text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 2005
|Filing date
|Mar 25, 1999
|Priority date
|Mar 25, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Timothy James Graser, Dave Henry Gross, Bradley William Fawcett
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (28), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to the representation of currency units in a computer, and more specifically relates to the conversion of an amount in one currency to an amount in a different currency.
2. Background Art
Since the dawn of the computer age, computer systems have evolved into extremely sophisticated devices, and computer systems may be found in many different settings. Computer systems typically include a combination of hardware, such as semiconductors and circuit boards, and software, also known as computer programs. As advances in semiconductor processing and computer architecture push the performance of the computer hardware higher, more sophisticated computer software has evolved to take advantage of the higher performance of the hardware, resulting in computer systems today that are much more powerful than just a few years ago.
Computer systems can quickly and efficiently manipulate numbers and perform numerical calculations. Computers are in widespread use in business and industry to generate and track financial transactions. One common financial transaction is the conversion an amount of money in one currency to an equivalent amount in a different currency using exchange rates. The conversion from one currency to a different currency is relatively straightforward when a direct exchange rate between the different currency units is available. For the purpose of the discussion herein, the term "source currency" represents the currency units of a known quantity, while the "target currency" represents the currency units of a different currency that need to be represented as the equivalent to the known quantity of source currency units. In other words, if a system knows a price in French Francs (FRF) (the source currency), and needs a price in German Deutschmarks (DEM) (the target currency), the system can easily use a FRF-to-DEM exchange rate to convert from French Francs to German Deutschmarks by multiplying the price in French Francs by the FRF-to-DEM exchange rate to arrive at a price in Deutschmarks. The FRF-to-DEM exchange rate specifies French Francs as the "from currency" and German Deutschmarks as the "to currency", thereby indicating the direction of the exchange. A conversion from French Francs to German Deutschmarks using the FRF-to-DEM exchange rate is referred to as a direct conversion, and the FRF-to-DEM exchange rate is referred to as a direct exchange rate for this type of conversion. Often, however, direct exchange rates are not available for all currency conversions.
If no direct exchange rate between source and target currency is available, a virtual exchange rate may be generated from other exchange rates. In the example above, if the FRF-to-DEM exchange rate is not available, but a DEM-to-FRF exchange rate is available, the DEM-to-FRF exchange rate may be inverted to generate a FRF-to-DEM conversion rate. In another example, if the FRF-to-DEM exchange rate is not available, but a FRF-to-GBP (Great Britain pounds) exchange rate and a GBP-to-DEM exchange rate are available, the FRF-to-GBP exchange rate may be multiplied by the GBP-to-DEM exchange rate to generate a FRF-to-DEM exchange rate. When the conversion path between two currencies includes two exchange rates with a single intermediate currency, the conversion process is known in the art as "triangulation".
Due to limitations in the precision of calculations in computer systems that deal with currency, inverting an exchange rate may produce a rate that is less accurate than the non-inverted exchange rate. Furthermore, multiplying multiple exchange rates to generate a new exchange rate can also lead to loss of precision, particularly as the number of intermediate steps increases. Due to these conversion concerns, the European Monetary Union (EMU) has detailed regulations regarding how currency conversions are to be performed. These requirements are described in detail below.
With the introduction of the euro, the EMU has set forth rules regarding conversion and rounding. For example, no inverted rates derived from known conversion rates may be used. In addition, all conversions between national currency units must be performed as follows: monetary amounts to be converted from one national currency unit into another shall first be converted into a monetary amount expressed in the euro unit, which amount may be rounded to not less than three decimals and shall then be converted into the other national currency unit. No alternative method of calculation may be used unless it produces the same result. "Preparing Financial Information Systems for the euro", European Commission, Directorate General XV, Internal Market and Financial Services, Section II(B)(f) (Brussels, 15 Dec. 1997). These EMU standards for converting from one national currency to another do not necessarily produce the most precise result. However, requiring that all systems adhere to this standard will increase the likelihood that the results from one system to the next will be uniform within an acceptable level of precision. Uniformity of exchange rates between systems is a more important goal for the EMU than a high level of precision.
The introduction of the euro will make triangulation more commonplace, because the EMU requires that exchange rates be kept between participating EMU currencies and the euro, but not directly between separate EMU currencies. However, triangulation must now be done according to the EMU regulations discussed above. These rules require computer systems that perform currency conversions to potentially change how the conversions are performed to conform to the rules. Prior art systems that use inverted exchange rates or triangulation in some other manner to generate virtual exchange rates must now be changed to first convert from the source currency to the euro, then convert from the euro to the target currency.
Some known computer systems use object oriented programs that perform currency conversions. The SanFrancisco Framework developed by IBM is one example of an object oriented solution that provides currency conversions. When a conversion between currencies needs to be performed, a client program requests an exchange rate. If no direct exchange rate is available, the framework computes a virtual exchange rate by multiplying multiple exchange rates together, and returns a virtual exchange rate. In this manner, the exchange rate calculations are encapsulated, and the client that requests the exchange rate does not know how the exchange rate was retrieved or generated. However, this method of computing exchange rates does not conform to the EMU regulations discussed above. One way to satisfy the EMU regulations is to unencapsulate the exchange rate so that the client now must find the source to EMU exchange rate, the EMU to target exchange rate, and perform the conversion according to the EMU regulations. However, unencapsulating the exchange rate requires all client code that uses exchange rates to have knowledge of the specific conversion methods used, making code maintenance much more difficult. Without a mechanism for allowing a computer system to retrieve an encapsulated exchange rate that conforms to the EMU regulations for currency conversions, the computer industry will have to spend considerable time and resources to convert their software to adhere to the EMU conversion standards.
According to the present invention, a conversion path for converting between two different currencies is defined as a series of simple exchange rate objects and is encapsulated within a compound exchange rate object. The intelligence regarding the specific rules for making the conversion are encapsulated in a policy class, which governs how the path of exchange rates contained in the compound exchange rate is built. When a client requests conversion between two currencies, the compound exchange rate is constructed according to the policy to contain a path of exchange rate objects that may be used to make the requested conversion, and the compound exchange rate is then returned to the client. When the client then instructs the compound exchange rate to make a conversion of a known currency value in the source currency, the compound exchange rate object uses the exchange rate object or objects in the exchange rate path to perform the currency conversion. A system in accordance with the invention thus allows the computation of exchange rates in a fully encapsulated manner according to a predefined policy without the client having to know the details of how the conversion is performed.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, where like designations denote like elements, and:
The present invention is accomplished through the use of object oriented programming concepts. For those who are not familiar with object oriented programming concepts, the brief overview below provides background information that will help the reader to understand the present invention.
1. Overview
Object oriented programming is a method of program implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationships. Object oriented programming differs from standard procedural programming in that it uses objects, not algorithms, as the fundamental building blocks for creating computer programs. This difference stems from the fact that the design focus of object oriented programming technology is wholly different than that of procedural programming technology.
The focus of procedural-based design is on the overall process used to solve the problem; whereas the focus of object oriented design is on casting the problem as a set of autonomous entities that can work together to provide a solution. The autonomous entities of object oriented technology are, of course, objects. Object oriented technology is significantly different from procedural technology because problems are broken down into sets of cooperating objects instead of into hierarchies of nested computer programs or procedures.
Thus, a pure object oriented program is made up of code entities called objects. Each object is an identifiable, encapsulated piece of code and data that provides one or more services when requested by a client. Conceptually, an object has two parts, an external object interface and internal object implementation. In particular, all object implementation functions are encapsulated by the object interface such that other objects must communicate with that object through its object interface. The only way to retrieve, process or otherwise operate on the object is through the methods defined on the object. This protects the internal data portion of the object from outside tampering. Additionally, because outside objects have no access to the internal implementation, that internal implementation can change without affecting other aspects of the program.
In this way, the object system isolates the requestor of services (client objects) from the providers of services (server objects) by a well defined encapsulating interface. In the classic object model, a client object sends request messages to server objects to perform any necessary or desired function. The message identifies a specific method to be performed by the server object, and also supplies any required parameters. The server object receives and interprets the message, and can then decide what operations to perform.
There are many computer languages that presently support object oriented programming techniques. For example, Smalltalk, Object Pascal, C++ and Java are all examples of programming languages that support object oriented programming to one degree or another.
There is, as yet, no uniformly accepted notation for communicating object-oriented programming ideas. The notation used in this specification is very similar to that known in the programming industry as Booch notation, after Grady Booch. Mr. Booch is the author of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design With Applications, 2nd ed. (1994), available from The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Use of Booch notation concepts within this specification does not imply any connection between the inventors and/or the assignee of this patent application and Mr. Booch or Mr. Booch's employer. The notational system used by Mr. Booch is more fully explained at Chapter 5, pp. 171-228 of the aforementioned book, and is generally understood by those skilled in the art. Of course, the concepts of the invention could be represented in other equivalent notations as well.
2. Detailed Description
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus and method provide a way to convert an amount in one currency to an equivalent amount in a different currency using an encapsulated conversion path. This conversion path is preferably constructed according to a predefined set of rules referred to herein as an exchange rate policy. Such a system allows for easily implementing the conversion rules of the EMU by encapsulating the rules within an exchange rate policy. By encapsulating the rules within the policy, a client that wants to convert units in one currency to units in another currency does not need to know the specifics of how the conversion is performed.
Referring to
Main memory 120 contains data 122, an operating system 124, exchange rates 125, and a currency conversion mechanism 126. Currency conversion mechanism 126 includes an exchange rate policy 127, and a compound exchange rate 128, which includes an exchange rate path 129. While the currency conversion mechanism 126 is shown in
Data 122 represents any data that serves as input to or output from any program in computer system 100. Operating system 124 is a multitasking operating system known in the industry as OS/400; however, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the spirit and scope of the present invention is not limited to any one operating system. Operating system 124 preferably supports an object oriented programming environment such as that provided, for example, by the Java programming language.
Exchange rates 125 are a collection in memory of known direct exchange rates between two currencies. In the preferred embodiment, each exchange rate 125 is an object oriented object that specifies a conversion multiplier for a specific source-to-target conversion. In other words, each exchange rate 125 preferably represents a direct conversion between two currencies. Currency conversion mechanism 126 is preferably an object oriented portion of code that may be invoked by a client to perform the currency conversions discussed herein. Currency conversion mechanism 126 includes means for constructing an exchange rate path 129. Exchange rate policy 127 is preferably an object oriented class that encapsulates the logic for performing conversions between different currencies. Any suitable rules or logic for performing currency conversions may be placed within exchange rate policy 127. For example, the specific EMU regulations that relate to currency conversions may be programmed into exchange rate policy 127.
Compound exchange rate 128 in the preferred embodiment is an object oriented object that encapsulates the currency conversion method specified in the exchange rate policy 127 by providing an exchange rate path 129 for performing the conversion in accordance with the policy. Exchange rate path 129 in the preferred embodiment is an ordered list of individual exchange rate objects that form a path from the source to the target currency. Once the exchange rate path 129 has been constructed, the currency conversion mechanism 126 invokes the compound exchange rate 128, passing in the source currency amount. The compound exchange rate 128 performs the series of conversions as specified in the exchange rate path 129 to arrive at an amount in the target currency that is equivalent to the amount in the source currency. Compound exchange rate 128 thus includes means for using all exchange rates in the exchange rate path to sequentially operate on a currency value to produce a value in the target currency.
The currency conversion is encapsulated within the compound exchange rate object 128. The client program simply requests a compound exchange rate 128 for converting a specified source currency to a specified target currency, which causes the compound exchange rate object 128 to build the exchange rate path 129 for the specified conversion. The compound exchange rate 128 is then invoked, passing the source currency value. The compound exchange rate 128 then performs the series of conversions specified in the exchange rate path 129, and returns a result in the target currency that is equivalent to the amount in the source currency.
Computer system 100 utilizes well known virtual addressing mechanisms that allow the programs of computer system 100 to behave as if they only have access to a large, single storage entity instead of access to multiple, smaller storage entities such as main memory 120 and DASD device 155. Therefore, while data 122, operating system 124, exchange rates 125, and currency conversion mechanism 126 are shown to reside in main memory 120, those skilled in the art will recognize that these items are not necessarily all completely contained in main memory 120 at the same time. It should also be noted that the term "memory" is used herein to generically refer to the entire virtual memory of computer system 100.
Processor 110 may be constructed from one or more microprocessors and/or integrated circuits. Processor 110 executes program instructions stored in main memory 120. Main memory 120 stores programs and data that processor 110 may access. When computer system 100 starts up, processor 110 initially executes the program instructions that make up operating system 124. Operating system 124 is a sophisticated program that manages the resources of computer system 100. Some of these resources are processor 110, main memory 120, mass storage interface 130, terminal interface 140, network interface 150, and system bus 160.
Although computer system 100 is shown to contain only a single processor and a single system bus, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced using a computer system that has multiple processors and/or multiple buses. In addition, the interfaces (called input/output processors in AS/400 terminology) that are used in the preferred embodiment each include separate, fully programmed microprocessors that are used to off-load compute-intensive processing from processor 110. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention applies equally to computer systems that simply use I/O adapters to perform similar functions.
Terminal interface 140 is used to directly connect one or more terminals 165 to computer system 100. These terminals 165, which may be non-intelligent (i.e., dumb) terminals or fully programmable workstations, are used to allow system administrators and users to communicate with computer system 100. Note, however, that while terminal interface 140 is provided to support communication with one or more terminals 165, computer system 100 does not necessarily require a terminal 165, because all needed interaction with users and other processes may occur via network interface 150.
Network interface 150 is used to connect other computer systems and/or workstations (e.g., 175 in
It is also important to point out that the presence of network interface 150 within computer system 100 means that computer system 100 may engage in cooperative processing with one or more other computer systems or workstations on network 170. Of course, this in turn means that the programs and data shown in main memory 120 need not necessarily all reside on computer system 100. For example, one or more portions shown in main memory 120 may reside on another system and engage in cooperative processing with one or more programs that reside on computer system 100. This cooperative processing could be accomplished through use of one of the well known client-server mechanisms such as remote procedure call (RPC).
At this point, it is important to note that while the present invention has been and will continue to be described in the context of a fully functional computer system, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of suitable signal bearing media include: recordable type media such as floppy disks (e.g., 195 of
Referring to
Method 200 illustrates how the details of the implementation of currency conversion mechanism 126 are encapsulated and therefore do not matter to the client. All the client knows is that it needs an exchange rate, and that once it has received the exchange rate, it invokes the convert method on the exchange rate, passing the source currency and value, and the exchange rate returns the equivalent value in the target currency.
Referring to
The CompoundExchangeRate class defines a convertCurrencyValue( ) method that is invoked by a client to perform the currency conversion defined by the exchange rate path stored within the CompoundExchangeRate. Another method isCompletelyFixed( ) may be invoked by a client to determine whether all of the exchange rates in the exchange rate path are fixed. If all the exchange rates are fixed, the currencies may be treated as different denominations of the same currency. Many financial systems that perform currency conversions require special handling when the source and target currencies are the same. Thus, invoking the isCompletelyFixed( ) method allows such a system to recognize that even though the currencies are different, they should be treated as if they are the same, and to perform any required special processing.
Each CompoundExchangeRate contains one or more instances of ExchangeRate, which make up the exchange rate path 129 in FIG. 1. Each exchange rate includes a fromCurrency, a toCurrency, and a conversionMultiplier. The fromcurrency and toCurrency are instances of the Currency class, which specify the currency units for the source and target currencies. The conversionMultiplier is an instance of the Decimal class, and represents a decimal multiplier for converting a currency value in the source currency to a currency value in the target currency. The CurrencyValue class contains the Currency and Decimal classes, with the currency units specified by the Currency class and the value specified in the Decimal class. Thus, a CurrencyValue of 50 French Francs would include a Decimal value of 50, and a Currency value of French Francs. In this manner the units of a currency are tracked separate from the value.
Referring to
Once the Client has the CompoundExchangeRate object, it invokes the convertCurrencyValue( ) method on the CompoundExchangeRate object, passing the sourceCurrencyValue as a parameter (step 7). At this point, the CompoundExchangeRate object takes over to perform the requested currency conversion. The CompoundExchangeRate object selects the first exchange rate object on its ordered list that makes up the exchange rate path 129, and invokes the getFromCurrency( ) method on the selected ExchangeRate object (step 8). In response, the ExchangeRate returns to the CompoundExchangeRate its fromCurrency. The CompoundExchangeRate then determines from the fromCurrency whether the ExchangeRate is a direct rate or an inverse rate. Next, the CompoundExchangeRate invokes the getConversionMultiplier( ) method on the ExchangeRate object (step 9) to retrieve the decimal representation of the conversion multiplier. If the fromCurrency of the ExchangeRate indicates that the ExchangeRate is a direct rate, a multiply( ) method is invoked on the source:CurrencyValue object, which causes the source currency value to be multiplied by the conversionMultiplier (step 10A). If, however, the fromcurrency of the ExchangeRate indicates that the ExchangeRate is an inverse rate (meaning that the conversion path is backwards from the desired path), a divide( ) method is invoked on the source:CurrencyValue object, which causes the source currency value to be divided by the ExchangeRate (step 10B). In this manner inverse rates are automatically detected, and the ExchangeRate is used as-is, without performing inversions that are not allowed under the EMU regulations.
The source:CurrencyValue object then invokes the constructor on the result:CurrencyValue class (step 11), and passes the converted value of the source currency value in the new class (step 12). The value in the result:CurrencyValue object may be rounded according to rules that govern the rounding of amounts in that particular currency, thereby assuring that the result is stored with the required precision. At this point the return:CurrencyValue is returned to the CompoundExchangeRate object (step 13), which then determines whether any more steps remain in the conversion path. If more exchange rates (i.e., steps) exist in the exchange rate path, steps 8-13 are performed again for each exchange rate in the exchange rate path until all exchange rates in the exchange rate path have been processed. At this point, the CompoundExchangeRate knows that the result is in the target currency, and the result object is returned to the client (step 14).
One significant advantage of the currency conversion mechanism and method in accordance with the present invention is the ability to round the conversion at each step along the conversion path according to the rounding rules for that particular currency. For example, lets assume that a conversion path consists of the following ordered list of exchange rates: 1) French Francs to British Pounds, 2) British Pounds to Swedish Crowns, and 3) Swedish Crowns to Belge Francs. When the source currency value in French Francs is converted to British Pounds in step 1, the result in British Pounds may be rounded according to published guidelines for rounding currency amounts in British Pounds. When the amount in British Pounds is converted to Swedish Crowns in step 2, the result is again rounded according to the published guidelines for rounding currency amounts in Swedish Crowns. Likewise, when the amount in Swedish Crowns is converted to Belge Francs in step 3, the result is once again rounded according to the published guidelines for rounding currency amounts in Belge Francs. The guidelines for rounding each national currency are typically published by their issuing governments. The present invention thus allows a multi-step conversion path to be built while maintaining the desired rounding conventions for each intermediate currency and for the target currency.
Encapsulating the exchange rate path within the CompoundExchangeRate object allows easy inspection and verification of the method used in performing the exchange rates. For example, if the ExchangeRatePolicy specifies EMU standards for converting a source currency to an amount in euros, and for the converting the amount in euros to the amount in the target currency, the resulting exchange rate path in the CompoundExchangeRate object will reflect the conversion path. Note that exchange rates from the euro to the national currencies are usually specified, and the inverse rates are usually left to be derived as needed. Thus, a conversion from French Francs to German Deutschmarks will have the following path: euro-to-DEM, euro-to-FRF. Note that the CompoundExchangeRate object will detect that the first exchange rate (euro-to-DEM) is an inverse rate because the "from currency" (euro) does not match the expected source currency, which is French Francs. As a result, the CompoundExchangeRate object will use the conversion multiplier in a division operation (step 10B of
The preferred embodiments herein disclose an apparatus and method for performing currency conversions according to any desired criteria set by the exchange rate policy by constructing an exchange rate path within a compound exchange rate object. Note that in the simple case when a direct exchange rate is available from source to target currency, only one exchange rate will be included in the exchange rate path. The more interesting case, however, is when a direct exchange rate is not available. The compound exchange rate can then build an ordered path of exchange rates and perform the desired conversion. In this manner the implementation of the policy is encapsulated from the client. In fact, the clients knows nothing about the exchange rate path and the steps that are performed in the conversion. The client simply requests a compound exchange rate, then invokes a convertCurrencyValue( ) method that causes the compound exchange rate object to perform the desired conversion and return the converted currency value.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations are possible within the scope of the present invention. Thus, while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that these and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRASER, TIMOTHY JAMES;GROSS, DAVE HENRY;FAWCETT, BRADLEYWILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:009854/0464;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990323 TO 19990324
|Mar 23, 2009
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|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 3, 2009
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20090913


text:
A hot heroine is being compared to this world famous starlet, who is not known for her mainstream cinema but for her 'adult' work. Ever since former porn actress Sunny Leone made her debut on Indian silver screen, there is a huge vibe of her 'hotness' being talked about everywhere. However, none of the critics or any other directors compared Sunny's red hot curves and glamour dose to any other starlet in India. But for the first time, comparisons are being drawn between Sunny Leone and Shruti Haasan.
This is because of their first ever item songs for Telugu movies. If Sunny is showcasing her wild side in a Lungi dance for Manchu Manoj's 'Current Theega', Shruti will be seen in an ultra-glamorous avatar for a special song in Mahesh's Aagadu. Cine lovers started talking about whose item song will be hot and better, Shruti's or Sunny's. 'Shruti is making waves as a top heroine in Telugu and has many Bollywood projects than any other south starlet.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday 21 September 1903
It was Monday, under the sign of Virgo. The US president was Theodore Roosevelt (Republican).
Famous people born on this day include Jean Eparvier and Preston Tucker.
Der Specht, directed by N/A, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1903
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1903 or at September 21 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 21 September 1903 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 21 September 1903!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 21 September 1903 ?
- Mabon - Neopagan festival of Mabon
- International Day of Peace of the United Nations, as propagated by Peace One Day
- In ancient Greece, the eighth day of the Eleusinian Mysteries, when the secret rites in the Telesterion finish and the feast, Pannychis, begins.
- Philippines - Thanksgiving Day
- Independence Day in Malta (1964), Belize (1981) & Armenia (1991)
- Also see September 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- RC Saints - Matthew the Evangelist
Famous Birthdays:
- Jean Eparvier: Evreux Journalist.
- Preston Tucker: American engineer and businessman designed the Tucker Sedan (d. 1956).
- 1st cowboy film Kit Carson, premieres in US
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of September 1903 ?
Top #3 songs in the USA
- You Can't Fool All the People All the Time - Arthur Collins
- Always in the Way - Byron G. Harlan
- Congo Love Song - Mina Hickman
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Magazine Covers
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What is JotForm?
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- Posts 5
Gift Premium Subscription To estalzer
Join Date:09-12-2012
Last Activity:09-30-2012 8:21 PM
Posted in thread: XDs .45 on 09-18-2012 at 11:29 PM
I purchased an XDS a few months ago. Great cc gun. I was carrying an XD 40sc for several years
and after carrying the XDS I won't go back. It's better for carry and shoots greats. Let's not
forget its...
Posted in thread: New XDS on 09-18-2012 at 11:18 PM
I use the XD gear holster that came with the XDS. I actually prefer it over the Fobus which I
use for my 40sc.
Posted in thread: what makes gun oil gun oil on 09-13-2012 at 12:53 PM
Synthetic engine oil is the best. I've been using it for years on all my rifles and handguns
especially the AR. A quart bottle will last for years too.
Posted in thread: Range Report! XDS.... on 09-12-2012 at 11:07 PM
I have not heard if Springfield will releasing one in a 9. But as a slim short 45 it's perfect
me as a CC
Posted in thread: Range Report! XDS.... on 09-12-2012 at 10:49 PM
I purchased one a few ago. Not easy to find here in NH. Love it. It's an XD that exceeded the
others I own.


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Consumers keen to keep a lid on rising energy costs are being urged to consider signing up to a fixed-rate tariff now, as providers refuse to rule out future price increases.
British Gas, which services 10m households, says the duration of the pledge it made in May to use profits to keep prices down cannot be guaranteed, blaming environmental levies and volatile prices on the wholesale gas market for rising costs.
Last week it reported a 3% increase in profits to £345m for the first six months of the year, adding that customers' gas consumption was 13% higher than average during winter's record-breaking chill.
Tom Lyon at comparison website uSwitch.com says: "With speculation about impending price rises mounting, consumers can't afford to sit back and wait. Now is the time to act and limit the impact on their household energy bills."
For those looking for peace of mind there are a number of fixed dual fuel plans that safeguard against price rises for up to three years.
"In addition to protecting consumers from future price hikes, a number of these tariffs are among the cheapest on the market," Lyon says. "A handful even come without a cancellation fee, allowing you to switch again with no penalty."
The tariff offering the longest fix on the market is EDF's Energy Blue+Price Freeeeze November 2016, enabling consumers to fix their energy price for more than three years. It offers long-term security with no exit fees.
Flow Energy's Thames Fixed Online September 2014 tariff is the cheapest fix at just £1,135 a year – a saving of £215 against the EDF plan. However, this has a £30 cancellation fee per fuel if cancelled before the end date.
Findings from the Which? Consumer Insight Tracker show that worries about energy prices remain one of the top three consumer concerns, along with fuel costs and food prices.
Angela Knight from Energy UK stresses that there is plenty of help available for installing energy saving measures. "Don't wait until it is cold to see if you are eligible; claim what is yours right away. Ring the helpline now on 0800 336699 and you could get home insulation in place in the next few weeks."
■ Compare thousands of tariffs and see how much you can save on gas and electricity with the Guardian's energy switching service.


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NBA seeks to limit speech....
The National Boogers Association has filed suit againt children who repeatedly use phrases like, "Mommy, I'm afraid of the Boogeyman" or "Daddy, there's a Boogeyman under my bed."
"We are tired of the finger pointing, and tired of being picked on, we are coming out and telling lawmakers not to blow us off anymore." We want laws to stop kids from stereotyping us at airports by asking parents, "Is that the boogeyman?"
(Handker) Chief spokeswoman Ima Snott, in an Interview with MSNBC (Mucus Safety for Nose Boogers Committee), has reiterated that, "Boogers, are not the same as Boogeymen. Boogeymen are bad. Boogeymen terrorize. We may be guilty of obstruction now and then, but that's about all. Juan should know the difference.


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Published Wednesday December 26, 2012 at 6:00 am
Dunnells' end-of-the-year résumé speaks to the year he had. The Chieftains captain was an All-Central. Mass and all-state selection, and Midland A's league MVP. All that helped Nashoba to one its best seasons in recent memory, a 12-3-3 record that included a rare win for the program over Algonquin in the last game of the season to win the league title. Dunnells remembers the season almost taking a different turn, though, after his team started the season with high expectations but tied the first game and lost the second. He said the team got things together on the bus ride following the loss and used that moment to turn the season around. He also plays club soccer for Benfica USA and hopes to continue playing in college. He is the son of Tracy Dunnells and Steven Dunnells of Lancaster.


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Holiday Fashion
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The winter holidays are always such a great opportunity for this charming young lady to wear some of her most elegant, fancy posh or fashion-forward extravagant outfits and accessories. Would you like to glam her up while she decorates her Christmas tree?
Use your mouse to dress up!


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Gran Turismo 5 PS3
Gran Turismo 5 on PS3 takes the series to a whole new level. Gran Turismo 5 a first for the franchise, the game supports online racing and features new tracks, a new physics engine, a new in-cockpit view, HD support, and much more.
•A first for the franchise, Gran Turismo 5 supports online racing with up to 16 drivers racing simultaneously on a beautifully rendered race track
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•A new in-cockpit view provides a unique perspective for racers and features a customized dashboard for each of the cars in Gran Turismo 5 Prologue
•All-new and improved opponent AI for a nail-biting and more strategic race racing experience


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Ozone Meeting Calls to Co-ordinate Ozone-Climate Action and End CFC Smuggling
At the 17th Meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, held last week in Geneva, Switzerland, environmental officials called for immediate actions against the growing illegal trade in banned substances. Officials also called for increased co-operation between United Nations bodies working on the issue of climate change. Last week's meeting was held in advance of the Tenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, which will take place in November in Cairo. In Geneva, environmental officials also asked for scientific co-operation between experts on ozone depletion and experts on climate change.
The need for such co-operation is evident in the fact that so-called ozone-safe substitutes for chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) (CFCs are known to contribute to global warming), such as HFCs and PFCs, are urged under the Montreal Protocol, while actively discouraged under the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol on climate change. HFCs and PFCs have been found to contribute to climate change. This environmental conundrum must be addressed as developing countries begin to phase out CFC use and look for available substitutes. China, India and Russia are the world's largest producers of CFCs.
The open-ended Working Group also looked at ways to set up a trade-registration system aimed at curbing illegal trade in CFC gasses, worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Environmental officials fear the already large illegal trade in CFCs could increase once developing countries are forced to use more expensive substances.
The World Meteorological Orgnisation (SMO) and UNEP announced last month that measures taken by the international community to protect the ozone layer are beginning to bear fruit, although it might not be possible to detect firm signs of ozone recovery before another 20 years due to natural atmospheric variability. A full recovery of the earth's ozone shield could not be expected before the middle of the next century, UNEP and WMO officials said.
"Tougher measures called for to protect Earth's ozone layer," FINANCIAL TIMES, July 10, 1998; Ozone Protection Measures Bearing Fruit, IPS, June 22, 1998; Fresh Hopes for Ozone Recovery, PANAFRICAN NEWS AGENCY, June 23, 1998.


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- Latest
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… market of subscribers into your database through the use of a content cannonball, and then execute a focused spurt of blog and email content to nurture your prospects into customers. A modified content marketing strategy pushes the content destination and content brand concepts to a much lower priority. Instead, it focuses on driving as many…


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|Geek Girl - Model Misfit
Don't forget to enter to win a copy!
a Rafflecopter giveaway
|Geek Girl - Model Misfit
Too many to mention! lolReplyDelete
Does screaming at the end of The Wolverine film when Professor Xavier came on scene count and talk about it for 2 hours after the possible story arc of the next film?ReplyDelete
sat in a glam salon full of barbies to get my hair done for a night out, while getting it done I sat with my face in a book only to go out at night and be back in for 9.30pm... total GEEK :)ReplyDelete
reading a book from front to back in a few hoursReplyDelete
Sitting in chocolate with white pants at the cinema..ReplyDelete
trying to walk out of a shop and not seeing the glass door, ouch and it was so humiliating!ReplyDelete
Oh I'm such a geek - I stopped being embarrassed about it years ago.ReplyDelete
Walking into a patio door lolReplyDelete
Falling down a workman's hole after a (long) night out!ReplyDelete
walking into a lamp postReplyDelete
splitting my trousers while at workReplyDelete
Falling off the kerbReplyDelete
Walked into an open locker doorReplyDelete
Getting into a car that looked like ours with a bag of shopping only to find the man in the drivers seat wasn't my husbandReplyDelete
I coughed and farted at the same time :sReplyDelete
dropping the whole content of my handbag on the dancefloor , including tampons .. trying to get it all back in there when people where dancing .. not good, i left shortly after :-/ReplyDelete
Definately the night I was in a bar and didn't notice a small set of 3 steps - I fell, landing on all fours (nose to the ground, arse in the air) right in front of the guy I was totally crushing over at the time. Cringe!ReplyDelete
Decided to track our run on both the ipod & my mobiles gps at the same time (bad idea), got to the steps of the Aquaduct & with both gadgets in hands trying to pause them I fell flat on my face. Doh.... At least neither screens were broken & I now know how it feels to be punched in the face. Ouch!ReplyDelete
On a night out I decided to leap frog over a bollard but fell off and broke my arm !ReplyDelete
While working as a waitress, was carrying a massive icecream sundae with lots of cream on top and by accident put it all on my chest x(ReplyDelete
the day I got my gcse results (few years back) I slipped and fell off the school stage
kay stage
i went to pick up my car from the garage and stalled it on the way out. all the guys that work there saw and i was cringing about it for daysReplyDelete
I went into a shop with my children telling them not to touch the glass ornaments. I noticed a real beautiful ship in the bottle so I picked it up to see if it was glass or plastic. Then in a moment it shattered in my hands. my children could not believe it and began to laugh. They already thought I was crazy but this put the icing on the cake .ReplyDelete
I snorted when I laughed once in front of friends that was it the GEEK word came out lolReplyDelete
not realising that the lining part of my skirt was caught up in my knickers when coming out of the ladies and walking through a crowded bar.......... chiffon's very pretty but not very good when it comes to protecting your modesty!ReplyDelete
When taking a pen out of my bag at an interview a tampon flew out and across the desk!ReplyDelete
saying the x-men cartoon is better than the moviesReplyDelete
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…It has been mentioned before on this blog that landing page loading time matters. Each precious second that you shave can mean more dollars in your pocket. I always thought that I did a pretty good job of keeping my landing pages fast. I used small, optimized images, had a good server, etc…


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The title of this GF Revenge update says it all. This Latina is, without a doubt, one of the hottest babes you will ever witness in any selfshot nude pics. She has a pretty face, but her body is a perfect 10. Those titties couldn't be nicer if you dreamed up the best pair ever in your mind. And that ass is just too sexy. It is big, juicy and round. And when you mix that with her slim waist, you get a killer combo. I get the feeling this babe knows how bad she is and just submitted these pics to GF Revenge to get paid. Well, it was worth every cent cause this is probably the hottest girl to ever grace our site. Enjoy!


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Saturday, May 14 · 7 pm – 10 pm
What happens to a giant blank canvas when you turn it over to a rowdy crowd? One thing is for sure, it'll be fun to find out! Everyone is invited to participate from the experienced artist to the person who has never touched a brush to canvas. No rules. No preconceptions. No hesitation. Just Paint.
LabourLove will provide a huge 4′ x 8′ canvas, brushes, paint (yellow, blue, red, and white), and a blindfold for the truly daring. Participants are encouraged to bring their own special touches and supplies like stencils, specialty paints, markers, oil sticks, found objects, etc. to contribute to the finished product.
If you haven't checked out the website lately…LabourLove has a new feature. Take a look at all the artists in the collective and see some of the work they produce on our new Artist pages! We would also like to take this time to welcome 4 new artists to the collective:
- Frank Myers: www.sweetlifephoto.com
- Julie Lellis: www.designsforclark.com
- Pilar Ramirez: www.pamordesigns.com
- Judy Keene: www.labourlove.com/artists
Upcoming Event: Third Friday, May 20
LabourLove will be teaming up with our friends at Bull City Craft for this coming third friday. Come bring the kiddo's and participate in a craft project with owner Jessica Greene. It is guaranteed to be a good time! Learn more about upcoming classes on Bull City Craft facebook page.


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Please hover over the first icon below to see a summary of this title's description. Click on the second icon to read a sample from the book.
Kindle or paperback?
Currently, the Kindle is the cheapest way to go (as you can see from the prices above). Don't have a Kindle? No problem! COMPLETE ONE OF THE OFFERS BELOW, show me proof, and you'll receive a Kindle copy of this book for FREE! Just one offer per person, please.


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We help you find a Nairn composition tutor. Composition lessons are a brilliant way to start an entertaining new hobby, acquire a new skill and attain confidence in composition. Use our service to search for Nairn composition tutors and choose which matches your requirements so you can enjoy your composition tuition in Nairn immediately!
This is the best place to discover Nairn composition teachers in the UK, helping you find Nairn composition tuition close to home and Nairn tutors to help with any instrument, for example, piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Nairn composition lessons or a one-to-one Nairn composition teacher to prepare for composition grades and develop your composition skills! We order Nairn composition teachers in your area according to their hourly prices and proximity to you.
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Hey there, Wikians. New Leaf has been a major success for Animal Crossing and I was hoping to create a way to better bring together users to play. I saw that the wiki already had an easy profile template for friend codes, but I wanted to expand it a bit further than that for New Leaf, to better show off the details of our towns, characters, and such.
Here's a mockup of what I had in mind: This template includes spaces for:
- Character Name
- Town Name
- Town Fruit
- Wanted Items
- Friend Code
You can also bring in photos of your avatar on the right hand side, if you wanted to show off your latest fashions. What do you think of the template? Details can be easily exchanged and pulled into your wiki profile for quick referencing!
Are there any other spots that I should include in the template? Items for sale or something or other? I'd love to hear your feedback so I can create something perfect for us.
(The alignment for the text is off, and can be easily fixed!)
Thanks so much!


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13 Kardashian Family Pets, Ranked
The Kardashian family has had an almost freakish amount of pets over the years, even for a gang as big as theirs. It's great that they're seemingly animal lovers, but they've developed a gross habit along the way of impulse buying a dog or cat like it's a new accessory, publicly adoring him or her for a few months, then allowing the critter to vanish, never to be heard from again. Do they give all the pets away? Do they just keep them off social media despite adopting a new one every year? The world may never know. What we do know is that it's easy to get more attached to the family's charming furbabies than the owners themselves. Click through for a definitive ranking of Kardashian pets…


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
We have been added to the block listAsked by crenshaws on April 11, 2016 at 03:23 PM
Our email again has been added to the block list. Why is this happening? I looked over what I was sent last time and thought i was good.
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Kunitz, McDonald each score twice as Ducks top CanucksSep 23, 2006 - 5:06 AM ANAHEIM, California (Ticker) -- After Chris Kunitz dominated the first 5 1/2 minutes of the game, Andy McDonald took over the rest of the way.
Kunitz scored twice early in the first period and McDonald added two goals later in the contest as the Anaheim Ducks soared to a 5-1 preseason victory over the Vancouver Canucks.
Facing one of the top goaltenders in the league in Roberto Luongo, Kunitz beat the 2004 Vezina Trophy finalist on the game's first shot just 23 seconds in. Kunitz, who turns 27 on Tuesday, doubled Anaheim's lead at 5:30 off a feed from Teemu Selanne.
McDonald got into the act with 24 seconds left in the first period, cashing in on a 5-on-3 advantage. The 29-year-old capped the scoring with another power-play tally at 6:42 of the third.
Corey Perry also scored and McDonald added an assist for the Ducks, who went 3-for-14 with the man advantage. Selanne, Ryan Getzlaf and defensemen Scott Niedermayer and Brett Skinner each set up a pair of goals.
Michael Grabner netted the lone tally for Vancouver, which was outshot, 28-8, over the first two periods.
Luongo played just under 29 1/2 minutes, allowing three goals on 18 shots.
No one has shouted yet.
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Related News
- Oilers sign center Leon Draisaitl to 8-year extension Wed
- NHL Note - Vancouver Canucks Gaunce, Brendan Aug 10
- Canucks re-sign Gaunce Aug 9
- US quarterfinal spot in doubt at worlds after Germany defeat May 15
- Capitals assistant Reirden a 'future head coach' in the NHL May 13
- BC-AP Sports Preview Digest May 10
- Bruce Boudreau agrees to terms to coach Minnesota Wild May 7
- NHL coaching carousel 'spinning out of control' May 5
- NHL coaching carousel 'spinning out of control' May 5
- NHL coaching carousel 'spinning out of control' May 5
- Ducks accept blame for Boudreau firing after playoff ouster Apr 30
- Ducks fire coach Bruce Boudreau after early playoff exit Apr 29


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At a cost of only £4.00 the How To Grow Herbs For Cooking eBook will provide you with information about:
The How To Grow Herbs For Cooking eBook also includes a set of 21 herb growing cards which can be individually printed off and taken into the garden for easy reference.
The eBook includes the following herb growing cards:
Sally over at TopVeg and I have created a series of grow cards with handy hints and tips on when and how to grow various vegetables. The grow cards can easily be downloaded and printed for easy reference in the veg garden.
Free Vegetable Growing Cards To Download
The Growing Cards include:
Farming Friends & TopVeg have collaborated to create the vegetable grow cards and the herb growing eBook.
The TopVeg website always provide excellent seed sowing information and is full of brilliant gardening tips, so visit TopVeg today for lots of top gardening tips.]]>
Hi, I have just had to help a Quail chick out of it's shell. It had cracked a hole and I could see it's beak, but then nothing else happened for a good 3-4 hours, and normally quail don't take that long to hatch. I was worried it would dry out inside the shell so I carefully peeled back only half the shell, then it managed to wriggle out of the rest. It is now not walking properly and it's feet are curled round, it is just lying on it's side trying to move.
Have I caused this or will it get better?
Thanks Nicole x
Hi Nicole,
I hope that your quail chick is ok. It sounds like the chick could just be exhausted.
Chicks often wriggle about trying to move when they have been helped out. Let me know if
the chicks feet are still curled as you can help to uncurl them. Did any other chicks
Just to let you know that I have a free forum with a section on quail and incubating
http://farmingfriends.com/forums/ where members can chat and ask questions.
Hope all well with the chick.
Keep me posted.
Kind regards
sara @ farmingfriends
All the books and research says that you shouldn't help chicks out of the shell and that opening the incubator can affect the rest of the eggs hatching.
I have not had to help quail hatch as they managed to all hatch at the same time and relatively easily.
I have however had to help many a guinea fowl and more recently ducks out of their shell. In fact I have 7 ducklings that are now 4 weeks old and if I hadn't have helped them out of their shells then I would only have one. All the ducklings are growing well and are healthy.
From experience I have found that if a chick has not hatched itself within a few hours then I have found that they often die in the shell as the heat in the incubator dries up the shell and membrane and makes it difficult for the chicks to hatch.
If you do decide to help the chick out, remove the egg from the incubator quickly and cupping the egg in your hand to keep it warm carefully start to pick off the shell from where the egg has pipped as this is where the chicks beak is.
I have always had to work quickly although you have to be very careful that the blood vessels in the shell don?t bleed as this can kill the chick.
When I help a chick out I try to pick the shell off the head part first and work my way down. I never take all the shell off as the chick is attached to the shell at the base.
I usually take the top off and try to make sure that the chicks head, wings and body are free.
It is important to make sure that the chick can move about because once it goes back in the incubator the membrane and shell dry out and can get stuck to the chick.
I then put the chick and attached shell back in the incubator and let the chick wriggle free in it's own time.
Sometimes the guinea fowl keets have made it and sometimes they have still died.
Another thing to consider is once you have opened the incubator the temperature and humidity will be affected and this could stop other chicks from hatching.
If you decide that you are going to open the incubator I would just check that you can see movement from the chick otherwise you will have affected the incubator conditions and the chick could already be dead.
Let us know if you have any tips for helping quail chicks out of the shell.
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"Just had a litter of pigs born will they go outside if it is muddy or shall I bring them in?"
Here is my response to the question and also a response from another reader.
Hi Graham,
Congratulations on the birth of your piglets. Where did the sow farrow, outdoors or inside? If it was outside then I would make sure that the shelter has plenty of fresh clean straw and bales around it for insulation and to keep the piglets protected from wind, rain and direct sunlight when it is hot, so that the piglets are kept warm, dry and don't get sunstroke.
If they were born inside then they usually have a heat lamp for the first few days/week.
If the piglets are reared outside then they will get iron from the soil and grass they root about in but if indoors give them a piece of turf to root about on and access to water at all times for both indoor and outdoor piglets.
Hope the piglets are doing well – what sort of pigs are they?
Kind regards
Sara @ farmingfriends
Hi all
I have had two sows pig outside and in very wet conditions. The first Sow had 13 piglets 1 month ago and 10 survive. The three that died did so within 24 hours of birth and it probably had a lot to do with the bad weather at the time.
The second sow had 10 piglets and again 3 died in similar circumstances to the above. These are now 1 week old.
All are now well and and they are thriving.
I would think that if Grahams' piglets have somewhere dry to lie and sleep, and they are feeding well enough from the mother then all will probably be ok. If they have survived thus far then there is probably little to be gained by bringing them in at this stage
Things to consider when putting piglets outside:
If anyone has any experiences of rearing piglets outdoors from birth then we would love to hear your experiences.
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I find this is a versatile accompaniment. It obviously lends itself to cold meat and salad dishes or with new potatoes, but can also be served with something like steak or hot salmon.
We grow beetroot in the garden, so always boil our own. Ready cooked beetroot from the supermarket will also be fine, although maybe not quite as good.
(You may also like to check out our pickled beetroot recipe.)
Simply roughly chop the beetroot into chunks (slightly smaller than 1cm square on average). Place in your serving bowl and pour over some balsamic vinegar, a shake of good olive oil and season with salt and pepper. Turn to dress the beets.
Add a little olive oil, lemon zest and some finely chopped herbs (I prefer thyme) to the cottage cheese. Stir to combine the flavours and then spoon over the beetroot.
(UK Amazon Affiliate Link.)]]>
Fodder beet is a similar plant to the more commonly seen sugar beet plant. The sugar content is lower, but the yield per acre is typically somewhat higher. Sugar beet growers may typically expect to grow between 20 and 30 tonnes per acre, whereas fodder beet typically yields between 25 and 40 tonnes per acre (although it may be slightly lower in dry matter). 30 plus tonnes per acre is quite common and 40 tonnes per acre is quite achievable given a good soil type and ample summer rainfall.
There are different varieties of fodder beet that have different characteristics. Generally speaking there are red or orange coloured varieties which tend to be slightly softer and also tend to grow further out of the ground. These varieties may be suitable for grazing by sheep or feeding whole to sheep and cattle without chopping the roots. Another advantage is that less soil will cling to the beet if it is harvested with a machine. One disadvantage of these varieties is that they tend to be more susceptible to frost as they are growing more out of the ground and they are also softer varieties.
There are also white varieties of fodder beet. Some of these have the tendancy to grow deeper into the ground, be higher in dry matter, and also be harder. This gives them more frost protection. They can usually withstand frosts of minus 5 degrees C without too much damage. These harder beets can also have better storing capabilities when harvested and kept in a clamp. They normally require chopping for cattle to eat these harder roots.
We have tended to grow the white beet on our farm.
Fodder beet will usually store in a clamp (heap, protected from frost with straw bales – in the UK) until the end of April. Some growers will place the retaining bales of straw on pallets to aid air flow into the clamp to help keep the beet cool and facilitate longer storage periods.
We put air ducts under the clamp towards the back of the heap, so we can ventilate with a fan to keep the temperature of the beet correct. This can lead to much longer storage and less deterioration.
The cattle really like to eat the beet. It can raise dry matter intake and reduce the amount of barley we need to feed. Protein content is, however, lower than barley so this needs to be accounted for. We feed the beet to both growing and fattening cattle and to the suckler cows. The suckler cows get low quality silage plus some beet. The amount of beet we feed to the sucklers depends on their condition score and if we are trying to get the cows to increase of decrease their condition.]]>
Most farmers are experiencing this to some degree, although certain farming systems and soil types create the correct conditions for grass weeds to multiply.
The most common species to cause problems for the arable farmer are black grass, bromes, ryegrass and wild oats. The problem is getting worse and so I am going to discuss the probable reasons for this and what we are doing about it on our farm.
Reasons For Grass Weed Proliferation
On many farms the rotation hasn't changed for a number of years, but the problem has got much worse over the past few years. So what has changed?
Certain key herbicides have had their licences revoked. This has led to a reliance on fewer herbicides which may not be as effective or this may lead to resistance and so worse control. Resistance to Atlantis is certainly evident, which used to give good post emergence control of blackgrass in wheat.
There has been a trend towards non-inversion tillage by farmers in an effort to cut crop establishment costs. This can bring certain benefits to the soil, but does usually result in a greater number of grass weed seeds germinating and growing in the crop.
We have seen some wetter weather over recent years and many farm drainage systems have come to the end of their lives creating wetter soils which create conditions conducive to grass weed growth.
Situation On Our Farm
Approximatey 60 percent of our farm is of a medium to heavy soil type which we farm with autumn sown crops. The reason for this is that crop establishment and yields are more consistent than spring cropping on this type of land.
However, we aren't too bad for grass weeds. We have one particularly bad patch of black grass that is about the size of a tennis court. For the past 4 or 5 years we have worked at erradicating this patch. The black grass population has reduced in this patch, but we haven't got rid of it as yet. We have sprayed tank mixes of pre-emergence herbicides in the autumn with reasonable effect, but far from total control. We have used Atalantis, but this is becoming less effective. We have sprayed remaining plants off with glyphosate in the crop just as the seed heads have formed. We have hand rogued any remaining plants on the outer edges of the patch. This strategy is working, but we are still not rid of this patch and it looks like it may take a few years yet to erradicate it altogether.
When beans or oilseed rape are grown in the field there are some different herbicides available, but we are finding that they are not as effective as they once were. We pay close attention to the correct water volumes, nozzle choice and weather conditions when applying agrochemicals so they are applied in the most effective way.
The rest of the farm is relatively free of black grass, although it is in low populations across all the winter cropping soils. I walk every field each year and hand rogue any plants. This is hard and tedious work. In a typical 15 acre field I would expect to pull about 20 plants that the herbicides haven't contolled. I think this is time well spent, as the populations can quickly increase and we could soon get into the situation like we did with the small tennis court sized patch.
If I see a black grass plant in the crop when I am travelling through with the crop sprayer I stop, get out of the tractor and pull the offending plant and remove it from the field. When ever I pull a blackgrass plant I carry it off the field just in case any of the seeds have set.
Why Black Grass
You will notice that I have been talking about black grass, and haven't really touched on the bromes, ryegrass, wild oats, annual meadow grass or any others. These are all problematic weeds to the arable farmers, but black grass is potentially by far the worst.
Black grass plants are extremely prolific in their seed setting and shedding, typically shedding 1000 – 2000 seeds per plant. The seeds are also usually shed before harvest, so no seeds are removed by the harvesting procedure. This is not the case for wild oats or brome, where a certain proportion of the seed is harvested by the combine and removed from the field and many less seeds are produced per plant.
The heavier the soil type the more moisture retentive it tends to be, which is not only the best conditions for grass weeds to grow, but also the least conducive to spring cropping (spring cropping can be good for black grass reduction as the weed doesn't tend to germinate in spring. Heavier soils are also more difficult to create a fine seed bed, this can lead to a lower germination rate of the crop and hence less crop competion against the weeds. Any large clods can weather down with rain and then weed seeds can germinate with no chemical layer in place to kill them.
As our farm is currently 250 acres it is possible for me to walk the crops and rogue the few plants that are there. Obviously this isn't so easy on much larger farms, as there is only a few weeks to walk the crops and remove the weeds. As soon as the populations start to get too high then hand weeding isn't an option anyway.
Precision Control
One future control measure that some larger farms may be able to employ is precision mapping of the weed patches via GPS. Once identified it would be possible to adjust herbicide concentrations in these areas, patch spray glyphosate and patch cultivate to reduce the populations.
These are weeds which start in patches before spreading across the field, so precision farming methods would work well. Systems are already in development to identify and map the weeds.
We hope to eradicate the single patch of black grass within the next few years by continually working on it. This season the wheat in that field was sprayed pre-emergence, but we still had a few plants. We decided not to spray with Atlantis, as we thought we could pull them by hand and didn't want to add to the resistance problem. There were approximately 100 plants when I pulled them in mid May. I will keep going back to see if any more plants become visible through late may and June.
It will be an ongoing practice to hand rogue all the fields.
We will continue to use a plough based cultivation stategy in most situations. We believe there may be a place for some non-inversion crop establishment as an aid to keeping burried seeds down for an extra season. Normally this would be when oilseed rape is established.
Non-inversion establishment on our soils later in the autumn have given variable results so we don't see it as been useful on our farm for the wheat or barley drilling. It can give better seed to soil contact than ploughing and retain moisture and germination rate in a dry time, but it has also tended to increase the chances of winter waterlogging compared to ploughing.
We have grown spring beans for the past two seasons which will help with control. We have also introduced grass silage leys into the arabe rotation. Any grass weeds are mown and harvested in the silage before they seed.
Ourselves and other farmers need to be aware of the spread of grass weeds from farm to farm through combine harvesters. There is a tendancy for farmers to rely more on contractors or to share combine harvesters, so this is a path for spreading the weed seeds. We own our own combine, but we do do some contracting work with it. If we were to go to another farm that had a grass weed problem we would cut the problem areas first and then finish off in the cleaner part of the crop so that the inside of the combine would be relatively clean before returning back to our farm. We would refuse any contracting work in fields with bad black grass populations. We are also cautious to not import any manures as we would not know if the bedding straw had been full of grass weed seeds.
These all seem like quite fastidious management decisions, but we believe they are worthwhile. There are few, if any, new herbicides currently in development and we could loose some more of the actives that we have available. Therefore, the situation could get more difficult.
However, in recent times goats have been reared specifically for meat production and animals slaughtered at a younger age giving a more tender and lightly flavoured meat, palatable to the modern consumer.
This has giving rise to opportunities for farmers and smallholders to tap into this market. In fact smallholders are particularly well placed to raise goats as the animals don't require a lot of space and basic housing is all that is required.
We have been looking into goat meat production as a potential enterprise for our farm.
Production Systems
There are two distinctly different production systems for goat meat production, which are similar to the way beef is produced in cattle systems.
Dairy Crosses
There is already a very well established goat milk industry. Traditionally these milking herds have always mated the dams to a milk breed of buck and then kept the best doelings for herd replacements. Unwanted doelings and male kids have often been dispatched at birth.
This has given goat meat producers and opportunity to approach the dairy herds and offer to buy the offspring if they will use a meat breed buck on a proportion of their herd.
Pure Meat Breeds
The other system of goat meat production is to use a doe and a buck, both of which are meat breeds. This gives offspring with better growth, confirmation and meat yield characteristics (the same concept as a beef suckler herd).
The downside to this production method is the cost associated with keeping the doe solely to produce kids and also the cost of keeping breeding replacements.
Milking goats have been selected for production traits for some time and there are several different breeds, breeding lines and crosses that have been used. Saanen, Anglo Nubian and Toggenburgs are particularly common.
Meat producing animals have probably not yet got the same degree of genetic selection and progression.
There are several meat breeds…
Boer, Savanna, Spanish, Kiko, Genemaster, Texmaster.
However, the Boer breed is widely thought of as the most commonly available and having some of the best characteristics.
Information for begginers isn't all that easy to find, particularly as it is a relatively new practice to commercially farm goats specifically for meat production.
When trying to find out as much as possible about a potential new enterprise, it's important to understand not only the production systems, feeding, breeding etc. but also we need to know about the market, marketing, what the market wants, distance to slaughter houses etc.
There are some books on the subject and some information online, but the best and most comprehensive resource we have found is the Boer Goats Profits Guide. The guide was available as either a hard copy book or as a downloadable ebook. It wasn't cheap, but the authors clearly had a lot of knowledge and gave good guidance.
We purchased a new (well second hand) hedgecutter recently. The old one only had a 4.5m reach and had spool valves (hydraulic controls) which came through the back window of the tractor. This meant turning round to operate the machine, so gave the operator neck ache.
The new mower (the official name for a hedgecutter that attaches to a tracotr is a 'reach mower') has 6.5m of reach, electric controls and boot flails. Boot flails leave a neat finnish on the hedge and are good for cutting the fine annual growth of a hedge. The old machine had a 'Bushwacker' head which was more suited to cutting thick branches.
It's a slow job cutting the hedges, but throughout the winter the farm has the available labour to undertate the task. We have one more hedge to cut next week and then the farm will be looking all trim and tidy.
We prefer to trim the hedges later in the winter so that the berrys are available for the birds through the coldest months. By March there is often other foodstuffs becoming available for the birds.
When ever a second hand piece of equipment is purchased, there is always some unknown about its condition. We have been really pleased with the new mower. The only thing really is a small leak on one of the hydraulic rams and a seal on the gearbox. They are just small repairs and will get done before we need the machine again in the summer time. During August we use the mower to cut the grass on the ditch sides to make way for the excavator to clean the ditches out. Drainage is very important here in the low lying fields of the Vale of York. Each ditch must be mown and de-silted annually to keep the drainage system working effectively.]]>
Here in North Carolina USA my husband and I have hatched guinea keets with an incubator. We've scoured the internet for information, and your ebook is the best quality, most comprehensive information we have found.
Thank you!
Incubating, Hatching And Raising Guinea Fowl Keets eBook will provide you with information about:
Buy the Incubating, Hatching And Raising Guinea Fowl Keets eBook for yourself or as a gift for a friend or a family member, priced £4.99.]]>


text:
Linking Peoples' Pursuit of Eudaimonia and Hedonia with Characteristics of their Parents: Parenting Styles, Verbally Endorsed Values, and Role Modeling
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Volume (Year): 13 (2012)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 47-61
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- Terence Bostic & Doris McGartland Rubio & Mark Hood, 2000. "A Validation of the Subjective Vitality Scale Using Structural Equation Modeling," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 52(3), pages 313-324, December.
- Christopher Peterson & Nansook Park & Martin Seligman, 2005. "Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 25-41, 03.
- Veronika Huta & Richard Ryan, 2010. "Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 11(6), pages 735-762, December.
- Alan Waterman & Seth Schwartz & Regina Conti, 2008. "The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment and Eudaimonia) for the Understanding of Intrinsic Motivation," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 41-79, January.
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The Rat Assistance & Teaching Society says a half million U.S. households own pet rats or mice, but these little critters don't always get the consideration they deserve. Most people who keep rats care about them and want to make sure they get the best diet with correct protein levels.
Rat Digestive System
Rats are omnivores, which means they eat both animal and plant foods, including animal and plant proteins. In the wild, they eat animal proteins such as insects, frogs, fish and dead animals, along with plant materials including seeds, nuts, vegetables, fruits and grains. Their digestive systems include long intestines, which give their bodies time and ability to break down a range of materials not digested in the stomach. Although they are omnivores, rats are predatory and do have notable protein requirements.
Ideal Protein Ranges
Rats should consume a diet with about 15 to 20 percent protein. Pregnant or nursing rats may require higher levels. If rats are fed too much protein, they can develop an orange oily residue on their skin. They can also develop other skin problems, including itchy spots known as protein scabs. When designing a diet with the proper protein levels, look for whole protein sources from meats like chicken, turkey, beef and organ meats, along with fish like salmon, shrimp and other seafood.
Sample Foods
The Rat Fan Club website suggests a diet of about 18 percent protein, and outlines a sample menu to coincide. It includes a daily mix of fruits and vegetables, along with a "molasses mix," a combination of molasses, minerals, tofu, sunflower seeds, oats, barley, rice, millet, flax seeds and nutritional yeast. Twice a week, cooked beef liver or canned oysters are served. Suggested vegetables include broccoli, kale, bok choy and others, and fruit choices include bananas, melons, apples, plums and more.
Excess fruits and vegetables can cause diarrhea or gas. Some foods are suggested as occasional additions, including cheese, pasta, rice, fish sticks, dog treats and yogurt. Some foods should never be served, including peanut butter. This can stick in a rat's throat, causing an urge to vomit, which is impossible for rats. Avoid blue cheese dressing, licorice, rhubarb and poppy seeds. Male rats should never have citrus, as it can cause cancer due to a protein present in male rats only.


text: As we have discussed in previous calls, one key area of focus in our aftermarket business is continuing to expand our distribution networks and product line. We added another 126 distributors since our last call with the majority of these latest additions in Asia, Latin America and the U.S. Also, we've added nearly 500 part numbers to our product offering since our last call, with the majority of these adds in our emerging market businesses.Now switching to our industrial product segment, our local currency sales increased 20%. Our largest industrial product group, industrial filtration solutions, grew local currency sales by 17%. Their sales growth was good in both the U.S. and Europe for both new Torit dust collection equipment and the replacement filters for those systems already installed in the field. We also had a very large project ship in South Africa this quarter. Sales in gas turbine were up 51% in the quarter driven mainly by strong shipments for new power generation systems. And finally, sales of our special application products increased 3% with sales growth in our venting, disc driver filters, and membrane product lines. Now I'll quickly summarize our sales by region. We again had very good growth in the Americas with local currency sales increasing 9% in the quarter. In Europe, our local currency sales increased 11% with our gas turbine, off-road and industrial filtration businesses all posting double-digit percent year-over-year sales increases; and in Asia, strong gas turbine sales drove an overall local currency sales increase of 7% for the region in the quarter. Read the rest of this transcript for free on seekingalpha.com


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The School of Law's Office of Admission encourages prospective applicants to visit the School of Law and will arrange tours and class visits by appointment. The Office of Admission also holds weekly Information Sessions, at which time questions about the school, the application process, the financial aid program, and an applicant's individual situation will be answered.
The Information Sessions are held on Thursdays from 4:30pm to 5:30pm in the Office of Admission, Building 52, Suite 104.
We encourage you to RSVP by registering above, but walk-ins are welcome.
If you have any questions, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or (202) 274-7341.
8/17/2017DC's number one - for Underprivileged Children!
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text:
No. 32 Inkjet Cartridge is ideal for printer owners who print occasionally. Designed for use with Lexmark X5250 and X5270 All-In-One Office Centers as well as Z816 Color, X3330, X3350, X5250, X5270, X5450, X5470, X7170, X7350, X8350, P915, P4330, P4350, P6250 and P6350. Cartridge yields approximately 200 pages.
Office & Business > Office Equipment & Supplies > Supplies > Print Supplies > Toners & Cartridges


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How can I change the spacing for the dropdown field?Asked by fundcapital on July 21, 2016 at 06:59 PM
Hi Support,
I am trying to align all the boxes as possible so it will not look clutter on the form however if the block has a dropdown I can't change the distance form that block to another block I have attached a screenshot for example,
if you can see all those inside the red box is well aligned compare to the box below it, please advise the best way to do this thank you
JotForm Support
We can extend the width of the dropdown field so it is aligned with the top fields, and the spacing will be equal to the other fields. To do this, simply inject the custom css below:
#input_126 {
width: 230px!important;
If you need further assistance, please let us know.
I followed your instructions but I see that there is a part of the form that is not aligned, what do you suggest to do
You would require to inject the custom css below:
margin-left: -21px!important;
If you face any issue or need further assistance, feel free to revert back.
I followed it but nothing is happening do I need to insert this before the existing #input_126?
Or I just need to insert it?
#input_126 is existing in the CSS
#input_126 {
width: 230px!important;
margin-left: -21px!important;
I just checked your Form https://www.jotform.com/43446244508960 And not found the custom css code which I provided. You can insert that before or after #input_126.
After inserting the custom css code, make sure to save the form.
If you need further assistance, feel free to revert back.
Just did that and it works thanks for your help! However I also have the same problem on this form but when I inject the custom css code you gave me it doesn't work can you please guide me also on his
Actually the CSS code is written according to the "ID". So for your another Form, we would require to use other css code.
So please remove the css class "#id_150" from your new Form. And instead of that put the below css code:
margin-left: -21px!important;
That is instead of #id_150, you need to write the "#id_152"
If you need further assistance, feel free to revert back.


text:
We think this vehicle looks great, but it would look better in your driveway! This 2014 Ford Escape is now available, and will be sure to put a smile on your face! Enjoy the convenience of making hands-free phone calls thanks to Microsoft SYNC's voice commands! You'll also have a Rearview Camera to help out with parking! Additional features include: Bluetooth, CD Player, USB/Auxiliary Inputs, Cruise Control, and Keyless Entry. Manufacturer's Warranty still applies. Only one previous owner!This vehicle qualifies for our EXCLUSIVE Kistler for Life Program! Lifetime Engine Guarantee, Lifetime Car Washes, First Year of Oil Changes for Free, Lifetime Multi-Point Inspections, Reward Card Program and So Much More! *See Kistler Ford for details.
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