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The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately 65.5 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time. Widely known as the K–T extinction event, it is associated with a geological signature known as the K–T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period derived from the German name Kreidezeit, and T is the abbreviation for the Tertiary Period (a historical term for the period of time now covered by the Paleogene and Neogene periods). The event marks the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. With "Tertiary" being discouraged as a formal time or rock unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the K–T event is now called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event by many researchers.
Non-avian dinosaur fossils are only found below the K–T boundary and became extinct immediately before or during the event. A very small number of dinosaur fossils have been found above the K–T boundary, but they have been explained as reworked, that is, fossils that have been eroded from their original locations then preserved in later sedimentary layers. Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and many species of plants and invertebrates also became extinct. Mammalian and bird clades passed through the boundary with few extinctions, and evolutionary radiation from those Maastrichtian clades occurred well past the boundary. Rates of extinction and radiation varied across different clades of organisms.
Scientists theorize that the K–T extinctions were caused by one or more catastrophic events such as massive asteroid impacts or increased volcanic activity. Several impact craters and massive volcanic activity in the Deccan traps have been dated to the approximate time of the extinction event. These geological events may have reduced sunlight and hindered photosynthesis, leading to a massive disruption in Earth's ecology. Other researchers believe the extinction was more gradual, resulting from slower changes in sea level or climate.
Extinction patternsEdit
The K–Pg extinction event was severe, global, rapid, and selective. In terms of severity, the event eliminated a vast number of species. Based on marine fossils, it is estimated that 75% or more of all species were wiped out by the K–Pg extinction.[20] In terrestrial ecosystems all animals weighing more than 2.2 pounds (1 kg) disappeared.[21]
The event appears to have hit all continents at the same time. Dinosaurs, for example, are known from the Maastrichtian of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America and Antarctica,[22] but are unknown from the Cenozoic anywhere in the world. Similarly, fossil pollen show devastation of the plant communities in areas as far apart as New Mexico, Alaska, China, and New Zealand.[14]
Even though the boundary event was severe, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades. Species that depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct as atmospheric particles blocked sunlight and reduced the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface. This plant extinction caused a major reshuffling of the dominant plant groups.[23] Omnivores, insectivores and carrion-eaters survived the extinction event, perhaps because of the increased availability of their food sources. No purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals seem to have survived. Rather, the surviving mammals and birds fed on insects, worms, and snails, which in turn fed on dead plant and animal matter. Scientists hypothesize that these organisms survived the collapse of plant-based food chains because they fed on detritus (non-living organic material).[24][25][26]
In stream communities few animal groups became extinct because stream communities rely less directly on food from living plants and more on detritus that washes in from land, buffering them from extinction.[27] Similar, but more complex patterns have been found in the oceans. Extinction was more severe among animals living in the water column than among animals living on or in the sea floor. Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on primary production from living phytoplankton while animals living on or in the ocean floor feed on detritus or can switch to detritus feeding.[24] Coccolithophorids and mollusks (including ammonites, rudists, freshwater snails and mussels), and those organisms whose food chain included these shell builders, became extinct or suffered heavy losses. For example, it is thought that ammonites were the principal food of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine reptiles that became extinct at the boundary.[28] The largest air-breathing survivors of the event, crocodyliforms and champsosaurs, were semi-aquatic and had access to detritus. Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and can survive for months without food, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms or fragments of organisms for their first few years. These characteristics have been linked to crocodilian survival at the end of the Cretaceous.[25]
After the K–Pg extinction event, biodiversity required substantial time to recover, despite the existence of abundant vacant ecological niches.
The K–Pg boundary represents one of the most dramatic turnovers in the fossil record for various calcareous nanoplankton that formed the calcium deposits that gave the Cretaceous its name. The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level.[29][30] Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation.[31] The K–Pg boundary record of dinoflagellates is not as well-understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, thereby likely causing diversity to be underestimated.[24] Recent studies indicate that there were no major shifts in dinoflagellates through the boundary layer.[32]
Radiolaria have left a geological record since at least the Ordovician times, and their mineral fossil skeletons can be tracked across the K–Pg boundary. There is no evidence of mass extinction of these organisms, and there is support for high productivity of these species in southern high latitudes as a result of cooling temperatures in the early Paleocene.[24] Approximately 46% of diatom species survived the transition from the Cretaceous to the Upper Paleocene. This suggests a significant turnover in species, but not a catastrophic extinction of diatoms, across the K–Pg boundary.[24][33]
The occurrence of planktonic foraminifera across the K–Pg boundary has been studied since the 1930s.[34] Research spurred by the possibility of an impact event at the K–Pg boundary resulted in numerous publications detailing planktonic foraminiferal extinction at the boundary.[24] However, there is debate ongoing between groups that believe the evidence indicates substantial extinction of these species at the K–Pg boundary,[35] and those who believe the evidence supports multiple extinctions and expansions through the boundary.[36][37]
Numerous species of benthic foraminifera became extinct during the K–Pg extinction event, presumably because they depend on organic debris for nutrients, since the biomass in the ocean is thought to have decreased. However, as the marine microbiota recovered, it is thought that increased speciation of benthic foraminifera resulted from the increase in food sources.[24] Phytoplankton recovery in the early Paleocene provided the food source to support large benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are mainly detritus-feeding. Ultimate recovery of the benthic populations occurred over several stages lasting several hundred thousand years into the early Paleocene.
Marine invertebratesEdit
There is variability in the fossil record as to the extinction rate of marine invertebrates across the K–Pg boundary. The apparent rate is influenced by the lack of fossil records rather than actual extinction.[24]
Ostracods, a class of small crustaceans that were prevalent in the upper Maastrichtian, left fossil deposits in a variety of locations. A review of these fossils shows that ostracod diversity was lower in the Paleocene than any other time in the Cenozoic. However, current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to or during the boundary interval itself.[40][41]
Approximately 60% of late-Cretaceous Scleractinia coral genera failed to cross the K–Pg boundary into the Paleocene. Further analysis of the coral extinctions shows that approximately 98% of colonial species, ones that inhabit warm, shallow tropical waters, became extinct. The solitary corals, which generally do not form reefs and inhabit colder and deeper (below the photic zone) areas of the ocean were less impacted by the K–Pg boundary. Colonial coral species rely upon symbiosis with photosynthetic algae, which collapsed due to the events surrounding the K–Pg boundary.[42][43] However, the use of data from coral fossils to support K–Pg extinction and subsequent Paleocene recovery must be weighed against the changes that occurred in coral ecosystems through the K–Pg boundary.[24]
The numbers of cephalopod, echinoderm, and bivalve genera exhibited significant diminution after the K–Pg boundary.[24] Most species of brachiopods, a small phylum of marine invertebrates, survived the K–Pg extinction event and diversified during the early Paleocene.
Except for nautiloids (represented by the modern order Nautilida) and coleoids (which had already diverged into modern octopodes, squids, and cuttlefish) all other species of the molluscan class Cephalopoda became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. These included the ecologically significant belemnoids, as well as the ammonoids, a group of highly diverse, numerous, and widely distributed shelled cephalopods. Researchers have pointed out that the reproductive strategy of the surviving nautiloids, which rely upon few and larger eggs, played a role in outsurviving their ammonoid counterparts through the extinction event. The ammonoids utilized a planktonic strategy of reproduction (numerous eggs and planktonic larvae), which would have been devastated by the K–Pg extinction event. Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids.[44][45]
Approximately 35% of echinoderm genera became extinct at the K–Pg boundary, although taxa that thrived in low-latitude, shallow-water environments during the late Cretaceous had the highest extinction rate. Mid-latitude, deep-water echinoderms were much less affected at the K–Pg boundary. The pattern of extinction points to habitat loss, specifically the drowning of carbonate platforms, the shallow-water reefs in existence at that time, by the extinction event.[46]
Other invertebrate groups, including rudists (reef-building clams) and inoceramids (giant relatives of modern scallops), also became extinct at the K–Pg boundary.
There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–Pg boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 7 out of the 41 families of Neoselachian, modern sharks, suffered during this event and Batoids, skates and rays, lost nearly all the identifiable species, while more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.[49][50]
While the deep sea realm was able to remain seemingly unaffected, there was an equal loss between the open marine apex predators and the durophagous demersal feeders on the continental shelf. The loss and origination of sharks and batoids at family level are more pronounced. Sharks and Batoids first appeared in the Danian Age 66 to 61.6 million years ago, starting with two shark families (Carcharhinidae, Isuridae) and a single batoid family (Torpedinidae), resulting in a total origination percentage of only 8% of marine animals. Only 25 shark families and nine batoid families survived the K-T boundary event. In the late cretaceous period, the Maastrichtian age, 28 shark families and 13 batoid families thrived, before the event occurred. Forty-seven of all marine genera cross the K/T boundary, 85% being sharks. Batoids display with 15% a comparably low survival rate.[49][51]
There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–Pg boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event.[52] However, the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event.
Terrestrial invertebratesEdit
Insect damage to the fossilized leaves of flowering plants from fourteen sites in North America were used as a proxy for insect diversity across the K–Pg boundary and analyzed to determine the rate of extinction. Researchers found that Cretaceous sites, prior to the extinction event, had rich plant and insect-feeding diversity. However, during the early Paleocene, flora were relatively diverse with little predation from insects, even 1.7 million years after the extinction event.
Terrestrial plantsEdit
There is overwhelming evidence of global disruption of plant communities at the K–Pg boundary.[14][14][56][57] Extinctions are seen both in studies of fossil pollen, and fossil leaves.[14] In North America, the data suggests massive devastation and mass extinction of plants at the K–Pg boundary sections, although there were substantial megafloral changes before the boundary.[14][58] In North America, approximately 57% of plant species became extinct. In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups.[54][59] In some regions, Paleocene recovery of plants began with recolonizations by fern species, represented as a fern spike in the geologic record; this same pattern of fern recolonization was observed after the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.[60]
Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K–Pg boundary there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms such as fungi that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation. The dominance of fungal species lasted only a few years while the atmosphere cleared and there was plenty of organic matter to feed on. Once the atmosphere cleared, photosynthetic organisms like ferns and other plants returned.[61] Polyploidy appears to have enhanced the ability of flowering plants to survive the extinction, probably because the additional copies of the genome such plants possessed allowed them to more readily adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions that followed the impact.
There is limited evidence for extinction of amphibians at the K–Pg boundary. A study of fossil vertebrates across the K–Pg boundary in Montana concluded that no species of amphibian became extinct.[63] Yet there are several species of Maastrichtian amphibian, not included as part of this study, which are unknown from the Paleocene. These include the frog Theatonius lancensis[64] and the albanerpetontid Albanerpeton galaktion;[65] therefore some amphibians do seem to have become extinct at the boundary. The relatively low levels of extinction seen among amphibians probably reflect the low extinction rates seen in freshwater animals.
Non-archosaur reptilesEdit
The two living non-archosaurian reptile taxa, testudines (turtles) and lepidosaurians (lizards and tuataras), along with choristoderes (semi-aquatic archosauromorphs that would die out in the early Miocene), survived across the K–Pg boundary.[24] Over 80% of Cretaceous turtle species passed through the K–Pg boundary. Additionally, all six turtle families in existence at the end of the Cretaceous survived into the Paleogene and are represented by living species.[67] Living lepidosaurs include the tuataras (the only living rhynchocephalians) and the squamates. The rhynchocephalians were a widespread and relatively successful group of lepidosaurians during the early Mesozoic, but began to decline by the mid-Cretaceous, though they were very successful in the Late Cretaceous of South America.[68] They are represented today by a single genus located exclusively in New Zealand.[69]
The order Squamata, which is represented today by lizards, including snakes and amphisbaenians (worm lizards), radiated into various ecological niches during the Jurassic and was successful throughout the Cretaceous. They survived through the K–Pg boundary and are currently the most successful and diverse group of living reptiles with more than 6,000 extant species. Many families of terrestrial squamates became extinct at the boundary, such as monstersaurians and polyglyphanodonts, and fossil evidence indicates they suffered very heavy losses in the KT event, only recovering 10 million years after it.[70] Giant non-archosaurian aquatic reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, which were the top marine predators of their time, became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous.[71][72] The ichthyosaurs had already disappeared before the mass extinction occurred.
The archosaur clade includes two surviving groups, crocodilians and birds, along with the various extinct groups of non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Ten families of crocodilians or their close relatives are represented in the Maastrichtian fossil records, of which five died out prior to the K–Pg boundary.[74] Five families have both Maastrichtian and Paleocene fossil representatives. All of the surviving families of crocodyliforms inhabited freshwater and terrestrial environments—except for the Dyrosauridae, which lived in freshwater and marine locations. Approximately 50% of crocodyliform representatives survived across the K–Pg boundary, the only apparent trend being that no large crocodiles survived.[24] Crocodyliform survivability across the boundary may have resulted from their aquatic niche and ability to burrow, which reduced susceptibility to negative environmental effects at the boundary.[53] Jouve and colleagues suggested in 2008 that juvenile marine crocodyliforms lived in freshwater environments like modern marine crocodile juveniles, which would have helped them survive where other marine reptiles became extinct; freshwater environments were not as strongly affected by the K–Pg extinction event as marine environments.[75]
The Choristodera, a generally crocodile-like group of uncertain phylogeny (possibly archosaurian) also survived the event, only to go extinct in the Miocene.
One family of pterosaurs, Azhdarchidae, was definitely present in the Maastrichtian, and it likely became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. These large pterosaurs were the last representatives of a declining group that contained 10 families during the mid-Cretaceous. Several other pterosaur lineages may have been present during the Maastrichtian, such as the ornithocheirids, pteranodontids and/or nyctosaurids, as well as a possible tapejarid, though they are represented by fragmentary remains that are difficult to assign to any given group.[77][78] While this was occurring, modern birds were undergoing diversification; traditionally it was thought that they replaced archaic birds and pterosaur groups, possibly due to direct competition, or they simply filled empty niches,[53][79][80] but there is no correlation between pterosaur and avian diversities that are conclusive to a competition hypothesis,[81] and small pterosaurs were present in the Late Cretaceous.
Most paleontologists regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs (see Origin of birds). It was thought that all non-avian theropods became extinct, including then-flourishing groups like enantiornithines and hesperornithiforms.[83] More recent research, however, suggests that one or more non-avian ornithuromorph species may have survived the extinction event.[84] Several analyses of bird fossils show divergence of species prior to the K–Pg boundary, and that duck, chicken and ratite bird relatives coexisted with non-avian dinosaurs.[85] Large collections of bird fossils representing a range of different species provides definitive evidence for the persistence of archaic birds to within 300,000 years of the K–Pg boundary. None of them are known to survive into the Paleogene, and their persistence into the latest Maastrichtian therefore provides strong evidence for a mass extinction of archaic birds coinciding with the Chicxulub asteroid impact. A small fraction of the Cretaceous bird species survived the impact, giving rise to today's birds.[84][86] So far, only a single bird species, which has not been named, has been confidently identified from both above and below the K–Pg boundary (it is present in the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation and Danian Fort Union Formation).[84] The only bird group known for certain to have survived the K–Pg boundary is the Aves (though one Paleogene species, Qinornis paleocenica, may represent a surviving non-neornithine bird).[84] Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K–Pg boundary. Long-term survival past the boundary was assured as a result of filling ecological niches left empty by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaursEdit
Excluding a few controversial claims, scientists agree that all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. The dinosaur fossil record has been interpreted to show both a decline in diversity and no decline in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous, and it may be that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record is simply not good enough to permit researchers to distinguish between the options.[87] Since there is no evidence that late Maastrichtian non-avian dinosaurs could burrow, swim or dive, they were unable to shelter themselves from the worst parts of any environmental stress that occurred at the K–Pg boundary. It is possible that small dinosaurs (other than birds) did survive, but they would have been deprived of food, as herbivorous dinosaurs would have found plant material scarce and carnivores would have quickly found prey in short supply.[53]
The growing consensus about the endothermy of dinosaurs (see dinosaur physiology) helps to understand their full extinction in contrast with their close relatives, the crocodilians. Ectothermic ("cold-blooded") crocodiles have very limited needs for food (they can survive several months without eating) while endothermic ("warm-blooded") animals of similar size need much more food to sustain their faster metabolism. Thus, under the circumstances of food chain disruption previously mentioned, non-avian dinosaurs died,[23] while some crocodiles survived. In this context, the survival of other endothermic animals, such as some birds and mammals, could be due, among other reasons, to their smaller needs for food, related to their small size at the extinction epoch.[88]
Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with over 100 living species.[89] However, more recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomical biases and the sparsity of the continental fossil record. The results of this study, which were based on estimated real global biodiversity, showed that between 628 and 1078 non-avian dinosaur species were alive at the end of the Cretaceous and underwent sudden extinction after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[90] Alternatively, interpretation based on the fossil-bearing rocks along the Red Deer River in Alberta supports the gradual extinction of non-avian dinosaurs; during the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous layers there, the number of dinosaur species seems to have decreased from about 45 to about 12. Other scientists have pointed out the same.[91]
Several researchers support the existence of Paleocene dinosaurs. Evidence of this existence is based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) above and 40 thousand years later than the K–Pg boundary.[92] Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone at the San Juan River indicate that the animal lived during the Cenozoic, approximately 64.5 Ma (about 1 million years after the K–Pg extinction event). If their existence past the K–Pg boundary can be confirmed, these hadrosaurids would be considered a dead clade walking.[93] Scientific consensus is that these fossils were eroded from their original locations and then re-buried in much later sediments (also known as reworked fossils).
All major Cretaceous mammalian lineages, including monotremes (egg-laying mammals), multituberculates, marsupials and placentals, dryolestoideans,[95] and gondwanatheres[96] survived the K–Pg extinction event, although they suffered losses. In particular, marsupials largely disappeared from North America, and the Asian deltatheroidans, primitive relatives of extant marsupials, became extinct.[97] In the Hell Creek beds of North America, at least half of the ten known multituberculate species and all eleven marsupial species are not found above the boundary.[87] Multituberculates in Europe and North America survived relatively unscathed and quickly bounced back in the Palaeocene, but Asian forms were decimated, never again to represent a significant component on mammalian faunas.[98]
Mammalian species began diversifying approximately 30 million years prior to the K–Pg boundary. Diversification of mammals stalled across the boundary.[99] Current research indicates that mammals did not explosively diversify across the K–Pg boundary, despite the environment niches made available by the extinction of dinosaurs.[100] Several mammalian orders have been interpreted as diversifying immediately after the K–Pg boundary, including Chiroptera (bats) and Cetartiodactyla (a diverse group that today includes whales and dolphins and even-toed ungulates),[100] although recent research concludes that only marsupial orders diversified after the K–Pg boundary.[99]
K–Pg boundary mammalian species were generally small, comparable in size to rats; this small size would have helped them find shelter in protected environments. In addition, it is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from K–Pg boundary environmental stresses.
North American fossilsEdit
In North American terrestrial sequences, the extinction event is best represented by the marked discrepancy between the rich and relatively abundant late-Maastrichtian palynomorph record and the post-boundary fern spike.[56]
At present the most informative sequence of dinosaur-bearing rocks in the world from the K–Pg boundary is found in western North America, particularly the late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This formation, when compared with the older (approximately 75 Ma) Judith River/Dinosaur Park Formations (from Montana and Alberta respectively) provides information on the changes in dinosaur populations over the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous. These fossil beds are geographically limited, covering only part of one continent.[87]
The middle–late Campanian formations show a greater diversity of dinosaurs than any other single group of rocks. The late Maastrichtian rocks contain the largest members of several major clades: Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, Triceratops and Torosaurus,[101] which suggests food was plentiful immediately prior to the extinction.
In addition to rich dinosaur fossils, there are also plant fossils that illustrate the reduction in plant species across the K–Pg boundary. In the sediments below the K–Pg boundary the dominant plant remains are angiosperm pollen grains, but the actual boundary layer contains little pollen and is dominated by fern spores.[102] More usual pollen levels gradually resume above the boundary layer. This is reminiscent of areas blighted by modern volcanic eruptions, where the recovery is led by ferns, which are later replaced by larger angiosperm plants.
Marine fossilsEdit
The mass extinction of marine plankton appears to have been abrupt and right at the K–Pg boundary.[104] Ammonite genera became extinct at or near the K–Pg boundary; however, there was a smaller and slower extinction of ammonite genera prior to the boundary that was associated with a late Cretaceous marine regression. The gradual extinction of most inoceramid bivalves began well before the K–Pg boundary, and a small, gradual reduction in ammonite diversity occurred throughout the very late Cretaceous.[105] Further analysis shows that several processes were in progress in the late Cretaceous seas and partially overlapped in time, then ended with the abrupt mass extinction.[105] The diversity of marine life decreased when the climate near the K-T boundary increased in temperature. The temperature increased about three to four degrees very rapidly between 65.4 and 65.2 million years ago, which is around the time of the extinction event. Not only did the climate temperature increase, but the water temperate decreased causing a drastic decrease in marine diversity.
The scientific consensus is that the asteroid impact at the K–Pg boundary left tsunami deposits and sediments around the area of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.[107] These deposits have been identified in the La Popa basin in northeastern Mexico,[108] platform carbonates in northeastern Brazil,[109] and Atlantic deep-sea sediments.


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Rare Apple products, such as prototypes or old models, have always proved to be incredibly successful with consumers. Such is the case with a claimed prototype of the cellular model of the iPad mini 2, which is currently being auctioned on eBay, with a starting bid of $4,999.
At the moment, the current bid is set at $6,099 with more than 2 days still left until the end of the auction. One of the reasons why these prototypes are so successful is explained by Ben Lovejoy from 9to5Mac publication:
"security experts, hackers and jailbreakers like to understand the software that's loaded on them to get a better idea of what's going on behind the scenes on iOS devices."
The seller says that the lack of serial number and FCC markings, along with the SwitchBoard software are enough evidence that the device is indeed an iPad Mini 2 prototype. Here's how the official description of the listing sounds like:
You should know that SwitchBoard and the applications running are seeded only to Apple Official Service Centers and can only be pre-Installed by Apple.
Source: eBay
iPad Mini 2 Prototype Goes on Sale on eBay With Starting Bid of $5000
Discussion in 'Apple iPad News' started by RaduTyrsina, Nov 5, 2014.
Discussion in 'Apple iPad News' started by RaduTyrsina, Nov 5, 2014.
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text:
I made a thread a while back:
To recap:
We now have two servers on our 2003 domain that are logging 1053 errors all day, and are no longer processing group policy correctly. The error is:
Event Type:Error
Event Source:Userenv
Event Category:None
Event ID:1053
Time:1:53:33 PM
User:NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
Windows cannot determine the user or computer name. (The format of the specified domain name is invalid. ). Group Policy processing aborted.
I've finally tracked the problem back to BackupExec 2010, which is installed on both of the servers giving us the error. I installed the software on a junk test box that wasn't running anything else, ran a job, and the error started immediately after the job ran. I tried stopping each BE and SQL related service, but it didn't help. After uninstalling the software, the error disappeared, and group policy started processing normally again.
Any suggestions?
Jul 12, 2011 at 9:14 UTC
I think I know the answer to this, but it needs to be asked. Can you confirm that all of your BE services are running with the domain administrator credentials on all machines rather than some type of Local System account?
15 Replies
Jul 8, 2011 at 1:36 UTC
Are the servers you mentioned both BE media servers like the test box, or do they just have the remote agents installed?
Jul 8, 2011 at 1:41 UTC
Both are media servers.
Jul 8, 2011 at 1:51 UTC
Pittsburgh Computer Solutions is an IT service provider.
Just some additional info:
Both servers are setup to run B2D2T jobs, one server uses a robotic library and the other uses a stand alone drive, both write to a NAS unit 1 Buffalo and 1 Lacie, both write to LTO-2 tapes. One server backs up just itself and the other backs up itself plus 4 other servers. The Backup-To-Disk folders are setup using IP addresses.
Jul 8, 2011 at 2:00 UTC
The test server was just set up to run a single job to a local disk, and the error still occured.
Jul 12, 2011 at 9:04 UTC
No help here? I really wanted to avoid calling Symantec about it...
Jul 12, 2011 at 9:14 UTC
I think I know the answer to this, but it needs to be asked. Can you confirm that all of your BE services are running with the domain administrator credentials on all machines rather than some type of Local System account?
Jul 12, 2011 at 9:49 UTC
It appears that the services are running as local accounts on the two problem servers. Lemme replicate the problem on that junk box again, and see if changing the service accounts fixes it.
Jul 12, 2011 at 11:01 UTC
You might try posting this issue in the BE forums over in Connect. We have over 11 excellent Trusted Advisors that are there to help with your BE issues.
Jul 12, 2011 at 11:56 UTC
To resolve this problem, add the MaxTokenSize registry entry and the MaxUserPort registry entry on the affected domain controllers. To do this, follow these steps:
- Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
Locate and then right-click the following registry subkey:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\Kerberos\ParametersNote If the Parameters key is not available, you must create it. To create the Parameters key, follow these steps:
Click the following registry subkey:
- On the Edit menu, click New, and then click Key.
- Type Parameters, and then press ENTER.
- Click the following registry subkey:
- Click the Parameters key, click New on the Edit Menu, and then click DWORD Value.
- Type MaxTokenSize, and then press ENTER.
- Right-click MaxTokenSize, and then click Modify.
- In the Value data box, type 65535, click Decimal, and then click OK.
Locate and then right-click the following registry subkey:
- On the Edit menu, click New, click DWORD Value, type MaxUserPort, and then press ENTER.
In the Value data box, type a value between 5000 and 65534, click Decimal, and then click OK.
Note The default value for the MaxUserPort registry entry is 5000.
- Exit Registry Editor.
- Restart the computer.
Jul 12, 2011 at 11:58 UTC
Make sure that you use domain internal only the domain DNS server on the
NIC, no external ones. Also make sure the machines are not multihomed with
different ip's.
Then run dcdiag /v, netdiag /v on your DC to check for errors.
Jul 12, 2011 at 12:03 UTC
I already went through these steps with Dell and Microsoft support the first two rounds that I tried tackling the error. It's not DNS related, our configuration is fine on both servers, and I've already attempted every solution that I could find in Microsoft KB articles.
I've narrowed it down to a particular function in Group Policy that is failing during processing, but still, the error is only happening when BE2010 is installed.
Jul 12, 2011 at 12:10 UTC
This issue is related to an issue with BESR 2010 in which the BESR service is pinging private IP addresses 10.160.68.225 and 172.28.16.2 repeatedly. If the machine having this issue uses an IP range of 10.x.x.x or 172.x.x.x, it could prevent the SymSnap service from starting or BESR from seeing the drives present on the machine to back them up. This can be verified as the issue if the network card(s) are disconnected, the BESR and SymSnap services are restarted, and the drives can then be successfully seen in BESR.
This issue has been resolved with Service Pack 2 for Backup Exec System Recovery 2010
Jul 12, 2011 at 12:13 UTC
We are running BE2010 R3, one server has a 192.168.1.x address, the other has a 192.168.2.x address.
We aren't having any issues backing anything up. Our backup jobs run fine, all the services start, and the NIC is fine. The error occurs when group policy tries to process.
Jul 14, 2011 at 9:07 UTC
Welp. After testing and messing around with configs, I did find that setting the services to run as our administrative service account instead of NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM solved the problem.
Thanks for the help guys!
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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Exceptional Craftsman Gem in Gorgeous Prestigious Glenridge! AWARD-WINNING LOS GATOS SCHOOLS! Historic Ambiance Influences this 22 Years New Custom.Hi Ceilings, Abundance of Windows, Rich Oak Floors, 3 Fireplaces! Formal Living and Sep Dining Room Exude Character and Charm! Stunning Kitchen Great-Room Creates Heart of the Home!Upstairs Mastersuite Boasts Fireplace and Private Balcony! Plus 2 Bedrooms+Office! Superb Downstairs Family Room+ Bedrooms+Full Bath!Classy Sep 500sf Guest House Includes Full Kitchen, Bedroom+Bath! Perfect for In-Laws/Special Guests! Captivating Vibrant Backyard Entertaining with Firepit/Outdoor Fireplace and Al Fresco Dining Under the Majestic Redwoods!
Listing courtesy of Lucy Wedemeyer, Sereno Group


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Wednesday, September 29, 2010
The Great Oven Debacle
Let's just say European ovens are different, and I'm an idiot. To work the oven, there's two dials. One sets the temperature, the other lets you pick which heating elements you want on. You can just do the bottom (like most US ovens), the top, both, or the broiler. I can only assume that the top is like "low broil" and the broil is like "high broil." If you have an electric oven, you don't set a temperature, but rather a number like 1,2,3, etc.
In New Zealand, they had this two dial system too, plus the oven I used had a convection oven. Talk about options! So when I moved into our home in Germany, I was like, "oh I so know how this works."
One pizza that took 45 min to cook later, I wasn't so smug.
First, I blamed our landlord, then I blamed the prior tenants for breaking the oven and not telling the landlord. Then I blamed myself for not knowing how to work an oven. And yes, I even checked online. You know something should be idiot-proof when you can't google how to use it.
Then, I figured maybe the dial was off.... it didn't seen to click over the pictures. I would turn it to a setting, see which elements got hot, then record it on a little chart. But it didn't seem to be the same each time! And if I turned it to like 500 degrees F, the broiler would kick on.
So I spent an entire afternoon cooking a chicken, sitting on the floor, watching the oven. And ate lukewarm enchiladas and a questionable meatloaf. I was ready to call the landlord.
Tonight, I had an epiphany. The dials were switched! I was setting the temperature instead of the heating element, and the other way around. So on the element dial, the top and bottom element option is the first option, which is what they recommend you use for most things. Because I was setting my dial to that not realizing it was the temperature setting, I was only cooking my food at the lowest temperature possible (so like 200 degrees F)!
Duh.... see that thermometer above one of the dials? That should have been the first clue. Wow.
I have this picture in my mind of the tenants before us sitting around plotting ways to mess with us. Well, whoever you are, you got me.
4 comments:
I still don't get it.ReplyDelete
I'm pretty sure I'd be so confused I'd give up on cooking all together if we ever wound up overseas.
Ha, well I went back and explained it better. I was ready to give up too! Maybe I'll take better pictures with the element settings. I don't get it, I mean there's cook and broil in the US, but here there's 4 options on how to cook things.ReplyDelete
I would have been totally lost! I'm glad you figured things out though!ReplyDelete
When in doubt, use the blower setting. That was my motto while there. LOL! We just PCS'd back to the states after being stationed at Ramstein for 7 years. (I promise we weren't the last people to live in your house, though. It wasn't me!) We're pretty happy to be back but I do miss the zombie-proof windows.ReplyDelete
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The Possible 'Blade' Netflix Series: Have We Known The Plot For A Year?
With rumours building that Netflix are considering launching a Blade series, fans are beginning to get excited. Wesley Snipes – whose portrayal of the character was so iconic back in 1998 – has said he's willing to reprise the role. But what could Marvel be planning?Blade the Hunter
Most of Marvel's superhero series are heavily based on a comic. In this case, though, I think the series will be based on a comic that was never published.
In July 2015, Marvel Comics were preparing the ground for their 'All-New All-Different' relaunch. In addition to titles like Invincible Iron Man and All-New All-Different Avengers, fans were treated to a pitch for an ongoing series of Blade.The pitch was simple: No longer would Blade walk alone. Instead, the story would be focused on a teenage girl, Fallon Grey, who was plunged into Blade's world. Fallon was envisioned as the "anti-Peter-Parker" – where Peter was the outsider, Fallon was a popular girl, one who thought her future was all plotted out. Then she entered into a world of crazy – and learned that Blade was her dad.
Some aspects of the concept rang eerily similar to Buffy the Vampire Slayer, but writer Tim Seeley insisted this was a coincidence.
"Well, as much as I had to deal with "Buffy" comparisons on "Hack/Slash," I've still managed to avoid watching that show. So, while I think "high school girl fights monsters" will always invite "Buffy" comparisons, I'd like to think my blissful ignorance will at least keep me from hewing too close to Joss Whedon's work. Though, after seeing "Cabin In the Woods," it became clear to me he and I come from creepily similar influences."
(Wait, Tim Seeley hasn't watched Buffy? He hasn't lived.)Unfortunately, fan reactions are always hard to predict. In this case, fans were furious that a white writer had been assigned a comic starring black characters, and the Internet did what the Internet does best. Marvel quietly stepped back from the furore, and the advertised book never saw the light of day.
But here's the interesting thing. Even as the Internet began to blaze with righteous anger, rumours also began to circulate that Marvel were interested in using the pitch as an idea for a TV series. When the comic quietly dropped off the schedule, rumours then began to build that it was because Marvel Entertainment didn't want to have their pitch spoiled. Now, just as with the hopes for the show, these are all rumours. But they make sense.
This approach would be a tremendously effective one for relaunching Wesley Snipes' Blade. It would allow Snipes to reprise the character, an older battle-scarred vampire; meanwhile, it would add an attractive younger character to act as our window into a new, darker corner of the MCU. Rather than a world-weary warrior who's seen it all before, we experience this supernatural world through fresh eyes, and get all the wonder and horror of it. Then add an interesting father-daughter relationship into the mix, and you have all the makings of a hit.I'm not saying this is the series we're going to get. But it's the one I really want to see!What do you think? Do you like this idea for a Blade series? Let me know in the comments!


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Welcome to the Office of Postdoctoral Affairs (OPA) at East Carolina University. The OPA was established in 2008 within the graduate school to ensure successful training and work experiences for postdoctoral scholars by providing a supportive working environment. In October 2013, the office was moved to the Division of Research and Graduate Studies and the position of Director was established. Postdoctoral scholars are a growing population at ECU, and we are committed to support the career development of these important members of our community.
April 7th, 2017 - RCAW Awards Luncheon
Congratulations to Maria Torres for winning the Postdoctoral award at the 2017 ECU Research and Creative Achievement Week
April 5th and 6th, 2017 - Increase Your Writing Productivity
The College of Nursing has invited postdoctoral scholars to benefit from an ECU visit from two academic writing experts. Kimberly A. Skarupski, Ph.D., M.P.H. is the Assistant Dean for Faculty Development in the Office of Faculty Development. Prior to joining Hopkins in April of 2013, she served for 7 years as the program director for the Rush Research & Teaching Mentoring Programs in the Office of Academic Affairs at Rush University Medical Center. Dr. Skarupski was here last year and was an excellent speaker. Dr. Paul Sylvia, is a Professor at UNC Greensboro, and author of "How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing". Books will be distributed at the luncheon presentation on April 6th.
Wed April 5th College of Nursing (Room numbers TBA)
3:00- 3:45 Postdoctoral scholars meet with Dr. Kim Skarupski and Dr. Paul Sylvia
4:00-5:00 Presentation: "The Art of Graceful Self-Promotion"
Thurs April 6th Eastern AHEC Conference room D (2600 W. Arlington Blvd)
11:30-1:00 Siegfried Lowin Scholar Lunch and Presentation: "Writing Accountability Groups (WAGs): Establishing Sustainable Writing Habits"
ECU Research and Creative Achievement Week provides students with an excellent opportunity to practice their presentation skills and meet other creative scholars at ECU with similar interests.
Undergraduate and graduate students as well as postdoctoral scholars (you must be a current East Carolina University
student or postdoctoral scholar to submit an abstract) are invited to
present their research to fellow students, colleagues, faculty, and the
local community in a professional, conference-style setting. We define
research as an original systematic investigation and/or original
creative activity designed to develop or contribute to generalizable
knowledge or culture. This event will be held in Mendenhall.
Dr. Tammy R.L. Collins, Ph.D. will be presenting a career development seminar titled "Articulating your accomplishments: Tips for building a high-impact job application" in Brody room 2E-100 from 11-12 noon.
Dr. Heidi Guisto ( http://careerpathwritingsolutions.com/about.php ) will be presenting a workshop on Friday, Feb 24, 2017 from 10:30am-3:00pm. It will include an initial 2hr session on Resumes/Cover Letters, followed by a 30 minute catered lunch break, and a final 2hr session on preparing optimal LinkedIn profiles and using LinkedIn to effectively network and job search. This is a hands-on Workshop, with significant one-on-one time. Dr. Guisto will provide course materials including workbooks, handouts, and sample documents. She is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW), a Certified Advanced Resume Writer, a Certified Employment Interview Professional (CEIP), a Certified Empowerment and Motivational Coach (CEMC), a member of the Professional Association of Resume Writers & Career Coaches, and a Career Thought Leaders Associate.
This workshop will promote the development of written communication skills, self-assessment of skills and attributes, and the preparation of improved resumes and LinkedIn profiles.
Link to RSVP: https://ecu.az1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_6icFhZOSM48uskJ
Increase Your Writing Productivity Siegfried Lowin Scholar Luncheon
Thursday, April 6th, 2017
11th Annual Research and Creative Activities Week
April 3rd - 7th, 2017
Mendenhall Student Center
Career Development Seminar for Trainees
Wednesday, March 1st, 2017
Brody Room 2E-100
11-12 noon
Featured Speaker: Tammy R.L. Collins, Ph.D.
Career Path Writing Solutions
February 24th, 2017
Please use the link to RSVP.


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Please click on the "ROYAL COMMEMORATIVE" link at the end of the list to the left to open the full royalty catalog or COMMEMORATIVES to open everything else. Royalty items are in approximate date order. Commemoratives include Military, Political, Winston Churchill, Boer War, Crimea war, World War I & II, Paragon Patriotic, Worlds Fairs, Temperance, ABC Plates etc.
09a. QUEEN VICTORIA 1837-1901
Item #
c.1851 QUEEN VICTORIA AND PRINCE ALBERT CUP & SAUCER.
c.1851 QUEEN VICTORIA & PRINCE ALBERT.A royal commemorative cup and saucer showing a seated Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Probably first sold in the late 1840's and sold widely at the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition. In very good condition with some light age wear to the luster on the rim of the cup.
Circa: 1851
Size: 5 3/4" - 14.5cm.saucer
Manufacturer: No makers marks.
WINSTON CHURCHILL. 80th BIRTHDAY BOOK.
1954 large size (over 10" X 14")soft cover 68 pages. Full of illustrations many full page and full color. Published on Sir Winston's 80th birthday. In good condition.
Circa: 1954
Size: 10 1/4" x 14 1/4".
Manufacturer: THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.
BOOK - COMMEMORATIVE POTTERY 1780-1900 by JOHN MAY & JENNIFER MAY.
A hard to find book by John & Jennifer May published in England in 1972. 180 pages lavishly illustrated with commemorative china and long out of print. Covers royalty also political, military and social events from George III to 1900. A must for collectors. In good condition.
Circa: 1972
Size: 10" x 7 1/2"
Manufacturer: William Heinemann Ltd, London.
1908 THE FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION ILLUSTRATED REVIEW Author [editor]. F G Dumas, Publisher Chatto and Windus. 308 pages plus 19 pages of ads. to front and rear. Very well illustrated throughout.The Franco-British exhibition was opened in London on 11 May 1908 by Prince George, Prince of Wales, although it was another month before many of the pavilions were completed for public attendance. (1) The Exhibition opened to the public on 11 June and by King Edward VII and the French President. The aim of the Exhibition was "To strengthen the cordial understanding between the French and British peoples". "By day it is a vision of dazzling whiteness, with its tiled court and plashing cool waters, its pointed arcades and lattice windows. At night it is equally effective with its thousands of lights and the rainbow colours of the cascade". Robert W. Carden, Architectural Review July, 1908. Condition - Front and rear plain end pages have foxing. All other pages are in very good clean condition. Some wear to the corners. On the whole in good condition.
Circa: 1908
Size: 12.5" x 10" x 1.25" - 31.5cm x 25cm x 3cm.
Manufacturer: Chatto & Windus
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- Honking
- Honk Honk, n. [Of imitative origin.] (Zo["o]l.) The cry of a wild goose. -- {Honk"ing}, n. [1913 Webster]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000.
Honking — is being sick or throwing up. Presumably this is a problem in New York where there are signs on the streets that say No Honking … The American's guide to speaking British
honking — noun A sound that honks … Wiktionary
honking — adj British drunk. A middle class usage, heard less often nowadays than in the 1960s, which may have originated in armed services slang. The honk denotes either drinking in gulps, the braying made by drunken revellers or, more probably, vomiting … Contemporary slang
honking — hÉ'nk /hÉ'nk n. sound of a car horn; call of a goose v. cause the horn of a car to sound, beep the horn of a car … English contemporary dictionary
honking — honkˈing adjective • • • Main Entry: ↑honk … Useful english dictionary
The Honking — Эпизод «Футурамы» «Гудок» «The Honking» Постер к эпизоду … Википедия
Urban Honking — is an American webzine and pioneering blogging collective founded in 2001 by Steve Schroeder, Jona Bechtolt and Mike Merrill. The site and the community that has grown up around it are often collectively referred to by the contraction UrHo .The… … Wikipedia
The Honking — Infobox Futurama episode episode name = The Honking caption = Bender the were car. episode no = 31 prod code = 2ACV18 airdate = November 5, 2000 country = USA writer = Ken Keeler director = Susie Dietter opening subtitle = Smell O Vision Users… … Wikipedia
The Honking — El bocinazo Episodio de Futurama Episodio 31 (2 18) Subtítulo Usuarios olfato visión, introducir fosas nasales ya Título original The Honking Subtítulo original … Wikipedia Español
Origins of rock and roll — History of rock and roll and similar terms redirect here. For the radio program, see The History of Rock and Roll. Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid 1950s. It derived most directly from the… … Wikipedia


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Martha Ruskai eBooks
eBooks found: 1
Wig Making and Styling: A Complete Guide for Theatre & Film
Allison Lowery & Martha Ruskai
Focal Press, March 2010
Format: ePub, PDF
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I just love this! I wish that I had a bench like that to go with my sewing table! You've really made it beautiful.
this is so pretty
This is SO PRETTY! LOVE the black, love the chevron material. Love it all!
What a great idea I have my moms in my garage right now in desperate need of a makover. Now all indeed is the time and it will be a great addition to my scrap/craft room thank you for the inspiration and idea
Adorable! Great paint job! Mine is an early 1900 treadle machine but doesn't work. I'm thinking of using it in my scraproom for my cricut. I like how you covered the cute stool.
Looks great!!!
Looks beautiful!
How gorgeous!! I too, have my mother's [grams didnt sew!] table and havent quite gotten that far yet! I am now into painting furniture, been buying cheap,whoops....'inexpensive' tables and wooden items and repainting them!! Well done, love your curtains and love the zigzag on the fabric! Well done!!!!


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Nandigram, Nov. 11: The streetfighting spark in Mamata Banerjee roared back to life today as she gave the CPM a run for its money on a motorbike.
Her Scorpio blocked by CPM cadres, the Trinamul Congress leader rode pillion on a supporters Pulsar and zig-zagged her way out of the knot of protesters before they could collect their wits.
The agile response that belied Mamatas 52 years helped her reach a Tamluk hospital where many of the Trinamul-backed resistance group are being treated for grievous injuries.
Accompanied by two Trinamul leaders, she had set out for Tamluk on Saturday night in the black Scorpio. After spending the night at Calcutta Port Trusts guest house in Kolaghat, Mamata resumed the journey around 10.30am.
Her convoy was blocked on NH-6 near Panskura for 15 minutes by CPM supporters, said a police official.
When the convoy was again waylaid at Radhamonibazar, 90km from Calcutta, Mamata waited inside for nearly an hour.
Around 60-70 CPM supporters waving red flags squatted in the middle of the road, raised slogans such as Mamata Banerjee murdabad and hurled expletives at her.
We asked her to stay in- side the vehicle. But the CPM supporters did not budge, a policeman escorting the Scorpio said.
Sources said Mamata then got in touch with her party leaders in the district over the phone. After an hour, around 50 motorcycle-borne youths assembled at the crossing and approached her vehicle.
Anisur Rahman, a Trinamul activist and a resident of Panskura, offered Didi a helping hand. Sporting dark shades and a hands-free mobile phone ear piece, Rahman was dressed for the job, barring the mandatory helmet.
The oversight there was no headgear for the pillion rider either did not prevent Mamata from accepting his offer of help. She readily hopped on to the motorcycle.
Jumping to their feet, some protesters tried to obstruct the bike. But an enraged Mamata shouted at them, momentarily throwing them off guard and giving Rahman enough time to speed past the blockade.
Much to the glee of her party supporters, Mamata showed the thumbs-up sign before disappearing down the road.
Around 1pm, hundreds of Trinamul supporters, who had been waiting near the hospital for Mamata, were taken aback when they saw her on the bike.
Didi eshe galo
(Didi has come),a roar went up as the crowd surged towards her.
The state government has been killing people at will. This is genocide, Mamata said as she strode into the Tamluk hospital.
The Trinamul leader staged a dharna near the police superintendents office after leading a procession. Lawlessness is prevailing here. Nandigram is in complete disorder, Mamata said.
The number of dead, she added, was close to 100 in yesterdays firing.
The Scorpio that was left behind was later driven to her hotel in Tamluk.


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CHONGQING — Suzuki Motor Corp. gets approval to build a second passenger car model at its joint venture with Chongqing Chang'an Automotive Co. Ltd. The JV, Chongqing Chang'an Suzuki Automobile Co. Ltd., plans to build the 5-seat, 1.0L Lingyang model, based on the Suzuki Cultus/Esteem/Baleno platform. The model will be priced from RMB90,000 to RMB100,000 (US$10,900 to US$12,000). Production of the Lingyang begins at the plant in September, and the venture plans to build 6,000 of the ...
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No. 2 Task Clips - See Jane Work
Turn your stacks into tasks, flip an arm and hand from your bulletin board or wall hook. Perfect for a disheveled mess like me
A simple little magnetic hedgehog in various colors to hold your paperclips. Designed by Mika J H Kim for Alessi.Added 7 Years Ago from Allmodernlighting
Organize your work thoroughly with these colored number shaped paperclips!Added 8 Years Ago from The Spoon Sisters
Just what your desk needs…the kitchen sink! Drip Clips dangle magnetically from their little faucet in a splashy, random fashion until you need them.
so creative!
I know these cute little guys are on thisnext in other places, but if you are making a list of cute bird things they need to be here :)Tags: kids, home, gifts, office supplies, japanese, storage, office, style, home decorAdded 8 Years Ago from Redstamp


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Chuck Steak
A family favorite because of its versatility, chuck steak gives a rich flavor to these recipes. Whether it's baked, grilled, or broiled, you can go from sandwiches and casseroles to pot roast and stew with chuck steak.
Beer-Braised Beef with Potatoes and CabbageFamily Circle
We'll let you decide what you do with the extra four ounces of beer that are leftover after pouring a cup into this braised beef recipe.
Crockery Cooker Pot RoastParents
Canned soup and your choice of herb make a flavorful sauce for the meat and vegetables in a traditional-style pot roast.
Pasta and Meat SauceFamily Circle
Indonesian Beef CurryFamily Circle
Beef DaubeFamily Circle
Daube is a French recipe with must have ingredients like beef, vegetables, and wine--all cooked slowly in the oven. This version uses boneless beef chuck steak, potatoes, mushrooms, pearl onions, and sherry.
Grilled Flat Iron Steaks with ChimichurriBetter Homes and Gardens
For supreme succulence, cook the steaks to medium-rare doneness (145 degrees).
Smoky Beef & Hominy StewFamily Circle
Italian-Style Steak, Mushrooms and OnionsFamily Circle
Piquant Pot RoastDiabetic Living
Carb Choices: 0 One teaspoon of horseradish gives this succulent pot roast just a hint of zesty flavor. But for more zing, use the full amount.
Italian-Style Steak, Mushrooms and OnionsFamily Circle
Spoon peppers, onions, and mushrooms sauteed in a savory red wine vinegar sauce over a grilled chuck steak, then prepare to say "ciao" to your new favorite Italian dinner recipe.
Slow Cooker Beef StroganoffFamily Circle
Texas Beef and BeansDiabetic Living
Best Beef FajitasParents
Fall Vegetable FajitasMidwest Living
Slice tough cuts of steak super-thin prior to grilling for the most tender beef you've ever tasted.
Sweet and Savory StewFamily Circle
Polenta Beef StewDiabetic Living
A rich-flavor wine sauce coats seasoned beef chuck steak and vegetables in this hearty main dish recipe.
Southwestern Shredded Beef SandwichesDiabetic Living
The beef and sauce mixture for this simple sandwich recipe is made in your slow cooker. When the meat is ready, just add buns and dinner is ready.


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While reserving a Low Cost Rental Car at West Palm Beach Airport, you have the opportunity to incorporate a number of extras. Options that can be added to your booking consist of A Sat Nav System, Add Additional Drivers, or include Infant Seats just to make your travel experience that little bit simpler. Regardless of your reason is for making a great value reservation, with CarHire4Lower.com you're only an email or phone call away from full support.
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Biotech Articles
Publish Your Research Online
Get Recognition - International Audience
Request for an Author Account | Login | Submit Article
Contribution of Biotechnology to the Latest Trends in Cardiac CareBY: Padma Kumar | Category: Industry-News | Submitted: 2010-07-05 08:45:58
Article Summary: "This article is about how research in biotechnology has contributed to potentially beneficial trends in cardiac care (heart care and cardiology)..."
Injuries and disease can now be treated by regeneration of tissues and organs, which are undoubtedly path breaking approaches that are also increasingly referred to as tissue engineering or regenerative medicine.
Selective cell drug delivery to the cardiovascular system optimizes the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment as for example potential repair by cell grafting. Specific cell therapy approaches include efforts to restart cardiomyocyte proliferation or conversion of bone marrow stem cells into cardiomyocytes.
Substitutes for electronic pacemakers
Thousands of people have irregular heartbeats which need implanted devices like pacemakers to make the heart beat return to normal. Recent research suggests that defective heart rhythms in animals as for example pigs can be brought back to normal, using specialized proteins and gene delivery systems. This raises the possibility that in the future patients could use bioengineered cells and therefore may not have to depend upon the use of implanted devices like pacemakers.
The basis of this emerging technology is to make the cells of the heart muscle to produce bioengineered HCN channels as for example when heart muscle of pigs is impinged with a gene encoding a bioengineered cell-surface protein. These HCN ion channels regulate the flow of sodium and potassium ions in and out of cells and which are ultimately responsible for electrical impulses which in turn results in even paced heartbeat.
The right atrium, which is the upper right chamber of the heart, receives deoxygenated blood from the body and it is here that the SA node can be found. The sinoatrial node creates the cardiac rhythms responsible for pumping blood. When this node malfunctions it could cause irregular heart beat. When the heart muscles start producing bioengineered HCN channels it leads to reconstruction of SA nodes and therefore implanted pacemakers can be avoided.
New heart using biotechnology
Research in biotechnology in the domain of organ-building has reached a state that it's possible to use stem cells to make transplantable hearts using a technique called organ decellularization. This means that theoretically an immunologically similar heart can be regenerated from a patient's own stem cells, and therefore could be of use to millions of people with prospects of possible heart failure and those who are in need of transplantation.
Decellularization process involves washing away the remnants of heart cells (at present done in animal cadaver hearts) leaving back the scaffold of tubes that earlier constituted the organ's blood vessels. By injecting this scaffold with progenitor cells from newborn animal hearts, new organ tissues could be grown and the heart can start working normally within eight days.
In a variant form of this technology, the leading biotech company Cytori is currently clinically evaluating adipose-derived stem and regenerative cells to treat acute myocardial infarction and chronic myocardial ischemia .
Cardiac markers facilitate early diagnosis and prevention of cardiac diseases. For example, the release of troponin is specific indicator for myocardial damage. Similarly, a high Lactase dehydrogenase-1 and lactase dehydrogenase-2 means myocardial infarction. CK-MB or creatine kinase test is considered as the gold standard amongst all cardiac biomarkers and is specific in the absence of skeletal muscle damage. Other biomarkers lack diagnostic efficiency but make it up by being more cardiospecific. Similarly aspartate transaminase, myoglobin, ischemia modified albumin, pro-brain natriuretic peptide, glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB, are all cardiac markers.
Now the question arises why are cardiac markers relied upon? That's because a conventional ECG has only sensitivity in the range 55-75% when it comes to diagnosing myocardial infarction and hence cardiac markers such as Creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, troponins and myoglobin come into play.
Genomic information
Apart from the role of biotechnology in improving surgical procedures and medicines in cardiac care the abundance of genomic information from tissue-specific sequencing projects is also of interest. For example the subject of molecular cardiovascular medicine has originated from cardiovascular tissue oriented database of genomic information.
As a matter of fact, the abundance of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different cDNA libraries of the cardiovascular system helps in studying diseased cardiovascular tissue across different population segments.
Molecular imaging
Molecular imaging is considered to be clinically useful as it has increased diagnostic sensitivity and brings out the underlying biological basis of disease as compared to anatomy or physiology-based imaging. In cardiovascular field it could help in selecting a drug that suits a patient's genome, or for other purposes such as for example, a doctor can have insight into the possibility of whether a patient with severe atherosclerotic plaques would eventually get a stroke or infarction.
Now smaller molecules such as antibody fragments or carbohydrates derived from biochemical screens with better molecular specificity are used in cardiovascular molecular imaging studies as compared to earlier use of radioisotope-derivatized monoclonal antibodies.
Considering the progress of biotechnology in the domain of cardiac care, in the future, one can expect gene therapy to be commonplace not only because it would be affordable, but also because a patient can forego the rigors associated with implanted stents and bypass surgery.
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A list of videos linking to an official media upload, either by Cartoon Network, Frederator Studios, and or associated companies. Official video uploads are less likely to be removed, as oppose to fans uploading their own recordings of copyrighted material.
Example of what belongs here: An upload to a video site by Cartoon Network themselves, and can be found on their official video profile. The only exception thus far is the Pendleton Ward Interview due to brief association.
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- Adventure Time Empathy


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I have been getting to know this guy that I work with for a few weeks now, and I really like him. Last night, I decided to look on Instagram and saw that he liked a lot of one our coworkers pictures, and commented on how nice her body is and that he thinks that she is cute. He does not know that I saw this, so today at work I completely gave him the cold shoulder. I can't help but to feel bad because he does not know what is making me treat him the way that I am, but I'm very upset because it's going to make me feel awkward anytime that she is around him and I because I know what he thinks of her. I have only hung out with him once ( we have kissed) and I normally talk to him everyday. Do I have a legitimate reason to be upset, or am I just over reacting? And is this something I should talk to him about or just leave it alone?
Most Helpful Guy
He technically did nothing wrong, but I understand why you're upset00|00|0
Most Helpful Girl
I would keep my distance. If he's checking out other women AND leading you on, he's no good. I wouldn't want him after that. Says a lot about him. These little things are signs that you shouldn't over look. Don't talk to him, because then you look like the one up his ass. Play his own game, flirt with guys, and keep minimal communication00|00|0
Nah it's not a bad sign, women are often flaky so if you want any success with them you need to date as many as possible until one will stay.


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The CF team at Cottage is highly experienced in caring for patients with both Cystic Fibrosis and non CF bronchiectasis. The Cottage Cystic Fibrosis and Bronchiectasis Clinical Team takes a multidisciplinary approach to caring for patients and families with the disease. Below please find the list of our care providers:
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Simplicity 4262; ca. 1962; Slenderette - Misses' and Women's One-Piece Dress with Two Skirts: Both views have soft pleats at front neckline, set-in sleeves and back zipper closing. Belt is self fabric or purchased. V. 1 has below the elbow length sleeves and four gore flared skirt. Self fabric bow is slipped through openings under pleat at neckline. V. 2 features short sleeves and slim skirt with gathers at side front waistline and back kick pleat.
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Annabelle by Renee Leverington
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This is the Mystery Shawl #26.
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