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Here's an excerpt:
The Louvre Museum has 8.5 million visitors per year. This blog was viewed about 87,000 times in 2013. If it were an exhibit at the Louvre Museum, it would take about 4 days for that many people to see it.
Here's an excerpt:
The Louvre Museum has 8.5 million visitors per year. This blog was viewed about 87,000 times in 2013. If it were an exhibit at the Louvre Museum, it would take about 4 days for that many people to see it.
Comments Off on 2013 of Latvianhistory.wordpess.com in review
Filed under Announcements
Another year is coming to an end and as always I will gather all what was important in Latvia during the 2013. The year 2012 was labeled by me as the year of quarrels, now in 2013 these quarrels have become a full time struggles. Struggles between various political forces and forces within the society have resulted in many calamities like the burning of the Riga Castle, the Zolitūte disaster and the breakdown of the Valdis Dombrovskis government. The results of these struggles are yet to be foreseen for next year as they are still unfolding in full strength. This was truly the year of Snake as the unpridicatbaly of the Snake was the eminent within the events of Latvia and elsewhere.
Municipal elections with a record low turnout
Municipal elections took place on June 1 a very hot summer day. Was this the reason for such a low participation of voters – 686 097 or 45,85% of all eligible voters? More possibly it was a political passivity within the towns and rural areas, the lack of new voters because of emigration. In such almost in every major city there were no big surprises. Cities such as Ventspils, Liepāja, Jēkabpils kept their mayors who had been in office for some 20 years. There were major changes in Daugavpils. The old leadership by Žanna Kulakova was voted out, as she made a poor move by joining the declining Reform Party and was caught up in corruption scandals. She was replaced by old time mayor of Daugavpils Jānis Lāčplēsis from the Unity. However, the most votes were acquired by the Harmony Center party. While securing stable win within the center of Latgalian region – Rēzekne, Harmony Center still is unable to take a clear lead over the second largest city of Latvia with the mayor Russian speaking population. Also the resort town of Jūrmala, favored by Russian millionaires, with one of the most unstable municipality with more than 4 mayors in four years, finally got a "stable" municipality with "just" five parties and Gatis Truksnis as the mayor. Despite his flamboyant arrogance and attempts of making a cult of personality he managed to secure leadership of the resort city. Harmony Center was unable to seize power in the major parts of Latvia, but one point of the Latvian map became their stronghold – the city of Riga, also known as the capital of Latvia.
Riga Municipality – a state within the state with a Tzar Nil Ushakov
When the young journalist Nil Ushakov from First Baltic Channel entered the politics he was portrayed as the new political hope of the pro-Russian parties. Seemingly good intellect, perfect Latvian knowledge skills and magnetic personality were what convinced many to elect him into parliament in 2006. However, the work in the opposition was boring for him and so on the 2009 he was placed as a first runner for the Riga municipal elections. With the help of the massive election campaign, using the 9th May celebrations, assisted by the advisers from the Russian Embassy, he secured a first great victory for the Harmony Center. He however had to share his power with Ainārs Šlesers an experienced businessman and a political gambler. By leaving the New Era party and the Civic Union who later united in Unity party, Ushakov and Šļeser had a stable dual leadership. Some said that Ushakov will be just a puppet in the Šlesers hands. But, on 2010 Šļesers made another gamble to gain entry into the new parliament that proved to be a political disaster for his party. The Vice Mayor Šlesers was replaced with his party member Andris Ameriks an experienced politician. Ushakov now gained a upper hand in all the deals within Riga and started to rule as sole Tzar of the city with Ameriks as his faithful First Advisor.
The power changed the actions and the personality of the Nil Ushakov. After the failure of his party in 2011, when it failed to enter the coalition despite gaining the most votes, he made a crucial step by supporting the two language referendum initiated by the Russian nationalist radicals. He now alienated himself from the leading Latvian parties and set path to long run hostile opposition in the Harmony Center. With Harmony Center in hapless opposition within the parliament, Ushakov made Riga as a fortress that disobeys the central government. While Dombrovskis government desperately pursued the austerity policy looking to lower the state budget deficit, Ushakovs made populist moves like giving free public transport for pensioners and school students. A multi million flower pavilion with no toilets and screeching doors, enormous andministarive resource spending on boosting on political advertising. Also dark cases such as assault on freelance journalist Leonīds Jākabsons who uncovered Ushakov association with the Russian Embassy. There is no proof of Ushakov has been involved in this crime against Jākabons, but the cynical tweet by Ushakovs – "I have an alibi!" at the time of the assault showed the face of the Tzar of Riga.
With all this on 2013 municipal elections the coalition parties should have to devise a way to topple him from his throne. Instead all was done to allow Ushakov to gain victory more easy. Instead of making a united election list each party went on their own. The Unity first runner was Sarmīte Ēlerte a notable figure from the times of Third Awakening, former editor of the newspaper Diena and former Minister of Culture. She however picked up a poor election strategy by centering on the nationalist slogans, "If we loose Riga, we loose Latvia!" a slogan more preferred by the National Alliance. National Alliance took advantage of this and made Baiba Broka as the first runner a jurist, working in the Ministry of Justice. A charming, calm but also a cunning woman Broka instead of emotional nationalist slogans put forward argumented social policy and in the end National Alliance won more seats than Unity. However, Ushakov's Harmony Center unified list with Ameriks new party Honor to Serve Riga gained 54% of votes and secured the fortress of Riga.
Ushakovs now a comfortable leader with two cats living in his cabinet to show his good side made two poor choices. First an attempt to make a special Riga resident card for people registered in Riga. People with such cards would have a cheaper public transport prices, while others registered in other parts of Latvia would have to pay more. A wave of protest soon followed against such segregation of the people of Riga. After all many people who live in other towns have a daily work in Riga, or those who live in Riga, but have declared address in other municipalities. Despite governmental disapproval, protest campaigns Ushakovs went against all odds, even by openly bypassing the law issued these Riga Citizen Cards. On December 18 the Riga Town Council issued a budget deficit of 35 million Lats. Obviously a Riga Card was a vain attempt to fix the deficit issue. Free public transport for elders and school children is not exactly free, but funded by Riga tax payers. Another mistake by Ushakov was an erratic response to Zolitūde disaster. First showing sings of strong leadership and responsibility, after the resigning of Dombrovskis, Ushakovs showed an erratic behavior of calling the Dombrovskis resignation as the act of populism and aggressively denied any calls of resignation for himself. In the end Ushakov just showed that he is just another Eastern type politician who sees the resignation as a sign of personal weakness and taking responsibility as a sign of humiliation. Just like Vladimir Putin in Russia whose party United Russia has signed a cooperation agreement.
The fight within the coalition that lead to collapse of the Dombrovskis government
Already in 2011 after the emergency elections were over the new Dombrovskis government were seen as short lived by some. There were simply too many different parties with different aims. Unity party kept their Prime Minister seat, the Chairman of the Parliament, Finance, Defense and tried to lead the coalition. The Zatlers Reform Party already loosing six elected members in the first of parliament working day was badly traumatized. The leader Valdis Zatlers soon lost his control over the party because of his illness. So the party was simply renamed to the Reform Party. But, the reforms pushed by the ambitious Minister of Education Roberts Ķīlis that met a strong resistance right from the start finally ended when he resigned April on behalf of his poor health. Later he was caught in making drunk driving which resulted in a car crash. His replacement Vjačelavs Dombrovskis is more known for his scandalous press secretary Anna Kononova who previously worked for Ushakovs. Another Reformist Edmunds Sprūdžs also faced his defeat against the oligarch mayor of Ventspils Aivars Lembergs in vain attempts of removing him. He resigned and later left the party as the new leadership was now looking to work with the Lembergs Green Farmers. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Edmunds Rinkēvičš, Minister of Economy Daniels Pavļuts and the Minister of Interior Rihards Kozlovskis had better results, but since the Reform Party ratings are below 5% the Reformist struggle started by Valdis Zatlers has suffered a mayor defeat.
Meanwhile the third coalition partner the National Alliance was playing a partisan warfare against the Dombrovskis. Constantly threatening the bring down the government if their demands are not met, they never came close to actually do it. Fight against the residence permits in return of investments for non EU citizens, resulted only in partial victory. The Minister of Culture Žanete Jaunzeme Grende a business lady tried to instore order over the Latvian National Opera. Despite Latvian Opera artists being famous all over the world, the Opera had financial problems. Jaunzeme Grende decided that the only way to save the opera was the change Opera leadership. But, the longtime director of the opera was wealthy Andrejs Žagars, with too many connections with National Alliance rivals and vast support base of the artistic society. In the end Valdis Dombrovskis dissatisfied with the Opera scandal dismissed Žanete Jaunzeme Grende sparking anger from the National Alliance. However, Dombrovskis also decided not to cancel the removal of Žagars. In such he shot two rabbits with one shot. Opera was then taken over by famous composer Zigmārs Liepiņš known for his conservative views and connections with the National Alliance. A pyrric victory for the National Alliance.
The NA defended Žanete Jaunzeme Grende in the most aggressive way, but in this same way they wanted to remove their own minister of Justice Jānis Bordāns by excluding him from his party and asking him to resign. The official reason was his affiliation with the Democratic Patriots an offshoot movement from NA. However, the real reason was the Bordāns desire to reform the insolvency process. Many of the NA leaders including the General Secretary Aigars Lūsis where an experienced insolvency administers boosting the party profit. Bordāns soon became involved in conflict with the NA jurist clan lead by Gaidis Bērziņš his predecessor. In the result he was excluded, despite his desire to continue working with the NA. But, NA could simply fire Bordāns from his office and replace him with Baiba Broka. Valdis Dombrovskis could only fire his ministers and he decided to keep Bordāns as the Minister of Justice. Confused NA declared the coalition agreement no longer in effect. Despite such calls, the coalition continued to work and even managed to issue a state budget for 2014. The coalition was like breaking building with unstable foundations and one great trigger was needed to destroy it completely- and that was the disaster of Zolitūde.
Latvia 2013 A year of disasters
When Latvia is mentioned on the first page of any international news page? A) Election event, B) major sports victory, C) a major disaster. Sadly enough on 2013 C) variant was the most frequent. The first event was in March during the Good Friday on March 30 223 under ice fisherman became stranded on the ice cap that was washed away from the coast. Navy ships and army helicopters were involved to get them back on the land. Fishing on frozen ice is a tradition in Latvia for decades, and every year at least 2 fisherman is lost because of unstable ice. But, when they start to fish on the ice of the frozen sea the trouble begins. Rūdolfs Blaumanis already at the end of the 19th century wrote a novel called "In the Shadow of Death" of ice stranded fisherman in the open sea. This shows how long Latvia had dealt with this issue. For news agencies like CNN this might had been amusing, but for Latvia nothing unusual and rather shameful.
The frosty winter took away 23 lives of Latvian citizens. But the hot summer was not only hot in temperature, but also in the flames that destroyed the Castle of Riga. The Medieval Castle surviving many wars, renovations had never caught a fire in his history. But on the night of June 20, when the repair workers had gone away the castle roof erupted in massive flames. The Castle again had renovation works, the Presidential residence was moved to the House of Blackheads in the main Old City Square. But, the Museum of Arts, and the Museum of National History were still working there. The whole night of June 20-21 was spent in the heroic struggle of extinguishing the flames. In the end the museum collections survived, but they will be moved to other places next year. The Presidential block however suffered the most.
The November 18 the Latvian Independence day seemed very happy and full of patriotism. Most could not imagine the calamity that took place on the late evening of November 21. A roof over crowded Maxima supermarket collapsed burying many people under the ruins. Safety services again tried to rescue people from the rubble of blocks, 3 firefighters were lost in the process. 54 people died resulting the biggest disaster in the Latvian history.
The rescue works were not over as the struggle to find the responsible begun. One blamed the Re&Re company that was responsible for the building, others blamed Maxima shopping chain because it continue to work while there was buildups of artificial garden on the roof. And also for making evacuation because of alarms that for some reason went off an hour before the roof collapsed. The Maxima response was a communications disaster when its arrogant and cynical Latvian Maxima director Gintars Jasinskis made comments that angered the whole Latvian society resulting boycott of the Maxima shopping chain. Jasinskis was later fired.
As Ushakovs and Dombroviskis was unwilling to take political responsibility that is where the President of Latvia Andris Bērziņš came in. In his first speech after the disaster he called the event as "murder" and called for political shakeup. And then he realized his words with actions. A week after Valdis Dombrovskis the longest serving Prime Minister resigned after a long conversation with the president.
Andris Bērziņš now turned everything into even greater confusion by his inability to pick up a new candidate. The Unity put forward Artis Pabriks the Minister of Defense, but since Bērziņš disliked the strong anti-Putinist Russia stance by Pabriks he was turned down. Bērziņš then added even more confusion by asking to make people elected president, with full powers over all controlling state offices like the Bank of Latvia, The Anti-Corruption Bureau, Constitutional Defense Service ect. A president with such functions will be almost Vladimir Putin in Russia. After that some even asked about the mental state of the aged president. As Bērziņš is continuing to play games by not calling an exact candidate for the Prime Minister; it makes a question – are his actions dictated by the foolishness or a rafinate political cause. After all Bērziņš was from the Green Farmers party, the party of Aivars Lembergs is looking for revenge after the dismissal of the parliament in 2011. Or an old time Communist Party official is looking for a slick way to allow the Harmony Center in the coalition. The answer for this question will reveal on next year.
The next year may be labeled as the year of changes. The new Euro currency, the parliamentary elections and many other things that will happen along the way. There were many positive things of 2013. The Song and Dance Festival, many achievements of our sportsmen and international cultural achievements. Latvia became more closer to Catalonia by its Prime Minister acknowledging their legitimate struggle for independence. A connection that must kept within the next year as Catalonia will hold a concluding referendum next year. The Dalai Lama visit was inspiring for many.
Next year is the year of the Wodden Horse for it may be a good omen fast victories, unexpected adventure, and surprising romance. It is an excellent year for travel, and the more far away and off the beaten path the better. However, as the Trojan Horse was made from the wood we must let to make 2014 go off that way. Let's work, act and pray to make the year 2014 as the year of our personal and mutual victories!
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Filed under Current Events
Only a few weeks left until another currency change takes place in Latvia. This time Latvia joins the Eurozone and replaces its national currency Lats with one of the largest currencies in the world – Euro. But, the history of money in Latvia has been long and many currencies have been used here. This is a concise history of the various currencies in Latvia during the centuries
During the Prehistoric times for the exchange of goods various valuable objects were used. Nauda means money in Latvian and originates from the word cattle, similar to Lithuanian nauda, Norvegian nautr. Also the Indian rupee originates from word in Sanskrit rupa that also means cattle. That's because the cattle exchange was used before the proper means of currencies were introduced. Other valuable and often symbolic objects were used. The Baltic region was known across the ancient world for its amber a fossilized tree resin was favored by the Greeks and Romans. Used primary for jewelry it was also known to make electricity giving it divine reputation. First signs of amber trade were found Middle Neolithic Stone Age. At the swamp village of Sārnate locals built amber manufacture. They exchanged amber for flint and shale work tools.
First coin money is known to appear in the 7th century BC Lydian kingdom in modern day Turkey. As the metal was recognized as the most effective mean of exchange – solid and easily divided and with precise weight. Now the metal was made as a round coin with inscriptions and pictures on the both sides. First coins found in Latvia dates to Early Iron Age 1-4 century AD (according to Latvian specific periodization). The first coins in Latvia came from Roman Empire, the Baltic tribes were reached by Roman traders. They visited Latvia using the so called Amber way from the city of Carnuntum (modern day Austria) to the East Prussia and Courland where the valuable amber was mostly found. Another way was by the sea route from the lower river Rhine and the Gallic provinces to the Baltic coastline. The Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania reported that the Baltic people that he called Aesti receives a money reward with wonder for their amber. It's probably because local Balts did not know what to do with coin money; they viewed it as just as some pieces of metal. Despite that they kept and made deposits and took them in their graves, believing it could be valuable in the afterlife.
Mostly the Roman silver denaries and bronze semis were found by archaeologists in the ancient grave sites and hidden deposits. After the fall of the Roman empire the territory of Latvia was no longer reached by the Roman coins. The silver was used as the main currency coming from Russia and Scandinavia.
During the 8th-9th century in the ascent of the Muslim civilization the Arabian currency dirham became the most valuable across Europe. Dirhams came to Baltic lands from the Kievan Rus, using Volga- Daugava waterway. From Persia to Volga Bulgaria (modern day Tatarstan), from Volga to Ladoga, then trough river Neva to the Finnish Strait. And then with the help of the Scandinavian Vikings reached Courland. Another route was from Middle East trough Caucasus region and then by river Dnepr to the lake of Ladoga. Arab traders never entered the Baltic lands and mostly stopped and the Volga Bulgaria as it was Islamic country. Their goods were then transported by Vikings who had their trade bases in Novgorod, Smolensk and Old Rostov. The national museums in Tallinn, Stokholm, St Perersburg and Moscow holds more Arabian dirhams than in whole Middle Eastern countries. In Latvia 2 473 dirhams have been discovered, originating from Iran, Turkey, Baghdad, Syria and the Central Asia. At the middle of the 11th century dirhams became less used as the Muslim Caliphate collapsed and whole Europe became affected by the silver deficit.
The Western European rulers adopted their own coins and with the help of Vikings the Baltic lands were now reaching by the silver dinars. German phenings were commonly found in Latvia. As the Holy German Empire was not a unified country, but a union of the many smaller states, that had rights to forge their own coins there are many types of denars in Latvia. Also Danish coins from the time of the Knut the Great was found in Latvia.
The 11th century was known for its monetary crisis. Again silver bars were used as a currency. There are reports of the ancient Livonian tribes making their own replicas of the Western denars. 39 such local made coins were found in 13 places within Latvia. It was a sign of early state development among Baltic and Finno-Ugrian tribes.
The 12-13th century is the time of the Crusades in Latvia. The first minted coins in Riga were the Bishop Albert Phenings made at the Castle of Mārtiņsala. After the Confederation of Livonia was established on 14th century, Riga started to forge their own silver coins. Every city of state within the confederation that had its own rights for minting issued their own currencies Currencies in Livonia were many. 1 Marc was 4 Verdins or 36 Shillings. Sometimes in Livonia silver Dalders and golden Ducats.
After the collapse of the Livonian Confederation and its annexation by Poland – Lithuania in 1561, a new era of money begun in Latvia. Riga for a long time tried to become independent from Poland -Lithuania and rejected the Polish minting rules. So they issued their own coins for a long time. The Duchy of Pārdaugava issued shillings and verdins at the Castle of Dole in 1572. The city of Riga known for its hostile stance to the Polish king banned the use of these coins. On 1589 Riga convinced the Polish king Sigismund III to become the only city in whole Livonia to mint coins. Riga issued Ducats and Graši.
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was an autonomous state within Poland and Lithuania with its own royal family. Its capital was Jelgava (Mittau) where the first shillings were made in 1575. On 1577 Polish king Stephan Batory canceled the Jelgava minting rights. They were restored in 1579 in accordance to the Polish-Lithuanian rulers. Despite the economical upswing during the rule Duke Jacob the money was issued on small numbers. Last coins were issued during the rule of Duke Peter Biron called Dalderis.
In 1621 Sweden annexed Riga and the region of Vidzeme. Latvian lands became even more divided in the terms of currencies. Sweden hoped to establish unified Swedish currency rules within the new Baltic province, but failed to do so. Riga still kept its rights to forge money according to Polish rules. Only on 1630 Sweden forced Riga to issue silver shillings according to Swedish rules.
On 1710 Riga and Vidzeme was taken over by the Russian Empire. During the next decades of the 18th century whole territory of Latvia was annexed by the Imperial Russia. The decimal money system established by Peter I the Great finally ended rather chaotic money times and united whole Baltic region under one Russian currency.
The Riga money mint was closed. Pleas to restore the minting rights were denied by Petersburg authorities. Slowly the Baltic lands were adopted to the Russian ruble and the Russian unified economic system. In 1786 first Russian paper money called asignatsia (from french assignet– paper money). There were 100, 75, 50 and 25 ruble assignatsias. On 1843 they were replaced by the state credit tickets fixated by silver and gold equivalent. On the end 19th century Russia entered the Gold Standard and minted golden rubles.
On 1915 the German army invaded the Latvian territory sparking a new currency chaos. Plagued by the deficit of coins Russia even issued money stamps as equivalent of kopek. The paper money lost its value, after the 1917 February revolution the Provisional government issued paper state cash signs or so called kerenkas after the Prime Minister Alaxander Kerensky. With the old imperial rubles still in effect the money flow was in chaos.
Meanwhile the Germans occupying the Courland and Semigallia issued their own Ostmarks and Ostrubles. Also a iron kopeks and loan sings were issued within the German owned lands. After the German capitulation on 1919 the currency chaos deepened. Some cities like Liepāja, Venstpils and Jelgava issued their own municipal currencies. They were allowed to use until 1925 and was allowed to convert to Lats until 1931.
Meanwhile the Bolsheviks invading Latvia made their own currencies. Cēsis had its Cēsis district Workers Deputy Soviet executive committee loan coupons 5 to 1o rubles. Riga Soviet made its own currency sign 3, 5 and 10 rubles. Even the Baltic German and White Russian army of Bermont issued its own money that was used only for a month.
Northern Latvia was for a long time occupied by the Estonian army assisting the Latvian army in their fight for independence. So also the Estonian money was in effect along the Vidzeme region. Estonian marks were used there until 1920. On 1919 Riga town council issued their own rubles after the city was taken over by the Latvian government.
The Latvian government had to stop this never ending chaos of currencies. On January 29 1919 decision was made to release Latvian State cash signs and on March 22 a design competition was called for the new Latvian currency. Even the hostile pro-German government kept issuing these banknotes. After was for freedom was won a work was underway for a a unified Latvian currency. The Latvian ruble was a provisional currency and was in effect during the post war economic stabilization. On 1922 all was ready to adapt the new national currency Lats.
On August 3 1922 Lats became the official currency. Without taking the loans from abroad Latvia managed to stabilize its currency in short time. On September 19 the Latvian State Bank was founded to issue the new currency. Most Latvian paper lats were made in UK, only in 1939 100 Lats banknote was printed in Latvia. Designed by Rihards Zariņš the Latvian paper money was one of the most beautiful in Europe.
Latvian Lats and its demoniation santīms were released also in coins minted in Switzerland and UK. On 1937 first Latvian coins were minted in Riga. Latvia was known for its silver 5 Lats coins showing a Latvian woman in traditional costume and the cout of arms of Latvia in reverse. Designed by Rihards Zariņš who chose his employe Zelma Brauere. The coin became famous across the world, Latvians nicknamed it as "Milda" a common Latvian female name. The coin was valued after the occupation of Latvia as the symbol of the independent Latvia.
After the 1934 coup by Kārlis Ulmanis, his portrait appeared on 50 Lats banknote. On 1939 Ulmanis was looking forward to make a new five lats silver coin with his face on it. Soviet occupation halted his ambitions however the British minting company received the orders and managed to make a prototype of silver five lats replacing Milda with Ulmanis.
The last Latvian banknote was issued in 1940. The Latvian Soviet puppet government first promised to keep lots. However, soon on August 25 1940 the Soviet ruble was issued as a parallel currency. On March 25 1941 the last was abolished and completely replaced with the ruble.
When Nazi Germany invaded Latvia, some patriots restored the work of Latvian State bank and tried to restore Lats as a national currency by imprinting "Latvia July 1 1941" on the pre war Latvian Lats. Nazi Germany was no less hostile to Latvian national efforts as soviets and issued the Reichmark as the official currency. After Soviets returned on 1944 ruble came back with them.
Despite the original Marxist teachings about the abolishment of money, Lenin and his successor Stalin had no clear idea of how to do it. And again rubles with Lenin replacing Peter the I returned. On 1947 Soviets made a significant currency reform stabilizing the ruble for years to come. However, it failed to thwart the speculation and corruption. Efforts on reforming the soviet economy followed after the death of Joseph Stalin. Nikita Khrushchev made many advancements but failed and lost his power. Leonid Brezhnev a moderate neo-Stalinist perfectly understood that radical reforms in the Soviet social system would mean its collapse. In so the Soviet Union was caught in stagnation for many years to come. In the era of total deficit various vouchers for products became the unofficial Soviet currency. The attempt to cure the plague of deficit and corruption by Mikhael Gorbachev ended in the collapse of the Soviet Union.
As the spirit of regaining independence was in the air, on 1991 the Latvian Cultural Fund issued a design competition of the restored future Lats. Some 20 projects including Sergey Kovalenko from Kharkiv were made. Most of the ideas resembled the past Latvian lats. Some wanted to place Kārlis Ulmanis, while others wanted to add Baltic German writer Garibl Merkel on 2 lat banknotes.
In 1990 the Latvian government made real steps to replace the Soviet ruble. The Latvian State bank was restored. After full independence was gained a fast moves were made to leave the inflation driven Soviet ruble. On May 7 1992 the Latvian ruble was again in effect. Nicknamed "repšiki" after the first president of the Latvian Bank Einārs Repše the Latvian Lats was introduced successfully. On 1993 Latvian Lats returned as the national currency. Latvian currency survived the hard economical situation during the 90'ies. Despite the relative ecomical upswing during the 2004-2007 Lats was plagued with inflation. Calls of devavation during the 2008-2009 economic crisis, were not met instead an inner devaluation was made.
Latvian Bank made a great tradition of releasing the special 1 Lat coins for special events. They became admired by coin collectors for their great design. Many special coins won special international prices. However, when Latvia entered the European Union one of its obligations to enter the Eurozone. Unlike Poland, where the constitution prevents from changing currency, Latvia had no law to prevent the entry into Eurozone. Instead the Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis was pushing to enter the Eurozone despite the crisis and problems within the Eurozone. And it was achieved despite large numbers of Eurosceptics within the government and society. However, their efforts were rather passive. Latvia in the XXI century has only three choices all of them not positive. First is to keep going west with its EU and US allies despite their instability, second is going East with Russia that has become semi-totalitarian and hostile, and third keep full neutrality, that is completely impossible. The third choice was made by Kārlis Ulmanis on 1934-1940 that doomed the state of Latvia. This time the currency change was made by the Latvian government and the people that elected them. The Latvia future with Euro is a story to be told by the next generation historians.
Selected Sources:
Ozoliņa, Anda, Ducmane, Kristīne (2013). Naudas Laiki Latvijā. No mārkas un vērdiņa līdz Latam un Eiro. Rīga. Lauku Avīze.
Ducmane, Kristīne. (2004). Nauda : enciklopēdija par savu un svešu naudu Latvijā no seniem laikiem līdz mūsdienām. Riga : Zvaigzne ABC.
Ducmane, Kristīne and Veciņš, Ēvalds.(1995) Nauda Latvijā. Riga. Latvijas Banka.
Paiders, Juris. (2002) Arābu laiki Latvijā. Riga. Zvaigzne ABC.
Filed under Historical Articles
Many describe Latvia as rather safe country. We have no volcanos, earthquakes and severe tropical climate. However, nature caused calamities on Latvian soil has always occurred. Storms, floods and severe winters have caused damage and the loss of human lives. And as the climate changes Latvia is more affected by storms and unusual climate conditions. On the time of this writing the storm Xaver has ravaged many parts of Europe, but Latvia seems to have avoided the worst part. This article is a short collection of the major natural disasters that had taken place in Latvia.
The strongest ever known registered winds reached Latvia on October 18 1967. The port city of Liepāja was hit 48 m/s strong winds. It was October 17-18 when the most powerful autumn season reached the Baltic region. October-November is usual time for cyclones that forms over the Northern Sea and then reaches the Baltic Sea in weaker manner. But, on this time it was called the storm of the millennium. The storm was so powerful because it formed over Denmark from two cyclones at the speed of 30 m/s and the gust at Liepāja was 48 m/s. Storm moved over Courland, from Aizpute to Saldus, and then to Jēkabpils where it weakened. On its way the storm did enormous damage to Latvian forests, bringing down about 12 million cubic-meters of trees. Riga was barely affected with just 20 m/s strong wind. To clean out the forests more than 30 million m³ of wood had to be removed. With all the native Latvian woodworkers available this would take for 10 years. So large numbers of woodworkers were or so-called black brigades were called from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Many of them stayed in Latvia for the living.
After the storm of such power, most considered that the storm of such power may occur again in some 300 or even 800 years. However, it just took some 2 years and 14 days to similar superstorm to hit Latvia. On November 2 1969 a cyclone formed over Scotland and moved towards Scandinavia en route to Tallinn – Novgorod. A wind of 35 m/s with the highest extent in Daugavpils with 44 m/s. In Riga 40 m/s. was registered. After that the storm entered second cycle on November 3 with lesser power of 34 m/s. Daugavpils, Saldus and Skulte. The storm became the most strongest within the Gulf of Riga dragging a large amount of water. The water level reached 2,14 m. within Daugavgrīva. Flooding took place, Soviet armored transporter was evacuating people from flooded Vējzaķu island and knocked over by the wind killing the driver and five civilians. Also three more people within Riga perished from the falling objects taken down from buildings by the wind. Great damage was done to the beach of Jūrmala completely devastating the beach buildings. A capes in Jūrmala were destroyed and woods brought down. A coast of Gulf of Riga had to be strengthened to withstood further storm attacks. Forests were mostly damaged in Northern Courland and Vidzeme coastal areas. The storm made more damage than the first storm in terms of human lives and restoration expenses.
Many cyclones reached Latvia after that, but most were less powerful. On 1978 winds reached 32 m/s. On 1993 35 m/s. were reached. But, then came the January 8-9 of 2005 when cyclone "Ervin" became the strongest storm in 35 years. The highest point was 40 m/s. The record was reached at the Ventspils harbor, in Liepāja 36 m/s. At Riga 3o m/s. The Grobiņa wind power station even managed to register 51 m/s. Emerged on the skies of United Kingdom the storm became powerful over the Gulf of Bothnia. In its center the pressure reached minimum — 721,9 mm/Hg. As Latvia was in the southern side of the cyclone – the strongest winds took place there. The trouble started January 8 on 16:00 at the western shores. Wind begun at 20 m/s and on 22:00 started to become even stronger. On 2:00 -3:00 wind reached the maximum point. Wind continued until the nightfall of January 9. The water level in Riga reached 213 cm just 16 cm bellow the 1969 record.
Some parts of Riga were flooded. Bolderāja was evacuated. Large parts of Courland was left without electricity. Capes were fully or almost damaged. Many hydrotechnical defense structures were damaged. Roads were cut off including the Via Baltica highway to Tallinn. Coastal damage and erosion and with the length of 2000 km 8—15 ha. of land was taken by the sea. On October 28-29 2013 storm Christian reached Latvia, knocking out electricity in the city of Ventspils.
Tornado is a rare sighting in Latvia. In recent years the sea tornadoes have been observed at the Latvian beaches. However, at the summer seasons the lighting storms can get violent and form a tornado. Such occurrences took place on 1946 August 20 at Skulte, on 1967 in Ludza district, on July 10 near Jēkabpils. On 1995 July 22 the baroque castle of Rundāle was hit by a tornado that tore off 75 m² of the castle roof, damaging also the interior. Usually the victims of such tornadoes are farms and forests. They are usually weak and short-lived. However, on July 7 1986 in Vidzeme region near the town of Ērgļi on 14:00 the land was surrounded by a haze. It got more darker, as the lightning and wind broke the trees. Then on 14:40 a dark tornado came down from the sky and made his away to village of Ranka within two hours in route of 50 km. Tornado overpassed the lake of Jumurda sucking all the fishes and dropping then off far from the lake. 10 country farms were damaged one was destroyed completely. After the tornado was over a 15-20 min rain shower and hail followed.
The flooding that happened in coastal areas of Riga was caused by severe storms. However, in past the center of Riga was almost yearly endangered by the moving ice. As the spring appeared the ice started to melt and move to the sea. The depth of river Daugava before the building of the port was just 2-3 meters. Large ice jams and floods were usually bellow the borders of Riga. Riga for many centuries were defended from floods by the heavy fortifications. However, there were people living outside walls and on the islands. They were affected by the flooding. Large floods with loss of life's took place on 1744, 1771 and 1807. On 1877 the floods ruined the railway embankment and flooded large areas from Babīte to Spilve. On 1917 after heavy winter the ice jam occurred within both sides of island Zaķusala. The riverside was flooded within the Moscow district. Houses and trees were destroyed. Riga was flooded again on 1922, 1924 and on 1929.
The summer of 1928 was excessively humid. The rainfall limit was over 80% leaving the half of country farms in waste. The flooding caused by rainfalls destroyed the newly built bridge in Bauska over river Mēmele. The raining was not over until September damaging the harvest production. Latvian farmers learned their lesson and improved the melioration and work mechanization. Soon Latvia became a crop exporter, rather than importer.
However, the rainy summer was followed by severe winter. Whole Gulf of Riga was covered by ice. On April 1929 a storm broke the ice and brought the blocks of ice, jamming the entry of Daugava in to the sea. Icebreakers started to brake the ice along with powerful "Krišijānis Valdemārs". But, as the ice moved along Riga and became stuck near Daugavgrīva the flooding was imminent. From the islands and low coastal areas people were evacuated. All supplies from Riga export port was taken away to safer place. However, the strong winds pushed more ice and the floods started. Islands, port areas, the Spilve airfield the Bolderāja highway was underwater. Water continued to rise and flooded the islands of Kundziņsala, Zaķusala and Klīversala. On April 23 the highest point was reached 2,8 m above normal level. Ganību dambis, Akmeņu street, Ranķu dambis was flooded. Cars and boats were together. During the next days the wind changed its direction and moved the ice away from the shore. As the entry of Daugava was clear from ice the water moved away.
The floods on 1924 destroyed the Lübeck wooden bridge, built by Germans on 1917. It was located from Grēcenieki street to Šoneri street at Klīversala. As it was built for military purposes it was built with rush, the ice breakers were placed in wrong angle in front of stream. The bridge was left intact during the War for Freedom, but the floods of 1924 was crucial for the German army bridge. The ice jam was located between Maruška and Ikšķile. On April 5 this almost 10 km long ice block was blown up by Latvian engineers with four large mines. The explosion caused a huge gust of water and ice heading towards Riga. Four small steamers were dropping ice between the old Iron bridge and the Lübeck bridge and were caught by surprise. Three ships managed to escape, while "Zibens" (lightning) was caught by the strong wave and capsized many times. The wave in fast speed dragged the ship under the Lübeck bridge, knocking off its chimney, captains lodge and the dock surroundings. The steerman managed to hang on the bridge handrails and climbed up the bridge. Other crew members jumped on the ice and were rescued. But, the bridge itself was cut in half by ice blocks. Also the old Iron Bridge was damaged. Pārdaugava was left without electricity, trams stopped and phone cables were cut off.
Riga was no longer affected by the ice jams after the Hydroelectric dam was built near Aizkraukle. However, now the ice became stuck within this dam and now the cities of Pļaviņas and Jēkabpils became endangered by the floods. On 1981 the third of the city of Jēkabils was flooded. 65 streets, 650 buildings were underwater. 45 buildings were needed to be demolished. Some 800 people were evacuated. After that the city authorities of Jēkabpils have built many hydrological defense structures and the floods of such extent have not occurred ever again. However, the town of Pļaviņas are affected by ice jams every year. This year the floods again made damage to the town. There were occurrences when the town hospital was flooded.
Last two years the town of Ogre above the Pļaviņu hydro dam has become severely affected by the ice jams on the local Ogre river that enters the Daugava. As often explained the reason for the flooding is privately built hydro-electric dam. After the regaining the independence, many small rivers were used to be built private hydro-electric dams. As result more and more rivers are affected by the spring floods. The Lielupe river has also flooded many times affecting the city of Jelgava.
Freezing Rain
The Autumn and winter of 2010 was very light. November and December was mostly warm in contrast to other years. Snow only appeared on Christmas night. But, on December 24-26 in minus temperatures a rain started to fall accompanied with snow. The snowing surface was cowered by frozen snow crust. Trees covered by heavy burden of snow fell on power lines leaving many people without electricity during the Christmas holidays. Restoration works took many weeks involving foreign support. The Freezing rain has become a problem ever since.
Latvia is far from seismic fault lines and is not affected by strong earthquakes. However, the tectonic seam within Poland can cause a earthquakes that may cause a small damage. On 1616 a 5-6 EMS -98 scale earthquake shacked Bauska and areas in Courland. On 1821 the town of Koknese was woken up by 5,5 scale earthquake. Riga was affected by earthquakes on 1853 and 1854 with roaring noise and shaking ground. The earthquake of 1857 that happened in the Strait of Irbe managed to bring down old buildings and roofs. The 2004 Kaliningrad earthquake was so strong it was felt in whole Latvia. Last small earthquake was recorded near Salacgrīva on 2011.
The extent of natural disasters on Latvian soil are nothing in comparison with natural calamities in other parts of the world. However, the human caused disasters in Latvia also were many and took the life's of many. A separate story is needed to tell about them.
Grūtups, Gaitis. Dabas Mātes Untumi Latvijā. (2001) Dabas Stihijas. Rīga. Zvaigzne. ABC.
Caune, Andris. (1998) Rīgas Pārdaugava pirms 100 gadiem. Rīga. "Zinātne."
Filed under Historical Articles


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As the tension around the Trayvon Martin case has since died down, a whole new controversy may be just around the corner. Recently released were some photos from Trayvon's phone, ordered sealed by the prosecution, that portray Trayvon as the drug using thug he really was.
Race baiters and main stream media mouthpieces that attempted to turn this into a racist hate crime really had to work hard to conceal the facts. Although we know the thug was 17, circulated around the media were pictures of a small child in order to play on emotion.
(See also: PHOTOS: The Trayvon Martin Photos That The Media Tried To Destroy [GRAPHIC PHOTOS])
Want to see what he really looked like? Does this 6'3" muscular young man look like the innocent, angelic, child Al Sharpton portrayed him to be?
Another interesting aspect of the case came about as crime scene photos were released. Although everyone was so adamant that Trayvon purchased an iced tea, this was absolutely not the case. But why the need to conceal such a thing.
Well, when you take a look at the purchase of his watermelon juice, in combination with his notorious skittles, the picture becomes quite a bit clearer. We already knew Trayvon was into drugs, and no court order or effort by the prosecution could have hindered that.
All across his social media profiles were photos of drugs along with Trayvon bragging about his illicit activities. According to findings, Trayvon was even so far in that he was growing marijuana and selling it as well as prescription codeine.
(See also: More Trayvon Martin Photos The Media Tried To Destroy [GRAPHIC])
So how do drug users take prescription codeine?
According to LiveLeak, the drug is "mixed with a flavored drink and candy, and skittles is the favorite candy of choice when making a drinkable drug called LEAN and DMX." Now yes, this could have been just a coincidence, but the implications were validated further during his autopsy.
Codeine has quite the effect on the body, and as the coroner discovered, his liver was already showing signs of damage. Curious for a 17 year old man.
Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of the entire case surrounding Trayvon Martin, is how the mainstream media was able to pervert the image of a genuine thug into that of a harmless child. Seeing the many cases of actual hate crimes, in which the likes of Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson go unheard, it's a surprise how this was made news.
(See also: Ridiculous Ways Trayvon "Supporters" Cashed In On His Death)
This could only be answered as it was made to fit a progressive agenda. Just take for instance this brutal tragedy that is a hate crime by any standards, but was failed to be reported on by the main stream media (CAUTION: EXREMELY GRAPHIC):
"How about some justice for Christopher Newsom and Channon Christian, homosexually raped by a gang of racist black animals, his dick cut off, set him on fire, then shot him, his girlfriend forced to watch, then after he was dead, they then gang raped her in every hole for 4 days, urinated in her mouth, cut off one of her breasts all while she was alive, poured bleach down her throat to conceal DNA, set her on fire then shot her to death."
Let us know what you think of this sickening reality by leaving a comment below.
(h/t: LiveLeak)

subset: commoncrawl


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Question: Follow the instructions for Exercise 9 69 but use the data
Follow the instructions for Exercise 9.69, but use the data for the men in the class. Test the hypothesis that the mean of college men's pulse rates is higher after a fright, using a significance level of 0.05.
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Answer to relevant QuestionsA student compared organic food prices at Target and Whole Foods. The same items were priced at each store. The first three items are shown in Figure A. Choose the correct output (B or C) for the appropriate test, explaining ...Jacqueline Loya, a statistics student, asked students with jobs how many times they went out to eat in the last week. There were 25 students who had part-time jobs and 25 students who had full-time jobs. Carry out a ...Brain size for 20 random women and 20 random men was obtained and is reported in the table (in hundreds of thousands of pixels shown in an MRI). Test the hypothesis that men tend to have larger brains than women at the 0.05 ...Grocery prices of the same items were compared at Target and Whole Foods. Assume the sampling was random. The descriptive statistics are shown, and the results of a t-test are shown. a. Compare the sample means ...Violins Stradivarius violins, made in the 1700s by a man of the same name, are worth millions of dollars. They are prized by music lovers for their uniquely rich, full sound. In September 2009, an audience of experts took ...
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It's not all the time that you find yourself in need of a replacement Steering Gear Box to fix your car or truck. You purchased your B2200 because its fuel efficiency and economical pricing agreed with your nature; so why would you settle for second rate when it comes to superior quality auto parts? Your Mazda dealership isn't the only place to buy genuine or original equipment quality parts to repair your B2200. While it's not hard to find replacement parts for Mazda vehicles, these days the necessity for nothing but the highest quality are required to repair your automobile.
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Thursday 26 August 1999
It was Thursday, under the sign of Virgo. The US president was Bill Clinton (Democratic).
In that special week of August people in US were listening to Genie In A Bottle by Christina Aguilera.
In UK Better Off Alone by DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay was in the top 5 hits.
The 13th Warrior, directed by John McTiernan, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1999
while Black Notice by Patricia Cornwell was one of the best selling books.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Choro Q 64 2 or Discworld Noir.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1999 or at August 26 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 26 August 1999 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 26 August 1999!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 26 August 1999 ?
- RC saints - St Zephyrinus, Saint Ninian, David Lewis (one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)
- Namibia - Namibia Day or Heroes' Day
- Zanzibar - Sultan's Birthday
Famous Birthdays:See famous people born on 26 August
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of August 1999 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle
- Enrique Iglesias - Bailamos
- LFO - Summer Girls
- Destiny's Child - Bills, Bills, Bills
- Smash Mouth - All Star
- 702 - Where My Girls At?
- Jennifer Lopez - If You Had My Love
- K-Ci & JoJo - Tell Me It's Real
- The Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way
- Pearl Jam - Last Kiss
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 26 August 1999 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in August 1999?
- Time: TIME Magazine Cover: How Man Evolved -- Aug. 23, 1999
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.9704
- EW: Entertainment Weekly: no.499500
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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Each Allegra Rhodes product draws inspiration from your favourite aromatic encounters: from the perfume of your garden's first summer freesias, or the balmy breeze over the sea-spray on your secret beach, your bliss is their pleasure! Indulge in these scents everyday with their stunning range.
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- Sam (Senior Brand Consultant)


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Subjects related to the biology, cultivation and technology of natural rubber are dealt with, along with such important aspects as its history, production and processing, through to its sophisticated engineering applications. Every chapter follows a monograph style of presentation, with comprehensive citations and depth of treatment.
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Newly-constructed Townhouses-Apartments for Rent located in a quiet, gated compound in Lahug, Cebu City. Conveniently located near malls (Ayala Mall, JY Square), schools, churches, restaurants, banks and other business establishments. Accessible by public utility vehicles from the main road. No. of Units Available (as of 15 January 2015) : Three (3) Unit Specifications: No. of Bedrooms : Three (3) No. of Toilet & Bath : Three (3) With individual car park With individual mail box Rental Price : PhP35,000 per month Advance Rental : Equivalent to one (1) month's rent Security Deposit : Equivalent to three (3) months' rent Minimum Lease Term : One (1) year
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For the best experience on the Abcam website please upgrade to a modern browser such as Google Chrome
Synthetic peptide (Human). More details of the immunogen for this antibody are not available.
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab42507 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
|Use a concentration of 0.5 µg/ml. Detects a band of approximately 33 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 38 kDa). Good results were obtained when blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in 0.05% PBS-T.
ab42507 has not yet been referenced specifically in any publications.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


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- heelsVote A
- flatsVote B
Most Helpful Guy
Honestly, be yourself, don't worry about it. Any boy who will not go out with you because of your height is not someone worth being with, do whatever makes you feel better.11|00|0
Honestly, be yourself, don't worry about it. Any boy who will not go out with you because of your height is not someone worth being with, do whatever makes you feel better.
Have an opinion?
There's graduation for 8th grade now?
Seen it all.
If you are comfortable in them and can walk in them, why not?
They have 8th grade graduation now?
My exact thought. When I was in school, you only graduated from 12th grade (high school).
Granted, I'm attracted to tall girls so I'm maybe a little biased, but just choose. I don't think it matters if you're slightly taller because of the heels. Do what you think is comfortable.
You're in 8th grade, not to sound blunt. But, to be honest I didn't start wearing heels until 9th grade mid-year for Christmas. For me, I was 5'3 at the time and felt like I was playing dress up. Obliviously, that's changed and now I love wearing heels when heels are called for.
But, as an 8th grader whose 13 you are still in the awkward stage of being a girl and becoming a woman. Don't grow up to fast, honestly. I say wear flats because you don't wanna try to be bigger emotionally wise than you are.
Also, heels hurt like fuck after a while.
And short is being lovely thing <3 (:
Wear heels, but wear a bit of make up. Not too much, you are only 13 so stay with the natural pastel pink eyeshadows and such. You don't want to come off as strong. At least, not yet. Retain the innocent look and wear heels later.
Thats what I say (:
Well it depends on the clothes your wearing with it but odds r yes heals are kewl
its fine to wear heels, do what you want. Im already 5'6 and im in 7 grade
You cannot undo this action. The opinion owner is going to be notified and earn 7 XPER points.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 16/9/2013 (1436 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
A century ago, toward the end of the transcontinental railway boom, heavy industry dominated every aspect of life in Winnipeg. Today, this city is still struggling to redefine itself as a post-industrial community where most working people do not toil with their hands. But the detritus of the industrial era still dominates the landscape.
A couple of years ago, when city hall tried to overhaul Winnipeg's long-term planning framework, the policy geeks placed a particular emphasis on reclaiming some of that industrial land.
The planners wound up designating 11 unused or under-used chunks of land as "major redevelopment sites" in the hopes they would become new residential neighbourhoods. The areas in question total 500 hectares -- much of it former industrial land.
Already, five of these sites are slated for redevelopment as plans are moving through city hall. But some of the sites pose serious problems, owing to environmental contamination, a patchwork of land ownership and -- in the case of Kapyong Barracks -- a lengthy legal dispute.
Here's what's happening with all 11 of Winnipeg's major redevelopment sites -- or as the case may be, not happening at all:
Fort Rouge Yards
Winnipeg developer Gem Equities plans to create a medium-density residential neighbourhood on the former CN railyards stretching along the Southwest Transitway. The city and province are relying on new tax revenue from new homes and apartment buildings here to help pay back $90 million worth of transitway-building loans. The city has guaranteed $10 million in loans for the transit-friendly development. Television handyman Mike Holmes has lent his name to 400 townhomes within the development.
Grant Park Pavilions
Shindico Realty, another Winnipeg developer, intends to convert 18 hectares of land south of Taylor Avenue into a mixed-use neighbourhood with one big-box retailer, several smaller stores, residential apartments, office space, a seniors care home and possibly a hotel. Council's property committee has approved the area's master plan.
Kapyong Barracks
The departure of the Canadian military has left 100 hectares of extremely valuable land in Tuxedo in limbo as the federal government resists efforts by First Nations to claim the property as part of the treaty land-entitlement process. This protracted dispute has deprived the city and province of new tax revenue and has delayed the widening of Kenaston Boulevard. It also leaves an eyesore in Tuxedo. The next court date is expected in November, said Jeff Rath, a Calgary lawyer who represents Treaty 1 First Nations.
Old Southwood Golf Course
The University of Manitoba launched an international design competition to create a transit-friendly, medium-density mixed-use neighbourhood on the edge of its Fort Garry campus. The new neighbourhood should allow more students and faculty to live close to the university -- and Winnipeg Transit easier access to Investors Group Field, the new football stadium located at the southern edge of the old golf course.
A 24-hectare chunk of land off Springfield Road in North Kildonan is slated for redevelopment into a medium- to high-density residential neighbourhood surrounding a commercial town centre that will be built to a "scale that is supportive of a pedestrian-oriented environment," according to the area master plan. Council's property committee has signed off on the plan, which calls for townhouses and multi-storey buildings.
Park City Plaza
This 16-hectare triangle of city-owned land in Transcona used to be the home of a public works yard. Now, 1,100 residential units and a new Transcona library are planned for a mixed-use development within the triangle, bounded by Ravelston Avenue west, Plessis Road and the Central Manitoba Railway Pine Falls rail line. Environmental remediation of the site will cost $8 million, mostly to clean up salt residue.
Parker lands
In 2009, Gem Equities obtained unserviced, partly forested land in Fort Garry from the city in a land swap for a section of the Fort Rouge Yards. The land sits immediately south of Grant Park Pavilions and will be home to the next phase of the Southwest Transitway, assuming the city and province agree to build the busway extension. There are no immediate plans for development.
Public Markets
The Canad Inns hotel chain acquired what used to be known as the Canada Packers site in St. Boniface in the hopes of building a new football stadium and convention centre on the site. The redevelopment of the former industrial site will have to address the close proximity of residential homes and industrial properties.
South Point Douglas
The most curious redevelopment site on the city list is one of Winnipeg's oldest neighbourhoods, currently home to a mix of residential homes, old warehouses and industrial operations. The city has eyes on a Red River-focused redevelopment that would extend the Waterfront Drive-style development to the north and east. But this may not be possible to plan on a large scale, as there are dozens of small land owners in the neighbourhood.
Sugar Beet Lands
Fifty hectares of Fort Garry land, north of Bishop Grandin Boulevard, are primed for mixed-use development that could also tie into the second phase of the Southwest Transitway. There is only one major land owner, Hopewell Development, which eases the process.
Fifty hectares of former industrial land is primed for redevelopment west of Kenaston Boulevard, between the IKEA-led development and Kenaston Common big-box development.


text:
Tuesday, November 16, 2010
peace through music
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__V__ Photographer
DeeJayModel Female Springfield, Missouri, US
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About MeRecently moved to SW Missouri from Iowa, looking for outdoors activities, sporting, and anything where a mature model is required. Have dependable transportation, can travel with expenses paid. Flexible schedule with a few days notice. Can do my own hair and makeup for shoots where make up artists are not available.
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In contrast to the procedure if you want to build their own home or use the services of architectural consultant / contractor and do their own.
Well here are some things that needed to build the house so that everything works, you have to provide funds, in addition, of course.
1. Select the location of the land
Choose a location where the house that we will wake up is a job that requires precision, not only the technical aspects, as well as several other aspects that help to determine, such as economics, development is another aspect that could become a basis of location of the site where we build the house later.
2. Finding information about the price of construction, architectural models or trend
Once we have the perfect place where we build a house, so next step is to gather information as possible about their construction plans, gather information on current construction prices, view - Display Products - building materials, such as walking - in road construction materials Supermarket, where we can see the shape and the price of materials - building materials in this case, you should seek the advice of the architectural consultants because they have the information - the information you need so that you can build your dream home.
3. Search for architects to create the design house
If we are sick, we seek a doctor to cure our disease, so we have a car and crushed when we are looking for a mechanic to fix our car. And who do we need if we want to build a house? Of course we are looking for an architect. Sometimes, people think that what we have to pay an architect, but we want to build a small house, sometimes this type of thinking often comes to mind about how many people need to use an architect to design the home that will make us wake up, often held "certainly expensive to use the services of architects to build a house."
When we have a picture of their construction plans, the next step is the stage where we begin to take care of licensing of Houses Development Plan, namely to take care of building permits in the area of public bodies.
5. Development Agreement Process
Process Development Agreement is a process where we enter the stage where building plans are released, either alone or in the work of the architect or contractor


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Wednesday, 5 October 2011
4 sleeps.....
To Ally Pally. Saturday I should be at FET, but I have to go in to work. I could really do with being there as I am not having any creative textile ideas at the moment.
Posted by Sharne Gregory at 10:30:00
5 comments:
- Jensters said...
Im at Ally Pally Saturday Sharne....really looking forward to it.
- 5 October 2011 at 22:50
- Denise said...
Inspiration will come when you least expect it - just don't push it!
- 5 October 2011 at 23:59
- Lynn Stevens said...
ohh I bet your having a blast!!!
So glad to hear I'm not the only one having problems with blogger,now lets see if this works! LOL
hugs Lynn
- 8 October 2011 at 21:56
- Steve Finnell said...
you are invited to follow my blog
- 17 October 2011 at 12:08
- Sharne Davies said...
Hi Sharne
I cant believe there is another SHARNE out there let alone a fellow crafter. It must something about our names. I am on as FreshasaDaisy on blogger.
- 18 October 2011 at 12:51
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Customers who bought this also bought
Product Description
Choose the books you want or buy the entire Life of Fred College Prep Math series. Join Fred Gauss, a child genius, as he guides your students through geometry, algebra, trigonometry, and much more!
Who is for?
High school students. This series is intended for students who have completed the Life of Fred Pre-Algebra Series.
What is included?
Each hardcover book includes hundreds of pages of fun stories that will keep students excited about math! Click on a title to see more details:
- Life of Fred Fractions: Improper fractions, common denominators, and more (Sample)
- Zillions of Practice Problems, Fractions (Sample)
- Life of Fred Decimals and Percents: Converting fractions to decimals, negative numbers, and more (Sample)
- Zillions of Practice Problems, Decimals and Percents
- Life of Fred Pre-Algebra 0 with Physics: Ordered pairs, making models, and more (Sample)
- Life of Fred Pre-Algebra 1 with Biology: Breathing, volume of a cylinder, and more (Sample)
- Life of Fred Pre-Algrebra 2 with Economics: Conversion factors, demand curves, and more (Sample)
- Beginning Algebra: Word problems, measurements, percentages, and more (Sample)
- Zillions of Practice Problems for Beginning Algebra: Word problems, quadratic equations, and more (Sample)
- Advanced Algebra: Inverse variation, the binomial formula, factoring trinomials, and more (Sample)
- Zillions of Practice Problems for Advanced Algebra: Functions, imaginary numbers, exponential equations, and more
- Geometry: Non-Euclidean geometry, perpendicular lines, constructions, and more (Sample)
- Trigonometry: The polar form of complex numbers, radian measurement, and more (Sample)
Why buy?
Teachers and parents love Life of Fred because it actually gets students engaged in learning math. Instead of the traditional "drill and kill" approach, Fred uses entertaining stories that kids remember forever. The author, Dr. Stanley F. Schmidt, developed this method through years of teaching mathematics in high school and college. Your children will never ask, "When are we ever going to use this stuff?"
This review is for Life of Fred High School Math Series
This approach to math is highly conducive to my daughters' style of learning. My 8th grader is thrilled to find something that makes sense of Algebra to her. My 3rd grader is loving it too.
These resources might not be for every student. However, if you're having trouble finding something for a struggling math student, especially if he or she is an excellent reader, this is your solution.
This review is for Life of Fred High School Math Series
My son (who loves and has always excelled in math) got to a point in his Algebra I curriculum (Saxon) where it just didn't "click" anymore and I was struggling to help him find a replacement. After talking with my sister in law about Life of Fred, I decided to give it a try. He loves it - and not only that - he UNDERSTANDS the concepts completely. I've since switched all three of my boys to the LOF math curriculum and they're all eating it up!
This review is for Life of Fred High School Math Series
This curriculum is great for problem solvers, those that love reading, and kids who just want to laugh. I love when my kids ask to do extra math just to find out what is happening in the story. I love the emphasis on Cities rather than tests. I love FRED!
This review is for Life of Fred High School Math Series
My kids have not yet gotten to this level in life of Fred, but because we live overseas, i ordered ahead. The books are great. My husband who has a degree in pure mathematics looked through them, and was really impressed. I wish I had something like this when i was in school to make math fun for me instead of tear jerking (i studied Saxon math).
This review is for Life of Fred High School Math Series
My girls have never liked math because it does not come easily for them. I ordered Life of Fred Alg. 1 as review for them this summer. They like the fun and easy way it is presented and are understanding math more clearly. They agreed that they had fun with math for the first time ever! Now I can't wait for them to use the Alg. 2 and Chemistry books this year along with their reg. curriculum in their classes at school. It should be a big help if they don't understand a concept.
About the Seller
The Life of Fred contains fun stories about a child prodigy math genius your students can follow along as he gives real-world examples of everything from math to language arts. In the Life of Fred Elementary Math Series, your students will learn everything from telling time, division, beginning algebra, and more!
You can purchase one book at a time or the entire set at a discounted price! Order more as their skills progress such as the Life of Fred Intermediate Series that incorporate biology, physics, and economics using pre-algebra formulas.
The stories carry on through the exercises, and many of the books have a series of quizzes that bridge them to the next chapter. Some books have all the problem solutions in them, while others have separate answer keys or companions.
Written by Dr. Stanley F. Schmidt, these affordable books were designed to keep your students engaged in math while also following along a storyline. Perfect for independent study, each unit teaches concepts that can be applied using real-world examples. Find out more by reading this blog post!


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Posts Tagged 'Seth MacFarlane'
With less than three weeks to go before the Oscars, ABC has sold out its inventory of ads for the Feb. 24 event. The average cost per spot is up to $1.85 million. The Oscars telecast is one of the last remaining reach vehicles along with the Super Bowl and the NFL playoffs. The three and a-half-hour show audience has been made up in the past of 62 percent female and 45 percent of viewers 18-49, according to Nielsen ratings. "Family Guy" Seth MacFarlane will host this year's extravaganza.


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Soo the cats out of the bag.. I have a serious case of writers block! I wish I could blame it on being busy or something, but I can't. I truthfully haven't had much motivation to write! So this will be quick.
I just want to quickly thank the people who actually read my little blogs! Back in September I wasn't really sure if anyone would read this but I had to get my story off my chest (in my Here Goes Nothing blog). I was shocked to see that people from all over the world were reading what I had to say! So thank you to all the people who check my blog out every so often. Feel free to ask me questions in the comment section bellow.
My life is about to get a heck of a lot busier.. Christian can officially take quiet a few steps all by himself! I seriously don't know where this year has gone... My baby is 1 year old as of May 6th! This has definitely been one of the best years of my life. It had it's ups and downs like any other year but Christian made everything so special.
This past weekend we had a birthday party for Christian at his grandma Ruths (Davids moms house) and we were so overwhelmed by all the love and support. So many people came to show their love for Christian and it was such a great day.
For Mothers Day David was in Peterborough for some business stuff and drove about 2 hours home just to take me out to dinner! We went to the Keg while my mom babysat Christian. It couldn't have been better. I am one lucky Momma!
"Being a mother is learning about strengths you didn't know you had, and dealing with fears you didn't know existed." -Linda Wooten


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Ari Fleischer said there was still no firm date for a vote on a U.S.-backed resolution laying the groundwork for war against Iraq. Russia on Monday joined France in threatening to veto that measure, a move Fleischer said "would be more than a disappointment."
The Security Council was to meet in closed session Monday afternoon. It was likely that the members would discuss the new allegations that Iraq has developed unmanned aerial vehicles capable of dispensing chemical weapons and a cluster bomb fitted to release tiny capsules of poisonous agents.
Iraq did not declare either weapon in November, and Hans Blix did not mention them in his address to the Security Council on Friday.
The unmanned drones were listed in an appendix added to Blix's written report. Fleischer says the White House wants to know why Blix did not mention the drones.
The New York Times reports inspectors found the new cluster bombs, but were not yet sure how many of them Iraq developed or how long ago they were built.
The new charges that Iraq has hidden dangerous weapons could figure into the furious last-minute drive to swing council members to vote for the U.S.-British-Spanish proposal, which says Iraq has failed to disarm and warns of "serious consequences" if Baghdad fails to comply by March 17.
As part of that drive, President Bush Monday phoned Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi.
Fleischer said Mr. Bush is using the calls to say "it's time to stand up for the immediate disarmament of Saddam Hussein." He said Mr. Bush is framing it as "a moral issue, an important issue."
A vote on the resolution could come as early as Tuesday, although it might be postponed as the proponents of authorizing force lobby for votes.
Secretary of State Colin Powell said Sunday that the U.S. was within "striking distance" of getting the nine votes needed to pass the resolution.
But Russian Foreign Minster Igor Ivanov warned Monday that Russia will vote against the measure, marking the first time that Russia has explicitly said it would veto the resolution in its current form.
"In the course of the latest session of the U.N. Security Council, we did not hear serious arguments for the use of force to solve the Iraqi problem," Ivanov was quoted as saying by the news agency Interfax.
" … Russia openly declares that if draft resolution that currently has been introduced for consideration and which contains demands in an ultimative form that cannot be met is nonetheless put to a vote then Russia will vote against this resolution," he said, according to Interfax.
The announcement makes the diplomatic challenge facing the United States even steeper. Until now, the U.S. thought Russia and China — two veto-wielding council members that oppose the war — would abstain from the vote on the U.S.-British-Spanish resolution, which states Iraq has failed its disarmament demands and gives it until March 17 to comply.
The U.S. has calculated that if it secured nine or ten votes, France might be reluctant to block the resolution. Security Council vetoes are fairly rare. According to U.N. records, only eight have been used in the past six years — six by the United States and two by China.
However, with Russia on board, the diplomatic calculus changes, because two vetoes would provide each country with a measure of political cover.
Warning that "until a vote is cast, you can't be 100 percent certain," Fleischer nonetheless acknowledged that Russia's veto threat was a blow. American lobbying efforts continue to focus on six undecided, non-permanent council members.
Currently, the administration has four solid votes on its side: its own and those of Britain, Spain and Bulgaria. Five nations have signaled outright opposition to a new resolution, and may either abstain or vote "no": China, France, Germany, Russia and Syria.
The other six Security Council members represent the swing votes: Angola, Cameroon, Guinea, Chile, Mexico and Pakistan.
Appearing on Sunday talk show, national security adviser Condoleezza Rice refused to say which nations the United States is counting on for supportive votes.
The foreign minister of Guinea will visit administration officials this week, Rice said. Asked whether the administration was trying to entice potential backers with promises of financial aid, as it sought to do with Turkey, she replied: "We're talking to people about their interests."
Rice and Powell said the administration is following a hard but necessary course to protect Americans, and predicted public opinion would swing the administration's way.
As the American diplomatic push intensified, criticism rose from several quarters, meanwhile.
Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien contended that a U.S.-led war would give license to other nations who felt they needed to preemptively attack.
"It might be considered as a precedent for others to try to do the same thing," Chretien said. "Where do you stop? You know, if you can do that there, why not elsewhere?"
Former President Jimmy Carter, last year's Nobel Peace Prize laureate, added his voice to that warning. "American stature will surely decline further if we launch a war in clear defiance of the United Nations."
Meanwhile, in Britain, there were more signs of division over Prime Minister Tony Blair's strong support for the looming war. A member of his cabinet, International Development Secretary Clare Short, told national radio she would quit if Britain attacks Iraq without United Nations backing.
The Los Angeles Times reports that inspectors have uncovered evidence that during the 1991 Persian Gulf war, Saddam ordered his field commander to launch 75 missiles filled with poison gas or germs if Iraq was struck with nuclear weapons.


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McCall's 6423; ©1962; Misses' and Women's Dress and Jacket. Dress with dart fitted bodice and slim three-gore skirt, and single breasted jacket. Dress has short set-in sleeves, decorative stitching on neck and sleeves; three pleats in skirt at side front. Center back zipper and low pleat. Lined jacket has three-quarter length set-in sleeves. Wide, stitch trimmed collar and fronts of jacket are interfaced.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Show off your best vacation gear on your Metz vacation! Great time to embark on a vacation to Metz. Here are some amazing ideas to start creating your vacation packages to Metz. Simplify your vacations by choosing the most well-crafted vacation packages offered here. Customize the vacation packages of Metz by adding the sightseeing places of your choice. Choose an ideal hotel like Hôtel Du Centre and La Passerelle Du Graoully - Appartement 3 Chambres for your stay and add exciting set of activities and Metz tours that will add an insider's touch to your visit. Make sure you add Metz's best attractions like Place D'armes for a wonderful day replete of Entertainment. Also do not miss opportunity to explore Museums category of Metz whose main attraction include Centre Pompidou Metz. Leave behind the budget worry. Just choose your budget and you'll find a vacation package that perfectly fits. We bring you offers that will leave your pockets smiling. Save those extra bucks may be for another vacation. Avail great discounts on hotel, tours and transport. Sounds great? Hop on the journey and return with great memories, Metz vacation packages are fun to embark on!
Still not sure about your plan? Check out these things to do in Metz or create your trip with Metz trip planner.


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- directories
- who we are
- practice development
- get involved
- cle & events
The Santa Clara County Bar Association provides education and support to member attorneys, advances the local administration of justice, and serves the public by fostering improved public understanding of and access to the legal system.
SCCBA members for decades have had a reputation for the highest standard of professionalism in the practice of law. The purpose of the SCCBA CEP is to encourage attorneys to adhere to the highest standards of professional conduct.
Advanced Trial Preparation and Evidence: Discovery, Privileges, Experts, Cell Phones & the Internet


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Connect with top-rated Brechin pros and receive multiple offers. Free Service!
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The Newsroom Season 2 Premiere Scoop10/22/2012
The Newsroom: Will related scoop on the season 2 premiere from Zap2it's Carina Adly MacKenzie
Here's some scoop on The Newsroom from Carina Adly MacKenzie's Monday Kickstart column for the week of 10/22/12.
The Newsroom
The first episode of Season 2 of "The Newsroom" will find Will and the rest of the team reporting on Occupy Wall Street, putting us around Sept. 2011 in the timeline. The Occupy Wall Street situation will continue to feature throughout the first part of the season.
The second season of Aaron Sorkin's HBO show The Newsroom will premiere in June of 2013. The series is set behind the scenes at the fictional Atlantis Cable News (ACN) and centers around anchor Will McAvoy (Jeff Daniels), his new executive producer MacKenzie McHale (Emily Mortimer), newsroom staff Jim (John Gallagher, Jr.), Maggie (Alison Pill), Sloan (Olivia Munn), Neal (Dev Patel), Don (Thomas Sadoski), and their boss Charlie Skinner (Sam Waterston).
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Model Mayhem Admin
Mike SpockPhotographer Male Feasterville–Trevose, Pennsylvania, US
My Website: Personal WebsiteMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/mikespock
Mayhem # 6441
About Me
I am a photographer constantly seeking experience.
BS from the Art Institute of Philadelphia for Digital Media Production.
I have done work for many major automotive media outlets such as 0-60 Magazine, Speedlounge, Modified Luxury and Exotics magazine, Import Tuner, and S3 Magazine.
I'm primarily an auto journalist, but I'd like to get into portrait work. I am technically apt, but have little experience with models.
I don't really get much out of your typical "put on some makeup, and make a pretty face" modeling pictures. Let's make it interesting.
I'm heavily interested in witty / funny portraits, pin up, themed shoots, and photo sets telling a story.
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Supro 1695T Black Magick 25w 1x12 Tube Guitar Amplifier
Supro presents: Black Magick, a recreation of one of Rock & Roll music's holy-grail amplifiers.
Main Features
- 1959 Supro Cosmetics and Circuitry
- 2 channels
- Output tube Tremelo
- 25W Class-A Power Amp
- 1 x 12 inch Custom Voiced Supro BD12 Speaker
- Black Rhino Hide Tortex
Supro presents: Black Magick, a recreation of one of Rock & Roll music's holy-grail amplifiers. This all-tube, high-gain blues machine hearkens back to the dimensions, cosmetics and circuitry of the Supro amps from 1959, just like the one loaned by Jimmy Page to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. In tribute to this legendary and extensively modified Supro combo, they've used the cabinet dimensions from a '59 Supro 2x10 and replaced the baffle with a 1x12 and armed this 25-watt combo, with a custom, British voiced speaker that was specially developed for the Black Magick amp.
- Read More
With more gain on tap than any other Supro reissue, Black Magick absolutely rips for heavy blues and classic rock guitar styles. This amp's traditional, cathode-biased 'Class-A' power section uses 6973 tubes to achieve the instantly recognizable midrange grind and phenomenal touch dynamics that define the Supro sound. A complete range of tones from warm cleans to heavy distortion can be accessed by simply adjusting the volume knob on your instrument. The signature Supro power tube tremolo adds footswitchable depth and dimension to this historic Rock and Roll machine.
The preamp found in the Black Magick features two channels wired in parallel, with independent volume controls and a single, shared tone control. The vintage-correct front-end topology of the original 1959 Supro combos has been streamlined in the Black Magick, with automatic linking of channels 1&2 when using only the first input jack. This flexible arrangement provides double the gain when used with one instrument and also allows for two instruments to share the same Black Magick or for the use of an A/B/Y box to achieve channel-switching on the fly.
1959 Vintage Supro Cosmetics and Circuitry
2 Channels with Parallel Link and shared tone control
Output Tube Tremolo with footswitch jack
25 Watts Cathode-Bias 'Class-A' Power Amp
1 x 12 inch Custom Voiced Supro BD12 speaker
4x 12AX7EH
2x 6973 power tubes
Gold Faceplate
20 1/2 x 18 3/4 x 8 3/4 inch - 52 x 47.6 x 22.2 cm
39.5 lbs - 18 kg
Black Rhino Hide Tolex
Assembled in NY, USA
- This product will be ordered in from our suppliers as required. Please contact us for availability.
This item is normally sent to Mainland UK addresses by DPD who generally provide a one-hour window of delivery on the morning of delivery by email or text message. If you need this item faster, please upgrade to a Before 12 service at checkout.
FREE delivery within mainland UK
UK Non-Mainland: £ 12
Rep. of Ireland and Mainland Europe: from £ 15 (calculated at checkout) International orders over £250 are delivered FREE except for large or heavy items. Please see our international delivery page or contact us for details.
1 Recommended Accessory
Additional Information
On demo in store No Brand Supro Condition New Amp Use Guitar Amp Type Combo Power 11-50W
FeeFo Reviews
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Loonsteins > Maternity Wear > Midwives > The Stretch Challenge > The 'Stretch' Infant Bodysuit
Fishing is nothing compared to catching babeis! Most men would struggle to land a 12lb Salmon, but then they're not midwives! I hope these products deliver a great talking point with pregnant Moms!
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|Page (1) of 1 - 02/28/13
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Michelle Williams and Mila Kunis are busy promoting Oz the Great and Powerful and are now over in Russia for the Moscow premiere. Before hitting the red carpet, the cast posed for photos on the rooftop of the Ritz. Michelle, Mila, and James all brought out their red-carpet best, delivering standout looks in Jason Wu, Versace, and Gucci, respectively. Watch on to hear all the style scoop! On Allison McNamara: Zara top and jacket, Blank NYC jeans.
|Michelle Williams and Mila Kunis Follow Oz's Yellow Brick Road in Style
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