text:
Mathematical structures in the network representation of energy-conserving physical systems
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Mathematical Structures in the Network Representation of Energy-Conserving Physical Systems - Decision and Control, 1996., Proceedings of the 35th IEEE WA09 10:40 Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Decision and Control Kobe, Japan December 1996 Mathematical Structures in the Network Representation of Energy-Conserving Physical Systems A.J. van der Schaftl, M. Dalsmo2, B.M. Maschke3 Abstract It is shown that network modelling of energy- conserving physical systems naturally leads to the con- sideration of (nonlinear) implicit generalized Hamilto- nian systems. Behavioral systems theory may be in- voked to formulate and analyze the system-theoretic properties of these systems. 1 Generalized Hamiltonian modelling Most of the current modelling approaches of physical systems (e.g. multi-body systems) are based on some sort of network representation, where the physical sys- tem under consideration is seen as the interconnection of a possible large number of simple sub-systems (the elementary building blocks). This way of modelling has several advantages. The knowledge about sub-systems can be stored in libraries, and is re-usable for later occa- sions. Because of the modularity the modelling process can be performed in a "recursive" manner, first neglect- ing certain effects and gradually refining the model by adding other sub-systems. Further, the approach is suited to general control design where the overall be- havior of the system is sought to be improved by the addition of other sub-systems (controllers). In our previous work [2], [3], [4], (51, [6], [7], [8], [9] we have mainly concentrated on energy-conserving physi- cal systems, where we have argued that the basic dy- namic building blocks are of the form Here z = (21,. . . , 2,) denotes the vector of (indepen- dent) energy variables, coordinatizing the state space manifold X , H(z1 , . . . , z,) is the total stored energy of the sub-system, wit


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my ex boyfriend and I have been broken up for about a week or so, and he's been going to a bunch of party's and telling me about how he's getting twerked and stuff, and I told him about one guy that I thought was cute and now he's going psycho. he's texted me over 100 times because I didn't respond. and the guy that I think is cute treats me good and stuff and tells me things I like to hear. I feel like my boyfriend doesn't treat me with respect and how I want to be treated but I he really likes me and I think I like him still, I don't know what to do. and when we were going out we fought a lot and I'm just confused
Most Helpful Guy
It would be easy to oversimplify, but lets not.
You have only broken up 1 week ago having lingering feelings is completely normal. So dont read to much into that. If you didn't have any leftover feelings i'd be inclined to ask if you ever had them to begin with.
Now when he is talking/boasting to you about getting twerked id consider that provocative and a bit unfaithfull. His reaction when you said some guy was cute is rather possesive (though it might have been a tad provocative he shouldn't go al psycho).
So his behavior is far from exemplary at the moment. If you add to this the fact that you dont feel respected or treated properly... I think its all there... You got your answer.
Im not saying you should close the door permanently but unless things change why would you go back?11|00|0


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 2005
|Filing date
|May 31, 2000
|Priority date
|May 31, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Marcos N. Novaes, Gregory D. Laib
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (20), Classifications (13), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application contains subject matter which is related to the subject matter of the following applications, each of which is assigned to the same assignee as this application and filed on the same day as this application. Each of the below listed applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
"METHOD, SYSTEM AND PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING PROCESSING GROUPS OF A DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT," Novaes et al., Ser. No. 09/584,259, filed herewith;
"METHOD, SYSTEM AND PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR SERIALIZING REPLICATED TRANSACTIONS OF A DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT," Novaes et al., Ser. No. 09/584,481, filed herewith;
"SYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION OF TRANSACTIONS IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM," Novaes et al., Ser. No. 09/583,370, filed herewith; and
"METHOD, SYSTEM AND PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR MANAGING A CLUSTERED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT," novaes et al., Ser. No. 09/583,677, filed May 31, 2000.
This invention relates, in general, to distributed systems, and in particular, to managing a distributed synchronous transaction system.
Distributed systems are highly-available, scalable systems that are utilized in various situations, including those situations that require a high-throughput of work or continuous or nearly continuous availability of the system.
One type of a distributed system is a distributed synchronous transaction system, which is a system that performs distributed synchronous transactions on behalf of distributed clients. A distributed synchronous transaction is a transaction that is initiated substantially immediately when it is requested by a client application, and which in turn, is notified of the success of the transaction substantially immediately following the transaction's completion.
Although there are facilities today for managing distributed synchronous transactions, these facilities tend to be complicated. Thus, there is still a need for capabilities to facilitate the management of synchronous transactions in a distributed system.
The shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a method of recovery from failures within a shared nothing distributed computing environment. The method includes, for instance, detecting a failure within the shared nothing distributed computing environment; and recovering from the failure, wherein one or more transactions affected by the failure are executed to completion without rolling back the one or more transactions and without requiring a reposting of the one or more transactions.
System and computer program products corresponding to the above-summarized methods are also described and claimed herein.
Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention.
The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
In accordance with aspects of the present invention, distributed synchronous transactions are executed and managed. The distributed synchronous transactions are utilized by distributed client applications of a distributed computing environment.
One example of a distributed computing environment incorporating and using aspects of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 1 and described herein. A distributed computing environment 100 includes, for instance, a plurality of frames 102 coupled to one another via a plurality of LAN gates 104. Frames 102 and LAN gates 104 are described in detail below.
In one example, distributed computing environment 100 includes eight (8) frames, each of which includes a plurality of processing nodes 106. In one instance, each frame includes sixteen (16) processing nodes (each having one or more processors). Each processing node is, for instance, a RISC/6000 computer running AIX, a UNIX based operating system. Each processing node within a frame is coupled to the other processing nodes of the frame via, for example, an internal LAN connection. Additionally, each frame is coupled to the other frames via LAN gates 104.
As examples, each LAN gate 104 includes either a RISC/6000 computer, any computer network connection to the LAN, or a network router. However, these are only examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that there are other types of LAN gates, and that other mechanisms can also be used to couple the frames to one another.
The distributed computing environment of
Further details regarding the nodes of a distributed computing environment are described with reference to FIG. 2. In one example, a distributed client application 200 runs on a plurality of nodes 202. In particular, an instance of the client application runs substantially simultaneously on each of the plurality of nodes, which includes three nodes in this specific example. (It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the client application can run on any number of the nodes of the environment, including only one node.)
In one embodiment, the client application instances are coupled to a distributed synchronous transaction system (DSTS), which enables the application instances, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, to participate in the synchronous replication of transactions. By using the distributed synchronous transaction system, a client instance is able to participate in synchronous replication of transactions, even though the client application instance has no direct knowledge of any other instances of the application. The distributed synchronous transaction system includes one or more DSTS instances (e.g., computer programs) 204 that run on one or more nodes. In one example, a DSTS instance is executed on each node that has a client application instance interested in participating in a distributed transaction. Each DSTS instance is coupled to one or more instances of one or more client applications.
When the DSTS instance is loaded into a node's memory and executed, it is perceived as a server process, which serves its corresponding client application process (or processes). It is the DSTS system that performs a distributed synchronous transaction on behalf of a client application. When the transaction is requested by the client, it is initiated substantially immediately by a DSTS server. Further, the client is substantially immediately notified of the outcome (e.g., success, failure) of the transaction, upon completion of the transaction.
A collection of one or more client application instances participating in the execution of a distributed synchronous transaction is referred to as a replicated group of client application instances. This group is distinct from other forms of groups in a distributed system, since the members of the replicated group have no direct knowledge of one another. Instead, the group is implicitly formed, when a client application instance diverts a flow of update operations to be replicated to one or more other client application instances.
In particular, the client application diverts the flow of operations, which modify its persistent (stored) or run-time (not stored) state. These update operations are classified as write operations. Any other transaction which does not modify the state of the client application can be termed a query, or read transaction. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, client applications perform write operations as distributed synchronous transactions, which provides each copy of the client application with a consistent, or identical state. Such capability in turn makes possible for any copy of the application to respond to queries (read operations) to its state without having to redirect the query to any of the other replicas. In other words, client applications can service read operations locally without using a DSTS server (see FIG. 3), while write operations are replicated to other instances of the client application, and thus, use DSTS (see FIG. 4), as described in further detail below. This architecture is optimal for, but not limited to, systems which are read intensive, and that exhibit a low rate of write operations.
The flow of update operations is diverted by a client application via, for instance, a DSTS protocol used by the client application. One feature of this protocol, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, includes membership in one or more processing groups. A processing group 500 (
Each member of a processing group is ensured a consistent view of the group's state data. The data is kept consistent because it is only updated by well-defined group protocols. Examples of the protocols include admission to a group, including activation of the group and joining the group, and exclusion from the group, each of which is described in detail below. Further details regarding the management of a processing group are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,958 entitled "System For Utilizing Batch Requests To Present Membership Changes To Process Groups," issued on May 5, 1998, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
One embodiment of the logic associated with admission to a group is described with reference to
In one example, a client application 602 connects to a DSTS server 604 via an initialize message, STEP 600 (
An initialize message 700 includes, for instance, an operation code 702 indicating the type of operation (e.g., initialize) being requested, and a name 704 of the client application issuing the request. The DSTS system uses the application name to propagate transactions to the other instances of the application (i.e., the members of the replicated group) having the same name.
Referring back to
As the DSTS server joins the group, the copy compares the group's sequence number with its own sequence number, STEP 618. If the group's sequence number is smaller than its own, then the copy updates the group's sequence number, STEP 620. Thereafter, or if the group's sequence number is equal to or larger than the copy's sequence number, a determination is made as to whether a quorum (in this example) of members has been reached, INQUIRY 622.
If quorum has not been reached, then processing continues with STEP 600, for another member, at least until quorum is reached. As a quorum of members join the group, the copies which are members of the processing group have knowledge that the quorum was achieved. At this point, the group's sequence number is set to the highest incarnation of the members, STEP 624. The members, whose sequence number match the group's when this point is reached, initiate an activation protocol by sending a group activation message, STEP 626. The group activation message initiates a multi-phase protocol.
In the first phase of activation, the members of the group receive the group activation message, which contains the node address of the member which sent the message, STEP 628 (
The members whose sequence number match those of the group also propose to go to the second phase. If all current members propose to go to the second phase (none aborts), the second phase begins.
As the first phase of group activation finishes, the current members of the processing group verify that a majority of the members was maintained, STEP 636 (
The members now change the group sequence number by, for instance, adding 1 to it, STEP 638. The members then store the new sequence number in group state and propose to conclude the protocol, STEP 640. Any member that fails at this stage proposes to abort the protocol.
In protocol completion, if no current member aborted, INQUIRY 642, then the group has the guarantee that the current members of the group have the same consistent group state and sequence number, and that the new sequence number has been stored by a majority of the numbers of the group. The group state is then changed to active, STEP 644.
Each time a member joins an active group, it initiates a multi-phase group admission protocol, one embodiment of which is described with reference to
In response to receiving the join proposal message, the other members of the group (802,
A quiesce message 1000 includes, for instance, an operation code 1002 specifying that this a quiesce operation. The quiesce message requests the client applications to cease sending update requests (e.g., replicate request messages described below), such that the global state of the application is stabilized.
Thereafter, each copy of the application is requested to produce a snapshot of the current state of the application and to store this state in persistent storage, STEP 904. This request is performed by sending an archive message to the copies of the application. One example of an archive message is described with reference to FIG. 11. In one example, an archive message 1100 includes an operation code 1102 indicating that this is an archive request.
All of the members receive a copy of the join proposal, including the joining member. The joining member then compares the sequence number of the proposal with the present group membership or a negative infinity, if no other members are part of the group, INQUIRY 906. If the joining member's sequence number is smaller than the group's sequence number, then a determination is made as to whether the group is active, INQUIRY 908. In one example, this determination is made by checking the activation status in the group state (804, FIG. 8).
If the group is still active, then the joining member contacts one of the members which has the larger sequence member, and retrieves the persistent state of the distributed system from that member's node, and moves it to the application storage area, STEP 910. In particular, in one example, the DSTS system uses a dearchive message to retrieve the snapshot from storage and request the outdated copy of the application to load the most updated snapshot.
One example of the dearchive message is described with reference to
In addition to issuing the dearchive message, the DSTS server also issues an enumerate handles message, which is executed, for instance, substantially immediately after the client application loads a snapshot of the persistent state. An enumerate handles message 1300 (
One example of the handle enumeration message is described with reference to FIG. 14 and includes, for example, an operation code 1402 indicating that this is the handle enumeration message, and a resource handle map 1404, which includes one or more pairs of resource names and handles. These handles are unique names used, for instance, to notify third party applications of changes to the client application's state, and to serialize simultaneous update requests to the same resources, as described below.
After successfully reinitializing itself by loading the snapshot, the new copy is allowed to participate in the DSTS system, and a resume message is sent to all copies such that the DSTS system may resume normal operation. Further, the new copy proposes to begin the second phase of join, STEP 912.
Returning to INQUIRY 908, if the group becomes inactive, the joining member notes the fact that its sequence number is outdated, STEP 916, and waits for an activation message to take further action, STEP 918. The joining member does not take place in the second phase of join.
Returning to INQUIRY 906, if the joining member's sequence number is equal to the sequence number of the group, then the group is inactive. This fact is given by a virtue of the group activation protocol (e.g., a quorum policy, in this example) and by the property of quorum enforcement. Thus, the joining member waits for an activation message to take effect, STEP 918, and there is no second phase of join. Similarly, if the joining member's sequence number is higher, INQUIRY 906, it also follows that the group is inactive, and thus, the joining member waits for an activation message, STEP 918.
If the joining member has proposed to proceed to the second phase, it has the new sequence number and distributed state. Thus, the members (including the joining member) now change the group's sequence number by, for instance, adding one to it, STEP 922 (
In addition to the above, a member can be excluded from a group. In particular, each time a node fails, or the DSTS copy that executes on the node fails, the remaining members of the group notice that a member has failed, STEP 1500 (FIG. 15). If the group is inactive, INQUIRY 1502, no action is taken, STEP 1504. Further, if the group is active, but does not have a majority of members, INQUIRY 1506, then no action is taken.
However, if the group is active and retains majority, INQUIRY 1506, then each member stops any further updates to the distributed state, STEP 1507. Additionally, each member changes the group sequence number by, for instance, adding 1 to it, STEP 1508, and stores the new sequence number and the group state, STEP 1510. Then, the members propose to conclude the protocol, STEP 1512. Any member that fails at this stage proposes to abort the protocol.
If no member aborts, then the group has a guarantee that the current members of the group have the same consistent group state and sequence number, and that the new sequence number has been stored by a majority of the members of the group.
The DSTS system notifies the client application instances when a quorum (majority) of DSTS servers is available or has been lost, by utilizing, for instance, a quorum notification message. In one example, a quorum notification message 1600 (
As described herein, members of a processing group are utilized to replicate distributed synchronous transactions, which are initiated by client application instances coupled to the members of the group. To facilitate communication between the client instances and the server members of the group, various messages are employed. In one example, these messages include (in addition to the messages described above) a replicate request message, a replication callback message, a replication callback result message, a replication completed message and a shutdown message, each of which is described below.
One example of a replicate request message is described with reference to
The replicate request message is sent by a single client application instance (a.k.a., the initiator) to a server process of the DSTS system. Upon receipt of the message (or sometime thereafter), the server process distributes the message to one or more other server processes of the distributed computing environment. In particular, in one example, it is sent to all of the other current server processes of the processing group.
In response, each of the server processes sends a replication callback message to the corresponding instances (peers) of the client application. One example of a replication callback message is described with reference to
In addition to the above, a replication callback result message is sent from the client application to the DSTS server, after the requested transaction is processed. One example of a replication callback result messages is described with reference to
After the server processes receive the replication callback results, they verify that the transaction has been completed by forwarding a replication completed message 2000 (FIG. 20). In one example, replication completed message 2000 includes an operation code 2002 indicating that this is a replication completed message; and an operation status 2004 specifying whether the transaction was performed successfully.
Should the system be shut down, the DSTS system utilizes a shutdown message that notifies the copies of the client application that the system is about to shut down. In one example, a shutdown message 2100 (
Utilization of the above-described replication messages is further described below with reference to
Thereafter, each copy of client application 2202 (
Subsequently, the DSTS server of the request initiator (e.g., server 2208) verifies that the transaction has been completed by a majority of the copies of the application. A majority is defined as the integer division of the number of servers by two, discarding the decimal part and adding one to the result. For example the majority of three client instances is 3/2+1, which is 2. If the majority of the client applications is successful in performing the transaction, then the transaction is committed, and a replication completed message is forwarded from server 2208 to its corresponding application instance. Otherwise, the transaction is aborted. The completion of the transaction by a majority of the copies of the application ensures the persistence of the operation. Any copy of the application which is unable to perform a transaction is expelled from the DSTS group, as described above.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the replicated distributed transactions are committed using a two-phase commit protocol. Further, when a transaction is committed by one copy of the server, it is also committed by the other copies of the processing group.
Each synchronous replicated transaction is associated with a set of tokens (handles), for which either exclusive or shared access is requested during processing of the transaction. Although, the transactions do not require that any locks related to the access tokens be obtained prior to initiation, transactions which access the same exclusive access tokens are serialized. That is, the members of a processing group commit one transaction (the same transaction), before another transaction is allowed to be committed.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a serialization technique is provided that allows for transactions using the same resources to be initiated in parallel. The initiator of a transaction lists which tokens (e.g., handles) the transaction requires for exclusive and shared use. As an alternative, a central token granting facility (server) can be used. The initiator would obtain tokens from the central token granting facility before initiating the transaction. However, for a majority of the cases, the tokens do not conflict, so there is a great improvement in performance over a token granting server approach. But in the case in which tokens do conflict, the serialization technique of the present invention is performed in order to preserve the consistency of the data in each member of the processing server group.
For example, assume that two transactions are simultaneously initiated, that request exclusive access to a token labeled "A". Further, assume that Server 1 initiates transaction T1, and Server 2 initiates transaction T2. Assume that T1 is supposed to set A=1 and T2 is to set A=2. Assume further there are three members in the processing group, which are to perform these transactions. Since the transactions are initiated simultaneously, their order is not important, but they are to be executed in the same order by all the members.
The synchronously replicated transactions are executed using a two-phase commit protocol. Thus, the data is transmitted in a first phase, called the Prepare to Commit (PTC) phase, and the transaction is committed in a second phase, called the Commit (CMT) phase. The two-phase commit can proceed in parallel (i.e., transactions T1 and T2 can be initiated in parallel), allowing the replication of transactions to be more efficient. However, at some point in the two-phase commit protocol, the transactions are to be serialized. If not, problems arise, as described below.
If the two-phase commit is allowed to proceed in parallel without serialization, it could lead to inconsistent results, as illustrated below:
Server 1 Server 2 Server 3 PTC(T1) PTC(T2) PTC(T2) PTC(T2) PTC(T1) PTC(T1)
//**the servers wait for acknowledgment that the PTCs were received before processing the Commit phase:
The problem here is that Server 1 and Server 2 executed T1, T2, setting A=1, in these servers. However, Server 3 executed T2, T1, setting A=2, as a final result. The value of "A" is now inconsistent in the processing group, and that is not acceptable in a synchronously replicated transaction system.
In order to overcome this problem, the first phase of the two-phase commit process (the PTC phase) is allowed to proceed in parallel, and then the Commit phase is serialized based on the token information sent in the PTC, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. The PTC protocol is extended such that it provides information on which tokens are necessary for exclusive/shared access for each transaction. Since an assignment (A=1) requires exclusive access, the token "A" is listed for exclusive access in the PTC of both T1 and T2:
Further details relating to the two-phase commit protocol is described with reference to
Referring to
Thereafter, each non-initiator server responds to the PTC request with a PTC acknowledgment (PTC_ACK) message 2310. In particular, server 2308 a sends an acknowledgment, which includes an operation code, as well as the request identifier. Similarly, server 2308 b sends an acknowledgment, but only after serializing any conflicts. That is, in this example, server 2308 b is chosen as a coordinator of the group. Thus, it monitors all of the PTC requests it receives and sends a PTC_ACK message 2310 serializing any conflicting requests. If it notices that two or more PTCs are issued for the same exclusive access resource (or for an exclusive request which conflicts with a shared one), then the group coordinator chooses to commit one of them first, waits for the confirmation that the update is complete, and then commits the second one, and so forth.
The protocol initiator (e.g., server 2304) receives the PTC_ACK message s from the other servers. After it receives all of the PTC_ACK messages for a given message, it sends a commit message, thus, initiating the second phase of the two-phase commit protocol.
One example of the second phase of the two-phase commit protocol is described with reference to FIG. 24. Initially, the protocol initiator 2400 receives PTC_ACK messages from all of the members of the group, and then sends a commit message 2402 to each of the other servers of the processing group. Each server of the group sends a replication callback message 2404 to its corresponding application to request the application to commit the operation. After committing the operation, a replication callback result message 2406 is sent from the client application to the DSTS server.
Thereafter, a commit acknowledge message 2408 is sent from each DSTS server to the protocol initiator (e.g., server 2400). The protocol initiator receives the commit acknowledge messages from all the members of the group and sends a replication completed message 2410 to the initiating client, if at least a majority of the members have completed the request.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, this implicit serialization is made possible without any extra messages, including explicit lock messages of the resources. Instead, a member of the processing group initiates a transaction with the PTC message. It then waits for the acknowledgment that the other members received the PTC message, and this acknowledgment is called the PTC_ACK message. When the initiating member receives all of the PTC_ACKs, it can then issue the commit message. Therefore, concurrent transactions are serialized by making the group coordinator hold its acknowledgment, if it detects conflicts in the PTC phase.
Thus, the conflict problem depicted in the previous example is solved as follows (assuming Server 3 is the coordinator):
Server 1 Server 2 Server 3 PTC(T1{A}) PTC(T1{A}) PTC(T2{A}) PTC(T2{A}) PTC(T2{A}) PTC(T1{A}) *coordinator detects simultaneous use of token "A"
//**The servers wait for the acknowledgment that the PTCs were received
PTC_ACK(T2{A}) *coordinator
acknowledges only receiving
T2 although it has already
received T1)
CMT(T2) *all members commit T2
PTC_ACK(T1{A}) *coordinator
now acknowledges receiving
CMT(T1) *all members commit T1
During the two-phase commit process (and other processing) of a distributed transaction, a failure may occur. If such a failure occurs, procedures are in place for recovery therefrom, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. In one example, a transparent recovery of the DSTS system is performed, and no pending transactions are lost during the recovery process. As one example, the pending transactions are completed without requiring the reposting of the transactions, even if a number of members of the DSTS group fail.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a facility is provided that makes possible the completion of a pending transaction in the event that any member of the DSTS group experiences a failure. Since the DSTS system can recover from the failure of one or more of the member copies of the system, the system is said to be highly available. The solution to this problem is complicated by the fact that, even though the DSTS system guarantees that transactions complete synchronously, the arrival of the messages in a two-phase protocol is not synchronous. That is, not all the members receive the PTC and CMT messages at the same time, and as a consequence at any point in time, each member may have received a different set of messages related to a protocol, and the messages may have been received in different order.
For example, consider a snapshot of the DSTS taken during normal operation at T=4, in FIG. 25. At that point, each server has received the following set of messages:
Server 1
Server 2
Server 3
Now, assume that Server 2 failed at T=4.
In the event of a failure, one of the surviving members is elected as a group coordinator. In this example, it is assumed that Server 1 is elected as the group coordinator. The group coordinator participates in recovery, as described herein.
One embodiment of the logic associated with a recovery facility is described with reference to FIG. 26. Initially, each surviving member sends to the group coordinator a list of the transaction identifiers for which PTCs were observed, since the last synchronization point, STEP 2600. In this example, Server 3 sends PTC(C) and PCT(A). Subsequently, the group coordinator compares the PTC identifiers sent by the other surviving member(s) with its own list of PTCs, STEP 2602. In this example, the list from Server 3 is compared against {PTC(B) and PTC(A)}.
Next, the group coordinator requests the actual PTC message for any message that was reported by other members, but not received by the coordinator, STEP 2604. For example, the group coordinator, Server 1, requests from Server 3, PTC(C) message. At this point, the group coordinator has knowledge of all pending transactions, since the last synchronization point. The group coordinator now assumes the role of protocol initiator for all pending protocols. The other members of the group know that the protocol initiator role was changed because the system goes into recovery mode when a failure occurs.
The group coordinator sends PTC messages to any other surviving members, for all the PTC messages that are in the union of its PTC list and the other PTC list that it received in STEP 2600, STEP 2606. For example, the group coordinator sends out {PTC(A), PTC(B), PTC(C)}. The surviving group members receive the pending PTCs, and store the ones that they have not yet received, STEP 2608. For example, Server 3 stores PTC(B).
Subsequently, the surviving members send PTC_ACK messages for each of the PTCs that were received, STEP 2610. As the PTC_ACKS are received for the group members for each PTC, the group coordinator sends a commit (CMT) message, STEP 2612. As the surviving members receive the commit message, they send CMT_ACKS messages, STEP 2614. When the CMT_ACKS messages are received for the pending transactions, the DSTS system has reached another synchronization point (i.e., no pending transactions).
Advantageously, the details of the two-phase commit process is hidden from the client application. In particular, the client application has no knowledge that there are other copies of the application involved in the commit process.
Further, advantageously, the recovery technique described above can take more than one failure. That is, it can successfully complete transactions, even if group members continue to fail, and even if the recovery is already in progress, as long as, for instance, a quorum of the group members is maintained. When a failure is noticed, the technique is restarted from the beginning. A transaction may be lost, however, if the initiator of the transaction fails before it can send out any PTC messages, or if all of a majority of the recipients of a PTC message fails after receiving the message. The recovery technique is applicable to all types of applications, even for applications that do not support rollback operations. Further, it is a useful communications protocol for shared nothing distributed systems.
In addition to the above, a failed member can rejoin the group by having the failed member detect the last synchronization point that is observed and obtaining from the current group the delta of transactions that it needs to reach the most recent synchronization point of the DSTS system.
In one embodiment, group membership and group state are employed in the recovery of the DSTS system.
Described above are various aspects of managing replicated distributed synchronous transactions. Advantageously, the replication details are hidden from the client applications (e.g., no voting in two-phase commit, no participation in group protocols). One or more of the aspects of the present invention are applicable to homogeneous systems, as well as heterogeneous systems. As one example, capabilities are provided to facilitate the interoperability of the systems of a heterogeneous environment.
The present invention can be included in an article of manufacture (e.g., one or more computer program products) having, for instance, computer usable media. The media has embodied therein, for instance, computer readable program code means for providing and facilitating the capabilities of the present invention. The article of manufacture can be included as a part of a computer system or sold separately.
Additionally, at least one program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying at least one program of instructions executable by the machine to perform the capabilities of the present invention can be provided.
The flow diagrams depicted herein are just examples. There may be many variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention.
Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Feb 1, 1985
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optimistic recovery in a distributed processing system
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|Apr 18, 1989
|International Business Machines Incorporated
|Method of providing synchronous message exchange in an asychronous operating environment
|May 23, 1991
|Aug 18, 1992
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Data recovery system and method of distributed transaction processing system
|May 16, 1990
|Jun 7, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Asynchronous resynchronization of a commit procedure
|May 16, 1990
|Jun 7, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Recovery facility for incomplete sync points for distributed application
|May 23, 1994
|Jul 18, 1995
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for maintaining replicated data coherency in a data processing system
|Jul 15, 1994
|Aug 8, 1995
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Asynchronous replica management in shared nothing architectures
|May 26, 1995
|Sep 10, 1996
|Telenor As
|Continuously available database server having multiple groups of nodes with minimum intersecting sets of database fragment replicas
|Apr 30, 1996
|May 5, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System for utilizing batch requests to present membership changes to process groups
|Jul 23, 1996
|Sep 8, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Recovery of a name server managing membership of a domain of processors in a distributed computing environment
|Sep 25, 1996
|Mar 16, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, method and program for performing two-phase commit with a coordinator that performs no logging
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|Apr 6, 1999
|Tandem Computers Incorporated
|Method an apparatus for tolerance of lost timer ticks during recovery of a multi-processor system
|May 29, 1997
|May 25, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for recovery in a partitioned shared nothing database system using virtual share disks
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|Jun 1, 1999
|Mangosoft Corporation
|System and method for providing highly available data storage using globally addressable memory
|May 31, 1997
|Jul 6, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for supporting transactions for a thin client lacking a persistent store in a distributed object-oriented environment
|Jan 5, 1998
|Jul 20, 1999
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Apparatus and program product for recovery of a name server managing membership of a domain of processors in a distributed computing environment
|Feb 19, 1997
|Oct 12, 1999
|At&T Corp
|Local logging in a distributed database management computer system
|Apr 22, 1998
|Dec 5, 2000
|Unisys Corporation
|Methods and apparatus for enabling a component in a first transaction processing environment to access a resource in another environment that is under the control of an Xatmi complaint transaction manager
|Dec 28, 1998
|Jan 22, 2002
|Oracle Corporation
|Transitioning ownership of data items between ownership groups
|Mar 25, 1999
|Sep 10, 2002
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Real-time event processing system with subscription model
|Aug 17, 1999
|Dec 30, 2003
|Emc Corporation
|Remote mirroring system, device, and method
|Citing Patent
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|Apr 23, 2004
|Oct 2, 2007
|Oracle International Corporation
|Dynamic reassignment of data ownership
|Feb 15, 2006
|Jul 13, 2010
|Microsoft Corporation
|Synchronization peer participant model
|Apr 23, 2004
|Jul 31, 2012
|Oracle International Corporation
|Parallel recovery by non-failed nodes
|Oct 30, 2006
|Dec 25, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Preventing on-line violations of legal regulations on users of a communication system
|Oct 20, 2010
|Feb 12, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Ordered scheduling of suspended processes based on resumption events
|Nov 5, 2009
|Aug 13, 2013
|Oracle International Corporation
|Lock manager on disk
|Sep 19, 2011
|Nov 5, 2013
|Amazon Technologies, Inc.
|Distributed computer system snapshots and instantiation thereof
|Sep 23, 2013
|Sep 22, 2015
|Amazon Technologies, Inc.
|Distributed computer system snapshot instantiation with variable depth
|Apr 23, 2004
|Oct 28, 2004
|Oracle International Corporation
|Dynamic reassignment of data ownership
|Apr 23, 2004
|Oct 28, 2004
|Oracle International Corporation
|Parallel recovery by non-failed nodes
|Jan 22, 2004
|Apr 14, 2005
|Jianbo Lu
|Integrated sensing system
|Jun 2, 2004
|Dec 8, 2005
|Brown Todd A
|System and method for determining desired yaw rate and lateral velocity for use in a vehicle dynamic control system
|Feb 15, 2006
|Sep 28, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|Synchronization peer participant model
|Jan 4, 2006
|Jul 26, 2007
|Ess Data Recovery, Inc.
|Data recovery application
|Aug 22, 2007
|Feb 7, 2008
|Husain Syed M A
|Fail-Over In A Multi-Computer System
|Oct 30, 2006
|Jun 19, 2008
|Weir Robert C
|Method and system for preventing on-line violations of legal regulations on users of a communication system
|Aug 29, 2007
|Mar 5, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Efficient utilization of transactions in computing tasks
|Dec 21, 2009
|Jun 24, 2010
|Watchguard Technologies, Inc.
|Self-Monitoring Cluster of Network Security Devices
|Nov 5, 2009
|May 5, 2011
|Oracle International Corporation
|Lock manager on disk
|Jan 15, 2010
|Jul 21, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Persistent application activation and timer notifications
|U.S. Classification
|707/611, 709/201, 707/999.01, 707/684, 707/674, 707/966, 707/703, 707/999.202
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 10, 2000
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:NOVAES, MARCOS N.;LAIB, GREGORY D.;REEL/FRAME:011186/0731;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000907 TO 20000926
|May 24, 2005
|Certificate of correction
|Sep 9, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 12, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 19, 2012
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Dec 19, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 23, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Charles E. Carraher, father of 8 and grandfather of 26, is a Professor at Florida Atlantic University. Professor Carraher received a B.S. from Sterling College, followed by a Ph.D. from the University of Missouri, Kansas City. Well known for his work in renewable resources, metal and organometallic-containing materials, biologically active materials, a broad range of polymer modifications, and even research targeting bioterrorism, Professor Carraher is a prolific author of both peer-review journal papers (over 1,100) and books (over 75), the holder of the first patent for the chemical synthesis of nucleic acids (US Pat. 3,491,061) and is a highly visible presenter (along with many students he brings with him) at ACS meetings.
For the past four decades, Professor Carraher has played an important role in the governance of the ACS PMSE Division, contributing his thoughts and expertise to a wide range of PMSE programs and broadly to the advancement of polymer science & engineering. He is perhaps best known within ACS circles, for his tireless work in PolyEd, the national clearinghouse for polymer education, where he has provided important assistance to educators ranging from K-12 through graduate school programs, and he has fought consistently for the inclusion of polymers in the curriculum required for ACS certified chemistry programs, finally a requirement.
Along with his counterpart in the ACS Poly Division, who will also be recognized for his contributions to PolyEd, the entire ACS PMSE Division is extraordinarily pleased to award Charles Carraher with its 2017 Distinguished Service Award, for many contributions to the division, but especially for his tireless efforts to promote PolyEd, and to modernize the ACS certification requirements.
Lisa S. Baugh is a Research Associate in ExxonMobil's Corporate Strategic Research Laboratory in Annandale, NJ. She joined Exxon in 1997 after completing her PhD in chemistry at the University of California-Berkeley. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Texas-Austin and carried out part of her PhD work in the UMass-Amherst Polymer Science & Engineering Department. At ExxonMobil, her research has focused mainly on polyolefin synthesis and structure-property relationships, spanning topics from transition metal-mediated polymerization and functional polyolefins to plasticizers, polymer blends, and carbon capture. She has numerous patents and publications and is a 2014 recipient of the New Jersey R&D Council Thomas Edison Patent Award.
Lisa's work with PMSE began in 1998 as a symposium organizer and secretariat representative. She has subsequently been elected to 9 straight terms as Member-at-Large and served PMSE in many capacities, most notably as chair of the Books and Preprints committees. In this role, she has helped guide the Division through the transition to online publications and the end of the Preprint era. During that transition away from Preprints, Lisa devised a method for supplying user-friendly CDs to those requesting them, meeting member needs; she also designed the PMSE Preprints web site (one didn't previously exist) and has maintained it up-to-date for the past decade.
Lisa has worked to guarantee permanent, broad online access to PMSE Preprints. In 2007 she initiated contracts with a commercial journal supplier for online ordering of subscriptions and back issues, and created a popular service to provide preprint articles from 1970 onward for a nominal fee. This required compiling a complete 83-volume archive of PMSE Preprints. Previously, single preprint articles were only available through an informal and unreliable library network. The online systems put in place by Lisa ensure that the valuable technical content in 45 years of PMSE Preprints will remain accessible to the scientific community.
Lisa has also served as PMSE Membership Chair, awards judge, and awards publicity coordinator, and represented PMSE as the 2001 Secretary-General of the Catalysis Secretariat (CATL). She is a past Editorial Advisory Board member for the ACS magazine Chemistry, a past Associate of the Women Chemists Committee, and a 20-year member of POLY Division.
Charles E. Carraher, Florida Atlantic University
Lisa Baugh, ExxonMobil
Benny Freeman, University of Texas, Austin
Christopher K. Ober, Cornell University
David Bauer, Exponent, Inc.
Leslie H. Sperling, Lehigh University
Elsa Reichmanis, Georgia Institute of Technology
Michael Jaffe, New Jersey Insititute of Technology
David J. Lohse, ExxonMobil
Murrae J. Bowden
George R. Pilcher
S. Richard Turner
Larry F. Thompson
Ray Dickie
Theodore Provder
Charles E. Carraher
John Lupinski
Sandy Labana
Clara D. Craver
Kenneth N. Edwards
Louis J. Nowacki
E. E. McSweeney
Roy W. Tess


text: In today's episode of News Bites watch as Ahmed Jabreel rejects all negotiations in Libya except Gaddafi's Exile; China decides to increase its military budget; a retired FBI agent is back from the dead from Iran. While, Jamie Oliver denounces a harsh remark by Dr. David Starkey in Channel 4's Dream School and Lindsay Lohan is humiliated at Oscar Parties! Watch all this and more only at Carbonated.TV


text:
Commercial kitchen faucets are becoming quite popular among homeowners and manufacturers are realizing this just now. The options available today in the commercial faucet range are just staggering. Best of all, you can find one in your budget without compromising too much on functionality and design.
A commercial design will not just have a spray head but most often a secondary fixed spout too. These are more than a style statement in any kitchen and if you can afford a commercial kitchen faucet then my advice is to get one without a second thought – they are well worth the investment.
Here's my top pick of commercial faucets. I understand that most of my readers will be homeowners and not restaurant renovators. It is for this reason, I have carefully constructed my list of top commercial kitchen faucets keeping cost as a main factor.
Ufaucet Commercial Faucet Review
This is one of the most affordable kitchen faucet options out there. If you're in a hurry, or just want a good-looking, functional kitchen faucet, look no further than the Ufaucet Commercial unit.Read Reviews on Amazon.com > Read Our Review >
Kraus KPF-1602SS Review
Bold, functional, and durable, this commercial-style kitchen faucet is a statement piece that will add some style to any kitchen out there.Read Reviews on Amazon.com > Read Our Review >
Kraus KPF-1640SS Review
Another home-run kitchen faucet from Kraus. The KPF-1640SS is highly functional as an all-in-one commercial faucet, and is subtly stylish to boot!Read Reviews on Amazon.com > Read Our Review >
Kraus KPF-1650SS Review
Industrial function meets modern aesthetic - this is a truly fantastic kitchen faucet that will last for years and years.Read Reviews on Amazon.com > Read Our Review >


text:
The Grandeur of the Grand Canyon
'Awe-inspiring' is the word that comes to my mind when I think of the Grand Canyon and it is called so for a good reason. Vision of canyons carved by the mighty Colorado river stretch a vast 200 odd kilometres and its sure to leave you mesmerised.
This summer, I went on a big american road trip from Las Vegas, Nevada to San Francisco, California with my boyfriend and we returned with memories of a lifetime. This post is the first of a series of travel posts about our road trip that I'd like to share with you. It all started with an 'American Heart Association' conference in Vegas which we both attended (Yes, for real! Someone came up with the idea of organising a conference in Vegas). Five days in Vegas for the conference were extremely tiring with a busy schedule and the hustle of the most populous city in the world left me extremely exhausted.
My boyfriend fancied driving a Jeep with a four-wheel drive which we picked up from the airport and off we went towards South rim of the Grand Canyon. Before I went on this trip, I did extensive research on which part of GC to go to- The North rim and the South rim are maintained by the National Park Service while the West rim is un by the native Hualapai people. If you are short in time and have just a few hours to peek at what GC looks like, head to the West rim. It is the closest from Vegas if you are heading from that direction. I've heard of the 'Skywalk attraction' which is very popular with tourists. But, if you are looking for a real park experience and have a few days to spare, head to the north or the south rim. The south rim is more crowded than the north during summer and is also a few degrees warmer due to a difference in elevation. The driving distances between the two (about 4 hours from S-N) make it difficult to visit both if you only have a few days at hand. Mind that accommodation inside the park is booked way in advance during the summer, which is why we had to stay at the nearby town of 'Flagstaff'.
Once in GC, we received a map and a seasonal newspaper with loads of information about activities at the park.
We walked to the visitors centre to orient ourselves and had a little chat with one of the park rangers who asked, 'Have you seen it yet?'. We nodded our heads and he told us to walk towards the rim from the visitors centre.
My jaw dropped in astonishment at the first sight of the Grand Canyon. Behind us was a fairly flat land where the national park service made roads and constructed buildings to run the Grand Canyon National Park and in front of us was a marvel of nature- gorges and canyons, high and low, staring at us and spread as far as my eyes could see.
We took a shuttle bus to various view points and thoroughly enjoyed every one of them. To connect with the nature around us and to escape a big part of the crowd, we decided to hike the 'Bright Angel Trail' the next day. As we headed down the trail, the bright, sunny skies were overtaken by dark clouds with heavy rain. To save ourselves from being hit by thunder, we had to take shelter for over two hours which meant we couldn't make it to the 'Indian Gardens' part of the hike. As we made our way to the 3-mile rest house and back, we encountered just a handful of hikers. We were all by ourselves, surrounded by the grandest of canyons, a few birds and wild deers at times.
What's better than than watch the sun go down the canyons. We went to the 'Desert view' point for sunset which also has a watch tower.
You can get a glimpse of the 'Colorado river' in this picture taken after sunset.
Coming up next in the travel series is 'Bryce Canyon'. Stay tuned!
Have you been to the 'Grand canyon'? Which activities did you do? To share your experience or to know more information if you are planning a trip, leave a comment.
Posted on November 26, 2013, in Travel and tagged Arizona, Bright Angel Trail, colorado river, Grand Canyon National Park, National Park Service, north rim, South rim, West rim. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


text:
Southwest Sausage and Jalapeno Bread Pudding
Be the first to review
READY IN: 2hrs
Recipe by ratherbeswimmin
Posted by request
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 12 ounces spicy sausage
- 6 cups bread cubes, from day-old country-style loaf (3/4 inch cubes)
- 1 jalapeno pepper, seeded and minced
- 1 cup frozen corn kernels, thawed
- 1⁄4 cup chopped red bell pepper
- 1 cup shredded monterey jack cheese
- 6 large eggs
- 2 cups milk
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt, to taste
- fresh ground black pepper
Directions See How It's Made
- Melt butter in a small pan; pour melted butter into a 13x9 inch baking dish, swirling it around to coat the dish with the butter.
- In a medium skillet, crumble the sausage and brown it over med-high heat until no longer pink.
- Remove the meat with a slotted spoon and drain on paper towels.
- Layer half the cubed bread in the buttered dish and sprinkle with half of the jalapeno, corn, and red bell pepper.
- Sprinkle with all of the sausage and layer half of the cheese on top.
- Repeat the layers (except for the sausage) ending with cheese.
- In a bowl, whisk the eggs until thickened; then whisk in the milk.
- Season with salt and pepper; pour mixture over the contents in the baking dish; cover with plastic wrap and refrigerate overnight.
- Remove from refrigerator and let set for 30 minutes at room temperature; position oven rack in the middle of the oven; preheat to 350°.
- Remove the plastic wrap and bake for 50 minutes to 1 hour or until puffed and golden, and a knife inserted near the edge comes out clean; let rest for 10 minutes before serving.


text:
Supporting parents through pregancy loss and the death of a baby
Child Bereavement UK
Wednesday, 20 September 2017 from 10:00 to 16:00 (BST)
Who's Going
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Florence, Italy
Event Details
To provide an opportunity for participants to explore the impact that pregnancy loss and the death of a baby can have on the family, and to identify the skills required to help professionals feel empowered to support these families.
Learning outcomes
- explore and develop self-awareness in relation to loss, grief and bereavement
- recognise physical and emotional reactions to grief
- gain an understanding of what parents may need when they are faced with the death of their baby
- be aware of current guidelines, research and initiatives around baby loss and bereavement support
- be aware of current baby death statistics and data
- relate theories of grief to practices in the workplace
- gain an insight into differing faiths, beliefs and cultures
- explore and experience ways to support ourselves and our colleagues
- gain information about Child Bereavement UK and other support organisations and resources available
Who should attend?
An introductory workshop for all those whose work brings them into contact with families grieving the loss of a baby through miscarriage, termination due to fetal anomaly, stillbirth or neonatal death.
Keep in touch
If you are interested in attending this type of training but can't attend these sessions, the training team at Child Bereavement UK can keep in touch with you, just by email, to give you updates about our upcoming training, special events and conferences. If you wish to receive these emails, please sign-up online.
Save This Event
Event Saved
When & Where
Slater Gordon
Haywood House
North Dumfries Place
CF10 3GA Cardiff
United Kingdom
Wednesday, 20 September 2017 from 10:00 to 16:00 (BST)
Add to my calendar
Child Bereavement UK
Child Bereavement UK is recognised as the UK's leading provider of training for professionals working with bereaved families across the UK.
We support families and educate professionals when a baby or child of any age dies or is dying, or when a child is facing bereavement.
Currently the charity trains around 8,000 professionals each year across health care, social care, education, the emergency services and the voluntary sector. It also provides a national support and information service, award-winning resources, an interactive website and family bereavement support in locations around the UK.


text:
will he check my messages?
Most Helpful Guy
It is quite possible... I think teens forget that if their parents pay for their phone plans then they own the phone, not you!
If you are doing something with the phone that is inappropriate then they have the right to take the phone or just cut the service.
If you are paying for the phone and service, then he really does not have the right to look at your phone.00|00|0
Thanks for MHGuy, cheers!
No problem
Most Helpful Girl
If he's asking to check your phone, then yes, he's going to check your messages. That's probably the main thing he's going to check, that and your photos.11|00|0
Ok well I'm thinking of running away anyway so
- Show AllShow Less
Yup, I did tell you it wasn't a good idea.
I don't regret a bit of what I've done though


text:
Dont have much experience with dating but here goes. Not really interested if you are a smoker or if your idea of a good time is going out to the bar.
Looking for somebody that doesnt mind hanging out and occasionally going out to see a movie or get something to eat on the weekends. An interest in reading and other forms of entertainment would be a plus.
Fun facts about me.
I dont take naps.
My favorite colors are blue and purple.
I dont eat beef or pork and I dont drink pop.
I have slept in a waterbed my whole life.
I always sing in the car when I am by myself.
Nothing smells worse than maple to me.
Broke my ankle playing baseball, only bone ive broken.
I have an XBOX one & PS4.
Authors: George R.R. Martin, L.E. Modesitt Jr., Stephenie Meyer, Laini Taylor, Patrick Rothfuss
Movies: Edge of Tomorrow, Far and Away, The Next Three Days, Brick, Underworld
TV shows: The Vampire Diaries, Big Brother, Psych, Battlestar Galactica, Lucifer, Longmire, Elementary, Better Call Saul, Breaking Bad, Grimm, Orange is the New Black, Daredevil, Humans, Stranger Things
Music: Lana Del Rey, Kesha, Marina and the Diamonds, Avril Lavigne, Skylar Grey
Food: Strawberries, spaghetti, pb&j, mushroom and pineapple pizza, yams
Starbucks Vanilla Frappuccino
Eos lip balm


text:
Unlce Tom's Cabin project
Tiera Ausby, 12/17/14, 4th Block
1. Uncle Thom : Was a motivating man who kept religious faith, and who was gentle natured, and his unfailing honesty
2. Eliza: she trusts that God will take care of her if she obeys her master. Decides to run away for a chance to save her son due to him being offered for sell
3. The Quakers: Was a hero because they helped Eliza instead of turning her in because she was a runaway slave. They did not believe in slavery
1. Marie: She's also reluctant to think hard about anything if it might cause her the slightest inconvenience to do so. Her favorite thing to do is keep the entire household up all night with her petty ailments and needs.
2. Tom Loker: boasts about Tom Loker's brutality toward his slaves. Hired by Haley to catch Eliza and Harry, Tom plots with a friend to return Harry to Haley and to sell Eliza as a sex slave.
3. Simon: the brutal Louisiana plantation ownerPeople with redeemable characteristics or qualities. Legree is evil,thoroughly and remorselessly evil. He has no redeeming features. He's got a conscience,but he's trampled it under and decided to behave with utterly inhuman cruelty
People with redeemable characteristics or qualities
1. Mr. Haley: He's not completely evil,but he's not particularly good either. He claims to be "humane" man, but what he means by that is simply that he likes to avoid scenes in which he has to see slaves suffering because of his actions. They can suffer – he just doesn't want to see it.
2. Arthur Shelby: Mr. Shelby is kind but careless. He breaks his word and his code of ethics and sells both Tom and Eliza's son, Harry. He considers himself above the low slave trader
Cassy- Legree's literal sex slave. gives Stowe an opportunity to suggest, with a few broad strokes, the extent of the sexual mistreatment to which female slaves are subjected.
8 Horrors of Slavery
1. Abuse of the human rights of slaves
2. No freedom for slaves
3. Slave owners raped the female slaves
4. Most slaves were not aloud to wear shoes
5. Slaves worked from dawn till dusk
6. The slaves were given a new identity (new names)
7. Slaves were beaten/whipped badly and treated very poorly
8. Slaves health began to decline due to constant harsh labor (poor posture; bad backs)
5. ( I emailed you my video response)
6. Yes. I do believe that this book is relevant for todays time. I say this because this book could be a great resource to students in history class, who are studying the subject of slavery. I do believe that this book is too painful, however I still believe that individuals should read it because it gives good insight on the horrible treatment and ideals of slaves, and what brutality they had to endure. I also believe that people need to be reminded of what slavery was like historically, and that indeed we are still dreaming. I say this because when most people think of slavery, the main thing that pops up in their mind is that slaves worked on fields, and that they were beaten. I think that people really need to be reminded and really learn more in depth about slavery, because there was more to just being beat and working in slavery. They were separated from their families, they were given practically new identities, and it made slaves feel dehumanized.
7. I think that Abraham Lincoln credited this book to starting the civil war because her book had a major effect on the nation. When the book was first published, it infuriated the South. Due to the books emotional nature, Southerners were afraid that the book was going to influence others in the South, into no longer being involved in slavery. As a result, most states banned its sale, however, half a million copies were still sold within four years of its publication. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln met with Harriet Beecher Stowe, and reportedly said to her "So you're the little lady that caused this great big war." I think that the Civil War would have eventually happened without Harriet's book, however I do not think that the war would have happened as soon. My estimation is that maybe the Civil War would have happened a decade or so later, if it weren't for this book. The printing of this book helped to persuade the Civil War because the book created many emotions in americans. Some were against it, and still others were for it. These oppositions and different opinions led to conflict and arguments which created the birth of the civil war. I believe that the pen is mightier than the sword, because writing and words have the ability to persuade people in an indescribable yet fascinating ways, that the sword cannot do. The pen has the ability to make an individual actually think and decide to finally take action about a situation, while the sword solves no problem; it only kills, harms, and destroys.


text:
MEMbo - Faster Phone
The most intuitive app for optimizing your device's performance. Slow Android device is a common cause of frustration for users. Using many apps on a daily basis can cause your device to become unresponsive. This happens because the RAM ("Random Access Memory") of your device is leaked or filled with junk background service. MEMbo k…
Free • 1.7K


text:
- About Us
- Membership
- News & Publications
- Education & Events
- Chapters
- Corporate 100
- Member Resources
- Jobs
|SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Fifth Edition
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SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
Fifth Edition
available now!
To order, visit the Springer website. SFPE members, click here to reveal the member-only discount code.
The definitive reference on fire protection engineering, now expanded to three volumes and available in electronic format for the first time.
Revised and significantly expanded, the fifth edition of this classic work offers both new and substantially updated information. This book provides thorough treatment of the current best practices in fire protection engineering and performance‐based fire safety. Over 130 eminent fire engineers and researchers contributed chapters to the book, representing universities and professional organizations around the world. It remains the indispensable source for reliable coverage of fire safety engineering fundamentals, fire dynamics, hazard calculations, fire risk analysis, modeling and more.
With seventeen new chapters and over 1,800 figures, this new edition contains:
Ordering information
To order, visit the Springer website. SFPE members, click here to reveal the member-only discount code.
Pricing for US and Canada is as follows:
Springer charges USD for US/Canada, and Euros everywhere else. The estimated member price in Euro for 2015 is $274, but please check the Springer site for current rate if purchasing in other than USD.
8/4/2017FSS Scholarship Media
7/28/2017SFPE Members Survey Feedback
8/14/2017 » 8/18/2017
Educational Course Offerings - August 14-18 , 2017


text:
Photos are for members only!!
Peachmate is a 100% free sex site for adults looking for fun with no strings attached.
Escort ads, casual sex groups, personal ads, video chat and much more.
I am 6ft #in tall and weigh 190LBS. I have short brown hair and a mustache. Any of you ladies near Cameron MO?


text:
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Booking.com asked travelers...What seafood experience in San Felipe de Puerto Plata is still on your mind?
Puerto Plata is filled with small home cooked style (fresh)seafood so if you decide to step out of the resort the people are nice and the seafood is at great value.
Booking.com asked travelers...Tell us about your most relaxing moments in San Felipe de Puerto Plata.
I visited Confresi resort for a day, and I had the most wonderful experience. The 27 charcas is good as well.
Booking.com asked travelers...How can you enjoy the sights in San Felipe de Puerto Plata while avoiding the crowds?
With Puerto Platas' cable car you can see the hole town and mountains
Booking.com asked travelers...Tell us how you made the most of your time at the theme parks in San Felipe de Puerto Plata.
Ocean World is the best!
Booking.com asked travelers...How could the beaches in San Felipe de Puerto Plata be made better for walking?
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with Thandi Phoenix & Lakyn
Sunday 27 August 2017 (opening 6:00 PM)
Miami Marketta, Gold Coast
( venue info )
23 Hillcrest Parade,
There are currently no tickets available for reservation. If you join the waiting list, you will be notified by email if more tickets become available or new shows are announced. In doing so you agree your information may be provided to the band, promoter, venue and/or related parties.
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Following the release of 'Private', which scored over 2 million streams worldwide, incandescent singer-songwriter Vera Blue today releases her arresting new single, 'Mended' – available here – and announces dates for a major national album tour this July through September. Her three previous Australian headline tours all sold out and tickets to the upcoming 'Mended' tour are expected to go just as fast. Tickets will go on sale Monday 29th May at 10am local time.The nakedly honest ballad was premiered yesterday on triple j's Drive show with Veronica and Lewis, and details the aftermath of an intense relationship. 'Mended' was penned with longtime collaborators Andy and Thom Mak (Boy and Bear, Winterbourne, Bertie Blackman) and marks the beginning of a new sonic and personal journey for Vera Blue. "'Mended' is a very special song," she says. "It was about a relationship that I had a few years ago. It had been a little while since we'd ended it and we hadn't made amends, said we were sorry. It's funny because you think the song is going to be about resolution, but we haven't quite made it there yet.""She doesn't put songs out that don't come from her heart," adds co-writer Andy Mak, "so I wanted to make sure we captured the rawness and emotion of the lyrics in the way the song was produced. We wrote the song in a couple of hours and recorded a vocal and acoustic and then built the production around that. When Thom and Celia are in the zone the songs can flow really quickly."Born from a Malibu writing session during Vera Blue's first American trip in 2016, 'Mended' sees the 23-year- old expressing a raw emotion in her music which now comes naturally. From its sparse opening, it blossoms into a gorgeous torch ballad well overdue for such a powerful and unique voice. "I like relating to people and making them feel what I feel. It's where I've grown to as an artist," she says. "That vulnerability is very special in music, being able to open up to your listeners is incredibly important."Intensely personal, 'Mended' is a song that Vera Blue has been waiting to share with her fans for a long time. It's got big notes, to be sure, but it comes from an even bigger heart. "I just love it. I love performing it and can't wait to give it to the world and let them feel how I feel."Co-produced by Andy Mak and Grammy-nominated founder of Deep Well Records Adam Anders, and mix engineered by the multiple-Grammy winning Manny Marroquin (Rihanna, Sia, Kanye West), 'Mended' will be supported with a national tour. It will also include Vera Blue's second appearance (but first full set) at the sold-out Splendour In The Grass festival.MENDED TOURWith special guestsPresented by triple j and The MusicTickets go on sale Monday 29th MayFRI 21 JULY - SPLENDOUR IN THE GRASS - BYRON BAY, NSWFRI 28 JULY - THE ACADEMY CANBERRA, ACTSAT 29 JULY - METRO THEATRE SYDNEY, NSWFRI 4 AUG - THE GOV ADELAIDE, SASAT 5 AUG - METROPOLIS FREMANTLE, WATUE 8 AUG - TAP HOUSE BENDIGO, VICWED 9 AUG - GRAND HOTEL MORNINGTON, VICFRI 11 AUG - 170 RUSSELL MELBOURNE, VICSAT 12 AUG - THE WOOL EXCHANGE GEELONG, VICFRI 25 AUG - THE TRIFFID BRISBANE, QLDSAT 26 AUG - THE MILLS PRECINCT TOOWOOMBA, QLDSUN 27 AUG - MIAMI MARKETTA GOLD COAST, QLDTHURS 31 AUG - UOW UNI BAR WOLLONGONG, NSWFRI 1 SEP - THE BEERY TERRIGAL, NSWFRI 8 SEP - BAR ON THE HILL NEWCASTLE, NSWSAT 9 SEP - ODEON THEATRE HOBART, TAS
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2015: Robert Ladd, "let's ride"
Add comment January 29th, 2017 Jeff Hood
(Thanks to Rev. Dr. Jeff Hood — "pastor, theologian, activist, writer" — for the guest post, which originally appeared on his own site as part of his 2015 "Lenten Reflections from the Executed" series. -ed.)
"Let's ride."
We stop. We are afraid. We don't want to move an inch. Danger is a paralyzing force. In the face of certain death, Robert Ladd looked danger in the eye and shrugged. If we place our trust in God, we too can have such confidence.
Staring down whatever danger you face, I invite you to pray the last words of Robert Ladd:
"Let's ride."
(Ladd also wrote two letters to Gawker concerning his case and the mental disability that was at issue in his final appeals: 1 | 2)
On this day..
- 1802: Joseph Wall - 2016
- 1745: Eve, her smoke visible throughout the country - 2015
- 1879: John Achey and William Merrick, the first hanged in Indianapolis - 2015
- 1253: P. Morret, poor guesser - 2014
- 1913: Edward Hopwood, clumsy suicide - 2013
- Daily Double: Century-Old English Legal Novelties - 2013
- 1912: Albert Wolter, white slaver - 2012
- 1869: Chauncey W. Millard, candy man - 2011
- 1810: Pedro Domingo Murillo, for Bolivian independence - 2010
- 2006: A female spy by al Qaeda - 2009
- 1547: Not Thomas Howard, because Henry VIII died first - 2008
- Themed Set: The English Reformation - 2008
Entry Filed under: 21st Century,Capital Punishment,Crime,Death Penalty,Diminished Capacity,Disfavored Minorities,Execution,Guest Writers,History,Lethal Injection,Murder,Other Voices,Racial and Ethnic Minorities,Ripped from the Headlines,Texas,USA
Tags: 2010s, 2015, january 29, mental disability, robert ladd


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Embarrassing mom Gwen Stefani
Gwen Stefani worries about embarrassing her children.
The 'Used to Love You' hitmaker - who has Kingston, 10, Zuma, seven, and two-year-old Apollo with her ex-husband Gavin Rossdale - tries to think carefully about the things she is saying publicly so she doesn't upset her kids.
She told Harper's Bazaar magazine: "It's because I have children. As a famous person, you start to think, 'I can't say all that because I'll embarrass them or hurt them in some way.'
"And especially now because they can see everything and hear everything. But I've done nothing I'm ashamed of ... Well, we all have a few things we're ashamed of."
Meanwhile, the 46-year-old singer previously admitted she is "still heartbroken" over her divorce from Gavin, 50.
She said: "I'm not in a different place yet. I'm still heartbroken. You can't have your family break up and still not be going through it a year later. I was just cleaning out a room in my house before I called you. It's devastating."
However, Gwen is thrilled to be dating Blake Shelton and recently gushed about her new lover.
She shared: "I'm our biggest fan. I actually feel like I'm not in my own life, because I'm not. I'm in a different life all of a sudden. I'm so blessed and I feel like I believe in my path. Now there's all these miracles around me! Trust me, I still can't believe that happened and is still happening. For whatever reason, I was chosen to be in this position, and I'm so honored and more confident. And I look at it, like, it always works out.
"There was so much of an earthquake in my life. How did I survive that? I don't know, but here we are and my life is full of so many blessings. I'm trying to really just be positive and grateful and look at it all, like this was all supposed to happen."


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Paraben and preservative free, this revitalizing masque with a botanical brightening complex of Bearberry, Mulberry, Licorice and Lemon Peel Extracts and Gigawhite illuminates dull and stressed skin, leaving it nourished, clear and radiant. Lactic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide help rejuvenate, revive and increase the luster of tired skin, helping to balance overall skin tone. Powerful patent pending anti-oxidant blend of white, red and green tea extracts combined with goji berry, pomegranate and grape seed extracts help to neutralize free radicals, protect skin from environmental toxins and combat the visible signs of premature aging.
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Millionaire Quotes Dreams
Quotes #22: I thought we would meet only in death- Slumdog Millionaire
doing keep going find success # quotes more inspiration fail quotes
TWEETY on Pinterest | Birds, Three Year Olds and Sweet Dreams
Sonhe e não faça muitas perguntas, ou medo vai superar seus
NASCAR's Tony Stewart pulls out of race over Kevin Ward Jr's death
Get MONAT natural hair is the new sexy #1174 e
Hailie has also been recognized with the Academic Excellence Award and
By Kate Spade Quotes. QuotesGram
By Kate Spade Quotes. QuotesGram
Inspiring Iconic Quotes: Featured Artist Lisa Ekstrom, Part II
attitude Archives - The Millionaire SecretsThe Millionaire Secrets
Filed Under:
Says Wife Tiny Harris Wasn't Behind Inspiration For "Stay"
Quotes From The Rich Luxury. QuotesGram
Millionaire Mindset (Quotes) on Pinterest | Boss Quotes, Gentleman


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Suhani Si Ek Ladki is going on the same track and now it's become little boring that Suhani is torturing the whole and Sambhav keeps on playing a cheap trick against her. Now an another chapter starts with Dadi who wants to dispatch Suhani and Yuvraaj anyhow. The last episode starts with Yuvani and Sambhav talking to each other. Dadi keeps an eye on Suhani and Yuvraj. Suhani gets tensed and write a letter to Yuvraj.
Dadi sees this and starts questioning Yuvraj. Yuvraj gets fumes and leaves from there. Suhani sees him and gets tensed. She goes behind him to find him. Sambhav wears Yuvraj coat and Suhani comes to him. Suhani think that he is Yuvraj and tells him that she is getting weak. She then says that I want your support. Sambhav silently hears her and then Parineeta calls Suhani.
Sambhav gets fumes at this and says that Suhani is befooling me and Yuvraj is helping her. He then says that I can't let this happen. Suhani goes to everyone and Dadi starts questioning her. She taunts Suhani and warns to be away from the family. Yuvraj comes there and defend Suhani. He then says that we have to stay in the hotel as there will be preparation here in our house for Diwali.
Lata then says that you all can stay in our house. Sambhav smirks and gets agree. Suhani gets a doubt on Sambhav and Dadi also gets agree for the same. Next day Lata starts preparing for their welcome. Suhani thinks on about Yuvaan and gets worried. Then Sambhav comes there and gifts Suhani a necklace. Suhani gets restless and Sambhavenforcess her. Suhani felt for something wrong about him.
In today's episode, we are going to see Sambhav and Yuvaan are sitting together and Yuvaan says that it is becoming a problem for me about the watch. Sambhav smiles and says that I will now remove your watch. Yuvraj felt for something wrong and looks on at them. Now it will be interesting to see that did Sambhav removes Yuvaan's watch or not. Stay tuned with us for more updates and gossips of Suhani Si Ek Ladki like this.


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SEE ALSO: UEE displays her alluring visuals for 'W Korea'
According to reports, the insider stated, "They broke up very recently. Even on December 31 of last year, the two had a good relationship. I don't know everything going on in their personal lives, but you don't know what's going to happen between men and women. They just suddenly broke up."
The two stars broke up after a year of dating, and Pledis Entertainment previously stated, "UEE and Lee Sang Yoon broke up early this year. We believe they naturally drifted apart due to their busy schedules."


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Lonelyhearts, A.K.A. Experiment 378, is an illegal genetic experiment created by Jumba Jookiba. She is designed to induce unrequited love in males.
Experiment 378 was the 378th genetic experiment created by Jumba with Hämsterviel's funding. She was designed to induce unrequited love in males.
378 and the other first 624 experiments were deactivated and smuggled to Earth by Jumba during his mission to capture Experiment 626.
All of the experiment pods were released and scattered across the island of Kauai.
Leroy & Stitch
Presumably, 379 was activated and tamed by Lilo and Stitch and afterwards was captured by Leroy to be destroyed in the stadium. She along with the other 625 experiments before Stitch fought the Leroy army only to face near complete defeat until Stitch played "Aloha Oe", shorting out the clone army.
Lonelyhearts is a light yellow Angel-like experiment with long curly hair, longer Stitch-like ears, a heart-shaped marking on her chest, an upside-down heart-shaped marking on her back, Manners-like legs and tail and a dress-like body with a long skirt.
Special Abilities
Lonelyhearts uses her spell to cause men to fall in love with her at first sight, and then purposely rejects them. Her victims become incredibly depressed and sulk around instead of contributing to society (thus the downfall of civilizations). They also continue to pursue 379's affections in sappy ways (such as writing her songs/poetry), will fight each other over her, and will do anything she says.
Lonelyhearts controls men under her spell.
Women are immune to her spell, has no physical defenses.
- Lonelyhearts is described by the experiment computer screen that says "Experiment 378 Primary function: Induces unrequited love in compatible lifeforms".


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2121 Andrews St, Fort Collins, Colorado
$415,0004 Beds3+ BathsActive
$415,0004 Beds3+ BathsActive
2121 Andrews St, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528 - Welcome to this beautiful home w/ fabulous open floor plan. From the moment you walk in the front door you are greeted w/ formal living & dining room that leads you into the awesome kitchen w/ hardwood flrs, tons of cabinets & pantry. Family room is open to the upstairs where you will find a loft, 2 large bdrms & full bath. Main floor master w/ 5pc bath. Bsmnt has 4th bdrm w/ full bath & jetted tub. Corner lot w/ extended patio. Neighborhood offers so much. Come treat yourself to this home.
Listing Courtesy of Tami Kay Spaulding~Group Horsetooth


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Kitchen Commons is a relatively young organization in Portland that has high hopes of impacting Portlanders in amazing ways! Kitchen Commons is working to build a network of community kitchens in every neighborhood in Portland. The intention in doing so is to empower people to cook healthy meals from scratch. As individuals come together to learn from each other, knowledge is shared between generations and all participants benefit! (Check out the Kitchen Commons website to learn more about their organization.)
St. Michael's is partnering with Kitchen Commons to provide access to a community kitchen where community members can gather to share resources of food, time, cooking skills and knowledge to enable healthy cooking.
We currently have one Collective Cooking Group that meets at St. Michael's on the first Thursday of every month. This group has explored many different types of cooking, from canning applesauce and sauerkraut to making homemade soups and pizzas, and various "cook and freeze" meals.
Anyone who wishes to learn or share knowledge about cooking is welcome to attend! The cost for attending a cooking session is $0-$15 sliding scale. (We suggest $5 per adult) Funds raised at each event are used to make future classes possible.
Check out the Community Cooking Group Flyer to learn about our next event!
If you have questions about this event, would like to make suggestions for a future event, or would like to become involved in leading a Collective Cooking Group at St. Michael's Community Kitchen, contact Rachel Schweitzer at (503) 997-2003 or send an email.


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France - the land (Lands, Peoples, and Cultures)
Takes on a tour of France from its majestic mountains and quiet countryside to its seemingly endless Mediterranean beaches. This book features full-colour photos to help display France's elegant cities, monuments, and many wonders as well as its plants, animals, farming, and industry. It is suitable for children of ages 9-14.
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TATA Value Homes Sector 150
New Launch residential project from Tata Value Homes in Sector 150 Noida is a carefully planned and well positioned development which offers homes that fit with the budget & requirement of several IT/ ITES employees working in Noida & Greater Noida. More and younger professional and couples have been investing into residential property, unlike the old times. On the other hand, the amplification in residential property value and supply of relatively larger homes on the point of a big commercial district has resulted in many prospective home buyers getting pushed far-flung from their offices. But upcoming Project from this real estate developer is only a few minutes away from the teeming IT/ ITES firms of Noida & Greater Noida making it possible for residents to cut the travel time between office & home, and enjoy good time with their family & friends in the middle of every facilities that a modern apartment development offers.
Sector nearby Noida – Greater Noida Expressway & Yamuna Expressway gained fame on the real estate map following the rise of world class residential & commercial developments. Today it is home to developers like Jaypee, Lotus Greens, Paras, Sikka, Unitech and Omaxe Developers. The major location benefit of this place is that it is easily accessible from Delhi, Faridabad & Ghaziabad. Noida -Greater Noida Expressway, DND Flyway, and Yamuna Expressway which has boost its connectivity with other parts of NCR, as well as Uttar Pradesh and international tourist destinations like Agra. The upcoming metro corridor will make smooth & fast connectivity from NCR. A new airport at Jewar on the Yamuna Expressway will definitely boost life in Noida & Greater Noida Real Estate.
This 18 acre of community in Sector 150 is currently in upcoming stage, will offer 2 BHK, 2 BHK + Study and 3 BHK Apartments in the sizes of 1100 – 1500 sq. ft. for the different requirement & budget of the perspective home buyers. Every unit in this development has a balcony with Golf View and are stylishly planned to contain all conveniences one needs within the four walls of homes. The size of the site and planning are favorable for an exclusive project where approx 75% of the total land would be reserved for green surrounding & amenities. Residents will be have access to community's amenities such as a club house, community center, swimming pool, indoor & outdoor games, kids play area and maintenance & security services.
Real Estate of Noida is booming with affordable property prices in comparison to other parts of Delhi NCR. But Tata Value Homes Noida is also well known for its affordable property prices with luxury and creating a platform for luxury homes at very much affordable price in Noida.
Tata Value Homes with all progress
Tata Value Homes name in real estate realm that works on consumer's innovations to contribute successful projects in different areas presenting modern lifestyle with ease of investment. Noticed as the prominent builder they have pushed every fixed line to another level where properties turned out as a cherries on the cakes outlining valuable, exclusive, strong and healthy properties gaining all trust back to make real estate investment platform compelling and strong. At present builder is working on different property segments in different areas to offer the largest pie of investment.
TATA Homes – Price List
|Price List
|Tentative Size (Sq. Ft)
|Tentative Amount
|Tentative Booking Amount
|55-60 Lacs
|2 Lacs
|65-70 Lacs
|3 Lacs
|75-80 Lacs
|3 Lacs
|Payment Plan
|Construction Link Plan
|On application for Booking
|Within 45 days from Allotment
|On Completion of Basement roof slab
|On Completion of 4th floor roof slab
|5% + 50 % Car Park
|On Completion of 8th floor roof slab
|5% + 50 % Car Park
|On Completion of 12th floor roof slab
|5% + Floor PLC
|On Completion of 16th floor roof slab
|7.5% + Landscape PLC
|On Casting of Top Floor roof slab
|On Completion of Brick work
|On Completion of Electrical Conduiting
|On Completion of External Plaster
|7.5% + Power Backup Equipment Charges
|On Completion of Plumbing work
|10% + Club membership
|On Offer of Possession
|5% + Lease Rent + IFMS + Other Charges


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Vill du ange som standardvaluta eller gäller valutan endast för detta besök?
Vyborgsky District
Sista två dagarna var både rött och vitt vin slut i baren. Likaså jägermaister, trots att det fanns i Er restaurang . Trevlig barpersonal.
Bokade ett dubbelrum med utsikt mot sjön som var dyrare, men fick ett dubbelsäng istället för 2 separata sängar. Jag delade rum med en kompis, det var inte så bra att få en säng. Begärde ett likande rum men fick ett annat rum utan sjö utsikt och fick betala samma pris. Det var dåligt!!! Hotelet tog en extra avgift så priset blev dyrare än på booking.com. Om man inte betalade avgiften kunde inte få passet tillbaka. Fick aldrig rummet jag beställde,
Stort och fint rum till lågt pris. Bra läge. Personalen var inte speciellt serviceinriktade.
the furniture during the breakfast - no bread, no knifes, no coffee (2x from 3 breakfasts)
clean, modern, comfortable. pleasant walk to metro for city reception not welcoming
Clean, quiet and comfortable rooms (which are not such a common feature in Russia...). Staff was reasonably helpful. The breakfast quality and variety could be improved, but its is definitely sufficient.
Pleasant service (friendly helpful people), free internet, nice modern room, good shower, free umbrella when rain... Many TV channels but few international, breakfast could be better (esp. when you arrive later than the rest). Location: no fun in direct surrounding but when you like walking: no problem... you'll be at the Aurora in 10 minutes or so or in the city center in 20... easy to find location.
The room and breakfast buffet were as described. The hotel was very accommodating for early check-in. Wi-Fi coverage in the room was very good.
Clean and comfortable. Good breakfast buffet. It was a little warm inside the room and the Wi-Fi in the room was spotty.
Nice park nearby. The hotel provides bysicles for free for the guests. Free milk and biscuit for kid every evening. Soviet-style
The rooms are quite comfortable. During my stay there were problems with hot water during the day - highest temperature was about 30 degrees (which is not enough for shaving imho).
good breakfast and normal number we dont have hot water tonight
The Marmara hotel offers good facilities for a price that is lower than most other hotels in St. Petersburg. The hotel has a swimming pool, sauna and a fitness room that is free between 7 and 10 in the morning. At other times, you can use these facilities for 300 rub (about 8 Euro) per hour. Although, the hotel is situated outside the center of St. Petersburg, the center can be easily reached by trolley bus and Metro. Trolley Bus Line 6 brings you to the nearest Metro station in about 5 mins. and stops almost in front of the hotel. The time between the buses is between 10 and 15 mins. The Metro takes you in about 5 stops (20 mins) to the center of the city. I visited the hotel in a period that it was extremely warm in St. Petersburg (> 30 c). Normally temperatures are much lower. At warm days it is advisable to ask for a room that is not on the sunny side of the hotel. Because of the glass construction that extends out of the hotel, the rooms get very warm after some time.
Internet connection was very very poor... too many breaks....