text: PoliticsSon of Ukraine's ex-president drowns in Russian lake Viktor Yanukovich's youngest son died after vehicle plunged through ice on Lake Baikal, associate of ex-president says. 22 Mar 2015 18:02 GMT | Politics, Europe, Russia, Viktor Yanukovich The youngest son of Ukraine's former president, Viktor Yanukovich, has died after his vehicle plunged through ice near the Russian-Mongolian border. An associate of the deposed president said on Sunday that 33-year-old Viktor Yanukovich, who had the same name as his father, was driving at the time of his death. Russian authorities have not identified a driver who died on Friday when a minibus carrying six people crashed through thin ice on Lake Baikal or confirmed reports that it was Yanukovich's son. The five passengers survived. The former president has lived in Russia since being toppled from power last year following months of protests against corruption and his decision to seek closer ties to Russia instead of the European Union. According to Kiev, Yanukovich and members of his family accumulated vast fortunes during his time in office.Source: Agencies


text: Health Fitness, well-being, disease, medical research and issues related to Seton and St. David's Healthcare, Austin Regional Clinic and other health care providers in Austin and Central Texas HEB Recalls Ground Beef After Customers Complain of Metal & Illness By KUT Staff • Oct 6, 2014 flickr.com/danielle_scott Over 90,000 pounds of HEB ground beef products have been recalled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture after four consumers complained of metal in their ground beef, which was shipped from Sam Kane Beef Processing in Corpus Christi. The USDA cautions consumers against four batches of ground beef: Three-pound packages of "HEB Ground Chuck" with the location identification number 337. Five-pound packages of "HEB Ground Beef" with 73 to 29 percent lean-to-fat ratio and the identification number 337 and a production date of Sept. 15, 2014 and a use by date of Oct. 5, 2014. 10-pound packages of "HEB Ground Beef" with 73 to 29 percent lean-to-fat ratio and the identification number 337 and a production date of Sept. 18, 2014 and a use by date of Oct. 8, 2014. 10-pound packages of pre-formed patties with the identification number 337 and a production date of Sept. 9, 2014 and a use by date of Sept. 29, 2014. First U.S. Case Of Ebola Confirmed In Dallas The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed Tuesday that the first case of Ebola has appeared in the U.S. A man in Dallas has tested positive for the virus, the agency said. The man flew to the U.S. from Liberia, arriving on Sept. 20, NPR has learned. He wasn't sick on the flight, and had no symptoms when he arrived. How This County Program Keeps Mental Health Patients Out of Jail & In Treatment By Audrey McGlinchy • Aug 30, 2014 Todd Wiseman/Texas Tribune Ben Johnson is combing through a list of names, addresses and mental health histories in the driver seat of a Jeep Compass. He works for Austin's Mobile Crisis Outreach Team, MCOT, a branch of Austin Travis County Integral Care comprised of 18 licensed mental health counselors who respond to mental health crises across the county. Johnson is deciding who to visit today. Another patient has paranoia. In addition, she's having problems at home, and is in danger of losing her housing. Build A Toothbrush, Change The World. Or Not By Joe Palca • Aug 27, 2014 Some people dream of climbing Mount Everest or riding a bicycle across the country. Mike Davidson's dream has been to create the perfect toothbrush, and now he thinks he's done it. The saga of this brush tells a lot about the passion and persistence to take an idea and turn it into a product. Ebola Update: Spanish Priest Dies; WHO Gives OK To Experimental Drugs By Bill Chappell, NPR • Aug 12, 2014 Ebola continues to spread in West Africa. The latest figures from the World Health Organization cite 1,848 cases of the disease across the region, and 1,013 deaths. Ebola's victims also include a missionary priest who died in Spain after being evacuated from Liberia last week. The missionary, Miguel Pajares, 75, died at Madrid's Carlos III Hospital, where he was reportedly being treated with an experimental U.S.-made serum called ZMapp. Marijuana Apparently Unpopular in Texas By Nathan Bernier • Aug 6, 2014 http://www.flickr.com/photos/prensa420/11875638094 Texas has one of the lowest rates of marijuana use in the country, according to a closely watched federal report. Recently released state level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) shows less than five percent of Texas adults said they had used marijuana in the last month. Among teenagers, six percent reporting having used marijuana in the last month. That rose to almost 14 percent for the 18-25 year old demographic. Only three percent of adults over 26 in Texas said they had used pot in the last month. The survey data was collected in 2010 and 2011. Cheap Eats: Cookbook Shows How To Eat Well On A Food Stamp Budget When Leanne Brown moved to New York from Canada to earn a master's in food studies at New York University, she couldn't help noticing that Americans on a tight budget were eating a lot of processed foods heavy in carbs. "It really bothered me," she says. "The 47 million people on food stamps — and that's a big chunk of the population — don't have the same choices everyone else does." Federal Judge Rules Alabama Abortion Law Is Unconstitutional By Eyder Peralta • Aug 5, 2014 A federal judge ruled on Monday that an Alabama law targeting doctors who perform abortions is unconstitutional, because it places an undue burden on women seeking an abortion. Why U.S. Hospitals Are Testing People For Ebola Virus If you show up at a hospital emergency department with a high fever and you just happen to have been traveling in Africa, don't be surprised if you get a lot of attention. Hospitals are on the lookout for people with symptoms such as a high fever, vomiting and diarrhea who had been traveling in parts of West Africa affected by Ebola, following instructions from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. On Monday, New York's Mount Sinai Hospital announced that it was evaluating a patient who had recently been in West Africa. Breast-Feeding Is Still Difficult For Many Moms When Elizabeth O'Connell was expecting her first child, she knew she wanted to breast-feed. And, she says, she sort of expected it to just happen, naturally. That's not quite how it panned out. "I was experiencing very tremendous pain," she says. At first she figured that was normal — but soon it became too much to handle. "I was devastated," she says. "The reality is nursing is a wonderful bonding experience, but when you're in pain, you aren't really thinking about that." Ebola Moving Faster Than Efforts To Control It, WHO Chief Says By Krishnadev Calamur • Aug 1, 2014 The head of the World Health Organization told leaders of the African countries affected by the Ebola outbreak that the deadly virus is "moving faster than our efforts to control it." #HealthyChica Hopes to Get Austin Talking About Latina Body Image By Audrey McGlinchy • Jul 31, 2014 Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images for Yahoo News What do Latina women see when they see themselves represented in the media? Austin-based nonprofit Latinitas and Univision Austin took to Twitter yesterday to sound off on the media's portrayal of Latinas. Latinitas co-founder Laura Donnelly-Gonzalez says the image of Latin American women presented in television and film is often that of a beautiful but petulant woman with little education. "Most of the time [a Latina] is overly sexualized, she has a heavy accent and she's put in these very dated roles," Donnelly-Gonzalez says – an archetype not unlike Colombian actress Sofia Vergara's character in ABC's "Modern Family." The Nearest Detox Facility for Austin's Uninsured & Indigent is Now in Waco By Joy Diaz • Jul 29, 2014 flickr.com/wstryder One challenge many homeless people face is fighting addiction. And that battle could get tougher for some, as an Austin nonprofit that helps people recover from addiction has closed its detox facility – meaning new hurdles for the homeless and uninsured who need detox services. This month, nonprofit Austin Recovery closed its detox facility. The detox process isn't pretty – in fact, it can be rather dangerous. Patients needed to be monitored around-the-clock by highly trained medical staff, just as if they were in a hospital setting. 2 Americans Catch Ebola In Liberia, As Nigeria Reports First Case By Michaeleen Doucleff • Jul 28, 2014 News about the Ebola outbreak in West Africa continues to go from bad to worse. Last week a doctor leading the fight against the outbreak got sick in Sierra Leone. Now two American aid workers have tested positive for the virus in Liberia, and the outbreak has likely spread to a fourth country, Nigeria. U.S. Teens Still Lag In Getting Vaccinated Against HPV Though the vaccine against human papilloma virus is highly effective in preventing certain forms of cancer, the number of preteens getting the vaccine is still dismally low, doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced Thursday. "One of the top five reasons parents listed is that it hadn't been recommended to them by a doctor or nurse," the CDC's Dr. Anne Schuchat told reporters at a press briefing. Report: New Law Led to Statewide Drop in Abortions By Gilad Edelman, Texas Tribune • Jul 23, 2014 Callie Richmond/Texas Tribune The number of abortions in Texas decreased by about 13 percent statewide and 21 percent in the Lower Rio Grande Valley following the passage of strict abortion regulations that went into effect last November, according to a report that academic researchers released Wednesday. U.S. Appeals Courts Issue Conflicting Decisions On Obamacare Subsidies A U.S. appeals court on Tuesday dealt a significant blow to the Affordable Care Act, when it threw out an IRS regulation that governs subsidies. But before the ink dried on that decision, another three-judge panel hearing a similar case issued a decision that was completely opposite. Dogs Carry Kissing Bug Disease In Texas And Latin America We often think about people spreading diseases around the world. This spring, vacationers brought chikungunya from the Caribbean to the United States. Businessmen have likely spread Ebola across international borders in West Africa. And health care workers have carried a new virus from the Middle East to Asia and Europe. But what about (wo)man's best friend? Most Employers See A Benefit In Covering Contraceptives Despite questions raised by the Supreme Court decision in the Hobby Lobby case, women in most health plans will still be able to get their birth control covered with no out-of-pocket expenses. Leprosy Persists in Texas, But the Disease Is No Longer a Death Sentence By Joy Diaz • Jul 7, 2014 Filipa Rodrigues for KUT For thousands of years, people have had an image of what life with leprosy is like. You might think it's been eradicated, but leprosy — now referred to as Hansen's disease — still affects hundreds of people in the U.S. every year. Many of those victims are in Texas but, with treatment, a life with leprosy is no longer a death sentence. Pages« first ‹ previous … 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … next › last »

subset: commoncrawl


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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I'd like to change my passwordAsked by RayK on September 17, 2015 at 09:39 AM
hi there!
I'd like to change my password, but each time i click the 'Account' link (https://www.jotform.com/myaccount/) the list of my forms is reloaded.
I've tried in Chrome 45 and Firefox 40. I'm using Mac OS Yosemite
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Map Legend:
c42 South Pitt Meadows Cycle Loop 31k for the TCT25 Program in 2017
Selfie: with the Trans Canada Trail kiosk
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Visit our GPS & Navigation page for instructions of how to use your smartphone as a GPS device (even when outside of data coverage) or how to import data to your Garmin unit.
|c42 South Pitt Meadows Loop 31k.kmz
|c42 South Pitt Meadows Loop 31k.gpx
About the Journey:
This easier mainly flat loop takes in two arms of the Trans Canada Trail allowing the trail to also reach Maple Ridge with a view that the Trans Canada Trail will also have a route on this side of the Fraser River all the way to the Mission Bridge and perhaps the Agassiz Bridge and be part of the Experience of the Fraser Parkway/Canyon to Coast Trail. Apart from the waterways the main interest in this loop are the farmlands, especially the cranberry and blueberry fields. Sighting of herons is very common along all of this loop. Best done counterclockwise and should take about 3 hours.


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Elegant Wingback Dining Chairs
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Danish modern dining chairs – Utilitarian design and comfort were important components of lounge chairs dining 1950. Best describes contemporary Scandinavian design dining chairs created during
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Chippendale dining chairs – The details and ornamentation Chippendale pieces were influenced by three design styles: rococo, Gothic and Chinese. Chinese Chippendale pieces, such as Chippendale d


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We will be staying at the Pantheon in Rome and need to locate a map with walking times to the major sites. We are a couple in our 70's and any sites suggestions would be appreciated. Thanks
Recent ActivityView all Europe activity »
- 1 Last minute trip to Germany and Switzerland
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Rome Walking Guide
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I have not seen such map, but it is very easy to construct your own. You know google maps? www.google.com/maps. Search for "Rome", zoom into the place you want to measure timing, right-click mouse on the map to select "Direction from here." Goto the destination, put mouse on the destination and right-click mouse to get "Direction to here." In the search box, you now see icons of car, train, and a pedestrian. Left-click the pedestrian and the map shows the route options, distance options, and travel time options, computed at about 20 minutes per mile. To clear the route, left-click the "x" mark next to the magnifying glass icon, which would pop up "close directions" label.
Site suggestions? Did you choose Rome without knowing sites? Many guide books, such as Rick Stevers and Fodors have a section called "Top sites." Obviously, no two people would agree on what are the "top sites", but if you know nothing about sites in Rome, it gives you a starting point.
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If you're interested in a two-hour overview of the major sites in Rome's center, look into the New Rome Free Tour. http://www.newromefreetour.com/ It starts at the Spanish Steps and ends at the Trevi Fountain.
Lee Ann
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You can also download Rick Steves' podcast "Walking Tour of Rome" by going to his website: https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/audio/audio-tours/italy
Download onto a smartphone or ebook.
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I can't remember if the free maps I was given had walking times, but they were well-marked with main attractions and routes, along with public transit info, and were in color and easy to understand. I am also over 70 and my vision is no longer perfect but the map helped refresh my memory of my old city. There are many tourist info points called PIT throughout the city and if you're near the Pantheon, the one at the end of Piazza Navona will be very easily walkable for you (if your hotel can't provide any useful maps). Anyway, here's some info on where to find them: http://www.romanhostels.com/guide/tourist-information-rome/
The one I mentioned is: "The PIT Navona is not in the Piazza Navona, but in the Piazza delle Cinque Lune, slightly to the north of Rome's most beautiful square itself".
Good luck!
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Hotels normally provide maps if not just use google maps as mentioned above. Since you are staying at the pantheon, you are pretty close to many of the attractions like the Forum, Colosseum, the Trevi fountain(which is currently under construction). Also I think the colosseum offers concession tickets for citizens of the EU above a certain age. Do look out for concession tickets at the sites. If you are staying in Rome for 3 days, you might want to consider getting the Roma Pass for 36 euros. It comes with 2 free admission tickets and concession prices for subsequent visits to other places and free transport. There is also the Roma 48hrs pass which is the same but comes only with 1 free admission. Also, although the queue to St Peter's in the Vatican can seem crazily long, it is actually quite fast. It took me around 30-45 minutes to get inside which is fast considering that the queue looked like it is going round the vatican at least for a round.
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Thanks everyone. I believe I've gotten the hang of the Google map and have also found a web site providing a list of walking times between different sights in Rome. I didn't mean to imply we had not been to Italy before, but its been six years and each time is just like the first. So much to see, so little time. Gelato, gelato, gelato, what can you say about gelato, even in November. Thanks
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could you post a link to the website with walking distances on it?
it sounds like a useful addition to the information we have here.
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This information is available at
Hope this helps.
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We also did the Mew Rome Free Walking tour, we thought it was very well done. Just don't forget to give the guide "drinking" money.
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Thanks, LBev, for that link.
I think that the times are perhaps a tad on the optimistic side, or perhaps I stop to look at things more often than others.
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annhig we have found the "times" almost always unattainable.....LOL we must just be dawdlers...
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my trouble, LuvToRoam, is that in Rome [and Venice] I like to look in the churches that I pass as virtually every one contains some treasure that anywhere else would have people queuing down the street.
and then there is the little shop, the tiny street, the nice looking cafe....
on another thread the OP is sure that she only wants 2 nights in Venice because that's what friends have told her will be enough. enough? with 2 nights you haven't even found the surface let alone scratched it.
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I think the walking times are a bit optimistic, too. I also recommend that you should allow lots of time to stop and look at things.
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Thanks everyone. I thought the times might be a little rosey, but allowing for the age difference between me and "them", this will give me some ideal when to start heading back for dinner and another gelato. LOL.
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Another difference in timing comes from how people cross streets. For Italians, crossing streets at Piazza Venezia adds no time to the trip. But, for those who come from countries who wait to step onto streets until all the cars on all lanes stop for them, it would take eons to cross the street.
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good point greg.
I remember trying to cross the road once in Budapest at a zebra crossing and it took us about 15 minutes. I don't remember Rome being quite that bad [for one thing you don't need to worry about zebra crossings!] but it certainly isn't for the faint-hearted.
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"...and then there is the little shop, the tiny street, the nice looking café...."
Actually annhig we consider that to be our "travel strategy"
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we must have been separated at birth, LuvToRoam!
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Orchard Road is a road in Singapore that is the retail and entertainment hub of the city-state. It is regularly frequented by the local population as well as being a major tourist attraction. Often the surrounding area is known simply as Orchard. Spanning almost 2.2km, Orchard Road is a one-way street flanked by distinctive shopping malls on both sides of the road. Outside of the malls, the main thoroughfare is immaculately landscaped with flowers and greenery as is ubiquitous in this Garden City.
Each iconic mall is a shopper's haven offering its own selection of retail, dining and entertainment opportunities. Promising to please any taste or budget, the shopping belt comprises nearly 800,000 sq m of stores and restaurants, from designer brands to fast fashion and from upscale restaurants to food courts. The Orchard Road experience is a lifestyle experience. Today, Orchard Road is one of Singapore's biggest tourist draws. So come, enjoy A Great Street!
Between Third Street Promenade and the Santa Monica Pier, there's a new, one-of-a-kind place to shop, savor and socialize. Santa Monica Place is a modern shopping and dining destination custom-created for the fashionable and flavorful Santa Monica frame of mind. It's designed to inspire (and be inspired by) passionate individuals like you, who are both original thinkers and doers.
From contemporary styles and seasonal flavors to sustainable architecture and organic ingredients, Santa Monica Place is focused on what's fresh. Up-and-coming fashion fills our exclusive selection of stores; established and emerging chefs serve up visionary cuisine on our third-level Dining Deck; and local and independently owned shops supply high-quality food essentials at The Market. It's all about living in the moment — gathering with friends for a sunset happy hour, an unforgettable dinner or a satisfying shopping spree.
With 1.3 million square feet of retail space, featuring dramatic light and laser elements, outdoor fireplaces and unique water features, Tempe Marketplace delivers an interactive shopping, dining and entertainment experience in a vibrant, high-energy outdoor setting. Conveniently located in Tempe on Loop 101 & 202, the retail destination is just minutes from the surrounding communities of Phoenix, Scottsdale, Mesa, Chandler and Gilbert.
Enjoy an extensive selection of specialty stores, as well as national retailers such as Barnes & Noble, JCPenney, GAP, Best Buy, Old Navy, G by Guess, and Target. Tease your taste buds at an assortment of upscale, casual-theme restaurants, including California Pizza Kitchen, Lucille's Smokehouse Bar-B-Que, Cadillac Ranch, Maria Maria, Kabuki Japanese Restaurant and The Keg Steakhouse & Bar. Be entertained at destinations such as Dave & Buster's and Harkins Tempe Marketplace 16. Experience the excitement of live entertainment and the latest movies at "The District," the Valley's premier spot for fun.
Download FastMall 3.0 for iPhone or iPod Touch FREE – http://getap.ps/fastmall


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Code Manage
Working on a Shared Development Server is Bad
It never ceases to amaze me how many development teams work as a group from a single development server. That is, multiple developers sharing a workspace for a single application, staged on a single development server. Although this type of environment is very simple to set up, and caters wonderfully for ad hoc and sporadic development by multiple parties, it nevertheless spells disaster for more serious code management.


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Simplicity 3162; ©1959; Teen and Junior Set of Skirts: "Simple to Make" skirts, have waistline darts, side zipper closing and waistband. V. 1 and 2 are slightly flared, 4 gored skirts. V. 3 and 4 are slim skirts with back kick pleat. V. 2 and 4 features suspenders which cross in back and are stitched to waistline. V. 3 features flaps and braid trim.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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MESIA forecasts a massive 5.7 GW of solar capacity to be delivered across the region
The Middle East Solar Association (MESIA) sees a pipeline of more than 5.7 gigawatts (GW) of upcoming solar projects throughout the MENA region.
"At MESIA, we are excited to see solar developments in the region going into fast-forward at attractive tariffs and lowering the carbon footprint of the regional economies," said Wim Alen, Secretary General of MESIA.
World record tariffs provided solar with an important jump-start
2016 was a record-breaking year for solar in the Middle East. Record low tariffs below USD 0.03 per kWh attracted worldwide press attention and even more in September 2016 when price went below USD 0.0245 per kWh.
The world record tariffs provided solar with an important jump-start of more large scale solar projects in the Middle East in 2016 (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan) and will drive even more large-scale project announcements and executions in 2017 in other countries (e.g. Oman and Tunisia).
2017 solar PV pipeline exceeds 4 GW
In 2016, MESIA witnessed the following solar drivers and trends in the MENA region (PV, CSP, and ISCC): 885 MWAC in operation, 3,610 under execution and 1,300 under tender. In 2017, above 4,050 MWAC are in the pipe for the PV sector and 1,310 MW for the CSP sector including some hybrid plant PV and CSP.
MESIA remarks a rapid adoption of large-scale solar in the Middle East:
Egypt is aiming for 2,650 MW of PV capacity in operation by 2020.
Morocco will have about 500 MW of CSP and 600 MW of PV in operation by 2019, while Jordan has 540 MW of PV projects under construction and is set to award 200 MW (4x50 MW) in the course of 2017.
In UAE, 2016 saw Phase III awarded (Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park) with 800 MW for delivery over three phases until 2020 at USD 0.0299 per kWh. The Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) has tendered out a minimum 350 MW Sweihan solar power plant.
In Saudi, SEC is currently tendering a 100 MW PV project across two sites in the northern region of the Kingdom while in Oman, the RFP for first utility scale PV projects is expected to be launched by the tendering authority by mid-2017. The project size will be around 200 MW.
Pakistan is seeing the construction of the second phase of the project Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (QASP) in Punjab – installing 300 MW. More data are available in the MESIA Annual Solar Outlook Report.
MESIA's Annual Solar Outlook Report is also addressing the rooftop solar projects in the MENA region. Rooftop solar kicked off in the UAE with approximately 6 MW up and running by the end of 2016. It is expected the rooftop market in the UAE could reach 70 MW in 2017. This would mean more than tenfold growth in a 1-year period.
The report also elaborates on the storage and demand response solutions which provide additional flexibility to the transmission system and allow to curb peak load.
2017-02-17 | Courtesy: MESIA | solarserver.com © Heindl Server GmbH
Our editorial selection of breaking solar news is published at:


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|Page (1) of 1 - 01/29/14
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Southern states unaccustomed to dealing with heavy snowfall are struggling to dig out after icy temperatures and snow struck the region. Thousands of people in Georgia and Alabama were stranded due to impassible roads. Photo: Associated Press
|Deep Freeze Paralyzes the Deep South
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Dog Veterinary
Ask a Dog Vet and Get Answers to Your Dog Health Questions
Dextromethorphan is no longer recommended for use in dogs due to lack of efficacy. You'll find a teaspoon of honey every few hours to be more efficacious. (Previous dosing of dextromethorphan was anecdotally recommended at 1 mg/lb twice daily.)
Be careful about diagnosing kennel cough in a 10 year old - an age when more serious causes of cough are more likely - collapsed trachea in a Pom and advanced cardiopulmonary diseases., e.g. If you don't see prompt remission within a week, please don't hesitate to have Dee Dee's chest auscultated and X-rayed. Please respond with further questions or concerns if you wish.


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Photographers Sue Google Over Google Books
The American Society of Media Photographers (ASMP), joined by four other groups, four photographers, and two illustrators, filed their suit after a judge denied their request to join a $125 million class-action settlement announced in 2008.
"Through this suit, we are fulfilling the missions of our organizations and standing up for the rights of photographers and other visual artists who have been excluded from the process up to now," Eugene Mopsik, ASMP executive director, said in a statement. "We strongly believe that our members and those of other organizations, whose livelihoods are significantly and negatively impacted, deserve to have representation in this landmark issue."
Victor Perlman, ASMP's general counsel, said the parties are "seeking justice and fair compensation for visual artists whose work appears in 12 million books and other publications Google has illegally scanned to date."
"In doing so, we are giving voice to thousands of disenfranchised creators of visual artworks whose rights we hope to enforce through this class action," Perlman said.
Google denied any wrongdoing and said it is "confident that Google Books is fully compliant with international copyright law."
"Google Books is an historic effort to make all of the knowledge contained within the world's books searchable online," a spokesperson said in an e-mail. "It exposes readers to information they might not otherwise see, and it provides authors and publishers with a new way to be found."
Other parties to the lawsuit include the Graphic Artists Guild, the Picture Archive Council of America, the North American Nature Photography Association, Professional Photographers of America, photographers Leif Skoogfors, Al Satterwhite, Morton Beebe, Ed Kashi, and illustrators John Schmelzer and Simms Taback.
The issue dates back to 2004, when Google partnered with major university libraries to scan their collections and make them available on the Internet. The Association of American Publishers (AAP) and the Author's Guild sued Google for copyright infringement in 2005. In October 2008, the two sides announced a $125 million agreement that would create a registry of online books, and allow U.S. consumers and institutions to purchase access to that material.
The settlement has faced opposition, however. In September 2009, the Department of Justice urged the court to reject Google's book deal, so Google and content groups came up with a revised settlement in November. While the DOJ said the new deal included several improvements, the agency said in February that it still had problems with class certification, copyright and antitrust issues.


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Star Fox Zero special offer
The digital version of Star Fox Zero can be purchased by itself from the Nintendo eShop for $49.99 ($64.99 CAD), while the packaged version comes with Star Fox Guard at a suggested retail price of $59.99 ($74.99 CAD). Buy both Star Fox Zero and Star Fox Guard digitally to receive a $4.99 discount towards the latter purchase ($9.99 CAD discount).
Buy one version, get the other free!
Customers who buy the Wii U version of Mario vs. Donkey Kong Tipping Stars will receive a free download code for the Nintendo 3DS version, and vice versa!
*Additional systems required; sold separately. Offer only available in US, Canada, and Mexico.
We noticed that your account's country setting is set to Canada, but you're viewing the U.S. version of Nintendo.com.
If you?d like to purchase a game or see product details for your region, please switch to the Canadian version of the site.


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610 Martin Street, Milton, ON L9T 3H6
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AS United Airlines and Delta Air Lines agonize over how to revive an alliance that was almost announced last week, until the Delta pilots' union demanded a seat on the board, business and leisure travelers are wondering what that alliance and two others that have been proposed will mean to them.
Depending on whom one believes, the answer is likely to be more convenient air travel or higher air fares, or possibly a combination of the two.
In addition to the move by Delta and United, AMR's American Airlines and US Airways have proposed an alliance, as have Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines.
Ralph Nader, the consumer advo cate, thinks the alliances are likely to shrink competition in the industry, and thus raise fares. So does the Business Travel Coalition, which recently said that businesses and communities ''continue to pay dearly'' for the 1987 merger between Northwest Airlines and Republic Airlines.
And yesterday Mark Johnson, president of the National Business Travel Association, reflecting a middle ground, said, ''While these mergers may create avenues of seamless travel for consumers and marketing economies of scale for the carriers, we do not anticipate that these alliances will alleviate the high cost of air fares that business travelers experience.''Continue reading the main story
While none of the three pending alliances involves a merger -- although that proposed between Northwest and Continental involves equity -- the American Society of Travel Agents also fears they will mean less competition and therefore higher fares. The society and the Coalition for Travel Industry Parity, consisting of 21 travel industry consortiums, are prime movers behind a Congressional bill that would require the Department of Transportation to scrutinize various airline practices that the society and coalition consider anti-consumer.
''But these alliances are not about fares, they're about convenience,'' said Kenneth P. Quinn, an aviation lawyer and former chief counsel for the Federal Aviation Administration. ''Any airline can get you to a connection, if you don't mind how long you wait in the airport. But partners in an alliance time their flights for the convenience of connecting passengers.''
When Air Transport World magazine named Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines co-winners of its airline of the year award for 1997, it cited the ability of those alliance partners to give travelers seamless connections to 400 destinations in 80 countries, in the process transforming the structure of the industry.
From three weekly trans-Atlantic flights a week in 1991 (between Minneapolis and Amsterdam), the partners now fly 162 weekly trans-Atlantic round trips, and this summer will fly 215. The global Star Alliance -- consisting of United, a unit of UAL; Air Canada; Lufthansa of Germany; Scandinavian Airlines System; Thai Airways, and Varig Brazilian Airlines -- integrates well over 6,000 flights a day to more than 600 cities. The United-Delta and American-US Airways alliances would each involve some 4,000 daily flights to hundreds of cities.
The major appeal of alliances to many passengers is the joining of frequent-flier programs, which allow members who belong to both carriers' programs to combine miles from each program. The alliances also bestow reciprocal access to the carriers' airport clubs here and abroad, and give frequent-flier members access to the alliance partner's destinations. Thus US Airways' frequent-flier members will, if the alliance goes through, have access to dozens of American Airlines cities in Latin America and the Caribbean, while American frequent fliers will be able to fly to dozens of cities along the Eastern Seaboard.
If the United-Delta alliance is approved, United passengers in Chicago could fly nonstop on United to Atlanta. If they then had business in Seattle, they could fly nonstop from Atlanta to Seattle on Delta, while still crediting those 2,181 frequent-flier miles to their United account. Otherwise, to collect those miles on United, they would have to fly to Seattle via a connection in Chicago, Denver or San Francisco.
What is behind the alliances is the airlines' determination to avoid another industry bloodbath, such as the one that saw United States carriers lose $13 billion between 1990 and 1994.
During those bleak years, according to Gary Wilson, the chairman of Northwest Airlines, airlines representing one-third of total United States capacity filed for bankruptcy-law protection and more than 100,000 airline employees lost their jobs. That, Mr. Wilson said, ''forced all of us to refocus on the fundamental needs of our customers -- namely, convenience and reliability -- as well as the fundamental needs of the business itself.''
Central to that refocus is the business traveler, particularly corporate travelers, who as the global economy becomes increasingly integrated will presumably choose the airlines or airline alliances that best satisfy their globe-trotting ways. Because they fly more often and pay higher fares -- sometimes 10 times as much for a seat identical to that of a leisure traveler sitting alongside -- business travelers account for as much as 60 percent of revenues on some airlines. In return, they expect more convenience and more flights, and alliances are an attempt to satisfy those expectations.
Both Delta management and its pilots realize that the carrier will be at a major disadvantage if the alliance with United falls apart, and either of the other pending alliances goes through. For despite being the nation's third-biggest and biggest airlines, respectively, both carriers have notable gaps in their route structures. Delta, for example, has relatively few routes in Asia, which after its economic woes subside is expected to become a huge market for air travel, while United service is thin between the Northeast and Florida, as well as throughout the Southwestern United States. American is the nation's second-largest carrier.
No doubt in recognition of Delta's vulnerability, Leo Mullin, the carrier's chief executive, told delegates to the International Airline CEO Conference in Orlando, Fla., two days ago that Delta would consider the pilots' demand for a seat on the board. ''It doesn't mean yes,'' he said, then quickly added, ''But it doesn't mean no.''Continue reading the main story


text: This is the gallery for The Cactus Kid. "Where are my memory photos?" This gallery is a stub. You can help the El Tigre Wiki by adding more images. The Cactus Kid Add a photo to this gallery Retrieved from "http://eltigre.wikia.com/wiki/The_Cactus_Kid/Gallery?oldid=16136" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Gallery stubs Galleries Episode galleries


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A home plumbing system is like a child—just when you think you have it under control, it acts up and makes a huge mess. With the help of Roto-Rooter, you can make sure that your plumbing maintenance needs are met and that you have access to the tools, products, and services necessary to get repairs done correctly the first time. Brooklyn water heater leaking is a common issue that develops in water heating units that have been neglected for a period of time, and are starting to succumb to various issues. With the help of this guide, you will learn a little bit more about your system and how to make the appropriate changes that will ensure your water heating unit works for many more years.
Preventing Corrosion
Water heating corrosion is a serious problem that causes systems to completely fail. In order to minimize the effects of corrosion, a component known as the anode rod is located in the tank. While these rods are fantastic and work extremely well, they wear out over time and stop working. Every two to three years, make sure to replace the anode rod inside of your water-heating unit. To do so correctly, consult the manufacturer's guide and following the steps listed. Also, make sure to buy the correct rod size by ordering from the proper vendors. There should be a list in the guide with Roto-Rooter at the top of suggested vendors to order from. A great way to remember to change out the anode rod is to schedule it at the same time you perform a system flush.
Flush Your Water Heater
One of the best ways to keep your water heater unit working great is to flush it out every few years. During that time, not only does the anode rod wear out, but also soot and buildup has a chance to get a hold of the inner components of a heating unit and cause problems. Performing a flush is easy to do with these steps:
Attach a hose to the water heater drainage valve located on the bottom of the tank.
For more Brooklyn water heater leaking repair tips and tricks, call Roto-Rooter today.
We use your ZIP code to give you local services and offers.


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Raspberry Silk Brownies
Recipe by Mysterygirl
This is my own creation based upon Grandma's Gooey Butter Cake by bratty #33519. Raspberries and chocolate just seem to go together. This is nice enough you can serve it to company topped with some raspberries or keep it's chocolately goodness to yourself For a taste change use peanut butter chips or mint chips instead of the chocolate raspberry ones.
Top Review by SusieQusie
I'm not rating; just leaving comments as I obviously did something wrong here. I thought I followed the recipe exactly but my base was very liquid-y - no way was it going to pat into a pan. So I added another box of brownie mix to thicken it up. The filling on the other hand - no way was it pourable - I did manage to spread it fairly well however. Of course my baking time was askew now with the addition of the extra base. At 35 minutes, the top was well done so I took it out. After chilling, it did cut well. My base was more like fudge (maybe from the baking time issue) but it tasted wonderful. I'm wondering if this would work better with only 1 egg in the base mixture as in Recipe #33519 that you referenced. Anyway, thanks for sharing your recipe and sorry it didn't work as planned for me.
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
Cake base
- 2 boxes brownie mix, for 8 x 8 pan
- 3 eggs
- 3⁄4 cup butter, melted
- 1 (8 ounce) package cream cheese, softened
- 2 eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1⁄2 cup butter
- 1⁄2 cup raspberry chocolate chips
- 2 1⁄2 cups powdered sugar
- powdered sugar
- fresh raspberry
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Combine all cake base ingredients and mix well.
- Pat into lightly greased 13x9 baking pan.
- Prepare filling.
- Beat cream cheese until smooth.
- Add eggs and vanilla.
- Place butter& raspberry chocolate chips into microwavable bowl.
- Melt in microwave for 1 minute.
- Remove butter and mix until chips are completely melted.
- Add butter mixture and beat.
- Add powdered sugar and mix well.
- Pour over cake mixture.
- Bake for 35 minutes.
- You want the center to be a little gooey, so be sure not to overbake.
- Remove from oven, place some powdered sugar in a strainer and shake over the cake for a pretty snow-like effect.
- Cool cake then store in refrigerator.
- NOTE: It's important to allow the brownies to cool completely before cutting or they will be too gooey.


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Sharapova loses watch sponsor after drug test revelation
Watchmaker Tag Heuer has decided not to renew its sponsorship contract with Maria Sharapova following her announcement that she failed a drug test at the Australian Open.
Tag Heuer follows Nike, which has suspended its contract with the five-time grand slam champion.
A statement from Tag Heuer read: "Maria Sharapova was under contract with TAG Heuer until December 31th, 2015. We had been in talks to extend our collaboration.
"In view of the current situation, the Swiss watch brand has suspended negotiations, and has decided not to renew the contract with Ms Sharapova."
Sharapova, 28, revealed on Monday that she had tested positive for meldonium following her quarter-final defeat against Serena Williams in Melbourne in January.
Meldonium, which Sharapova said she had legally taken throughout her career, was placed on the banned list by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the beginning of the year following ''evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance''.
Sharapova claimed she did not realise the substance was illegal, but took ''full responsibility'' for her actions.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) said Sharapova had been informed of the positive test on March 2 and she will be provisionally suspended from March 12.
A statement from sportswear giant Nike read: "We are saddened and surprised by the news about Maria Sharapova.
"We have decided to suspend our relationship with Maria while the investigation continues.
"We will continue to monitor the situation."
Former British number one Annabel Croft believes if Sharapova is given a two-year ban or more for failing a drug test it could spell the end of her career.
Croft told BBC Radio Five Live: "The game moves on constantly and it's very, very difficult to keep up at the best of times.
"It's not to say never as she's one of the best competitors out there. She's utterly ruthless as a competitor and she's got a strong will and a strong mind.
"It's not to say she couldn't come back at some level but I think it would be very difficult if it was a two-year ban or more than that to get back to the heights she's at."
Sharapova, though, remains hopeful she can return to the sport after serving her punishment.
The ex-world number one said: "I let my fans down, I let the sport down that I have been playing since the age of four and I love so deeply.
''I know with this I face consequences. I don't want to end my career this way and I really hope I will be given another chance to play this game.''


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Within walking distance to the BTS skytrain, it is surrounded by commercial districts as well as entertainment venues. Modern and opulent, the 345 guestrooms and suites boast unique design with complete amenities and breathtaking city views. Famous for its first-rate services and top-notch facilities, the hotel's restaurants and bars are perfect for relaxing and socializing. Offering various body treatments in traditional Thai style, the spa provides total relaxation after a day of meetings and sightseeing.
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Successful Public Relations is a dynamic mix of what you know and who you know.
Since 1992, Trina Kaye has been designing and implementing campaigns that promote individuals, corporations and their products and their services to a vast array of media. Our placement success comes from our deep understanding of what makes a public relations campaign work and our relationships with the media.
Trina Kaye
The Trina Kaye Organization
Email: email@example.com


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Download app Hola Launcher v2.0.5 Full Apk latest version is here
Personalize your Android with this small, light-weight, and easy-to-use alternative to your default home launcher.
We believe less is more! We believe there is beauty in simplicity!
Hola Launcher is only 2MB large, making it quick to download and easy to install. We've designed it to minimize its memory usage (resource footprint) so your phone stays fast and responsive, while providing the most important features people need. At the same time, we've focused on a clean and simple user experience that you can further customize with beautiful themes and wallpapers.
App Features:
- Hola Shine – A simple swipe from a bottom corner opens a smart menu of your frequently used apps and settings.
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SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm
1899 lithograph of SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm
|German Empire
|Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm
|Friedrich Wilhelm
|Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven
|Laid down:
|30 June 1891
|29 April 1894
|Sold to the Ottoman Empire in 1910
|Ottoman Empire
|Barbaros Hayreddin
|Hayreddin Barbarossa
|12 September 1910
|Sunk by the British submarine HMS E11, 8 August 1915
|General characteristics
|Class and type:
|Brandenburg-class battleship
|10,670 t (10,500 long tons)
|115.7 m (379 ft 7 in)
|19.5 m (64 ft 0 in)
|7.9 m (25 ft 11 in)
|Installed power:
|9,553 ihp (7,124 kW)
|2-shaft triple expansion engines
|16.9 knots (31.3 km/h; 19.4 mph)
|4,300 nmi (8,000 km; 4,900 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm ("His Majesty's Ship Elector Friedrich Wilhelm")[a] was one of the first ocean-going battleships[b] of the Imperial German Navy. The ship was named for Prince-elector (Kurfürst) Friedrich Wilhelm, 17th-century Duke of Prussia and Margrave of Brandenburg. She was the fourth pre-dreadnought of the Brandenburg class, along with her sister ships Brandenburg, Weissenburg, and Wörth. She was laid down in 1890 in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven, launched in 1891, and completed in 1893 at a cost of 11.23 million marks. The Brandenburg-class battleships carried six large-caliber guns in three twin turrets, as opposed to four guns in two turrets, as was the standard in other navies.
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the flagship of the Imperial fleet from her commissioning in 1894 until 1900. She saw limited active duty during her service career with the German fleet due to the relatively peaceful nature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As a result, her career focused on training exercises and goodwill visits to foreign ports. These training maneuvers were nevertheless very important to developing German naval tactical doctrine in the two decades before World War I, especially under the direction of Alfred von Tirpitz. She, along with her three sisters, saw only one major overseas deployment, to China in 1900–01, during the Boxer Rebellion. The ship underwent a major modernization in 1904–05.
In 1910, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was sold to the Ottoman Empire and renamed Barbaros Hayreddin. She saw heavy service during the Balkan Wars, primarily providing artillery support to Ottoman ground forces in Thrace. She also took part in two naval engagements with the Greek Navy — the Battle of Elli in December 1912, and the Battle of Lemnos the following month. Both battles were defeats for the Ottoman Navy. In a state of severe disrepair, the old battleship was partially disarmed after the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers early in World War I. On 8 August 1915 the ship was torpedoed and sunk off the Dardanelles by the British submarine HMS E11 with heavy loss of life.
- 1 Description
- 2 Service history
- 3 Footnotes
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was 115.7 meters (379 ft 7 in) long overall, had a beam of 19.5 m (64 ft 0 in) which was increased to 19.74 m (64 ft 9 in) with the addition of torpedo nets, and had a draft of 7.6 m (24 ft 11 in) forward and 7.9 m (25 ft 11 in) aft. The ship displaced 10,013 metric tons (9,855 long tons) at its designed weight, and up to 10,670 t (10,500 long tons) at full combat load. She was equipped with two sets of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines that provided 9,553 ihp (7,124 kW) and had a top speed of 16.9 knots (31.3 km/h; 19.4 mph). Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm had a cruising range of 4,300 nautical miles (8,000 km; 4,900 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Her crew numbered 38 officers and 530 enlisted men.[1]
The ship was unusual for her time in that she possessed a broadside of six heavy guns in three twin gun turrets, rather than the four guns typical of contemporary battleships.[2] The forward and aft turrets carried 28-centimeter (11 in) K L/40 guns,[c] and the center turret was armed with shorter L/35 guns. Her secondary armament consisted of eight 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 and eight 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 quick-firing guns mounted in casemates. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm's armament suite was rounded out with six 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes, all in above-water swivel mounts.[1] Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was protected with nickel-steel Krupp armor, a new type of stronger steel. Her main belt armor was 400 millimeters (15.7 in) thick in the central section that protected the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces. The deck was 60 mm (2.4 in) thick. The main battery barbettes were protected with 300 mm (11.8 in) thick armor.[1]
Service history[edit]
In German service[edit]
Construction to 1895[edit]
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was the fourth and final ship of her class. She was ordered as battleship D,[1] and was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven in 1890. She was the first ship of the class to be launched, on 30 June 1891.[3] The ceremony was attended by Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife, Augusta Victoria.[4] She was commissioned into the German fleet on 29 April 1894, the same day as her sister Brandenburg.[3] While on sea trials, the ship suffered from several problems with her propulsion system. She was therefore decommissioned for repairs to the machinery, before being re-commissioned on 1 November 1894.[4] Construction of Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm cost the German navy 11.23 million marks.[5] Upon her commissioning, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was assigned to the I Division of the I Battle Squadron alongside her three sisters.[6] She replaced the ironclad Bayern as the Squadron flagship on 16 November, under the command of Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) Hans von Koester. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm would remain the flagship for the next six years.[4] The I Division was accompanied by the four older Sachsen-class ironclads in the II Division, though by 1901–2, the Sachsens were replaced by the new Kaiser Friedrich III-class battleships.[7] The ship was a training ground for later commanders in chief of the High Seas Fleet, including Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper, who both served aboard the ship as navigation officers during 1897 and October 1898 to September 1899, respectively.[8][9]
After entering active service, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the rest of the squadron attended ceremonies for the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at Kiel on 3 December 1894. The squadron thereafter began a winter training cruise in the Baltic Sea; this was the first such cruise by the German fleet. In previous years, the bulk of the fleet was deactivated for the winter months. During this voyage, the I Division anchored in Stockholm from 7 to 11 December, during the 300th anniversary of the birth of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus. King Oscar II held a reception for the visiting German delegation, which included Prince Heinrich, the younger brother of Wilhelm II and the commander of the battleship Wörth. Thereafter, further exercises were conducted in the Baltic before the ships had to put into their home ports for repairs. During this dockyard period, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm had her funnels extended in height.[10]
1895 began with what became the normal trips to Heligoland and then to Bremerhaven, with Wilhelm II on board. This was followed by individual ship and divisional training, which was interrupted by a voyage to the northern North Sea. On this trip, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was accompanied by her sister ship Brandenburg; the two battleships stopped in Lerwick in Shetland from 16 to 23 March. This was the first time units of the main German fleet had left home waters. The purpose of the exercise was to test the ships in heavy weather; both vessels performed admirably. In May, more fleet maneuvers were carried out in the western Baltic, and they were concluded by a visit of the fleet to Kirkwall in Orkney. The squadron returned to Kiel in early June, where preparations were under way for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Tactical exercises were carried out in Kiel Bay in the presence of foreign delegations to the opening ceremony.[11]
On 28 June, an explosion occurred on one of the ship's pinnaces killing seven crewmen and badly injuring the future Vizeadmiral Wilhelm Starke. Further training exercises lasted until 1 July, when the I Division began a voyage into the Atlantic Ocean. This operation had political motives;[12] Germany had only been able to send a small contingent of vessels—the protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta, the coastal defense ship Hagen, and the sailing frigate Stosch—to an international naval demonstration off the Moroccan coast at the same time.[13] The main fleet could therefore provide moral support to the demonstration by steaming to Spanish waters. Rough weather again allowed Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and her sister ships to demonstrate their excellent seakeeping. The fleet departed Vigo and stopped in Queenstown, Ireland. Wilhelm II, aboard his yacht Hohenzollern, attended the Cowes Regatta while the rest of the fleet stayed off the Isle of Wight.[12]
On 10 August, the fleet returned to Wilhelmshaven and began preparations for the autumn maneuvers later that month. The first exercises began in the Heligoland Bight on 25 August. The fleet then steamed through the Skagerrak to the Baltic; heavy storms caused significant damage to many of the ships and the torpedo boat S41 capsized and sank in the storms—only three men were saved. The fleet stayed briefly in Kiel before resuming exercises, including live-fire exercises, in the Kattegat and the Great Belt. The main maneuvers began on 7 September with a mock attack from Kiel toward the eastern Baltic. Subsequent maneuvers took place off the coast of Pomerania and in Danzig Bay. A fleet review for Wilhelm II off Jershöft concluded the maneuvers on 14 September.[14] Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm went into drydock for periodic maintenance on 1 October. The ironclad Baden temporarily replaced her as flagship until the work was completed on 20 October. The rest of the year was spent on individual ship training, with the exception of a short trip to Gothenburg from 5 to 9 November. Only three other ships accompanied Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm on this visit: the ironclads Sachsen and Württemberg and the aviso Pfeil. On 9 December, the squadron commander shifted his flag to Württemberg while Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm went into drydock for an overhaul.[15]
The year 1896 followed much the same pattern as the previous year. On 10 March 1896, Koester once again raised his flag aboard Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm. Individual ship training was conducted though April, followed by squadron training in the North Sea in late April and early May. This included a visit to the Dutch ports of Vlissingen and Nieuwediep. Further maneuvers, which lasted from the end of May to the end of July, took the squadron further north in the North Sea, frequently into Norwegian waters. The ships visited Bergen from 11 to 18 May. During the maneuvers, Wilhelm II and the Chinese viceroy Li Hongzhang observed a fleet review off Kiel.[15] On 9 August, the training fleet assembled in Wilhelmshaven for the annual autumn fleet training. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm again went into dock for maintenance, and while she was out of service, Koester transferred his flag to Sachsen from 16 September to 3 October. Koester again flew his flag aboard Sachsen from 15 December to 1 March 1897.[16]
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the rest of the fleet operated under the normal routine of individual and unit training in the first half of 1897. Early in the year, the naval command considered deploying the I Division, including Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm, to another naval demonstration off Morocco to protest the murder of two German nationals there, but a smaller squadron of sailing frigates was sent instead. The typical routine was interrupted in early August when Wilhelm II and Augusta went to visit the Russian imperial court at Kronstadt; both divisions of the I Squadron were sent to accompany the Kaiser. They had returned to Neufahrwasser in Danzig on 15 August, where the rest of the fleet joined them for the annual autumn maneuvers. These exercises reflected the tactical thinking of the new State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt (RMA—Imperial Navy Office), Konteradmiral Alfred von Tirpitz, and the new commander of the I Squadron, Vizeadmiral August von Thomsen. These new tactics stressed accurate gunnery, especially at longer ranges, though the necessities of the line-ahead formation led to a great deal of rigidity in the tactics. Thomsen's emphasis on shooting created the basis for the excellent German gunnery during World War I. The maneuvers were completed by 22 September in Wilhelmshaven.[17]
In early December, the I Division conducted maneuvers in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, though they were cut short due to shortages in officers and men. The fleet followed the typical routine of individual and fleet training in 1898 without incident, though a voyage to the British Isles was also included. The fleet stopped in Queenstown, Greenock, and Kirkwall. The fleet assembled in Kiel on 14 August for the annual autumn exercises. The maneuvers included a mock blockade of the coast of Mecklenburg and a pitched battle with an "Eastern Fleet" in the Danzig Bay. While steaming back to Kiel, a severe storm hit the fleet, causing significant damage to many ships and sinking the torpedo boat S58. The fleet then transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and continued the maneuvers in the North Sea. Training finished on 17 September in Wilhelmshaven. In December, the I Division conducted artillery and torpedo training in Eckernförde Bay, followed by divisional training in the Kattegat and Skagerrak. During these maneuvers, the division visited Kungsbacka, Sweden, from 9 to 13 December. After returning to Kiel, the ships of the I Division went into dock for their winter repairs.[18]
On 5 April 1899, the ship participated in the celebrations commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Eckernförde during the First Schleswig War. In May, the I and II Divisions, along with the Reserve Division from the Baltic, went on a major cruise into the Atlantic. On the voyage out, the I Division stopped in Dover and the II Division went into Falmouth to restock their coal supplies. The I Division then joined the II Division at Falmouth on 8 May, and the two units then departed for the Bay of Biscay, arriving at Lisbon on 12 May. There, they met the British Channel Fleet of eight battleships and four armored cruisers. The Portuguese king, Carlos I came aboard Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm to inspect the German flagship. The German fleet then departed for Germany, stopping again in Dover on 24 May. There, they participated in the naval review celebrating Queen Victoria's 80th birthday. The fleet returned to Kiel on 31 May.[19]
In July, the fleet conducted squadron maneuvers in the North Sea, which included coast defense exercises with soldiers from the X Corps. On 16 August, the fleet assembled in Danzig once again for the annual autumn maneuvers.[19] The exercises started in the Baltic and on 30 August the fleet passed through the Kattegat and Skagerrak and steamed into the North Sea for further maneuvers in the German Bight, which lasted until 7 September. The third phase of the maneuvers took place in the Kattegat and the Great Belt from 8 to 26 September, when the maneuvers concluded and the fleet went into port for annual maintenance. The year 1900 began with the usual routine of individual and divisional exercises. In the second half of March, the squadrons met in Kiel, followed by torpedo and gunnery practice in April and a voyage to the eastern Baltic. From 7 to 26 May, the fleet went on a major training cruise to the northern North Sea, which included stops in the Shetlands from 12 to 15 May and in Bergen from 18 to 22 May.[20] On 8 July, the ships of the I Division were reassigned to the II Division, and the role of fleet flagship was transferred to the recently commissioned battleship Kaiser Wilhelm II.[21]
Boxer Rebellion[edit]
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm saw her first major operation in 1900, when the I Division was deployed to China during the Boxer Rebellion.[2] Chinese nationalists laid siege to the foreign embassies in Peking and murdered the German minister.[22] At the time, the German East Asia Squadron consisted of the protected cruisers Kaiserin Augusta, Hansa, Hertha, the small cruisers Irene, Gefion, and the gunboats Jaguar and Iltis,[23] but the Kaiser decided that an expeditionary force was necessary to reinforce the Eight Nation Alliance that had formed to defeat the Boxers. The expeditionary force consisted of Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and her three sisters, six cruisers, 10 freighters, three torpedo boats, and six regiments of marines, under the command of Marshal Alfred von Waldersee.[24] Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the flagship of Konteradmiral Richard von Geißler, who took command on 6 July.[21]
On 7 July, Geißler reported that his ships were ready for the operation, and they left two days later. The four battleships and the aviso Hela transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and stopped in Wilhelmshaven to rendezvous with the rest of the expeditionary force. On 11 July, the force steamed out of the Jade Bight, bound for China. They stopped to coal at Gibraltar on 17–18 July and they passed through the Suez Canal on 26–27 July. More coal was taken on at Perim in the Red Sea, and on 2 August, the fleet entered the Indian Ocean. On 10 August, the ships reached Colombo, Ceylon, and on 14 August they passed through the Strait of Malacca. They arrived in Singapore on 18 August and departed five days later, reaching Hong Kong on 28 August. Two days later, the expeditionary force stopped in the outer roadstead at Wusong, downriver from Shanghai.[25] From there, Wörth was detached to cover the disembarkation of the German expeditionary corps outside the Taku Forts, while Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and her other two sister ships joined the blockade of the Yangtze River, which also included a British contingent of two battleships, three cruisers, four gunboats, and one destroyer. A small Chinese fleet stationed upriver did not even clear their ships for action, owing to the strength of the Anglo-German fleet.[26]
By the time the German fleet had arrived, the siege of Peking had already been lifted by forces from other members of the Eight-Nation Alliance that had formed to deal with the Boxers.[27] In early September, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the rest of the German fleet was moved to the Yellow Sea, where Waldersee, who had been given command of all ground forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance, planned stronger actions against the harbors of northern China. On 3–4 September, the flagship of the East Asia Squadron, Fürst Bismarck reconnoitered the harbors of Shanhaiguan and Qinhuangdao. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm then went to Shanhaiguan and sent a landing party of 100 men ashore while her torpedo crew cleared the Chinese minefields. She then returned to the Wusong roads while the ships of the East Asia Squadron remained off both ports.[26] Since the situation had calmed, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and her sisters were sent to Hong Kong or Nagasaki, Japan in early 1901 for overhauls; Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm went to Nagasaki from 4 to 23 January. In March, the expeditionary fleet reassembled in Tsingtau for gunnery and tactical exercises.[26]
On 26 May, the German high command recalled the expeditionary force to Germany. The fleet took on supplies in Shanghai and departed Chinese waters on 1 June. The fleet stopped in Singapore from 10 to 15 June and took on coal before proceeding to Colombo, where they stayed from 22 to 26 June. Steaming against the monsoons forced the fleet to stop in Mahé, Seychelles to take on more coal. The fleet then stopped for a day each to take on coal in Aden and Port Said. On 1 August they reached Cádiz, and then met with the I Division and steamed back to Germany together. They separated after reaching Heligoland, and on 11 August after reaching the Jade roadstead, the ships of the expeditionary force were visited by Admiral von Koester, who was now the Inspector General of the Navy. The following day, Geißler lowered his flag aboard Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the expeditionary fleet was dissolved.[28] In the end, the operation cost the German government more than 100 million marks.[29]
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm went to Kiel after returning from the expedition to China, where on 14 August Konteradmiral Fischel raised his flag aboard the ship. She was assigned to the I Squadron as the second command flagship for the annual autumn maneuvers.[d] These exercises were interrupted by the visit from Nicholas II of Russia, who came aboard Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm. After the maneuvers, Fischel was replaced by Konteradmiral Curt von Prittwitz und Gaffron on 24 October. In late 1901, the fleet went on a cruise to Norway, during which Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm stopped in Oslo. During the months of December, January, and February, the ship was in drydock for major repair work.[33]
The pattern of training for 1902 remained unchanged from previous years; I Squadron went on a major training cruise that started on 25 April. The squadron initially steamed to Norwegian waters, then rounded the northern tip of Scotland, and stopped in Irish waters. The ships returned to Kiel on 28 May. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm then participated in the annual autumn maneuvers, after which she was decommissioned, with the new battleship Wittelsbach taking her place as second command flagship. The four Brandenburg class battleships were taken out of service for a major reconstruction.[33] The work to Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was done at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven.[1] The work included increasing the ship's coal storage capacity and adding a pair of 10.5 cm guns. The plans had initially called for the center 28 cm turret to be replaced with an armored battery of medium-caliber guns, but this proved to be prohibitively expensive. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was the last ship of her class to complete her reconstruction, which was finished on 14 December 1905.[34]
On 1 January 1906 she was assigned to the II Squadron and served as the flagship of first Konteradmiral Henning von Holtzendorff, and then during the autumn maneuvers of Konteradmiral Adolf Paschen. The fleet conducted its normal routine of individual and unit training, interrupted only by a cruise to Norway from mid-July to early August. The annual autumn maneuvers occurred as usual. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the second command flagship in the I Squadron of the newly created High Seas Fleet, but at the end of the 1906 training year, she was removed from active duty and her place was taken by the new battleship Pommern.[35]
Beginning on 1 October 1907, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was assigned to the Reserve Squadron in the North Sea, which had been created in early 1907 to train new crews. Her three sister ships joined her in this unit; their duties typically consisted of training cruises in the North Sea. From 5 to 25 April, she operated with the Training Squadron with its flagship Vineta. In September, the Reserve Squadron contributed vessels to the autumn maneuvers; Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm served as the Reserve Squadron flagship, with the coastal defense ships Ägir and Frithjof, the minelaying cruisers Nautilus and Albatross, and the old avisos Blitz, Pfeil, and Zieten. The Squadron was organized in Cuxhaven and joined the High Seas Fleet in the German Bight on 8 September. They participated in the main series of exercises off Heligoland, and the squadron was dissolved when the maneuvers ended on 12 September.[35]
After completing her annual winter overhaul, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm returned to the Reserve Squadron in January 1909. Starting on 27 March, she operated with the Training Squadron again, the flagship of which was now the armored cruiser Friedrich Carl. Between 30 March and 24 April, she cruised in the central Baltic and in the waters around Rügen. She and the rest of the Reserve Squadron joined the autumn maneuvers in August and the battleship Schwaben replaced Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm as the flagship of the Reserve Squadron. Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was then transferred to the VII Division in the Reserve Squadron. She continued in this routine in early 1910; she operated with the Training Squadron from 4 to 29 April and cruised in the Skagerrak and the western Baltic. The battleship was scheduled to take part in the autumn maneuvers, but shortly before the fleet assembled for the exercises, both she and Weissenburg were sold to the Ottoman Empire.[36]
In Ottoman service[edit]
In late 1909, the German military attache to the Ottoman Empire began a conversation with the Ottoman Navy about the possibility of selling German warships to the Ottomans to counter Greek naval expansion. After lengthy negotiations, including Ottoman attempts to buy one or more of the new battlecruisers Von der Tann, Moltke, and Goeben, the Germans offered to sell the four ships of the Brandenburg class at a cost of 10 million marks. The Ottomans chose to buy Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg, since they were the more advanced ships of the class.[37] The two battleships were renamed after the famous 16th-century Ottoman admirals, Hayreddin Barbarossa and Turgut Reis.[38][39][40] They were transferred on 1 September 1910, and German crews took the ships to Constantinople, along with four new destroyers also purchased from Germany.[41] The Ottoman navy, however, had great difficulty equipping the Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis; the navy had to pull trained enlisted men from the rest of the fleet just to put together crews for them.[42] Both vessels suffered from condenser troubles after they entered Ottoman service, which reduced their speed to 8 to 10 knots (15 to 19 km/h; 9 to 12 mph).[41]
A year later, in September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The two battleships and the ancient central battery ironclad Mesûdiye—which had been built in the mid-1870s—had been on a summer training cruise since July, and so were prepared for the conflict.[40] On 1 October, shortly after the outbreak of war, Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the Ottoman fleet was moored at Beirut. The following day, the fleet departed for Constantinople for repairs in preparation to engage the Italian fleet.[43] Nevertheless, the bulk of the Ottoman fleet, including Barbaros Hayreddin, remained in port for the duration of the war.[40] By the end of the war, Barbaros Hayreddin and her sister were in very poor condition. Their rangefinders and the ammunition hoists for their main battery guns had been removed, their telephones did not work, and the pipes for their pumps were badly rusted. Most of the watertight doors could not close, and the condensers remained problematic.[44]
Balkan Wars[edit]
The First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, when the Balkan League attacked the Ottoman Empire. The condition of Barbaros Hayreddin, as with most ships of the Ottoman fleet, had deteriorated significantly. During the war, Barbaros Hayreddin conducted gunnery training along with the other capital ships of the Ottoman navy, escorted troop convoys, and bombarded coastal installations.[39] On 17 October, Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis steamed to İğneada. Two days later, the two battleships bombarded Bulgarian artillery positions near Varna. On 30 October, Barbaros Hayreddin was back outside Varna to blockade the port along with the destroyer Nümune-i Hamiyet.[44] On 17 November, Barbaros Hayreddin and Mesûdiye bombarded Bulgarian positions in support of the I Corps, with the aid of artillery observers ashore.[45] The battleships' gunnery was poor, though it provided a morale boost for the defending Ottoman army dug in at Çatalca.[46] From 15 to 20 November, the ship was stationed at Büyükçekmece along with her sister ship and several other warships, but they saw no action against the small Bulgarian navy.[47]
In December 1912, the Ottoman fleet was reorganized into an armored division, which included Barbaros Hayreddin as flagship, two destroyer divisions, and a fourth division composed of warships intended for independent operations.[48] Over the next two months, the armored division attempted to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles, which resulted in two major naval engagements.[49]
Battle of Elli[edit]
At the Battle of Elli on 16 December 1912, the Ottomans attempted to launch an attack on Imbros.[50] The Ottoman fleet sortied from the Dardanelles at 9:30; the smaller craft remained at the mouth of the straits while the battleships sailed north, hugging the coast. The Greek flotilla, which included the armored cruiser Georgios Averof and three Hydra-class ironclads, sailing from the island of Lemnos, altered course to the northeast to block the advance of the Ottoman battleships.[51] The Ottoman ships opened fire on the Greeks at 9:40, from a range of about 15,000 yd (14,000 m). Five minutes later, Georgios Averof crossed over to the other side of the Ottoman fleet, placing the Ottomans in the unfavorable position of being under fire from both sides. At 9:50 and under heavy pressure from the Greek fleet, the Ottoman ships completed a 16-point turn, which reversed their course, and headed for the safety of the straits. The turn was poorly conducted, and the ships fell out of formation, blocking each other's fields of fire.[50]
By 10:17, both sides had ceased firing and the Ottoman fleet withdrew into the Dardanelles. The ships reached port by 13:00 and transferred their casualties to the hospital ship Resit Paşa.[50] The battle was considered a Greek victory, because the Ottoman fleet remained blockaded.[49] During the battle, Barbaros Hayreddin was hit twice. The first shell struck the afterdeck and killed five men assigned to a damage control party. The second shell jammed the rear turret, placing it out of action. Shell fragments from this hit damaged several boilers and caused a fire in one of the coal bunkers.[50]
On 4 January 1913, the Ottoman Navy and Army attempted a landing at Bozca Ada (Tenedos) to retake the island from the Greeks. Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the fleet supported the operation, but the appearance of the Greek fleet forced the Ottomans to break off the operation. The Greeks also withdrew, and several Ottoman cruisers opened fire as both sides departed, but no damage was done. By 15:30, Barbaros Hayreddin was back at Çanakkale inside the safety of the Dardanelles. On 10 January, the fleet conducted a patrol outside the Dardanelles. They encountered several Greek destroyers and forced them to withdraw, but inflicted no damage on the Greek ships.[52]
Battle of Lemnos[edit]
The Battle of Lemnos resulted from an Ottoman plan to lure the faster Georgios Averof away from the Dardanelles. The protected cruiser Hamidiye evaded the Greek blockade and broke out into the Aegean Sea in an attempt to draw the Greek cruiser into pursuit. Despite the threat posed by the cruiser, the Greek commander refused to detach Georgios Averof.[51] By mid-January, however, the Ottomans had learned that Georgios Averof remained with the Greek fleet, and so Kalyon Kaptanı (Captain) Ramiz Numan Bey, the Ottoman fleet commander, decided to attack the Greeks regardless.[52]
Barbaros Hayreddin, Turgut Reis, and other units of the Ottoman fleet departed the Dardanelles at 8:20 on the morning of 18 January, and sailed toward the island of Lemnos at a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). Barbaros Hayreddin led the line of battleships, with a flotilla of torpedo boats on either side of the formation.[52] Georgios Averof, with the three Hydra-class ironclads and five destroyers trailing behind, intercepted the Ottoman fleet approximately 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from Lemnos.[51] At 10:55, the Ottoman cruiser Mecidiye spotted the Greeks, and the fleet turned south to engage them.[52]
A long range artillery duel that lasted for two hours began at around 11:55, when the Ottoman fleet opened fire at a range of 8,000 m (26,000 ft). They concentrated their fire on the Greek Georgios Averof, which returned fire at 12:00. At 12:50, the Greeks attempted to cross the T of the Ottoman fleet, but Barbaros Hayreddin turned north to block the Greek maneuver. The Ottoman commander detached the old battleship Mesudiye after a serious hit at 12:55. At around the same time, a shell hit Barbaros Hayreddin on her amidships turret, killing the entire gun crew. She was thereafter hit several times in the superstructure; these hits did relatively little damage, but they created significant smoke that was sucked into the boiler rooms and caused the ship's speed to fall to 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). As a result, Turgut Reis took the lead of the formation and Bey decided to break off the engagement.[53]
Toward the end of the engagement, Georgios Averof closed to within 5,000 yd (4,600 m) and scored several hits on the fleeing Ottoman ships.[51] At 14:00, the Ottoman warships had come close enough to the shore to be protected by coastal batteries, forcing the Greeks to withdraw and ending the battle.[54] During the battle, both Barbaros Hayreddin and her sister had a barbette disabled by gunfire, and both caught fire as a result. Between Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, the ships fired some 800 rounds, mostly of their main battery 28 cm (11 in) ammunition but without success.[55]
Subsequent operations[edit]
On 8 February 1913, the Ottoman navy supported an amphibious assault at Şarköy. Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, along with several cruisers weighed anchor at 5:50 and arrived off the island at around 9:00.[47] The Ottoman fleet provided artillery support, from about a kilometer off shore.[56] The ships supported the left flank of the Ottoman army once it was ashore. The Bulgarian army provided stiff resistance that ultimately forced the Ottoman army to withdraw, though the withdrawal was successful in large part due to the gunfire support from Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the fleet. During the battle, Barbaros Hayreddin fired 250 rounds from her 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/35 guns and 180 shells from her 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 guns.[57]
In March 1913, the ship returned to the Black Sea to resume support of the Çatalca garrison, which was under renewed attacks by the Bulgarian army. On 26 March, the 28 cm (11 in) and 10.5 cm (4.1 in) shells fired by Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis helped to turn back the advance of the 2nd Brigade of the Bulgarian 1st Infantry Division.[58] On 30 March, the left wing of the Ottoman line turned to pursue the retreating Bulgarians. Their advance was supported by both field artillery and the heavy guns of Barbaros Hayreddin; the assault gained the Ottomans about 1,500 m (1,600 yd) by nightfall. In response, the Bulgarians brought the 1st Brigade to the front, which beat the Ottoman advance back to its starting position.[59]
World War I[edit]
In the summer of 1914, World War I broke out in Europe, though the Ottomans initially remained neutral. On 3 August 1914, Barbaros Hayreddin began a refit at Constantinople—German engineers inspected her and other Ottoman warships in the dockyard and found them to be in a state of severe disrepair. Owing to the state of tension, repairs could not be effected, and only ammunition, coal, and other supplies were loaded.[60] By early November, the actions of the German battlecruiser Goeben, which had been transferred to the Ottoman Navy, resulted in declarations of war by Russia, France, and Great Britain.[61] Between 1914–15, some of the ship's guns were removed and employed as coastal guns to shore up the defenses protecting the Dardanelles.[55] In the meantime, she was used as a floating artillery battery at the Nara naval base, along with her sister Turgut Reis. Early during this stint, the ships were immobilized, but as the threat from British submarines grew, steam was kept up in their boilers to allow them to move quickly.[62]
Barbaros Hayreddin returned to Constantinople on 11 March 1915; the Ottoman high command had decided that both ships were not needed at all times. Over the next several months, the two ships alternated trips to Constantinople. On 25 April, the two battleships bombarded the British landings on the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign. After firing fourteen shells, the fifteenth detonated in the right gun barrel in the center turret, destroying the gun. After a shell exploded inside one of Turgut Reis's guns in early June, both battleships were withdrawn. On 7 August, the British landed more troops at Suvla Bay, prompting the high command to send Barbaros Hayreddin to support the Ottoman defenses there. In addition, she was loaded with a large quantity of ammunition to resupply the Fifth Army fighting in the Gallipoli Campaign.[63] The next day, while she was en route to the area with only a single torpedo boat as escort, she was intercepted by the British submarine HMS E11[64] off Bolayır in the Sea of Marmara.[55] The submarine hit Barbaros Hayreddin with a single torpedo;[2] she capsized seven minutes later, but remained afloat for a few minutes before she slipped below the waves. The ship sank with the loss of 21 officers and 237 men. The rest of the crew were picked up by her escort and a second torpedo boat patrolling the area.[60]
- ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff", or "His Majesty's Ship" in German.
- ^ At the time she was laid down, the German navy referred to the ship as an "armored ship" (Panzerschiffe in German), instead of "battleship" (Schlachtschiff).[1]
- ^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "K" stands for Kanone (cannon), while the L/40 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/40 gun is 40 caliber, meaning that the length of the gun barrel is 40 times the bore diameter.
- ^ The German Navy typically organized its battleships in eight-ship squadrons,[30] subdivided into two 4-ship divisions, each of which had its own flagship. The flagship for the first division also served as the squadron flagship, while the flagship for the second division served as the second command flagship.[31][32]
- ^ a b c d e f Gröner, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Hore, p. 66.
- ^ a b Gardiner Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 247.
- ^ a b c Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 174.
- ^ Weir, p. 23.
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 141.
- ^ Herwig, p. 45.
- ^ Sweetman, p. 401.
- ^ Philbin, p. 94.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 175.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 175–176.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 176.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 75.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 176–177.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 178.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 179.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 181–183.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 183.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 184–185.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 186.
- ^ Holborn, p. 311.
- ^ Perry, p. 28.
- ^ Herwig, p. 106.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 186–187.
- ^ a b c Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 187.
- ^ Sondhaus, p. 186.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Herwig, p. 103.
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 135.
- ^ Gröner, p. xii.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 41.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 189.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 189–190.
- ^ a b Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 190.
- ^ Hildebrand Röhr & Steinmetz, pp. 190–191.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Gröner, p. 14.
- ^ a b Erickson, p. 131.
- ^ a b c Sondhaus, p. 218.
- ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 17.
- ^ Childs, p. 24.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 15.
- ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 20.
- ^ Hall, p. 36.
- ^ Erickson, p. 133.
- ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 25.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 21.
- ^ a b Hall, pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 22.
- ^ a b c d Fotakis, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 23.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Gardiner & Gray, p. 390.
- ^ Erickson, p. 264.
- ^ Erickson, p. 270.
- ^ Erickson, p. 288.
- ^ Erickson, p. 289.
- ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 28.
- ^ Staff, p. 19.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 33.
- ^ Halpern, p. 119.
- Childs, Timothy (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912. New York, NY: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09025-5.
- Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.
- Fotakis, Zisis (2005). Greek naval strategy and policy, 1910–1919. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35014-3.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC 12119866.
- Gröner, Erich (1990). Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin, eds. German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
- Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: prelude to the First World War. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22946-3.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7.
- Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9. OCLC 57239454.
- Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert; Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Volume 5) [The German Warships] (in German). Ratingen, DE: Mundus Verlag. ASIN B003VHSRKE.
- Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00797-7.
- Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads: An Illustrated History of Battleships From 1860 to the First World War. London, UK: Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
- Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
- Perry, Michael (2001). Peking 1900: the Boxer rebellion. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-181-7.
- Philbin, Tobias R., III (1982). Admiral Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. Amsterdam, NL: B.R. Grüner. ISBN 978-90-6032-200-0.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0.
- Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-009-3.
- Sweetman, Jack (1997). The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1.
- Weir, Gary E. (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1. OCLC 22665422.
Further reading[edit]
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
- Nottelmann, Dirk (2002). Die Brandenburg-Klasse: Höhepunkt des deutschen Panzerschiffbaus [The Brandenburg Class: High Point of German Armored Ship Construction] (in German). Hamburg: Mittler. ISBN 3813207404.
- Weir, Gary E. (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1.
External links[edit]
- Media related to SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm (ship, 1891) at Wikimedia Commons


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Earth Day Clean-ups and Film Fest
10.07915, 99.8277
Our 4th annual Earth Day celebration with a full day of environmental activities and projects. The day will kick off with land clean-ups in all 3 villages on the island, starting at 9am and heading down all the beaches and roads. Following the land clean-up, we will head down to the reefs for an underwater clean-up. Many dive schools have signed up to join, and the idea is to each clean in our respected Adopt-A-Reef site or another chosen location to maximize the impact of our efforts.
In the evening is the main event of our Earth Day activities, the 4th annual Koh Tao Film Fest. The event starts at 7pm, with movies made by local videographers and amateurs about the beauty, diversity, problems, or solutions pertaining to the environment of Koh Tao. This year's film fest also has over 64,000 baht worth of donated prizes from PADI, Local restaurants and shops, and dive schools.
After the films, we have a wide range of games and contests going on, with booths set-up by local dive schools to encourage awareness and fun, or raise some money for our projects. We will also have food, live music, and a DJ to keep the party going until late.
Surely this is an event not to miss, and it brings us great pleasure to have so much support for International Earth Day. Sign up to join at our facebook page.