection: X-Text
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU 26100326 MPN XT25L GTIN UPC 090234170617 Brand Office Star Collection X-Text Assemble Length 58.75 Assemble Width 23.25 Assemble Height 29.5 Assembly Required Yes Material No Finish Espresso Styles Contemporary Shipping Time 1-2 Weeks Free Shipping Yes
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© University of Kent - Contact | Feedback | Legal | FOI | Cookies
Ethnobotany Lecture
The Annual Ethnobotany Lecture was founded in 2000 and is a highlight of the academic year for the postgraduate programme. It is sponsored jointly by the Centre for Biocultural Diversity at Kent and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The lectureship is awarded to ethnobotanists who have made a significant impact on the subject, and who have established a reputation in the public understanding of science. Recent lecturers have included Gary Martin, Victoria Reyes-Garcia, Will McClatchey and Nancy Turner.
2016's lecture
Local names reveal how enslaved Africans recognised substantial parts of the New World Flora
Professor Tinde van Andel
Naturalis Special Professor of Ethnobotany, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University
Clusius Chair History of Botany and Gardens, Leiden University
Tuesday 15 November, 2016
Jodrell Lecture Theatre, Kew Gardens
Professor van Andel's research focuses on the migration of African peoples and plants to the New World. Her innovative research combines ethnobotany and genomics to help us to understand the largely unwritten migration history of people, plants and the knowledge on how to use them. She received her PhD in Ethnobotany at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands at Utrecht University in 2000, for her research on Medicinal and ritual plant use among Suriname Maroons and their ancestral ethnic groups in Ghana, Benin and Gabon. She then spent five years at Utrecht studying Medicinal plants of Suriname: Changes in plant use after migration to the Netherlands, before moving to Naturalis at Leiden to research Plant use of the Motherland-Linking Afro-Caribbean and West African Ethnobotany.
Previous Lectures
- 2015
Why ritual and incense plants are important
Caroline Weckerle
- 2014
Evolutionary Ecology as a Driver of New Questions in Ethnobotany
Doyle B. McKey
- 2013
The Ethnobiology of Crop Domestication and Evolution: Fostering resilience of social ecological systems in the Anthropocene
Pablo B. Eyzaguirre, Senior Scientist, Bioversity International
- 2012
Medicinal plant trade, conservation and local livelihoods in southern Morocco
Gary Martin
- 2011
Ethnobotany of the Home and Hearth
Will McClatchey
- 2010
The dynamics of ethnobotanical knowledge in a globalized world: examples from the Tsimane indigenous people (Bolivian Amazon)
Victoria Reyes-García
- 2009
Bringing the food back home indigenous foodways, nutrition and biodiversity indigenous foodways, nutrition and biodiversity in western Canada.
Nancy Turner
- 2008
Austrian alpine ethnobotany: examples and trends for the use and management of plant species in the Austrian Alps
Christian Vögl
- 2007
Local perceptions and forest policy: conservation and logging in Papua New Guinea
Paul Sillitoe
- 2006
Taking stock of nature? Ethnobotany and action in participatory ecological governance
Anna Lawrence
- 2005
Ancient trees and what people do to them
Oliver Rackham
- 2004
Gender bias in ethnobotany: propositions and evidence of a distorted science, and promises of a brighter future
Patricia Howard
- 2003
The origins and spread of agriculture: a comparative world view.
David Harris
- 2002
Globalization of traditional knowledge systems: implications for innovation, flow and appropriation of knowledge
Miguel Alexiades
- 2001
Plants and people in Amazonian Peru
Oliver Philipps
- 2000
The light at the edge of the world: vanishing cultures, enduring lives; an ethnobotanist's view
Wade Davis


text:
'weight loss surgeries'
Weight Loss Surgery — Is it Right for You?
Weight loss surgery has definitely hit the mainstream. Every day on TV, you see commercials for one procedure or another. From lap band to gastric bypass and more, it's become far more accepted.
But is weight loss surgery right for you?
Do You Qualify for Bariatric Surgery?
Before you can start thinking about a,particular bariatric (weight loss) surgery, you need to know if you even qualify. While exceptions to occur, in general the rules are:
- Be 100 or more pounds overweight; exceptions can be made if another condition (like diabetes) will be substantially helped.
- Be in good health otherwise; in other words, able to withstand the rigors of the surgery and general anesthesia.
- Have tried, and documented, many weight loss efforts but have failed. Just saying you tried the Rotation Diet or some such thing won't cut it. You'll need some sort of proof like Weight Watchers, NutriSystem, Jennie Craig or a medical program.
- Be motivated to change your life, for the better.
Does this sound like you?
Weight Loss Surgery — No Magic Bullet
Weight loss surgery is not a magic bullet for shedding the pounds. Indeed, you will have to carefully watch your diet for the rest of your life.
Too many people think that such a surgery will let them continue to eat what got them into trouble, just maybe in smaller amounts. Sorry, that's not the case.
If you can't stay on a diet for a few weeks, you'll not be able to stay on one for the rest of your life.
Why, Then, Have Surgery?
Because if you are motivated to change, bariatric surgery can help you shed the pounds, and shed them fast. Not only are you eating fewer calories, your body isn't able to absorb the calories you do eat. So the weight loss is thrown into high gear.
Types of Weight Loss Surgeries
There are 4 main types of weight loss surgeries available. They range from lap band (least invasive) to vertical sleeve gastrectomy. And in between there are gastric bypass and duodenal switch.
Here's where you can find additional information on each one of these weight loss surgeries.
Is weight loss surgery right for you? It just might be, if you're honestly looking to change your life habits in the process. But if you're not willing to commit to a new eating plan for the rest of your life…you may want to rethink having bariatric surgery.