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U.S. Soccer Development Academy Fall Showcase Weekend Now Three Weeks Away
CHICAGO (September 18, 2007) – U.S. Soccer's Development Academy, the innovative new program designed to revolutionize elite youth player development, is set to debut with the inaugural Fall Showcase Weekend from Oct. 6-8 at the National Training Center in Carson, Calif. Forty teams from 20 elite clubs will participate in the three-day event, which includes teams at the U-15/16 and U-17/18 age groups. The premier match takes place the evening of Saturday, Oct. 6, when the U.S. Youth National Team takes on the Chivas USA U-18 Academy Team on the Mooch Myernick Field at The Home Depot Center. A full schedule of matches will be available later this week.
A total of 40 matches will be played during the weekend showcase, which is expected to draw college coaches and scouts from Southern California and beyond. Additionally, national staff coaches will use the Fall Showcase to identify players for places in upcoming national team camps.
U.S. Soccer Development Academy Fall Showcase Clubs
|AFC Lightning (Fayetteville, Ga.)
|Miami FC Kendall (Miami, Fla.)
|Atlanta Fire United (Duluth, Ga.)
|Mustang SC (Danville, Calif.)
|Birmingham United (Birmingham, Ala.)
|Nomads SC (San Diego, Calif.)
|Bridge FA (Charleston, S.C.)
|Richmond Strikers (Glen Allen, Va.)
|Chivas USA (Carson, Calif.)
|Richmond Kickers (Glen Allen)
|Clearwater Chargers (Clearwater, Fla.)
|Schulz Academy (Boca Raton, Fla.)
|Concorde Fire SC (Marietta, Ga.)
|Surf SC (Carlsbad, Calif.)
|Crossfire Premier (Redmond, Wash.)
|U.S. YNT (Bradenton, Fla.)
|De Anza SC (Sunnyvale, Calif.)
|Virginia Rush (Virginia Beach, Va.)
|IMG Soccer Academy (Bradenton, Fla.)
|Washington Premier (Tacoma, Wash.)
Referee training will be another key component to the Showcase Weekend, with top members of the U.S. Soccer Referee Department overseeing the matches. Esse Baharmast (Director of International and Professional Referee Development), Alfred Kleinaitis (Manager of Referee Training and Development) and Paul Tamberino (Manager of Professional Assignment and Assessment) will be in Los Angeles to perform referee evaluation and instruction.
To kick off the Development Academy season, U.S. Soccer conducted a two-day Technical Workshop from Sept. 12-13 in Chicago. In addition to orientation sessions that focused on a variety of logistical areas and philosophical foundations to the Academy approach, the attendees received expert technical analysis from U.S. Men's National Team head coach Bob Bradley, U.S. U-20 head coach Thomas Rongen, U-17 head coach John Hackworth and U.S. Soccer Director of Coaching Bob Jenkins. Bradley spent one hour providing a video breakdown of the USA-Brazil game, while Rongen and Hackworth each selected matches from the recent Youth World Cups to illustrate coaching tactics and evaluation techniques. Jenkins reviewed the USA's performance in the 2007 Pan American Games, focusing on roster selection and match preparation.
Also presenting at the Workshop were two of the world's leading scholars in the Expert Performance Movement. Dr. Anders Ericsson of Florida State University presented an overview of his distinguished research on 'deliberate practice", a method of learning how to develop expertise. Dr. Paul Ward, his colleague at FSU, presented on the application of this theory to the sport of soccer. These principles form the philosophical foundation of the 'less games, more training,' approach that the Development Academy has implemented in the program.
The Development Academy program kicks off the inaugural season at the Fall Showcase. Teams will compete in three different types of game weekends – individual conference games, travel partner weekends and showcase weekends to provide them with the optimum balance of playing rhythm, economy of travel and exposure to scouts. The competition component of the Academy will feature 63 clubs, representing 24 states and the District of Columbia, plus teams from the U.S. Soccer's Residency Program, playing at the Under-15/16 and Under-17/18 age levels. The remaining 44 clubs in the Development Academy that will not participate in the Fall Showcase begin their competitive schedule during the Winter Showcase, which will be held Feb. 16-18 at a site to be determined.
In a move designed to improve the development environment for players throughout the country, the U.S. Soccer Federation has taken the initiative in formalizing a nationwide development academy. Created to provide players with the best possible opportunity to develop, the U.S. Soccer Development Academy is being initiated after a comprehensive review of player development systems in the United States and around the world. For more information on the U.S. Soccer Development Academy, log on to www.ussoccer.com.


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THE report last week of the reversal by a government planning inspector of Ryedale District Council's refusal to allow a proposed redevelopment of the Malton livestock market was as important for what it did not say as for what it did (The Press, November 7).
The inspector disagreed with all four of the reasons the council gave for refusing planning consent. This is not a case where an inspector took a different view "on balance" or on a technicality.
The inspector disagreed profoundly with the reasons given for the refusal. Indeed, he found two of those reasons to be so unreasonable that he has decreed that the council must refund the Fitzwilliam Malton Estate's costs incurred in having to appeal.
It is unusual for a planning authority to be required to refund costs and reflects the inspector's view that the council's actions have to be viewed as unreasonable and have resulted in unnecessary or wasted expense. These costs will inevitably be borne by the public.
Half-way through the hearing, when the council had admitted that its reasons were flawed, the estate made an offer to settle and concede the recovery of costs to that point in return for saving further costs and time. The council refused and required the hearing to continue in the knowledge that substantial further costs would be incurred.
RJG Bushell Estate manager, Fitzwilliam (Malton) Estates.

subset: commoncrawl


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JAPAN: Toyota in joint project to install wind turbines in Belgium
Toyota Motor Europe (TME) is to participate in a joint project with Evelop Belgium, a subsidiary of Dutch energy group, Eneco, to install wind turbines on the grounds of TME's Vehicle Logistics Centre in Belgium.
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Physico-Chemical Phenomena in Thin Films and at Solid Surfaces Ebook
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The book is devoted to the consideration of the different processes taking place in thin films and at surfaces. Since the most important physico-chemical phenomena in such media are accompanied by the rearrangement of an intra- and intermolecular coordinates and consequently a surrounding molecular ensemble, the theory of radiationless multi-vibrational transitions is used for its description. The second part of the book considers the numerous surface phenomena. And in the third part is described the preparation methods and characteristics of different types of thin films.
Both experimental and theoretical descriptions are represented. Media rearrangement coupled with the reagent transformation largely determines the absolute value and temperature dependence of the rate constants and other characteristics of the considered processes. These effects are described at the atomic or molecular level based on the multi-phonon theory, starting from the first pioneering studies through to contemporary studies.
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|Re: Dmitry's Term Vector stuff, plus some
|Wed, 25 Feb 2004 00:00:24 GMT
I'm not sure what applications people have in mind for Term Vector support but I would prefer to have the original text positions (not term sequence positions) stored so I can offer this: 1) Significant terms/phrases identification Like "Gigabits" on gigablast.com - used to offer choices of (unstemmed) "significant" terms and phrases for query expansion to the end user. 2) Optimised Highlighting No more re-tokenizing of text to find unstemmed forms. The current "more like this query " can be optimised if it uses TermVectors too - it simply takes a document ID and obtains a list of significant terms without the need to re-tokenize (it doesn't need to know any positions - just term frequencies) Am I missing something or are there other applications where term sequence position is more useful than term text position? --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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I found some Halloween clearance marked down to 90% off at CVS!
What have you found?
Any good candy deals?
The 90% off clearance sale was located at the CVS in the 40/42 area and did not include candy. The candy is still only at 50% off.
I picked up some Halloween themed socks for 29 cents per pair!


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Okay so me and thus guy who I really like have talked for over three months but whenever one is single the other isn't. He got dumped either today or yesterday I'm not sure and for once we're both single at the same time, but now he isn't texting me back. I was going to wait till he said hey but I couldn't because I love talking to him, I did wait a long time though. Then I had basketball practice and when it was done I saw he had texted me almost two hours after I had said it. Now he won't text me back and I want to make sure he's alright, because he got dumped, but I also want to give him his space because we literally never stop texting unless we sleep or are in school. Is he ignoring me, it does he need space?
Is he avoiding me?
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HGS Spokes (Assorted Colors/Sizes)
$ 19.99
Straight gauge spokes with a proprietary grade of stainless steel that is as good or better than the materials used by the world's most renowned spoke makers. Sized and dimensioned specifically for BMX 20" and 24" builds.
Available in Gold (192mm only), White, and Red.
192mm, 234mm, and 237mm.


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Bob Griese is not an overly emotional man or a very excitable announcer. And the ABC college football analyst's approach to calling games played by his son Brian, the University of Michigan quarterback, is characteristically cool.
''We're very close,'' he said this week as he prepared for tomorrow's 3:30 P.M. Michigan-Penn State game. ''He calls me Pops, but he realizes that in my job I call it as I see it. If he makes a great play, I probably wouldn't give him as much praise as another quarterback.''
Griese was not assigned to his son's games in 1995, because ABC Sports feared a conflict of interest. But new management last year let him call one game and, including tomorrow's telecast, three this season.
''Bob was concerned about being objective, but that was the least of my concerns,'' said Steve Anderson, executive producer of ABC Sports. ''I encouraged him at times to react like a father when the time was right.''
ABC was in a small bind; Michigan is usually a big draw. It is currently the fourth-ranked team in national polls.Continue reading the main story
Barring Griese from Michigan games would mean barring Keith Jackson, his partner, unless another analyst were assigned to Michigan games.
In the taciturn Griese, ABC had someone with whom it could break some rules of objectivity, as CBS does when Ned Jarrett calls Nascar races driven by his son Dale. Honest familial emotion is fine when doled out judiciously.
Since last season, Griese has grown more comfortable calling his son ''Brian'' on the air, rather than the distant ''Griese.'' Said Anderson, ''If he errs, it's always on the side of being conservative.''
But you sense that Griese struggles to persuade doubters that he can separate the son from the quarterback. He said he talks to Brian about ''father-son things'' and general football subjects, like preparation.
''I work his games as a broadcaster,'' he said. ''But when I watch the tape of him on Sunday, I root for him. I'm sorry if that's a problem for people. But Brian understands.''
He said he does not discuss the specifics of how a team will defend against his son and Michigan. ''If I gave him any information that I get from the defensive coordinator at Penn State, my credibility wouldn't be very good,'' he said.
Moorer Not Marquee Material
Those paying $45 or $50 for tomorrow night's Evander Holyfield-Michael Moorer fight are not likely to say afterward, ''What a show!''
Moorer may hold a title belt and a 39-1 record, but he is not a pay-per-view star. I'd pay for Butterbean first. As an attraction, Moorer barely merits free TV exposure. He fought a stinker in 1996 on ABC, beating Axel Schulz in a narrow split decision. The highlight was watching Teddy Atlas, Moorer's trainer at the time, goad him to show competitive fire, a near replay of Atlas's relentless goading that led Moorer to defeat Holyfield in 1994. I would rather pay to watch Atlas yak.
And his abysmal March 29 showing against the fearsomely forgettable Vaughn Bean, which aired on Showtime, ranks as one of the dullest bouts ever.
''If he sleepwalks through this, he's an unsalable product,'' said Jay Larkin, executive producer of pay-per-view Showtime Event Television, which is telecasting the fight.
Albert Tells His Side
Marv Albert has been bursting to tell his story, from his indictment on assault and sodomy in May through his guilty plea to assault.
Now he's entered the spin cycle: starting tonight on ABC's ''20/20'' with Barbara Walters, then advancing next week to Larry King, David Letterman, Katie Couric and newspaper reporters.
In a taped interview with Walters, he denied everything that happened with his chief accuser, Vanessa Perhach, in a Virginia hotel in February. The bites on Perhach's back were superficial ''hickeys,'' he said. He never demanded three-way sex of her, but engaged in it with her once. He never forced her to perform oral sex. What was her motivation for making the charges? To ''extort me,'' he said.
He also labeled as a lie the testimony of Patricia Masten: that when he met her in a Dallas hotel room in 1994, he wore lingerie, and that after biting her, she tore off his hairpiece. He said it would be impossible to remove his hair weave in that manner. He said he is now less sensitive about discussing his baldness.
But Albert will raise eyebrows by admitting that during a ''curious'' and ''experimental phase of my life'' when he went to clubs and parties, he ''did know a transvestite.''
Albert also said he was introduced to a dominatrix known as Mistress Hilda who left behind an address book with his name after she was killed in her Upper West Side apartment. Said Albert, ''I did not realize that she was a so-called dominatrix.''
Albert's media tour raises questions. Why is he freely answering questions to the news media, rather than on a witness stand? If he pleaded guilty in part to spare his family's hearing more sordid tales, why did he exchange the courtroom for the celebrity chat trail? A week in the heavy news media spin cycle may raise as many new questions as he says he's answering.
A Bad Sport?
National Basketball Association officials were angered Tuesday by ESPN's use of unauthorized clips on its ''Outside the Lines'' report on a decline in sportsmanship. The N.B.A. nixed the clip requests, but ESPN used them.Continue reading the main story


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Audi R8 V10 Plus Brings Brand's Halo Car to New Heights
Heralding the latest in a line of respected and revered supercars, Audi announced the R8 V10 Plus today to mark the newest pinnacle in its history of halo cars.
Straight to the point: the latest news from Ingolstadt tells of both mechanical and cosmetic changes to the R8 line. Most notably, the brand will introduce its new seven-speed S tronic transmission to the R8 at all levels. The S Tronic dual clutch transmission replaces the R Tronic single clutch unit previously offered, helping improve both acceleration and emissions in its highest performing range.
Equipped with the seven-speed and 5.2-liter V10, the R8 Plus sprints from 0 to 62 mph in 3.6 seconds and to the same speed in 4.3 with the less powerful 4.2-liter V8. R8 V10 Plus models, available only as a coupe, will hit 62 mph in 3.5 seconds.
Audi will also equip the latest cars with updated LED headlights, optional LED illumination in the engine compartment, though that feature is standard on the V10 model. Also packaged with the larger engine, customers will find new carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) on the side scoops and louvers — this will also be included with the V8, though in a smaller size.
Just like the engine compartment, the CFRP pieces will also be illuminated with special LEDs on the faster model. The same CFRP also finds its way into the Spyder model's soft top compartment lid, further helping the car to shed weight.
All that carbon fiber does wonders for the car's weight, which in the range-topping V10 comes in at 3461 lbs, which is a 353-lb loss.
Although the pricing Audi released was in Euros and likely to change for the U.S. market, the V8 starts at $136,915 and the V10 Plus at $208,931 converted by today's rates.


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login with
hospital again
I'm having contractions again and I'm 1 cm dilated...was send home to rest
hope you can make it until 38 weeks
I hope so too but my baby is way high inside but they are saying because I have gestational diabetes its the reason why I'm dilated weird..i had it with my son and that didn't happen
Oh no, a few more weeks for their brain to grow. Hang in there! I hope you're able to rest!
Comment deleted
Yes thank u all I hope so too ...im trying tobrest when my son rest and im still having those pesky contractions =(
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Actual rating will vary with options, driving conditions, habits and vehicle condition.
We are excited to offer this 2016 Nissan Sentra.
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Save money at the pump with this fuel-sipping Nissan Sentra.
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The Sentra is a compact car, competing with heavy hitters such as the Honda Civic, the Toyota Corolla, the VW Golf and the Ford Focus. With so much competition in the compact segment, the Sentra stands out with its maturity and upscale feel. As is increasingly becoming a trend these days, the Sentra can be optioned up to near luxury-car levels of technology and features, however with a base price of well under $17,000, it still manages to be affordable enough for most buyers.
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We look forward to seeing you soon!
*Price includes all applicable Rebates and incentives that are available to all buyers. Excludes TT&L.
Actual rating will vary with options, driving conditions, habits and vehicle condition.
1777 North Central Expressway
Directions Richardson, TX 75080


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Shopping PSA: Tom Ford Has Landed on The Outnet
Bye bye money.
Most Popular
Finding Tom Ford pieces at up to 65 percent off the original price is like falling in love with the person of your dreams on an airplane: very rare. And while I can't help with the latter, a huge edit of the sophisticated, luxe brand just hit The Outnet and as the fashion editor at ELLE.com I feel like I wouldn't be doing my job if I didn't share the wealth.
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With over 100 accessories and new-to-the-site ready to wear, there's something for everyone: trousers for work, dresses and gowns for holiday parties, and of course the perfect fall boots. Shop now before everything's gone!
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Pink roses, leafy greens, and midnight black, all printed on the softest ankle socks. *By Stance
Lelaina Ankle Sock styled by the FP Me community
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Friends, it has been a joy this past year to write my first book, Long Days of Small Things: Motherhood as a Spiritual Discipline (NavPress, 2017). The book is finished (my end of it anyway) and getting ready to be sold March of 2017…which suddenly doesn't feel that far away!
At the heart of my book is a desire to free Mamas from the burdens of should and ought to and could have and instead awaken them to the amazing, life-giving work we do every day. No, we don't spend an hour each day alone with God (we don't go to the bathroom alone either!) No, we don't spend time fasting for world peace (we're trying to get in enough food to stave off "morning sickness" while keeping a hunger-striking toddler alive!).
But we are creating. We are nurturing. We empty ourselves constantly for the sake of others. Our days and nights are already filled with service, sacrifice, and perseverance. As I say in the book, maybe Mommy-bootcamp is even better for my soul than a week of silent meditation.
I pray that this book can be life-giving to you, or to someone you love.
Today, I'm excited to share the cover art, and the link to the Amazon page. The team and designers at NavPress/Tyndale grasped the spirit of this book immediately, and I've been so grateful for the privilege to work with them. I've never doubted that Long Days of Small Things was in the best possible hands.
And so, without further ado…here it is!
I'd be so honored if you visited the Amazon page. There you'll find the cover, the description…and yes, an opportunity to pre-order. 😉
Thank you, friends.
eek! It looks so cool. LOVE THE TITLE.
Comment by Heather Caliri — November 11, 2016 @ 6:13 pm
Thanks so much, Heather!
While I know you are not supposed to "judge a book by its cover," the advance buzz I've heard is that the content is fantastic. Can't wait to read it and give copies to the young moms I know!
Thanks Maggie!
I love where you landed. This is a very compelling cover! Congrats!
Comment by Dorothy Greco — November 11, 2016 @ 9:23 pm
Thank you so much Dorothy!
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Audiowood, run by Joel Scilley, has been making turntables and stereo gear out of glorious, not to mention sustainably produced, wood for the past six years. Some of the decks are vintage wood designs, and some are quite modern, such as the Bachelor Turntable, which Captain Kirk finds so endearing in Paramount Pictures' Star Trek: Into Darkness.
In addition to making audio gear, Audiowood is also a retailer for some other brands of quality European and US-made audio gear, including Rega, Music Hall Turntables, Grado, Bellari, High Resolution Technologies, Red Dragon Audio, and SME S2 Tonearms. Audiowood also has a new retail store in New Orleans dubbed, Audiowood: Analog Living, where they sell stereo goods, fine art and select LPs. They are also known to dabble in other wood ventures, like iPhone docks, AV furniture, and sometimes lamps and clocks.
The deck you see above is called the Barky, a limited-production turntable made with a solid ash round, quality Rega parts kit, 24 Volt Power Supply, heavy glass platter and a Rega RB303 tonearm. It includes a pre-mounted Rega Elys2 Cartridge, adjustable solid brass spike legs, and is finished with hand-rubbed polyurethane and paste wax. It is available in either 115V or 230V versions (please specify when ordering). Barky is also compatible with the Rega TTPSU external power supply which is available as an extra, and which allows for push-button speed changes.
Audiowood's Barky costs $1750 and is available now.


text:
I couldn't help thinking and then dreaming about James, he had been such a good sport. I wanted him back for more pictures and sex. I was home early every evening eagerly awaiting his call. Damn, he needed the money, I offered him double, why didn't he call? My male friends loved his pictures and I jacked off every night to them.
Finally one sultry afternoon he called. He wanted to come over Friday after sunset. I hardly could hide my happiness. 'Yes sure James come over, and listen, after your two hours of work, if you would like to have dinner with me, please stay.'ť I offered it longingly. He accepted with pleasure. Man was I excited, like a kid with a new toy, and that was what I wanted, a new boi toy to play with.
I cleaned and spruced up my apartment as I had not done in years, placed cut fresh flowers on the dining table with candles and fine table setting, everything and anything to win over James. I wanted him. I needed him around me. I cooked up a fine dinner with all the trimmings. I was amazed and happy to be doing this for the first time in many years, too many wasted years I thought.
When the doorbell rang at sunset Friday evening my heart jumped for joy. James was here! When I opened the door and saw him I was stunned. Here he was, more beautiful than ever. A lovely pony tail with curly locks dangling behind his head, gorgeous jet-black long eyelashes, and sculpted eyebrows, sexy dark blue eye shadows and pink cheeks with glossy red lips. I licked my lips in anticipation.
He wore a pink tight sleeveless t-shirt and low slung tight black toreador jeans just above the knee, showing off his smooth boyish calves, and sandals showing his beautiful feet and pink toenails. His hands were delicately sculpted and manicured in soft pink nail polish.
I gasped and he smiled at me. He was wearing the dark brown dog collar I had given him. The studs were polished. I drooled and ushered James in. He walked by next to me swishing his broad hips, while my cock got an incredibly hot hard on. 'Got any more of that vodka and cola'ť He said softly to my ear. 'I need one now'ť. I served his triple vodka and cola and my scotch on the rocks and sat next to him on the sofa.
I had a new video on the plasma giant screen; these were two cute boys dressing up to be fembois for a stag party. He watched transfixed, as they became two gorgeous boisluts, just like he looked and wanted to be now. I stroked his cute face and told him how beautiful he was. He liked that, and I went for more, kissing him and fondling him, making sure he was getting hotter and sexier by the minute.
Then I told James it was picture time and I wanted him to show me all he wanted to do to attract men like me. He went to the front room and changed into what I had set up for him. A flaming red corset that pinched his slim waist, broadened his hips and boosted his breasts, showing off his quarter sized tits; red mesh stockings, high heeled matching sandals, bracelets, rings and a necklace. He was my lovely willing femboi now.
James shamelessly posed for me in every way I asked him. He invitingly showed off his smooth shaved boi pussy and little boicock and walnuts. He blew kisses at the camera and more. I was going wild with desire and decided I had to fuck him right then and now. He let me, and made me have the most incredible orgasm of my life while he did too as I fucked him silly.
Our first hour of work was up and I needed a change of pace, so I suggested to James that dinner was ready and we could resume our work after. He readily agreed and helped me warm and serve our dinner. James asked me to be nude like he was and I complied. He put on a pink baby doll cape and we sat down to a romantic candlelight dinner. He ate daintily beside me holding hands with me all the time and expecting to be kissed and fondled continuously while enjoying his meal.
I drooled all dinnertime. He had me where he wanted me, he knew it, and knew I knew it too. After dinner James insinuated he wanted me to service his cock, before I fucked him again. The fresh memory of my last fuck was all I needed to say yes to his request and soon I was kneeling in front of him sucking and licking away at his cock as I had not done to anyone else in years, such was his overwhelming attraction.
He was insatiable; I sucked and licked his prick trying desperately to make him cum in my mouth or anywhere else on me he wanted. I was cum hungry and finally I let my fem boy fuck me. It was incredible. James wanted man cunt now and I gave it to him readily. In fact I wanted him in my bed that night, told him so, and he agreed provided he could fuck me again.
He was in control now. He took of the dog collar and put it on me as he kissed me. I fondled his little prick that had felt so good up my bum a few minutes before. He got another hard on and so did I. This time he wanted 69 from me and I complied. We sucked each other wantonly, cock and balls and ass holes. They were both cummy and we lapped up our juices hungrily. Soon our cocks erupted like volcanoes in each others' eager and tired mouths. Then we kissed and shared our love juices. Yes they were love juices now. I was in love with him and I could feel his love for me.
'Let's go to bed now'ť, he agreed. He took off the clothes I had made him wear, and came to me in bed with a smile. 'I just want to be like this with you always'ť he told me looking me straight in the eye. I knew what he meant. 'It's a deal,'ť I answered softly and pulling him close to me we embraced and kissed. It was going to be different now. No more femboi, just James, my boy friend and lover.


text:
Mashaba wants to win
Bafana Bafana head coach, Shakes Mashaba, has said that his team have to beat Senegal when they meet in their second Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) tournament at the Stade de Mongomo later today.
Bafana are still disappointed with their first match against Algeria, which they lost 3-1, with Mashaba saying that they have to win this match in order to get the points needed.
"There is no way we cannot feel the pressure because it's a must-win. But everyone is under pressure, even the opposition," Mashaba said.
"So we are the same in that regard even though they have the advantage of three points from the first match and they won't take this match lightly. They will be spitting fire just like us because we want to win this game to remain on course with our plan of going further in this tournament.
"The game is going to be tough. We both need the points because if we beat them we are level on points. Our boys are ready, we made them aware of what to expect and they say people must not read too much into the results of the last game as this is a different ball game altogether."
Bafana have struggled in matches against Senegal in the past, having had two draws in five matches and lost three.
"History is something that is good to refer to. But we are in different times and era. All that has happened before won't happen again. Unfortunately we are playing them at a wrong time when we are wounded. We will definitely make sure that we win this match," Mashaba added.
Bafana Bafana starting team:
Jackson Mabokgwane, Anele Ngcongca, Thabo Matlaba, Thulani Hlatshwayo, Eric Mathoho, Dean Furman (C), Andile Jali, Oupa Manyisa, Thuso Phala, Sibusiso Vilakazi, Tokelo Rantie.
Darren Keet (GK), Brilliant Khuzwayo (GK), Ayanda Gcaba, Thamsanqa Sangweni, Themba Zwane, Mandla Masango, Bongani Zungu, Bernard Parker, Siyabonga Nhlapho, Bongani Ndulula, Reneilwe Letsholonyane.
Rivaldo Coetzee
IMAGE supplied by www.ewn.co.za
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text: I don't think so. Think about the time it takes for neurotransmission to occur. Fractions of a second. Speeding that up? Even if you could cut the time in half we're talking about such small increments of time that it'd likely be undetectable to the human eye. It makes you more attentive. To everything. Also makes fatigue less of an issue. That's why college kids cram the stuff around finals. They can power through hours and hours of studying without feeling tired at all. It doesn't speed up thought processes, as far as I know. It simply allows the person to focus a far greater amount of their mental capacity at a specific task and for a far greater duration than would be normally achievable.


text:
Nikki V Model
Kimberly MarieModel Female Sacramento, California, US
My Website: Spinity HoopsMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/phoenixamara
Mayhem # 2519826
About Me**I am ONLY interested in shooting with my props. If you want to shoot LED/light play or fire, please contact me. Do not contact me for nudes, boudoir, etc.**
I am a professional hoop dancer and fire performer from Sacramento, CA. I am interested in doing primarily TFP work, and paid performing gigs. My goal for this site is to create inspiring images and beautiful work with others. I am looking to collaborate with photographers and artists who want to work together to support each other in our creative endeavours.
Hoop (LED/Fire)
Double Hoop (Fire)
Poi (LED/Fire)
Mini Hoops
Fire Eating/Tracing
Fire Staff
Fire Hoop
Rainbow LED Hoop
Fire Poi
LED Poi
+lots of different kinds of day hoops
*No tattoos
*Ears pierced, stretched to 4g
Let's create something :)
*Not looking to travel, perhaps in the future but not at this time
Have you worked with Kimberly Marie? Add Credits for Kimberly Marie! >>
Credit NotesPhotographers
Jeff Esposito 2674581
Chris Morairty 2159673
Josh Gosell 1206070
Alex L 3321637
Nikki V Model
Mauricio Romero V Photographer
MrPic Photographer
Electroglow Photographer
Peter_513 Photographer
pjvargas Photographer
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text:
Speacial Chapters of The Legendary Princess ^_^
LightShadow22 May 27, 2016
Kapangalan ng Pinsan ko ang baby ni Aemie!! Haha kaso Alyanna Santos lang😃
LadyRowella May 27, 2016
Hahahahah wawang Lee and Drei. Psh when are they going to have a child? Lil sister? YOHOOOOOOO! going
Frostlings02 May 27, 2016
HAHAHAHAHAHHA!!! Kawawa naman sina Lee at Drei! Ala pang beybe!
sophiaStorymakergirl May 27, 2016
Hahahahahaha..kawawa si drie naiinggit hahaha..... Namiss ko sila...


text:
Sunday 27 October 1974
It was Sunday, under the sign of Scorpio. The US president was Gerald Ford (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Juan Viedna Schenkhuizen .
In that special week of October people in US were listening to Then Came You by Dionne Warwicke.
In UK Everything I Own by Ken Boothe was in the top 5 hits.
Phantom of the Paradise, directed by Brian De Palma, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1974
while Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy by John le Carré was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Weekend.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Qwak! or Spasim.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1974 or at October 27 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 27 October 1974 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 27 October 1974!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 27 October 1974 ?
- St. Namatius
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Independence Day (from Britain, 1979)
- Turkmenistan - Independence Day (from USSR, 1991)
- St. Desiderius
- R.C. saints - October 27th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints: St. Abraham the Poor
- St. Vincent, Sabina, & Christeta
- St. Capitolina
- St. Odhran
- St. Elesbaan
- St. Florentius
- St. Frumentius, the saint who introduced Christianity into Ethiopia.
- St. Gaudiosus
- St. Abban of Murnevin
Famous Birthdays:
- Juan Viedna Schenkhuizen: Soccer player (Ajax, NEC).
- Chantal Langlace runs female world record marathon (2:46:24)
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of October 1974 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- Dionne Warwicke - Then Came You
- Stevie Wonder - You Haven't Done Nothin'
- Bachman-Turner Overdrive - You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
- Carole King - Jazzman
- Elton John - The Bitch Is Back
- Bad Company - Can't Get Enough
- Tony Orlando and Dawn - Steppin' Out (Gonna Boogie Tonight)
- Lynyrd Skynyrd - Sweet Home Alabama
- Mac Davis - Stop And Smell The Roses
- The Osmonds - Love Me For A Reason
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 27 October 1974 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in October 1974?
- Time: Jerry Brown. Photo Credit: John Zimmerman.
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.8405
- Time: Trying to Fight Back
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


text:
Question: An investor purchases a bond for 949 The bond pays
An investor purchases a bond for $949. The bond pays $60 a year for three years and then matures (it is redeemed for $1,000). What is the internal rate of return on that investment? In Chapter 13, what was this return called?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsManagement of a firm with a cost of capital of 12 percent is considering a $100,000 investment with annual cash flow of $44,524 for three years. a. What are the investment's net present value and internal rate of ...If the cost of capital is 9 percent and an investment costs $56,000, should you make this investment if the estimated cash flows are $5,000 for years 1 through 3, $10,000 for years 4 through 6, and $15,000 for years 7 ...EEM, Inc. has the following balance sheet: It has estimated the following relationships between sales and the various assets and liabilities that vary with the level of sales: Accounts receivable = $3,310 +0.35 ...Redo the cash budget in Exhibit 24.1. a. Assume that the desired minimum level of cash is $4,000 instead of $10,000. What is the change in the firm's need for funds? b. Assume that 60 percent of sales are for cash ...If a firm's sales are $1,500,000 and it costs 9 percent to carry current as-sets, what is the potential savings if management can increase inventory turnover from 3 to 4 times a year and increase receivables turnover from ...
Post your question


text:
English, , 851kb
This note summarises the key findings from the systematic review focusing on the impacts of programmes aimed at increasing food production, developing value chains for food products, reforming markets and improving land security.
English, , 872kb
Over the years, many commitments have been made to put gender equality at the core of development work. And yet, a recent review of experiences shows that gender equality is not yet integrated into the operations and organisational cultures of development organisations.
Newsletter highlights the latest evaluations of development programmes produced by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and other news for the evaluation community, from the DAC Evaluation Network.
English, , 753kb
This note provides an overview of the main findings and conclusions from three recent joint evaluations in Mali, Tunisia and Zambia, testing a jointly developed methodology for evaluating budget support.
We have made significant progress promoting development but the levels of world poverty are still unacceptably high. What have we done right? Where have we failed? Where are we moving to in development cooperation? This report addresses these and many other crucial questions.
This quick guide for humanitarian policy makers and practitioners distils key findings and emerging lessons from a selection of available evaluations of the response to Haiti's earthquake in January 2010.
Based on the DAC's 50 years of experience in international development, we've developed a framework for evaluating development policies and programmes.
The DAC Quality Standards for Development Evaluation provide a guide to good practice in development evaluation. They are intended to improve the quality of evaluation processes and products and to facilitate collaboration.
The glossary of key terms in evaluation and results-based management should facilitate and improve dialogue and understanding among all those who are involved in development activities and their evaluation, whether in partner countries, development agencies and banks, or non-governmental organisations.
This study takes stock of how the evaluation function is managed and resourced by the members of the OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation, with a focus on the role of central evaluation units.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 1992
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 1990
|Priority date
|Feb 15, 1989
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Vincent Mosser, Ian Suski, Joseph Goss, Robert Leydier
|Original Assignee
|Schlumberger Industries
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (13), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a semiconductor pressure sensor.
Pressure sensors of the diffused gauge type are well known. European Patent Application No. 109992 describes such a sensor. A very thin deformable diaphragm is formed by machining in a semiconductor wafer, for example of silicon, and a border is left in existence around the diaphragm for mounting the diaphragm in the body of the sensor. To measure the pressure or the pressure difference applied to the diaphragm, piezoresistive gauges are formed on the diaphragm by localized doping of the semiconductor material. In general, there are four diffused gauges mounted in a Wheatstone bridge. One possible solution for implanting the gauges is the following: two of the gauges are disposed in zones of the diaphragm where the stresses due to the pressure are positive, the other two being disposed in zones where the stresses due to the pressure are negative.
One of the problems raised by diffused gauge sensors resides in the fact that it is very difficult to achieve a thorough electrical isolation between the gauges, since they are formed by P-type implantation or diffusion in a substrate of N-type silicon and the insulation between each gauge and the substrate is formed by a PN junction. This insulation problem is further increased when the temperature to which this sensor is subjected increases. Typically, these sensors are limited to a temperature of 130� C.
The technology of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) permits the problem of insulation between the substrate and the gauges to be resolved. The article by E. Obermeier published in IEEE Transactions 1985, pages 430 to 433, describes such a pressure sensor. The silicon substrate is covered with an insulating layer, for example silicon oxide, and the piezoresistive gauges are individually formed on the insulating layer. As in the case of diffused gauges, the sensor comprises four gauges: two central gauges and two peripheral gauges. At the center of the diaphragm, the curve of stresses is "flat", that is to say that the zone of maximum stress is relatively "long". The two gauges disposed in this region are the I-shaped type, that is to say that they have a single part which has a substantial length. At the periphery of the diaphragm, on the contrary, the curve of stresses is very "pointed", that is to say that the zone of maximum stresses has a reduced length. This is why the gauges are placed in U-shapes which are each constituted by two half-gauges of reduced length (forming the limbs of the U) connected at one of their extremities by a conductive connection.
One of the problems in the implementation of these sensors resides in the fact that U- and I- shaped gauges have very different forms. Further, U- shaped gauges comprise two supplementary ohmic contact zones which introduce additional series resistance. It is therefore very difficult to give the four gauges identical resistances. Additionally, the resistance of the gauges themselves and the resistance of the metal-semiconductor contact (zone of ohmic contact) does not vary in the same way with temperature, which makes it impossible to balance the bridge at zero pressure for all temperatures in a given range of temperatures (offset effect). It should be added that if the electrical conductors which connect the gauges together do not all have the same electrical resistance, the effect of temperature variations on these conductors can also introduce drifts in the offset of the bridge. Offset compensation is generally achieved by external compensation elements, for example resistances, which do not have the same temperature coefficient as the gauges of the bridge. It is therefore more difficult to correct the offset in a satisfactory manner in a given range of temperatures as the initial offset to be compensated becomes larger.
Another difficulty resides in the fact that, to obtain an accurate measurement, it is necessary to protect the gauges with respect to electrostatic charges which can be produced on the surface of gauges of semiconductor material, or more precisely on the surface of the protective layer of the gauges. These charges have the effect, directly or indirectly, of modifying in a variable and random manner the cross section of the effective path for the current flowing in each gauge. In the case where the gauge is formed from doped polycrystalline silicon, the electrostatic charges can affect the carrier density in the gauge to a depth of up to 100A. To eliminate this effect, there is formed on each gauge an electrostatic screen which thus avoids the formation of electrostatic charges. The formation of these screens and their connection to the rest of the circuit are delicate operations, and risk in their turn introducing into the measurement bridge formed by the four gauges asymmetries leading to an unbalance of the bridge and inducing drifts with temperature.
An object of the invention in one of its aspects is to provide a pressure sensor on an insulating support capable of operating at high temperature (for example 200� C.), which has a bridge of piezoresistive semiconductor gauges having a more symmetrical geometry than bridges of the prior art, which permits the voltage unbalance of the bridge at zero pressure to be eliminated or at least very substantially reduced, so considerably simplifying the implementation of the compensation elements.
According to a first aspect of the invention, the pressure sensor comprises an insulating support, four piezoresistive gauges formed on the insulating support in a semiconductor material, two gauges being U-shaped and two others being I-shaped, and is characterized in that each of the four gauges comprises two half-gauges, each half-gauge comprising an elongate sensing zone of semiconductor material and of reduced width in the plane of the support, two ohmic contact zones disposed at the ends of the half-gauge, and two connection zones in semiconductor material and of greater width disposed between said sensing zone and said ohmic contact zones, the form of the two connection zones being the same for the eight half gauges.
As a result of these characteristics, the global structure of the sensing element constituted by the four piezoresistive gauges is more symmetrical than in the embodiments of the prior art. Additionally, the particular disposition of the gauges permits the surface of the conducting parts serving to connect the gauges together and to the rest of the measurement bridge to be reduced.
Preferably, said sensor also comprises eight screen electrodes in conductive material, each screen electrode covering one of said half-gauges, one end of each screen electrode being electrically connected to a contact zone of the corresponding half-gauge.
A problem which can be encountered with semiconductor on insulator gauge sensors resides in the form of the piezoresistive gauges formed on the insulating support.
Thus, a component formed on an insulator typically comprises a flat insulating support, for example in silicon oxide, on which is disposed the component itself, which is of suitably doped semiconductor material. The component is defined by etching away an initial layer of the semiconductor material so as to leave in existence only the part of the layer necessary to make the component. The component therefore has the form of a "mesa" which stands proud of the upper surface of the insulating support.
In the case where the component is a piezoresistive element, the component ought to have the shape of an elongate bar of constant width. Often, however, the piezoresistive element is provided at each end of the bar with a rectangular electrical connection zone of which the width is greater than that of the bar, to minimize the dispersion of the resistivity characteristics in the manufacturing process.
To define the piezoresistive element and to connect it to the rest of the circuit of which it forms part, it is necessary to deposit on the element successive layers of various kinds, for example a passivation layer followed by a metallization layer followed by an insulation layer, etc. These different layers necessarily overflow or overlap the semiconductor layer defining the piezoresistive element. In a cross-sectional view, these overlapping layers may cause increased stress concentrations in a narrow region around the lateral corner edges of the piezoresistive layer. These stresses concentrations may cause in time a relaxation of the structure and result in some changes of resistivity of the piezoresistive material in that narrow region with corresponding uncontrolled offset variations.
It is therefore an object of the invention in its second aspect to alleviate this problem.
According to this second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of forming a piezoresistive element on an insulating support, the element comprising a useful zone of predetermined width and at each end of the useful zone, a connection zone, the method being characterized by depositing on said insulating support a layer of semiconductor material, selectively etching away said layer so as to form a zone wider than said useful zone between said connection zones, said method being further characterized by locally doping a zone of said layer with a dopant conferring on said doped semiconductor material piezoresistive properties, said doped zone having the form of said useful zone and said connection zones.
Preferably, said connection zones are equal in width to said wider zone.
Another problem with SOI piezoresistive gauge sensors lies in the rather unexpected vulnerability of the gauges to damage by electrostatic discharge (ESD), particularly when they are made of doped polysilicon. This vulnerability is somewhat surprising, since diffused gauge sensors are not especially vulnerable to ESD, so that SOI piezoresistive gauge sensors might have been expected to be similar in this respect.
However, we have found that in diffused gauge sensors, the aforementioned PN junctions which serve to isolate each gauge from the substrate also operate as diode to limit the voltage which can be applied to the gauges, so providing them with intrinsic protection against ESD. This intrinsic protection is absent in SOI piezoresistive gauges, by virtue of the extremely good insulation provided by the insulating support.
It is therefore an object of the invention in its third aspect to overcome this ESD problem.
According to this third aspect of the invention there is provided a pressure sensor comprising an insulating support and at least one piezoresistive gauge formed in a semiconductor material on the insulating support, characterized by a zener diode, arranged to be reverse-biassed in normal operation of the sensor, connected in parallel with the gauge so as to protect it from damage by electrostatic discharge.
Because the diode is reverse biassed and normally operated well below its zener voltage, it does not affect the normal operation of the gauge.
In the Drawing:
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a silicon element prepared for making a sensor according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the silicon element, illustrating the first etching step of the polycrystalline silicon;
FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the second step of deposition and etching of a passivation layer;
FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the third step of deposition and etching of a first metallization layer;
FIG. 4a is a vertical sectional view along the line AA of FIG. 4;
FIG. 5a is a plan view showing the steps of deposition and etching of a thick insulating layer and a second layer of metallization;
FIG. 5b is a vertical sectional view along the line BB of FIG. 5a;
FIG. 6a and 6b are plan views showing a variant of the steps shown by FIGS. 2 to 4;
FIG. 7 shows another variant of the step shown in FIG. 5b;
FIG. 8 shows a variant of the step of FIG. 2, as that step is used in connection with the steps shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b; and
FIG. 9 is a simplified circuit diagram showing how the piezoresistive gauge of the embodiment of FIG. 6a and 6b is connected in a Wheatstone bridge and provided with ESD protection.
With reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, a preferred embodiment of a pressure sensor of the silicon-on-insulator type according to the invention will be described.
As FIG. 1 shows, the starting point is a silicon substrate 10 of which the rear face 12 is subsequently etched to form a cavity 14. The monocrystalline silicon preferably has the orientation [100] and the substrate has a thickness of the order of 500 micrometers. On the front face 16 of the substrate 10, a layer 18 of silicon oxide SiO2 is formed, for example by oxidation of the silicon. The layer 18 preferably has a thickness of the order of 5000 A. On the layer 18 of SiO2, a layer 20 of polycrystalline silicon is formed. The layer 20 has a thickness of between 2000A and 5000A. The polycrystalline silicon is doped with boron with concentrations of boron of 1019 to 1020 atoms cm-3. Several techniques can be used to form the polycrystalline silicon layer 20. In particular, the technology called LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) is cited.
In the following step illustrated in FIG. 2, the doped polysilicon layer 20 is etched away throughout its entire thickness so as to leave only the shape indicated globally by reference 22. The remaining part 22 has the general shape of a rectangle having two large sides A and B disposed along two parallel directions XX' and YY'. The large sides A and B are connected by small sides C and D perpendicular to the sides A and B. The small sides C and D have a constant width a. The large sides A and B are identical.
The remaining etched part 22 of polysilicon is formed of four elements 24, 26, 28, 30 respectively corresponding to U-shaped gauges U1 and U2 and to I-shaped gauges I1 and I2. The elements 24 and 26 are identical and the elements 28 and 30 are also identical. As has already been indicated, according to the invention each gauge is formed by two half- gauges. The gauges U1 and U2 are respectively formed by the half-gauges J1, G1 and J4, G4, and the gauges I1 and 2 are respectively formed by the half-gauges J2, J3 and G2, G3. As FIG. 2 shows, the polysilicon elements forming the half-gauges J1 to J4 are disposed along the axis XX', while the half-gauges G1 to G4 are disposed along the axis YY'. Each half-gauge is constituted by a sensing or useful zone, two connection zones and two ohmic contact zones. At the level of the polysilicon, the sensing zone takes the form of an elongate bar of length l and width c. The connection zones of the half-gauges are defined by portions of width b of the elements 24 to 30 of polysilicon. The gauge I1, as far as the polysilicon is concerned, comprises the sensing zones 32 and 34 and the end portions 36, 38 and 40, the portion 38 being common to the half-gauges J2 and J3. The gauge I2 has exactly the same form. The gauge U1 also comprises two sensing zones 42 and 44 of width c and length l, and three end portions 46, 46 and 50. The intermediate end portion has a special shape, since it is formed by the combination of the small side C and two portions 52 and 54 respectively disposed along the directions XX' and YY'. The gauge U2 has exactly the same form as the gauge U1.
In the following step, illustrated by FIG. 3, a passivation layer 56, typically of silicon nitride (Si3 N4), is deposited over the whole piece to a thickness of about 1000A. The layer 56 covers the remaining parts 24 to 30 of polysilicon as well as the insulating layer 18. Then windows are produced in the layer 56. These windows, referenced 60 to 82, are arranged above each portion of polysilicon of width a or b, that is to say above each end portion. For the gauge I1, the windows 60, 62 and 64 are arranged above the end portions 36, 38 and 40. For the gauge U1, the windows 82, 80 and 78 are arranged above the end portions 46, 48, 50. For the gauges I2 and U2, there are identical dispositions, the windows all have a width d slightly less than the width a or b of the corresponding polysilicon portions. The extremity of each window is positioned exactly at a distance e from the extremity of the corresponding sensing zone. For example, the two edges of the window 62 disposed above the connection portion 38 of the gauge I1 are respectively disposed at the distance e from the extremities of the sensing portions 32 and 34 of this same gauge. It is the same for the other windows of the other gauges referenced 66 to 82.
In the following step illustrated by FIG. 4, a first metallization consists, for example, of a layer 84 of a combination of titanium and tungsten of a thickness of 1000A to 1500A. The first metallization layer is etched away so as to leave only the parts shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 shows that the first metallization layer 84 is constituted in fact by twelve zones Z1 to Z12 separated one from the other. Each of the metallization zones Z1 to Z4 is disposed above the sensing zones and the intermediate connection portion of a respective gauge. For example, for the gauge I1, the metallization zone Z1 covers the connection portion 38 and the sensing zones 32 and 34. The metallization Z1 is connected by its central part directly to the polysilicon through the window 62. The rest of the metallization is insulated from the polysilicon by the passivation layer, the metallization zones Z5 to Z12 permit the connection of each end of each gauge to other elements of the bridge. They will be called interconnection metallization. One end of each of these metallizations Z5 to Z12 is disposed with respect to a window in such a manner that there is an electrical connection between this metallization and the polysilicon. For example, for the gauge I1, the metallization Z5 is partly facing the window 60 while the metallization Z6 is partly facing the window 64. The metallizations Z1 to Z4 constitute "screen" electrodes for the gauges I1, I2 and U1, U2 respectively. The midpoint of a "screen" electrode is thus electrically connected to the midpoint of a gauge, that is to say to the intermediate connection portion which connects the sensing zones of the two half-gauges forming the gauge. It can equally be considered that each metallization Z1 to Z4 constitutes two "screen" electrodes covering the two half-gauges of the same gauge. The median part of each of these metallizations then serves to electrically connect each electrode to the midpoint of the gauge under consideration.
Functionally, the sensing element is completed with its two U-shaped gauges (U1 and U2), its two I-shaped gauges (I1 and I2) and its screen electrodes Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4, and its connections to the bridge Z5 to Z12.
By reference more particularly to FIG. 4a, it will be better understood how the different parts are defined with great precision by virtue of the method of the invention.
If a half-gauge is considered, for example the half-gauge J3, it comprises a sensing zone of width c and of length l. These dimensions were defined with precision during the etching of the layer 20 of polysilicon. The half-gauge J3 also comprises two connection zones of width b, this width also being defined with great precision during the etching of the polysilicon. Each connection zone has a length e, which is also defined with great precision for the following reason: during the creation of the windows 62 and 64 (see FIG. 3), their extremities were created with great precision at the distance e from the extremities of the sensing zone 32. And the polysilicon in the windows 62 and 64 is directly in contact with the metallization layer 80. From the point of view of electric current flow, since the metal has an electrical conductivity very much higher than that of the polysilicon, all the current flows in the metal as if there were no polysilicon underneath it. The zones of polysilicon directly covered by the first metallization form the ohmic contact zone.
In this manner, eight polysilicon half-gauges J1 to J4 and G1 to G4 are obtained, which have exactly the same form particularly at the transition between the useful zone and the ohmic contact zones (windows 66 and 68). In effect, this transition is made by the connection zone, and the sixteen connection zones are identical. For example, the half-gauge J2 is connected to the half-gauge J3 by the portion of the metallization Z1 bounded by the window 62; the half-gauge G2 is connected to the half-gauge G3 by the portion of the metallization Z3 which is bounded by the window 74; and the half-gauge J1 is connected to the half-gauge G1 by the portion of the metallization Z4 bounded by the window 80. According to the exemplary embodiment, the dimensions a and b are equal to 100 microns; l is equal to 100 microns; c is equal to 10 microns and e is of the order of 20 microns. The length of the large sides is equal to 1400 microns, and the length of the small sides is equal to 300 microns.
The way in which the screen electrodes are formed will now be described. The metallization Z1 constitutes the screen electrode for the half-gauges J2 and J3. In effect, the metallization Z1 covers these two half-gauges while being separated from them by the passivation layer 56. This screen electrode is connected to the rest of the circuit by the contact between the metallization layer 84 and the polysilicon through the window 62. Thus from the electrical point of view, the midpoint of this screen electrode is connected to the midpoint of the gauge I2 formed by the half-gauges J2 and J3. It will be understood that the part of the metallization Z1 which penetrates into the window 62 plays a triple role: it constitutes one of the ohmic contact zones for the half-gauges J2 and J3 ; it forms the electrical connection between these two half-gauges; and it connects to the bridge the screen electrodes covering the half-gauges J2 and J3.
If the U-shaped gauge U1 is now considered, a similar disposition is found. The metallization Z4, which covers the half-gauges J1 and G1, forms the screen electrode for this gauge. The electrical connection between the screen electrode and the rest of the electrical circuit is made through the window 80. The electrical connection between the half-gauges J1 and G1 is made by the portion of the metallization Z4 bounded by the window 60. This portion of the metallization Z1 therefore plays the dual role already explained in the preceding description of the gauge I1.
In the following step, illustrated by FIG. 5a, a thick insulating deposition 100 is made. It can be, for example, a deposition of silicon oxide of a thickness of about 6000A. This deposition covers the entire sensing element. It is then etched away to form eight windows 102 to 116 which are disposed facing the portions of metallization 84 referenced Z5 to Z12. In these windows 102 to 116 the first metallization is exposed.
In the last step, a second metallic deposition 120 is formed (for example of aluminum), which penetrates into the windows 102 to 106. This deposition 120 is etched away to leave only the zones L1 to L8. These conductive zones serve to connect the four gauges of the sensing element of the sensor to the rest of the measurement bridge.
It can thus be seen that any desired components can be inserted between any two gauges of the bridge, for example to effect compensation with the help of resistances.
The build-up of the different depositions is best visible in FIG. 5b, which is a section in the zone of the second metallization 120.
The present invention has a number of advantages with respect to the techniques of the prior art. In the first place, thanks to the fact that the I-shaped gauges are formed by two half-gauges which are themselves strictly identical to the half-gauges forming the U-shaped gauges, the four gauges have exactly the same form as far as the piezoresistive portions which they comprise are concerned. In particular, the special features (passage from the useful zone of a half-gauge to the ohmic contact zone) are equal in number (four) in the four gauges, and the form of these special features is always the same.
As a result of this symmetrical and regular disposition, the effects of these special features rigorously compensate for each other when the whole sensing element is considered.
A sensor in accordance with the present invention can operate over a temperature range of -50� C. to 200� C. with an offset voltage of less than 0.3 mV from the Wheatstone bridge.
Another advantage of the disposition of the gauges according to the invention is that the length of the interconnections between the gauges is significantly reduced with respect to the solutions of the prior art. As a result, differential thermal effects are also significantly reduced.
The preferred way of forming the screen electrodes also has a number of advantages. Each screen electrode has its midpoint electrically connected to the midpoint of each gauge (at the connection between the two half-gauges forming the gauge). However, it will be understood that the screen electrodes could be formed differently: each screen electrode covers a half-gauge (in all, eight screen electrodes). The electrode is then connected by one of its ends to the ohmic contact zone of the half-gauge which is not also the zone of contact for the gauge in question.
In the preceding description, each gauge has two ends which are terminated by an electrical connection, permitting the insertion in the bridge between two gauges of any desired components. However, as has been indicated, thanks to the particular structure of the gauges, the offset voltage is significantly reduced. It is therefore possible for certain applications to introduce no compensation elements for the unbalance voltage.
In this case, the implementation of the sensor can be slightly modified. This is what is shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b.
The essential difference resides in the way in which the electrical connection between the gauges is formed. As FIG. 6a shows, there is no separation, at the level of the polysilicon, between the different gauges. For example, between the sensing zones 32 and 34 of the half-gauges J1 and J2 (of FIG. 2), there is a single connection portion referenced 36'. Similarly, between the sensing zones of the half-gauges J3 and J4 there is a single connection portion 40'. As far as the windows opened in the passivation layer are concerned, one is found above each connecting portion. For example, the window 130 is found above the connection portion 36' and the window 132 above the connection portion 40'.
During the first metallization step (FIG. 66), eight metallization zones Z'1 to Z'8 are formed. These metallizations Z'1 to Z'2 which cover the gauges are identical to the metallizations Z1 to Z4 of FIG. 4 and play the role of "screen" electrodes. The metallizations Z'5 to Z'8 are connection metallizations. They play a double role: on the one hand they connect together the ends of neighboring gauges; on the other hand, they permit the connection of the gauges to the rest of the bridge. For example, the metallization Z'5 connects the gauge I1 to the gauge U1.
FIGS. 1 to 5 show a first embodiment of the sensor in which the gauges of the sensor are not initially connected to each other. In contrast, FIGS. 6 and 6b show a second embodiment in which the four gauges of the sensor are all interconnected. It is clear that between these two extreme solutions, several intermediate solutions can be adopted. For example, only the connection between the gauges U1 and I2 may be open.
The interconnection between two gauges can be made as in the case of FIGS. 6a and 6b. It can equally be arranging the metallization layer 84 to bridge the gaps between gauges etched as shown in FIG. 2: that is what FIG. 7 shows.
In the embodiments described above, the layer of doped polycrystalline silicon was etched away to the insulating support to define the alternating zones of width b and of width c. As indicated hereinbefore, the rather sharp steps defined at the lateral edges of the zone of width c can cause a problem, so FIG. 8 illustrates a modification of the step of FIG. 2, as that step is used in conjunction with the steps of FIGS. 6a and 6b, for overcoming this problem. Thus the layer 20 of polysilicon is etched away to leave only the part 222'. The remaining part 222' is a hollow rectangle having two longer sides A' and B' and two shorter sides C' and D', the width of the sides being b throughout their entire length. The alternating zones of width b and of width c are obtained during the doping of the silicon, which is preferably carried out by ion implantation (which is very accurately controllable) prior to the etching step. The doped region is indicated by cross-hatching within dotted lines. This doped region has exactly the same shape as the portion left after the etching step of FIG. 2. The following steps of the method of fabrication are identical to those described above with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5b.
Clearly the modified doping technique described in relation to FIG. 8 can also be used in making the embodiment of the sensor described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
FIG. 9 shows how the gauges I1, I2, U1 and U2 of the embodiment of the invention described with reference to FIGS. 6a and 6b are connected to form a Wheatstone bridge. A stabilized bridge voltage Vb is applied between pins 310, 312 of the sensor, the pin 310 serving as a positive pin and being connected internally of the sensor to the metallization Z'5 of FIG. 6b and the pin 312 serving as a negative pin and being internally connected to the metallization Z'7. The output of the sensor appears between pins 314, 316, which are connected internally of the sensor to the metallization Z'6 and Z'8 respectively.
As already mentioned hereinbefore, we have found that the polysilicon gauges I1, I2 are vulnerable to damage caused by ESD. This damage takes two mains forms, depending upon the magnitude of the ESD. For relatively small discharge currents, the structure of the polysilicon can be changed only slightly, but sufficiently to permanently change the resistance of the gauge affected and so introduce an offset into the Wheatstone bridge. For larger discharge currents, the polysilicon of the affected gauge can be completely ruptured (as if it were a fuse), and so render the gauge open circuit.
In order to protect the gauges I1, I2, U1, and U2 against ESD, respective zener diodes ZD1 to ZD4 are connected in parallel with each gauge. As can be seen in FIG. 9, the diodes ZD1 to ZD4 are all connected to be reverse-biassed in normal use: the respective cathodes of the diodes ZD1, and ZD2 are connected to the positive pin 310, while their respective anodes are connected to the pins 314 and 316 respectively; and the respective anodes of the diodes ZD3 and ZD4 are connected to the negative pin 312, while their respective cathodes are connected to the pins 314 and 316 respectively. Suitable zener diodes for use as the diodes ZD1 to ZD4 are those available under the designation JEDEC BZX 55 C 10, which have a sufficiently high resistance when reverse-biassed not to affect the normal operation of the sensor, and are capable of operating satisfactorily at temperatures in excess of 200� C.
Clearly, the embodiment of the invention described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 can be protected from the effects of ESD by four zener diodes in an exactly analogous manner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 30, 1966
|Feb 6, 1968
|Gen Electric
|Temperature compensated semiconductor strain gage
|Sep 24, 1973
|Jun 3, 1975
|Nat Semiconductor Corp
|Semiconductor pressure transducer employing temperature compensation circuits and novel heater circuitry
|Sep 26, 1975
|Jan 18, 1977
|General Motors Corporation
|Polycrystalline silicon pressure transducer
|Jun 4, 1984
|Dec 9, 1986
|Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Load cell
|Mar 11, 1985
|Dec 30, 1986
|Rca Corporation
|Circuit and structure for protecting integrated circuits from destructive transient voltages
|Nov 5, 1980
|Jun 9, 1982
|Siemens Ag
|Integrable pressure sensor giving electric output signal - has semiconductor resistor on membrane of another material, giving accuracy at high temp.
|Dec 6, 1985
|Jun 11, 1987
|Siemens Ag
|Pressure sensor
|Jan 25, 1985
|Aug 7, 1985
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of making silicon diaphragm pressure sensor
|Jul 16, 1986
|Jan 28, 1987
|Flopetrol Services, Inc.
|Semiconductor strain gauges
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Sensors & Actuators, vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 71 77, Lausanne, CH; Y. Onuma et al; Piezoresistive elements of polycrystalline semiconductor thin films .
|Sensors & Actuators, vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 1988, pp. 71-77, Lausanne, CH; Y. Onuma et al; "Piezoresistive elements of polycrystalline semiconductor thin films".
|Transducers 85, International Conference of Solid State Sensors and Actuators, Digest of Technical Papers 1985, pp. 430 433, IEEE, New York, U.S.
|Transducers '85, International Conference of Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Digest of Technical Papers 1985, pp. 430-433, IEEE, New York, U.S.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 1992
|Sep 13, 1994
|Board Of Trustees, Leland Stanford Jr. University
|Atomic force microscope having cantilever with piezoresistive deflection sensor
|Jan 10, 1997
|Apr 4, 2000
|Psi-Tronix, Inc.
|Force sensing apparatus
|Apr 16, 2002
|Nov 18, 2003
|Nippon Soken, Inc.
|Semiconductor pressure sensor decreasing creep stress in <110> crystalline axis direction
|Mar 22, 2000
|Dec 9, 2003
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
|Semiconductor infrared detector and method for the production thereof
|Jan 22, 2002
|Nov 29, 2005
|Integrated Sensing Systems, Inc.
|Implantable sensing device for physiologic parameter measurement
|Dec 20, 2004
|May 29, 2007
|Denso Corporation
|Physical quantity sensing element having improved structure suitable for electrical connection and method of fabricating same
|Jan 22, 2002
|Aug 22, 2002
|Rich Collin A.
|MEMS capacitive sensor for physiologic parameter measurement
|Dec 20, 2004
|Jun 30, 2005
|Denso Corporation
|Physical quantity sensing element having improved structure suitable for electrical connection and method of fabricating same
|Jun 16, 2004
|Dec 22, 2005
|Yu-Hsiang Hsu
|Strain gauge apparatus having a point-distributed sensor
|Jul 31, 2009
|Jan 21, 2010
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Pressure measurement of a reservoir fluid in a microfluidic device
|Feb 10, 2016
|Jun 23, 2016
|Silicon Microstructures, Inc.
|Pressure sensor having cap-defined membrane
|Sep 3, 2010
|Feb 3, 2011
|Schlumberger Canada Limited
|Pressure measurement of a reservoir fluid in a microfluidic device
|Oct 18, 2012
|Apr 25, 2013
|Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (Epfl)
|SiC HIGH TEMPERATURE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
|U.S. Classification
|338/2, 73/862.628, 338/5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 26, 1990
Owner name: SCHLUMBERGER INDUSTRIES, FRANCE
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Owner name: JOHNSON CONTROLS AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS, FRANCE
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|Jun 24, 2003
|Fee payment
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text:
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text:
iPad at Work
Book 1, iPad at Work - Make the most of iPad for your business.
Apple Inc. - Business
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
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text:
.44Gunslingers is a Red Dead Redemption posse.
About the posse
A posse that loves a duel anywhere any time with any yellow belly scumbag.
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Also we want a general unwritten rule that if a player or posse starts a gang hideout that no other players start trying to steal XP by cashing in on the hideout unless invited.
All the above rules are enforced with the instant punishment of death on all we find commiting these crimes.
Joining the posse
Simply send an aplication to Chindit96 on PSN
Law Enforcers
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text: 8X8 ( EGHT) tumbled 12% after the company said it plans to sell about 7.1 million shares to two institutional investors for $2.10 a share, resulting in net proceeds of about $14 million. The price represents a 17% discount to Wednesday's closing price of $2.52. The investors also will receive warrants to buy 1.8 million shares at an exercise price of $3 a share. 8X8 plans to use proceeds from the offering to scale its Packet8 VoIP services and subscriber base as well as for general needs. Shares were down 29 cents to $2.23. Shares of Tier Technologies ( TIER) slumped 14% after the software company delayed its fiscal 2005 annual report and previewed fourth-quarter results that disappointed investors. Tier Technologies said it discovered a number of accounting errors while preparing its financial statements for 2005. The errors pertain to accounts receivable relating to a payment processing operation, certain accruals and reserves and certain notes receivable, Tier said. The company expects to restate its financial results for the fiscal years of 2002 through 2004 and for the associated fiscal quarters as needed. Tier said the delay of its annual report and the restatements could result in a technical default under its revolving credit agreement. The company is seeking a waiver. When the company reports its results, it expects to post a fourth-quarter loss of 7 cents to 8 cents a share on sales of $34.3 million. Analysts expected a profit of 1 cent a share and sales of $32.5 million for the fourth quarter, which ended Sept. 30. The company blamed the earnings shortfall on increased labor-related costs, adjustments to various reserves and additional Sarbanes-Oxley compliance costs. Shares were down $1.09 to $6.84. Other technology movers included Microsoft ( MSFT), down 19 cents to $26.90; Cisco ( CSCO), up 5 cents to $17.74; Sirius Satellite Radio ( SIRI), up 17 cents to $7.17; Intel ( INTC), up 6 cents to $26.69; Lucent Technologies ( LU), up 4 cents to $2.79; Oracle ( ORCL), down 13 cents to $12.68; Conexant Systems ( CNXT), down 15 cents to $2.38; Sun Microsystems ( SUNW), down 2 cents to $4.40; Apple Computer ( AAPL), up 3 cents to $72.04; and JDSU ( JDSU), down 5 cents to $2.63. Get Jim Cramer's picks for 2006.


text:
Anneliese Michel
Birthday Number 3
Anneliese Michel was a female celebrity.
She was born on Sunday September 21st 1952, in Leiblfing, Germany.
Anneliese Michel has a highly-developed creative talent. She is an artist at heart. Anneliese could excel in writing, visual, or performing arts. If she is not professionally involved in one of these areas, Emily Rose should consider taking up art as a hobby.
Anneliese Michel is highly-imaginative, quick-witted, and possesses the gift of gab. She has great enthusiasm. Others find Anneliese inspiring and charming. She is a wonderful salesman.
Emily Rose is friendly and sociable, affectionate and loving. She possesses a good deal of charisma, but can also be moody and subject to rapid ups and downs.
Anneliese Michel has a fine sense of harmony and art in everything that she does - from her dress to the way she decorates her home. Anneliese has a gift with plants and flower arranging.
Anneliese Michel must be careful not to waste time and energy on trivial matters, and keep her long-term priorities in perspective.
You and Anneliese
About Anneliese's Birthday number
Anneliese's day of birth is one of her four core numbers - the Life Path, Expression, and Heart's Desire being the other three. It is the least significant of the four core numbers, but perhaps the most finite, in that it reveals a specific ability Anneliese Michel possesses in a marked degree.
Read more about our numerological interpretation of Anneliese Michel's


text:
Scola's gonna have to sit down after that
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Scola's gonna have to sit down after that
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look at the vet getting a dunk !
Luis' first dunk in a while. Good to see that smile, mi amigo!
Ariza has 29 at the half on 7/7 3's. Wow.
The Wizards, a team generally focused on defense, has 74 at the half. Way to tank, Sixers.
There is no NBA player named Monte Ellis.
Loved Scola's smile towards the bench. That and his whole effort prior to the dunk.
Louis Scola looks over at the bench smiling like, "they like me, they really like me."
"We've got to be very clear about this. We don't want our players hanging around with murderers," said Larry Bird, Pacers president.
Bynum is better even on his worst day. Guys offensive prowess alone draws double teams. Allows shooters to get open looks. No one is doubling Ian in the post.
I don't see ET getting homesick anytime soon. I doubt ET will even phone home.
There is no NBA player named Monte Ellis.
Miami has 62 at half, Washington has 74, Philadelphia has 62, Houstan has 54 with 6 minutes left before halftime, crazy offense going tonight.
We will probably be pushing 60 also.
Luis is having a good game
Tonight, all flags must burn, in place of steeples.
Autonomy must return into the hands of the people.
Scola is a beast.
Scola has his confidence back for now
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Bench has played great tonight!
There is no NBA player named Monte Ellis.
Bynum had 5 blocks in a game last year. Guy can still go, trust me. Plus, having a post up option off the bench who can actually score in the post? Too good to pass up. Although, I would like going with Ian at back up PF in a twin towers sort of deal sometimes.
There is no NBA player named Monte Ellis.
I love what Turner brings to the table. He's the dynamic scorer that our bench was missing.
No Cleveland...also had 13 bounds and 20 points. I'm telling you, Ian HAS stepped up lately, but offensively.....with him in the lineup, it's still 4 on 5 out there.
I must say I have really enjoyed the ball movement tonight. 1 turnover and that's because scola stepped out of bounds. No bad ball stalling or passes. Nice passes by Lance.
There is no NBA player named Monte Ellis.
It's all the recent work I have to cite on Bynum. His Cleveland tenure was decent but that was his BEST performance of that short lived tenure. I consider it a luxury to have an offensive-capable center in the backup unit. Many teams don't.