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Küng on the Church in Corinth
I've recently been introduced to the writings of Hans Küng, a Catholic theologian who has written several books about the church. This excerpt is from his book, The Church, in a chapter called "Ecclesiastical Office as Ministry":
The problem becomes finally acute when we take a look at the Church which we know so much more about than any other of the New Testament Churches: the Church of Corinth. We have a reasonably good idea as to how preaching and the Lord's Supper were organized, as to what sort of ecclesiastical discipline and order there was. We know from Paul's lists exactly how many different kinds of ministries there were at Corinth—apostles, prophets, teachers, and so on. But there were no "bishops", deacons or elders. Moreover, when it is a question of restoring order in matters of preaching, the Lord's Supper and Church discipline, Paul never addresses himself to a single official or a single group of officials, responsible for all the community. He addresses himself throughout to all and at the same time to each individual. With regard to the irregularities that had occurred at the Lord's Supper, where the writer of the pastor letters might have said to the Corinth community something like: 'Timothy is to give the sign for the celebration to begin' (or perhaps even: 'Timothy is to celebrate the Lord's Supper'?), what Paul in fact says to the Corinthians is: 'When you come together to eat, wait for one another' (I Cor. 11:33). With regard to the confusion which had arisen through several members of the community preaching during worship, where the writer of the pastoral letters might have said something like: 'Titus is to decide who shall speak' (or even perhaps: 'Titus is to give the sermon'?), what Paul actually says is: '… let there be only two or at most three, and each in turn… you can all prophesy one by one' (14:27 and 31)… All of this is more than an argumentum e silentio [argument from silence]. The burden of proof lies with those who wish to assert that there existed in the Corinth community, in Paul's time, an office of leadership, whether elders or the later monarchic kind of episcopate. (403)
While I disagree with Küng concerning the pastoral epistles (i.e., the author did not lay out rules for Timothy, Titus, and other rulers to control others or to control the church meeting), Küng raises some very good questions that we should consider.
For now, consider the question of leadership. Küng recognizes that the church in general and academic works concerning eccesiology in particular have blurred the distinction between the church and leadership. He says:
The fundamental error of ecclesiologies which turned out, in fact, to be no more than hierarchologies (where ecclesia=hierarchia) was that they failed to realize that all who hold office are primarily (both temporally and factually speaking) not dignitaries but believers, members of the fellowship of believers; and that compared with this fundamental Christian fact any office they may hold is of secondary if not tertiary importance. (363)
There may or may not have been leaders (elders or deacons) at Corinth. But, Paul did not consider their presence or absence relevant to the problems at hand. He did not tell the elders to handle discipline problems (1 Cor. 5). He did not tell the deacons to take of issues surrounding the Lord's Supper (1 Cor. 11). He did not tell any leaders to take control of the meeting to ensure that it did not get out of hand (1 Cor. 14).
Yet, today, when there are problems, everyone turns to the leaders. Why? Why do we presuppose that leaders are to make decisions while others are to either approve or disapprove of those decisions? If no one approached a brother or sinner who was sinning, whose "fault" would that be? If the Lord's Supper gets unmanageable, who is responsible for ensuring that everyone is considering others first? If some people disrupt the meeting, who should help get things settled down? Why do we usually think of leaders first? Why did Paul not think of leaders first?
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To answer you're the questions of your concluding paragraph I think we have to look into the fundamental foundations of our current structure in the church. We are organized more like a business, not a body. A business will look to its leaders to take care of the problems and make things run more efficiently. In some ways (at its worst) today's church is the leaders and office holders and the rest of the people are those that are there consuming the product being "sold.†Consumers do not solve problems; they only point them out or create them.
On the other hand a body is structured completely differently. The power, leadership, responsibility resides in the group generally. Within that group there are those that are elevated to serve the body because they have been gifted to provide certain functions that are necessary for the building of the body. (A finger is good for picking your nose, but an elbow is not so).
The difference is: In a business, leadership is an office and authority starts in the office and flows to the rest of the group. In a body, leadership is a function and authority starts with the group that willingly submits itself (grants authority?) to those that have gifts recognized by the body for the good and building of that body.
Sorry, I'm trying not to be too long winded and I'm sure I didn't articulate this very well, but I see the answers to the issues and questions starting in the foundations of how we are structured in the church. They may look the same from the outside, but they operate completely differently.
By the way…I read this week that a body, acting like a business is a prostitute.
Keith Price
This is a great post. I am intrigued that a catholic theologian wrote about this issue the way he did without really any bias inserted. If that makes sense. Why can't we see Corinthians as it is without trying to add or take away with our own thoughts? Granted it took the Lord to show me what I am learning concerning this book and how it relates today. Anyway again thank you for your research and blog.
I think you're right about the distinction between a business and a body. Certainly, the church has leaders – and the church had leaders in the NT. But, the apostles did not send instructions to the leaders about the body. The apostles expected the WHOLE body to function together to care for itself. That's a very strange – almost heretical sounding – concept to today's church.
First, thanks for the link to your blog. I've added it to my reader. From what I understand, Küng has gotten into some trouble because of some of his views. I don't know if these views were related to ecclesiology or not. Perhaps if someone know they can let us know.
I think the modern church would do well to understand this concept. It is not heretical if it is Biblical. I think this structure or concept is more closely related to first century synagogues than 21st century churches.
Well, it is "heretical" in the modern use of the word, because it goes against accepted religious norms. But, I agree that these concepts are very scriptural.


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The male stars namely Martin Freeman, Benedict Cumberbatch, Orlando Bloom and Luke Evans as well as guest Ed Sheeran suit up for the special screening at the TCL Chinese Theatre.
The stars of "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug" turned up at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on Monday night, December 2 for the movie premiere. Orlando Bloom, who reprises his "Lord of the Rings" role as Legolas, was among those who arrived first.
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In between celebrating the upcoming release of his new movie, Evans paid tribute to his "Fast and Furious 6" costar Paul Walker, who died in a car crash on Saturday, November 30. "Tonight, my performance is dedicated to him," he said on the black carpet. "He was just a really down to earth, cool guy. He was warm, just very kind."
"You know, I was the new boy on the set," he added. "He didn't have to have much to do with me but he always took time to come over, give me a hug, have a chat. He was that kind of guy." Evans continued, "He just gave off a really great energy... His friends and family were always surrounding him. They are the ones I send my love to this evening."
A follow-up to 2012's "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey", "Desolation of Smaug" continues the adventure of Bilbo Baggins (Freeman) as he journeys with the Wizard Gandalf (Ian McKellen) and thirteen Dwarves, led by Thorin Oakenshield (Armitage) on an epic quest to reclaim the lost Dwarf Kingdom of Erebor. It is due December 13 Stateside.

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The Amazing Spider-Man 2
TWO should be a magic number, webslinger-wise.
Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy peaked in the middle in Spider-Man 2 (2004) when Tobey Maguire's iteration of Peter Parker/Spider-Man faced off against Alfred Molina's Dr. Octopus.
It was a firing-on-all-cylinders superhero movie in which high-flying visual effects never superseded screenwriter Alvin Sargent's dramatically grounded screenplay, all enhanced by Raimi's stylish, comic-book-friendly torque.
The too-quickly rebooted franchise continues to be weak compared to Raimi's. This second instalment is especially awful, a miasma of empty superhero spectacle, sloppy writing and dramatic redundancy.
Continuing the plot thread begun in the first movie, Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) remains haunted by the disappearance of his parents when he was a mere tot. The movie prefaces with how Parker's mom (Embeth Davidtz) and pop (Campbell Scott) met their sticky ends.
For his part, Peter works through the family tragedy by suiting up as Spider-Man and fighting crime for fun. But when the mask comes off, he must still face his romantic issues, vis-a-vis his love for the perky Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone). In the last film, remember, he promised Gwen's dying dad, Captain Stacy (Denis Leary), to give her up to protect her from the vengeful costumed lunatics who tend to pop up in a superhero's life. But it's a hard promise to keep, and now dad keeps popping up, like Banquo's ghost, to silently remind Peter of his vow.
More life-threatening issues arise. Electrical engineer Max Dillon, a sad lonely nerd played by an extravagantly miscast Jamie Foxx, suffers a terrible accident at his uncaring workplace, the evil corporation Oscorp, and is transformed into a glowing, blue-white electrical generator capable of tossing bolts of electricity around like so many deadly spitballs.
Also in the mix: Oscorp scion Harry Osborn (Dane DeHaan), suffering a terminal illness, fixates on the notion that his life might be saved by a curative dose of Spider-Man's radioactive spider-infused blood. More pain for Peter: The indulged Harry was once his boyhood friend. What is he supposed to do when Harry asks him to set up a Spider-Man hook-up with the implicit understanding of a fluid exchange?
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For a movie in which crackling balls of energy are tossed around like dodgeballs, Amazing 2 is short on electricity. The character work ranges from mediocre to awful, especially with the Max Dillon/Electro character. Coming with his own nerdy-comic theme music, Max is uncomfortably reminiscent of Jim Carrey's closeted Riddler in Batman Forever.
If Garfield and Stone generate some sparks between them, their relationship rehashes are positively sleep-inducing. Gwen threatens to leave and move to England to study at Oxford, and after a while, you may find yourself thinking: Just go already.
Unlike Raimi, director Marc Webb has no discernible style. He directs with the inspiration of a traffic cop putting in overtime beside a busted stoplight. H 1/2 out of five
Only Lovers Left Alive
THE Twilight movies lost most of the adult demographic right at the start, when new kid Bella moves to an isolated town and discovers a family of vampires attending her high school.
These people are ancient, mind you. But because they look like teens, they have apparently consigned themselves to the hell of eternal secondary education, where they can continue indefinitely to engage in the realm of teen fashion, music, and the usual cycles of rivalry and attraction.
Writer-director Jim Jarmusch's movie Only Lovers Left Alive is about cool vampires. But it manages to extrapolate sensibly on the ramifications of centuries' worth of longevity.
Going to high school is definitely not part of the game plan.
In fact, as much as possible, Adam (Tom Hiddleston) keeps to himself in a desolate old house in the largely abandoned (and thus carefully chosen) city of Detroit. He composes electronic music. He listens to the classics (with the understanding that "classics" encompasses Paganini, Wanda Jackson and Charlie Feathers). He engages in furtive guitar/equipment purchases with a benign, properly intimidated dealer named Ian (Anton Yelchin). And for sustenance, he maintains a relationship of "mutual jeopardy" with a sketchy doctor (Jeffrey Wright) with access to pure, untainted blood.
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Prior to Ava's appearance, Jarmusch paints a picture of vampirism as a more evolved state of being. Adam and Eve -- the movie hints that they are not the first humans but they may be the last -- are cultured and sensitive souls. They can still experience ecstasy (when slugging back shots of blood) and they have been around long enough to be pessimistic about the future of humanity: Adam refers to mortals as "zombies," which should give you a clue.
It makes for an odd but gorgeously atmospheric movie in which Jarmusch breaks new gothic ground, whether on the desolate streetscapes of Detroit of in the labyrinthine passageways of Tangier.
The role of Eve is very much in Swinton's wheelhouse, exploiting her otherworldly beauty and fierce intelligence. If you only know Hiddleston from his Loki in the Avengers/Thor movies, it will be a pleasure to see him in the mode of a doomed Byronic romantic. 'Ö'Ö'Ö'Ö


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A Snapshot of The Vitec Group
Vitec is an international Group principally serving customers in the Broadcast & Video, Photographic and Military, Aerospace and Government (MAG) markets. Listed on the London Stock Exchange with 2012 revenue of £345.3 million, Vitec is based on strong, well known, premium brands on which its customers worldwide rely. Vitec is organised in three Divisions: Videocom, Imaging and Services.
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Imaging designs, manufactures and distributes equipment and accessories for photography and video.
Services provides equipment rental, workflow design and technical support to TV production teams and film crews.
More information can be found at: www.vitecgroup.com.


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- Play with any in-game instrument combination in any game mode - multiple vocalists, guitarists, bassists and drummers
- Compatible with Guitar Hero, Band Hero, DJ Hero and Rock Band
descriptionFill in your band! Are you missing a bassist in your Guitar Hero 5 jam sessions? Do you want a second guitar in the band, or to compete head-to-head on guitar in Guitar Hero 5's competitive RockFest Mode? Add to the jam with the Guitar Hero 5 Stand-Alone Guitar. Guitar Hero 5 allows fans to play alone, as a full band or, for the first time, with any combination of multiple guitarists, bassists, drummers or vocalists, to customize their musical experience. Players now have the control to rock any way they want whether it is with two guitars and two drummers, four guitarists, or three guitarists and a vocalist, any combination is possible. This freedom is available in all modes of play: online, Party Play, Quickplay, RockFest and even career. So multiply your gameplay experience with the Guitar Hero 5 Stand-Alone Guitar, and rock on!
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|Official Release Date
|Mar 16, 2010
|Item Code
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information or to add or remove network devices on your system
Configuring Network Using Graphical Configuration Tool in Ubuntu
If you are new to networking the graphical configuration tool is your best method for configuring new hardware in Ubuntu.We are going to use GUI tool "network-admin" to configure networking. Remember, you must be root to run network-admin.
There are two ways to start network-admin first thing is you can use your terminal to type "sudo network-admin" it will start up or you can go to System—>Administration —>Networking
Once it opens you should see the following screen
In the above screen select wired connection and click on properties tab you should see the following screen my network card is curretly configured for DHCP client and you need to make sure "Enable this connection" tick box is checked
If you want to configure the static ip addressyou need to select drop down box under "Configuration" select static ip address and you need to make sure "Enable this connection" tick box is checked
Once you select the static ip address you need to select ip address,subnet mask,gateway address and click on ok
Now you click on "General" tab here you can enter your hostname,domain name
Next one you need to click on "DNS" tab to configure your system's DNS settings, hostname, or DNS search path.
Click the Hosts tab, and then either click the Add or Properties button (after selecting a host) to create or edit an entry in your system's /etc/hosts file
Highlight an existing entry, and then click the Properties button to change /etc/hosts entries in the Hosts tab of the Network Configuration screen.
You can also assign different locations to your computer, especially very useful if you are on a laptop and move between several networks each requiring different configurations. Just select the gray bar at the top of the network-admin window and select Create Location. Enter a name, such as Home and then repeat this again to create another location, Work. Each time you switch between locations, Ubuntu detects that it needs to use configurations specific to those locations, so for instance you might want to use DHCP at work, but not at home. Simple; just select the Home location, configure your ethernet connection to use a Static IP and you are all set to switch between your home and corporate networks.
Configure Network Interface Using Command-Line
You can configure a network interface from the command line using the networking utilities. You configure your network client hosts with the command line by using commands to change your current settings or by editing a number of system files.
Configuring DHCP address for your network card
If you want to configure DHCP address you need to edit the /etc/network/interfaces and you need to enter the following lines replace eth0 with your network interface card
sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
# The primary network interface – use DHCP to find our addressauto eth0iface eth0 inet dhcp
Configuring Static IP address for your network card
If you want to configure Static IP address you need to edit the /etc/network/interfaces and you need to enter the following lines replace eth0 with your network interface card
sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
# The primary network interfaceauto eth0iface eth0 inet staticaddress 192.168.3.90gateway 192.168.3.1netmask 255.255.255.0network 192.168.3.0broadcast 192.168.3.255
After entering all the details you need to restart networking services using the following command
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
Setting up Second IP address or Virtual IP address in Ubuntu
If you are a server system administrator or normal user some time you need to assign a second ipaddress to your Ubuntu machine.For this you need to edit the /etc/network/interfaces file and you need to add the following syntax.Below one is the only example you need to chnage according to your ip address settings
sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0:1iface eth0:1 inet staticaddress 192.168.1.60netmask 255.255.255.0network x.x.x.xbroadcast x.x.x.xgateway x.x.x.x
You need to enter all the details like address,netmask,network,broadcast and gateways values after entering all the values save this file and you need to restart networking services in debian using the following command to take effect of our new ipaddress.
After entering all the details you need to restart networking services using the following command
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
Setting your ubuntu stytem hostname
Setting up your hostname upon a ubuntu installation is very straightforward. You can directly query, or set, the hostname with the hostname command.
As an user you can see your current hostname with
sudo /bin/hostname
To set the hostname directly you can become root and run
sudo /bin/hostname newname
When your system boots it will automatically read the hostname from the file /etc/hostname
If you want to know more about how to setup host name check here
Setting up DNS
When it comes to DNS setup Ubuntu doesn't differ from other distributions. You can add hostname and IP addresses to the file /etc/hosts for static lookups.
To cause your machine to consult with a particular server for name lookups you simply add their addresses to /etc/resolv.conf.
For example a machine which should perform lookups from the DNS server at IP address 192.168.3.2 would have a resolv.conf file looking like this
sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf
enter the following details
search test.comnameserver 192.168.3.2
Network Troubleshooting Tips
Networking is sometimes considered to be complex, and hard to troubleshoot and manage. However, Linux provides you with Some tools to figure out exactly what's going wrong on your network, and how to fix it.Here we are going see some tools and how to check the network connectivity.
Ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. Ping works by sending ICMP "echo request" packets to the target host and listening for ICMP "echo response" replies (sometimes dubbed "Pong!" as an analog from the Ping Pong table tennis sport.) Using interval timing and response rate, ping estimates the round-trip time (generally in milliseconds although the unit is often omitted) and packet loss (if any) rate between hosts.
This is very basic and powerful tool to check Internet connection
ping -c 4 google.com
-c option is used to pass how many packets you're sending
If everything working file you should get reply looks like below
Pinging www.l.google.com [22.214.171.124] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 220.127.116.11: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=244Reply from 18.104.22.168: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=244Reply from 184.108.40.206: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=244Reply from 18.104.22.168: bytes=32 time=12ms TTL=244
Ping statistics for 18.104.22.168:Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:Minimum = 12ms, Maximum = 12ms, Average = 12ms
traceroute is a computer network tool used to determine the route taken by packets across an IP network. An IPv6 variant, traceroute6, is also widely available.Very useful to trace IP packets.
traceroute google.com
The Unix command ifconfig can function as a tool to configure a network interface for TCP/IP from the command line interface (CLI).This is another easy tool to see if your interface is actually loading correctly.
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0A:E6:C6:07:85inet addr:188.8.131.52 Bcast:184.108.40.206 Mask:255.255.255.0inet6 addr: fe80::20a:e6ff:fec6:785/64 Scope:LinkUP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1RX packets:18458 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0TX packets:8982 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000RX bytes:4015093 (3.8 MiB) TX bytes:1449812 (1.3 MiB)Interrupt:10 Base address:0xd400
This is very useful to check routing config
route -n
If you want to see Routing Tables,all open ports,all listen ports
netstat -nr
-n means return numeric output (ie, IP address instead of hostname)
-r means print the routing table
find all open ports
netstat -a
find listening ports
netstat -l
Play with alias command in linux os
alias new_name='command'
alias ll='ls -l' (Defines a new command ll)
alias ls='ls -F --color=auto' (Redefines an existing command. Use \ls (backslash) or full path (/bin/ls) to use the unaliased version)
Add the commands to .bashrc or .bash_profile to load them automatically at log-in.
The unalias command can be used to turn it off.
Other shells -- zsh, tcsh, pdksh -- use other commands/notations to set alias.
You can also make symbolic-links to make aliases:
ln -s /usr/bin/w /usr/bin/whodo (Makes whodo an alternative name for w)
Definition: alias is a built-in shell command in Linux / Unix operating systems. It can save you a lot of typing by assigning a name to long commands. For example, if you need to repeatedly copy files from one directory to another using the command
cp /home/jones/data1/* /usr/local/share/latest/.
you can replace this long command line with a short easy to remember name like "moveit" using the alias command as follows:
alias moveit="cp /home/jones/data1/* /usr/local/share/latest/."
Then you can just type "moveit" at the command prompt and it will do the same copy operation.
If you change your mind and want to assign a different command to the alias, you do it same way-the previous definition will be overwritten.An alias definition is valid only in the current shell execution environment and the execution environments of its subshells.
Making Aliases Permanent
The main disadvantage with the alias command is that any alias set up with it remains in effect only during the current login session (i.e., until the user logs out or the computer is shut down). Although this might not be much of a problem for systems which are rebooted (i.e., restarted) only infrequently (such as corporate database servers), it can be a nuisance for systems that are frequently rebooted (e.g., home computers).
Fortunately, however, any alias can be made more enduring (i.e., until it is explicitly removed) by writing it to the appropriate configuration file with a text editor. The name and location of such file can vary according to the system. In the case of Red Hat Linux, an alias for any user can be added to the .bashrc file in that user's home directory. Because this file is read at login, the change will not take effect until the user has logged in again.
Aliases for the root user can be made permanent by entering them in the .bashrc file in the root's home directory, i.e., in /root/.bashrc. System-wide aliases can be put in the /etc/bashrc file. The system needs to be restarted before system-wide aliases can take effect.
Removing Aliases
The command unalias, which is likewise built into bash and some other shells, is used to remove entries from the current user's list of aliases. Its syntax is
unalias [-a] name(s)
For example, the following would remove the alias rm which was created in an earlier example:
unalias rm
unalias removes not only aliases created during the current session but also permanent-a option tells unalias to remove all aliases for the current user for the current shell. aliases that are listed in system configuration files. The
A second way to remove an alias is by using the alias command to create a new alias with the same name. This overwrites the existing alias with that name.
A third way is to delete the alias from the appropriate configuration file using a text editor. For example, in the case of Red Hat, deleting an alias in the bash shell for a user named joe would involve removing the appropriate line in the file /home/joe/.bashrc. Likewise, an alias can be modified by editing the appropriate line in the configuration file.
Creating Acronis Bootable Media on a USB Flash Drive
These instructions apply to:
- Windows Vista
- Windows Server 2008
- Insert your flash drive;
- Hit Win-R and type cmd to open a command-line;
- Type diskpart to run Windows DiskPart utility:
- Type list disk to list all disks attached to the machine:
- Type select disk [number] to select your flash drive:
- Type clean to remove any formatting from the selected disk:
- Type create partition primary:
- Type select partition 1 to select the only partition, which you now have on the flash drive:
- Type active to mark the partition as active:
- Type format fs=fat32 to format the disk in FAT32 (otherwise the drive will not be bootable):
- Type assign to assign a drive letter:
- Type exit to exit Windows DiskPart utility:
- Run your Acronis product;
- Pick Tools -> Create Bootable Rescue Media;
- Follow all steps of the wizard and select your USB flash drive as media.
Setup BSNL EVDO USB Modem in Linux | BSNL EVDO
Device : [b]ZTE EV-DO AC8700 800M[/b]
Product Vendor : Qualcomm, Inc.
1) Insert the EvDO device into USB port
2) Check whether the device is getting detected on your system or not. You can issue the following command in console :
#sudo tail -f /var/log/messages
This will result in following messages if the device is detected
Mar 4 09:27:42 techfiz kernel: [ 8251.024000] usb 4-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
Mar 4 09:27:42 techfiz kernel: [ 8251.028000] usbserial_generic 4-1:1.0: generic converter detected
Mar 4 09:27:42 techfiz kernel: [ 8251.028000] usb 4-1: generic converter now attached to ttyUSB0
In the above lines ttyUSB0 is the device file for your modem. This file gets created automatically if the required modules are available. Else you will see some error messages.
Note :You might face an issue while activating this device on Ubuntu 7.04 and 7.10 as there have made some modifications to the USB serial device mappings. To resolve this issue, edit the file /etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh.
Find the function do_start () and ensure that you have all the following lines.
# Magic to make /proc/bus/usb work
mkdir -p /dev/bus/usb/.usbfs
domount usbfs "" /dev/bus/usb/.usbfs -obusmode=0700,devmode=0600,listmode=0644
ln -s .usbfs/devices /dev/bus/usb/devices
mount --rbind /dev/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb
The complete function looks like this
do_start () {
# Mount a tmpfs on /dev/shm
[ "${SHM_SIZE:=$TMPFS_SIZE}" ] && SHM_OPT="-osize=$SHM_SIZE"
domount tmpfs shmfs /dev/shm $SHM_OPT
# Mount /dev/pts. Create master ptmx node if needed.
domount devpts "" /dev/pts -ogid=$TTYGRP,mode=$TTYMODE
# Magic to make /proc/bus/usb work
mkdir -p /dev/bus/usb/.usbfs
domount usbfs "" /dev/bus/usb/.usbfs -obusmode=0700,devmode=0600,listmode=0644
ln -s .usbfs/devices /dev/bus/usb/devices
mount –rbind /dev/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb
The above change creates a file called /proc/bus/usb/.usbfs/devices which is missing in the new Ubuntu releases.
After making these changes run /etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh restart at consoel or restart system before continuing with the other steps.
4) Now, your system can easily identify the new USB device which you have inserted into your PC. You can confirm this by running lsusb command.
# lsusb
Bus 005 Device 004: ID 046d:08c6 Logitech, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 004 Device 027: ID 05c6:6000 Qualcomm, Inc.
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 413c:8126 Dell Computer Corp.
Bus 002 Device 004: ID 0a5c:4502 Broadcom Corp.
Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0a5c:4503 Broadcom Corp.
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp.
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:c50e Logitech, Inc. MX-1000 Cordless Mouse Receiver
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Here Bus 004 Device 027: ID 05c6:6000 Qualcomm, Inc. is the new device which started showing up for me on my laptop.
5) Your Linux kernel need to know which company's driver need to be used with device. Most of the new kernels comes with the Qualcomm drivers inbuilt. Else you need to insert the driver module into your kernel.
Run this at the console to activate the module based on the vendor id and product id (You can find them in the previous step ID 05c6:6000. As we need to pass these numbers in hex format, I'm adding 0x).
# modprobe usbserial vendor=0x05c6 product=0x6000
(Goto step 2 and check if your USB device gets detected or not. You can even try replugging your USB device)
PS : You can permanently add this line to ensure that the module gets loaded to your kernel each time you restart your system by adding the following line into /etc/modules
usbserial vendor=0×05c6 product=0×6000
Finally you must get the following output, showing the Vendor name, ID, Device id , Device Bus used by your kernel to interact with the device.
#lsusb -v | grep Qualcomm
Bus 004 Device 022: ID 05c6:6000 Qualcomm, Inc.
idVendor 0×05c6 Qualcomm, Inc.
Now, your Linux PC is capable of creating the device files /dev/ttyUSB0 automatically without any issues.
6) Now its time for us to create the dialup profile. Its so simple with "wvdialconf" command.
#wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf
This creates a file called /etc/wvdial.conf with following output :
# wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf
Writing `/etc/wvdial.conf'.
Scanning your serial ports for a modem.
Modem Port Scan< *1>: S0 S1 S2 S3
WvModem< *1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 Z — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Modem Identifier: ATI — Manufacturer: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 4800: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 9600: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 19200: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 38400: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 57600: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 115200: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 230400: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Speed 460800: AT — OK
ttyUSB0< *1>: Max speed is 460800; that should be safe.
ttyUSB0< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 — OK
WvModem< *1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB1< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyUSB1< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyUSB1< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — and failed too at 115200, giving up.
WvModem< *1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB2< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyUSB2< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — failed with 9600 baud, next try: 115200 baud
ttyUSB2< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 — and failed too at 115200, giving up.
Found a modem on /dev/ttyUSB0.
Modem configuration written to /etc/wvdial.conf.
Your /etc/wvdial.conf will have the following entries.
# cat /etc/wvdial.conf
[Dialer Defaults]
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
; Phone =
; Username =
Init1 = ATZ
; Password =
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
Baud = 460800
Change the target phone no. to #777 and Username and password need to be set to the EVDO number provided by BSNL.
And you require an another magical line added to this file. i.e.
Stupid Mode = 1
More about Stupid Mode (from man pages):
When wvdial is in Stupid Mode, it does not attempt to interpret any prompts from the terminal server. It starts pppd immediately after the modem connects. Apparently there are ISP's that actually give you a login prompt, but work only if you start PPP, rather than logging in. Go figure. Stupid Mode is (naturally) disabled by default.
Your /etc/wvdial.conf should look like this :
[Dialer Defaults]
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
Phone = #777
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
Username = 22222222
Password = 22222222
Baud = 460800
Stupid Mode = 1
22222222 is just an example id, replace this with your EvDO number.
7) You're all set to get connected now. just execute the following command again at the console
# wvdial
output :
# wvdial
WvDial< *1>: WvDial: Internet dialer version 1.56
WvModem< *1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
WvDial< *1>: Initializing modem.
WvDial< *1>: Sending: ATZ
WvDial Modem< *1>: ATZ
WvDial Modem< *1>: OK
WvDial< *1>: Sending: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
WvDial Modem< *1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
WvDial Modem< *1>: OK
WvDial< *1>: Modem initialized.
WvDial< *1>: Sending: ATDT#777
WvDial< *1>: Waiting for carrier.
WvDial Modem< *1>: ATDT#777
WvDial Modem< *1>: CONNECT
WvDial< *1>: Carrier detected. Starting PPP immediately.
WvDial< *1>: Using interface ppp0
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: local IP address 10.1.0.169
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: remote IP address 10.64.64.64
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: primary DNS address 184.108.40.206
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
WvDial< *1>: secondary DNS address 18.104.22.168
WvDial< *1>: pppd: ��[06][08]��[06][08]
There should be a smile at your face after looking at it as you're connected to internet. Start browsing unlimited.
7) To terminate the connection issue CTRL + C command and then remove EvDO device.
Note: If you still love windows, you have a bad news. BSNL does not provide you with the Windows Vista drivers for this device. I haven't found one so far even for testing it.
You have just hacked into Linux to make a device work. Isn't it fun.
If you have any questions, don't hesitate to comment on it. I shall help you understand it better.
Reinstall Ubuntu Grub Bootloader After Windows Wipes it Out
Here's the quick and easy way to re-enable Grub.
1) Boot off the LiveCD
2) Open a Terminal and type in the following commands, noting that the first command will put you into the grub "prompt", and the next 3 commands will be executed there. Also note that hd0,0 implies the first hard drive and the first partition on that drive, which is where you probably installed grub to during installation. If not, then adjust accordingly.
sudo grub
> root (hd0,0)
> setup (hd0)
> exit
Reboot (removing the livecd), and your boot menu should be back.
Only read below if Windows is now missing from the boot menu
If you installed Ubuntu before you installed Windows, then Ubuntu will not have anything in the grub configuration for Windows. This is where you'll have to do a bit of manual editing to the grub boot menu file.
If you open the file /boot/grub/menu.lst with the following command:
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
You'll see a sample section for Windows, which you'll want to uncomment and add to the boot menu list in whatever position you want it in. (uncomment by removing the #'s)
# title Windows 95/98/NT/2000
# root (hd0,0)
# makeactive
# chainloader +1
Note that you should also verify that hd0,0 is the correct location for Windows. If you had installed Windows on the 4th partition on the drive, then you should change it to (hd0,3)
What's new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4
At the Red Hat Summit 2009 currently held in Chicago, Red Hat has released version 5.4 of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (usually abbreviated to RHEL) – two months after the pre-release beta, just over seven after version 5.3, and about two and a half years after the introduction of RHEL5. As is customary in the first part of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux life cycle, the new version offers numerous new drivers and various non-security fixes as well as a range of improvements and extensions.
The most outstanding new feature of the fourth major RHEL 5 update is the support of KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) virtualisation, which was integrated into the Linux kernel's main development branch quite a while ago. However, the Linux distributor explicitly points out that the current and any future releases of RHEL5 will continue to support Xen virtualisation. In view of the take-over of KVM developers Qumranet in September last year, the earlier removal of the Xen-Dom0 kernels from Fedora, and the Xen developers' constant struggle to get their technology integrated into the main development branch, however, it looks like Red Hat intends to go for KVM in the long run.
Variants and versions
Customers with support contracts can download the new version via the Red Hat Network as of now. RHEL 5 systems will be offered the new software as a regular update that can, for example, be installed via the "
yum update" command.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 is available in three variants: The RHEL 5 Advanced Platform is available for x86-32, x86-64, Itanium, System p (Power) and System z. It allows an unlimited number of virtual guests, supports cluster operation and runs on computers with any number of CPUs. RHEL 5 Server, which is also available for all the platforms mentioned above, is limited to four guest systems and two processor sockets, and comes without the cluster package. RHEL 5 Desktop is available for x86-32 and x86-64 systems in various different configurations: with or without virtualisation, with or without server and development tools, and with various different hardware limits.
In a tweet and in mail, the developers of the probably most popular and, unlike RHEL, free CentOS RHEL clone have already indicated that they will soon start their work on CentOS 5.4. It remains to be seen how long it will take them to catch up this time – after the release of RHEL 4.8, they needed quite a long time to release CentOS 4.8, which was in part caused by internal difficulties which have now largely been resolved.
Red Hat's list of supported KVM guest systems includes all the currently maintained RHEL versions as well as Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008. Paravirtualised drivers which considerably improve the I/O performance of guest systems compared to those with full emulation have recently become available for the latter. However, KVM does require processors with virtualisation functionality, although this is available in most of the current AMD and Intel models. Unlike Xen, it does not offer a complete paravirtualisation solution for modified guest systems.
KVM guest systems can be added and managed with the virt-manager – since RHEL5 uses the same tool for Xen, not much has changed for administrators in this respect. Migration tools are being developed to help customers switch from Xen to KVM.
In addition to the KVM hypervisor, the new version also contains the server, the client and the browser plug-in for qspice, a remote rendering technology Qumranet originally intended to market commercially. Also new are the support of Intel's VT-d (Virtualisation Technology for Directed I/O) as well as SRIOV (Single Root I/O for Virtualisation) in KVM and Xen.
New additions
The developers have integrated FUSE (File System in Userspace) support. The SystemTrap tracing and debugging solution was updated and is now "fully supported"; improved analysis is to be available via several static tracepoints located in a number of important RHEL kernel areas. Red Hat reportedly also improved the support of the series 5500 Xeon CPUs and of AMD's Istanbul processor.
The new version offers drivers and tools for Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and Clustered Samba as technical previews without official support. Introduced with RHEL 5.3, the support for the Ext4 file system has been updated but it maintains its technical preview status. The same status applies to the GCC 4.4 and the new XFS file system support.
Red Hat have now integrated the Generic Receive Offload (GRO) Infrastructure integrated into the kernel with Linux 2.6.29, as well as several 10-Gigabit network hardware drivers based on it. Further additions are the bnx2i driver and the cnic driver recently merged with Linux 2.6.31 – both drivers address chips by Broadcom. Among the drivers updated by the developers are the bnx2, e1000e, forcedeth, igb, sky2 and tg3 network drivers, which improve the support of recent Broadcom, Intel, Marvell and NVIDIA chips.
Dozens of updates to support new hardware were also made, particularly in the storage driver area. This is only the tip of the iceberg, however, as in their usual fashion, the developers also integrated or updated numerous further drivers in the Linux 2.6.18-based kernel.Version overview
Like its three immediate predecessors in the RHEL5 series, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 offers a large number of bug fixes and new drivers. This makes new versions appear similar to a Windows service pack. However, RHEL5 is currently still in the "Production 1" phase of the "Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle". Updates like RHEL 5.4 are given many new features during this phase – considerably more than a Windows service pack would traditionally offer.
However, in terms of the distribution's basic software – for example the Linux kernel or the Glibc –, Red Hat doesn't make any major new version updates. Like the RHEL 5.0 kernel, RHEL 5.4 is based on the slightly outdated kernel version 2.6.18. However, the Red Hat kernel has become quite different from the Linux kernel 2.6.18 available at kernel.org, as the Red Hat developers have incorporated countless improvements from more recent kernel versions into their kernel. Among them are many recent hardware drivers, because the Linux 2.6.18 drivers are unsuitable or insufficient for many modern systems.
The Linux distributor isn't quite as strict with desktop software like Evolution, Firefox, OpenOffice or Thunderbird, updating these programs to the latest versions with an occasional new y release ("RHEL x.y" where x=5 and y=4) – RHEL 5.2 was a good example.
Systems with RHEL series 5 are usually offered the software packages updated together with RHEL 5.4 as regular updates. This way, if a system accepts and installs all the updates offered, it will automatically switch to the latest 'y' release. At the latest, a system will begin to incorporate parts of RHEL 5.4 with the installation of any current and future security updates in the coming months.
Some corporate customers want to avoid this: They fear that a new 'y' release may both contain improvements and introduce new bugs. For some 'y' releases, Red Hat therefore offers separate update channels in the Red Hat Network which are subject to a fee and provide security updates and bug fixes (z streams) for the now outdated version (currently RHEL 5.3).
Multilevel if-then-else
if condition then condition is zero (true - 0) execute all commands up to elif statement elif condition1
then condition1 is zero (true - 0) execute all commands up to elif statement elif condition2 then condition2 is zero (true - 0) execute all commands up to elif statement else None of the above condtion,condtion1,condtion2 are true (i.e. all of the above nonzero or false) execute all commands up to fi fi
For multilevel if-then-else statement try the following script:
$ cat > elf
Try above script as follows:
$ chmod 755 elf
$ ./elf 1
$ ./elf -2
$ ./elf 0
$ ./elf a
Here o/p for last sample run:
./elf: [: -gt: unary operator expected
./elf: [: -lt: unary operator expected
./elf: [: -eq: unary operator expected
Opps! a is not number, give number
Above program gives error for last run, here integer comparison is expected therefore error like "./elf: [: -gt: unary operator expected" occurs, but still our program notify this error to user by providing message "Opps! a is not number, give number".
If given condition is true then command1 is executed otherwise command2 is executed.
if condition then condition is zero (true - 0) execute all commands up to else statement else if condition is not true then execute all commands up to fi fi
For e.g. Write Script as follows:
$ vi isnump_n
Try it as follows:
$ chmod 755 isnump_n
$ isnump_n 5
5 number is positive
$ isnump_n -45
-45 number is negative
$ isnump_n
./ispos_n : You must give/supply one integers
$ isnump_n 0
0 number is negative
Detailed explanation
First script checks whether command line argument is given or not, if not given then it print error message as "./ispos_n : You must give/supply one integers". if statement checks whether number of argument ($#) passed to script is not equal (-eq) to 0, if we passed any argument to script then this if statement is false and if no command line argument is given then this if statement is true. The echo command i.e.
echo "$0 : You must give/supply one integers"
| |
| |
1 2
1 will print Name of script
2 will print this error message
And finally statement exit 1 causes normal program termination with exit status 1 (nonzero means script is not successfully run).
The last sample run $ isnump_n 0 , gives output as "0 number is negative", because given argument is not > 0, hence condition is false and it's taken as negative number. To avoid this replace second if statement with if test $1 -ge 0.
Nested if-else-fi
You can write the entire if-else construct within either the body of the if statement of the body of an else statement. This is called the nesting of ifs.
Run the above shell script as follows:
$ chmod +x nestedif.sh
$ ./nestedif.sh
1. Unix (Sun Os)
2. Linux (Red Hat)
Select you os choice [1 or 2]? 1
You Pick up Unix (Sun Os)
$ ./nestedif.sh
1. Unix (Sun Os)
2. Linux (Red Hat)
Select you os choice [1 or 2]? 2
You Pick up Linux (Red Hat)
$ ./nestedif.sh
1. Unix (Sun Os)
2. Linux (Red Hat)
Select you os choice [1 or 2]? 3
What you don't like Unix/Linux OS.
Note that Second if-else constuct is nested in the first else statement. If the condition in the first if statement is false the the condition in the second if statement is checked. If it is false as well the final else statement is executed.
You can use the nested ifs as follows also:
if condition then if condition then ..... .. do this else .... .. do this fi else ... ..... do this fi
test command or [ expr ]
test expression OR [ expression ]
Following script determine whether given argument number is positive.
$ cat > ispostive
Run it as follows
$ chmod 755 ispostive
$ ispostive 5
5 number is positive
$ispostive -45
Nothing is printed
./ispostive: test: -gt: unary operator expected
Detailed explanation
The line, if test $1 -gt 0 , test to see if first command line argument($1) is greater than 0. If it is true(0) then test will return 0 and output will printed as 5 number is positive but for -45 argument there is no output because our condition is not true(0) (no -45 is not greater than 0) hence echo statement is skipped. And for last statement we have not supplied any argument hence error ./ispostive: test: -gt: unary operator expected, is generated by shell , to avoid such error we can test whether command line argument is supplied or not.
test or [ expr ] works with
1.Integer ( Number without decimal point)
2.File types
3.Character strings
For Mathematics, use following operator in Shell Script
|Mathematical Operator in Shell Script
|Normal Arithmetical/ Mathematical Statements
|But in Shell
|For test statement with if command
|For [ expr ] statement with if command
|is equal to
|5 == 6
|if test 5 -eq 6
|if [ 5 -eq 6 ]
|is not equal to
|5 != 6
|if test 5 -ne 6
|if [ 5 -ne 6 ]
|is less than
|5 <>
|if test 5 -lt 6
|if [ 5 -lt 6 ]
|is less than or equal to
|5 <= 6
|if test 5 -le 6
|if [ 5 -le 6 ]
|is greater than
|5 > 6
|if test 5 -gt 6
|if [ 5 -gt 6 ]
|is greater than or equal to
|5 >= 6
|if test 5 -ge 6
|if [ 5 -ge 6 ]
NOTE: == is equal, != is not equal.
For string Comparisons use
|string1 = string2
|string1 is equal to string2
|string1 != string2
|string1 is NOT equal to string2
|string1 is NOT NULL or not defined
|-n string1
|string1 is NOT NULL and does exist
|-z string1
|string1 is NULL and does exist
Shell also test for file and directory types
|-s file
|Non empty file
|-f file
|Is File exist or normal file and not a directory
|-d dir
|Is Directory exist and not a file
|-w file
|Is writeable file
|-r file
|Is read-only file
|-x file
|Is file is executable
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine two or more condition at a time
|! expression
|Logical NOT
|expression1 -a expression2
|Logical AND
|expression1 -o expression2
|Logical OR
if condition
if condition which is used for decision making in shell script, If given condition is true then command1 is executed.
if condition then command1 if condition is true or if exit status of condition is 0 (zero) ... ... fi
Condition is defined as:
"Condition is nothing but comparison between two values."
For compression you can use test or [ expr ] statements or even exist status can be also used.
Expreession is defined as:
"An expression is nothing but combination of values, relational operator (such as >,<, <> etc) and mathematical operators (such as +, -, / etc )."
Following are all examples of expression:
5 > 2
3 + 6
3 * 65
a < b
c > 5
c > 5 + 30 -1
Type following commands (assumes you have file called foo)
$ cat foo
$ echo $?
The cat command return zero(0) i.e. exit status, on successful, this can be used, in if condition as follows, Write shell script as
$ cat > showfile
Run above script as:
$ chmod 755 showfile
$./showfile foo
Shell script name is showfile ($0) and foo is argument (which is $1).Then shell compare it as follows:
if cat $1 which is expanded to if cat foo.
Detailed explanation
if cat command finds foo file and if its successfully shown on screen, it means our cat command is successful and its exist status is 0 (indicates success), So our if condition is also true and hence statement echo -e "\n\nFile $1, found and successfully echoed" is proceed by shell. Now if cat command is not successful then it returns non-zero value (indicates some sort of failure) and this statement echo -e "\n\nFile $1, found and successfully echoed" is skipped by our shell.
Write shell script as follows:
cat > trmif
Press Ctrl + d to save
$ chmod 755 trmif
Answer the following question in referance to above script:
(A) foo file exists on your disk and you give command, $ ./trmfi foo what will be output?
(B) If bar file not present on your disk and you give command, $ ./trmfi bar what will be output?
(C) And if you type $ ./trmfi What will be output?
Decision making
Is there any difference making decision in Real life and with Computers? Well real life decision are quit complicated to all of us and computers even don't have that much power to understand our real life decisions. What computer know is 0 (zero) and 1 that is Yes or No. To make this idea clear, lets play some game (WOW!) with bc - Linux calculator program.
$ bc
After this command bc is started and waiting for your commands, i.e. give it some calculation as follows type 5 + 2 as:
5 + 2
7 is response of bc i.e. addition of 5 + 2 you can even try
5 - 2
5 / 2
See what happened if you type 5 > 2 as follows
5 > 2
1 (One?) is response of bc, How? bc compare 5 with 2 as, Is 5 is greater then 2, (If I ask same question to you, your answer will be YES), bc gives this 'YES' answer by showing 1 value. Now try
5 <> 12
5 == 10
5 != 2
5 == 5
12 <> 12 Is 5 greater than 12 NO 0
5 == 10 Is 5 is equal to 10 NO 0
5 != 2 Is 5 is NOT equal to 2 YES 1
5 == 5 Is 5 is equal to 5 YES 1
1 < 2 Is 1 is less than 2 Yes 1
It means when ever there is any type of comparison in Linux Shell It gives only two answer one is YES and NO is other.
In Linux Shell Value Meaning Example
Zero Value (0) Yes/True 0
NON-ZERO Value No/False -1, 32, 55 anything but not zero
Remember both bc and Linux Shell uses different ways to show True/False values
Value Shown in bc as Shown in Linux Shell as
True/Yes 1 0
False/No 0 Non - zero value
Why Process required
As You know Linux is multi-user, multitasking Os. It means you can run more than two process simultaneously if you wish. For e.g. To find how many files do you have on your system you may give command like:
$ ls / -R | wc -l
This command will take lot of time to search all files on your system. So you can run such command in Background or simultaneously by giving command like
$ ls / -R | wc -l &
The ampersand (&) at the end of command tells shells start process (ls / -R | wc -l) and run it in background takes next command immediately.
Process & PID defined as:
"An instance of running command is called process and the number printed by shell is called process-id (PID), this PID can be use to refer specific running process."
Linux Command Related with Process
Following tables most commonly used command(s) with process:
|For this purpose
|Use this Command
|To see currently running process
|$ ps
|To stop any process by PID i.e. to kill process
|kill {PID}
|$ kill 1012
|To stop processes by name i.e. to kill process
|killall {Process-name}
|$ killall httpd
|To get information about all running process
|ps -ag
|$ ps -ag
|To stop all process except your shell
|kill 0
|$ kill 0
|For background processing (With &, use to put particular command and program in background)
|linux-command &
|$ ls / -R | wc -l &
|To display the owner of the processes along with the processes
|ps aux
|$ ps aux
|To see if a particular process is running or not. For this purpose you have to use ps command in combination with the grep command
ps ax | grep process-U-want-to see
|For e.g. you want to see whether Apache web server process is running or not then give command
$ ps ax | grep httpd
|To see currently running processes and other information like memory and CPU usage with real time updates.
See the output of top command.
$ top
Note that to exit from top command press q.
|To display a tree of processes
|$ pstree
* To run some of this command you need to be root or equivalnt user.
77 Windows 7 Tips
Figure 3 User Account Control, the bane of administrators, has been revamped and improved. (Click the image for a larger view)
Figure 4 The Credential Manager provides a handy, secure place to store passwords.(Click the image for a larger view)
39. Trigger Actions. Event Viewer is closely tied into Task Scheduler. You have the ability to take an event (select it in Event Viewer) and then from the Actions pane, select the option "Attach a Task" to have that event, when it appears, trigger an action. That action can be: launch a program; send an e-mail; or display a message. This feature may be very helpful in troubleshooting a problem.
Figure 5 Windows 7 unbinds many applications from the OS, making it easy to add and remove them. (Click the image for a larger view)
43. Are You Windows 7 Experienced? System properties has a rating called the Windows Experience Index (WEI). This rating is a collection of five different ratings that are determined by the Windows System Assessment Tool (WinSAT). The highest rating score is 7.9 (compared to 5.9 in Vista), using the categories of Processor, RAM, Graphics, Gaming Graphics and Primary Hard Disk. The final rating is not an average of all the ratings, but the lowest of the subcomponent scores.
Figure 6 Windows 7 adds a great deal of virtualization support, including the ability to create and attach virtual hard drives from the GUI. (Click the image for a larger view)
46. Encrypt USB Sticks. Use BitLocker To Go. Maybe you've managed to never misplace or lose a USB key, but for the rest of us mere mortals, it's a fact of life. Most of the time it's no big deal, but what if it contains sensitive data? BitLocker To Go enables you to encrypt data on removable storage devices with a password or a digital certificate stored on a smart card.
48. Be Our Guest. Guest mode proves a convenient method to give a guest or child access to your computer with limits on making system changes, installing software, or writing to the disk outside the user profile. After the user is done and logs off, data saved inside of the user profile is deleted. You cannot use Guest mode in an AD environment.
49. Restore from Backed up Restore Points. You can choose to include restore points in your backups and restore from them when using System Restore. This is convenient if you want to create a baseline of a working configuration and be able to restore to it in the future without overwriting other data on the hard disk.
50. Benefit from BranchCache. BranchCache helps you save on round trips for requested files in remote branch scenarios. If one person requests a file over the WAN, it's cached locally and either distributed across computers at the remote branch or stored on a central server at the remote branch.
51. Disable Search Suggestion Popups. As you type in the Search Box, Windows 7 makes suggestions based on past queries by pulling past queries from the Registry. You can disable this in the Local Group Policy by enabling User Configuration | Administrative Templates | Windows Components | Windows Explorer | Turn Off Display Of Recent Search Entries In the Windows Explorer.
52. Pin Control Panel to Taskbar. If you use the Control Panel frequently, you may have noticed that you cannot simply right-click the Control Panel and select Pin to Taskbar. Instead, you must first Open Control Panel so its icon appears in the taskbar. From there, you can right-click the icon in the taskbar and select Pin this program to taskbar.
53. Leverage Search Connectors. You can now search the Web using the search functionality. Windows 7 includes Federated Search to increase the search scope beyond the local and network resources. Several search connectors are available, such as for YouTube and Twitter, or you can create custom ones to fit your needs.
54. Use Stickier Notes. Even though this feature has existed in previous versions of Windows in one form or another, it's much easier to use in Windows 7. You can stick a note on your desktop for quick reminders. It's a snap to change the font or note color. If you have a note selected, use Ctrl-N to create a new one.
55. Try out Improved WordPad. You probably haven't given much thought to WordPad lately, but the version shipping with Windows 7 has undergone a major renovation. Think of it as a lite version of Microsoft Word. WordPad sports a spiffy ribbon interface, making it a snap to create well-formatted documents. Plus, you are no longer relegated to saving them as .RTF files. WordPad now supports the Office Open XML document (.DOCX) format. This makes it even easier to open .DOCX files created in Word in WordPad.
56. Calculate. Another basic utility that received a major overhaul is the venerable calculator. In addition to standard and scientific views, there are now programmer and statistic modes. You will also love the conversion and calculation features. Want to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit but can never remember the formula? Use the conversion panel. You'll also enjoy the data calculation extension. Quickly find the difference between two dates or calculate a new date by adding or subtracting years, months or days.
57. Manage Services from Task Manager. The Windows 7 Task Manager now includes a tab to manage services. You can quickly see at a glance the status of all services on your machine. Click a column heading to sort. You can even start and stop services with a simple right-click. If you need full-blown service management, use the Services button to launch the Services management console. You may often have the Task Manager running in the system tray; now, having service management access means one less window to have open.
58. Get Under the Hood. Windows 7 offers more ways to peek under the hood without adding third-party solutions. A terrific example is the Resource Monitor. The performance tab in Windows Task Manager is a good start, but sometimes you need more information. Click the Resource Monitor button to get more detailed information and performance graphs for key subsystems like CPU and Disk. You can also find the Resource Monitor under Accessories | System Tools.
59. Check Vital Signs. Another new system tool you'll enjoy is the System Health report. In the Run dialog box, type perfmon /report, which generates a system health report. This report records details about your computer's performance, resource usage and more. The report also includes diagnostic information about things that aren't working as they should and suggested steps to resolve. The reports are saved and can be accessed with the Performance Monitor management console. You can also save as an HTML file or send via e-mail.
60. Get More Windows PowerShell. Windows PowerShell v2 promises to be a game-changer for many system administrators. Many will prefer to use the graphical Windows PowerShell console, also known as the Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE). You'll find this in the Windows PowerShell folder under Accessories. Add a keyboard shortcut of Ctrl+Alt+I to quickly launch it. Run any Windows PowerShell command in the lower panel and see the results in the middle. Create or edit scripts in the top pane. Open multiple Windows PowerShell sessions connected to remote computers. The ISE makes Windows PowerShell v2 easy to use and fun (see Figure 7).
Figure 7 Windows PowerShell has been much more tightly integrated with Windows 7, and adds the Integrated Scripting Environment. (Click the image for a larger view)
61. Put It on Old Stuff. One perhaps-not-so-obvious Windows 7 tip is that you should attempt to install it everywhere. One user has a 6-year-old laptop that originally shipped with Windows XP. He could never get Windows Vista to install on it. But Windows 7 installed without complaint and runs extremely smooth. Granted, there are some Windows 7 features he can't take advantage of because the processor lacks certain features, but these are minor issues considering the laptop now has life again.
62. Improve Security. In Vista it was difficult to manage system protection via restore points. The System Protection tab in Windows 7 is a vast improvement. In one spot you can configure how much space to devote to restore points, delete and create restore points or even turn off system protection altogether. This is very useful on older systems where disk space may be at a premium.
63. Actually Use Help and Support. Much of Vista's clutter has been reduced in Windows 7. For instance, the Help and Support page has three links, a search window and a link back to Microsoft's Windows site. It's much less intimidating for end users, so make sure they know about it. Search is much improved as well, making for a better, faster experience.
64. Win+h - Move current window to full screen
65. Win+i - Restore current full screen window to normal size or minimize current window if not full screen
66. Win+Shift+arrow - Move current window to alternate screen
67. Win+D - Minimize all windows and show the desktop
68. Win+E - Launch Explorer with Computer as the focus
69. Win+F - Launch a search window
70. Win+G - Cycle through gadgets
71. Win+L - Lock the desktop
72. Win+M - Minimize the current window
73. Win+R - Open the Run window
74. Win+T - Cycle through task bar opening Aero Peek for each running item
75. Win+U - Open the Ease of Use center
76. Win+Space - Aero Peek the desktop
77. Ctrl+Win+Tab - Open persistent task selection window, roll mouse over each icon to preview item and minimize others


text:
Autumn Bloom, Tussar
Product Code: DUP1069
Rs 2,150
Autumn Bloom is a vibrant, off-white tussar silk dupatta decorated with colourful hand-painted and kantha-embroidered floral designs. The plush canvas of the dupatta is brightened by the pretty painted designs, which are outlined with intricate kantha work. Drape this over a plain, mustard or brown silk kurta or kurti to create a charming ensemble.


text:
Welcome to the Cavern Tavern
Enjoy dining in the Skyline Cavern Tavern, the best and most popular medium-priced restaurant on the Parkway. The Dining room features marble flooring and walls, several hand made wood inlay tables with thousands of intricate pieces as well as other eclectic décor. The marble flooring was obtained by trading moonshine with the builders constructing the American Thread plant in Woodlawn, NC.
We now serve hotel guests only so our focus is on those who are staying with us.The Cavern Tavern is best known for its great breakfast and dinner menus featuring the best hamburgers on the planet, great vinegar based BBQ sandwiches, spinach lasagna and our fabulous Ribeye Steak. The Skyline also has the best selection of wines and beers on the Parkway. On draft we feature Blind Squirrel Brewing Company beer as wellas a couple other local brews.. We usually have 3-4 selections on hand in the Tavern. Our regular meals start at under $13 so you can stay and eat economically and still enjoy a great dinner. We serve dinner from 6PM - 8PM. If this does not fit your schedule, please let us know and we can try to accommodate.
We keep our prices under control by keeping overhead down. Lynn and I do most of the work in the tavern fixing and serving the meals to our guests. We have to keep our schedule so we can be rested and ready each morning to start all over again.
We have the option of steak and salmon on request, but we must have the order prior to check in as we do not keep them on hand. The charges for steak and salmon are market driven so we can quote it when we speak to you about the order. We can also arrange a cookout for your group on request! Flexibility for our hotel guest is the hallmark of the Skyline!
For breakfast we have our Bacon, Scrambled Eggs and Pancakes. The price is a very reasonable $7.00 and includes coffee and orange juice. Breakfast is served from 8 AM to 9 AM. If you can not make it between these times please let us know and we will try to accommodate.
We do not serve lunch except by special arrangement with a minimum of 15 people.
Also available is a deck/patio on the side of the building where one can dine overlooking the Catawba Valley and surrounding mountains. We love doing cookouts on the deck in the summer!
Please Note: Services in restaurant are restricted during the off season from November 1 - April 30 to breakfast only except for pre-arranged parties and events. If you would like breakfast during the off season please call and let us know in advance so we can make sure we can arrange it. Thank you.


text:
Forklift Driver
Position:Forklift Driver
Job Description:
Principal Accountabilities
● The Forklift Driver is responsible for moving assets/materials safely using power industrial trucks. This position supports the operation by working in one or more of the following areas: receiving, audit, recycling and shipping.
● Unload and offload trucks, unbox, sort, and label product.
● Ensure compliance with OSHA regulations, company policies and procedures.
● Verify asset counts, enter skids in system, build skids, palletizing equipment as needed.
● Identify & sort commodities in recycling center and/or special waste as per EPA and DOT regulations.
● Ensure quantity, quality, and accuracy of throughput.
● Ensuring equipment is in safe operating condition by appropriate equipment inspections.
Job Complexity
● Has limited prior relevant training or work experience
● Contributes directly to specific unskilled tasks or processes
● Has limited discretion to vary from established procedures
Experience / Education
Typically requires a high school diploma and no prior related experience or equivalent related experience. For warehouse jobs: Typically requires 2–5 years of experience. May require specific certifications.
(2) 3rd-shift 10a-630pm
Time Type:Full time
Meet Some of Arrow Electronics's Employees
Jaqueline M.
Global Cloud Business Analyst
Jaqueline specializes in cloud business operations by helping new clients onboard and connect with Arrow's marketplace, implement solutions, and understand best practices to optimize outcomes.
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text: A simple question: I am working on a game in which I have many Drawables that are drawn to a canvas. What is the easiest/most efficient way to rotate my drawables in the onDraw method. I have been trying this code and have achieved undesired results: canvas.save(); drawableX.setBounds(x,y,x2,y2); drawableX.draw(canvas); canvas.rotate(rotation,x,y); canvas.restore(); this is repeated many times with different drawables and x,y,and rotation values. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks in advance!


text: decent size tree that screens the neighbors. I'll try to sell them a new tree but from my experiance the home owner is a real pain in the a*s!!! joking! Its in my yard and serves the purpose so It wall stay for now and prob get a little wall around it


text:
Normally just dancing for fun I'd roll my butt and chest (looks better than it sounds haha) but that could seem slutty at the reception so what do I do? Lightly shake my hips? Ever since I was a small child I danced ways that could be taken as sexual but I was just a kid having fun and still I am just somebody just having some fun. But at a wedding reception it won't make the cut... I am so worried I don't know what to do!
Most Helpful Guy
Relax and dance how you want00|00|0


text:
Condition Details
Style: 20906764 Color Code:
This faded black vintage tee hails from Joel?s 1986-87 tour for his album, The Bridge . The album included duets with Ray Charles, Steve Winwood, and Cyndi Lauper?and though it wasn?t as huge as some of his other albums, it gave us some of the piano man?s heavier guitar songs including ?This Is The Time? and ?A Matter of Trust.?


text:
The ShoeFury plan to take over the world and make us all a little broker continues with both Siren and Sea Witch by Tim Shumate. These themed slip ons are both lovely and I love the idea of wearing them "mismatched" so Ursula and Ariel can face off during the day.
Seriously, these guys are bad for my wallet.
Head after the break to see more pictures.
Product Page ($69.99)


text:
A popular spring garden party that benefits public school gardens and teaching kitchens has a new location this year.
The sixth annual "Edible Evening," presented by Edible Schoolyard New Orleans, will be held at Langston Hughes Elementary School's Dreamkeeper Garden, 3519 Trafalgar St.
The Edible Evening supports five school gardens and two teaching kitchens at five New Orleans charter schools operated by FirstLine Schools. Previous garden parties were held at Green Charter School Uptown.
As in previous years, the event will feature gourmet food from celebrated restaurants, a silent auction and wines presented by Presqu'ile Winery of Santa Maria, California.
The evening will also feature musical guests Seguenon Kone, Social Set, and Tuba Skinny, with the support of a generous donation by Positive Vibrations Foundation.
The party starts at 7 p.m., following a Patron Hour presented by Dickie Brennan and Co.
Restaurants partnering with An Edible Evening include Atchafalaya, Bacchanal, Canal Street Bistro, Capdeville, Carmo, Chartwells, Commander's Palace, Cowbell, Cure Co., Dickie Brennan's Steakhouse, Dooky Chase's, Fulton Alley, French Truck Coffee, High Hat, Jack and Jake's, K Restaurant, Kebab, Killer Poboys, La Petite Grocery, Latitude 29, Liberty's Kitchen, Link Restaurant Group, Maurepas Foods, Mondo, Mopho, NOLA Pie Guy with Good Eggs, Nolavore, Pizza Delicious, Ralph's on the Park, St. James Cheese Company, Seoul Shack, Shaya, Slow Food New Orleans, Southern Hospitality Catering, Stickball, Sugerman's Bagels, Swiss Confectionery, Tableau, Taceaux Loceaux, Toups Meatery, Twelve Mile Limit, Ursa Major, Whole Foods Market, and Woody's Fish Tacos.
Tickets are $60 at the door.
Edible Schoolyard New Orleans describes itself as a "seed-to-table food education program" focusing on hands-on gardening and kitchen classes integrated into the school curriculum of the five schools operated by FirstLine Schools.
For more information, visit www.esynola.org.


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Sally Swenson Scholarship Project
World Literacy Canada's Sally Swenson Scholarship project makes a difference in the lives of Indian children living in poverty.
The program was named after Sally Swenson: a former board member, friend of our founder Dr. Welthy Fisher, and a life-long generous donor to the cause of literacy in India.
It gave WLC great joy to see Sally Swenson Scholarship (SSS) students graduate from Grade 12. Some students, like Jyoti Verma, and Sarita Sahni, are the first girls in their family to graduate from Grade 12.
The girls plan on continuing their education at the university level. Jyoti is registered for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Indira Gandhi Open University while Sarita and Sandhya wait to apply when the next admission period opens.
Sandhya Gaur, Sarita Sahni and Jyoti Verma (from left to right) graduate Grade 12
Note from a sponsor
"It is a privilege for me, my husband Heten, and our twins Rian and Anika, to have the opportunity through World Literacy Canada's Sally Swenson Scholarship project to support the education of Abhishek, Khushbu, and Pratibha…three young children who have dreams they wish to fulfill through learning."
– Tina Badiani


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Sales Executive - Glasgow North
- Recruiter
- Location
- North Lanarkshire
- Salary
- Competitive
- Posted
- 21 Nov 2016
- Closes
- 12 Dec 2016
- Sectors
- Sales, Sales Executive
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Newey and Eyre, part of Rexel UK, has an opportunity for a Sales Executive to join and to build relationships and sales of electrical wholesale products within the Glasgow North region. The Role: To build relationships and create opportunities to develop new business in line with set targets, generating profitable sales growth with new accounts To identify, create and maximise opportunities within existing accounts to obtain a larger share of the customer spend Use the company CRM system to log all activity and produce sales information Manage and resolve customer accounts queries The Person: A proven track record of field based sales development within the industrial supplies sector is essentialSpecific experience of electrical distribution products is highly advantageousStrong negotiation, analysis and commercial skillsFirst class communication skills with experience of presentingValid driving license We offer an excellent package which includes a company vehicle, performance dependent bonus scheme, pension, life assurance, medical cover option and 25 days holiday plus statutory holiday. About Rexel Rexel is a global industrial distributor serving the Electrical, PPE and MRO sectors with over 30,000 employees, 2,100 branches and operations in 37 Countries. In the UK Rexel has over 3,500 staff working from 300 branches through 5 leading brands; Newey & Eyre, WF Senate, Denmans, Wilts and Parker Merchanting.Rexel is an equal opportunities employer.


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Raleigh police arrest third suspect in fatal hotel shooting
Posted December 31, 2016
Raleigh, N.C. — Police on Friday night arrested a third person in the shooting death of a 24-year-old man at a Raleigh hotel.
Tybias Narelle Parker-Moore, 21, was arrested Friday night without incident just hours after charging him with murder, police said. No other information about Parker-Moore's arrest was released.
Authorities previously arrested Steven Juwon Arkel Mack and Bianca Renee Adams in connection to the shooting death of Xavian Jeremiah Graves, of Raleigh. Graves was found shot at a hotel in the 2900 block of Capital Boulevard.
Mack and Adams were charged with murder, police said.