text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 5, 1992
|Filing date
|Jan 30, 1991
|Priority date
|Feb 7, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Lawrence C. Muschiatti
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (68), Classifications (20), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/476,333 filed Feb. 7, 1990, now abandoned.
In air, metallic conductors are capable of transmitting electrical impulses at speeds approaching the speed of light. However, bare conductors are not used in most applications due to the need to mechanically support the conductors and hazards such as shorting, shocking and fire which can occur when other materials are too close to or directly contact electrically transmitting conductors. To avoid such problems and hazards, conductors have been surrounded by nonconducting insulation. On an atomic level, this insulation contains charges which can be polarized and interact with the electrical impulse traveling along the conductor. This interaction retards the flow of the electrical impulse through the conductor and limits the velocity of propagation of the electrical impulse transmitted.
The dielectric constant, K, of a material is a measure of the polarizability of the charges within the material. As the dielectric constant increases, the velocity of propagation of an electrical impulse traveling along a conductor surrounded by the higher K material decreases. Conversely, as the dielectric constant decreases towards 1.0, the dielectric constant of air, the velocity of propagation of an electrical impulse traveling along a conductor surrounded by the lower K material approaches the speed of light. Conventional insulation has a dielectric constant significantly greater than that of air. Consequently, conductors within such conventional insulation transmit electrical impulses at speeds lower than those of a bare conductor in air.
Recent advances in the capabilities of computers and telecommunications demand higher velocities of propagation over insulated conductors. Various insulating materials and configurations have been disclosed but there is still a need for an insulated conductor that can transmit electrical signals at speeds close to the speed of light.
Yoshimura et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,309,458 and 3,332,814, and Japanese patent publication JP 73/35355 disclose foamed polystyrene insulation. In the Yoshimura et al. patents, the foamed polystyrene is hard and brittle, can have up to 97% greater volume than the unfoamed polystyrene and a dielectric constant as low as 1.03. The foamed polystyrene is adhered to flexible polyethylene tape to compensate for the inflexibility of the polystyrene. The flexible tape/foamed polystyrene construct is used as the insulation between the two conductors in a coaxial cable.
Japanese patent publication JP 73/35355 discloses an insulated wire produced by extrusion coating a conductor with an insulative foam composition consisting of polystyrene, a blowing agent and water. The percentage of voids in the foam insulation is 90.6%.
Wilkenloh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,354, and Japanese patent publication JP 56/167201 disclose foamed polyolefin insulation. Wilkenloh et al. disclose a coaxial cable in which the core conductor is coated with a dielectric having a dielectric constant in the range of 1.32 to 1.1. The dielectric comprises an extruded cellular polyethylene or polypropylene which has been rendered cellular by direct injection of a blowing agent in a liquid form into the polymer during extrusion. The resulting polyolefin has a foam density between 0.10 and 0.21 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cc).
Japanese patent publication JP 56/167201 discloses an insulated wire comprising foamed polyolefin extruded onto a conductor. The foamed polyolefin is a copolymer of ethylene and alpha-olefin having more than four carbon atoms, containing a foaming agent. The starting (unfoamed) copolymer has a density of 0.926 to 0.960 g/cc. The extruded polyolefin has a foamed percentage of 82%.
Suzuki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,858 discloses a copolymer resin matrix containing porous fragments dispersed therein. The resin matrix comprises a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer. The porous fragments have a porosity of 40-90% and are selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, and polypropylene. Air trapped in the fragments expands during melt molding to form bubbles in the matrix. The product is suitable for insulating wire or cable.
Perelman, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,304,713 and 4,368,350, and British patent publication GB 2,143,237 disclose foamed fluoropolymers as electrical insulation. Perelman discloses a foamed melt extrudable perfluorinated ethylene-propylene polymer containing a PTFE nucleating agent. Preferably, the foamed perfluoropolymer resin has a closed cellular structure with cells ranging in size from 10 to 40 mils (0.25-1.02 mm), a foamed density as low as 1.0 g/cc, and an insulation loss of less than 1.8 db/100 ft. at 1000 MHz. The foamed resin can be used to make jacketed electrical conductors and/or coaxial cables wherein at least one conductor is bonded to the foamed melt extrudable resin.
British patent publication GB 2,143,237 discloses foamed fluoropolymer insulation which is melt-extrudable onto a wire in a process for making lightweight coaxial cable. Preferred foamed insulation has a reported void level of 65%.
European patent publication EP 211,505 and Gore, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,096,227, disclose porous PTFE insulation. EP 211,505 discloses a flexible, high voltage electrically insulating tape comprising a tape of expanded porous PTFE having a fluoroelastomer impregnated within the pores thereof at at least one surface of the PTFE tape. The impregnated porous PTFE has a dielectric constant as low as 1.3. The fluoroelastomer is filled in the surface pores to prevent the internal open-cells from being crushed by external forces. To insulate a wire or cable, the modified PTFE tape is spirally wound on or longitudinally attached to the conductor.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,096,227, Gore discloses an expanded, amorphous-locked PTFE useful as an electrical insulator. The PTFE has an amorphous content exceeding about 5% and a microstructure characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils (i.e. open cells). The expanded PTFE insulation in a coaxial cable has a dielectric constant of 1.2 to 1.8.
The invention is directed to an electrically insulated conductor comprising an electrically conductive element surrounded by ultramicrocellular foamed polymer insulation having a void volume greater than about 75%, wherein the velocity of propagation of the insulated conductor is greater than 90% of the speed of light.
The invention is also directed to a cable comprising a plurality of the above electrically insulated conductors.
The invention is further directed to a method for fabricating the above electrically insulated conductor.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an insulated conductor of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a cable of the invention.
The electrically conductive element of the invention 1, in FIGS. 1, and 2 is typically a wire of relatively small median diameter. Metals such as copper, copper alloys, aluminum and materials plated with metals such as tin, silver, copper or nickel are suitable as wires, whether stranded or solid. Copper is a preferred wire material. The median diameter of the wire may range from about 0.00049 inch to about 0.032 inch (AWG 56 to AWG 20) (0.01-0.81 mm) and are preferrably in the range of about 0.006 to about 0.013 inch (0.15-0.33 mm).
The ultramicrocellular foamed polymer 4, in FIGS. 1 and 2 which insulates the wire has a void volume greater than about 75%, preferably greater than 85%, and more preferably greater than 94%. Suitable ultramicrocellular foamed polymers are disclosed by Parrish in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,375,211 and 3,584,090 and Bonner in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,503,907 and 3,696,181, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This ultramicrocellular structure is composed of a high molecular weight synthetic crystalline, semi-crystalline, or amorphous polymer and has a major proportion of closed polyhedral cells 3, in FIGS. 1 and 2 defined by air permeable walls 2, in FIGS. 1 and 2, having a thickness of less than 2 microns with essentially all the polymer constituting cell walls and exhibiting uniform texture and uniplanar orientation. To achieve the desired void volume, the ultramicrocellular polymer cells must, at some point, contain an inflatant whose permeability coefficient for diffusion through said walls is less than that of air, the inflatant being capable of generating a vapor pressure of at least 30 mm Hg (4.00�103 Pa) at a temperature below the softening point of said polymer.
Since the polymer walls of the final ultramicrocellular structure are film-like with a thickness of less than 2 microns, the polymer must accordingly be of at least film-forming molecular weight. Additionally, the polymer must impart sufficient strength to the ultramicrocellular structure that the particular cellular nature thereof not be destroyed upon inflation, e.g. so as to resist rupture of a significant stretching of the cell walls. For this reason, the polymer should have a yield strength of at least 1000 psi (6.89�106 Pa) as measured by the test method of ASTM D638-58. On the other hand, for inflation to occur such that desired void volume levels are obtained, the polymer composed structure must be such that in expanded condition it be "yieldable," e.g. resilient such that substantial deformation occurs under internal-external pressure differentials, meaning differences, of one atmosphere or less (since this is the order of magnitude of the pressure differentials available for collapse and inflation). By substantial deformation is meant that the ultramicrocellular structure in expanded condition, i.e. having an internal pressure of at least about one atmosphere, is yieldable such that its volume can be compressed by at least 10% under a load of 10 pounds per square inch (6.89�104 Pa) and recover at least about 50% of its original volume on release of the load. Structures which do not compress to that extent are entirely too rigid and hence do not afford a sufficient degree of resiliency to respond to pressure differentials. Moreover, if it does not sufficiently recover after release of the load, then it is not sufficiently flexible to resist fracturing and rupturing of the cell walls.
An essential feature of the polymer which constitutes the cell walls is that it exhibits selective permeability to different gases; in particular, be permeable with respect to air but less permeable with respect to inflatant vapors. Without this feature efforts to achieve full expansion would be unsuccessful because the inflatant would be prematurely lost before sufficient air had entered the cells. The class of crystalline, crystallizable and amorphous polymers of the invention is well suited for achieving this function, crystalline and crystallizable polymers being particularly well suited.
Examples of synthetic organic polymers suitable for producing ultramicrocellular structures include the class of synthetic, crystalline and crystallizable, organic polymers, e.g. polyhydrocarbons such as linear polyethylene, polypropylene, stereo-regular polypropylene or polystyrene; polyethers such as polyformaldehyde; vinyl polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride; polyamides both aliphatic and aromatic, such as polyhexamethylene adipamide and the polyamide from 2,2-bis p-aminophenyl propane and isophthalic acid; polyurethanes, both aliphatic and aromatic, such as the polymer from ethylene bischloroformate and ethylene diamine; polyesters such as polyhydroxypivalic acid and polyethylene terephthalate; copolymers such as polyethylene terephthalate-isophthalate, and equivalents; and the class of synthetic, amorphous, organic polymers, e.g. polyvinylchloride; and copolymers of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole with one or more fluoro-containing monomers such as tetrafluoroethylene. The polymers should have a softening point of at least about 40� C.
One of the features of the ultramicrocellular structures is the high degree of orientation of the polymer in the cell walls, which contributes to the unique strength of these structures. Therefore, a preferred class of polymers includes those materials which respond to an orienting operation by becoming substantially tougher and stronger. This class of polymers is well known to one skilled in the art and includes, for example, linear polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and copolymers thereof.
As is clear from the foregoing disclosure, the polymers suitable for use in preparing the cellular structures of this invention must have a reasonable permeability to air at room temperature, e.g. have a diffusion coefficient of at least 10-13 cc/cm2 /sec/cm/cm Hg (cc is the volume of gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), cm2 is surface area, cm is sample thickness, and cm Hg is the pressure difference across the sample).
The ultramicrocellular polymer is generated from a polymer solution comprising polymer, solvent and, optionally, inflatant. The solvent, in addition to dissolving the polymer at elevated temperature and pressure, generates the cells within the polymer upon adiabatic expansion. To achieve this, the solvent must fulfill the following criteria:
(a) the solvent should have a boiling point of at least 25� C. and preferably at least 60� C. below the melting point of the polymer used;
(b) the solvent should be substantially unreactive with the polymer and inflatant during mixing and flash spinning; and
(c) The solvent should form a solution which will undergo rapid vaporization upon discharge into an atmosphere of air at ambient temperature and pressure.
Solvent liquids which have been found suitable for the invention include methylene chloride, fluorotrichloromethane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, pentane, hexane, and methanol.
It may be desirable at times to include in the polymer solution a nucleating agent, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a silicate, a mixture of silicates or a saturated aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compound having at least one fluorine to carbon covalent bond and more fluorine atoms than carbon atoms in order to give increased nucleation.
The function of the inflatant, whether present in the polymer solution or incorporated into the cells of the ultramicrocellular polymer, is to afford an osmotic driving force which is capable of causing inflation of the cellular structure. Accordingly, such inflatant must be "relatively impermeant" by which is meant that at 25� C. its permeability coefficient for diffusion through the cell walls be lower than that of air. Thus, the vapors of the inflatant must be incapable of permeating the cell walls, e.g. outwardly from the sample, as fast as air can permeate the cell walls, e.g. into the sample, for otherwise full inflation of the cells could not be achieved upon continued exposure of the sample to an air atmosphere. An impermeant inflatant is one whose permeability coefficient for diffusion through the cell walls is not only lower than that of air but also is incapable of permeating the same cell walls at room temperature, e.g. below 40� C., at such a rate that half or more thereof will escape to an air atmosphere by diffusion within one day's time, preferably one month's time or longer. The latter guarantees in effect that the structure, whether collapsed or not, will retain its inflation activator (the impermeant inflatant) for a reasonable storage period.
The minimum quantity of inflatant contained in each cell is of significance in realizing an adequate osmotic driving force to obtain reliable and reasonably rapid self-inflation to the fullest extent. Thus, a major number of the cells should contain at least some quantity of the inflatant. Since the inflatant must exist in a gaseous condition to create an osmotic driving force, it must be either a gas at room temperature or be capable of vaporizing at a temperature below the melting point of the synthetic polymer defining the walls. In practice, it has been found that the inflatant must be capable of generating a vapor pressure of at least 30 mm Hg (4.00�103 Pa) at a temperature below the softening point of the polymer in order to reliably provide well defined cavities into which the external air will diffuse in reasonable periods of time. Therefore, if the vapor pressure of the inflatant in partially collapsed (i.e. less than completely inflated) cells is at least 30 mm Hg (4.00�103 Pa) at room temperature, the structure will normally self-inflate in air as desired. However, inflatants whose vapor pressures are less than 30 mm Hg (4.00�103 Pa) at room temperature may also be successfully employed although frequently an added step of briefly heating the structure, above room temperature but below the polymer softening point, to increase the partial pressure of the inflatant, will assist in reducing the time necessary for full inflation to occur.
Higher internal inflatant pressures are of course operable, and are in fact preferred, particularly when the confining cellular structure has walls near the upper thickness limit (2 microns) or when the polymer comprising the walls possesses a high flexural modulus (above 100,000 psi (6.89�108 Pa)) at room temperature.
The rate of permeation for an inflatant through a given polymer increases as its diffusivity and solubility increase. Accordingly, candidates for inflatants should have as large a molecular size as is consistent with the required 30 mm Hg (4.00�103 Pa) minimum vapor pressure, and have little solvent power or affinity for the confining polymer cell walls. A preferred class of such inflatants is exemplified by compounds whose molecules have chemical bonds different from those found in the confining polymer, a low dipole moment, and a very small atomic polarizability. Furthermore, it is advantageous, though not necessary, that the inflatant be a high vapor pressure solid or liquid under ambient conditions in order that small quantities of solid or liquid phase inflatant may be present in each partially collapsed cell, in addition to the inflatant vapor. For such systems the inflatant vapor is replenished from the solid or liquid inflatant "reservoir" as the collapsed structure inflates, thus maintaining the full osmotic driving force up through the stage of full inflation. Materials which are non-gaseous at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are preferred since for a given weight they occupy less volume; hence, the bulk of uninflated structures can be appropriately minimized. Products containing the normally liquid or solid inflatants need at most only be heated in the atmosphere to vaporize a part of the inflatant and to thereby spontaneously cause inflation.
Suitable inflatants are selected from the group consisting of sulfur hexafluoride and saturated aliphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds having at least one fluorine to carbon covalent bond and wherein the number of fluorine atoms exceeds the number of carbon atoms. Preferably, the saturated aliphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds are, respectively, perhaloalkanes and perhalocycloalkanes in which at least 50% of the halogens are fluorine. Although the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic inflatants may contain ether-oxygen linkages, they are preferably free of nitrogen atoms, carbon to carbon double bonds and reactive functional groups. Specific examples of inflatants include difluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, sulfur hexafluoride, chlorotrifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, CF3 CF2 CF2 OCFHCF3, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, symdichlorotetrafluoroethane, perfluorocyclobutane, perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane, and perfluorodimethylcyclobutane isomeric mixtures. Mixtures of two or more inflatants can often be used to advantage.
Aside from the foregoing characteristics, it will be understood that the inflatants must be inert, i.e., be thermally stable under process conditions, and chemically and hydrolytically stable under ambient conditions.
To fabricate an insulated conductor such as a wire, the polymer solution containing polymer, solvent, and optionally, inflatant, nucleating agent and/or other additives (flame retardants, colorants, etc.) is flash spun over a moving wire in air at ambient temperature and pressure. Surprisingly, the foamed polymer coats the wire thoroughly and retains advantageous properties of the ultramicrocellular structure such as the small, substantially uniform closed cells made up of thin oriented cell walls and narrow cell size distribution. These properties of the ultramicrocellular structure result in high tenacity, flexible, pneumatic foam coatings with very high void volume levels, high internal pressures, very low foam densities and velocities of propagation along the insulated conductor greater than 90% the speed of light, preferably greater than 95% the speed of light. It is even more surprising, but yet essential that the advantageous properties of the ultramicrocellular structure are retained when the ultramicrocellular polymer is coated in very thin annuli over small diameter wires, for example, when making insulated wires having outer median diameters smaller than 0.050 inch (1.27 mm) and annular insulation thicknesses less than 0.020 inch (0.51 mm).
Two methods, autoclave spinning and extrusion spinning, are suitable for making insulated conductors of the invention. Both methods form a polymer solution under elevated temperature and pressure than pass the solution into a region of lower temperature and pressure (normally room temperature at about one atmosphere), thereby flashing the solution, and coat the foamed material onto a moving wire.
In autoclave spinning, an autoclave of predetermined volume is blanketed with an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen and filled up to 90% capacity with an admixture of polymer, solvent, and optionally, inflatant, nucleating agent and/or other additives for specific end uses. The volume of the autoclave is dependent upon factors such as the length of the wire to be insulated, the size of the wire, the desired insulation thickness, the stability of the polymer and the acceptable residence time for the particular polymer solution. One liter and three liter autoclaves are typical but smaller and larger sizes have been used to spin ultramicrocellular foams.
To form a solution, the admixture is heated to dissolve the polymer, the pressure in the autoclave is increased to greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent and the admixture is agitated. Some polymers and solvents are dried before being added to the autoclave to prevent molecular weight degradation during the solution formation and the coating (or spinning) process.
Once the solution is formed, the solution temperature is lowered to the desired spin temperature. The spin temperature is dependent upon a number of variables including polymer type, solvent type, solution composition, polymer concentration, polymer solubility, sintering point (e.g., point at which the polymer is above its melting point and a majority of the solvent is evaporated), desired foam density and spinning speed.
The bottom of the autoclave may be fitted with a screen pack holder which contains a breaker plate and a set of screens (screen pack) to both filter out unwanted particulate matter and create back pressure on the solution remaining in the autoclave as the polymer solution exits the autoclave. One to three screens are generally used with mesh size depending on the shear sensitivity and viscosity of the solution to be spin-coated. A typical screen pack would include a 100-, a 200-, and a 325-mesh (149, 74 and 44 micron) screen. The breaker plate holds the screen pack in place. The pressure above the solution is maintained (e.g., with an inert gas such as nitrogen) to prevent the solution from boiling and to push the solution through the system.
After exiting the autoclave, and passing through the screen pack, if one is provided, the solution is flashed and coated onto the wire. This step requires a means for flashing the solution, a means for moving the wire and a means for coating the flashed solution over the moving wire. To assure a uniform coating, a means for controlling the flow of the solution can be included. For example, as the solution exits the autoclave, it can be channeled to a metering valve which controls the flow of the solution. Alternatively, the metering valve can be incorporated into the piece of equipment which houses the flashing means, e.g. a crosshead, and after the solution exits the autoclave, it can be channeled directly to the crosshead. It may also be desirable to channel the solution from the autoclave to a holding tank or an accumulator before flashing. An accumulator can follow a metering valve or, in the absence of a metering valve, the accumulator can include a means for controlling the flow of the solution such as a moving piston which also controls the pressure drop across the flashing means. In the absence of an accumulator, an inert gas, such as nitrogen, can be used to control the pressure drop across the flashing means. In a typical process configuration, the solution exits from the bottom of the autoclave in a vertical direction and the moving wire travels in a horizontal plane. A crosshead, which can be fitted to either the screen pack holder, valve or accumulator, can be used to turn the solution in the direction of the moving wire and also to hold the wire coating tips and dies (spinnerets). The design of the crosshead varies and may be simple or complex depending on the rheology of the solution to be spun onto the wire. The diameter of the flow path can vary, but, is generally about one quarter of an inch (1/4 in (6.35 mm)) to about one half of an inch (1/2 in (12.7 mm)) at the entrance to the tip or die. If necessary, the crosshead can be designed by conventional methods for constant velocity flow of the solution.
The tips and dies used are typical of those used in wire coating operations and/or fiber spinning. Designs vary in overall length, orifice diameter, internal angle size, entrance angle number and size, and land length. These geometrical factors are chosen on the basis of solution rheology, solvent flashing characteristics, wire size, and coating thickness. Extensions of various inside diameters and lengths can be added to the die to control the rate of solvent evaporation during flashing and alter the environment (air, solvent vapor, N2, etc.) and pressure at the surface of the flashing solution. Either pressure or tubing tip/die setups can be used. In a pressure tip/die setup, the flashed material contacts the wire under pressure in the die so that a coated wire exits the die. In a tubing tip/die setup, the wire passes through a tube of material as the material and wire exit the die. Outside of the die, the tube of material collapses onto the wire in the presence of a vacuum.
The means for moving the wire can include: a low tension wire payoff or spool which holds the wire and feeds it to the coating process, a high speed wire preheater to raise the temperature of the wire to a temperature compatible with the coating material, a wire wipe to clean the wire, a wire straightener, a capstan to control the rate of speed of the wire through the coating and takeup stages and a takeup or spool which collects the coated wire. Both reel and coil type takeups can be used.
The entire solution handling system up to and including the crosshead/tip/die is heated and/or insulated to maintain the desired spin temperature. Pressure and temperature can be monitored at various points along the flow path.
Depending on the polymer type, the composition of the spin mix and the spinning conditions (amount of polymer, temperature, pressure, crosshead/die geometry, etc.), the foamed polymer insulation coated onto the wire by the foregoing process may deflate somewhat. Typically, such deflation occurs when inflatant escapes from the cells of the insulation at a rate faster than air permeates through the cell walls and into the cells. When deflation does occur, the coated wire collected on the takeup may need to be re-inflated to minimize the foam density and maximize flexibility, pneumaticity and velocity of propagation. Additionally, when the polymer solution that is coated onto the wire by the foregoing process does not include inflatant, the polymer coating must be treated with inflatant to produce an electrically insulated conductor of the invention.
The re-inflation or post-spinning inflation step involves immersing the insulated wire in solutions of 10 to 100 wt. % inflatant in a solvent. With solutions containing less than 100% inflatant, the submerged wire is removed from the inflatant solution and quickly immersed in about 60�-70� C. water to remove the solvent, then dried in an oven or in air. When 100% inflatant is used, the wires are simply dried in air or in an oven. This process can be carried out either as a batch or continuous process and can be performed as a step in the flash spinning process between the wire coating operation and the takeup, e.g., between the crosshead and capstan or as a distinct second process utilizing the coated wire collected from the flash spinning process as the feed.
As the inflatant, liquid nitrogen, partially halogenated and fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons, and hydrocarbons have been used in fiber spinning and should be applicable to this process. Solvents such as methylene chloride are suitable. Inflatant solution composition, immersion time/temperature, and drying time/temperature are dictated by the nature of the ultramicrocellular foam being inflated and the composition of the original spin mix. In some cases, immersion in inflatant solution is not necessary and re-inflation to optimum density can be accomplished by simply heating the ultramicrocellular foam coated wire for several minutes at a temperature exceeding the boiling point of the solvent or inflatant. Immersion temperatures higher than ambient and pressures greater than or lower than ambient have been employed to inflate fibers and can be used in the process.
In the extrusion spinning method, pellets of polymer are melted in the appropriate size extruder and the polymer melt is metered into an extruder mixer. A metering pump supplies solvent to the extruder mixer in appropriate amounts. After mixing, the homogeneous solution is metered through a screen pack assembly similar to that used in the autoclave spinning operation, to a crosshead/tip/die assembly through which the wire passes. The crosshead/tip/die assembly, wire handling and re-inflation processes are essentially the same as those used with the autoclave.
The system is heated and/or insulated to obtain and maintain the desired spin temperature. Spin pressures and solution flow can be controlled with mixing extruders, gear pumps and valves. The mixing screw can be selected from one of the many available commercial or propietary designs. Static mixers can also be used in place of the extruder mixer.
Other extruder/mixer configurations are also acceptable. Long, 40 to 1 (length to diameter) or greater extruders can be fitted with various screws, mixing sections and heat exchangers. In such systems, the pellets of polymer enter the feed hopper of the extruder and are converted to a melt in the transition section of the screw. Solvent is injected in either the transition or more preferably the first metering section of the screw. A mixing section follows which can be part of the screw, static or any combination of the two. After being mixed to form a homogeneous solution, the solution can be metered to the flashing and coating means, such as a crosshead/tip/die assembly, through a second metering section on the screw, which is long enough to accomplish the necessary heat transfer to cool the solution to the desired temperature, or through a heat transfer section into a gear pump.
As an alternative to the foregoing extrusion process in which the solution is formed and fed to the flashing means in a single extruder, dual extrusion which involves two extruders may be used. If dual extrusion is used, the first extruder is used to melt the polymer and prepare a homogeneous solution as described above. The solution is then fed into the feed section of the second extruder which is used to cool and meter the solution to the crosshead. The second extruder can be replaced by other heat transfer/metering devices known in the art.
Still other combinations of polymer melting, solvent mixings, heat transfer and metering equipment known in the art, can be used to feed solution to the crosshead for spinning over the moving wire.
Although the foregoing discussion and the following examples are directed primarily to a single insulated conductor and the production thereof, the invention is not so limited. The ordinary artisan will recognize that multiple conductors can be assembled into a cable such as cable 5 in FIG. 2. For example, multiple conductors can be passed through the die assembly spaced apart from each other in relatively fixed positions thereby being simultaneously coated with a continuous polymer coating. Alternatively, individual insulated conductors can be assembled and held together by a variety of conventional means, including ties to form the cable.
A solution with the composition:
______________________________________ Weight %______________________________________Polypropylene Homopolymer 48.5(0.7 g/10 min.)Methylene Chloride 42.9Freon � 114 8.1Cab-O-Sil � 0.5______________________________________
was mixed in a 1-liter autoclave and spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire through a 0.018 in (0.46 mm) orifice at a solution temperature of 144� C. and autoclave pressure of 800 psig (5.62�106 Pa). The ultramicrocellular (UMC) foam insulated wire produced had an outside diameter (OD) of 0.047-0.048 in (1.19-1.22 mm) upon exiting the die and prior to deflating. Portions of the insulated, deflated wire were post inflated (expanded) by immersing in a 20/80 by volume mixture of Freon� 114 (F-114) and methylene chloride for twenty minutes followed by immediate immersion in 60� C. water and oven drying at 60� C. for twenty minutes. The post inflated wire was pneumatic with a final measured OD of 0.047-0.049 in (1.19-1.24 mm). The post inflated wire was characterized as summarized below:
______________________________________InsulationDensity Avg. Cell Size Percent Tenacity Percent(g/cc) (micron) Freon � (gpd) Elongation______________________________________0.0535 81 0.61 1.490 169______________________________________
A two foot (0.61 m) section of inflated wire was wrapped in braid and signal propagation delay measured by the pulse in-pulse out method. With a load of 100 Ω and an input rise time of 1.0 ns, the propagation delay was measured to be 1.05 ns/ft (3.44 ns/m), which is equivalent to a velocity of propagation (%V.P.) of 96.8%.
Two lengths of inflated wire were inserted into two positions of a twenty-two wire flat cable construction and their signal transmission characteristics measured. The % V.P. and capacitance were measured on 10 foot (3.05) samples. % V.P. was determined by finding the half wave resonant frequency of the sample where
% V.P.=(Freq.�20)/9.8425.
% V.P. is relative to the velocity of propagation in air.
______________________________________Electrical Results______________________________________Capacitance in pF/ft @ 10 KHz 11.60 11.18(pF/m) (38.06) (36.68)Velocity of Propagation (%) 97.59 97.40Dielectric Strength (VAC) >1000 >1000______________________________________
A 1-liter autoclave was used to prepare a solution containing (% by weight): 48% ethylene/propylene copolymer (4.0 g/10 min.), 45% methylene chloride and 7% F-114 at an autoclave pressure of 750 psig (5.27�106 Pa). This solution was spun over 28 AWG (0.32 mm) solid copper wire to produce a UMC foam insulated primary wire. Sections of the insulated wire were post inflated in a 80/20 by volume mixture of CH2 Cl2 /F-114. The spin conditions and the properties of the UMC foam insulation are given below.
__________________________________________________________________________Spin ConditionsCoat- Coated Properties of UMC Foam Insulation ing Wire Ave. Inflat. Part. Elong.Soln. rate Dia. Cell % Press % atTemp. fpm in Dens. Size Inflat. PSI Voids Tenac. Break�C. (mps) (mm) g/cc μm % (Pa) % gpd %__________________________________________________________________________151.8 492 0.058 0.0187 130 1.33 0.52 97.9 0.740 93 (2.50) (1.47) (3.59 � 103)153.1 143 0.037 0.0376 72 1.10 0.87 95.9 0.582 349 (0.73) (0.94) (6.00 � 103)__________________________________________________________________________
A solution with the composition:
______________________________________ Weight %______________________________________Polypropylene Homopolymer 45.95(0.7 g/10 min.)Methylene Chloride 44.46Freon � 114 9.49Cab-O-Sil � 0.10(0.3 parts/100 parts polymer)______________________________________
was mixed in a 1-liter autoclave and spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire through a 0.016 in (0.41 mm) orifice at a temperature of 140� C. and autoclave pressure of 1400 psig (9.75�106 Pa). The UMC foam insulated wire produced had an OD of 0.049-0.051 in (1.24-1.30 mm) after post inflation in Freon�114.
The inflated wire was inserted into a flat cable construction and the capacitance and % VP of a 10 ft (3.05 m) sample were determined to be 11.1 pF/ft (36.4 pF/m) and 98.7% respectively.
A solution with the composition of Example 1 was mixed in a 1-liter autoclave under a N2 atmosphere and spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire through a 0.019 in (0.48 mm) orifice. The temperature of the solution in the autoclave was 143� C. at a pressure of 1300 psig (9.06�106 Pa). The density of the UMC foam insulation was measured to be 0.0199 g/cc prior to post-inflation.
A solution with the composition:
______________________________________ Weight %______________________________________Polyethylene (0.96 g/cc; 0.85 g/10 min.) 44.8Methylene Chloride 49.8Freon � 114 5.0Cab-O-Sil � (1 part/100 parts polymer) 0.4Nitrogen (500 psig(3.55 � 106 Pa))______________________________________
was mixed in a 1-liter autoclave and spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire through a 0.014 in (0.36 mm) diameter orifice. Insulated wire with diameters between 0.044 in (1.12 mm) and 0.051 in (1.30 mm) were produced. The density of the UMC form insulation prior to post-inflation with 100% Freon�114 was 0.031 g/cc. The density after post-inflation was 0.026 g/cc.
Example 4 was repeated using 42% by weight polypropylene homopolymer spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire through a 0.014 in (0.36 mm) orifice.
Example 4 is repeated using n-pentane, in place of methylene chloride, as the solvent.
Example 4 is repeated using Freon�11, in place of methylene chloride, as the solvent and Freon�114, in place of Cab-O-Sil� silicon dioxide, as the nucleating agent.
Example 4 is repeated using a hydrochlorofluorocarbon such as CHCl2 CF3, in place of methylene chloride, as the solvent.
Example 4 is repeated using hydrofluorocarbon such as CH2 FCF3, in place of Cab-O-Sil� silicon dioxide, as the nucleating agent and CH2 FCF3, in place of Freon�114 as the inflatant.
Example 4 is repeated using a cyclic fluorocarbon such as perfluorocyclobutane (C4 F8), in place of Cab-O-Sil� silicon dioxide, as the nucleating agent and C4 F8, in place of Freon�114 as the inflatant.
Example 4 is repeated using polyvinylidene fluoride, in place of polypropylene homopolymer, as the polymer.
Example 4 is repeated using carbon dioxide, in place of Cab-O-Sil� silicon dioxide, as the nucleating agent and in place of N2 as the atmosphere in the autoclave.
Example 4 is repeated using SF6, in place of Freon�114, as the inflatant.
Example 4 is repeated using polyethylene terepthalate, in place of polypropylene homopolymer, as the polymer at a spin temperature of 200�-230� C.
Example 4 is repeated using polycaprolactam (nylon 6), in place of polypropylene homopolymer, as the polymer, ethanol in place of methylene chloride as the solvent and a spin temperature of 170�-210� C.
Example 16 is repeated without a nucleating agent and using a spin temperature of 210�-220� C.
Example 16 is repeated using H2 O, in place of ethanol, as the solvent and CO2, in place of Cab-O-Sil� silicon dioxide, as the nucleating agent.
Example 5 is repeated using an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer, in place of polyethylene, as the polymer.
Example 5 is repeated using a neutralized ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer, in place of polyethylene, as the polymer.
Example 5 is repeated using polyformaldehyde, in place of polyethylene, as the polymer.
Example 5 is repeated using polyurethane from ethylenebischloroformate and ethylene diamine, in place of polyethylene, as the polymer.
A solution with the composition:
______________________________________ Weight %______________________________________Polyvinylchloride 49.14(Inherent Viscosity: 0.96 in tetrahydrofuran)Methylene Chloride 44.23Freon � 11 4.91Thermolite � 31 Stabilizer 1.47(3 parts/100 parts polymer)Cab-O-Sil � 0.25(0.5 parts/100 parts polymer)Nitrogen(500 psig (3.55 � 106 Pa))______________________________________
is mixed to 200� C. in a 1-liter autoclave and spun at 190� C. and 1000 psig (7.00�106 Pa) over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire.
A solution with the composition:
______________________________________ Weight %______________________________________Perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole/ 39.9Tetrafluoroethylene copolymerMethylene Chloride 59.9Cab-O-Sil � 0.2(0.5 parts/100 parts polymer)Nitrogen(500 psig (3.55 � 106 Pa))______________________________________
is mixed in a 1-liter autoclave to 180�-200� C. and spun over 30 AWG (0.25 mm) solid copper wire at a pressure of 1000 psig (7.00�106 Pa).
The following procedures were used to determine the properties reported in the foregoing examples:
Denier--1.0 feet (0.3 m) of stripped insulation was weighed to 0.1 mg and normalized to 9,000 meters. Denier=(grams/ft)�(2.952�104 ft)/9000 meters.
Tenacity (grams per denier, gpd)--A length of stripped insulation was placed between the grips of an Instron Machine and pulled at a crosshead speed of 2 inches per minute (0.85 mm/sec). The initial jaw separation was 2.0 inches (51 mm) and the full scale load was 500 grams. Chart speed was 5.0 inches per minute (2.12 mm/sec). Tenacity was calculated by dividing the peak force in grams by the denier. Percent elongation at break was measured from the jaw separation at break, ##EQU1##
Pneumaticity (Partial Pressure of Inflatant)--The partial pressure of inflatant within the closed cells was calculated using the Ideal Gas Law, Pi =Ni RT/V where Pi is the partial pressure of the inflatant in psi, Ni is the number of moles of inflatant, T is 298� K., V is the volume in cc, and R=1205 cc.psig.mole.�K., and ##EQU2## if the mass of inflatant, mi, per mass of polymer, mp, is defined as,
Ci =mi /mp =di /df
where df =density of the UMC foam. Then, Pi is calculated from the inflatant content foam density and inflatant molecular weight according to:
Pi =3.59�105 Ci df /Mi
Velocity of Propagation (Signal Transmission Speed)--Determined by finding the half wave resonant frequency of a 10 foot (3.05 m) sample of cable. Tests were performed on a HP 8753A Network Analyzer with a 95044A Transmission Test Set. %V.P.=(Freq.�20)/9.8425.
Propagation Delay--Measured by the pulse in-pulse out method. The devise under test was driven by a pulse generator and terminated at its far end in a resistive load equal to its normal characteristic impedance. Input and output signals were measured by using an oscilloscope probe. The time difference between the 50% voltage levels of the two signals was taken as the propagation delay. The propagation delay for the transmission of a signal in air is 1.016 ns/ft (3.34 ns/m).
Volume Percent Voids (% Voids)--The volume percent voids was calculated from the equation,
% Voids={1-df /[(1+Ci)dp ]}100
df =density of the UMC insulation
dp =density of the polymer
Ci =grams of inflatant/gram of polymer
If Ci<< 1,
% Voids=(1-df /dp)100
Density--A buoyancy method is used to determine UMC foam densities. Small baskets are used to hold the insulation for weighing. A 190 mm OD�100 mm deep crystallizing dish is used for the immersion bath.
Inflatant Content--Inflatant contents were measured by weighing 0.05�0.01 grams of sample before and after the cells were ruptured with heat and pressure. All samples were weighed to 1 μg and were handled with clean tweezers and disposable PVC gloves. Samples enclosed in 6 in�6 in�0.001 in (152 mm�152 mm�0.025 mm) aluminum foil were pressed for 45 seconds at a platten temperature approximately 20� C. above the melting point of the polymer and 5000 lbs. gauge (3.46�107 Pa) pressure.
Cell Size and Cell Size Distribution--Cell size and cell size distribution were measured directly from scanning electron micrographs of the appropriate magnification.
Capacitance (Cable)--The capacitance of 10 foot (3.05 m) section of cable was measured using an HP 4262A LCR Meter.
Capacitance (Insulated Primary Wire)--The capacitance of single primary wires were measured using a SCM5 Capacitance Monitor (Electron Machine Corporation). A sample of insulated wire was passed through the cavity of the capacitance monitor which was filled with water. Care must be taken to insure that the surface of the insulated wire is completely wetted and all bubbles are eliminated. One end of the wire was grounded and a 10 KHz signal applied to the measuring head which is completely immersed in water and constitutes one arm of an AC bridge. The deviation meter was adjusted to read zero and the capacitance read directly in picofarads/foot.
Cab-O-Sil� is a registered trademark of Cabot Corporation, Boston, MA for a fumed amorphous silicon dioxide.
Freon� is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE for fluorinated hydrocarbons, more particularly Freon�11 designates fluorotrichloromethane (CCl3 F), and Freon�114 designates 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CClF2 CClF2).
Thermolite� is a registered trademark of M & T Chemicals, Rahway, N.J. for tin-organic stabilizers.
It is to be understood that the forms of the invention described herein are but preferred embodiments and various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 10, 1991
Owner name: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, A CORPORATIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MUSCHIATTI, LAWRENCE C.;REEL/FRAME:005660/0793
Effective date: 19910121
|Oct 31, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 20, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 7, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
LONDON, July 31 (Reuters) - When Thomas Burke clocked 12 seconds in the first modern Olympic 100 metres final in Athens in 1896, few could have dreamed how much faster sprinters would become.
More than a century later, Usain Bolt has brought the world record down to 9.58 seconds but mathematicians and sports scientists are sure the limit of human speed has yet to be reached.
A little like the top sprinters Bolt, Yohan Blake, Tyson Gay and others all jostling for position in the record books, theoretical experts too are vying to place their best predictions for how fast the ultimate 100 metre sprint could be.
At Stanford University in the United States, scientist Mark Denny has calculated that Bolt or one of his competitors could take another 0.1 seconds off the current record to get it down to 9.48.
"That's an estimate based on history and analysis - and of course I'd love to see someone go below that," Denny said in a telephone interview.
"But there have to be limits to human speed - even if people don't like to accept that idea."
John Barrow, a professor of mathematical sciences at Britain's Cambridge University, has a more ambitious estimate of 9.4 seconds, a prediction matched by Reza Noubary of Bloomsburg University in Pennsylvania.
"We're not going to be reaching the limits of human speed anytime soon," Barrow told Reuters.
"And there's no reason to assume Bolt is going to be just shaving fractions of hundredths of seconds off each time. There's scope for some quite big improvements."
Noubary admits Bolt's stunning performances so far have "changed our perception of human capabilities".
"He has become the premier runner in the world," he wrote in a paper analysing Bolt's achievements. And, he added, "Bolt is not done yet".
The man himself agrees. The flamboyant Jamaican, who was beaten by his younger compatriot and friend Blake in both the 100m and 200m at this year's Jamaican trials, has said he reckons the world 100 record will stop at 9.4 seconds.
His current record of 9.58 seconds was set at the 2009 Berlin world championships.
Having analysed Bolt's reaction times to the starting gun - which are generally slower than other top sprinters and often much slower than the 0.1 seconds allowed - Barrow says that is where the most obvious progress could be made
"The time that people record in the 100 metre sprint is the sum of two parts - one is the reaction time to the starting gun and the other is the actual running time," he says.
"So if Bolt could get his reaction time down to say 0.13 seconds, which is good but not exceptional, he'd make some improvement... It may only be few hundredths of a second, but it's certainly room for improvement."
Weather too, has the potential to help or hinder.
Experts point out that when Bolt won gold at the Beijing Games in 2008, he did so in warm and relatively still conditions. Similar weather in Berlin in 2009 might well have helped him clock his 9.58 seconds world record.
The maximum wind speed allowed within athletics rules for the ratification of records is two metres per second, so if London were to be basking in a warm breeze on the evening of Aug. 5, the mark could be broken.
"Everything's got to be perfect," said Denny. "If you get a warm night with a slight tailwind and you're in good shape, then you have to take advantage of that.
"Of course I'd love to see Bolt break the world record - but I'm not holding my breath." (Editing by Alison Wildey)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Broken Sword Trilogy (PC) - £3.99 @ Play
"As I picked myself up all I could hear was the ceaseless drone of traffic. Life went on around me, but the explosion was to change my life forever."
Welcome to the world of cults, conspiracies and murder, as you take on the role of George Stobbart as you attempt to solve the mysteries of the most secret society of all - the Knights Templar. Broken Sword Trilogy contains the first three games in the hugely acclaimed adventure series from Revolution Software, alongside the bonus classic 'Beneath A Steel Sky'.
Broken Sword: The Shadow Of The Templars
An innocent vacation in Paris unwittingly whisks a young American, George Stobbart, away on a mysterious and compelling escapade which could change the fate of Man. As George, you are thrown into the arms of intrigue as you uncover a sinister collusion which could turn the world upside down.
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As the threatening darkness of the eclipse smothers all, the discovery of a sinister drugs ring by chance reveals an arcane power of an ancient civilisation. Torment and terror, sacrificial rituals and bloody massacre is unearthed beneath a veil of Mayan mystery.
Broken Sword III: The Sleeping Dragon
Broken Sword III: The Sleeping Dragon represents the next-generation in adventure gaming. Once more George and Nico must travel the world, wrestling danger and piecing together the clues that will unravel the secrets of the Sleeping Dragon.


text:
If you have a conference in Warsaw, or a presentation in Krakow, and need English to Polish or Polish to English interpreters to facilitate communications, our experienced professionals can help.
Not only do we work with native Polish speakers, but all our trained interpreters are experts at what they do and will arrive at your destination prepared and ready to create a good impression. We guarantee:


text:
1. Double-click on the installer and click Yes to extract the files to the C:\Printers folder on your computer.
2. In the Add Printer Wizard window, click the Have Disk button below the Printers field.
3. Click Browse.
4. Click on My Computer in the left pane, then double-click on the C drive, then the Printers folder, then double-click the folder whose name corresponds to the model number of the printer you will be using (i.e. HP 4200 PS). You do not need to select any of the files listed, just click Open.
5. In the Install From Disk window, click OK.
6. Select the model number of the printer you will be using and click Next.
7. Complete Printing Wizard installer and print a test page.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Button ( back, next, clear, print ) but no skip to last...Asked by waynerigley on September 19, 2014 at 09:05 AM
using the form with 20 pages ive created conditions that allow a user to ( do you have more to enter ) if no is selected then the condition skips to the end ( last page )
Ive had more problems with this that i thought. conditions are ok but the reporting side pre-populates the YES as er condition each time...
would be nice to allow a button ( skip to end ) that regardless of what page a user is on that they would be able to just jump tot he last page...
thoughts <>
hummmm in the middle of a test, but im removing the pre-populated answer from YES to "blank" and see if that fixes the issue.. post back in 10 mins
I can not find such form in your profile. Can you please tell us the link to the form (if you have not removed it) and we will assist you in setting up the form.
Usually if the settings are not set, you would not get an email with them set, but I do know a couple of reasons why that could happen. When you test out the form and refresh the page, please use hard/cold refresh. It is done by pressing Ctrl+F5. It usually takes longer to load the page as it loads everything from the source and not parts of it from the browser cache, otherwise with a regular reload the checks that you have made previously will still stay as selected.
I hope that this helps you. We are here if it does not :)
Best Regards,
sorry i have a free and paid account, the form is in the paid account.. but looks like i have it all figures out.. would be nice to just have a ( skip to end ) button !
JotForm Support
I have submitted a feature request to add a "Last" or "End" button the the page break that would take the user the the final page of the form. This may or may not be something we are able to add but it never hurts to ask.
We will update you here if and when we have any further information as to the status of this request.
Hi, did this feature ever get implmented?
JotForm Support
Though this has not been implemented, you can set up conditions to skip to different pages in the form:
You could add an option to each page of the form for the user to select "Skip to end" and then have the next button on that page skip to the last page if that option is selected.


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At Kotobuki we believe that there is no such thing as the best, only better. We can only better ourselves each day. It is this passion for continuous improvement, embodied in the world-renowned Kaizen principle that has helped us remain at the forefront of Japanese Restaurants in Singapore for over 32 years.
At Kotobuki we live to serve you better. We take our service and food quality very seriously, almost like a religion. The satiation seen on the faces of our customers is the highest priority for everything we do at Kotobuki. As our saying goes, "a satisfied customer is our best motivation and reward".
We differentiate ourselves with our specialty Kanto cuisine.
Additional Details:
3 Yuan Ching Road #01-02A
20 Ah Hood Road #01-16 ZhongShan Mall @ Balestier
User reviews
User Ratings Summary
User rating summary from: 1 user(s)
Top 1000 Contributor
View all my reviews (1)
|Overall Rating:
Great Jap food under my office!!!
I've only tried their set lunch once and am very pleased with their food quality!
My colleagues and I enjoyed ourselves a lot during our stay there and we will definitely be heading back for more!


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General Contractors
Flooring, Painting, Roof repairs, Siding , Framing , Landscaping , Plumbing...
WE CAN DO IT ALL! Lowest Rates Around and we get the job done ON TIME with the best job done!
No Job to small or Big! 24 hours rain or shine , Reliable. References ,Will beat any price by 10% We have the know-how, the manpower, and ALL the tools to fix your next home repair!
Call me, Joey Lewis!
A+ Quality at a price you can afford !!! Free quotes!


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CD review of Mika's ÂThe Boy Who Knew Too Much'
Without a hit single in the United States it's hard to make a big splash in pop music. But no pop album in 2009 sounded better, start to finish, without a true hit single, than Mika's "The Boy Who Knew Too Much," the follow-up to his 2007 debut, "Life in Cartoon Motion." With a sound that brings to mind some wild amalgamation of Rufus Wainwright, Elton John and Electric Six, Mika managed to be both out there and entirely accessible at once. The nonstop hooks and joyous beats pulled you in and the smart wordplay kept your attention throughout.
Mika is also a bit of a style hog. He channels his inner Kate Bush on the dreamy "By the Time," visits campy torch territory with "Pick Up Off the Floor" and delivers his Broadway show tune best on "Toy Boy." Yes, it's all a bit over the top, but it's also magical. If Mika's music were simply pure pop pep, that would be enough. But each song tells a story, amuses, amazes and confidently makes its point.
"He's got looks that books take pages to tell/He's got a face to make you fall on your knees," the 26-year-old Londoner sings on "Blame It on the Girls," a bedazzling, boisterous track that somehow chastises ingrates and celebrates life all at once. The song is typical of Mika's fare: exuberant but also layered; candy-coated but also loaded with meaning. Few modern pop stars have achieved anything close.
-- Joe Heim
Recommended tracks
"We Are Golden," "Blue Eyes," "Blame It on the Girls"


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UPDATE: Microsoft has since extended the deadline for end of support for Security Essentials through July 14, 2015, giving XP users an extra year an extra 15 months of security protection.
You all know (or better know) by now that Microsoft will end all support for Windows XP on April 8. Now the company is doubling down, saying it will end support for the XP version of Microsoft Security Essentials, the company's free security and antivirus application.
That means no more updates, no more additions to the antivirus signatures, nothing. If a virus appears on April 9, you better have someone else's AV program, because MSE won't detect it.
And while this is a not-so-subtle way of nudging XP users off the old OS and onto something newer, let's be honest: MSE was never a top-flight antivirus program. Over the years it went from mediocre to downright poor on the AV Test scores.
Even Microsoft has said in the past that MSE should not be your only security app. MSE usually has just the top signatures for the most common, prevalent and ubiquitous malware. And as much as Microsoft has tried, it can't keep up with the really top players in antivirus, like Kaspersky, ESET and Avast.
Still, my concern is that the people who will still be using XP come Armageddon day – anywhere from 20 to 30 percent of Internet users worldwide – probably aren't on top of the latest malware. The other day I was in the dentist's office getting X-rays done and I noticed all their PCs are still running XP. Even scarier was seeing the red symbol in the system tray that indicated they were way out of date. When I asked them about migrating, they had no clue about the April 8 deadline. This is a dental office. They had no IT person.
There are going to be so many old machines in similar situations – used in a work environment, barely maintained, by a company that doesn't even know what's coming – that I can't help but wonder if April 8, 2014 will be the real day the earth stood still, and not January 1, 2000.


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Nic Cheeseman
Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency
Despite pre-election fears, the victory of the opposition NPP over the ruling NDC in Ghana's December 2016 elections became the prologue to a peaceful transfer of power. This outcome suggests that the advantage of incumbency in African elections may be on the wane.
African Elections as Vehicles for Change
Since the return of multipartism in sub-Saharan Africa, open-seat elections have been the most likely to yield opposition victories, suggesting that term limits may significantly contribute to democratic consolidation.


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Erykah Badu - "Baduizm" on Planet Groove MP3
Erykah Badu's performances and interviews on Planet Groove in 1997. 00:00 Interview segment with Rachel 04:58 Rimshot 07:32 The Other Side of the Game ...
ERYKAH BADU. "Tyrone" (Live). 1997. album "Baduizm Live". MP3
ERYKAH BADU. "Tyrone" (Live). 1997. album "Baduizm Live". Universal Records by misummergrooves.
Erykah Badu - Next Lifetime Live in Baduizm in 1997 MP3
Erykah Badu - On & On MP3
Music video by Erykah Badu performing On And On. (C) 1997 Kedar Entertainment / Universal Records Inc.
On & On
Erykah BaduOh my my my I'm feeling high My moneyâs gone I'm all alone Too much "weâll see" The world keeps turnin' Oh what a day What a day What a day Peace and blessings manifest With every lesson learned If your knowledge were your wealth Then it would be well-earned If we were made in his image Then call us by ou[...]
Prince Armani - Baduizm (Official Video) MP3
Follow Prince Armani On Twitter And IG @Princexarmani Shot By: B. Cheek Editied By: Key Latrice Download My Album The Prince LP ...
Anton Joseph - Baduizm MP3
Erykah Badu - Unplugged - MP3
RAPPERS BEFORE AND AFTER ERYKAH BADU Im pretty sure this is how Im gonna be once I date Erykah Badu Be sure to SUBSCRIBE & LIKE ...
"Erykah Badu Type Beat" x "Baduizm" x Smooth Rnb/Neo Soul Instrumental 2015 MP3
"Erykah Badu Type Beat" x "Baduizm" x Smooth Rnb/Neo Soul Instrumental is produced by Vebgosa. 2015 Soundcloud: ...
Erykah Badu Drama MP3
god musik.
Erykah Badu- On & On with Lyrics MP3
Ohh, my, my, my I'm feelin' high My money's gone I'm all alone To much to see, the world keeps turnin' Oh what a day, what a day, what a day Peace & blessins' ...
Erykah Badu- Phone Down Music Video Extended cut MP3
Erykah Badu Video for 'Phone Down' click to listen to But you Caint use my phone on spotify: ...
Erykah Badu - On & On Chopped & Screwed MP3
On & On C&S. Baduizm Album. TRJ AKA Dj POLO.
Erykah Badu - Rimshot (1997) MP3
Erykah Badu - Rimshot (1997)


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"I attended Day Surgery and was ..."
About: Wycombe Hospital Wycombe Hospital High Wycombe HP11 2TT
Posted by Anonymous (as ),
What I liked
I attended Day Surgery and was impressed by the organisation and repeated checks at each stage of consultation that the healthcare professional was dealing with the correct patient. My overall experience was highly satisfactory.
What could be improved
Directions to the Day Care Surgery Unit from the hospital entrance.
Do you have a similar story to tell? Tell your story & make a difference ››


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Clark County, Washington Genealogy
|This article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
Please review the contributor help to assist you in editing.
- 1 County Courthouse
- 2 History
- 3 Places / Localities
- 4 Resources
- 5 Societies and Libraries
- 6 Web Sites
- 7 References
County Courthouse
Parent County
1844--Clark County was formed 27 June 1844 as an original county. It was formerly named Vancouver County and then the name was changed to Clark 3 September 1849. County seat: Vancouver [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
A Jail and Courthouse Burned.
VANCOUVER, Washington, Feb. 25.---this morning the county courthouse and jail were totally destroyed by fire, together with most of the county records. The building was valued at $50,000 and insured for $25,000. The cause of the fire is unknown.
The Salt Lake Weekly Tribune, Salt Lake City, UT 27 Feb 1890
The County Auditor's records, which were in the courthouse destroyed by fire at Vancouver, Washington, have been found in good condition.
The Salt Lake Weekly Tribune, Salt Lake City, UT 7 Mar 1890
source: gendisasters.com
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Cowlitz | Skamania | Oregon counties: Columbia | Multnomah
- 1849 Territorial Transcription and Index (part of Oregon Census), under the name "Vancouver County"
- 1850
- 1860
- 1870
- 1880
- 1890 Veterans
- 1900
- 1910
- 1920
- 1930
Local Histories
Washington State Digital Archives has digitized various types of naturalization-related records, including declarations of intentions, delayed birth files, naturalization affidavits, notifications of application for admission to US citizenship, orders fixing naturalization terms, petitions and records, petitions, receipts for certificates of citizenship, record of final decrees of citizenship and record of petitions dockets. Depending on the county, records range from 1854-1988.
Vital Records
- Washington Death Certificates 1907-1960 A free internet index to the 1907-1960 death certificates can be found at FamilySearch Record Search, no images are available. A transcribed death certificate may contain such information as name of the deceased, date and place of death, age, gender, birth date and birth place, mother's maiden name and name of spouse, place of residence, occupation and certificate numbers.
Societies and Libraries
Web Sites
- ↑ The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).


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197 Quebec Street
Prince George, BC V2L 1W1
Be the first Weblocal.ca user to add photos or videos of Eric's World of Leisure
Eric's World of Leisure has been proudly serving Prince George and area for 20 years. We are the one-stop shop for all your pool, hot tub, softener and game room needs. We provide free water testing as well. Our Pool & Spa Council certified technicians work on all makes and models of hot tubs, pool equipment and water softeners. Eric's World of Leisure; all things water.
If you want friendly service and knowledgeable help in the future this is the place to shop!
check out the water treatment equipment! Give your skin and life a treat with soft water removing all hardness. The Reverse Osmosis system is great! No more water bottles and running to fetch drinking water! Stop in and say hello! Very friendly place!
I was very dissapointed in the installation of our tub. We found out after many problems that the installations was not done properly in regards to the electrical. So thus all the problems!
When my sears water softner part broke on installation, this place had a part. Great people that really helped.


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Siemens S7 – Control system upgrade
Improved process control and productivity
Three reasons for choosing Siemens S7 control system upgrade
Extended machinery lifetime
Improved quality control
Production efficiency
Control system upgrade
The S5 control system used in ESU machinery until 1998 has become obsolete. Getting spare parts is difficult, and in some cases, even impossible.
The new control system S7 is now available as a retrofit for old machinery, offering an excellent opportunity to improve process control and productivity. The new features in the user interface give detailed information on production parameters and process flow feedback.
United Plate Glass, U.S.A.
"When you're basically happy with the quench and your bed size, it becomes a no-brainer to change the furnace chambers with Glaston's chamber replacements to get a completely new furnace. The best thing – you're only paying about half the price of a new furnace and you get the latest tempering technology," states Darin Vietmeier, Vice President of Operations at United Plate Glass of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Read more
Glaseksperten, Denmark
#ProL #Upgrades
"It's really something when you have a new section installed in between all the old, and everything works seamlessly both mechanically and electrically," says Lone Kjaer Joergensen, Production Manager of Glaseksperten A/S in Hjorring, Denmark. "I was really excited and a bit nervous, but with our new Glaston ProL-zone upgrade, we got something far better.Read more
Agnora, Canada
#RHC #Upgrades
"Agnora is known for fabricating the largest architectural glass in all of North America. We've chosen to specialize in custom fabrication and oversized glass. We're not a glass factory," underlines Richard Wilson, President of Agnora, Inc., in Collingwood, in Ontario, Canada, about two hours north of Toronto. "To stay as the leader in this area, we continue to invest in the latest and most advanced technology, such as Glaston's Roller Heat Control (RHC) upgrade for our special ProE Magnum flat glass furnace.Read more
#AskGlaston Episode 36: Does the overall glass strength weaken when saw cuts are applied?
Today we are dealing with the following two questions: Does the overall glass strength weaken when saw cuts are applied? Is tempered glass more scratch resistant...Read more
#AskGlaston Episode 35: What makes the tempering of large 4 mm Low-E glass sheets so tricky?
This week, we are dealing with the following two questions: What makes the tempering of large 4 mm Low-E glass sheets so tricky? What to consider when heat strengthening...Read more
#AskGlaston Episode 34: Is it possible to temper beveled glass?
This week, we are dealing with the following three questions: Is it possible to temper beveled glass? Why can't I mix different colors in the same load? Can we update...Read more


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My upper case letters are changing to lower case - whyAsked by Moorcroftgroup on December 17, 2013 at 06:14 AM
I want to add some basic html text to my form but any upper case text I add changes to lower case all on its own. Help!
We deeply apologize for the inconveniences this my have caused. This issue has been resolved by our dev team. I also made a test with one of my forms and it is working correctly.
I would recommend you to remove the current Text field, re-add it, then enter your upper case text. If the issue still persists, try logging out of your Jotform account, clear your browser caches and cookies, clearing your form caches while logged in your account may also help, here is how: How to clear your form cache
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Fax to email service is what it is, it is a service that allows you to receive fax messages wherever you are in the world as long as you have an internet connection. You still get to keep your old fax number, but that fax number is connected to the smartphone application that receives fax messages.
Faxtofaxonline`s Uploads
How Will You Send A Fax Online? While many people begin to see the fax machine as a relic of how business was previously done, in fact the need for fax services are still high. Although many of the things that faxes accustomed to do are replaced with e-mail, instant messaging, sms messages, and in many cases online file sharing, there are many occasions when getting that immediate signature or invoice requires something just a little different. This is why good fax online services come into play. The good thing is that while you may not see fax machines around every corner anymore, you don't necessarily will need to go to a Kinko's or some other local printing and fax store. There are several websites focusing on allowing customers to send a scanned file or type up a file and send it a fax - often with signature so long as you hold the appropriate laptop or touch-screen technology. This is a great tool that allows for the sending of the important papers, especially to agencies or corporations that still need a genuine fax as opposed to an e-mail, letter, or message. It's the benefit of digital technology still taking care of all of the official documentation and regulations which can be seen as necessary. In terms of sending a fax online, it is essential to make sure you check up on all of your options to be certain you're using a provider that is certainly highly thought of. As with all online service like this, there exists a huge difference between your best in the industry and the worst, or perhaps exactly what is known as average. You possess so many options why then accept something second rate when you are able jump ahead together with the top software and acquire the results you need.faxtofaxon... 00:01:44 45 0 Downloads 0 Comments
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Judges 10-16 Notes
Chronology Problems
The number of years indicated in the book of Judges, for the periods of oppression and peace, including the time of Samson, adds up to 410 years. With the Exodus placed at 1446 BC and Solomon's temple at 966 BC, insufficient time exists to allow 410 years for the events outside of the Judges time period.
- The chronology problem comes from 1 Kings 6:1, which states that 480 years elapsed between the Exodus and Solomon's fourth year, when he began to build the temple.
- This leaves only 70 years in which to locate the 40-year wilderness period, Joshua's time of leadership (16 years), the period between Samson's demise and Saul's inauguration (no fewer than 5 years), Saul's 40-year reign (Acts 13:21), David's 40-year reign, and Solomon's first 4 years…a total of 145 years altogether.
- Thus, the 410 years for the events in judges is at least 75 years too long.
The Book of Judges itself suggests the solution; it implies that certain periods overlapped in time.
- For instance, Judges 3:30-4:1 implies that Shamgar judged during the 80 years of peace following Ehud's deliverance from the Moabites.
- Judges 10:7 implies that Jephthah, occupied with the Ammonites east of the Jordan, and Samson, concerned with the Philistines on the west, were contemporary in activity.
- Certain of the lesser judges, because they were active in separated areas of the land, could have also worked at the same time. For example, Tola, who judged in Issachar (Judg. 10:1-2), and Jair, who judged across the Jordan in Gilead (Judg. 10:3-5).
Sufficient years may be accounted for to solve the chronology problem.
Jair - 30 sons on 30 donkeys could've been his helper judges
The Nazirite/Nazarite vow is taken by individuals who have voluntarily dedicated themselves to God. The vow is a decision, action, and desire on the part of people whose desire is to yield themselves to God completely. By definition, the Hebrew wordnazir, simply means "to be separated or consecrated." The Nazirite vow, which appears inNumbers 6:1-21, has five features. It is voluntary, can be done by either men or women, has a specific time frame, has specific requirements and restrictions, and at its conclusion a sacrifice is offered.
First, the individual enters into this vow voluntarily. The Bible says, "Speak to the Israelites and say to them: 'If a man or woman wants to make a special vow, a vow of separation to the LORD as a Nazirite'" (Numbers 6:2). This shows that it is individuals who take the initiative to consecrate themselves to the Lord. There is no divine command involved. While generally done by the individual by his own choice, two individuals in the Old Testament, and one in the New Testament, were presented to God by their parents. Samuel and Samson in the Old Testament, (1 Samuel 2:8-28;Judges 13:1-5), and John the Baptist in the New Testament received the Nazirite vow from birth (Luke 1:13-17).
Second, both men and women could participate in this vow, asNumbers 6:2indicates, "a man or woman." The Nazirite vow was often taken by men and women alike purely for personal reasons, such as thanksgiving for recovery from illness or for the birth of a child. However, under the Mosaic law, the vow or oath of a single woman could be rescinded by her father, and that of a married woman by her husband (Numbers 30).
Third, the vow had a specific time frame, a beginning and an end as these two statements indicate: "Throughout the period of his separation he is consecrated to the LORD... Now this is the law for the Nazirite when the period of his separation is over" (Numbers 6:8,13a). So, the Nazirite vow usually had both a beginning and an end.
Fourth, there were specific guidelines and restrictions involved with the Nazirite vow. Three guidelines are given to the Nazirite.Numbers 6:3-7tells us that he/she was to abstain from wine or any fermented drink, nor was the Nazirite to drink grape juice or eat grapes or raisins, not even the seeds or skins. Next, the Nazirite was not to cut his hair for the length of the vow. Last, he was not to go near a dead body, because that would make him ceremonially unclean. Even if a member of his immediate family died, he was not to go near the corpse.
Numbers 6:13-20shows the procedure to follow to complete the vow. A sacrifice was made (vv.13-17), the candidate's hair was cut and put on the altar, and the priest did the final task of completing the sacrificial process, which ended the vow (v. 20). This section concludes with the statement, "This is the law of the Nazirite who vows his offering to the LORD in accordance with his separation, in addition to whatever else he can afford. He must fulfill the vow he has made, according to the law of the Nazirite"(6:21).
Although the Nazirite vow is an Old Testament concept, there is a New Testament parallel to the Nazirite vow. InRomans 12:1-2Paul states, "Therefore, I urge you, brothers, in view of God's mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God—this is your spiritual act of worship. Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God's will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will." For Christians, the ancient Nazirite vow symbolizes the need to be separate from this world, a holy people consecrated to God (2 Timothy 1:9;1 Peter 1:15).