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The Immortelle Precious Eye Balm offers triple action benefits for firmer skin and reduced appearance of wrinkles: - Smoother eye contour: Immortelle stimulates collagen production, which helps fill in deep wrinkles and restructure the epidermis for smoother skin*. - Firmer eye contour: The support network of the skin is reinforced*. - Anti dark circles and anti-puffiness action: Dark circles and puffiness are less visible (ruscus and holly extracts). Eye area looks younger. * In vitro / ex vivo on Iimmortelle extracts
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RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (NYSE: RNR) has been selected as the recipient of the National Wildlife Federation's (NWF) 2014 Corporate Leadership Award for their reinsurance policies and practices. The company will receive its award on Wednesday, April 30, 2014, at NWF's Conservation Achievement Awards in Washington D.C.
"RenaissanceRe strongly believes the insurance industry can be a positive force for change in areas where they have unique expertise to offer," said president and CEO of National Wildlife Federation, Larry Schweiger. "Their innovative practices aim to reduce injury and loss of life, decrease damage to properties, enhance the resiliency of coastal and other risk-exposed habitats, and lessen the cycles of reconstruction and repair after disasters."
RenaissanceRe is the largest provider of catastrophe exposed financial coverages and related services in the world, pioneering products that help businesses, homeowners, insurers and communities recover from potentially catastrophic losses, including those that arise from hurricanes, flooding and other severe weather risks. Through its Risk Sciences Foundation and otherwise, RenaissanceRe supports advanced scientific research in natural catastrophes, the development of risk mitigation and adaptive techniques to safeguard communities, efforts that reduce the economic turmoil following disasters, and organizations that preserve coastal and other risk-exposed habitats. RenaissanceRe is also known for its mitigation outreach and engagement, including its award-winning series of Risk Mitigation Leadership Forums that have been recognized by the National Hurricane Conference with an Outstanding Public Awareness Award.
"It is an honor to be recognized by the National Wildlife Federation with a Corporate Leadership Award. Throughout our 20-year history, RenaissanceRe has been working to protect our clients and the people they serve from severe risks worldwide," said Kevin O'Donnell, President and CEO of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. "We conduct and support advanced scientific research that is helping to expand our understanding of natural catastrophes and the ways in which risk mitigation techniques can help keep people and communities safer. We are proud to support the National Wildlife Federation and their efforts to promote scientifically sound initiatives to enhance the resiliency of coastal and other risk-exposed environments, reduce the risk of loss of human life, and lessen the economic costs of future disasters."
RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. is a global provider of reinsurance and insurance. The Company's business consists of three reportable segments: (1) Catastrophe Reinsurance, which includes catastrophe reinsurance and certain property catastrophe joint ventures managed by the Company's ventures unit; (2) Specialty Reinsurance, which includes specialty reinsurance and certain specialty joint ventures managed by the Company's ventures unit; and (3) Lloyd's, which includes reinsurance and insurance business written through RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458.

subset: commoncrawl


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São Paulo, Brazil-based Embraer today said it delivered 69 regional and executive jets in the second quarter, up 15 aircraft from the same period last year. Shipments of Embraer's executive jets more than doubled from 19 in the second period last year to 40 this year, while regional jet deliveries fell from 35 to 29. Phenom deliveries accounted for all but one of the 40 business jets the aircraft manufacturer shipped in the quarter, with 35 Phenom 100s and four Phenom 300s handed over to customers. Embraer delivered one Lineage 1000 bizliner in the second quarter; no super-midsize Legacy 600s were shipped during this period. As of June 30, Embraer's firm order backlog for regional and executive jets stood at $15.2 billion, down from $16 billion at the end of the first quarter. Meanwhile, Embraer said that Phenom production is moving ahead "according to plan," as is the development of its new business jet programs. The first midsize Legacy 500 is now being assembled and certification for the super-midsize Legacy 650 is approaching, the company said.
Embraer Executive Jet 2Q Deliveries Double
- July 8, 2010, 11:11 AM


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Actor Abhishek Bachchan along with his lovely wife Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and daughter Aaradhya Bachchan is off to an exotic location to celebrate Christmast and New Year's. While where have the Bachchans headed for the vacation is not known, but a family picture of Abhi-Ash and Aaradhya has been doing the rounds on the social networking sites.
Dressed in hot shots and white shirt, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan looks stunning as ever. The yummy mummy is seen holding her adorable daughter, who is as always dressed nicely paired with a hat. Ash too is giving her daughter company in wearing the hat! On the other hand, daddy dearest Abhishek Bachchan is cool in shorts and white shirt!
After their return, Aishwarya will begin shooting for her comeback film 'Jazbaa' with Irrfan Khan whereas Abhishek will be reshooting certain portions of Umesh Shukla's 'All Is Well' followed by 'Housefull 3'.
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Skype Translator preview opens the classroom to the world
We recently previewed Skype Translator to two elementary school classes—one in Washington and one in Mexico City. A few rounds of "Mystery Classroom" was all it took for these students to discover the potential of Translator to break down language barriers and bring people together. For more on Skype Translator: http://wp.me/p2q6gy-hL1


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Curbing Emissions through a Carbon Liabilities Market: A note from a climate skeptic's perspective
We argue for the creation of a carbon liabilities market to address climate change. Each period, countries would be made liable for their share of responsibility in current climate damage. Because liabilities could be traded like financial debt, robustness to strategic manipulations and efficiency ensue. Moreover, this decentralizes the choice of the rate by which countries discount future benefits and damage. Rather than being based on an expected discounted sum of future marginal damage (as with a carbon tax or tradable emission permits) our proposal relies only on observed realized damage and on the well-documented emission history of countries.
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|12 pages
|Date of creation:
|01 Feb 2014
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: 1130 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, suite 1400, Montréal, Quéc, H3A 2M8
Phone: (514) 985-4000
Fax: (514) 985-4039
Web page: http://www.cirano.qc.ca/
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Steven Shavell, 2011. "Corrective Taxation versus Liability," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(3), pages 273-276, May.
- Hammond, Peter J, 1981. "Ex-ante and Ex-post Welfare Optimality under Uncertainty," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 48(191), pages 235-250, August.
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Saddest Movie DeathsAlexandr
The Contenders: Page 9
How isn't this sad? Arnie tries to plead his mom to wake up!
No, Hiro rebuilt him because Baymax gave him the chipV 1 Comment
He was brutally murdered by Dino, the Antagonist, just for blocking him in a race against the main character, Tobey Marshall. Just for those who haven't seen it. Lots of emotion in he death scene
Lots of emotion in the death scene, He was killed for blocking the antagonist from winning a race. You have to have seen it to know what I mean
Such a nice guy. It sucks he bites the dustV 1 Comment
Have Courage and Be Kind. Her death led to the introduction of the sadistic Lady Tremaine (Cate Blanchett channeling Marlene Dietrich).
He doesn't die. Sorta. But I still cry every time.
He ain't dead. If he was, On Stranger Tides wouldn't have come about.
Very sad how the chipmunks basically tear her to shreds.
Very sad scene because of how pregnant she was
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2. Mufasa (James Earl Jones) - The Lion King
3. Bambi's Mom - Bambi
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London (ANI): anna,katie price a.k.a Jordan was left feeling embarrassed, when the Queen's granddaughter Zara Phillips rebuffed her claims of being pals with the latter. Apparently, Katie had claimed that the young Royal and she had struck up a friendship, when she was invited to the Burghley Horse Trials in Lincs by Zara's mother Princess Anna.
"They are very friendly, but not many people know that," the Daily Star quoted Katie's publicist, as saying. "Katie never talks about her friendships with other celebrities and she won't discuss her friendship with Zara, but yes, there is a friendship. She is going to Gatcombe Park with Zara and can't wait," Katie's publicist added.
However, Katie was left red-faced when Zara's spokesman denied all the claims, by revealing that they are unauthentic. "It's a nice story but unfortunately it's not true. They haven't met," The Daily Star quoted Zara's spokesman as saying. "As far as Zara is concerned, she was competing. If they did meet it was in passing," the spokesman added.


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Spa styling for spring
Whatever your budget there are some great ways to change the look and feel of your bathroom, and make it a happy spa haven where you can retreat and relax.
Refreshing your bathroom doesn't have to mean a massive overhaul. If your bath, sink and toilet are all in good shape, then you have a perfect blank canvas to work with, and can focus on the furniture and accessories.
A great place to start is with some new furniture. Our Gloss Curve range of furniture is the antidote to elaborate styling, with a clean, streamlined and urban feel – but the shiny finish stops short of clinical. If you're short on space in the bathroom, the Tall Boy is a great way to create storage without taking up too much floor space, and there are several sizes of wall-mounted cabinets.
Our Jakarta range of furniture offers an alternative look for you to consider. The 6 pieces in the range are crafted from solid pine with a stained finish. The simple, clean styling, together with the dark wood look, make this range ideal for creating a feeling of tranquillity in your bathroom. The 3-tier caddy is an easy way to store all your bathroom bottles and knick-knacks, so you can de-clutter the sink and your mind!
If you don't have the need or the budget to change around your bathroom furniture, but are still craving a fresh look, then consider investing a little in the accessories. Our resin Dune collection offers an extensive range of spa-look pieces, including a soap pump and dish, tray, toilet brush and toilet roll tidy, all in a beautiful muted stone-coloured finish. If you prefer real stone, then there's also our Spa Mint Sandstone range. This is made from natural sandstone and has ribbing detail round the sides to create simple, understated-looking pieces to sit on your sink.
You can't of course forget your towels! One of life's simple pleasures is surely stepping out of the bath or shower and wrapping yourself in a fresh new bath sheet. These super-thick Egyptian cotton towels from Graccioza will give you that spa sensation. If you'd like to inject a little colour, then these multi-coloured Spirit Stripe Puritan towels will help lift a plain bathroom and are keenly priced.
For a finishing touch, add spa-like luxury from Archipelago Botanicals – soothing and hydrating bath products that are fragranced with both men and women in mind. With a good book, a mug of tea or glass of wine and the obligatory scented candle, lie back in your bath and enjoy your new spa haven.


text: Sarah is currently working as an Early Childhood Consultant at Catholic Education Western Australia. She is an experienced Early Childhood educator, having worked with children aged 2 to 7 in Perth and Hong Kong. Sarah is particularly interested in the work and research from Reggio Emilia, Nature Pedagogy and Inquiry learning.


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Shop online » Levenhuk Ra Accessories » Adapters
Boost the capabilities of your telescope with Levenhuk adapters. They allow you to connect a huge number of accessories with different thread diameters to your instrument.
Sorry, nothing here yet.
Though you might find just what you need in other sections of our catalogue.


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User Ratings
Featured Reviews
User Reviews
Docx2txt works perfectly.
Very useful project!
This is an excellent extractor of text from docx files. If you use CakeCMD or No-Frills Command Unzipper to unzip the docx files, it will even extract text from corrupt docx files. This works well in a CGI script providing a text extraction web service of even corrupt docx files. See my instance at saveofficedata.com.


text: A spacious, air-conditioned and elegant double room with king size bed, private bathroom with a shower, as well as a minibar, safety deposit box, phone, LCD TV and electric kettle. Complimentary mineral water upon arrival.A baby cot is available upon request. Extra beds are not offered for this room type.


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Product code: 25199
Despatched in 3-5 days.
This brightening and softening lotion, applied immediately after cleansing, prepares and conditions the skin, ready for maximum skin brightening.Elemis White Brightening Even Tone Lotion helps reduce the appearance of dark spots, age spots and existing imperfections, whilst intensely moisturising. Restores visible clarity and luminosity, leaving the skin soft and shine free.
- White brightening complex.- A blend of kiwi and sophora helps to naturally diminish the appearance of uneven pigmentation and age spots, whilst simultaneously preventing future darkening of the skin. - Red algae helps maintain the skin's moisture balance to minimise excess sebum production and keep skin clean and shine free.
Sign up for the latest news, offers and ideas.
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Stunt the summer away in the men's AKOO Copacabana Polo (761-4305). This cool white & green polo shirt features premium 100% cotton fabrication to keep you cozy while turning heads. A high-res beach & skyline graphic is screen-printed across wearer's lower abdomen, and "AKOO Trouble In Paradise" embroidery is found across chest. For sizing information, be sure to check our Size Chart. Looking for a store near you? Head over to our Store Locator.
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I posted this video today and have had requests for how to make the laminated flyleaf, so I thought I'd write a post on it. It's actually incredibly useful. Skip to around 1:00 in to see what I'm talking about on the video.
People seem to have "dashboards" in their Filofaxes and other various notebook systems (I have a Midori full-size traveler's notebook right now), but I could never make one that did anything but annoy me and fall out of the book. That was the problem to be solved.
Stuff you need:
- A laminator (or packing tape would probably work, but it wouldn't look that good...laminators are cheap, and I find tons of uses for mine)
- Cardstock, scrapbook paper, or whatever is lying around that looks nice to you and is a bit thick
- Optional but nice: pretty tape for the bendy areas
- Also optional: pics to stick on the inside
Use a paper trimmer to cut out two pieces of 11 x 21-cm cardstock. This is the size of a standard Midori page. These are the front and back. Put them on either side of whatever you want between them and measure how far apart the edges are in the middle (that's the spine: the green squiggle in the diagram).
I have mine just tucked around one of my inserts, but you could slide it around as many as you like. Just account for the space you'll need at the "spine" or the wrap won't wrap very well.
After you have decided how much room you need between cardstock columns, put some cute washi or Duck tape in the middle, and use two strips, front and back, so the tape sticks to itself. Also stick some of the same tape to the far right of the right cardstock column. This will be the side that becomes a flap/bookmark. Since there's nothing there, just tape a second strip of tape on the opposite side of the cardstock.
Now it's laminating time. Turn yours on to heat it up, and add any decorations you want for either of the inside (or outside) flaps. I left my outsides just showing the pretty scrapbook paper I used, but I did put photos on the inside flap.
Since you've already measured what size your spine needs to be and it's already taped to start the spine, it's not hard to slip this construction into a laminator sheet. I used a few glue dots on my photos to keep them from slipping.
When the laminator has laminated, fold and unfoled the two places along your tape, between the paper sheets and at the far end, to make them bendy and flexible. You may need to trim the far short bookmark edge as well, but basically just slip the cover around the insert(s) you want and voilà! Tuck the short far right edge to "today" or "this week" or wherever you flip to most often, and put dashboard stuff on the insides of the cover (I have sticky notes everywhere, but everyone is different).
The short edge you'll use as a bookmark is transparent, so you can still see your schedule/notes. Or you can be like me and use it as a sticky-note repository. On the other (front) side, I stuck on a pen holder from MochiThings.com (http://www.mochithings.com/stickers/leather-pen-holder/5418), because when are those NOT handy?
It's an extremely handy widget to have in a journal or planner. I hope folks find it useful!


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|Soap . Drama
After Eddie's house gets sprayed with gunfire, he launches an investigation into Julius. Tensions heat up when Julius shows up at the police station—and then at Esperanza's house. Meanwhile, Jackie encourages Natalie to get Joey a job at Burger Fast, and Lushion finally has an interview at the police station. Elsewhere, Travis goes to see Kelly with the hopes of remaining in her life. When Kelly drops off Travis' things at his parents' house, she gets an earful from his mother, Mattaline, who makes it clear that her only issue with Kelly is her age. During a game night at Alex and Brad's house, a game of truth with Randal and Marcie leads to some awkward moments for everyone.
|Episode Title:
|Game Night
|2014-10-7 at 09:00 pm


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Belfort Furniture offers White Glove in-home delivery and set-up by professionally trained personnel who will unwrap, place, and assemble your furniture in the appropriate room. Delivery is available Tuesday - Saturday. Once your delivery date is scheduled, you will receive a three hour delivery timeframe the day prior to your delivery.
Furniture may be picked up at our warehouse Monday-Saturday from 10AM to 6PM or Sunday from Noon to 5PM. Furniture that is picked-up may require assembly.
For delivery outside of our local metropolitan area, please contact us with your item(s) of interest for a delivery quote! 703-406-7600 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Bring an interesting addition to your office desk with this wood chair. The attractive piece comes with a sculpted seat as well as vertical splats, which help create a comfortable posture while the adjustable seat, attached wood arms and wheels also add to the mobility and structure. There will be plenty to like with this chair tucked under your computer desk.
The Structure Office Desk Chair w/ Wheels by Hammary from Belfort Furniture. We proudly serve the Washington DC, Northern Virginia, Maryland and Fairfax VA area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Give your home decor a touch of artfulness and simple grace with the structure collection. These attractive furnishings carry metal frames as well as wood tops and shelves, which are wonderful for displaying decorative baskets, vases and framed photos. In addition, several of the pieces carry wheeled feet that create easy mobility while also embellishing your home office or living area. Bring contemporary style into your home with the Structure collection.
The Structure collection is a great option if you are looking for Contemporary furniture in the Washington DC, Northern Virginia, Maryland and Fairfax VA area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Structure collection from Belfort Furniture in the Washington DC, Northern Virginia, Maryland and Fairfax VA area.
This item has been tagged as: Desk Chairs, Office Chairs, Executive Chairs, Task Chairs
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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Striped Sweater
Striped Sweater
29 comments:
I remember seeing this sweater on snap & LOVING it! Glad you said it wasn't itchy! Going to order! XOReplyDeleteReplies
It's even better in person - you will love! xxDelete
This striped sweater is amazing, & I love that bag! You look amazing!ReplyDelete
This is gorgeous! I love the edginess of this look :) And your photos are beautiful!ReplyDelete
Willow + White
that striped sweater is so pretty! I just love your closet!ReplyDelete
Your shoes and purse are so cute!ReplyDelete
Typically Linda || InstagramReplies
Thanks so much Linda!Delete
This is such a great look! I love the details on your jeans!ReplyDelete
- Jessica
Miss Moore Style
Love the stripe sweater and these lace up pants are awesome!ReplyDelete
xO - Steph
Love this look on you and those pants are amazing! Two of my favorites: Express and BlankNYC! Love it all!ReplyDelete
The Fashionista's Diary
Love this cozy/chic look. I'm completely obsessed with this pants and I am thinking I definitely need them.ReplyDelete
Clothes & QuotesReplies
You definitely need them ;) thank you!Delete
Ah both of your photos are always so gorgeous!! I love that striped sweater and the black and white theme. Have fun in NYC babe!ReplyDelete
Aw thank you! I had so much fun in NY! <3Delete
I love how understated and chic everything is. All these beautiful details and obvious quality. Beautiful, classic post babe.ReplyDelete
Black and White is my favorites color; I can't take off my eyes on your sweater, very beautiful and I love it.ReplyDelete
It seems out of stock; I only see RED STRIPE through your link. I will check it later.Replies
My favorite colors too ;)Delete
LOVE your bag! So gorg.ReplyDelete
XO Amanda | www.glitterandspice.com
Loving this classic black and white look. Those pants are beyond amazing--I love the lace-up detail.ReplyDelete
Styled Adventures
Really impressive post. I read it whole and going to share it with my social circules. I enjoyed your article and planning to rewrite it on my own blog.ReplyDelete
run 3
Love this look on you and those pants are amazing! Two of my favorites: Express and BlankNYC! Love it all!ReplyDelete
wifi blog


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Buy Item $4.99 Retail:
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In StockStock No: WW514456
Crossway / 2011 / Paperback
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|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 224
Vendor: Crossway
Publication Date: 2011
|Dimensions: 8.50 X 5.50 (inches)
Presents Jonathan Edwardss theology, exploring both the grand framework of redemption history and the application of Gods redemptive work in the believers life.
Sean Michael Lucas (PhD, Westminster Theological Seminary) is the senior minister at the First Presbyterian Church in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and associate professor of church history at Reformed Theological Seminary in Jackson, Mississippi. He previously taught at Covenant Theological Seminary for five years, serving as the chief academic officer.


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Get a taste of Wisconsin's most iconic traditions at the Travel Wisconsin Supper Club, a first-of-its-kind concession stand at the Kohl Center in Madison.
With room for you and up to 17,000 friends at Wisconsin Badgers games and an array of other events, this swanky stand is a club where everyone's a member.
You'll find the stand outside of Section 112 at Gate C – just look for the quintessential neon supper club sign perched atop a cedar-shingle roof. Snappily dressed waitstaff will serve up entrees ranging from prime rib to a fish fry, upscale soup and salad sides, and fried fare like cheese curds and onion rings.
The vinyl upholstered front and reclaimed red oak countertop, mounted deer rack and fish trophy, and historic supper club and UW sports memorabilia will give you the feeling you're about to discover something more than your typical concourse eats.
"It's innovative, out-of-the-box and just plain delicious. To our knowledge no one else is doing anything like this," says Wisconsin Department of Tourism Secretary Stephanie Klett. "Supper clubs have been an iconic Wisconsin tradition for nearly 100 years. Food is a big driver of tourism and this is a fun way to get our tourism message and brand in front of a highly qualified audience of potential travelers."
The club will offer daily specials inspired by supper clubs throughout the state, including pot roast on Mondays and Tuesdays, smoked turkey on Wednesdays, smoked salmon on Thursdays, a fish fry on Fridays, prime rib sandwiches on Saturdays, baked chicken on Sundays and spaghetti every day.
Don't miss the stuffed shrimp appetizer, and try a virgin Bloody Mary if you're in the mood for something other than soda.
"Supper club dining is about atmosphere and simple, authentic meals," says Chef Jason Steidle of Levy Restaurants, which is running the stand. "To bring the concept together in a sports venue was a unique challenge, and we hope the result will delight fans and inspire continued interest in the decades-old supper club culture for years to come."
If you simply can't do without an old fashioned in your hand and a relish tray on the table, plan a visit to one of Wisconsin's storied supper clubs.


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Senior Accountant | Big 4 First Mover
Sydney CBD
Bullet points
Must be Big 4 trained
Career progression
About Our Client
This listed and well-recognised technology company is seeking a smart Big 4 first mover to work in their CBD office. You will be joining a team with Big 4 backgrounds with opportunities for career progression.
Job Description
- Processing functions relating to month end, including month end accounting duties, journal and data entries and analysis.
- Maintaining the financial accounts and general ledger systems.
- Assist in the preparation of the financial statements and supporting schedules according to reporting close Focus on continually identifying and implementing process efficiency improvements
- Ensure compliance with internal policies / processes
- Monitoring of balance sheet reconciliations
- Ensure compliance with accounting standards, internal policies and Corporate governance / statutory regulations
- Assisting with ad-hoc assignments.
The Successful Applicant
- Minimum part CA qualified
- Must have local experience
- You must be Big 4 trained (minimum 3 years)
- Ideally you would have large ASX/Multinational experience
- Have used Large ERP systems
- Excellent communication skills
What's on Offer
- Great location
- Career progression
- Great culture
- Fantastic salary


text:
With First Tutors: Music you can locate a Broseley euphonium teacher. Euphonium tuition are a brilliant way to learn a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new skill and attain confidence with euphonium. Please use our site to search for Broseley euphonium tutors and determine which best suits your needs so you can start your euphonium lessons in Broseley immediately!
This is the best place to contact Broseley euphonium tutors in the UK, helping you discover Broseley euphonium lessons close to you and Broseley tutors to help with any instrument such as piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Broseley euphonium tuition or a one-to-one Broseley euphonium teacher to prepare for euphonium exams and improve your euphonium skills! Our search will order Broseley euphonium tutors local to you by their hourly charges and distance from you.
If you are a euphonium teacher wishing to offer your euphonium tuition services in Broseley or throughout the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or learn about us here. Becoming a Broseley euphonium teacher is a great way to re-affirm your own knowledge through providing euphonium lessons while assisting someone else, all in your local Broseley area!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 2006
|Filing date
|Mar 5, 2003
|Priority date
|May 3, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James V. Tietz, Shijian Li, Manoocher Birang, John M. White, Marty Scales, Ramin Emami, Lawrence M. Rosenberg, deceased
|Original Assignee
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (110), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (20), Classifications (22), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,628 filed May 2, 2000, now abandoned which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60,132,175 filed May 3, 1999, which are herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The inventions disclosed herein relate to fixed abrasive articles for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The present invention has particular applicability in manufacturing semiconductor devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Abrasive articles enjoy utility in a variety of industrial applications for abrading, finishing and polishing a variety of surfaces. Typical industrial uses of abrasive articles include polishing a substrate, as during various phases in manufacturing semiconductor devices and magnetic recording media. In manufacturing semiconductor devices, a wafer typically undergoes numerous processing steps, including deposition, patterning and etching. After various processing steps it is necessary to achieve a high level of surface planarity and uniformity to enable accurate photolithographic processing. A conventional planarization technique comprises polishing, as by CMP, wherein a wafer carrier assembly is rotated in contact with a polishing pad in a CMP apparatus. The polishing pad is mounted on a rotating/moving turntable or platen driven by an external driving force. The wafers are typically mounted on a carrier or polishing head which provides a controllable force, i.e., pressure, pressing the wafers against the rotating polishing pad. Thus, the CMP apparatus effects polishing or rubbing movement between the surface of each thin semiconductor wafer and the polishing pad while dispersing a polishing slurry containing abrasive particles in a reactive solution to effect both chemical activity and mechanical activity while applying a force between the wafer and a polishing pad.
Conventional polishing pads employed in abrasive slurry processing typically comprise a grooved porous polymeric surface, such as polyurethane, and the abrasive slurry varied in accordance with the particular material undergoing CMP. Basically, the abrasive slurry is impregnated into the pores of the polymeric surface while the grooves convey the abrasive slurry to the wafer undergoing CMP. A polishing pad for use in CMP slurry processing is disclosed by Krywanczyk et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,910. Typical CMP is performed not only on a silicon wafer itself, but on various dielectric layers, such as silicon oxide, conductive layers, such as aluminum and copper, or a layer containing both conductive and dielectric materials as in damascene processing.
A distinctly different type of abrasive article from the above-mentioned abrasive slurry-type polishing pad is a fixed abrasive article, e.g., fixed abrasive polishing sheet or pad. Such a fixed abrasive article typically comprises a backing with a plurality of geometric abrasive composite elements adhered thereto. The abrasive elements typically comprise a plurality of abrasive particles in a binder, e.g., a polymeric binder. During CMP employing a fixed abrasive article, the substrate or wafer undergoing CMP wears away the fixed abrasive elements thereby releasing the abrasive particles. Accordingly, during CMP employing a fixed abrasive article, a chemical agent is dispersed to provide the chemical activity, while the mechanical activity is provided by the fixed abrasive elements and abrasive particles released therefrom by abrasion with the substrate undergoing CMP. Thus, such fixed abrasive articles do not require the use of a slurry containing loose abrasive particles and advantageously simplify effluent treatment, reduce the cost of consumables and reduce dishing as compared to polishing pads that require an abrasive slurry. During CMP employing a fixed abrasive polishing pad, a chemical agent is applied to the pad, the agent depending upon the particular material or materials undergoing CMP. However, the chemical agent does not contain abrasive particles as in abrasive slurry-type CMP operations. Fixed abrasive articles are disclosed by Rutherford Et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,950, Calhoun in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,450, Haas Et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,312 and Hibbard Et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,844, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Fixed abrasive elements are typically formed by filling recesses in an embossed carrier with a slurry comprising a plurality of abrasive grains dispersed in a hardening binder precursor and hardening the binder precursor to form individual abrasive composite elements that are laminated to a backing sheet and the embossed carrier removed. The backing sheet containing the individual abrasive composite elements adhered thereto is then typically mounted to a subpad containing a resilient element and a rigid element between the backing sheet and the resilient element Such mounting can be effected by any of various types of laminating techniques, including the use of an adhesive layer. Methods of forming a backing sheet containing fixed abrasive elements are disclosed by Calhoun in U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,754, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, and by Rutherford et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,950.
Fixed abrasive elements of conventional slurry-less type polishing pads are typically formed in various "positive" geometric configurations, such as a cylindrical, cubical, truncated cylindrical, and truncated pyramidal shapes, as disclosed by Calhoun in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,450. Conventional fixed abrasive articles also comprise "negative" abrasive elements, such as disclosed by Ravipati et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,468, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
During CMP, the surface of conventional polymeric polishing pads for abrasive-slurry type CMP operations becomes glazed thus nonreceptive to accommodating and/or dispensing the abrasive slurry and is otherwise incapable of polishing at a satisfactory rate and uniformity. Accordingly, conventional practices comprise periodically conditioning the pad surface so that it is maintained in a proper form for CMP. Conventional conditioning means comprises a diamond or silicon carbide (SiC) conditioning disk to conditioning the polishing pad. After repeated conditioning operations, the pad is eventually consumed and incapable of polishing at a satisfactory rate and uniformity. At this point, the polishing pad must be replaced. During replacement, the CMP apparatus is unavailable for polishing with an attendant significant decrease in production throughput.
On the other hand, fixed abrasive pads do not undergo the same type of adverse smoothing as do conventional polymeric pads. Moreover, a fixed abrasive pad has a low contact ratio (area of the tops of abrasive elements/total pad area), e.g., about 10% to about 20%, and short abrasive elements. Periodic pad conditioning with conventional CMP apparatus having a rotating round platen. Preconditioning would be expected to adversely affect the polishing rate and uniformity stability, i.e., wafer-to-wafer uniformity, since preconditioning with conventional diamond or SiC disks would be expected to render the pad surface significantly different from that caused by pad-wafer interactions. Accordingly, conventional practices on fixed abrasive pads do not involve preconditioning, i.e., prior to initial CMP, or periodic conditioning, after initial CMP. However, the use of fixed abrasive articles, such as polishing pads, disadvantageously results in poor wafer-to-wafer polishing rate stability on a CMP polisher having a rotating round platen or on a polisher with an advanceable polishing sheet at an indexing rate less than 0.5 to 1.0 inch per minute.
Copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/244,456 filed Feb. 4, 1999 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention discloses a CMP apparatus having a rotatable platen, a polishing station with a generally linear polishing sheet having an exposed portion extending over a top surface of the platen for polishing the substrate, and a drive mechanism to incrementally advance the polishing sheet in a linear direction across a top surface of the platen. The polishing sheet is releasably seared to the platen to rotate with the platen, and it has a width greater than the diameter of the substrate. Thus, an unused portion of the polishing sheet is incrementally advanced or indexed after polishing a wafer, e.g., by exposing about 0.5 inch to about 1 inch per minute of virgin or unused polishing pad surface. In this way, wafer-to-wafer rate stability is improved. The entire disclosure of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/244,456 is hereby incorporated by reference herein. However, indexing of 0.5 to 1 inch per minute of pad significantly reduces the useful life of fixed abrasive polishing sheets, condemning them to the trash bin before the abrasive elements are consumed to any significant extent, thereby significantly increasing manufacturing costs.
Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/244,456 filed Feb. 4, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,935 issued on Jun. 12, 2001, and Continuation-In-Part of that patent application Ser. No. 09/302570 filed on Apr. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,078 issued on Nov. 5, 2002, each of which is assigned to the Assignee of the present invention, disclose a CMP polishing apparatus wherein polishing sheets, e.g., polishing sheets containing fixed abrasive elements, are moved in a linear direction during CMP. The entire disclosures of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/244,456 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,935 and of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/302570 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,078 are incorporated herein by reference.
There exists a need to extend the useful life of a fixed abrasive article, e.g., polishing sheet or pad, while simultaneously maintaining high wafer-to-wafer rate stability. There also exists a need for a CMP apparatus enabling the use of fixed abrasive polishing pads having an extended life and achieving high wafer-to-wafer rate stability. There also exists a need for fixed abrasive articles, methods of manufacturing fixed abrasive articles, CMP apparatus employing fixed abrasive articles and CMP methods utilizing fixed abrasive articles which: enable a reduction in contamination during CMP; improving CMP as by facilitating web removal; avoid the formation of air bubbles under a fixed abrasive web; facilitate application of chemicals during CMP; tailoring a fixed abrasive article for use in a variety of substrate materials; reduce and/or eliminating indexing; dissipating heat during CMP; improve conformance of the polishing web during CMP; condition a fixed abrasive element; increase the amount of web material stored on a roll; monitor CMP; optimize the use of chemicals during CMP; optimize controlling CMP temperature; tailor the chemical agent during CMP; reduce particulates in the CMP effluent; detect and analyze effluent particles to determine their composition; control the particles in the effluent to reduce scratching and dishing; determine the useful lifetime of fixed abrasive elements during CMP; optimize the lifetime of a fixed abrasive web; optimize indexing; and generally improve the efficiency, increasing manufacturing throughput and reducing cost of CMP.
In one aspect the invention provides an article for polishing semiconductor substrates comprising a conductive material disposed in a binder.
In another aspect the invention provides an article for polishing a semiconductor substrate comprising graphite particles disposed in a polymeric binder.
In another aspect the invention provides an article for polishing a semiconductor substrate comprising graphite filaments disposed in a polymeric binder.
In another aspect the invention provides an article for polishing a semiconductor substrate comprising graphite rods disposed in a polymeric binder.
In another aspect the invention provides an article for polishing a semiconductor substrate comprising tin or lead particles disposed in a polymeric binder.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The inventions disclosed and claimed herein address and solve the foregoing problems thereby improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of CMP while maintaining improved wafer-to-wafer uniformity and, generally improving the quality of semiconductor devices. The inventions set forth herein are illustrated by the embodiments set forth hereinafter.
The inventive concept resides in providing a permeable web 110 to introduce chemicals, e.g., a microporous web. Advantages further include preventing air bubbles under the web. The web material itself is permeable to the supply chemicals.
A problem which arises during CMP is effective supplying chemicals underneath the wafer resulting in starvation at the wafer center. This would apply to both fixed abrasive and conventional slurry CMP. As the wafer rotates, a leading edge-trailing edge situation arises. But in any case, around the edge of the wafer at some point all of the different points on the edge get to be leading at some point and all of them get to be trailing at some point, but the center is always the center. The leading edge chemical concentrations are greater than the trailing edge chemical concentrations. There may be some depletion across the wafer during rotation and the wafer is rotating around the center of the wafer. Thus, the center of the wafer always experiences some medium chemical concentration. Accordingly, the chemical concentration is going up and down and up and down causing a very unstable situation. This problem is solved by providing a permeable abrasive pad so that the wafer sees a uniform concentration of chemicals everywhere. The web 110 is permeable in a vertical direction, coming up from the bottom 120. The chemicals would be supplied through the platen not shown itself up directly through the membrane.
Another advantage is that if air bubbles are trapped, by providing a non-flat surface to the abrasive, it would permeate out. The bottom 120 is shown in
This arrangement is not incompatible with vacuum hold down, because by sucking it through a semipermeable membrane a pressure drop across the membrane occurs and this is what provides the necessary hold down, also referred to as conductance.
Aspects include patterns of vacuum channels on one part and chemical supply channels on another part. The vacuum hold down is, therefore, dispersed evenly enough to get a good hold down on a film without localized tearing. The chemistry supply would go up through the film with proper spacing of the air and chemical supply channels.
This invention entails impregnating the plastic matrix of a web 200 with process chemicals.
There are a number of different functions performed by the CMP chemistry, e.g., oxidizers, inhibitors, such as corrosion inhibitors, buffers, and chelating agents. Ergo, there are a number of different roles performed that vary somewhat, depending on the particular system, e.g., copper, tungsten or oxide. However, the concept of chemical impregnation would be the same.
For illustrative purposes, in a Cu system, the oxidizers attack the copper and oxidize it to get copper oxide. That performs two functions. Initially, a corrosion barrier is provided where there is no abrasion—it is self limiting where rubbing does not occur. Therefore, etching stops. But in the high spots the oxide is more prone to polish than the copper metal. Therefore, the oxide is polished and then reoxidized, polished, and then reoxided. The oxide is not a good enough barrier in the low spots, and that is why some corrosion inhibitors, e.g., BTA, are included to basically assist the oxidizer in capping the surface in the low spots where not undergoing polishing. The mechanical action of polishing on the high spots removes both the oxide layer and the inhibitor so that it initiates a fresh attack of the copper. Chemical buffers are employed to maintain the pH in the solution because these chemicals are pH active—it is an electrochemical type of a process which is dependent on pH. Chelating agents take the copper in the solution and maintain it in solution so that the material rubbed off is removed instead of redepositing on the wafer.
It is particularly advantageous to impregnate a buffer into the plastic matrix to maintain a desired pH. The buffer impregnated in the plastic matrix is continually supplied at the exact point needed—right at the point of polishing. Thus, any of the types of chemicals could be supplied into the posts, e.g., buffers, oxidizers, inhibitors, etc.
There are several advantages of putting the chemicals into the posts 205. One is that it provides a timed release. As the post 205 wears down, more and more chemical is provided in a very controlled manner.
The pad 200 refers to the squishy stuff supplied as a backing 270 either integral or nonintegral with the web material itself, which is the backing film that carries the posts 205 and the posts 205 themselves. From a very minimalistic standpoint, the web is the posts 205 and the backing 270. For the web, as in going reel to reel, it is just the backing 270 and the posts 205, and the squishy subpads are supplied independently. It is the posts 205 themselves that are in contact with the wafer. Thus, as the posts 205 wear down fresh chemicals are continually exposed for timed release, thereby obtaining a more constant concentration over time right at the point of contact where it is desired.
Moreover, web manufacturers can determine how much chemicals to include, which is more controllable than depending on a technician to refurbish chemicals, since it is always going to be the same concentration depending on your manufacturability position, rather than what is going on in the field or if the equipment is breaking down.
Another aspect comprises introducing a chemical marker 280 down near the bottom of the posts 205 that is inert to the process but detectable, thereby providing a signal when approaching the end of the posts 205. Such chemicals can include an organic dye, that would not adversely interact with the process chemistry. When it starts getting released it would be very obvious to the eye because of a color change. In addition, optical detectors can be installed in the effluent stream. Another aspect of this embodiment comprises detecting a drift in process uniformity from first wafer to a subsequent wafer, and correcting the drift by suitable chemistry in the posts.
This embodiment involves forming a fixed abrasive web 300 with a plurality of posts 310 having different shapes, different sizes, different heights, different materials and having different distributions of particles. This provides the ability to tailor a web 300 for different functions, for example, simultaneous CMP of metal and oxide.
This embodiment solves the problem of process drift over time by tailoring a number of posts 310 in contact over time so that when some of them wear down, the wafer starts engaging more and more posts 310. Another problem stems from a rate difference between initial contact of the posts 310 and subsequent post contact after some CMP. The first contact with lower posts 320 and 330 would experience a different rate.
Later on in the process, copper 360, for example, begins to clear over oxide 365 and a barrier layer of Tantalum (Ta) 370 is exposed as shown in
Varying the shape, height and diameter of the posts to obtain different structures or patterns can be easily implemented. Smaller posts 320 and 330 have a better removal rate and faster abrasion, because the smaller ones have the ability to dig better.
This invention includes the concept of varying the compressibility of the web 400 to obtain non-linear compressibility to effectively treat both high and low spots on a wafer. Under compression, the modulus of compressibility would increase significantly as the material 405 is compressed to about 50% 410, as with common sealant elastomers that are loaded with a silica filler to provide strength and body. As the squishy sealant is compressed, the polymer compresses, but upon filler to filler contact, compression ceases completely, i.e., a very non-linear compressibility. In this embodiment, a post is provided so that when a force is applied, it can compress a certain amount, but then further force doesn't compress it any further, i.e., a non-linear spring. As illustrated in
The inventive concept is that, as the wafer 420 is pressed down, in the limit, only the high points 405 on the wafer will automatically contact the pad 400 for polishing. Each post 425 will vary in its modulus of compressibility depending on the amount of force applied to it. Thus, each post 425 is similar to a little spring and the frictional force varies with the applied force. In a linear spring, the force is relatively constant with displacement. However, with non-linear springs, as in this embodiment, if sufficient pressure is applied, the force dramatically increases, thereby automatically applying greater force 430 to the high spots 405 on a wafer 420 vis-a-vis low spots 415.
Advantageously, a fixed abrasive polishing web comprising a heat dissipating material can overcome the problems associated with excess heat build-up during polishing. In an aspect of this embodiment, the heat dissipating substance is incorporated into the posts and/or associated backing sheet. Thermally conductive materials include a metal powder, e.g., iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, gold, titanium, tungsten, palladium, bismuth, indium, gallium, aluminum and alloys thereof; metallized polymers or metallized ceramics such as alumina, silica, glass, polyamide, polystyrene, polyetheramide, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polypyrol, polythiophene, and graphite. The conductive elements may be provided in many forms, such as for example, particles, wires, filaments, and metallized flakes. The elements may have a wide variety of regular and irregular shapes, as for example, spheres, rods, flakes, and filaments. The binder can be a thermoplastic or a thermo- setting-type polymer or a monomer which will polymerize to form the thermally conducted substrate having the thermally conducted element therein.
This embodiment relates to a fixed abrasive web comprising a plurality of elongated posts on a sheet. Conventional posts have a diameter of about 125 to 1,000 microns, with the diameter about twice the height. Accordingly, conventional posts extend up to 500 microns above the backing sheet. The present embodiment comprises forming posts 510 with a ratio of the height 520 to diameter 530 opposite conventional practices, so that the posts 510 are significantly higher than their diameter 530. In this way, a multiplicity of very tall posts 510 are formed, as shown in
Advantageously, according to this embodiment, only a small amount of force is required to bend over the individual posts. However, the force would increase as the taller posts bend to contact each other any are stacked upon each other side by aide. At this point, the down force gets compressed. Aspects of this embodiment include forming posts 510 having a height 520 of about one micron to about ten microns and paced apart about one micron to about ten microns.
This embodiment comprises preconditioning fixed abrasive articles 600 comprising a plurality of posts 610 so that the posts have equal heights 620 above the backing to achieve a uniform texture, i.e., uniform abrasive surface on the posts as shown in
Another aspect of the present invention comprises the use of a laser to precondition the posts 610.
This invention relates to improvements with respect to in situ rate measurement (ISRM) devices. The ISRM device is a laser base device that shines a light 750 though the web material 700 to provide a measurement of film thickness. The web material 700 is a composite of abrasive particles 705 and a polymer binder 715. The dispersed particles typically have a different refractive index than the matrix 725 thereby resulting in scattering 710. It is therefore, very difficult to get the laser through with detectable intensity, particularly since it has to make the trip twice, (i.e.) it has to go in reflect and come back out. This embodiment solves that problem changing the refractory index of the polymer matrix 725 to match that of the abrasive particles 735. The refractory of the polymers can easily be adjusted to match it to about that of the refractory index to obtain totally clear material 720. See
Embodiments of the present invention include abrasive particles 735 and binders 725 made of a laser light transparent material. For example, both abrasive particles 735 and the binder 725 can be made of a transparent polymer, e.g., a polyurethane, a polycarbonate, an epoxy resin; inorganic minerals, e.g., sapphire, glass, quartz; or hard organic or semi-organic materials, e.g., diamond or germanium.
The invention resides in forming a fixed abrasive web with negative posts, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,468 and incorporating chemicals in the negative recesses. Typically, the posts form about 10–25 percent of the surface of the pad, leaving at least about 75% as open channel, i.e., a connected phase employing terminology from percolation theory. The connected phase is the one connected all the way through. The open space is the connected phase; the posts are disconnected from one another. This embodiment reverses the conventional fixed abrasive pad by making the open space the disconnected phase and making the posts the connected phase, thereby maintaining the same relative amount of post area. However, a region can be walled off or damned, as by forming a hexagonal recess 820 which is isolated, such that the posts 810 constitute walls around these isolated recesses 820. In the process of contacting the web 800 and the wafer, the chemicals are supplied in these recesses 820. The chemicals are primarily liquid and the concern with the posts 810 where the open spaces, the connected phases, is that the liquid can mix around and go around. If the chemicals are supplied in these isolated recesses, then the chemicals are going to be transported with the web 800 and remain in one place. Therefore, the chemistry is basically isolated through a number of different little cells, each cell a pocket 830. A circuitous or tortuous path can be formed between the posts so that you're not totally isolated, but effectively isolated. See
This embodiment resides in proving a non-homogenous web 900 with different areas to perform different functions, thereby providing greater flexibility. For example, posts can be used to perform buffing. This embodiment provides macroscopic regions of the web which are different for different functions. For example, one area of the web can be for copper polish and another area for example, would remove Ta, thereby achieving a macroscopic effect. This can be easily implemented in round/round polishing when the wafer 910 travels around in a circle on the web material 920, and it rotates in its place. See
The wafer 910 effectively describes a circle around on the web material 920 and, therefore, the track of the center is at a uniform distance in a circular path around on the web. However, the edges sometimes extend further out and sometimes further in, because they are also rotating as the wafer 910 goes around. Accordingly, polishing is enhanced, as, for example, at the center, versus the edge, by introducing a strip of material where the center would spend more time over that strip. The concept includes altering the behavioral performance of the web in different regions, in macroscopic regions, to alter performance of for example, under the edge on the wafer 910.
The problem addressed by the present invention is that the conventional web backing material, i.e., believed to be a polyester-based material, sheds on abrasion. Frictional interaction between the platen and the web during advancement generates particles in the process. The solution to this problem resides providing a non-shedding backing material, such as a self-lubricating plastic. Such self-lubricating plastics are conventional.
Examples of self-lubricating polymers include fluorinated alkane, e.g., teflon, fluorinated polyethers. fluorinated polyesters, polyether ketones, e.g., PEEK, nylons, or acetal resins. Examples of self-lubricating polymeric compositions include a resin component and from about 30 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of a lubricating system. Resin components useful in the polymeric composition can be selected from polyamides, polyesters, polyphenylene sulfides, polyolefins, polyoxymethylenes, styrene polymers, and polycarbonates. The lubricating system of the present invention can be characterized as containing a lubricating amount, sufficient to reduce friction and wear, of the resin component and can include polytetrafluorethylene, stearates, and calcium carbonates. Many other materials, including solid lubricants and fibers, e.g., graphite, mica, silica, talc, boron nitride and molybdenum sulfide, paraffin waxes, petroleum and synthetic lubricating oils, and other polymers, e.g., polyethylene and polytetrafluorethylene, can be added to the resin component to improve friction properties.
This invention provides a safety technique to determine when the posts are consumed. Embodiments include incorporating a tracer component, such as an inert chemical, to provide a warning as to the number of wafers capable of being polished by the partially consumed web 1000. In another aspect, a notch or a bar 1110 is provided for a mechanical indication. See
Some indicators are higher than the surrounding, to indicate the end of the CMP process. When the indicator or bar 1010 is reached, only a certain amount of height 1020 remains. This can be detected by visually inspecting or by physically sensing the height to determine when the heights of the post 1005 and wear bar 1010 are equal.
This invention resides in providing a mechanical means, such as a notch 1110, to determine when approaching the end of the abrasive web roll 1110. See
The invention resides in coding the web throughout its length to enable determining the location of different portions of the web. Bar codes or a number readable with optical character recognition can be used. Little holes can be punched through to provide a detectable pattern. Any type of encoding along the length of the web can be provided and read with an appropriate type of sensor. The inventive concept involves encoding the location along the length of the web. There are at least two benefits. One is real time feedback and any kind of motion control. For example, the length of a moving web is determined with feed back control to activate a command signal to advance the web. A second benefit is that the amount of web advanced can be read. This enables: (1) good tracking of wafers polished to location on web; and (2) determination of the proximity to the end of the web and alarm for an operator to replace the web.
A thin monolayer, e.g., one millimeter, of diamond is formed on the web posts containing silicon carbide particles, and chemical preconditioned to remove about 500 Å of matrix from the top of the posts to expose the diamonds, as by chemical preconditioning using heat or solvent to selectively remove the matrix.
This embodiment advantageously prolongs the wear rate of the web through the use of superabrasive, a term used in the industry for a very hard material, e.g., diamond, or cubic boronitride. The wear rate of the posts are reduced to the extent that they don't change appreciatively over time, thereby improving CMP uniformity.
This invention resides in providing perforations in the sides or end of the web for improved handling. Rolls can be provided with sprockets to engage the perforations.
The present invention is applicable to all types of fixed abrasive articles, including rotating polishing pads that are substantially circular and substantially rectangular polishing sheets. The present invention provides wafer-to-wafer rate stability for CMP and can be employed during various phases of semiconductor device manufacturing. The present invention, therefore, enjoys utility in various industrial applications, particularly in CMP in the semiconductor industry as well as the magnetic recording media industry.
Only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and but a few examples of its versatility are shown and described in the present disclosure. It is to be understood that the present invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes and modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
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|Aug 30, 1945
|Nov 25, 1952
|Brush Dev Co
|Method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium by electrodeposition
|May 3, 1950
|Mar 31, 1953
|Jr George B Hogaboom
|Strainer bags for enclosing electroplating anodes
|Oct 8, 1948
|Jul 21, 1953
|Gen Motors Corp
|Electroprocessing apparatus
|Aug 31, 1949
|Oct 20, 1953
|Ohio Commw Eng Co
|Method of plating wire
|Sep 7, 1949
|Oct 20, 1953
|Ohio Commw Eng Co
|Method of plating rolled sheet metal
|Jul 10, 1950
|Oct 27, 1953
|United States Steel Corp
|Plating thickness regulator
|Sep 10, 1949
|Nov 3, 1953
|Ohio Commw Eng Co
|Continuous metal production and continuous gas plating
|Nov 22, 1950
|Mar 30, 1954
|United States Steel Corp
|Continuous electrolytic pickling and tin plating of steel strip
|Sep 5, 1950
|Apr 6, 1954
|Kolene Corp
|Apparatus and method for processing of steel strip continuously
|Sep 16, 1950
|Apr 13, 1954
|Greenspan Lawrence
|Apparatus for metal plating
|Sep 14, 1950
|Jun 8, 1954
|Kenmore Metal Corp
|Method and apparatus for continuously electroplating heavy wire and similar strip material
|Dec 17, 1949
|Jul 27, 1954
|Time Inc
|Apparatus for plating chromium
|Oct 11, 1950
|Aug 17, 1954
|Western Electric Co
|Jul 13, 1949
|Sep 14, 1954
|Bart Siegfried G
|Method and apparatus for plating pipe
|Mar 2, 1951
|Nov 23, 1954
|United States Steel Corp
|Apparatus for electroplating wire
|Mar 20, 1951
|Jan 4, 1955
|Standard Process Corp
|Plating apparatus
|Oct 12, 1950
|Apr 12, 1955
|Gill Frank P
|Apparatus for electro-plating crankshaft journals
|Mar 8, 1950
|Apr 12, 1955
|Electro Metal Hardening Co S A
|Apparatus for electroplating the inner surface of a tubular article
|Jul 11, 1952
|May 17, 1955
|Nat Standard Co
|Wire processing apparatus
|Oct 27, 1951
|Jun 14, 1955
|Marcus Vrilakas
|Apparatus for selective plating
|May 1, 1951
|Jun 28, 1955
|Albert Lyon George
|Apparatus for conveying cylindrical articles through a bath
|Apr 17, 1961
|Dec 22, 1964
|Hammond Machinery Builders Inc
|Belt type electrolytic grinding machine
|Aug 28, 1964
|Aug 1, 1967
|Norton Co
|Coated abrasives
|Apr 28, 1965
|Mar 18, 1969
|Gen Electric
|Electrically conductive tool and method for making
|Jan 20, 1966
|Jun 3, 1969
|Hammond Machinery Builders Inc
|Belt type electro-chemical (or electrolytic) grinding machine
|Nov 2, 1967
|Nov 4, 1969
|Carbond Corp
|Electrolytic grinding tools
|Sep 10, 1968
|Sep 21, 1971
|Raynors Pty Ltd
|Plating and anodizing bath racks
|Apr 30, 1973
|Mar 25, 1975
|Martin Marietta Corp
|Machining method
|Aug 13, 1973
|Mar 9, 1976
|Fabriksaktiebolaget Eka
|Multilayered flexible abrasive containing a layer of electroconductive material
|Apr 9, 1974
|Nov 16, 1976
|Fabrika Ab Eka
|Flexible coated abrasive with graphite outer layer
|Jun 24, 1976
|Sep 13, 1977
|Wiand Richard K
|Metal-plated abrasive product and method of manufacturing the product
|Dec 21, 1976
|Apr 4, 1978
|Jumer John F
|Apparatus for incremental electro-processing of large areas
|Mar 28, 1977
|Oct 10, 1978
|National Steel Corporation
|Apparatus for electroplating sheet metals
|Dec 13, 1977
|Nov 14, 1978
|Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated
|Electrochemical polishing method
|Nov 21, 1980
|Jan 26, 1982
|Western Electric Co., Inc.
|Supporting an array of elongate articles
|Dec 20, 1982
|Jun 18, 1985
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Wet surface treating device and element therefor
|Oct 9, 1985
|Nov 3, 1987
|Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated
|Traveling-wire electroerosion machine with swiveling nozzle assembly
|Nov 21, 1986
|Dec 15, 1987
|Shigeo Hoshino
|Method and apparatus for electroplating objects
|Mar 2, 1987
|Jun 21, 1988
|Schering Aktiengesellschaft
|Elongated frame for releasably-holding printed circuit boards
|Dec 4, 1987
|Sep 20, 1988
|Dorsett Terry E
|Application of electroplate to moving metal by belt plating
|Jan 25, 1988
|Dec 27, 1988
|Ibm Corporation
|In situ conductivity monitoring technique for chemical/mechanical planarization endpoint detection
|Jan 16, 1987
|Jun 20, 1989
|Fujisu Limited
|Polishing machine for ferrule of optical fiber connector
|Oct 4, 1988
|Jun 19, 1990
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System for mechanical planarization
|Jan 25, 1989
|Sep 4, 1990
|Showa Denko Kabushiki Kaisha
|Polishing pad for semiconductor wafers
|Mar 20, 1989
|Sep 11, 1990
|Zubatova Lidia S
|Method of abrasive electroerosion grinding
|Sep 21, 1989
|Apr 30, 1991
|Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
|Composite abrasive-articles and manufacturing method therefor
|May 5, 1989
|May 14, 1991
|Norton Company
|Patterned coated abrasive for fine surface finishing
|Sep 24, 1990
|Oct 29, 1991
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive article with conductive, doped, conjugated, polymer coat and method of making same
|Sep 7, 1990
|Nov 19, 1991
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Apparatus, electrochemical process, and electrolyte for microfinishing stainless steel print bands
|Oct 15, 1990
|Mar 17, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Method and apparatus for spatially uniform electropolishing and electrolytic etching
|Jul 16, 1990
|Apr 28, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Conductive coated abrasives
|Feb 28, 1991
|Aug 11, 1992
|Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd.
|Automatic lapping apparatus for piezoelectric materials
|Oct 9, 1990
|Aug 11, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive printed with an electrically conductive ink
|Feb 6, 1991
|Oct 6, 1992
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Structured abrasive article
|Jun 4, 1992
|Apr 20, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive article having vanadium oxide incorporated therein
|Jan 9, 1992
|Jun 8, 1993
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Electrochemical tool for uniform metal removal during electropolishing
|Jun 4, 1992
|Jul 6, 1993
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method of chemical mechanical polishing predominantly copper containing metal layers in semiconductor processing
|Jan 31, 1992
|Nov 2, 1993
|Rodel, Inc.
|Apparatus for interlayer planarization of semiconductor material
|Aug 11, 1992
|Jul 12, 1994
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Method of making a coated abrasive article containing a conductive backing
|Jan 13, 1992
|Aug 1, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive article having precise lateral spacing between abrasive composite members
|Oct 29, 1993
|Sep 26, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive article, a process for its manufacture, and a method of using it to reduce a workpiece surface
|Oct 29, 1993
|Oct 3, 1995
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Abrasive article, a process of making same, and a method of using same to finish a workpiece surface
|Oct 20, 1995
|Dec 30, 1997
|Ho; Kwok-Lun
|High performance abrasive articles containing abrasive grains and nonabrasive composite grains
|Apr 23, 1999
|Jun 13, 2000
|Unique Technology International Pte. Ltd.
|Combination electrolytic polishing and abrasive super-finishing method
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Feb 11, 1993
|Aug 19, 1993
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|A coated abrasive article containing an electrically conductive backing
|Communication pursuant to Article 96(2) EPC for Application NO. 02728965.4, dated Jun. 11, 2004 (4100 EP 02).
|Contolini, "Electrochemical Planarization of ULSI Copper," Solid State Technology, vol. 40, No. 6, Jun. 1, 1997.
|Copy of Search Report issued by the Austrian Patent Office for corresponding Singapore Patent Application No. 200302562-4, provided by letter dated Oct. 7, 2004.
|European Search Report for 03252801.0, dated Jan. 16, 2004 (7047 EP).
|Invitation to pay additional fees for PCT/US04/017827 dated Nov. 11, 2004 (4100 P5 PCT).
|Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Examination Report for PCT/US02/11009 dated Nov. 10, 2003 (4100 EP 02).
|Notification of Transmittal of International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US04/22722 dated Feb. 21, 2005 (4100 PCT).
|Notification of transmittal of the International Search report and Written Opinion for PCT/US04/017827 dated Mar. 14, 2005 (4100 P5 PCT).
|Notification regarding review of justification for invitation to pay additional fees for PCT/US/02/11009 (4100 PC 02) dated Feb. 25, 2003.
|Partial International Search / PCT Invitation to pay additional fees for PCT/US02/11009 dated Nov. 14, 2002 (4100 PC 02).
|PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Apr. 28, 2005 for PCT/US04/037870. (AMAT/4100PC09).
|PCT International Search Report for PCT/US 02/11009 (4100 EP 02) dated Feb. 25, 2003.
|PCT Written Opinion dated Apr. 1, 2003 for PCT/US02/11009. (4100 EP 02).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 29, 2006
|Feb 17, 2009
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Chemical mechanical polishing apparatus and methods using a polishing surface with non-uniform rigidity
|Apr 2, 2007
|Sep 6, 2011
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Extended pad life for ECMP and barrier removal
|Jul 22, 2008
|Dec 25, 2012
|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.
|Automated detection of characteristics of abrasive products during use
|Aug 11, 2008
|May 14, 2013
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Chemical mechanical polisher with heater and method
|Nov 14, 2011
|Jul 28, 2015
|Schneider Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Device, tool and method for machining of an optical lens
|Mar 30, 2006
|Aug 3, 2006
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Conductive polishing article for electrochemical mechanical polishing
|Jun 29, 2006
|Oct 26, 2006
|Yun Hyun J
|Chemical Mechanical Polishing Apparatus and Methods Using a Polishing Surface with Non-Uniform Rigidity
|Nov 2, 2006
|Mar 22, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Conductive polishing article for electrochemical mechanical polishing
|Oct 31, 2006
|May 3, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Conductive pad with ion exchange membrane for electrochemical mechanical polishing
|Nov 21, 2006
|May 17, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Pad assembly for electrochemical mechanical polishing
|May 10, 2006
|Jul 5, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Apparatus and a method for electrochemical mechanical processing with fluid flow assist elements
|Jan 5, 2006
|Jul 5, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Fully conductive pad for electrochemical mechanical processing
|Apr 6, 2006
|Oct 11, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Process for high copper removal rate with good planarization and surface finish
|Apr 27, 2006
|Nov 1, 2007
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for electrochemical mechanical polishing of cu with higher liner velocity for better surface finish and higher removal rate during clearance
|May 26, 2006
|Nov 29, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Abrasive brush recovery system and process
|Apr 2, 2007
|Oct 2, 2008
|Yuchun Wang
|Extended pad life for ecmp and barrier removal
|May 22, 2007
|Nov 27, 2008
|Yuchun Wang
|Pad with shallow cells for electrochemical mechanical processing
|Jul 22, 2008
|Feb 5, 2009
|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.
|Automated detection of characteristics of abrasive products during use
|Aug 11, 2008
|Feb 11, 2010
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Chemical mechanical polisher with heater and method
|Nov 14, 2011
|Oct 17, 2013
|Schneider Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Device, tool and method for machining of an optical lens
|U.S. Classification
|451/56, 451/533
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 6, 2003
Owner name: APPLIED MATERIALS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TIETZ, JAMES V.;LI, SHIJIAN;BIRANG, MANOOCHER;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013856/0881;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030326 TO 20030730
|Nov 14, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Aug 21, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 1, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 21, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 13, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140321


text:
"Two years post op"
Posted by Chris Cook
Two years post operation by a surgeon and team following surgery to re-attach a supraspinatus tendon and repair of subscapualaris tendon, now back to full health and strength. Feel so lucky to have been looked after by these guys and girls cant ever thank you all so much, this injury, ignored by NHS hospital could so easily have ended my career as a HGV driver. Thank you all so very much forever in your debt.
Do you have a similar story to tell? Tell your story & make a difference ››
Response from Fitzwilliam Hospital 14 months ago
Thank you for taking the time to leave such great feedback. It is fantastic to hear that you are fully recovered and able to return to your career. Best wishes for the future.


text:
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More of Rob's books...
About the author:
The IT Skeptic is the pseudonym of Rob England, an IT consultant and commentator. Rob is the newsletter editor for itSMFnz, the professional body for IT Service Management (ITIL) practitioners.
Rob was awarded the inaugural New Zealand IT Service Management Champion award in 2011 by itSMFnz, voted the best speaker at the 2011 itSMFnz national conference, and is acknowledged as a contributor to the ITIL 2011 core book Service Strategy. He is the author of a popular blog at www.itskeptic.org and many articles taking a critical look at IT's absurdities, especially those relating to ITIL and CMDB. He is also a paid-up Skeptic. He lives with his wife and son in a small house in a small village in a small country far away.
More about Rob at www.twohills.co.nz/profile
Introduction To Real Itsm
Authored by Rob England
This humorous book is for those who work in Information Technology (IT) and for those who have IT done to them. Service Management is all the rage in IT at the moment, hence "ITSM". The leading description of ITSM is ITIL
. This book is not about ITIL. Really. Real ITSM
is a tongue-in-cheek satirical look at what the real-life practices might be, as compared to the idealised models in frameworks like ITIL or COBIT or ISO20000 or ...
"[My wife] read the introduction and said it was the first IT book that held her interest past page two"
Change Manager, postal service
"I experienced numerous moments of amusement, humor and outright hilarity, which made reading this book at my desk during work hours a bit difficult."
Bob Grinsell
For more on Real ITSM (and more samples from the book!) come to the Real ITSM world at www.realitsm.com
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text:
- Golden.jpg|right|Gears Majors Golden gun!!]]
Red Cross Reavers is a Red Dead Redemption posse.
About the posse
We are red cross reavers. We are an outlaw gang. We attack who we dont like and people who dont like us like the law. We do not like the law after hat they have done to us.
Joining the posse
To join the posse You must Add GEARS MAJOR to be in it. You must beat me in 1 on 1 be level 10 or higher and beat the game. you will start as a Noob. to rank up Gears major serpen1 or Gears Brigadier need to think that you are good to rank up.
I cant name all right now they dont want to be named now
- Leader 1 GEAR BRIGADIER
- Leader 2 Serpen1
Other members
- Member 1 GEAR MAJOR
- Member 2 GEARS COLONEL
- Member 3 Brianonatoilet
- translator orehoo71


text:
© 2002-2017
Encyclopaedia Metallum
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or higher.
Worship the Witch is the third installment from blackened thrashers, Skeletonwitch. The material coming this time in the form of an EP, having previously released a full-length album and a demo. This EP is self released and is comprised of a mix of three new songs and two songs from previous releases. Is the content here enough to justify the need to release this EP?
The entirety of the content has a far superior audio quality when compared to the releases that came before it. There is an echo that surrounds the drums and helps to set this track apart from the other layers. For the first real time the bass guitar actually stands out and is decently audible, adding a crunchier groove to the songs than what was manufactured before. This would be thanks to the work of Eric Harris, then-bassist for Skeletonwitch who makes his debut with the band on this EP.
It's really difficult to put a rating on this release. On one hand, you have a higher production value that comes equipped with decent layering and mastering. On the other, everything up to this point has been sorely repeated. Lack of fresh material, or even material that doesn't show up on a later album, really makes this release unnecessary and more of a sampler to showcase a more vibrant sound and new line up. "Fire From the Sky" was even taken directly from their free demo, which featured another bassist oppose to Eric Harris, and not rerecorded.
"Beyond the Permafrost", "Feast Upon Flesh" and "Forever in the Abyss" are the three new songs present, the former would go on to become the album title for their follow up full-length album. "Forever in the Abyss" is the only content on Worship the Witch that was never previously release and has to date never been reproduced. Opening up with a slow picked guitar intro, coupled with light cymbal use on the drums and the heavy bass comes in soon thereafter, the style of this song's beginning is very similar to "Dante's Inferno" by Iced Earth. The only complaint with this track is that the beginning is somewhat glitchy, the guitar is solely in the left speaker but there is some conflict in the right speaker that makes it sound like the track is struggling to come through before it finally fades in a few seconds later.
The lack of new content and growing reputation for redistributing previously released content is the largest take down for this EP. While the songs that lie within are great picks, Worship the Witch is really an unnecessary release seeing as everything here, for the exception of "Forever in the Abyss", would appear on their next release.
- Villi Thorne


text: We're looking at a new house and it's propane fueled. They took out the oil tank and put in a giant underground propane tank so it could be bought in bulk, I guess. I understand it's cleaner and more energy friendly. But I also think it's double the cost of oil and natural gas, which is what we use now. There is no fireplace. Seems to be owned by a v. environmentally friendly guy so I imagine that's why he did it. Can anyone shed some light on pros and cons?


text:
Pride and Prejudice: Canada's International Legacy Created By: Arash
The Bad...
Nowadays, Canada is common for its abundant culture, free health care, and wealth. In the modern world, if you lived in Canada, you'd hear many people say "I'm proud to be Canadian."
Its hard to believe, but our country was not always the free and righteous democracy it is now. There were a lot of situations in the 20th century that made me ashamed to be Canadian but here are my top three: the immigrant rejection of Jewish people into Canada during Hitlers vicious reign, the internment of Japanese-Canadians, a lack of willing men to volunteer for the army. In my opinion all these things are more than enough for us Canadians to feel ashamed.
Canada had a pretty big problem in 1917; a lack of willing men to volunteer to fight in the army. There were many causes for this but the main one was because of men who had already volunteered before. Also, an abundance of people began realizing and understanding what life is like in the trenches as well as the cruel reality of war. Prime Minister Borden was really disappointed in 1917 when the lack of men volunteering for the army was low. Quebec's argument was strong because they stated they had no ties to Britain or France. Ignoring the protests made through out the country, Borden still made up his mind to establish the Military Service Act, creating the conscription law. This continued to cause stress between English and French in the 20th century.
The internment of Japanese-Canadians was another startling and atrocious Canadian event that occurred in the twentieth century.
When Japanese forces launched their attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941, there was conspicuous tension between America and the Japanese allied with Canada. In Canada, fractious racist public sentiment caused enormous waves of accusations upon accusations that were directed towards the innocent Japanese-Canadians. With the allegation of act as a companion with the enemy country, the federal government, motivated and influenced by Ian Mackenzie, also supported by the announced War-Time Measures Act of 1914, decided to intern the so called "enemies". Despite having lived in Canada for years and years with no contact with Japan, over 23000 people were sent off to internment camps while their belongings were impounded by the hands of the government. For about three years the basic necessities such as food, shelter and things were poor. Later, when further investigation was happening, not a single case of spying or treason was committed by the Japanese-Canadians.
Last but not least, the Jewish refugee refusal. I found this event really devastating considering the pessimistic conditions that brought a lot of the Jews to Canada. Kristallnacht (night of the broken glass, 1938) was a hideous time when business and synagogues were demolished. Jews were battered to death by mobs and over 2000 were taken away to concentration camps. This event frightened many Jews so they started off to other countries to find refuge. But back then, Canada didn't have the multiculturalism the country is known for today. Prime Minister Mackenzie King was scared that if he allowed Jews into the country, riots would break-out in Quebec. Therefore, only about 5000 Jews were accepted into the country while the others were forced to return home to their affixed deaths. Canada's acceptance number was the worst among the western nations.
The Canadian conscription was a frightening moment in Canadian history where unwilling citizens were forced to take their last breaths on bloody battlefields. This was a dark time for Canadians. After this came the Japanese-Canadians issue of which innocent spectators were thrown into unknown lands after being shoved out of their houses under immoral accusations of spying for the enemies. But, Canada wasn't quite finished with the prejudice just yet, as they had the arrogance to refuse sheer entrance to the distressed Jews knowing they would be sent back and killed. I chose these three defining Canadian moments that made me ashamed to be a Canadian because I think they revolved around discrimination, forced actions, cruelty and other forceful acts before the free country its well-known for today.
Finally, The good..
Canada isn't perfect, but its definitely not the worst. There were many great events that caused a throbbing sense of pride in hearts of many Canadians, such as when Canadian armies conquered at Vimy Ridge, when women were given equal rights, and finally Canada received its independence and autonomy from Britain. These are the three defining moments we'll be talking about and that make me a proud Canadian.
America actually had their own war of independence (1775-1782) but Canada was still under Britain's wings. This meant Britain controlled our major decisions, laws, and tradition. Canada's first Constitution, in 1867, the BNA act was put into effect by the assurance of Britain. In 1931, the country had the power and right to establish its own Supreme Court and lastly in 1931, a British law (Statue of Westminster) which stated that Canada as well as other Commonwealth Dominions were to be given freedom.
The battle at Vimy Ridge was truly one to remember as the Canadian army was honoured for their bravery, strength, determination. In a bloody battle between Germany and Britain. Germany had a very big advantage of clear enemy view. Despite that, the immaculate planning of General Arthur Currie using air reconnaissance to understand German barricades, replica battlefields, strategies to practice coordination and timing, as well as maps handed to soldiers which some thought was silly. But, despite the causalities, by using the creeping barrage tactic, Currie led the Canadian army to Victory.
The last event but not the least, the honourable historical occurred when women were finally given equal rights in a male-domineering society. Canadian women had to go through a lot and had did have quite a struggle, particularly when it came to voting since they were all expected to have the same outlook on the different matters as their husbands. Women weren't even allowed to vote in federal elections until 1921. Can you believe that? And guess what? That didn't even include ALL of the women. Believe it or not but Aboriginal, African, and Asian women were not allowed to vote. Each province gradually gained rights and freedom until all women (even those of colour) were finally considered people. Throughout the history Canadian women have been quite fascinating because they were looked upon differently and they fought for their rights and now look where we are now. A great big world!
Of course there are many positive and negative sides to our history. There are events that make me proud and ashamed to be Canadian. But you can't deny all our struggles lead up to our diverse and free country. I am a proud citizen of Canada!
- "The Internment of the Japanese during World War II." The Internment of the Japanese during World War II. http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?page ID=279 (accessed July 25, 2014).
- "Activity 5: Vimy Ridge." CHC2D1-81-Canadian History since World War I-Schmidt. https://tcdsb.elearningontario.ca/d2l/le/content/4151039/viewContent/44165037/View (accessed July 27, 2014).
- "Activity 6: Changing Status of Women, Aboriginals, and Minorities." CHC2S1-81-Canadian History since World War I-Schmidt. https://tcdsb.elearningontario.ca/d2l/le/content/4151039/viewContent/44165199/View (accessed July 27, 2014).
- "Activity 6: Conscription and the Home Front." CH2D1-81-Canadian History since World War I-Schmidt. https://tcdsb.elearningontario.ca/d2l/le/content/4151039/viewContent/44165037/View (accessed July 27, 2014).
- "Activity 7: Jewish Emigration and Immigration." CHC2D1-81-Canadian History since World War I-Schmidt. https://tcdsb.elearningontario.ca/d2l/le/content/4151039/viewContent/44165086/View (accessed July 27, 2014).
- http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/japan/sign.jpg. 2014. Image.


text:
Items tagged with YETTI
Program YettiRad Ventures
After 18 years, the Yetti Program monoski is still the top choice of adapted programs and ski schools. The extensive adjustibility makes it the ideal ski for people with as many different abilities as possible to get onto the snow.
Yetti All Mountain RacerRad Ventures
The Yetti All Mountain Racer has been designed to specifically "hold the snow". Tested by known names in the ski world including Muffy Davis, Sarah Will and Chris Waddell, all former members of the US Disabled Ski Team.
Yetti High Performance BulletRad Ventures
The Yetti HPB High Performance Bomber is a single pivot custom built monoski.


text:
Popular movies week 29 February 2004
Here's the list of the most popular movies in the week 29/February - 06/March - 2004. Do you remember The Ring by Alfred Hitchcock or Mystic River starring Sean Penn, Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon ?
What else happened in that week of 2004?
Discover what the world looked like on:


text:
Posts Tagged 'psd to xhtml'
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Sponsered Links :
Convert PSD To HTML Developmnet
www.asigned2article.com - PSD to XHTML conversion also allows for the design of a website that allows a higher level of user interaction. A highly interactive website will allow users to enjoy their browsing experience.
Professional Web Design
www.freearticlesite.in - It is important to ensure that your website can be loaded on various types of browsers easily. This is because internet users use a wide variety of internet browsers.
W3C Validation For Your Website
unique-articles-directory.org - On top that, it make a page more search search engine friendly by simply reducing code to conduct ratio.
Highly Interactive Website
www.educationbuzz.net - Code a website by converting PSD to XHTML to define page structure and content without any bad accessibility.
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text:
Card Dungeon Level 1 Tips and Strategies
Card Dungeon
By: Playtap Games
Genre: Board
Video Tips
This video walkthrough demonstrates how to beat Level 1 without any power ups. Uploaded on Massimo Saraconi official channel at October 3, 2014.
Still need help to finish Card Dungeon level 1?
I will update this post with more tips and tricks, so please bookmark this page and keep on checking in!
If you have any questions, feel free to ask for extra help in the comments section.
Hit like if this helped you!
Visit Card Dungeon walkthrough page for level videos, tutorials, cheats and more.
Level 1 Questions
Questions related to level 1 of Card Dungeon iPhone game.