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- The Paleontological Society
Despite substantial advances in plate tectonic modeling in the last three decades, the postulated position of terranes in the Paleozoic has seldom been validated by faunal data. Fewer studies still have attempted a quantitative approach to distance based on explicit data sets. As a test case, we examine the position of Avalonia in the Ordovician (Arenig, Llanvirn, early Caradoc, and Ashgill) to mid-Silurian (Wenlock) with respect to Laurentia, Baltica, and West Gondwana. Using synoptic lists of 623 trilobite genera and 622 brachiopod genera for these four plates, summarized as Venn diagrams, we have devised proportional indices of mean endemism (ME, normalized by individual plate faunas to eliminate area biogeographic effects) and complementarity (C) for objective paleobiogeographic comparisons. These can discriminate the relative position of Avalonia by assessing the optimal arrangement of inter-centroid distances (measured as great circles) between relevant pairs of continental masses. The proportional indices are used to estimate the "goodness-of-fit" of the faunal data to two widely used dynamic plate tectonic models for these time slices, those of Smith and Rush (1998) and Ross and Scotese (1997). Our faunal data are more consistent with the latter model, which we use to suggest relationships between faunal indices for the five time slices and new rescaled inter-centroid distances between all six plate pairs. We have examined linear and exponential models in relation to continental separation for these indices. For our generic data, the linear model fits distinctly better overall. The fits of indices generated by using independent trilobite and brachiopod lists are mostly similar to each other at each time slice and for a given plate, reflecting a common biogeographic signal; however, the indices vary across the time slices. Combining groups into the same matrix in a "total evidence" analysis performs better still as a measure of distance for mean endemism in the "Scotese" plate model. Four-plate mean endemism performs much better than complementarity as an indicator of pairwise distance for either plate model in the test case.
Faunal data have generally been presented only in a qualitative or semiquantitative way for formulating plate tectonic reconstructions. Faunal provinciality has long been considered to indicate separate biogeographic provinces, yet quantitative scaling of faunal difference in relation to distance is rarely attempted. The advent of continental drift models using the principles of plate tectonics has given fresh impetus to, and provided new hypotheses for, the evaluation of biogeographic signals. Paleomagnetic data have revolutionized our knowledge of the positions of crustal plates in the post-Triassic (e.g., Smith et al. 1973; Torsvik et al. 1991; Trench et al. 1992). However, because the entire ocean floor predating ca. 170 Ma has been subducted or obducted, continental paleomagnetic evidence is often still contradictory for parts of the lower Paleozoic. Paleomagnetic studies do not constrain the relative longitudinal position of plates, and the longitudinal representation of plate positions has been accordingly arbitrary (Mound and Mitrovica 1998). At best, relative longitude is known to ±30° and latitude to ±15° (Scotese and McKerrow 1990). Extensive potential for the use of fossil data in the early Paleozoic thus still exists, not only to discriminate between competing plate models, but also to suggest new relative positions or orientations of plates. We here exploit the abundance of faunal data from radiations of benthic brachiopods and trilobites to devise a more objective method for inferring paleogeography. These data enable us to judge between two published reconstructions that have been incorporated dynamically into computer programs (Fig. 1).
Very few analyses in the modern biogeographic literature examine the mathematical relationship between the distance that separates particular areas and their faunas. One reason may be that, given exact and essentially static geography in the Recent, there is apparently nothing useful to elucidate. This lack of studies is unfortunate for paleogeography, where the response of measures of faunal endemism and similarity (or their counterparts, faunal sharing and complementarity) to distance is of great potential value. Two recent papers are relevant to the problem. Picoli et al. (1991) examined a range of mathematical models to describe the relationship between interbasinal distance and faunal similarity for Cenozoic mollusks with a planktic larval stage, and they found that an exponential model best described the relationship. Similarly, Nekola and White (1999) examined the "distance decay" between floras of modern trees with differing dispersal mechanisms. The exponential relationship they found had different slopes for guilds with different dispersal strategies.
Although there have apparently been no large-scale studies of Paleozoic biogeography along the lines of these two papers, faunal provincialism for the Ordovician, in particular, has been known and discussed by many authors since the time of Nicholson and Etheridge (1878). Spjeldnaes (1961) qualitatively studied the provinciality of a wide range of groups and attributed distributions to the influence of paleoclimates. Whittington (1966) focused on trilobite families, finding high levels of endemism (even at that taxonomic level) that diminished toward the end of the Ordovician. Williams's (1969) study on coefficients of association between brachiopod faunas and Whittington and Hughes's (1972, 1973) studies on trilobite provinciality were landmarks in quantitative analysis for the Ordovician. Whittington and Hughes (1972) assessed dissimilarities between faunas at generic and family levels, applying Simpson's Index using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Burrett (1973) used a wider range of organisms and plotted an index of provinciality. Campbell and Valentine (1977) were the first to ask whether modern marine provinces are distinctive at the higher taxonomic resolution characteristic of many fossil data. Valentine et al. (1978) expanded on this work, using a stochastic computer model to evaluate empirical data through the Phanerozoic. However, metric indices of distances that scale as proportions have seldom been used for such studies.
More recent work has expanded the importance of faunal data for the Paleozoic and suggested criteria on which they should depend, stressing the importance of evaluating comparable biofacies (an issue that we do not directly examine here). Cocks and Fortey (1982) qualitatively examined faunal evidence supporting oceanic separations for paleocontinents now comprising the North Atlantic area (Fig. 1), and Cocks and Fortey (1988) described the distribution of peri-Gondwanan marginal faunas. Fortey and Cocks (1992) explicitly examined and compared two contrasting paleogeographic models by using parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) to assess quantitatively which model was better supported by the faunal data. Some other studies have integrated faunal and biogeographic evidence in a semiquantitative fashion, notably Harper et al. 1996 in an assessment of the terranes around Iapetus.
As an attempt to resolve the paleogeography of the areas surrounding the present-day North Atlantic, we use faunal data to discriminate between competing plate tectonic models. We investigate indices derived from comprehensive faunal lists of brachiopods and trilobites. In particular, we examine the potential of such biogeographic indices to generate new sets of interplate distances based on specific tectonic models. We consider each plate as represented today by its centroid, the point that approximates the center of mass of a uniformly thin plate projected perpendicularly to the earth's surface. We reconstruct back in time (retro-project) these same points within differing tectonic models. We look at the fit of two of the simplest biogeographic indices that scale positively and metrically in proportion to distance, mean endemism (ME) and complementarity (C), with matrices of inter-centroid distances based on existing plate models. Once relationships to distance at a particular time are found, it is possible to place plates in their optimal positions for metric consistency with a given data set, although we make no attempt to weight plates according to certainty of paleolatitude. Here we examine what relative position for Avalonia—and thus rescaled distance—best reflects the unweighted biogeographic signals from the faunal data for a given time slice.
A number of complicating parameters are not considered here, because our objective is to examine the potential of a simple metric methodology on a large data set for particularly well sampled plates. We do not take into account the effect of ocean currents in relation to a given paleogeography (for a model see Christiansen and Stouge 1999). We also ignore the latitudinal span of a given great-circle distance at a given time—the greater the latitudinal span for a given distance, the greater should be the range of climatic contours traversed and therefore the greater the "effective" biogeographic distance. This may affect the potential of faunal data to discriminate longitude as well as they do latitude, although we are dealing with vast distances. We also ignore the strong possibility of a latitudinal gradient in generic diversity in our faunal data, although such effects should be controlled by our normalization of the data. In this paper, we emphasize the relative magnitude of interplate distances rather than the actual positioning of a network of plates on a global grid.
We take as given that, for a given plate model and pairwise plate matrix, the spatial extent of plates in question (expressed here as the sum of present day inter-centroid distances) remains the same. The position of a given plate clearly depends on its position in a preceding time slice (temporal autocorrelation), and this imposes dynamic constraints on rescaling of distances. We also assume that shallow- to deep-water biofacies, preserved across a number of transgressive and regressive events, have been adequately sampled for the four major plates in consideration. In spite of our oversimplification of the potential influences on biotic distributions, the fact that the results from our objective methods agree well with other paleocontinental distribution models derived from geologically independent evidence implies that our simplifying assumptions are reasonable first approximations.
We acknowledge that the spatial entities used in the analysis are of different size; different plate areas and asymmetric shapes are not ideal scenarios for a test case and may have some effect on our results. However, we have controlled for the most important potential effect, an area-biogeographic one. The number of endemics for a plate should, and indeed does, depend on the size of the faunal list, which itself should depend on area, but we have normalized this number by faunal totals. The position of the centroid is constrained by the size of the plate. The area and asymmetry of a plate also constrain the range of feasible positions for that plate. We have ignored these parameters in order to simplify the analysis, but they are incorporated implicitly in plate tectonic modeling programs.
We consider briefly the complication that the levels of cosmopolitanism may change with time in a manner that is not directly related to the absolute distances between plates. For example, a proportion of the shared fauna could accumulate over a long period of time merely by chance, and geographic range size for long-lived taxa should expand with time ("age and area" of Willis 1922), if only because range size must start very small (see Miller 1997). Range size during the Ordovician has also been shown to increase across the onshore-offshore framework (Miller 1997), and this will increase the probability of sampling a particular taxon in later time slices in cases where availability of suitable biofacies is limiting. If the range-size frequency distributions of particular indicator taxa change over time, so will the relationship between biogeographic indices and distance. Thus, the parameters for a relationship existing at one time slice are not a priori applicable to another time or taxonomic group. More specifically, during the end-Ordovician glaciation event, cosmopolitanism was at a selective premium for climatic reasons alone. For example, relatively few genera made up the widespread Hirnantia brachiopod fauna broadly associated with glacial events, in contrast to the different and more diverse mid-Ashgill faunas that preceded it (Sheehan and Coorough 1990). For different faunal groups sharing a common geography and environment (here, marine and continental shelf), we would expect a broad similarity in their biogeographic signal. However, differences in ecology and dispersal mechanism between groups, and evolutionary history with respect to terranes, should also affect potential to indicate relative distance. We examine the issue of differential performance at the generic level for both trilobites and brachiopods; these are some of the best-represented groups in the Paleozoic fossil record.
The approach we take is to analyze brachiopods and trilobites separately and together (independent data sets versus "total evidence"). If there is a relationship between a biogeographic index and a particular plate model, we should expect additional data to strengthen that relationship if the model really does approach the "real" distances. We examine the differing potential and robustness of two different biogeographic indices across five Ordovician–Silurian time slices for these two major taxonomic groups.
Our method uses faunal lists as the basis for reconstructing paleogeography. Another method that may claim to be objective has recently been developed (e.g., Ebach and Edgecombe 2001), one that uses cladistic analyses of critical groups and relates these to paleogeography by way of area cladograms. This method requires intimate knowledge of the species-level phylogenetics of component groups before paleogeography can be deduced. For the very large number of taxa used in our paper such an approach is not yet feasible. However cladistic area methods should provide a complementary and independent test of the kinds of summary methods described in this paper, and, we believe, vice versa.
Faunal Data and Time Slices
We extracted faunal data at the generic level from a newly compiled global-scale database (deposited in the Natural History Museum archive and in that for IGCP Project 410 "The great Ordovician biodiversification event"), originally derived from a large list of references selected by L.R.M.C. and R.A.F. We also drew extensively from databases developed by Rex Doescher (for brachiopods), Jonathan Adrain (for trilobites; see Adrain et al. 1998) and Arnold Miller (for both groups). The individual records are generic occurrences of brachiopods and trilobites recorded for named localities and stratigraphic horizons. Before input, the taxonomy was standardized for monophyletic genera by J. M. Adrain and R.A.F. (trilobites) and L.R.M.C. (brachiopods), including updates from the revised Brachiopoda volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Williams et al. 2000). Our database contains over 30,000 records of brachiopods and trilobites for five divisions of the Paleozoic of no greater than 15 Myr. These time slices are lower and upper Arenig, lower and upper Llanvirn, lower Caradoc, and Ashgill (not including Hirnantian), representing the Ordovician; and Wenlock, representing the Silurian, by which time the oceans between three of the four plates are considered in several models to have largely closed. Using these data, we have compared two different models of reconstruction. These models, both computer programs, are those of Ross and Scotese (1997) (hereafter, referred to as "Scotese"), and Smith and Rush (1998) (hereafter, referred to as "Smith"). These two programs make an interesting and worthwhile comparison, because that of Smith, AtlasWinPro, is based on paleomagnetic data, whereas that of Scotese, PaleoGIS for ArcView, is based on a wide but undeclared range of paleomagnetic, geological, chemical and biogeographic data. The latter model is an update from Scotese and McKerrow (1990). Crucially, both programs can automatically recover the paleocoordinates of retro-projected points (e.g., Fig. 2) that have first been attached to specific fragments, although that for Smith is cursor based and requires manual input of each centroid.
The two models are similar in their distance relationships between the six different plate pairs across the five major time slices, three of which are shown in Figure 1 (see also Fig. 6A). The greatest differences are in the position of the microcontinent Avalonia, which in the Scotese model is much more distant from the centroid of West Gondwana from early Caradoc times and even more so up to the Wenlock, and considerably nearer Laurentia by the Ashgill. The distance between Baltica and West Gondwana in the Scotese model in the Wenlock is also considerably greater than in the Smith model (Fig. 1, "BW" in Fig. 6A). As the position of Avalonia is the one most in dispute between the models, we focus on this fragment for our analysis.
The Smith and Scotese models used different time slices. The Scotese scale, using the DNAG timescale option, is here calibrated as (base to top; representative radiometric date in Ma, here not necessarily the most recent): L–U Arenig (488–478; 483); L–U Llanvirn (478–458; 473), L Caradoc (458–451; 454.5); Ashgill (448–438; 443); and Wenlock (428–421; 424.5). The Smith scale is Arenig (485–470; 473.75); L–U Llanvirn (470–458; 463), L Caradoc (458–451.8; 454.5); Ashgill (449–443.7; 443.5); and Wenlock (428–423; 425.5). So as to align the scales we used and to minimize the between-scale dating error of ±1–3 Ma, we picked the appropriate mean time for reconstruction for the respective scale as representing the likely mean for the faunal records for each time slice. Any records that were imprecise to a magnitude of more than 15 Ma were excluded from the data set. This value was chosen because the maximum series time slice we used was 15 Ma (the Arenig). The synoptic list among such records for each of these five time series (each of which was taxonomically checked by us for synonymies and other errors) comprised 623 trilobite genera and 622 brachiopod genera. Thus 1245 genera were used for the total evidence analysis (an estimated 80% of the total genera known from these four plates over this time). A subsidiary list was extracted for each plate at each time slice, and the number of genera endemic at each time to one, two, three, or all four plates determined. Figures 3 and 4 show all these endemism figures for four-plate Venn diagrams for the five time slices.
For each trilobite or brachiopod faunal list for every time slice, we calculated two indices—complementarity (C) and mean endemism (ME)—for each of the six plate pairs; both indices scale as proportions in a positive fashion with distance. Complementarity, also known as Marczewski-Steinhaus distance, has a considerable history of use in the ecological literature as a measure of faunal turnover or beta diversity (Colwell and Coddington 1994). It is a true metric that is equivalent to 1 minus the Jaccard index of similarity (equally, it is also a measure of dissimilarity or uncommonality between faunas): where t1, t2 are the total richnesses of the fauna for plates 1 and 2 respectively, S is the richness of the mutually shared fauna, and T is the total richness of the synoptic fauna (t1 + t2 …), for plates 1 and 2 (i.e., 1,2). When all genera are shared, S = T and the index equals 0, whereas when none are shared, S = 0 and the index = 1. In this study, values ranged between 0.45 to 0.95.
Here we introduce mean endemism (ME) as a measure of the proportion of endemics in each fauna, designed to capture the strongest signature of endemism (unique endemics for all four plates considered, i.e., ME4), averaged across each plate pair: (2) where e1, e2 are the taxa uniquely endemic (for all the plates under consideration, here 4), to plates 1 and 2 respectively, and where t1, t2 are the total richnesses of faunas on plates 1 and 2 respectively. Endemism is thus normalized to eliminate potential area-biogeographic effects, and averaged to create a measure for each plate pair. Again, this index scales from 0, where there are no unique endemics and the faunas would be expected to show minimal spatial separation, to 1, where all of each fauna are uniquely endemic, and would be most likely to be farthest apart. In this study values ranged between 0.1 and 0.65.
We also examined mean endemism with respect to two plates only: (3) where u1, u2 are the taxa unique to plates 1 and 2 respectively, and where t1, t2 are the total richnesses of faunas on plates 1 and 2 respectively. Because by definition u and S are complementary (where S is the mutually shared fauna; see eq. 1), ME2 is also equivalent to the average complementarity value for either of each plate pair, normalized by the richness of each plate. We also analyzed the cosmopolitanism of the faunas, not to use as a metric but simply as a comparative measure against which we could interpret our two indices, by calculating the number of genera in each fauna for one, two, three, and four plates (Fig. 5) (see also Miller 1997). This is also a measure of the range-size frequency distribution of the faunas at each time slice.
Defining Centroids
We first created a pairwise distance matrix between the centroids of four different major plates. Then, using each program, we retro-projected the present-day centroid for each plate (coordinates given in Table 1) so that we could compare the differing reconstructions. Thus, in each reconstruction exactly the same points are being compared relative to the coastline files (see below). Errors in the calculated inter-centroid distances may still occur, owing to differing rotations of Baltica between programs for example, but are minor. Our data were all geo-referenced in decimal latitude and longitude and plotted geographically to eliminate any obvious errors. Figure 2 gives an impression at two spatial scales of the sampling density of our data across the terranes under consideration, each dot representing an individual fossil locality for either trilobites or brachiopods. This sampling density compares favorably with many studies of Recent faunal distribution.
Our original data were first integrated with the Scotese model by using a GIS "cookie cutter" that assigns a plate code to each record (equivalence between plate codes in the two tectonic models is given by Table 2 as well as below). This technique ensures that any records that should fall in irrelevant plate fragments are disregarded. Our four major plates are defined as follows:
1. Baltica: as in Cocks and Fortey (1998)
2. Laurentia: because of their modern dispersal, major parts of greater Laurentia (Greenland, Irish island arcs, Grampian [= Scotland], Midland Valley, Spitsbergen, and Caledonides) were disregarded for calculation of the centroid
3. Avalonia: western sites in Avalonia were ignored, because only in the Scotese model are they placed adjacent to the eastern part of Avalonia (even though eastern and western Avalonia were very likely a united terrane [Cocks et al. 1997]).
4. West Gondwana: here taken to include Armorica plus Perunica [Bohemia] plus Montagne Noire, Iberia [including Portugal], Sardinia, Carnic Alps, northwest Africa (Morocco), northeast Africa, and South America including Paraná Basin but excluding the Precordillera of Argentina, a Laurentian fragment (Astini 1999).
Next, we calculated the great-circle distance in kilometers (assuming the present-day mean Earth radius of 6371 km for the purposes of spherical trigonometry) between paleolatitudinal and paleolongitudinal pairs of points representing the retro-projected centroid of each plate at each time zone, for the two plate models.
We calculated the final present-day centroids by using the coastline files (i.e., the x,y polygon vertices for coastline boundaries from the Scotese model) for a particular fragment or group of fragments. We detail our method here because calculating a centroid on a globe on the basis of coastline vertices in latitude and longitude, although not simple computationally, is highly relevant to reassigning distances accurately in paleogeographic reconstruction, and there is more than one possible solution. Each latitude and longitude was converted to Cartesian x, y, and z values, then the average of each of these values was calculated over all vertices of the coastline. Next, the resulting mean point was projected back to a longitude and latitude point on the surface of the sphere, with necessary adjustments to the algorithm in cases where a polygon crossed −180, +180, that was conditioned on the trigonometric values. The sole disadvantage of this technique is that complexity of the coastline can bias the centroid, so an additional slight adjustment had to be made in a few cases, such as northern North America, where the northern part of the coastline is exceptionally convolute. However, the method successfully allows computation of a centroid in tricky cases such as a polar-straddling polygon (e.g., West Gondwana in the Ashgill—not feasible using the standard centroid calculation algorithm implemented in the program ArcView 3.1). The algorithm also allows calculation of a centroid for a set of centroids that need to be combined (e.g., the multiple plates that were combined to make up West Gondwana; see Table 2). Because we calculated the centroids using only the Scotese coastline files, identical centroids were retro-projected from the present day using the two plate programs. Thus, the fact that some fragments are merged in the Smith model (e.g., Africa; see Table 2) was of no consequence when comparing the models.
Translating Faunal Indices into Distances
With the inter-centroid great-circle distances calculated from the retro-projected centroids given in Table 1, we are then able to calculate a new set of six pairwise distances for each model. This set sums to the original sum of distances, but in the exact ratios of each biogeographic index for each taxon and for each plate model (results given in Table 3). This is achieved by implementing the equations for each graphical fit at each time slice. For this reason, in our graphs distance is plotted as the dependent variable. The goal is to find the set of (here, six) distances computed from the equation that minimizes the sum of squares of observed deviations from the best-fit line (this new set of distances will have a perfect fit to the chosen line). We examine both exponentially and linearly fitted models to each index (Table 4). The r2 value in regressions is obtained purely for comparative purposes. We do not report significance levels for each graph because statistical significances (alphas) overall are inflated by two factors: the strong temporal autocorrelation between equivalent plate pairs in different graphs, and the interdependence between groups of three plate pairs representing each terrane. However, this simple technique enables us to determine which taxa perform best as indicators of distance and which plate tectonic models best represent our generic level data. For example, if the biogeographic indices of mean endemism and/or complementarity at a particular time scale as direct proportions with distance, we would expect that each index plotted against distance would fall on a straight line. If we can accept a linear model of distance decay, this model can be used to optimize the position of a plate with respect to other plates.
As indicated by Figure 5, the range size frequency distribution of both trilobite genera (A) and brachiopod genera (B) changes profoundly and consistently across the 50–58-Myr period, from early Arenig to Wenlock (the different models have differing timescales, the Scotese model having a wider chronological range). The predominance of single-plate endemics in the early Ordovician (greatest in the Arenig for trilobites and Llanvirn for brachiopods, for each time slice representing a typical faunistic "hollow curve" distribution) diminishes substantially as many genera become increasingly cosmopolitan toward the end-Ordovician (late Ashgill) glaciation and mass-extinction event. Notably, the four-plate class (a more or less cosmopolitan distribution, as the four plates encompass a vast area even by the mid-Silurian) reaches its peak in the Ashgill. This is particularly so for trilobites, when 16% of the 215 genera occur on all plates considered. Much of this widespread fauna apparently did not survive the Hirnantian glaciation and was not fully replaced in the sampling record until some time in the Silurian. This consistency between taxonomic groups is promising but, as already pointed out, only applies at any one time.
Behavior of the Indices and Taxonomic Groups Across Time Slices
The two faunal indices we have chosen show some encouraging consistency across the Ordovician and Silurian between the two groups (Fig. 6B,C). Indeed, if there was no relationship between brachiopods and trilobites for any one measure, we might expect that the utility of the indices as proportional distance measures would be susceptible to taxonomic idiosyncrasy. In fact, taking all time slices into account, the correlation between groups is comparable for either measure at an r2 of about 0.625 (Fig. 6B,C). Although the relationship is fairly linear across the time slices for complementarity, a second-order polynomial better fits the correspondence between groups for mean endemism. This can be explained by the higher levels of endemism that appear to characterize brachiopods, especially during the lower Ordovician (when values were higher: points toward the right of the graph; Fig. 6C). However, a nonlinear intertaxonomic relationship does not rule out the potential utility of the mean endemism index, especially when considered for individual time slices.
Independent and Total Evidence Analyses for Indices
Because indices vary in absolute value through time, we examine relationships within each time slice (Figs. 7–9). A comparison of linear and exponential models, and trilobites versus brachiopods, is shown in Table 4. The two groups are similar as indicators of modeled inter-centroid distance in terms of r2 (Table 4), but for mean endemism (ME4) brachiopods seem to have the edge (Fig. 7). The "total evidence" results (Figs. 8, 9) reflect the difference between indices and the two plate tectonic models. Table 4 gives more details, with total evidence performing better overall and particularly for ME4. Also, the fit to either the Scotese or Smith model distances is distinctly better for the linear than the exponential model in each case (Table 4). The performance of ME2 is the most disappointing of the three indices in indicating distance, and marginally worse than complementarity (Table 4).
Complementarity also performs very inconsistently across the time slices (Fig. 8). Although it is a good indicator of distance in the Scotese model in the lower Caradoc and particularly Ashgill (when r2 = 0.95), no relationship with distance is evident in either the Arenig or Wenlock for either the Scotese or the Smith model. Further, the Scotese model is usually considerably more representative of the complementarity between faunas than is the Smith model, with the possible exception of Llanvirn time. The contrast with mean endemism for this data set is thus important, for mean endemism shows a strong relationship to the sets of distances in either plate tectonic model across all five time slices, and a remarkably close fit, particularly for the Scotese model (r2 = 0.97), throughout the Caradoc and Ashgill. The Scotese model represents the biogeographic data remarkably well, and considerably better overall for mean endemism (ME4; Fig. 9), than the Smith model, which shows a weak fit to our data in the Wenlock. Distances in the Scotese model also fit the complementarity index for the pooled taxonomic data in the Caradoc and particularly Ashgill (again with a similar pattern of slight deviations of plate pairs from the linear best-fit line). Our generic-level data support the Scotese model well.
For both complementarity and mean endemism, the ranges of both indices (x-axis in Figs. 7–9) broaden substantially by the Ashgill, as each index tends toward lower absolute values, and the range narrows with increasing values again in the Silurian. These changes reflect the broader pandemicity toward the end-Ashgill event (see again Fig. 5).
Rescaling the Distances to Suggest a New Model
Table 3 gives rescaled distances for the six plate pairs for our test case, for all three indices and both models for each time slice. It is particularly encouraging that irrespective of the index used, these rescaled distances fall in our example between the minimum (i.e., the sum of radii 1 and 2 for the respective plate pair, simplified as circles) and maximum physically possible distance (i.e., half the earth's circumference less r1 + r2). This is despite the fact that we have not incorporated these basic constraints into our model. In fact, owing to close fit of coastlines, the Scotese and Smith models sometimes show distances marginally below r1 + r2 (see Table 3). There are two possible mirror-image arrays for any network of distances, and in a reconstruction we would naturally pick that which matches best the geography of the computer models. Note also that our rescaled distance arrays are not adjusted to form a closed network on either a plane or a sphere, but they often approximate to one whose vertices actually all join. Distances are interdependent in such a network (imagine the construction of circles around centroids and the feasible errors), a computational problem beyond the scope of this paper. In some cases, a biogeographic index suggests an array implying a more complex, wiggling movement for Avalonia than would be expected from the assumptions of plate tectonics in the context of subduction of a single paleo-ocean. This is the case when the sum of distances for plate pairs {AL, AB, AW} is greater than the sum of {BL, BW, LW}—for example, using complementarity in the Arenig and Wenlock or ME2 in the Arenig (Table 3). Once again, this indicates that complementarity is a less accurate descriptor of distance than is ME4.
In the reconstruction in Figure 10, we show for the best performing of our indices, ME4, how these rescaled distances affect the position of Avalonia relative to the other three plates, for three of the five time slices: Arenig, early Caradoc, and Wenlock. Because existing interdependencies embodied in the PaleoGIS model constrain the movement of larger plates, it is only practical to move Avalonia for the purposes of the figure, and so this illustration shows distance adjustments only for the three plate pairs that include the terrane Avalonia (i.e., AL, AB, AW). In the Ashgill, the position of Avalonia in the Scotese model is already close to an optimal position in relation to the biogeographic indices devised from our data. However, the optimal index based on pooled trilobite and brachiopod genera suggests that Avalonia would reach Baltica/Laurentia rather later than suggested by the Scotese model. The mid-Silurian docking of Avalonia with Laurentia/Baltica shown by the Scotese model in Figure 1 would thus be interpreted from this index to be too advanced, with Avalonia also farther from Baltica in early Caradoc times than suggested by either the Scotese or Smith models. Other distances, particularly the Avalonia-West Gondwana distance, are more consistent with the Scotese model than the Smith model (see also Table 3), accounting for the better fit with mean endemism. By using sequence stratigraphy as an independent criterion, such inferred distances can be tested iteratively by field evidence.
Any new plate tectonic reconstruction should represent existing faunal data better than a previous one. Our reconstructions of the relative position of Avalonia are based on fits to an index derived solely from numbers implicit in faunal lists. We selected the index showing the best and most temporally consistent fit to a pre-existing model (Ross and Scotese 1997) using brachiopod and trilobite generic data. During the lower Paleozoic, the relative distances between Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia (and to a lesser extent West Gondwana) are better known than for many major plates elsewhere in the world, so the approach should have application to more problematic terrane distributions. In the future it would be desirable to test our indices against known biogeography of Recent marine organisms with planktonic propagules, whose values might be expected to depend on distance.
Many orientations of arrays of inter-centroid distances on the surface of the earth would be most consistent with particular biogeographic indices in relation to plate sizes and shapes. Here we have demonstrated a simple method for generating pairwise distances based—for linear fits—on a chosen biogeographic index multiplied by the slope plus the intercept of measured distances taken at relevant time slices from existing plate models. The distances suggested by a faunal index are relative, and so at each time a new index is effectively scaled to the sum of the great-circle distances represented in an existing model; but the distances could easily be adjusted to absolute physical constraints such as plate radii and Earth dimensions. We have not attempted to create a model that fine-tunes the reconstructions at each time slice in a dynamic fashion. The constraints of such temporal relationships, although important to take into account, might be expected to decrease the goodness-of-fit of our indices at each time slice.
The arguments used here perhaps appear circular, because ME4 fits one of the computer programs that itself incorporates faunal data in an unspecified way. It might perhaps have been preferable to test faunal data against more than one "fauna free" reconstruction program. The way forward is possibly a series of successive approximations in which all sources of data are allowed to contribute toward a "best fit"—this is the process of reciprocal illumination which is common in historical reconstructions.
Bearing all these qualifications in mind, the results are encouraging. The biogeographic signal from four-plate mean endemism (ME4) to distance, in particular, seems remarkably good, and this index fits one model consistently at five time slices from early Ordovician to mid-Silurian times. Interestingly, this index performs considerably better and more consistently than the standard measure of faunal turnover, complementarity (C), which is based simply on the pairwise ratio of shared to total genera. We suggest that there is more signal relating to distance in the highly endemic (or conversely the highly shared) component of each Venn diagram than in faunal turnover. Normalizing by each plate's faunal total should also provide a tighter control for likely differential effects of diversity (e.g., effects based on different paleolatitudes, on different plate areas, and on faunal sampling) than when using the synoptic pairwise total. We are also encouraged that for the best index "total evidence" analysis appears to improve signal in the data. A simple linear model for indices against distance works well for our data sets, but an exponential model does not perform quite as well. Although computationally convenient, this may seem counter-intuitive, since it might be expected that a threshold distance for the dispersal of many taxa would have been reached over the vast spatial scale in which we are working. Previous biogeographic studies, either Tertiary (Picoli et al. 1991) or modern day (Nekola and White 1999), have suggested that an exponential model fits species data better. We can suggest that our good linear fit for mean endemism may be related to the use of only generic data, which though possibly less differentially sensitive to distance, appear to retain substantial biogeographic signal.
Ideally, the question of how faunal similarity scales to distance would have been approached initially from data based on test cases from living shelf faunas. As we have noticed, there are very few such studies. The data-gathering for such a test would entail at least as much effort as has gone into the present compilation, but should be possible for relatively well-sampled groups such as shelled mollusks. It may seem somewhat quixotic to infer continental distributions hundreds of millions of years ago from faunal evidence without the appropriate actualistic models. However, the greater immersion of Ordovician–Silurian continents compared with the Recent, providing ample chances for endemism, may be particularly appropriate for the kinds of methods used here. We await the Recent comparisons to test this.
This work was funded by National Environment Research Council grant GR3/10717. We acknowledge most gratefully the help of T. McCormick, J. Adrain, and A. Miller, who all provided us with additional data used in the present analysis. The manuscript was improved by helpful discussions with C. Moncrieff, R. Colwell, and A. Rushton.
- Accepted 1 March 2002.


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It's So Much Work to Be Your Friend (book)
Item description
A groundbreaking examination of a long-neglected problem, It's So Much Work To Be Your Friend presents solutions that will change the lives of millions of children.
Today, with approximately three million American children being treated for learning disabilities, and one in six kids destined to encounter serious difficulties in learning to read, it is vitally important to supplement remedial academics with a strong and focused dedication to dealing with the highly fraught and emotionally confusing social interactions that occupy "the other sixteen hours" of the child's day.
About the Author
Richard D. Lavoie, M.A., M.Ed. is a nationally-known expert on learning disabilities. He has worked in special education since 1972, as a teacher, administrator, author, and consultant. He holds three degrees in Special Education and has served as an adjunct professor or visiting lecturer at numerous universities including Syracuse, Harvard, Gallaudet, Manhattanville College, University of Alabama and Georgetown. His numerous national television appearances include CBS Morning Show, Good Morning America, ABC Evening News and Disney Channel Presents.
Rick serves as a consultant on learning disabilities to several agencies and organizations including Public Broadcasting Service, New York Times, National Center for Learning Disabilities, Girl Scouts of America, Child Magazine and WETA. He is a member of the Professional Advisor Board of the Learning Disabilities Association.
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Free Shipping over $50
and free returns nationwide (rentals only)
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For one-semester, advanced undergraduate/graduate courses in Biotransport Engineering.
Presenting engineering fundamentals and biological applications in a unified way, this text provides students with the skills necessary to develop and critically analyze models of biological transport and reaction processes. It covers topics in fluid mechanics, mass transport, and biochemical interactions, with engineering concepts motivated by specific biological problems.
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Visit the striking Dutch capital, Amsterdam where the picturesque canals and lively nightlife have made this wonderful city a popular choice over the years. See the world-famous works of art at the Van Gogh museum or the Rijksmuseum, or take in a slice of history at the Anne Frank house or just enjoy a stroll around the pretty walkways and parks.
Whether you're looking for a romantic weekend away, a family holiday or a fun trip with friends, a short break to Amsterdam has everything you could possibly want.
Stay 3 nights at the 4 star Ramada Apollo Hotel, Room Only on selected dates between 10 February - 2 March from just £139.
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Prices are based on departures from London Gatwick, Luton, Southend or Stansted.
Departures from Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds Bradford, East Midlands, Belfast or Birmingham for an additional supplement..
With its modern design, outgoing service, and customizable accommodation, the Ramada Apollo Amsterdam is the perfect hotel for business travellers, and vacationers seeking a unique experience in Amsterdam. Being the tallest hotel in Amsterdam, the views from the Ramada Apollo are nothing short of breathtaking, and care has been taken at the design-level to ensure that every space within the hotel, including the boardrooms and meeting facilities, are afforded a similarly stunning view. All of its 446 rooms come complete with complimentary Wi-Fi, air conditioning, satellite TV, and modern furniture. There is a fully-equipped gym onsite, as well as a solarium and a relaxing sauna. The Ramada Apollo also boasts 8 cutting-edge boardrooms and meeting spaces, and has an ample 300 space indoor parking garage to accommodate all manner of attendees and road-bound guests.
The hotel's proprietary restaurant, Floor17, serves original dishes prepared with local and organic ingredients, and its rooftop patio/multi-function terrace transforms at night into a full-service nightclub and cocktail lounge, perfect for an exciting night backgrounded by the beautiful cityscape. All of the the hotel's lighting, water, and waste management systems are state-of-the-art and environmentally sound, part of the Ramada Apollos commitment to green and progressive accommodation. Wireless internet is available free-of-charge throughout the hotel, and for guests on the go, a complimentary shuttle runs directly from Schiphol airport.
Amsterdam is the largest city in the capital of the Netherlands. It was settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century and became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age.
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange and is located in the city centre along with other main attractions including the historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum, Anne Frank House, Amsterdam and the infamous Red Light District. The River Amstel is one of the famous rivers in Amsterdam, terminates in the city centre and connects to a large number of other canals. The oldest area of the city is known as de Wallen and lies to the east of Damrak and this is where the Red Light District can be found. Amsterdam has a rich architectural history with the oldest building being the Oude Kerk in the heart of de Wallen.
Amsterdam is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe with more than 4 million visitors per year. A majority of the hotels are located in the city centre where you will find a large amount of department stores. The high end shops can be found in the streets of Pieter Cornelisz Hooftstraat and Cornelis Schuytstraat in the vicinity of Vondelpark. The medieval Kalverstraat is one of the busiest high streets in the heart of the city. Another famous shopping centre is the Negan Straatjes, where there are 9 narrow streets within the Grachtengordel. Here there are a wide choice of privately owned shops. Amsterdam is known as one of the most bicycle friendly cities with bike paths, bike racks and several bike storage garages.


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You're not going to believe just how amazing this kid is! Six year old super shredder Harry Schofield is surely destined for great things if he keeps up putting on displays of talent like this. We first featured Harry when he was 5 and it looks like he doesn't plan on slowing down any time soon – take a look at his other edit here: Bike Skills With Harry Schofield – 5yrs Old!
"Well 2016 has been another crazy year of progress, south series BMX champ, British BMX no 3, one BMX national 2nd place! 360s are dialed, getting close to back flipping in the foam pit, doing spines with ease, one foot cans, massive dirt jumps, sending it on the crosser – loving bikes, loving life with my family, bring us some more in 2017!"


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Teachers vote to accept contract; full school board must sign off on deal
A contract that offers something for everyone is how Paul Goodwin, president of the Bemidji Education Association, described the latest offer that now has the local teachers' union's majority support.
More than 80 percent of the 325 teachers who took part in an election Wednesday voted in favor of the latest 2011-12 and 2012-13 contract offer from the Bemidji School District's negotiations team.
The vote came days after two leadership teams with the BEA approved the same offer. In order for the BEA to ratify the tentative agreement, the union needed at least 66 percent of its membership to vote in support of the deal.
Now, the district's Board of Education will consider whether to vote in favor of the tentative agreement at 7:15 a.m. Thursday in the main school district office building's conference room.
While details of the contract offer have not been publicly released due to current proposals being classified as "protected nonpublic data," Goodwin said the contract includes "something for everyone" and added he is particularly pleased not all of the negotiating efforts were funneled into one area of the contract.
"That really made me feel good in working with the school district to resolve this," Goodwin said. "The people who are working toward the end are getting something for their retirement and the younger teachers coming in are getting something. Also, people who need health insurance coverage are getting something to help out, as well."
Two years ago, the school district and BEA struck a deal hours before the school district would have incurred a state-imposed, one-time penalty fee of roughly $130,000 for failing to meet the state-mandated Jan. 15 bargaining deadline. Since then, the 2011 Legislature has repealed this deadline.
This year, the BEA and school district met 13 times, two of which were with a mediator with the state Bureau of Mediations, before the BEA ratified the contract offer.
"We were getting closer and closer and so I became more hopeful," Goodwin said. "I'm very appreciative that toward the end we had a mutual understanding and were able to communicate and get rid of the road blocks."
Earlier this year, a BEA official said the union was concerned about negotiating to keep teacher salaries competitive and seeing an increase in health insurance benefits.
As president, Goodwin said his goal has been to increase communication between the teachers and the school board.
"Hopefully that will continue into the future," he said.
Every two years, school district teachers renegotiate the terms of their contract. Teaching contracts operate on a two-year term, beginning July 1 of each odd-numbered year.
At a school board meeting earlier this week, Jordan Hickman, the district's director of human resources, said the district's negotiation team had met with other bargaining groups, but many have been unwilling to move forward until the contract negotiations between the BEA and the school district are resolved.
If the school board approves the tentative teaching contract agreement next week, Hickman said he expects negotiations between other bargaining groups to rapidly pick up.


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Easy to absorb
Enhances nutrient uptake because it is easy to absorb.
SynergyO2 is a liquid colloidal formula, highly concentrated and super mineralized Its powerful solution contains the essential trace minerals, amino acids, plant source silica and electrolytes, all combined in a base which permits the dissociation of the water molecule in the body... READ MORE
...e sarà una super estate!
Promozioni per un'estate magica!
e si continua!
Enhances nutrient uptake because it is easy to absorb.
Enhances biochemical activities throughout the entire body.
Helps eliminate free radicals. Helps generously nurture cells. Helps elevate your energy.
Helps oxygenate the brain, thus diminishing memory loss.
Helps increase cellular inhalation providing more oxygen at the cellular level.
Helps eliminate toxins and purify the blood.


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Overview Edit
The Smart Emergency Response System (SERS) is a system that provides survivors and emergency personnel with information to locate and assist each other during a disaster. SERS allows users to submit help requests to a MATLAB®-based mission center connecting first responders, apps, search-and-rescue dogs, a 6-feet-tall humanoid, robots, drones, and autonomous aircraft and ground vehicles. The command and control center optimizes the available resources to serve every incoming request and generates an action plan for the mission. The WiFi network is created on the fly by drones equipped with antennas. In addition, the autonomous rotorcrafts, planes, and ground vehicles are simulated with Simulink® and visualized in a 3D environment (e.g., Google EarthTM) to unlock the ability to observe the operations on a mass scale.


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Interestingly enough, it's people between 18-24 that annoy me the most. Believe it or not, the teenagers don't annoy me and actually have contructive conversations on here. I don't know why the 18-24 age group on here is so immature, rude, and closed minded (MOST of the ones I've seen, not all of them.)
Most Helpful Guy
There is no particular age group which annoys me the most on GAG. Everyone seems equal on here.
I will say the teenagers on here are more mature than ones I see in real life and other sites. I hate the 18-29(longer range) age group the most in real life but here on GAG, it doesn't seem to matter.
Age really is just a number on GAG.00|00|0


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Kathy M Montgomery, 60 years old, employed by Entertainment. She lives in Henryetta, OK. She is a 1973 graduate of Kellyville High School. Her favorite bands are Country Music and Classic Rock. Some of the movies Kathy loves are Comedies, Mysteries and Suspense. Her favorite sport is Pool. Some of Kathy's relatives are Daniel Lee Montgomery, Preston Michael Montgomery and Noah D Drake. Online, Kathy goes by the alias windangel77.
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Join together to make a difference!
Hui for Excellence in Education, or "HE'E," is a statewide coalition of diverse stakeholders committed to working collaboratively to identify opportunities to improve public education in Hawai'i. HE'E seeks to be the focal point for community and parent engagement while serving as a public resource for educational policy.
HE'E was formed in May 2010 by parents and community members who stood up and said "no" to school furloughs and "yes" to re-establishing education as a public priority.
In support of Hawai'i's successful Race to the Top application, HE'E will seek to coordinate parent and community engagement to further the Department of Education's new strategic plan. More about HE'E's priorities…


text: David Schaper Federal Officials Investigating Near Collision At San Francisco Airport By David Schaper • Jul 13, 2017 Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: From Drug Overdose To Fires, Council Says Preventable Deaths At An All-Time High By David Schaper • Jun 27, 2017 States are not doing enough to improve safety on the roads, in the workplace and in the home, according to a new report from the National Safety Council. The group, which graded all 50 states on safety, awarded no state an "A" grade for overall safety, but 11 states received an "F." Protesters Take To The Streets After Not-Guilty Verdict In Philando Castile Case By David Schaper • Jun 17, 2017 Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. MICHEL MARTIN, HOST: Minnesota City To Dismiss Officer Acquitted In Shooting Of Philando Castile By David Schaper • Jun 16, 2017 Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: The Cosby And Yanez Juries Appear Deadlocked. Now What? By David Schaper • Jun 16, 2017 Two juries deliberating in high profile criminal trials this week appeared to be unable to reach agreement on a verdict. The judges overseeing those trials sent the jurors in both cases back to continue deliberations. In Pennsylvania, four days after getting the case, the jury considering sexual assault charges against Bill Cosby told the judge they couldn't reach a unanimous decision on any of the three counts against the 79-year-old actor and comedian. The judge directed them to keep talking and as Thursday evening fell, the panel of seven men and five women were still at it. Trump Announces Plan To Privatize Air Traffic Control By David Schaper • Jun 5, 2017 President Trump announced Monday a plan to privatize the nation's air traffic control system — a move that would remove the job of tracking and guiding airplanes from the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration. "Today we're proposing to take American air travel into the future, finally," Trump said. Despite Viral Incidents, Passengers Are More Satisfied With Airlines Than Ever By David Schaper • May 16, 2017 Another day and another conflict with airline employees goes viral. Have The 'Miserable' Airlines Finally Reached A Tipping Point? By David Schaper • May 8, 2017 In the wake of recent high profile incidents of customer mistreatment, most notably, the viral video of airport security officers dragging a passenger off a United Airlines plane last month, commercial airlines are scrambling to regain the trust of air travelers. 'It Was A Mistake Of Epic Proportions,' United CEO Testifies By David Schaper • May 2, 2017 Updated at 11:20 a.m. ET The CEO of United Airlines is in the hot seat on Capitol Hill this morning, answering pointed questions from members of Congress about last month's incident in which a United passenger was dragged off a plane. 'Textalyzer' Aims To Curb Distracted Driving, But What About Privacy? By David Schaper • Apr 27, 2017 If you're one of the many who text, read email or view Facebook on your phone while driving, be warned: Police in your community may soon have a tool for catching you red-handed. The new "textalyzer" technology is modeled after the Breathalyzer, and would determine if you had been using your phone illegally on the road. Pages1 2 3 4 … next › last »


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Collection by rowland + broughton
Matsuhisa Denver
Alongside Nobu Matsuhisa and the ownership team, R+B set out to create a space that continues to evolve the concept of the Matsuhisa culture for the 7,800 sq ft Cherry Creek location
In order to remain true to the Japanese culture, a thoughtful, unique, humble and purposeful design was sought
2016 IIDA BESTawards Winner for category Eat+Drink
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Target: Mark Parker, Nike CEO
Goal: Demand that Nike increase pay and human rights standards in global factories.
Workers in Nike's Indonesian factories are allegedly underpaid and maltreated women. Working conditions have been accused of being cramped, dirty, and abusive. Allegedly, women are emotionally, verbally, and sexually abused on a daily basis, according to sweatshop activist Jim Keady. Indonesia's minimum wage is a mere $2.98 (USD) a day, yet Nike pays the women who work in this inhumane conditions an alleged $1.25 (USD) a day without overtime.
Keady allegedly provides evidence of factory managers forcing workers to put in overtime seven days a week. Workers are also said to be denied holidays, vacations, and even maternity leave. Additional evidence indicates that these alleged abusive conditions pervade the 679 Nike factories around the world. Currently, those factories are in 43 different countries and employ more than one million laborers. Studies by several activist organizations indicate that as Nike moves into a new location, working conditions in the factories they overtake degrade and wages drop.
The Indonesian women making $1.25 per day are also frequently trapped in these low-wage, abusive jobs. The general economy in the area has been depressed in recent years. Often these women wind up as sole breadwinners who are unable to buy simple "luxuries" such as butter for the family table.
Adding to the horror, many factory managers allegedly burn leftover shoe rubber and trash outside the factory. The toxins and known carcinogens are released in this process and contaminate the air that the workers breath, further endangering their health and safety. We must act now to protect these suffering workers. Tell Nike that they must upgrade the working conditions at their factories and pay workers a fair wage consistent with local minimums.
Dear Mr. Parker,
As one of the largest manufacturers of athletic shoes and clothes, Nike has a responsibility to the global community it employs. Many activists and reports have repeatedly shown Nike's violations of human rights and local minimum wage laws.
In Indonesia, where the minimum wage is $2.98 per day, Nike allegedly pays its factory workers a mere $1.25 per day. The majority of employees collecting this paltry sum are allegedly women who face emotional, verbal, and sexual abuse on a daily basis and are forced to work overtime seven days a week. They're also allegedly denied paid vacations, holidays, and maternity leave and forced to breathe in toxic fumes from burning rubber scraps and trash.
Evidence indicates these inhumane and unethical conditions are not limited to Indonesia. It seems as if these conditions and standards occur at each of the nearly 700 Nike factories around the globe and follow Nike as it moves in to new areas. These consistent violations can only be a result of corporate policies, whether written or not.
We demand Nike correct these alleged violations in Indonesia and across the globe and take measures to ensure they never occur again. Please improve the workplace and pay of your foreign workers.
[Your Name Here]
Photo credit:Erin Corey


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BBG_resources is a library which provides an application with resource management facilities via XML resource scripts. Additionally, facilities are provided for XML-to-binary compilation for convenient packaging of resources.
|Games/Entertainment Software Development Libraries Application Frameworks
|Operating Systems
|Mac OS X POSIX Linux
No changes have been submitted for this release.
A Fluent OpenStack client API for Java.
A TWiki appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.


text: I got back from Nashville last night. Anyone who didnt go really missed out. Its a great show and all the people were great. Some of the people I met up with were, Crazygator, Mowerdude, RichDTLC, Lawn Tec, Fine Lines, Mowerconsultant, and a few others. The field day was pretty good. It was cool and windy that day. I think I like the field testing at Louisville better because you dont have to rush with just a few hours only to test. But the people at the field day seem much happier and more professional at GIE than the other. I spent time with the eXmark guys. As usual, these guys are great. I got to meet some different guys from the company at this show. Good thing Fred and Dustin didnt make it, they might have gone to the Wild Horse and still not be back yet. Haha. They had a safety video prepared to give away. I havent checked it out yet, but it appears to be in both English and Spanish. Its another customer service provided by eXmark. I stopped in the Hustler booth and came across Paul and Adam Mullet. We talked for a long time. They are great guys. Very friendly and knowledgeable about equipment and the industry. They are very happy about their product, and they should be. Theyve done an awesome job. Their equipment is top notch. If I did not run eXmarks, I would have Hustler at the top of my list. I was very impressed with the people and equipment at Hustler. Rocksolid had a lot of interest in the Plugr aerators. At the field day it was fun to watch people as they tried the machines. They were expecting something hard to handle and the surprised look at the ease of it was funny. Friday night we went to the Wild Horse were Shindawia was having a party. We met several guys from the company and had a great time. The food and open bar was great, but the view from the 2nd floor was awesome(if you know what I mean). The one person Im sad to say I missed was John Allin. I kept my eyes open for you the entire show and never saw you. Maybe next time. Ill add later to this


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This last Saturday in January was cold and cloudy.
I parted with the first month of this year in the
company of a good book, a hot cup of coffee
with white chocolate (send from Ireland) and relaxed
in front of the fireplace with Batcat.
This is my kind of day.
Happy Saturday everyone.;)
love will tear us apart.....
3 hours ago


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It's up to you by Susan Borovsky
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© XRX, Inc. 2011
It's up to you
This brightly colored shrug can be worn in two ways. You decide: the split back can be worn at the collar or the hem. The slipstitch rib is easy and fun — give it a try, and you'll agree.
Yarn information:
A - 950, 1100, 1225 yds
B - 400, 475, 525 yds
For more information, see: http://www.knittinguniverse.com/knitters/k103/


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Delex Polska
Delex Polska was created in 2007 to come closer to customers in Central Europe. Manufacturing in Poland is also more cost effective when it comes to products with many manual operations. Delex Polska is located in Bielsko-Biała in the Southern part of the country, near the Czech border.
In January 2016 we relocated to a top modern, new built facility of 3200m2.


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AUSTRALIA: Parliamentary report calls for special licence for SUV drivers
Australian four-wheel-drive (SUV) owners should have a special licence and be made to sit off-road driving skill tests before taking to the city streets, a federal parliamentary report recommends, according to the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH).
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And now there's just-auto plus, our premium membership that gives you exclusive component forecast data, company profiles and extended news coverage - just for premium members.
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A magnetostrictively driven tilt-mirror mount for image stabilization of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center's Experimental Vector Magnetograph has been designed, built, and tested. A simple improvement in the mounting technique of the actuator resulted in a factor of 3 increase in the lowest resonant frequency of the device. The tilt-mirror device was built, and the lowest structural resonant frequency was experimentally found to be 603 Hz.
© 1999 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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Supervisor & interior designer ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Space Logic Interiors Pvt Ltd
RS 2,50,000 To 5,00,000 Mumbai
We are Looking for Supervisor & Interior Designer Who Plan, Design, and Furnish Interiors of Residential and Commercial Properties. Formulate Design Which is Practical, Aesthetic, and Conducive to Intended Purposes, such as Raising Productivity, Sell...
Key Skills : fluency in english,supervisor,interior designer,interior architect,interior decorator
Production Manager - Furniture Joinery ( 10 - 12 yrs)
THE OLD HOUSE Pizza Restaurant
RS 60,000 To 11,00,000 Mysore
Skill / Knowledge • Conversant with manufacturing processes and methods of wooden furniture, fitouts, joinery and interiors for star Hotels, both in production and finishing line. • Conversant with Shop floor Drawings, Production Drawings,...
Key Skills : production head,manufacturing management,production management,production planning
Furniture Production Manager ( 10 - 31 yrs)
Square Design 7
RS 2,75,000 To 5,50,000 Gurgaon
Candidate Must have a Job Experience of At Least 10 Years in the Interior/furniture Industry. candidate Must have Worked with Major Furniture Brands like House of Raro/ Casaparadox/ Arvish Vohra among Others must Be Able to Do Sourcing of Raw...
Key Skills : production manager,interior supervisor,furniture designer
Job Opening for Site Supervisor in New Delhi/ncr. ( 4 - 10 yrs)
Space Consultant
RS 2,00,000 To 4,25,000 Delhi
We Have Opening For Site Supervisor In New Delhi. Job Position :- Site Supervisor. Qualification :- Diploma In Civil Engineering. Experience :- 4-10Years. Job Description :- The Candidates Should Have Diploma Background & Should Be Ab...
Key Skills : civil engineer,project planner,brick work,planning executive,site engineer,site supervision,senior civil engineer,project...
Sm Architects
RS 1,00,000 To 3,00,000 Delhi
Candidate Should Be Well Versed with Autocad, Photoshop, Sketchup, Revit Etc. Should Be Able to Do Architectural Drawings like Working Drawing, Sections, Elevations. Able to Co-ordinate with Consultants and Site Supervisors. salary: Best in t...
Key Skills : sketchup,autocad,revit,photoshop,architecture,architect,interior designer,cad,ansys,engineering design,draftsman...
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Designer-3d Max/rendering ( 2 - 5 yrs)
Manav Management Group
RS 2,00,000 To 3,00,000 Greater Noida
Hello We have Requirements for the Post Of:- Designer-3d Max/rendering designation:- Designer-3d Max/rendering experience: -2 Yr to 5 Yr salary: - 15k to 25k applied Candidate: -male / Female location:- Noida Sector -9 qualification:- Diplom...
Key Skills : auto cad,3d max software,photoshop,v ray,coral draw,sketchup,...
Rg Dzine
RS 1,00,000 To 1,25,000 Kolkata
Required Supervisor for An Interior Farm in Kolkata.
Key Skills : supervision,project management,material coordinator,interior designer,interior architect
Site Supervisor( Interior Designing) ( Fresher)
Rui Interiors
RS 90,000 To 2,00,000 Pune
Candidate Should have Diploma in Interior.
Key Skills : site supervisor,interior designing,interior designer,site incharge,home...
Site Supervisor - Interior ( 5 yrs)
Dhitech Consultancy Service
RS 4,00,000 To 6,00,000 United Arab Emirates
Minimum 5 yrs of good experience in Interior Company as a site supervisor.
Key Skills : site supervisor,senior site supervisor,senior site engineer,electrical site engineer,electrical engineer,electrical incharge,electrical...
Dnata (housekeeping) for Dubai ( 2 - 4 yrs)
Vn Enterprises
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 United Arab Emirates
Criteria: 1. Age: 23-35 Yrs 2. Qua: Min 10th Pass facilities Provided By Company: free Food+accommodation+transportation+medical+insurance working Hours: 8 Hrs Duty + Ot
Key Skills : highly skilled in cleaning rooms,lobbies and other interior and outside areas • documented success in maintaining guest rooms • competent at...
Administrative Officer ( 5 yrs)
Hughes and Hughes Chem
RS 1,50,000 To 3,50,000 East Delhi
I) Up Keeping of all the Office Equipment such as Computers, Printers, Scanner, Ce Writer, Interior, Generator, Refrigerator, Acquaguard, Air-conditioners, Fax Machine, Zerox Machine, Epabx, Franking Machine and other Office Equipment for Which the C...
Key Skills : Administrative Officer,Office Assistant,Housekeeping Supervisor
Urgently Required the Following Positions for UAE ( 3 - 5 yrs)
Shielders N Placers (Overseas) Pvt. Ltd.
RS 3,00,000 To 9,00,000 United Arab Emirates
Helper Boys-aed 1400 (approx. : Inr 26600) ac Technician-aed 1400 (approx. : Inr 26600) plumber-aed 1400 (approx. : Inr 26600) maintenance Supervisor-aed 2000 to 4000 (approx. : Inr 38000-74000) interior Maintenance Supervisor-aed 2000 to 4000 ...
Key Skills : helpers,plumber,a.c technician,carpenter,maintenance supervisor,interior maintenance supervisor
Plumber,Electrician ( 2 - 8 yrs)
Yes International
RS 1,50,000 To 6,50,000 United Arab Emirates
Yes International urgent Requirment for Leading Company uae – Dubai category salary sc gypsum Carpenters painters Having Decorative Coating Experience electrician - Should Be Able to Dress Db's, Perform Megger Tests plumbers- wi...
Key Skills : plumber,electrician,electrical technician,electrical wire man,electrical worker,electrical foreman,electrical wire...
Innovative Design Associates
RS 3,50,000 To 6,50,000 South Delhi
To Handle Multiple Interiors Projects Independently and a Team of Supervisors. also to Assist in New Business Development and Client Meetings.
Key Skills : architecture,architect,interior designing,interior designer
Production Manager for Interiors Company,salary-12 Lpa ( 7 - 12 yrs)
Capital Placement Services
RS 10,00,000 To 12,00,000 Noida
Job Description Handling the production of Furniture & Interiors. Production of furniture and its parts
Key Skills : production manager,production head furniture,modular,furniture quality assurance,furniture...
Interior Designer Supervisor ( 2 - 5 yrs)
Lalima Jobs
RS 2,50,000 To 6,00,000 Patna
Responsible for proactive administration of reviewing and processing all submittal data and shop drawings to ensure project schedules are expedited and materials are delivered on time. Conducts preconstruction meetings with subcontractors, assisted ...
Key Skills : interior designer,interior designer supervisor
Job for Ship Fitter/Supervisor of Ship Fitters with BOAT/SHIP BUILDING experience in Maldives ( 4 - 5 yrs)
Career Key Visa Consultant Pvt. Ltd
RS 7,50,000 To 8,00,000 Cochin, Kottayam, Chennai, Kolkata
We Required a Person of Fiber Glass Technician /supervisor or Ship Fitter or a Person Who Has Experience in Ship Fitting, Boat Building and Supervising the Technician Work the Ship Fitter Must Possess Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Sufficient to...
Key Skills : ship design,ship fitter,boatbuilder,fitter technician
Project Head -Civil,interior fit-out (Navi Mumbai - Maharashtra) ( 10 - 15 yrs)
Prism Manpower Services
RS 5,00,000 To 10,00,000 Mumbai, Mumbai Suburb, Navi Mumbai
Our client who are into wooden house construction industries at Navi Mumbai, are looking for an accountable project engineer to be responsible for all engineering and technical disciplines that projects involve. Who will schedule, plan, forecast, res...
Key Skills : project manager,project head,project incharge,project civil engineer,head project,project management
Executive – Engineering / Projection ( 1 - 5 yrs)
Vivid Careers
RS 2,00,000 To 3,50,000 Bhilai Charoda, Bhilai Nagar, Raipur
This is a supervisory, managerial and administrative position in a famous multiplex chain. Candidate should be Diploma in Electrical Engineering or graduate(b.TEC,B.E in Electrical engineering). From the BMS(building management system) & MEP(me...
Key Skills : electrical supervisor,electrical site engineer,electrical engineer,electrical maintenance engineer,electrical maintenance incharge,cinema manager,...
Project Executive ( 3 - 5 yrs)
Go fashion
RS 3,00,000 To 3,50,000 Hyderabad, North Delhi, Bangalore, Delhi
1. Working as Site Supervisor for Interior Projects 2. 3or 5 years experience working with Architect Firms/ Interior Designing Firms/ Retail firms/ Construction Companies 3. Knowledge in AutoCAD 4. Diploma/ BE Civil 5. Must be able to h...
Key Skills : knowledge in autocad,site supervisor,civil site supervisor,project management
interior designer ( 1 - 4 yrs)
Hitech Interior Services Llp
RS 1,25,000 To 2,25,000 Mumbai
Search for and bid on new projects Determine the client's goals and requirements for the project Consider how the space will be used and how people will move through the space Sketch preliminary design plans, including electrical and partition l...
Key Skills : interior designing,administration executive,site supervisor,interior designer,home furnishing,wood...
House Keeping Supervisor ( 8 - 10 yrs)
Ims Staffing
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Chennai
responsibilities Supervise and direct the daily activities of all Housekeeping staff. Ensure the service standards regarding cleanliness, amenities and maintenance in rooms and public areas are adhered. Manage the inventory of supplies, linen and e...
Key Skills : hotel management,hospitality,toursim,front office,house keeping supervisor,house keeping supervisor,front...
Architect & Interior Designer ( 5 yrs)
Finger 6
RS 1,00,000 To 4,25,000 Hyderabad
Education: Bachelor Degree/Diploma in Interior Design/Architecture. Excellent design and drafting skills and proficiency in computer-aided design (CAD) Good exposure in Interior Designing of offices, Commercial buildings, Residential etc.
Key Skills : architectural supervisor,interior designer,interior designing,architect,architectural assistant,cad executive
Executive / Sr. Executive - Sales in Waterproofing ( Surat & Bhavnaga) ( 3 - 9 yrs)
Trisha Consultancy Services
RS 1,75,000 To 4,75,000 Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara
Position : Executive/Sr. Executive - Sales Location : Surat & Bhavnagar Division : Waterproofing & Paints JOB DESCRIPTION 1. Conduct business activities under Channel and Project Sales (Company owned depots to dealers to end users) 2. Create awa...
Key Skills : sales executive,sales,marketing,business development
Devshilp Infra Pvt Ltd
RS 1,00,000 To 2,00,000 Chennai
Requires the Services of a Qualified Young Person to Fill Up the Position of Site Supervisor for Interior Job.
Key Skills : ms office,interior designer,interior architect,site supervision
vijaya builders16
RS 90,000 To 1,00,000 Vijayawada
supervisionof work going on in site & maintaining ledger of materials in site
Key Skills : civil,interior designing,civil engineer,project planner,brick work,planning executive,site engineer
Immediate Require Site Supervisor ( 1 - 6 yrs)
Prism Manpower Services
RS 1,00,000 To 2,00,000 Mumbai, Mumbai Suburb, Navi Mumbai
Site Execution, Interior Work, RCC Work and finishing items supervision. Experience with known contracting firm, knowledge of RCC, Shuttering work. Conduct daily safety inspection of all works within site and ensure safety signages are posted a...
Key Skills : site supervisor,civil site supervisor,civil site incharge,site coordinator,site incharge
Hi Tech Multilaterals India
RS 2,25,000 To 3,25,000 Bangalore
Overall responsibility for completion of projects, including material arrangement, Installation, commissioning, Handover to clients, Candidate preferably have to travel in Karnataka, Kerala, is must. Technically sound with good communication skill. ...
Key Skills : site engineer,site engineering,electrical engineering,electrical site engineer,power distribution,electrical technician,electrical...
Varnam Interior & Architect
RS 1,00,000 To 1,25,000 Bangalore, Chennai
5 months work experienced in Varnam Interiors & Architect, madurai.
Key Skills : auto cad,site supervisor,architect,cad,autocad,ansys,engineering design,draftsman activities,autocad modelling
Interior Site Supervisor ( 2 yrs)
Genesis Inscapes Pvt Ltd
RS Up To 50000 Pune
1. 3-6 yrs of experience in interior fit-out works or civil finishing works. 2. Degree/Diploma in civil engineering/interior designing with hard core site execution experience and co-ordination with in all the sub contractor activities in medium/...
Key Skills : interior site execution,interior site supervisor,autocad,civil design engineer,architect,cad,ansys,engineering...
Opening for Site Supervisor in New Delhi ( 4 - 10 yrs)
Space Consultant
RS 3,00,000 To 4,00,000 Delhi
Job Position :- Site Supervisor. Qualification :- Diploma In Civil Engineering. Experience :- 4-10Years. Job Description :- The Candidates Should Have Diploma Background & Should Be Able To Manage Interior Works.Candidates Should Have Go...
Key Skills : civil engineer,project planner,brick work,planning executive,site engineer,site supervision,senior civil engineer,project...
Opening for Interior Designer (furniture and Fabric) ( 2 yrs)
SATLINE Manpower Consultancy Private Limited
RS 2,25,000 To 3,00,000 New Delhi
Reporting to : Interior Designer - Salary - 20-25k Ctc - Experience - 2-3 Years - Good Written and Spoken Communication - Position - 1 - Gender - Male/female
Key Skills : interior supervisor,interior designer,interior consultant,interior decorator,interior project manager
Space Consultant
RS 2,25,000 To 3,50,000 Delhi
Designation : Site Supervisor Qualification :(Diploma Engineer) Vacancy No. :04 Supervisors Experience: Having Experience Of 4 To 10 Years In Managing Interior Works Location : Delhi Salary :20K-30K
Key Skills : civil engineer,project planner,brick work,planning executive,site engineer,site supervision,senior civil engineer,project...
Thar Interiors
RS 2,00,000 To 2,50,000 Bangalore
Site Supervisor Job in Bangalore We require a talented, dynamic, hardworking person to handle our interiors office projects in Bangalore. He should have minimum 3-4 Years experience in this field. For our company experience matte...
Key Skills : good communication skills,effective team management,dynamic leader,interior designer,interior architect,interior decorator
Interior Designer Cum Site Supervisor ( 1 - 2 yrs)
Arita Technologies (p) Ltd
RS 2,00,000 To 3,00,000 Bangalore
To Guide Customers In Layout Design, Product Selection So As To Meet Their Expectations And Book Orders And Execute These Orders Using Online Portal As Well As Face To Face. He Should Be Able To Supervise Installation In Multiple Sites At The Same Ti...
Key Skills : degree/ diploma in interior designing/ civil engg/ architecture or meachanical engg.,interior designing,interior site supervisor,sales / marketing,...
Idea Centre Architects Private Limited
RS 2,25,000 To 5,50,000 Bangalore
Smart and Effective Project Managers/ Site Supervisors Wanted. 5+ Years of Solid Experience in Site Supervision and Management with a Special Focus On Interiors good Communication Skills
Key Skills : project management,site assistant manager,site senior manager,project manager,project assistant,project engineer
Site Supervisor -Interiors ( 1 - 4 yrs)
RS 1,00,000 To 2,50,000 Bhopal
- Perfect at understanding vacant site conditions - Accuracy & clarity in taking site measurements - Conversion of measurement into basic formal layouts - Planning & execution of projects - Ensure timely production at manufacturing units, whatever ap...
Key Skills : site supervisor,interior designer,production engineer,production site supervisor
Sharafco Group
RS 2,50,000 To 4,00,000 Palakkad, Kochi
CIVIL ENGINEER : Qty: 1 No. JOB DESCRIPTION: ●Planning, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating construction projects according to schedule, specifications and budget. ● Maintain quality standards for all struc...
Key Skills : construction engineer,construction manager civil,administration coordinator,civil engineering,construction,planning,project management
Interior Designer ( 0 - 2 yrs)
Core Interior Designers
RS 70,000 To 2,00,000 Hyderabad
salary 1,00,000/-to 2,00,000/- per annum • Experience in Interiors/ Turn Key Showrooms/ Wood Display/ Sign Boards • Vendor Handling/Purchase • Knowledge of Ms Fabrications/Wood/ Acrylic • At Site Installations & Supervising in Hyderabad ...
Key Skills : interior designer,interior designing,site supervisor,home furnishing,wood furnishing,home decorating
Projects Manager - Civil Engineer - Mumbai Location ( 7 yrs)
Techno Sales Corporation Pvt Ltd
RS 5,50,000 To 6,00,000 Mumbai
Site Management, Site supervision, Site labour force monitoring, resolving technical difficulties, site surveying, client interaction, Must know to read AUTOCAD Drawing, Planning and Installation good English and Hindi Communication is must ...
Key Skills : civil construction site engineering project site supervisio,civil construction site engineering,project site supervisor,civil engineer projects...
German Project Management India
RS 4,00,000 To 6,50,000 Mumbai
Profile Summary: We search for a qualified Architect or Interior Designer or Diploma Civil Engineer with a minimum of 10 years experience. Working experience overseas in execution of high-end Interior Works or working experience with international cl...
Key Skills : site management,project management,civil engineer,civil engineering,site...
Interior & Civil Supervisor /Engineer ( 4 - 10 yrs)
RS 1,50,000 To 2,50,000 South Delhi, Delhi
Should be knowledge of Drawing Reading Layout as per drawing Interior Finishes Civil Construction Fabrication
Key Skills : site management,civil supervisor,civil construction
production manager ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Home Decor
RS 2,00,000 To 3,50,000 Bangalore
Modular kitchen and wardrobes manufacturing unit required production manager
Key Skills : production manager,interior designer,production controller,production coordinator,production head,production...
Urgent opening for UAE - Dubai ( 1 - 10 yrs)
Yes International
RS 2,75,000 To 7,00,000 United Arab Emirates
Yes International URGENT REQUIRMENT FOR LEADING COMPANY UAE – DUBAI CATEGORY SALARY SC Gypsum Carpenters Painters Having Decorative Coating Experience Electrician - Should Be Able To Dress DB\'s, Perform Megger Tests Plumbers- Wit...
Key Skills : electrical incharge,project control engineer,electrical engineer,electrical maintenance...
Opening for Civil Work - Site Supervisor ( 2 yrs)
MUEZ-HEST India
RS 1,75,000 To 2,75,000 Mumbai
1. Competent in reading and understanding specifications, drawings and all other discipline related project and engineering documentation. also drafting in cod where is necessary. 2. Ensures that all work is in conformity to standard and specificati...
Key Skills : site supervisor,civil,civil engineering,civil engineer
Executive/Assistant Manager Engineering ( 1 - 5 yrs)
Inox Leisure Ltd
RS 2,00,000 To 3,50,000 Raipur
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Maintains all distribution systems for electricity, cold water, & indoor air quality etc. 2. Maintains and operates air conditioning, ventilation and refrigeration systems. 3. Maintains building and grounds. ...
Key Skills : bms engineer,maintenance engineer,electrical engineer,electrical incharge,electrical maintenance...
Autocad Draftsman for Interior Design Company in Rt Nagar ( 0 - 1 yrs)
RS 1,00,000 To 1,25,000 Bangalore
candidate must speak English or hindi Some experience preferred - with an architect or interior designer. No mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical engineers
Key Skills : autocad draftsman,interior designer,electrical engineer,electrical incharge,electrical...
Interior Architect Supervisor ( 4 - 5 yrs)
rapid nfratech
RS 1,00,000 To 3,00,000 Dehradun
Qualified architects having specialized constructions knowledge along with high level drawings skill to design variety of buildings which are functional, sustainable & aesthetically pleasing, should have team building schemes. (Experience 05 Years).
Key Skills : architucture,interior designer,interior architect,interior decorator
Site Supervisor into Interior Designing ( 2 - 5 yrs)
Perfect Interior Designs
RS 1,50,000 To 2,50,000 Bangalore
Responsibilities :- Help design products with engineering and manufacturing techniques. Add details to architectural plans from their knowledge of building techniques. Work from rough sketches and specifications created by engineers and ...
Key Skills : autocad draftsman,autocad draughtsman civil,drafting,autocad draughtsman,site drawing,autocad 2d,autocad 3d,architecture,detailing,interior...
Aadharshila Designs Pvt Ltd
RS 1,00,000 To 2,75,000 South Delhi, Delhi
To monitor and handle the construction activities at Site from start to end on behalf of the Owner. The candidate shall be stationed at the project site near Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. Salary: Best in the Industry Industry:Architecture / Interior Des...
Key Skills : construction site engineer,site engineer,site supervisor,interior designer,architect,...


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Chameleon Glass Panda Hand Pipe 1
Chameleon Glass
$ 50.00
This pipe is handmade in the U.S.A. at Chameleon Glass in Arizona and has a couple of sculpted features giving this pipe character. The pipe itself incorporates a few glass tricks to give it a face on the front of the bowl. The pipe is approximately 5" in length and 2" at its widest point. The pipes bowl pack is 0.75" wide and 0.5" deep. Each pipe is hand crafted and will vary.


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Author | Ranjana Gupta | Wednesday, Apr 14,2004 8:05 AM
Bharti Televentures – parent to cellular service provider Airtel, seems to have been bitten by the cricket bug as it goes all set to roll out its new ad campaign featuring the willow ace Sachin Tendulkar within the next few days.
The television commercial would hit the screen shortly and an extensive print campaign would follow, informed an agency source.
Considering the ongoing cricket craze swaying the subcontinent, the source said: "Sachin at present is the best bet for any brand and Airtel has rightly decided to cash in on him at the best moment when cricket sentiment is at its peak."
Previous Airtel campaigns had featured Bollywood celebrities like Shahrukh Khan and AR Rehman. The latest ad, featuring Shahrukh Khan for the prepaid product has been a success, particularly with the slogan 'Aisi Azadi Aur Kahan'.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Most animal rescue stories pull on the heartstrings and are touching, and its always a wonderful thing to see humans take risks and give time to help animals. But one group of guys did something truly daring to save a goat. They could have simply kept driving by when they spotted the animal in need, but they put their resources, brawn, and brains together to help the poor animal.
A group of workers saw something shocking while traveling to their job. They were driving down the road when they saw this: a helpless goat who had gotten tangled up in cables and was hanging by its neck. The animal's life was truly at risk, so the men climbed to the top of their truck and used a ladder and rope to get it down. As one group of men on the roof of the truck carefully pushed the goat towards another man high on a cliff, they were eventually able to set it free. Thankfully, the goat was unharmed and was healthy enough to scramble away. Watch these men in action if you want to see a true act of heroism.


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Author Tags: Poetry, Women
Debbie Keahey has edited an anthology of women poets from Northern BC in Unfurled. She also edited, and contributed to, Madwoman in the Academy: 43 Women Take on the Ivory Tower, as well as Making It Home: Place in Canadian Literature (University of Manitoba Press).
Waking Blood (poems) Turnstone, 2000.
The Madwoman in the Academy: 43 Women Boldly Take on the Ivory Tower (University of Calgary Press, 2003)
Unfurled: Collected Poetry from Northern BC Women. editor. (Caitlin Press, 2010). 978-1-894759-52-6 : $17.95.


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