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Explore these frequently asked questions that students and teachers most commonly ask when studying the Holocaust.
What was the Holocaust?
The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. Because Nazi discrimination against the Jews began with Hitler's accession to power in January 1933, many historians consider this the start of the Holocaust era. The Jews were not the only victims of Hitler's regime, but they were the only group that the Nazis sought to destroy entirely. The term "Holocaust" is defined by the New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (1989) as a large-scale sacrifice or destruction, especially of life, especially by fire. In Hebrew, the word Shoah is used, and it appears more and more frequently in English-language texts. Genocide is a legal term for the destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups. It may include, but does not necessarily include, the physical annihilation of the group. The Holocaust is an expression, and arguably the most extreme expression, of genocide.
Is the Holocaust a singular event in history?
There are other historical events similar to the Holocaust, but the Holocaust has characteristics that, in the opinion of many scholars, makes it unique. Mass murder, sometimes on a scale of millions and targeting specific religious, ethnic, or social groups, has occurred in history. Governments other than that of Nazi Germany have used camp systems and technology to serve deadly plans, and the Jews have been persecuted throughout much of history. However, the Holocaust may be considered unique for two main reasons: 1) unlike their policies toward other groups, the Nazis sought to murder every Jew everywhere, regardless of age, gender, beliefs, or actions, and they invoked a modern government bureaucracy to accomplish their goal; and 2) the Nazi leadership held that ridding the world of the Jewish presence would be beneficial to the German people and all mankind, although in reality the Jews posed no threat. Grounded in a spurious racist ideology that considered the Jews "the destructive race," it was this idea, more than any other that eventually led to the implementation of the murderous policy known as the "Final Solution."
How many Jews were murdered in each country?
Because there are no hard and fast statistics for all the Jews murdered in countries under Nazi domination, and due to frequent border changes before, during, and after the war, it is difficult to enumerate the victims by country. The following information is taken from the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, based on research at Yad Vashem. The Encyclopedia explains the figures presented here for each country.
Pre-war Jewish Population
Minimum Loss
Maximum Loss
|Bohemia and Moravia
|Great Britain – Channel
|Soviet Union
Who were other victims of Nazism? How was their fate similar to and different from the fate of the Jews?
Different groups fell victim to the Nazi regime for political, social, or racial reasons. Germans were among the first victims persecuted because of their political activities. Many died in concentration camps, but most were released after their spirit was broken. Germans who suffered from mental or physical disabilities were killed under a "euthanasia" program. Other Germans were incarcerated for being homosexuals, criminals, or nonconformists; these people, although treated brutally, were never slated for utter annihilation as were the Jews.
Roma and Sinti (often called by the derogatory term "Gypsies") were murdered by the Nazis in large numbers. Estimates range from 200,000 to over 500,000 victims. Nazi policy toward Roma and Sinti was inconsistent. In Greater Germany, Roma and Sinti who had integrated into society were seen as socially dangerous and eventually were murdered, whereas in the occupied Soviet Union, Roma and Sinti who had integrated into society were not persecuted, but those who retained a nomadic lifestyle were put to death.
The so-called Slavs, the peoples of Poland, Russia, the Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria, were also deemed racially inferior by the Nazis. Yet it was not racial ideology alone that determined how the Nazis treated particular ethnic groups—the issues of realpolitik also came into play. Despite their supposed inferiority, the Slovaks, Croatians, Bulgarians, and some Ukrainians were allies of the Nazis. Russian prisoners-of-war died from neglect or hard labor, or were murdered, because of the Nazis' racism and loathing of Communism. Owing mostly to their plans to reorganize Europe on racial grounds, the Nazis treated the Poles terribly. The Nazi plans, however, did not target the Poles for complete annihilation. Polish children who "looked German" were to be raised as Germans, intellectuals and leaders to be murdered in order to prevent rebellion, and the rest to be enslaved.
When and how did the Nazis decide to murder the Jews under their control?
The exact date of the Nazi policy decision to murder all the Jews is not entirely clear. No written order from Hitler to this effect has been found. Currently there is a consensus among historians, however, that before the outbreak of the war the Nazis did not have a definite plan to murder the Jews of Europe. Rather, the policy that came to be known as the "Final Solution," which called for the murder of all Jews, developed during the war itself.
At the time of the German conquest of Poland, in the autumn of 1939, the Nazis crossed the line from earlier forms of discrimination to murder. At this point, sporadic mass killings took place, not yet part of a policy of systematic mass murder. In the Generalgouvernement, the area where most Polish Jews were gathered, at least 7,000 Jews were murdered in the last months of 1939. With the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, murderous activities against the Jews were greatly intensified. The invasion was seen as an ideological war against Bolshevism (Communism) and the Jews were regarded as the alleged primary agents of that ideology. German armed formations, chief among the special units of the SS known as the Einsatzgruppen, began shooting Jewish males as well as Communist political officers in a mass and systematic fashion.
In early July, the "No. 2" man in the SS, Reinhard Heydrich, was made responsible by Hitler's deputy Hermann Goering for a "Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe." In mid-August, when the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, visited the newly occupied Soviet areas, it was decided to extend the killing to Jewish women and children. Soon thereafter experiments began on the use of Zyklon-B gas as a means for mass murder. These experiments were conducted in Auschwitz on Soviet prisoners of war. In mid-October the deportation of the Jews from the Reich began, and just a few days later, Jewish emigration from the Reich was forbidden. Also in October, sites were chosen for the extermination camps Chelmno and Belzec. In early December 1941, the first extermination camp, Chelmno, went into operation. There Jews began to be murdered with carbon monoxide gas generated by large diesel engines that pumped gas into gas chambers.
It is known that Hitler met with some of his intimate circle on December 12, 1941, and told them that the systematic mass murder which had begun in the Soviet Union would be extended to the Jews of Germany, the last group to be included in the plans for murder. From this meeting we know that the decision to include all Jews in the murder was made before December 12—most likely during the autumn of 1941. On January 20, 1942, after hundreds of thousands of Jews had already been murdered, Heydrich convened various senior members of the German bureaucracy in what has come to be known as the Wannsee Conference to discuss and coordinate the "Final Solution."
It is clear from this series of events that Hitler, Goering, Himmler, Heydrich, and other Nazi leaders were closely involved in the decision-making process which led to the mass murder of the Jews.
How did the Nazis treat the Jews for the first years after their accession?
The prewar persecution of Jews in Germany took place under very different circumstances from that of the Nazis' extermination campaign during World War II. The operative aim of Nazi policy during the first years was not yet the physical annihilation of the Jews but rather their social and economic displacement and their removal from German soil. In pursuing these goals, the regime was still subject to internal and external constraints that restrained the brutality of its antisemitic measures. Most of the anti-Jewish campaign was carried out in the full glare of world publicity. Its typical manifestations were discriminatory legislation, economic deprivation, public defamation, administrative harassment, and social ostracism rather than physical torture and murder.
A distinctive feature of Nazi policy before the war was the confusing interplay between repression and normalcy, the constant tightening and untightening of the antisemitic pressure. Spurts of intense antisemitic activity were buffered by prolonged periods of deceptive stabilization. By and large, the pre-war antisemitic campaign crested at three junctures:
- The boycott of April 1, 1933, and the ensuing wave of racial legislation aimed at Jewish employees in the public services and the various professions.
- The Nuremberg Laws of September 15, 1935, which put the final seal on Jewish emancipation in Germany and defined Jewishness in racial terms.
- The state-organized pogrom on the night of November 9-10, 1938, the so-called Kristallnacht ( "Crystal Night")
How did the Jews in Nazi Germany respond to their persecution before the war?
German Jewry, the first victims of the Nazi regime, represented one of the oldest established Jewish communities in Europe. Until 1933, German Jews had been widely regarded as a virtual model instance of the success of emancipation, and of the creative interaction between the Jews and their non-Jewish environment. Most German Jews considered themselves no less German than any other German citizen. Some 12,000 of them had died on the battlefields of World War I, fighting for the interests and honor of their beloved country.
During the first days of the Nazi regime, it was difficult for Jews to grasp that anyone could strip them of their German rights and identity, that they could be turned into pariahs in their own land. "Germany remains Germany," stated a leading article in the newspaper of the organization that represented the majority, the Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith. "No one can deprive us of our homeland and fatherland." On the other side of the ideological divide, the German Zionists, who were more pessimistic about the viability of a German-Jewish synthesis, seemed better attuned to the new times. Even they, however, could not fathom the full extent of the Nazi threat to Jewish existence.
They, no less than other Jews, tended to assume that the revolutionary ardor of the Nazi regime would spend itself after the first months in office and that its bite would not prove to be half as dangerous as its bark. In a way, the first to be aware of the danger were those individuals of Jewish origin who were active in the Socialist and Communist movements and, for this reason, were doubly exposed to political and racial persecution.
After the initial shock, German Jewry began to reorganize in response to their new circumstances. Already in April 1933, the Central Committee for Help and Reconstruction was established, which coordinated the wide-ranging welfare activities of the beleaguered Jewish community. On September 17, 1933, the National Representation of the German Jews came into being and assumed responsibility for overall political representation.
As a small minority living under a violent authoritarian regime, German Jewry could not mount a political opposition against the Nazis. Their hope that through negotiations carried out between the Jewish leadership and the regime, the status of the Jews in Germany could be settled in a tolerable fashion proved to be futile. Thus, what remained was for the Jewish leadership to focus on the internal life of the Jewish community. An important by-product of this focus was a deepening of Jewish consciousness and a strengthening of inner bonds of Jewish solidarity under persecution.
As the isolation of the Jews increased, the Jewish organizations focused on social work and aid to the needy. They established a Jewish educational system for children who had been ousted from the German educational system. They fostered adult education and founded the Kulturbund, an organization in which Jewish artists of various types could find expression. By the mid-1930s, the Jewish organizations increasingly emphasized activities that fostered emigration. They disseminated information about various countries of destination, and they offered language and vocational classes. This wide range of activities continued until the advent of the pogrom of November 1938. After the pogrom, the Nazis circumscribed these activities, and the Jewish organizations were only able to continue them on a much narrower basis.
Why didn't more Jews leave Europe before the war began?
The most straightforward answer is that they simply had nowhere to go. For the Jews of Europe, as expressed in Chaim Weizmann's* famous remark, "the world was divided into two: places where they could not live and places where they could not go." The restrictive immigration practices of the major overseas countries vis-à-vis Jewish refugees reflected a global climate of economic protectionism tinged with xenophobia and outright antisemitism. An international conference on refugees at Evian (France) in July 1938, initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, proved to be a complete fiasco. Except for the Dominican Republic, none of the representatives of the 32 countries invited offered prospective Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria any hope whatsoever.
Another explanation is that the intermittent and uneven application of the antisemitic pressure during the Nazi regime's first years sent confusing signals to the Jewish victims, lulling their sense of danger and allowing them to believe that the worst had already passed. A panic exodus of Jews from Nazi-dominated Europe ensued only after the spring of 1938, in the wake of the annexation of Austria in March of that year, and intensified after the November pogrom. By that time, Jews were willing to emigrate to any place they could.
- At the time, Weizmann was the president of the World Zionist Organization; later he became the first president of Israel
Why didn't more Jews go to Palestine before the war?
The connection of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel (Palestine) is ancient. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 of the Common Era, and a subsequent revolt during the next century, the Jewish people were exiled from their historic homeland. A small remnant of Jews remained, but for some 2,000 years the vast majority of Jews living in the diaspora longed to return. The modern movement of return to the Land of Israel, then under Ottoman rule and called Palestine, began in the late 19th century and gathered momentum during World War I when the British defeated the Turks there in 1917. Lord Balfour the British Foreign Minister declared his country's willingness to set up a Jewish National Home in Palestine. But as the years unfolded, owing to various political reasons, in practice Britain retreated from this position. Among other things, they cited the formal criterion of "economic absorptive capacity" to regulate Jewish entry in accordance with their own imperial and strategic interests. So in essence, there were three legal ways to immigrate to Palestine before the war:
- "Capitalist" visas were issued to immigrants who possessed capital of at least 1,000 Palestine pounds. To put this in perspective, the annual wage of a policeman in 1933 was less than 50 pounds;
- Halutzim, young Zionist pioneers who had undergone a period of vocational—mostly agricultural—training abroad could enter the country as "laborers." The exact number of certificates granted to laborers was determined by the Palestine government in six-month "schedules" reflecting the economic situation at the time, especially the level of unemployment;
- "Dependents" – direct relatives of Palestine residents.
After 1937, in the wake of the Royal Commission report, Jewish immigration into Palestine was subjected to an overt political threshold.
The other side of the coin, however, was that the Zionist establishment, which was embodied in the Executive of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, constantly disputed the actual size of the "schedules" allocated by the Palestine government but never challenged the system in principle. Unrestricted and unimpeded immigration would have clashed with the Agency's prevailing conception of Zionist fulfillment as a slow, organic process, in the course of which the economic, social, and cultural interests of the collective Zionist enterprise in Palestine should take precedence over the needs of the Jewish individual.
To which countries did the Jews of the Reich immigrate before the outbreak of the war? How many entered each country?
In the first years of the Nazi regime, most German Jews who emigrated went to neighboring European countries and to Palestine. However, the picture changed considerably after 1936 and especially in 1938. During this period, as immigration of refugees to Palestine and most of the countries of Europe became increasingly difficult, and the circumstances of Jews in Germany deteriorated, Jews became more willing to go to places they considered more remote, especially South America. With the desperate plight of Austrian Jewry after the Nazi annexation of March 1938, and the Kristallnacht Pogrom in November that struck the Jews of the entire Reich, the United States and Great Britain relaxed their restrictive practices. In their frantic efforts to break out of the Nazi death trap, Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria went as far as Shanghai, one of the few places that accepted immigrants freely. Others tried to reach Palestine stealthily in order to circumvent British restrictions on Jewish immigration.
Emigration of Jews from Germany and Austria in 1933-1939, by destination:
United States: 85,000
Latin America: 85,000
Palestine: 60,000
Shanghai: 18,000
Great Britain: 60,000
Switzerland: 12,000
Total: 320,000
Some 110,000 Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria escaped to neighboring countries only to fall again into the Nazis' clutches during the war.
Why did the Nazis murder the Jews?
Many answers to this question have been offered—theological, historical, philosophical, psychological, and Marxist—but none alone will ever be satisfactory. The historical answer might read something like this:
In the 1930s, large segments of the German populace consented to live in a society based on the tenets of hatred, ethnic utopianism, and violence. They went to war to redress every wrong and every perceived wrong perpetrated against them over the previous 200 years, and to create their version of a better world. A central belief in the system by which they lived was that the Jews (or "The Jew") represented everything diametrically opposed to them and, for this reason, had to be removed. This belief was closely connected to a racial worldview, shared by many, which defined the Germans as members of a master race—the Nordic Aryans—and the Jews as an "anti"-race befouled by destructive physical characteristics. The utopia toward which these Germans strove would be unattainable if the Jews remained. When the geographical removal of the Jews proved infeasible, they resorted to the most radical of solutions: a "Final Solution."
When and how did the Nazis come to power?
Contrary to a common misconception, Hitler did not come to power through a terrorist coup against a democratically elected government. Although the Nazis had the support of many millions of German voters, owing largely to the continuing social, economic, and political crisis that had struck Germany especially after 1929, Hitler was never elected by a clear-cut decision of the absolute majority of the German electorate. Nor did such a majority ever give him a clear mandate to become the dictatorial ruler of Germany. In the last democratic elections—on November 6, 1932—the Nazi Party, though the strongest, actually declined from the 37.3 percent of the total vote that it had earned in the previous elections—on July 31, 1932—to 33.1 percent. Hitler attained power when President Hindenburg appointed him Chancellor on January 30, 1933.
Once in power, Hitler and his accomplices lost no time in broadening their base of power and dismantling the democratic constitution piece by piece. A crucial landmark was the so-called "Law of Empowerment," which authorized the government to enact laws without recourse either to the parliament or to the president. The autonomy of the individual German States (Länder) was abolished in a bylaw passed on March 31, 1933. The Nazi seizure of power was completed, in a sense, with the "Law against the Establishment of New Parties" on July 14, 1933, by dint of which the Nazi Party became the only legal political party in Germany.
What were the largest ghettos, how many Jews were in them, and when were they liquidated?
The largest ghetto was in Warsaw, which held up to 480,000 Jews and was liquidated in May 1943, after massive deportations to Treblinka in the summer of 1942 and two uprisings in January and April of 1943. The Lodz ghetto imprisoned 160,000 Jews at its peak. This ghetto was liquidated gradually: in a first wave of deportations to Chelmno between January and May of 1942, many subsequent deportations to Chelmno and other camps, and final liquidation on September 1, 1944. The Lvov ghetto imprisoned nearly 150,000 Jews when established in November 1941; its last few thousand inhabitants were removed in June 1943 after the rest had been deported to their deaths in Belzec and Janowska. The Minsk ghetto held 100,000 Jews from this city and the surrounding towns and villages. The Minsk ghetto was liquidated on October 21, 1943, after most of its Jewish inhabitants had been shot or deported to their deaths in Sobibor. In Vilna, most of the 57,000 Jews who initially inhabited the ghetto were shot to death in the nearby pits of Ponar. In the wake of a failed Vilna ghetto uprising, the last few thousand Jews were sent to camps in Estonia on September 23, 1943. The Bialystok ghetto, which originally imprisoned 50,000 Jews, was liquidated on August 16, 1943, following five days of fighting by the Jewish underground.
What conditions prevailed in the ghettos?
During the Holocaust, ghettos were small and, in most cases, poor areas in cities and towns, to which the Jews were confined and from which non-Jews were generally barred. Many ghettos were surrounded by walls or fences in order to help enforce the Jews' isolation and separation from their neighbors and the outside world. The ghettos were meant to serve as temporary, tightly controlled collection points, while the Germans searched for a more definitive solution to the so-called "Jewish Problem." In most ghettos Jewish labor was exploited.
Jews in the ghettos were kept under horrendous conditions. The Nazis confiscated nearly all of their belongings and denied them access to most needs of daily life. Severe overcrowding, lack of hygiene, extreme starvation, and denial of basic medicines led to widespread epidemics in many ghettos. The harsh conditions and long hours of forced labor weakened the Jews further. In Warsaw, the largest of the ghettos, approximately 85,000 Jews (about 20 percent of the ghetto population) died from the conditions before the Nazis began to deport them to a death camp. Similar death rates were evident in other ghettos, and even where conditions were somewhat better, they were "narrow as the grave," in the words of one Vilna ghetto diarist, Dr. Lazar Epstein.
How did Jews cope with conditions in the ghettos?
The Jews resorted to legal and "illegal" methods in their attempts to cope with the severe conditions imposed on them in the ghettos. Jewish councils arranged housing, distributed food, and provided social welfare, child care, refugee assistance, and other services—stretching their very scanty resources beyond the limits of their capabilities. In some ghettos, autonomous social-welfare organizations were created to deal with the same types of needs. Political parties and youth movements organized clandestinely to provide their members with supplementary aid and moral support. Additionally, families and friends tried to help their own.
Many Jews in many ghettos, singly and collectively, came to realize that the Nazis had placed them in a trap: If they obeyed the Nazis' rules, they stood to die prematurely of starvation or disease. If they were caught breaking the rules by smuggling food, supplies, and information, they faced certain death. In many instances, Jews chose to become "outlaws" in their struggle to survive.
Despite the many ways Jews sought to better their situation, they were unable to fundamentally change it.
What were the Einsatzgruppen and what was their role in the murder of the Jews?
Einsatzgruppen means "task forces." The SS set up such units before they entered Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Soviet Union. The task of the Einsatzgruppen in Poland was to terrorize the local population and murder anyone whom the SS deemed undesirable. The most infamous Einsatzgruppen of all were formed before the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Their primary task was to destroy what they regarded as the ideological infrastructure of the Soviet Union: political commissars, members of the Communist party, and above all, Jews.
Einsatzgruppen advanced into the Soviet Union along with the German army. Wherever they stopped, they collected and shot in cold blood as many Jews as they could find (first Jewish males, and soon thereafter Jewish women and children, as well). They wrote detailed daily reports on their activities, copies of which still exist. According to their own incomplete reports and other records, along with a great variety of other units they killed at least 1,500,000 Jews.
Which German units took part in the murder of the Jews?
Approximately half of the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust perished in extermination camps run by the SS. About a quarter of the victims were shot by the Einsatzgruppen and their accomplices—SS brigades, police formations, units and members of the German armed forces, and on occasion, unlikely groups such as construction crews and musicians. The entire Jewish community of Serbia was annihilated in a joint operation of the regular German army and the SS.
Many victims died in concentration and labor camps run by the SS, or in ghettos. Ghettos were generally run by civilian German administrations that included lawyers, engineers, physicians, and other officials. Tens of thousands of Jews escaped from various forms of incarceration and were painstakingly hunted down, one by one, by armed German formations. German industrialists put millions of people to slave labor, and the death rate of Jewish laborers, who were at the bottom of the social ladder, was exceptionally high. In all stages of the murder, many non-German civilians voluntarily participated in the killing operations.
At no stage was there a shortage of individuals willing to participate in the murder of Jews.
What were the gas vans? When and where were they used?
Gas vans were trucks used to asphyxiate Jews and others. At first, the carbon monoxide generated by the combustion of gasoline by the trucks' engines was channeled into sealed chambers. This method was initially used as part of the "euthanasia" program, in which the Nazis killed physically and mentally disabled Germans. Later, in September 1941, Soviet prisoners of war were murdered in Sachsenhausen by channeling the fumes into the sealed compartment of the truck itself. Two months later, mobile gas vans were put into use in the Soviet Union as part of the murder of Jews spearheaded by the Einsatzgruppen. When the Chelmno extermination camp was established in December 1941, gas vans were used there as well. Gas vans were used in the murder of approximately 700,000 people throughout Nazi-dominated Europe.
Who built the gas chambers? What kind of gas was used to kill Jews there, and who provided it?
In the extermination camps built under Operation Reinhard—Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka—the gas first used to murder people was carbon monoxide, generated by gasoline engines or released from carbon-monoxide cylinders. Experiments in the use of Zyklon B, a form of hydrogen cyanide or prussic acid, began in Auschwitz in September 1941. The gas pellets were supplied by DEGESCH (a German cooperative that manufactured pesticides), which was controlled by I.G. Farben. Tesch and Stabenow Co. of Hamburg also supplied gas pellets. The improved gas chamber and crematoria facilities at Auschwitz-Birkenau were built by J. A. Topf und Sohne of Erfurt, Germany.
What were concentration camps? When did they start to function, and what was their purpose?
Immediately after they came to power, the Nazis set up camps in which they imprisoned those whom they considered opponents to their regime and treated them with great brutality. As in other dictatorial regimes, these camps were designed to break that opposition and inspire fear among the population in order to ensure that new opposition would not arise. The first concentration camp was established at Dachau on March 23, 1933; just two months after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Dachau became the training ground for the SS. Its first commandant was Theodor Eicke, whose many precedents for brutality were followed throughout the expanding camp system. Among the major camps established in Greater Germany were Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Neuengamme, Ravensbrueck, and Sachsenhausen.
At the time of the annexation of Austria and more so during the riot against the Jews of Germany in November 1938 (Kristallnacht), people were no longer imprisoned primarily because of their perceived actions, but they began to be imprisoned for reasons of race. From this point onward, Jews were placed in Nazi camps simply because they were Jews. As the Nazis conquered more and more territory, they expanded the camp system greatly and used it as a tool in their plan for the reordering of European society along racial lines.
Early on forced labor became a component of the camp universe and as time went on, this component became more and more central to it. In fact as events unfolded, the Nazis did not call all of their camps "concentration camps," some were designated as labor or hard-labor camps, others as transit camps, and others as exchange camps. Owing to the inhuman labor conditions, cruelty of the camp staff, and horrible physical conditions, many prisoners died in the camps, especially during the war. With the implementation of the "Final Solution," six extermination camps were also established in which primarily Jewish prisoners were systematically murdered.
What were the extermination camps? When did they start to function, and what was their purpose?
The first camp specifically established as an extermination camp was at Chelmno (Kulmhof), Poland. It began to function on December 8, 1941, when Jews from the surrounding area were brought there. At first, gas vans were used for the murder. Eventually, approximately 320,000 people, mostly Jews, were murdered there.
Early in 1942, the Nazis began to build three extermination camps in the framework of Operation (Aktion) Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Most of the Jews from Poland were murdered in these camps in 1942 and 1943. All told, about 1.7 million Jews were murdered in the Reinhard camps. Majdanek, which was a concentration-labor camp, also had a killing center and is often cited as an extermination camp. Unlike in the Operation Reinhard camps, many of the victims of Majdanek were not Jews.
The most infamous of the extermination camps was established at Auschwitz. It began to function as an extermination camp in the spring of 1942, after larger gas chambers were built in nearby Birkenau (Auschwitz II). Eventually about a million Jews and several hundred thousand Poles, Sinti and Roma, and people of various nationalities were murdered there.
All six extermination camps were erected in Poland for a number of reasons. Poland had the largest Jewish community in Nazi dominated Europe; it had a transportation infrastructure that facilitated the movement of the Jewish victims; and third because of the Nazi's' perceptions of Poland. For the Nazis, since Poland was in the less developed East and was inhabited by supposedly racially inferior Slavs, they expected there would be less resistance to their murderous crusade. Moreover, since it was outside Germany and far from Western Europe and the Americas, they thought they could better hide the systematic mass killings.
What were the "Death Marches"?
As the Third Reich tottered and the Eastern Front collapsed, SS head Heinrich Himmler ordered that no camp inmates be taken alive by the Allies. At the end of 1944, the Germans began evacuating hundreds of camps in Poland and East Prussia. In April 1945, the evacuation extended to the inmates of the concentration camps in Germany and Austria. In the midst of a severe winter, camp inmates were taken mostly by foot on murderous forced marches that lasted for weeks. Their survival depended on evading the hazards along the way and the brutality of their overseers, who murdered anyone who faltered or tried to escape. This mass murder of hundreds of thousands of inmates continued until the day the Germans surrendered.
What role did German-dominated governments play in the murder of Jews?
As a rule, the greater the independence a state had, the more likely were the Jews to survive. Conversely, the Jews of countries ruled directly or almost directly by Germany (Soviet Union, Poland, Serbia, and the Netherlands) had only the slimmest chances of survival. As long as Italy remained a full-fledged ally of Germany (until September 1943), the Jews there were not only untouched but, in Italian-occupied territories, they were also protected. Romanian military forces murdered great numbers of Jews at the frontiers of their territories, but the government refused to hand over Jews in their core territories to the Germans. The Hungarian government did not accede to Nazi pressure to deport Hungarian Jewry until the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944. During the occupation, however, Hungarian forces played a major role in the deportation. The Bulgarian regime protected the Jews in its traditional territories, but those of the annexed areas of Macedonia and Thrace were deported to their deaths.
Puppet states either brutally murdered their own Jews (Croatia) or turned them over to the Germans (Slovakia). Semi-sovereign Vichy France collaborated in the deportation of non-French Jews but by and large protected those who held French citizenship. The Jews of Denmark lived safely as long as a semblance of Danish independence was maintained; only when the Germans began encroaching on this independence did it become necessary to save the Danish Jews by smuggling them to Sweden. To the great credit of the Danish people, they managed to save almost all of the Jews residing in their country.
What role did non-German civilians play in the murder of Jews?
Throughout Nazi dominated areas a great many individuals and groups played a role in the murder of the Jews as active participants, accomplices, supporters and beneficiaries. They were motivated by a variety of factors, perhaps chief among them: antisemitism, a desire to further their nationalistic political agendas and greed. In fact in some places, local people carried out the lion's share of the killings or carried out the actual deportations to sites of murder. Undeniably the role of local populations facilitated the murder and it could be argued that without it the murder could not have been carried out in either the way or the scope in which it happened. In general throughout Nazi dominated territories there was little active opposition to the murder of the Jews owing in part to draconian penalties for doing so. Nonetheless, those who opposed the murder and engaged in rescue stand out as points of light in the darkness that characterized the times and, although they are relatively small in number, they provide the counterweight to the prevailing atmosphere of persecution and death.
How did the Nazis try to hide their atrocities?
The first method in camouflaging the murder of the Jews was the use of regulated euphemisms in many of their documents, such as "special treatment" for murder and "evacuation" for deportations. Even the term "Final Solution" is a code word for the extermination policy. Participants in the murder operation were sworn to secrecy. Jews were told various lies when ordered to prepare for deportation. Generally, they were told they were going to a "better place" where they would have to work but would be able to live. In June 1942 onward, a special operation, "Aktion 1005," was begun to destroy the physical evidence of the murder. Under SS Standartenfuehrer Paul Blobel, a special unit called Sonderkommando 1005 supervised the burning of the victims' bodies in the extermination camps. These operations assumed more importance with the growing consciousness among Nazi leaders that the war might be lost. From June 1943 onward, Sonderkommando 1005 returned to murder sites in the occupied areas of the Soviet Union dating from as early as June 1941, and tried to erase the traces of mass graves by burning the remains in huge pyres. Sometimes Jewish slaved labor performed this gruesome task. Although the Nazis did not succeed in wiping out all traces of the murder, their attempt to do so has made it much harder to determine the exact details and statistical magnitude of the crimes committed.
When did the world learn about the Holocaust? How did information reach the free world?
A distinction should be made between reports on specific mass-murder incidents and reports on genocide. Information regarding mass murders of Jews began to reach the free world soon after these actions began in the Soviet Union in late June 1941, and the volume of such reports increased with time. The early sources of information include German police reports intercepted by British intelligence; local eyewitnesses and escaped Jews reporting to underground, Soviet, or neutral sources; and Hungarian soldiers on home leave, whose observations were reported by neutral sources. During 1942, reports of a Nazi plan to murder all the Jews—including details on methods, numbers, and locations—reached Allied and neutral leaders from many sources, such as the underground Jewish Socialist Bund party in the Warsaw ghetto in May; Gerhard Riegner's cable from Switzerland in August; the eyewitness account of Polish underground courier Jan Karski in November; and the eyewitness accounts of 69 Polish Jews who reached Palestine in a civilian prisoner exchange between Germany and Britain in November.
On December 17, 1942, the Allies issued a proclamation condemning the "extermination" of the Jewish people in Europe and declared that they would punish the perpetrators. Notwithstanding this, it remains unclear to what extent Allied and neutral leaders understood the full import of their information. The utter shock of senior Allied commanders who liberated camps at the end of the war may indicate that this understanding was not complete.
Why didn't the Allies bomb Auschwitz?
Although fragmental information about the murder of Jews reached the West in real time from the summer of 1941 onward, it took many months for additional fragments to accrue and for the first nebulous picture of the Nazi's genocide against the Jews to emerge. Until 1944 the murder of Jews at Auschwitz remained essentially unknown. The first detailed information about the camp complex reached the Allies in June 1944, in a report from two escaped prisoners forwarded by Jewish underground activists in Slovakia. The information included a request to bomb the camp and the rail lines leading to it from Hungary, as masses of Hungarian Jews were then being deported to the camp. The Allies had command of the skies by that time, and air bases in Italy brought the Allied forces in the West within range of parts of Poland. From the spring to the autumn of 1944, Allied aircraft flew over the camp several times on a mission to photograph German industrial plants a few kilometers away. In the late summer these plants were bombed, but the extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau was never bombed.
The Allies explained their decision not to bomb the camp in several ways. They said it was technically impossible for them to reach the camp. The fact that they bombed other targets very nearby indicates that this was not true. They argued that such bombardment would not slow down the murder operation and would divert forces from decisive battles and endanger the airmen. The only way to rescue Jews, they said, was by winning the war. Their main arguments, then, were "rescue through victory" and "no diversion from the war effort." Whether a bombing mission to the extermination camp would have succeeded or failed is an open question. However, it is clear that the Allies did not marshal the same energy and determination to rescue the Jews as the Nazis did to murder them.
What were the Judenraete (Jewish Councils)?
In every country that the Germans controlled during the war, they established a Jewish leadership organization commonly known as a Judenrat (Jewish Council) or an Aeltestenrat (Council of Elders). Many German allies, such as Slovakia, established similar institutions. The objective in establishing the councils was to have a tool by which to control the Jews, isolate them from the outside world, and implement various decrees. In general, the authorities tried to pack the councils with recognized prewar Jewish leaders and respected public figures. The councils were tragically torn between their desire to meet the Jews' needs and the harsh demands of the authorities.
Jewish councils attempted to adopt various policies to help their Jews, from active support for underground groups and armed resistance to nearly total cooperation with the authorities in carrying out their policies, in the hope thereby of preventing measures worse than those already applied. With the coming of the mass deportations and the sense among many Jewish leaders that they would be murderous, the issue of obeying or disobeying Nazi commands assumed a much greater significance. The chairman of the Warsaw Judenrat, Adam Czerniakow, committed suicide rather than give into Nazi demands to provide Jews for deportation. In Lodz, the chairman of the Judenrat, Mordechai Haim Rumkowski, chose to continue obeying Nazi demands. Hoping to save at least part of the ghetto population, primarily workers who he believed had a better chance of being spared, he provided lists of Jews for the Nazis and even pleaded with mothers to give up their small children. In contrast to the situation in Lodz, in the small ghetto of Tuchin the Judenrat planned and attempted armed resistance and mass escape―although with little success.
Because of their diversity, it is extremely hard to characterize the behavior of Jewish leaders under the Nazis in general terms. In the end, regardless of the policies of a given council, it was the German authorities who were in control and who determined the fate of the Jewish communities.
How did Jews resist the Nazis during the war?
In the context of the Nazi policy of the systematic mass murder of all Jews under their control, Jewish resistance to their assault took many forms. The very acts of trying to stay alive and to maintain at least a remnant of human dignity constituted resistance to the Nazi effort to dehumanize and ultimately annihilate the Jews. Jews, on the personal, familial, and community levels, strove to sustain themselves both physically and emotionally in the face of the Nazi dehumanization and murder.
In many ghettos the Jewish councils (Judenraete) and various underground communal organizations did their utmost to distribute food and medications, and to supply other essential needs to the suffering masses. In many places they organized cultural, educational, and religious activities, which were expressions of the still-vital human spirit of the ghetto inhabitants. The act of providing work took on great importance in many places, both for its practical day-to-day aspects and because in several ghettos, proving the value of Jewish labor evolved into a strategy for safeguarding as many as possible from the Nazis. In some localities, attempts were made to document the ever-deepening suffering under the Nazis. In an organized fashion and sometimes on their own, Jews acquired false documents that identified them as Gentiles, and used them to hide and even to cross international borders.
As Jews became aware of the fact that the Nazis were out to murder them, armed underground organizations came into being. In more than 100 ghettos, groups prepared for armed resistance against the Nazis, either within the confines of the ghettos or by joining the partisans in the surrounding forests, swamps, or mountains. Not all of the planned armed resistance against the Nazis was actually carried out. The armed uprising of the longest duration occurred during three weeks in the spring of 1943 in the Warsaw ghetto. Other armed actions took place in Bialystok, Czestochowa, and Krakow, to name a few of the larger ghettos.
Some Jews escaped from ghettos that were relatively near to forests, mountains, or swamps, areas more suitable for hiding and for partisan activities. This was the case in Vilna, Kovno, and Minsk, as well as in many smaller ghettos. Not only did men and women of fighting age flee, but some older people and children escaped in a desperate attempt to stay alive. Facing the elements, hunger, disease, an often-hostile local population, Nazi hunts for Jews, and partisans who despised both Nazis and Jews, it is not surprising that in at least one area, the Parczew forest, only four percent of the Jews who escaped to the forest, lived to see liberation. Nevertheless, Jewish partisan leaders did their best to provide for non-combatants, establishing what came to be known as "family camps" for them.
In several Nazi camps―despite their brutal regimes―Jews also engaged in armed uprisings. In three of the extermination camps―Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz-Birkenau―Jewish prisoners, in some cases along with other inmates, took up arms against their oppressors. Resistance was offered by Jews in other Nazi camps as well, among them Janowska near Lvov and Minsk Masowiecki near Warsaw. Jews escaped from many camps, including Auschwitz-Birkenau. Two sets of escapees from that camp in the spring of 1944 brought with them the first detailed report (the Auschwitz Protocols) that informed the Western world of the killing apparatus in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Who are the 'Righteous Among the Nations'?
"Righteous Among the Nations" is the official title given to non-Jews who risked their lives in order to rescue Jews during the Holocaust Yad Vashem in the name of the State of Israel. The deeds of each candidate for the title are reviewed by a special committee at Yad Vashem headed by a former Israeli Supreme Court Justice.
In many cases it was ordinary people who saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. They chose, against all odds, to hide one or more Jews. Often, the rescuer would build a bunker for the Jew, who would stay there for weeks, months, or years, hardly ever seeing the sun. Food was very scarce during the war, and the rescuer would share the few pieces of bread he had with the Jews he was hiding from the Nazis.
There are also cases where groups of people, rather than individuals, rescued Jews. In the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, and France, underground resistance groups helped Jews, mainly by finding hiding places for them. In Denmark, ordinary Danes transported 7,000 of the country's 8,000 Jews to Sweden in a fishing-boat operation.
In a few instances, highly placed Germans used their position to aid Jews. The most famous of these rescuers is Oskar Schindler, the German businessman who rescued thousands of Jews from the Plaszow camp by employing them in his factory.
Diplomats and civil servants have also been recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations." Some of the better-known ones are Aristides Sousa Mendes (Portugal), Sempo Sugihara (Japan), and Paul Gruninger (Switzerland), all of whom risked their careers to help Jews. But the most famous of the diplomats who rescued Jews is probably Raoul Wallenberg, from Sweden, who saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews. Despite his diplomatic immunity, he was arrested by the Soviets after the conquest of Budapest, and apparently died in the Soviet camp system.
By the year 2016, over 26,000 men and women had received the honor and title "Righteous Among the Nations." The many instances of rescue perpetuated by those designated as "Righteous Among the Nations" show that rescue was indeed possible, despite the dangerous circumstances. The recipients of the title not only saved Jewish lives, but help restore our faith in humanity.
In what condition were the Jews in Germany and Poland after the liberation? How did their rehabilitation start?
Immediately after the liberation, there were 50,000–75,000 Jews in the western part of occupied Germany. In the first few weeks after the war, hundreds of displaced persons camps were set up provisionally in this area for people who did not want to return to their countries of residence, among them many Jews.
In August 1945, the Harrison Committee (appointed by President Truman to investigate the plight of the displaced persons) reported to the American Army on the desperate condition of Jews in the displaced persons camps. As a result of the report, special camps with improved conditions were set up for Jews in the American occupation zone and, sometime later, in the British zone as well. The Soviets, for their part, persistently refused to recognize the Jews as a distinct group and did not establish special camps for them.
The population of the displaced persons camps in Germany, in Austria, and also in Italy kept growing, mainly because Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe continued to arrive. At the end of 1946, as a result of a mass flight of Jews from Poland (in the wake of the Kielce pogrom), there were about 15,000 Jews in the British occupation zone, 140,000 in the American occupation zone (mostly in Bavaria), and 1,500 in the French zone. In all, about 700 displaced persons camps were active; among the best known were Landsberg, Pocking, Feldafing, and Bergen-Belsen. Notwithstanding the survivors' many problems, an intense and active lifestyle came into being in these camps―an educational and vocational system, cultural creativity, journalism, and even political life.
Most Jews in displaced persons camps in Central Europe left the camps by 1950. Most immigrated to Israel; others emigrated to the United States, Canada, Australia, and other localities. Some stayed in Germany.
About 300,000 Polish Jews survived: 25,000 who survived in Poland, 30,000 who returned from labor camps, and the rest, who repatriated from the Soviet Union. The destruction of Jewish life, the harsh economic situation, and eruptions of antisemitism―peaking in the Kielce pogrom of July 1946―caused the majority of Polish Jews to leave this country (clandestinely, for the most part), usually in the direction of Central Europe. Only 50,000 Jews chose to stay in Poland after 1946.
Under the Central Committee of the Polish Jews, an effort was made to revive various aspects of Jewish life in Poland. Most attempts to resettle Jews focused on the former German areas that had been annexed to Poland in the west.
What is Holocaust Denial?
Those who deny the Holocaust claim that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened, that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated, or that the Holocaust was not systematic or a result of an official policy. Holocaust denial is far from a new phenomenon, and some would say it has its roots in the Nazis' attempts to wipe out the traces of their murderous activities toward the end of the war itself. Once the province of the extreme far right and glorifiers of Nazism, both at the margins of society, especially since the start of the 21st century the denial of the Holocaust has gained much ground around the world.
In addition to the Denial of the Holocaust, the distortion of the Holocaust has emerged as a serious issue in recent years. Distortion includes various related issues such as banalization, trivialization and diminution, as well as attempts to draw unfounded parallels between the Holocaust and variety of issues for political, ideological or even rhetorical reasons. In particular the Double Genocide, (which seeks to strike a parallel between Nazi and Stalinist crimes), the use of Holocaust and Nazi imagery against Israel, and the crass manipulation of the Holocaust are all part of these new trends. The denial and distortion of the Holocaust are omnipresent in both traditional and new media.
(From: Robert Rozett and Shmuel Spector (eds.), The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, New York: Facts on File, 2000)
Was religious Judaism the object of Nazi persecution and did the Nazis primarily harm religious Jews?
The Nazis did not view Judaism as a religion but rather as an anti-race in a mortal struggle with the Aryan race. A person's Jewishness stemmed from his biological roots, and thus could not be altered by a change in religion. The Nazis rejected all persons of Jewish origin, including those not of the Jewish faith (such as the progeny of mixed marriages).
Despite the fact that the Nazis did not view Judaism as a religion, their measures had a severe impact on the religious life of observant Jews, as well as on other aspects of their day-to-day lives, beginning from the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany (1933), and their taking control of other countries Religious institutions and religious symbols came to be looked upon as symbols of the hated. Judaism and the kosher ritual slaughter of animals was forbidden on the grounds that it was inhumane. The main Nazi effort focused, at this stage, on the assimilated Jews and the Jewish sectors directly involved in their lives. For example, on the night of the Nazi book-burning campaign, religious Jewish books as well as material authored by Jews and non-Jews "of the Jews" were thrown into the flames along with literature dealing with ideological issues rejected by the Nazis. Similarly, rabbis were kept under surveillance just as were other public leaders. The most significant assault on religious life occurred on Kristallnacht, when hundreds of synagogues all over the Reich were set on fire.
In the eastern European nations, in contrast, and primarily in Poland, the Germans from the outset adhered to their concept of the traditional Jew who fit their traditional antisemitic concept and regarded as the "archetype Jew." Bearded, observant Jews with side-locks were hunted in the streets and constantly cruelly abused by the German soldiers. There were incidents of their beards being torn out or even set on fire, others were taken to the barbers and forced to pay for having their beards shaved off. On occasion, the Germans forced the Jews to don their prayer shawls and perform some form of exercise or even forced to desecrate the sacred writings or places of worship such as their synagogues and schools, by their own hands. The rabbis, regarded as a source for the spread of Judaism, thus became targets for the Nazis abuse; many were murdered or became simply objects of violent abuse.
With the expansion of the Nazi occupation, the impact on Judaism broadened: synagogues were set on fire, Torah scrolls were desecrated and articles for traditional rituals defiled. Although, for the most part, maintaining Jewish traditional law was not forbidden directly, to a large extent, Nazi legislation impeded the ability of the Jews to maintain their normal religious lifestyle. For example, the lack of food made it difficult to keep kosher and the forced labor made it impossible to keep the Sabbath. The Jewish religion itself was not persecuted systematically as such; nevertheless religious life under the Nazi occupation became unbearably difficult.


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Naval History Homepage and Site Search
Cruiser, ex-1st-class Cruiser, Edgar-class
Pendant Nos A8 (1914), N.23 (9.15), N.53 (1.18). Launched 30.1.92 Thames IW. 7,350 tons, 387(oa), 360(pp)x60x24ft. TE 12000ihp, 20kts. Armament: 2-9.2in, 10-6in, 12-6pdr, 4-18in tt. Armour: 5in deck, 6in guns. 10th CS, North Atlantic until late 1914, fitted with bulges, served Mediterranean 1915-18. Battle Honour (and link to despatches, casualties, awards) Dardanelles 1915/16. Sold 1.7.20 Castle, Plymouth. (British Warships 1914-1919)
10th Cruiser Squadron August 1914-February 1915 and then rearmed and bulged. Sent to Dardanelles mid-1915. Damaged by a torpedo hit on 11th June 1917 but returned to Malta for repairs. Served in Aegean 1918 and went to Black Sea 1919, acting as depot ship for British ships supporting the White Russians. Paid off at the end of 1919. (Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 and 1906-21)

subset: commoncrawl


text: Cast Johnny Cuba (Good Version on Salty's Lighthouse) as Thomas Zorran (Good Version on Salty's Lighthouse) as Percy and more See Also Thomas/TUGS Parodies-Featuring Daisy and Diesel Retrieved from "http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/TUGS/Thomas_Parodies-Featuring_Johnny_Cuba_and_Zorran?oldid=529685" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.


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Question: What does Kant mean by acting out of duty How
What does Kant mean by "acting out of duty?" How does the shopkeeper exemplify this?
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Answer to relevant QuestionsHow does the character of moral obligation lead to Kant's basic moral principle, the categorical imperative?Explain the criticism of natural law from the perspective of those who deny the idea of "human nature."1. According to Aristotle, what is meant by the "good?"2. What is the function of a person?3. What is virtue and how do we acquire it?4. How is virtue a mean? Explain this by using some of Aristotle's examples.5. Why ...Describe some of the history and characteristics of feminist thought, including the so called "waves" of feminism.Label the following as examples of voluntary or non-voluntary and active or passive euthanasia; if passive, are the measures described more likely to be considered ordinary or extraordinary measures of life support?a. A ...
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Last weekend's Pangos All-American Camp was a stunning success for Alex Caruso (College Station, Texas/Texas A&M Consolidated). The
6-foot-5 wing burst onto the national scene with a breakout performance. It was the kind of effort that had to strike fear into Richmond, Sam Houston State and North Colorado -- the only three programs that have offered Caruso. Those three are likely to have company soon.
Caruso's an athletic wing with bounce and major game. When he went up and dunked left-handed in transition, he put an exclamation point on his performance. He knows this is a big summer for him and last weekend was just the beginning.
"It's my coming out party," Caruso said. "I gotta play and play and play and stay healthy."
Caruso is the son of Mike Caruso, a former Creighton player and current associate athletic director at Texas A&M. His father once coached under Eddie Sutton and Alex even grew up as a ball boy for the Aggies. Naturally, he's got an affinity for the program. However, former Texas A&M coach Mark Turgeon did not offer Caruso a scholarship before leaving to take over for Gary Williams at Maryland, and the Aggies could have missed a golden opportunity because Caruso freely admits the Aggies would have been tough to turn down.
"I'm kind of biased towards A&M to start with," said Caruso.
Billy Kennedy is the new man in College Station and odds are his big July job is to find out if Caruso fits his master plan. We imagine there will be a lunch or two with Caruso's pop on the topic of his son becoming an Aggie.
Because of his father, Caruso can spot an honest recruiting pitch from a snake oil salesman a mile away. Whoever comes at him -- Arizona State and Colorado like him -- better bring it, because this kid is sharp and having a dad in college athletics helps.
"It gives me an in-depth look at it," said Caruso. "Even the stuff I would have no clue with if he wasn't in the basketball world; different factors that I would have to look at and things that coaches say and what they really mean. It gives me a better inside look."
Creighton will have a chance to offer him a scholarship face to face in the near future. Caruso and his father are going to attend the College World Series and then make an unofficial to the Bluejays.
No matter what happens or what level Caruso settles into this summer, he's put himself into position to be evaluated by every high-major school seeking a wing athlete with a creator's game, strong pedigree, good leadership skills, desire to win and finisher's approach. The Pangos All-American Camp was the beginning of what could be a fun summer ride.
He's no longer under the radar and his biggest test to date is on the horizon. Caruso's play earned him an invite to the NBA Top 100 Camp June 15-19. Few will recognize him at the start of camp and so far, but that shouldn't matter because he's done just fine for himself flying under the radar.
Dave Telep is the senior basketball recruiting analyst for ESPN.com. His college basketball scouting service is used by more than 225 colleges and numerous NBA teams. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Don't forget to follow him on Twitter.


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This item is noncancelable and nonreturnable
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The Odyssey Innovative Design FZMG32W Flight Zone Live Sound Mixer Case is a black case made of ABS plastic laminate over 3/8" plywood, made to ship, carry and protect a Yamaha MG3214FX 32 channel 14-Bus mixer. The case has steel hardware and chrome-plated butterfly latches. It is transported by recessed, spring-loaded handles and built-in corner wheels.. The case also has steel corners, aluminum edging and rubber feet. The case meets ATA 300 specifications for shipping cases.
|Black ABS laminated over 3/8" plywood
|Type of Closure
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|43 x 8.75 x 27.5" (109.22 x 22.23 x 69.85cm) (WxHxD)
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text: Parodies Tarzan II/Thomas Tarzan II/TUGS Tarzan II/The Simpsons Tarzan II/Family Guy Tarzan II/Winnie The Pooh Tarzan II/Mickey Mouse Tarzan II/Toy Story Tarzan II/A Bug's Life Tarzan II/Alvin and the Chipmunks Retrieved from "http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Tarzan_II?oldid=1009933" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.


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"Temporary wheelchair provision"
About: Royal Bucks Hospital, Stoke Mandeville, A & E
Posted by BucksResident (as ),
Overheard on newly set up (A & E linked) day ward, late in day. Ward staff seeking to send person home who had to return next day for scan.
Ward sister on phone; person can't walk; manages to get suitable ambulance transport through Red Cross (this hospital site is in a semi rural location serving a big county, but has poor transport connections).
Ward sister then asks about home circumstances: does person have wheelchair at home? (is in age cohort where might have, but this person isn't permanently disabled, has temporary medical condition severely limiting mobility)
No, person doesn't have wheelchair at home (unsurprising). Not sure how this scenario resolved as distracted by giving attention to my own relative.
Suggest: easy to hire lightweight foldable wheelchair community resource, either based at hospital or in 24 hour supermarket? (there is one of these on this hospital site) Patients can hire one like you do a hospital trolley; but with say £20/£50 deposit? If people haven't cash on them, a system could be devised? Any service is only as good as its weakest link: here a temporary wheelchair provision.
Person needing to go home.


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TigerChef Wood Mixing Paddle 20"
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The TigerChef Wood Mixing Paddle 20" is a versatile tool for mixing dough or stirring soups, sauces, and stews in a large stock pot. Featuring a wide frame and a straight front edge, this mixing paddle is strong enough to handle the stickiest dough and thickest sauces and ensures thorough stirring.
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Atmosphere By: Brandon Roose
The atmosephere has 4 layers the troposphere, stratosphere, mesophere,and thermosphere each layer is determined because of tempurature. Also each one has a diffrent hight and pressure.
The greenhous effect is where the sun shines light at the earth and the atmosphere protects us from too much sunlight and lets just enough through and most of it is absorbed by the clouds and ground and some of it is reflected back towards the sun but the atmosphere traps it in to also keep us warm.
each one of the layers are important in some way the first layer the troposphere is where we live and has the right amount of sunlight, pressure, and gasses we need to live and it also has the righ tepuratures and weather we need and can withstand. Soncond layer protects us frome the suns harmfull heat and so this layer is hotter as you go up and it's filled with ozone. The third layer the mesosphere protecs us from meteors and other space junk but this layer is very cold and has less oxegen. The fouth layer the thermosphere is the very top layer it is very thin and very very hot and it is really hot because it is closesed to the sun and turnes ultraviolet light into heat.


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Posts by Savannah
Total # Posts: 251
Are lysosomes present in a plant cell?
On the second part, what if the business is manufacturing business, service business, and product service busines
What are the main components of Operations Plan in a business plan? Please state the content of the following A. A description of the company's operation B. Flow of Orders for Goods and Services
in the election 46% of the class voted for Celina. if there are 50 members in the class, how many votes did Celina receive? please keep in mind I have switched classes and do not know some of the content that they have learned before I came to the class
Algebra 1
How do I find the minimum and maximum possible measurements of an ostrich egg that is 1.6 kilograms to the nearest tenth of a kilogram
Social Studies
Question 1 (1 point) How have residents of Canada's eastern coast dealt with changes in the fishing industry? a They have banned aquaculture. b They concentrated on other economic activities. c They have completely given up fishing. d They only fish for cod. Question 2 (1...
A patient is prescribed 0.210 mg of a drug that is available in 70 ?g tablets. How many tablets are needed? (Remember that the number of significant figures does not matter because the number of tablets is being counted.)
Which style of art is often described as a comic book style? A. Cubism B. Fauvism C. Op Art D. Pop Art D is my answer.
Six people shared 3/5 pound of peanuts equally. What fraction of a pound of peanuts does each person receive
Identify the element that has a ground state electronic configuration of [Ar]4s23d104p 4
Which reaction below represents the second ionization of Lr?
Blue copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) crystals were heated to give the white monohydrate. What percentage of water was lost? (molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O is 250.5 g/mol)
What is an equation in point slope form for the line perpendicular to y=7x+3 and contains (-6,-3) ? A)y+6=-1/7 (x+3) B)y+3=7 (x+6) C)y+3=-1/7 (x+6) D)y+3=7 (y+6)
If a car travel 12 miles on 0.3 gallon of gas. How far can it travel on 1gallon?
Educational Tech
Before Katie turns in the paper she typed she wants a peer to review it and give her feedback. Katie uses her all in one printer to scan her edit,prints, and send them to her friend. An all in one printer is Choose two. 1. Input device 2. Output device **?? 3. Data storage ...
social studies
"I got ya..."s answers are correct. All 18.
enlish part 1
biography ?
Mae is making cookies. To make 3 dozen she needs 3 1/4 cups of chips. How many cups of chip will she need to make 5 dozen cookies?
How would I express the magnetic force in terms of Fmax if the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field direction is 10 degrees? I know the magnetic force equation is F=qVBsin(theta), but how do I put it in terms of maximum force (Fmax)?
health part 2
Genital HSV-1 outbreaks recur ________ regularly than genital HSV-2 outbreaks. A. More B. Somewhat more C. Less D. None of the above B?
Kiersten is correct I got a 100%
Lia has 5 basketball courts that she is dividing each into 's for a tournament. How many sections will she have?
A small silver dollar pancake served at a restaurant has a circumference of 2 pi inches. A regular pancake has a circumference of 4 pi inches. Is the area of the regular pancake twice the area of the of the silver dollar pancake?
Write a rule for the function represented by the table. x y 0 14 1 29 2 44 3 59
Thank you
Which type of figurative language is used in the following line from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address to the nation? "The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans." A. Allusion B. Simile C. Personification D. Metaphor
whats the answer?
Ms. sue instead of leaving him with nothing you should at least help. He is not asking for answers, just help.
Language Art's
Is it A?
Science- RE-DO
number 3 is 50% and number 5 is One parent is heterozygous while the other is homozygous for the recessive trait.
Why is the use of the inquiry process a practical way to approach science?
I would love for someone to check my work on the seven problems that I did. I would be eternally grateful. I am going to list my problems and answers. Even if you only want to check one of them, that would be great. 1. Write an equation of a line in point slope form that has a...
Write the equation of a line in slope intercept form that passes through (2,4) and (5,4).
shoot with your heart
Language Arts
Anonymous is correct, I got 1/4, they will fail you.
Biology ASAP
1.)Neurons are classified bye the... (Answer) Direction they carry impulses. I think its because the impulses go to different places, to its different neurons. 2.) Your alarm wakes you up in the morning and reminds you to get ready to go to school. Which type of neuron ...
Mrs. P is correct!
POL201 American National Government
Question 1.1. Despite the greater federal authority in the federal relationship, federalism is still important for all the following reasons except that (Points : 1) it provides the best means of developing a vast country because it allows for experimentation. it may ...
project child care
Yes please post it and i will look at it :D
You have 14.0mL of a 0.12M NaOH solution. How many moles of HCl will it take to neutralize this solution?
A is right!! 1)C 2)A 3)D 4)A
I go to connections to
Kylie is correct! Other people have different quizzes! Kylie has 8th Algebra 3-D Figures and Nets!!
Help with math
can you multiply 7% and 5%
how many 4 1/2-feet pieces of rope can be cut from a 48-foot piece of rope?
15 cups of punch can be made
oomploompa is correct! 100% for me!
WOW thanks
Math-- Ms. Sue??
What is the answer for all of them i don't understand ur answers ms.sue???????????????????????
Calculate Kc. CH_4(g) + H_2O(g) <-> CO(g) + 3H_2(g) Kp= 7.7 x 10^24 at 298K. Should I use the formula Kp= Kc(RT)^Deltang If so I have no idea where to start.
The reaction has an equilibrium constant of Kp=2.26x10^4 at 298 K. CO(g) + 2H_2(g) <-> CH_3OH(g) Calculate Kp for the reactions and predict whether reactants or products will be favored at equilibrium. A. CH_3OH(g) <-> CO(g) + 2H_2(g) B. 1/2CO(g) + H_2(g) <->...
social studies check answers
Kyle is right. I got a 100% from his answers!
Science 6th grade Earth's day and night ANSWERS
wow thank you queen elsa you are the best<3
Two quarts
One gallon
Math 3rd grade
12÷4=3 so the answer is 3
Help me with this science.
Kylnn's answers are 100% correct. Please do not give false answers Daniel or make sure you are 100% sure about your answers before posting. The correct answers are: Help me with this science. - Klynn, Saturday, January 24, 2015 at 11:39am 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.C
Help me with this science.
I will post if Daniel or Kylnn is correct. brb. Putting in the answers.
Which photosystem-1 or 2-most likely evolved first?
Which photosystem-1 or 2-most likely evolved first?
Was it B?
is it d?
6th grade science
How do the differences in the way land and water absorb and release energy cause local winds?
What mass of Carbon dioxide is produced from the complete combustion of 4.60x10^-3g of methane?
I mean B
Answer is A???
But A is (+)X(+)=sometimes +/- B is (-)X(-)=always negative C is (+)X(-)=always positive D is (+)X(-)=always negative So A,B & C are not true, only I can find the answer is D. No??
Which statement is true? A.The sum of two positive integers is sometimes positive, sometimes negative. B.The sum of two negative integers is always negative. C.The sum of a positive integer and a negative integer is always positive. D.The sum of a positive integer and a ...
Find the difference: 3-(-9) A. -12 B. -6 C. 6 D. 12 I got the answer on (D)12 but I am not 100% sure becuase they ask the difference, not the sum.
Please help me learn how to do this problem, step by step please. Engineers are developing new types of guns that might someday be used to launch satellites as if they were bullets. One such gun can give a small object a velocity of 4.1 km/s while moving it through a distance ...
If RS=ST=19, s<r and t=7, find s and r.
Physics :)
An object has a moment of Inertia of 300 kgm^2. A torque of 94 Nm is applied to the object. What is the angular acceleration of the object? Can someone please explain this to me and help me find the correct answer?! Thank you! :)
mikas piggy bank cotains 12 pennies6nickels4 dimes and 8 quarters.which best represents the fraction of mikas coins that are pennies1
math 5
During an art context at your school, you and a classmate each won blue ribbons for 1/3 of the pieces you entered in the contest. You won 2 blue ribbons and your classmate won 3 blue ribbons. Explain how this could be
How many orbitals are contained in the n=2 level? Give the l and ml values of each of them.
math help!
Nine thousand, six hundred five and nine tenths
Calculate the energy of a photon of electromagnetic radiation at each of the following wavelengths.503 nm(wavelength of maximum solar radiation) i need help please!
¿Cómo se llama tu maestra favorita y Qué clase enseña?
and what is the formula to convert to nm?
so would i set it up (3.00 x 10^8)/(4.74 x 10^-7) ?
calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the red light emitted by a neon sign with a frequency of 4.74 x 10^14 Hz. i have no idea how to even set this up. please someone help.
Basic Physics
What is the force of gravity between two spheres that have a mass of 8 kg and are separated by 27 m?
The mass of a sample of boron atoms is 5.60 g. How many boron atoms are in this sample? Show your work here.
deltaE=q+w q=570J w=-PdeltaV 1 atm = 1.01235 x 10^5 Pa 1,000 L = 1 m^3 .76L*1.01235*10^5Pa=76938.6 that is the answer i got but it said it was wrong and idk why
The air within a piston equipped with a cylinder absorbs 570J of heat and expands from an initial volume of 0.12L to a final volume of 0.88L against an external pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the change in internal energy of the air within the piston?
18.02g*4.18J/g*C*-3.9=-293.76204 -293.76204/1.25=-235.009632 -235.009632*80.6=-18941.77634J/mol -18941.77634J/mol=-18.94177634kJ/mol
i tried using that formula and keep getting it wrong but i don't know why.
Instant cold packs, often used to ice athletic injuries on the field, contain ammonium nitrate and water separated by a thin plastic divider. When the divider is broken, the ammonium nitrate dissolves according to the following endothermic reaction: NH_4NO_3(s) rightarrow NH_4...
what is Ccal?
When 0.558g of biphenyl (C_12H_10) undergoes combustion in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 25.7^\circ C to 30.1^\circ C. Find DeltaE_rxn for the combustion of biphenyl in kJ/mol biphenyl. The heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter, determined in a separate ...
The air within a piston equipped with a cylinder absorbs 570J of heat and expands from an initial volume of 0.12L to a final volume of 0.88L against an external pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the change in internal energy of the air within the piston?
How much heat is necessary to change a 52.0 g sample of water at 33 degrees celsius into steam at 110 degrees celsius?
The total mass that can be lifted by a balloon is given by the difference between the mass of air displaced by the balloon and the mass of the gas inside the balloon. Consider a hot air balloon that approximates a sphere 5.00 m in diameter and contains air heated to 65 C. The ...
The total mass that can be lifted by a balloon is given by the difference between the mass of air displaced by the balloon and the mass of the gas inside the balloon. Consider a hot air balloon that approximates a sphere 5.00 m in diameter and contains air heated to 65 C. The ...
You are in a boat that is traveling across a river from east to west at 4.0 m/s. the river runs north at 3.0 m/s. what is the resultant velocity of the boat?
A 0.05 kg paper drag racer is launched at a speed of 33 m/s. If the launcher is 4.8 kg, at what speed does the launcher move in the opposite direction?
What is the magnitude of the electric field 0.3 m from a 10-4 C point charge?
7th grade social studies Ms. Sue please
All are correct! 10/10


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Hi, How do I change the color of tittle-texts and the phrase "Enter youAsked by testtrust on March 07, 2016 at 03:51 PM
How do I change the color of tittle-texts and the phrase "Enter your address here" on the field?
I also need to add a small sample below the shape.
This is a re-post of a comment on How to Inject Custom CSS Codes
JotForm Support
I have answered your question on the other thread I have opened for you.
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"Dear Madam Vishenda Morris, I am the senior pastor of HARVESTER CHRISTIAN CHURCH-PHILIPPINES. Please accept me to be one of your friends. Please visit us here in the Philippines to hold CRUSADE, REVIVAL AND CONFERENCE. Love you all. In…"
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When the Crusaders hit the field and the court this fall, they were rocking a new look, courtesy of the College's partnership with adidas.
The new uniforms boast a crisp, modern design, with the Holy Cross logo displayed prominently across the front of each jersey. The football, field hockey, volleyball, and men's and women's soccer teams were the first to debut the new look, and the rest of our 27 varsity teams will follow.
"We want our programs to have the top performance gear available along with a consistent look that projects our bold aspirations," says Nathan Pine, director of athletics. "Thanks to our partners at adidas, we have accomplished this with the new uniforms we are debuting this fall and across all of our teams this year."
In 2016, Holy Cross and adidas announced a new contract that extends the partnership through the 2020-2021 academic year. ■
—Maura Sullivan Hill


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I can not beleive I do safe and reliable business with such a fantastic store on the internet. Safer than Wal-Mart.
Read More ->
I'm happy with so many new hot items, good price, and easy access from overseas such as Korea where I'm am living. Thanx for good service MJM! I'll...
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techcrunch.com - 16 readers, 2916 Tweets - Not since Color has a startup been as widely laughed at as the troubled Stanford payments startup Clinkle. So it's little surprise that the company has..
qz.com - 11 readers, 51 Tweets - "These are not easy markets to crack. It will take investments and time."
adage.com - 10 readers, 274 Tweets - National marketers can get closer to customers with local marketing, writes Jon Schepke. Here are three tips for marketers to get started with local search.


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Have you ever told someone you weren't ready for a relationship? If so, were you being honest or was it an excuse cause you just didn't want a relationship with that particular person and didn't want to hurt their feelings?
if you were being honest, what were your reason (s)?
Most Helpful Guy
yes and I was honest... I had just left one and wasn't ready emotionally for another. She pushed though and it didn't work. You can't push someone anymore than pushing them off a cliff is a good idea:)11|00|0
This is so true and I think I was one to try to push despite knowing it might not turn out well. I should've known better!
- Show AllShow Less
I somewhat badgered him too much about it and now I'm scared I lost what was a great friendship. Last time we saw each other it was on good terms but now haven't talked or anything for almost 3 weeks. Should I just continue to stay away and hope someday we'll be in contact again? It would be ok if we weren't in contact for a little while longer as I need to heal from this... I just wonder what he might be thinking. He's truly a great man.
If you can back off the pressure, not seem needy, but communictae that might help.
I think if you left on good terms, you can ask questions of him, like how are you feeling? Invite him out to something fun, in a non pressure way, ask how he's doing and feeling? If you could steer things towards counseling or individual that may help dislodge him... should be doing that if he is hung up. From the perspective of... do things to improve yourself. If it brings me to you great, if not, fine. in other words, you cannot be needy now... but you can direct and lead...:) get it?


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THE LORD'S WORK?....You know, I sort of admire the way Matt Yglesias continues to take on Charles Krauthammer and Brad DeLong continues to take on Donald Luskin though I think Brad may have cried uncle on the Luskin thing a while back but at some point you have to wonder if we're endangering our national resources by allowing this to go on. Surely every moment spent reacting to the increasingly feverish drivel from people like this reduces your IQ by some fracton of a point? And fractions add up. How long before Matt and Brad, Flower for Algernon-like, end up behind the business end of a mop in a bakery?
The Lord's Work?
Political Animal


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Making your lipstick last longer
There's nothing worse than perfecting a full face of make-up to look in the mirror half an hour alter and see your lipstick has vanished. But luckily there are now a huge variety of products designed to help your pout stay perfect for longer – with new options being released on an almost daily basis. Preparation is also key, with Emma Leslie, editor of Escentual.com, telling Cover Media: "Make sure your lips are primed before you even apply lipstick - use a softening balm at least twenty minutes prior to applying lipstick to allow the product to sink in. Consider using a lipstick brush to really work the colour into the lips. After applying lipstick, always make sure to blot with a tissue and then reapply a final thin coat - your lipstick should be good to go!" Here we run through our top products to keep your lipstick firmly in place.
This is the original, and still one of the best. After applying your choice of lipstick, blot with a tissue once, and then blot again. Apply the Lipcote using the brush, over the lipstick and slightly beyond. Keep your mouth slightly apart while the Lipcote sets and once it has done so you can be safe in the knowledge that your lipstick won't budge until you want it to. A pharmacy favourite, this option is also purse-friendly and lasts for ages.
One way you can ensure your lipstick lasts longer is to make sure you have smooth, hydrated lips. This can sometimes be difficult, especially after a few months of cold weather, but Prevasore's unique gel formula creates the perfect hydrating barrier on the lips that makes it the perfect base for lipstick. "To get a bold lip look you need the best possible base on which to apply your lipstick; smooth, hydrated lips are a must. Beat the elements by moisturising and hydrating the lips with Prevasore throughout the cold snap to help prevent and treat sore, cracked lips," celebrity make-up artist Jackie Tyson told Cover Media.
Rose Quartz Youth Defence Lip Plump
Certainly not the cheapest option out there, but a fantastic one none the less. The Rose Quartz Youth Defence Lip Plump helps to instantly improve the texture, shape and volume of the lips while also improving their hydration. This means they are able to hold onto colour pigment longer – making the perfect base for your lippy. It also contains peppermint oil, leaving a fresh and invigorating aroma around the mouth.
Ariane Poole Transforming Lipstick
While you might be able to use cheaper cosmetics for some aspects of your make-up bag, the lip is an area you shouldn't scrimp on. Make-up artist Ariane Poole counts stars including Catherine Zeta Jones and Penelope Cruz among her clients and has used her years of knowledge to create her own range of cosmetics. Among the collection is her Transforming Lipstick, which has a special formula that makes it both long-wearing and deeply hydrating. It is also unique in the way that it has an intensive shine, but when it's blotted, it transforms into an on-trend demi-matte look. An added bonus is that the blue undertone of the lipstick helps make teeth look even whiter – what's not to love?
Cover Media


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$ 96.00
This comfortable lightweight dress has an embroidered panel/trim neckline that runs down the middle, lending a pop of color to this cover-up. Slubbed jersey provides ultra soft texture. Sleeveless. Sheer.
This comfy dress will be your new go-to outfit! A staple piece for every wardrobe!
184 NW 27th St Miami - Wynwood, Fl 33127
copy;2016 Boho Hunter. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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X Factor judge Kelly Rowland loves her boobs after breast enlargement surgery
10 October 2011X Factor judge and pop star Kelly Rowland says she is comfortable talking about the boob job she had in 2007. In the November issue of Cosmopolitan magazine the 30-year-old singer said: The decision was 10 years in the making, so I'm comfortable talking about it. It's something I really wanted to do for myself -- not for a man, not for work, for myself. And I love them!She added that her motivation was simply that she was tired of having little nuggets for boobs, and that she has absolutely no regrets about having cosmetic breast surgery. During the interview, Rowland also talked frankly about being abandoned by her father as a child. I haven't seen my dad for almost 20 years. It's nothing I want a pity party for. He left me and my mom, and I was angry," she said. I wanted to be a daddy's girl so bad. God damn The Cosby Show because that made me think, 'Why isn't my family like that?' But this is not a perfect world.


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Listen to free music played by AnnyOnym
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station and start listening to @AnnyOnym.
EinerVonAllen gave props on Nov 16 at 1:31 pm
What other DJs are saying about The Beach Boys- Kokomo lyrics
HaileySpenser Hi! :) rb@TropicsZ4: "hi, more Beach Boys "Kokomo " @HaileySpenser" (reblip)
Tropicsz4 hi, more Beach Boys "Kokomo " @HaileySpenser
Dietmar22941 rb ty I love this (reblip)
Eclecticist rb @midnightbeadery: "*" (reblip)
HaileySpenser TY! :) rb@Eclecticist: "rb @StreamingMimi: "The Beach Boys – Kokomo"" (reblip)
StreamingMimi TY! @Eclecticist: "rb @StreamingMimi: "The Beach Boys – Kokomo"" (reblip)
Eclecticist rb @StreamingMimi: "The Beach Boys – Kokomo" (reblip)


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Eyelid Thermage question: Can having Thermage on the eyelid several times throughout the years make the lid stretch and begin to look like you have Ptosis?
Can Eyelid Thermage Make Lid Stretch and Begin to Look Like Ptosis?
Doctor Answers 5
Thermage to tighten eyelid skin
Thermage has FDA approval for eyelid tightening. Since the procedure tightens the skin, it does not create any "stretch".
As with any nonsurgical treatment involving heat, the effectiveness is dependent upon several factors that include age, skin integrity and your body's ability to manufacture collagen as a response to that heat.
Aging will continue and outside factors can make anyone's eye area skin more wrinkled - sun exposure, allergies or fluid retention come to mind. Persistent fluid retention and the swelling of allergic responses accompanied by rubbing the eyelids can stretch the skin.
A good eye cream, sunglasses and a healthy diet will always work in your favor.
Note: There is additional response to this question by Dr. Brian Biesman (below) which will be very helpful in understanding "ptosis" that is related to aging.
Thermage for eyelids
Thermage can tighten and lift the skin but does not cause stretching of the skin. With aging, droopiness with excessive skin can develop. Surgery may be an option.
#Thermage nerve damage
I have seen permanent nerve damage with Thermage. it usually happens if there was too much energy deposited in the area where the nerves are rather superficial. its best to consult with an ophthalmologist to ensure whether its nerve damage or muscle weakness
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Thermage Eyelid
It should not we've done many Thermage treatments for the eyelid and haver nevr seen ptosis of the eyelid after.
Questions about eyelid Thermage
I developed the Thermage eyelid treatment tip several years ago and have extensive experience with it. I have not noted worsening of any patients eyelid tissue or skin. When you refer to "ptosis" you are really referring to drooping of the upper eyelid so that the opening between the upper and lower lids is smaller than it had been. This is related to a muscle problem within the eyelid and is not likely to be caused by Thermage. Dermatochalasis refers to redundant or excess eyelid skin. Both are common changes occurring on the eyelids with aging but neither are known to be associated side effects of Thermage eyelid treatment.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.