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Learn how to apply best practices to develop or improve your peer mentoring program.
Learn best practices for varying types of peer mentor programs. You will leave this event with practical, easy-to-follow advice for developing or improving your peer mentor program, as well as assessment tools to help you evaluate the effectiveness of your program. Conference sessions will help you:
During the event, you will have an opportunity for small group consultation time with one of our diverse speakers as well as breakout sessions with peer institutions. You will leave with action steps to help you develop a highly-successful peer mentor program.
The conference will provide you with numerous opportunities for consultation, working time and peer reviews to further enhance your learning and help you walk away with actionable ideas. During breakout sessions, you will have the chance to work with similar institutions as well as those at similar stages in developing a peer mentoring program.
Learn specific activities you can utilize in face-to-face and online training for peer mentors. These activities don't just give information, they also help develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and communication—bringing out the very best in your peer mentors.
You should attend this program if you are responsible for implementing or revamping a peer mentor program on your campus. This program will also benefit professionals looking to create a mentorship program for niche student populations including multicultural students, international students, and transfer students.
To encourage team participation, when you register 2 people from your institution, a third can attend at half price.
Contact Elizabeth Hubbell, Program Manager at firstname.lastname@example.com or 720-988-1218 if you'd like additional information about the program.
We want you to be satisfied with your Academic Impressions learning experience. If the program you purchased fails to meet your expectations, please contact us within 30 days and let us know. We'll credit the full amount you paid toward another AI program that may better fit your needs.
Learning Outcome:After participating in this conference, you will be able to apply best practices to your peer mentoring program that serves your unique needs at your institution.
Bryce is a former Associate Director for First-Year Mentoring and has extensive experience in orientation, first-year seminars, admissions, academic support, and academic advising. Bryce holds a doctorate in instructional design and focuses his research on transformative learning, the application of learning theory to student affairs practice, early alert systems, and high-impact practices. His research on peer leadership was published in a special issue of The Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition. He has presented nationally and internationally with the National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience, the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the International Society for Exploring Teaching and Learning (ISETL), the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE), and the National Academic Advising Association (NACADA).
In her current role, Carly provides leadership for a variety of programs and initiatives that support the transition of first-year students. This includes direction and coordination of peer education including peer mentors for the first-year seminar and academic coaches. In addition to her work with these peer educators, Carly created Campbell's orientation leader program, bringing a dynamic student presence to the summer orientation program. In addition to her significant role in the training, development, and support of peer educators, Carly has a passion for orientation, transition, and retention initiatives. Carly received a Bachelor's of Science degree in Marketing Management from Virginia Tech and a Master's of Education in Higher Education and Student Affairs from the University of South Carolina.
Wayne's office provides academic programming and support services for more than 21,000 multicultural and first-generation students on the UCF campus. He is a two-time, national retention award recipient; he received the 2010 National Academic Advising Association (NACADA) Outstanding Institutional Advising Program Certificate of Merit for his leadership in directing the Seizing Opportunities for Achievement and Retention (SOAR) program, and the 2003 Noel-Levitz Retention Excellence Award for his work in directing the Minority Mentoring Program at the College of New Jersey. Wayne has consulted for several institutions on how to help develop mentoring programs and increase student retention rates. He speaks nationally on how to increase the retention of at-risk students.
Jessica joined Hennepin Technical College in 2012 where she launched the first Student Life office to provide leadership and engagement opportunities for the college's primarily non-traditional student population. In 2014, she started a peer mentor program which resulted in an 11% increase in retention for first-year students. This year, Jessica will now lead Career Development as well as Student Life. In this role she oversees the department responsible for successfully placing 94% of the graduates into careers within their field. Before joining Hennepin Technical College, Jessica held similar leadership roles in residence life, student activities, new student orientation, and student conduct at the University of St. Thomas, Loyola Marymount University and St. Cloud State University.
Jessica obtained her Master's Degree in Education: Leadership in Student Affairs from the University of St. Thomas.
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The Brown Palace Hotel and Spa, synonymous with extraordinary service since 1892, invites you to experience a new level of luxury hotels in Downtown Denver. Home to a collection of 241 distinct guestrooms and suites, including the new Signature Inclusive rooms, this celebrated choice in Downtown Denver hotels spoils guests with contemporary amenities like twice daily maid service, plush terry robes, complimentary Wi-Fi in Lobby and pure artesian water from their own well. The hotel also boasts six unique restaurants and bars and a boutique spa.
At The Brown Palace, you will enjoy access to timeless luxury with a unique sense of place, original experiences and world-class service and amenities. There's simply no better way to experience the Mile High City.
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(916) 802-0225
Joan M. McHugh, CPA
15 years in business4831 64th St
Sacramento, CA 95820-5849
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Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 08/16/2012
Business Started: 11/02/2001
Type of EntitySole Proprietorship
Business Management
- Ms. Joan McHugh, Accountant
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- Accountants - Certified Public
- Tax Return Preparation
Products & ServicesThis company offers accounting and tax services.
Licensing, Bonding or RegistrationThis business is in an industry that may require professional licensing, bonding or registration. BBB encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
My practice is tailored to individuals and small businesses: tax preparation, planning and consulting. Although not limited to these areas, some of my strengths are:
Same-sex couples in registered domestic partnerships and civil unions,
Multi-state returns,
Tax audit representation,
Overseas and ex-pat returns.
Small business tax planning and preparation
Bookkeeping and payroll for small businesses
BBB Reason for Ratings
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
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BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.

subset: commoncrawl


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SRT reveals Viper GTS Launch Edition
This is the new SRT Viper GTS 'Launch Edition'. As you can see, it's very pleased to see you. It's making a debut at this weekend's car-based shenanigans at Pebble Beach in California, showing off some Blue And White.
Specifically, the blue and white showcased on previous Viper launches - the Vipers that came in 1996 and 2006 - and this continues that tradition of releasing a new model with big fat white stripes running across the length of that gloriously long bonnet.
The SRT also gets a new set of polished, five-spoke forged-aluminium alloy wheels too, while the new Viper logo - dubbed 'Stryker' - appears on the bonnet and steering wheel. It's only the third Viper logo ever, the first two being "Sneaky Pete" (not some bizarre sexual practice) and "Fang".
See more pics of the SRT Viper GTS 'Launch Edition'
Inside, the Launch Edition Viper gets a dash plaque - said to improve collectability - along with black 'Laguna' leather and contrasting stitching adorning the seats, doors, instrument panel, steering wheel, grab handles, gearstick and centre console.
Sadly - or not sadly, depending on your appreciation of self flagellation - the Viper's 8.4-litre V10 remains untouched, and thus power remains at 640bhp and 600lb ft of torque. This is plenty in a rear-wheel-drive car. Plenty. Especially considering the body is made from aluminium and carbon fibre.
Have a click through the pics and let us know what you think.
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Yes, you can pay for college! We'll show you how.
Most students and families find that applying for college and financial aid can be overwhelming. But don't let the challenging process come between you and your dream of graduating from college or sending your child to college.
$tand By Me has partnered with the Delaware Higher Education Office to ensure that all high school seniors have a funding strategy to pay for college. Through the College Funding Project, we work with principals and guidance counselors in every Delaware high schools to deliver workshops and resources for students and their families.
Surf this website for resources to help you develop your own college funding plan. Attend one of our Paying for College workshops. You can also:
- Schedule an appointment with our financial coaches, who work one-on-one with families to determine how best to pay for a college education.
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Find information to help you successfully support young people in their pursuit of higher education. Among those resources on this website are:
- 2016-2017 Marketing Kit for Educators, links to all the tools that you need to promote our joint events at your school.
- College Funding Workshops Menu describescollege financing workshops that we can hold at your school.
- FAFSA Messaging and Planning Calendar provides suggested outreach activities that can help you plan your communications to students and parents for the 2017-18 FAFSA.


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Average size, comfortable single room. ensuite, very fast wifi. Perfect location between St-Jean and St-Louis. Easy walk to sites of Old Town. Fairly priced. A very good value, especially in US dollars. Axel, at reception, was very kind and helpful.
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"Room 2 is cool- Two open concept rooms, one raised up a couple of stairs from the other."


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Tuition and Financial Aid
How much does it cost?
Tuition and Fees
Tuition and fees will be $39,650 for academic year 2016-2017; students admitted through William & Mary will be charged at $19,825 per semester. Additional costs include room and board, travel, special instructional fees (e.g., for music instruction), books, fines, personal expenses, etc. For more information about housing (accommodation) costs, see W&M Room Rates or St Andrews Residence Fees.
Financial Aid
Financial aid is available to Joint Degree students admitted through William & Mary.
In most cases, Virginia residents will have their full financial need met. Qualifying out-of-state students may receive up to 25% of their full cost of attendance in grant aid. If you are accepted to both the joint degree and standard programs, you will receive two separate award letters. The award notifcation for the regular W&M program will be sent to your W&M email address. The one for the Joint Programme will be sent via regular US mail.
Please contact Edward P. Irish at email@example.com if you have any questions about your St. Andrews aid award.
Students applying through William & Mary and seeking financial aid must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) application.


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Home / tactical / hydration packs /
Hydration Packs
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Source Outdoors Universal Tap Adaptor Accessory
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A revolutionary solution for refilling your hydration system on the move. The reservoir is filled directly through the tube eliminating the need to remove the hydration pack from the back for refills.
- Fits a variety of water bottles
- Filling Time from a 1.5L bottle: 50 sec.
- Designed to fit a wide range of indoor and outdoor taps
- Filling time from tap - 2L in 45 sec, 3L in 1.05 sec.
- Begins to expand when reservoir is filled and will automatically disconnect if reservoir is accidentally overfilled
- Compatible with all of Source QMT (Quick Mate Technology) systems
- Weight - 17 gr
- Diameter - 40 mm
- Hight - 60 mm
- Material - Anti Bacterial TPE polypropylene


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… Farewell, Facebook Exchange: The social network's real-time ad-bidding platform is being phased out in favor of Facebook Audience Network and other products. Facebook Exchange, or FBX, launched in September 2012, but the social network has been steering clients and ad technology partners to other products, including Facebook Audience Network…
wsj.com - Facebook is planning to shut down its ad exchange product, FBX, which lets ad tech companies buy desktop ads on behalf of marketers. The tech giant is focusing more on mobile ads and its growing Audience Network.
Facebook is shutting down Facebook Exchange and moving advertisers to newer products in a coordinated effort to focus more heavily on the social network's mobile-first advertising products. According to the company's most recent earning's report, mobile now accounts for 82 percent of the company's overall revenue.


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BookRenter.com's 5-Star Satisfaction Guarantee
We strive to deliver the best value to our customers and ensure complete satisfaction for all our textbook rentals.
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ISBN: 9780217998321 / 0217998321 The Abode of Snow; Observations on a Tour From Chinese Tibet to the Indian Caucasus, Through the Upper Valleys of the Himalays
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Wildcats Come up Short in Sunflower Showdown, Fall to No. 35 KU, 4-2
Wildcats Come up Short in Sunflower Showdown, Fall to No. 35 KU, 4-2
MANHATTAN, Kan. -- Competing against its ninth ranked opponent on the year, K-State women's tennis was defeated, 4-2, by No. 35 KU at Mike Goss Tennis Stadium.
After dropping the doubles point to the Jayhawks (15-5, 5-2 Big 12), the Wildcats (9-11, 1-6 Big 12) earned wins by Millie Stretton and Livia Cirnu in singles play. Cirnu picked up a win against Summer Collins by retirement in the No. 6 position, which tied the score at one apiece. Later in the match, after K-State had fallen behind 3-1 in the overall match, Stretton took down Nina Khmelnitckaia 7-6 (2), 7-5 in the No. 4 position to bring the Wildcats to within one, 3-2, before falling for the sixth time in conference action.
"I think today was the first time Millie played a complete match against a quality opponent, and that was great to see," said K-State head coach Danielle Steinberg. "We know her potential and what she can do out there, and it is nice to see things coming together in big matches."
With the team score at 3-2, Carolina Costamagna was in a 5-5 tie with Janet Koch in the No. 3 position, trying to force a third set, while Ana Garcia Navas was knotted up with Smith Hinton 3-3 in the No. 2 position, already in a third set. Costamagna would ultimately fall to Koch 7-5, 7-5 and the match at No. 2 would go unfinished with Hinton leading Garcia Navas 3-6, 6-4, 4-3.
"I am happy with our singles showing overall," said K-State head coach Danielle Steinberg. "The conditions were not easy with the wind, and I think we played better tennis on some courts today than we did in the past few weeks, which is encouraging going into the end of regular season and conference play."
Also competing in singles was Sara Castellano in the No. 1 position where she was beat by No. 67 Anastasiya Rychagova 6-2, 6-1.
In doubles play, Garcia Navas and Stretton lost to No. 79 Koch and Khmelnitckaia 6-3 in the No. 1 position while Cirnu and Costamagna fell to Rychagova and Hinton 6-4 in the No. 3 position.
Playing in the No. 2 position for the first time this season, Castellano and Palma Juhasz were trailing Cardona and Collins 6-5 before the match went unfinished.
"We definitely had our chances in doubles, but we did not play aggressive enough to close it out in both two and three," explained Steinberg. "KU took advantage of that and really took it to us in the big moments. That is something we have been talking about a lot, and we have improved so much in it, but we still have to do better at staying aggressive.
"Overall, I think there is a lot of positives from today and I am hoping we can carry this momentum into next weekend at home and to the Big 12 Conference tournament."
The Wildcats continue the homestand with a doubleheader on April 22 as they take on Southern Illinois (11-9, 3-0 MVC) at 9:30 a.m. and No. 15 Oklahoma State (18-4, 6-0) at 3 p.m. at Mike Goss Tennis Stadium.
No. 1 No. 67 Rychagova (KU) def. Castellano (K-State) 6-2, 6-1
No. 2 Garcia Navas (K-State) vs. Hinton (KU) 6-3, 4-6, 3-4, unfinished
No. 3 Koch (KU) def. Costamagna (K-State) 7-5, 7-5
No. 4 Stretton (K-State) def. Khmelnitckaia (KU) 7-6 (2), 7-5
No. 5 Cardona (KU) def. Bago (K-State) 6-2, 6-3
No. 6 Cirnu (K-State) def. Collins (KU) retired
No. 1 No. 79 Koch/Khmelnitckaia (KU) def. Garcia Navas/Stretton (K-State) 6-3
No. 2 Castellano/juhasz (K-State) vs. Cardona/Collins (KU) 5-6, unfinished
No. 3 Rychagova/Hinton (KU) def. Costamagna/Cirnu (K-State) 6-4


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 18, 2009
|Filing date
|Jan 30, 2007
|Priority date
|Jul 2, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Chanmin Su, Robert C. Daniels
|Original Assignee
|Veeco Instruments Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (5), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/937,597 filed on Sep. 9, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,168,301, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/189,108 filed on Jul. 2, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,945,099, the entirety of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed operating a probe-based instrument in torsional oscillation mode, and more particularly, a method and apparatus of driving the probe into torsional resonance.
2. Description of Related Art
Several probe-based instruments monitor the interaction between a cantilever-based probe and a sample to obtain information concerning one or more characteristics of the sample. Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), such as the atomic force microscope (AFM), are devices which typically use a sharp tip and low forces to characterize the surface of a sample down to atomic dimensions. More particularly, SPMs typically characterize the surfaces of such small-scale sample features by monitoring the interaction between the sample and the tip of the associated probe assembly. By providing relative scanning movement between the tip and the sample, surface characteristic data and other sample-dependent data can be acquired over a particular region of the sample, and a corresponding map of the sample can be generated. Note that "SPM" and the acronyms for the specific types of SPMs, may be used herein to refer to either the microscope apparatus, or the associated technique, e.g., "scanning probe microscopy."
The atomic force microscope is a very popular type of SPM. The probe of the typical AFM includes a very small cantilever which is fixed to a support at its base and has a sharp probe tip attached to the opposite, free end. The probe tip is brought very near to or into direct or intermittent contact with a surface of the sample to be examined, and the deflection of the cantilever in response to the probe tip's interaction with the sample is measured with an extremely sensitive deflection detector, often an optical lever system such as described in Hansma et al. U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,489, or some other deflection detector such as an arrangement of strain gauges, capacitance sensors, etc.
Preferably, the probe is scanned over a surface using a high-resolution three axis scanner acting on the sample support and/or the probe. The instrument is thus capable of creating relative motion between the probe and the sample while measuring the topography or some other property of the sample as described, for example, in Hansma et al. U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,489; Elings et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,801; and Elings et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,980.
AFMs may be designed to operate in a variety of modes, including contact mode and oscillating flexural mode. In contact mode operation, the microscope typically scans the tip across the surface of the sample while keeping the force of the tip on the surface of the sample generally constant by maintaining constant deflection of the cantilever. This effect is accomplished by moving either the sample or the probe assembly vertically to the surface of the sample in response to sensed deflection of the cantilever as the probe is scanned horizontally across the surface. In this way, the data associated with this vertical motion can be stored and then used to construct an image of the sample surface corresponding to the sample characteristic being measured, e.g., surface topography. Alternatively, some AFMs can at least selectively operate in an oscillation "flexural mode" of operation in which the cantilever oscillates generally about a fixed end. One popular flexure mode of operation is the so-called TappingMode™ AFM operation (TappingMode™ is a trademark of the present assignee). In a TappingMode™ AFM, the cantilever probe is oscillated flexurally at or near one of its resonant frequencies. When the tip is in intermittent or proximate contact with surfaces the oscillation amplitude will be determined by tip/surface interactions. The amplitude or phase of this oscillation is kept constant during scanning using feedback signals, which are generated in response to tip-sample interaction. As in contact mode, these feedback signals are then collected, stored, and used as data to characterize the sample.
Independent of their mode of operation, AFMs can obtain resolution down to the atomic level on a wide variety of insulating or conductive surfaces in air, liquid or vacuum by using piezoelectric scanners, optical lever deflection detectors, and very small cantilevers typically fabricated using photolithographic techniques. Because of their resolution and versatility, AFMs are important measurement devices in many diverse fields ranging from semiconductor manufacturing to biological research.
One limiting characteristic of AFMs and other probe-based instruments lies in the above-described modes of operation. In an AFM, the cantilever is typically oscillated using a piezoelectric drive, often known simply as a piezo drive, to provide, for example, a flexural oscillation mode. Referring to
More particularly, in flexural oscillation mode, cantilever 22 is driven to resonate at its flexural resonance frequency or a harmonic thereof about a lateral axis A-A′ at the base 24 of cantilever 22. Characteristics of cantilever flexural oscillation, and changes thereof, are detected by quadrature photodetector 34, typically with its vertical components, as shown by the arrow "V" in
In operation, as tip 28 approaches a surface of sample 32, the flexural oscillation (tapping) amplitude starts to decrease due to contact between tip 28 and sample 32. Notably, the flexural vibration amplitude decreases to zero when tip 28 is pushed against sample 32 with constant contact pressure. Variation of amplitude between zero (generally continuous contact) and free oscillation is typically used in a feedback configuration to control tip/surface distance. Alternatively, the phase of the flexural oscillation may be used to control this distance. Information relating to the surface such as topology, hardness, and/or electromagnetic properties is then determined by analyzing the signals that are used to control this tip/surface spacing.
Overall, flexural oscillation mode AFMs are used to characterize surface topology and surface energy dissipation by monitoring the amplitude and/or phase of the oscillating cantilever. This mode is often preferred to contact mode imaging because it produces less damage to the tip and sample during operation. However, operating the AFM based on flexural oscillation of the cantilever is constrained in the following aspects.
Initially, flexural mode operation only detects surface characteristics that impart a force in one direction, namely, the vertical or "Z" direction. As a result, flexural mode AFMs do not detect shear force interaction, and thus also cannot provide shear force or force gradient information. This information is critical to making measurements of surface friction, for example, when attempting to identify surface compositional differences. When the topography of the materials is generally undifferentiated, minimal information is provided by flexural mode operation, and thus this friction information becomes particularly valuable, and sometimes necessary. Applications include identifying different components in polymer blends, composites and other mixtures, identifying organic and other contaminants on sample surfaces, delineating coverage by deposited coatings and other surface layers, etc.
Moreover, without shear force or shear force gradient measurement capabilities, flexural mode operation often results in loss of other information relating to the sample. For example, when a flexural oscillation mode AFM is used to image the magnetic domain of a sample, only a force gradient in the direction perpendicular to the sample surface can be sensed. Domains parallel to the surface can only be seen at the domain boundaries where the transitional region has a vertical force gradient. This limitation also holds true for electric force imaging.
Other drawbacks associated with flexural resonance imaging are slow kinetics and small amplitude errors that can drastically limit scanning and data acquisition speed and compromise image integrity. This effect is illustrated in the response curve 40 of
The response of the cantilever in this flexural mode is illustrated by the slope of the curve at region "O." In other words, for a particular change in tip/sample separation (ΔZ1), the corresponding measured change in voltage (ΔVf) is relatively small given the shallow slope. It is this measured change that determines the error that is processed by the feedback loop to return operation to the set-point oscillation. Because the slope of the cantilever response in flexural mode is relatively shallow, scan speed must be kept small as relatively large changes in tip-sample separation produce a relatively small change in measured output, or error. Therefore, to facilitate adequate data collection and integration of error signals, the scan time at each location (or image pixel) must be long enough for the system to respond with accuracy and resolution. The speed of data acquisition must be correspondingly limited as well. An improvement in data acquisition speed was desired.
Moreover, the shallow slope of the amplitude/distance curve in
Yet another limitation with flexural mode operation is that the flexural resonance is very sensitive to the imaging environment (e.g., when the sample is immersed in water), and thus oscillation properties often change drastically, and in unpredictable ways, upon change in imaging environment. Currently, the sensitivity of flexural mode operation to imaging environment is one of the most significant design considerations when configuring an AFM for operation in fluid.
Other modes of AFM operation are similarly limited. For example, shear force interaction between the probe in contact mode and the corresponding sample surface has been studied with AFM for a number of years. In an AFM technique known as lateral force microscopy (LFM), the cantilever tip is dragged across the sample surface, as in contact mode, to measure friction forces, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,487 to the present assignee. More particularly, using LFM, the tip is introduced to the sample surface under a constant flexural deflection and then scanned along the surface either in the direction of the cantilever length, or perpendicular to the cantilever length. Using a laser-based deflection detection system, the lateral cells of the corresponding photodetector sense rotation of the cantilever as the tip of the probe interacts with the sample through friction force. In the case where tip scanning direction is perpendicular to the cantilever, the difference of the lateral deflection during forward and reverse scanning of the same portion of the sample is used as a relative measure of the shear force, or surface friction. In addition to the drawbacks associated with using contact mode to detect topology characteristics, including tip/sample damage, etc., LFM suffers the disadvantage of large tip/sample forces associated with contact mode, and poor repeatability.
In other techniques, the tip placed in contact with the sample surface is modulated by moving the sample surface laterally relative to the probe. In this case, the lateral rocking of the cantilever as a result of the contact friction is used to indicate a quantity of surface friction. However, the lateral deflection signals are small, and thus often unusable, and resolution is insufficient for some of the applications contemplated by the present invention.
In addition, although lateral deflection signals induced by motion of the sample at acoustic frequencies can be enhanced, the main control loop that defines tip/surface relative position still employs vertical deflection (contact mode) feedback and, therefore, suffers the drawbacks associated with flexural contact modes.
One challenge in implementing an AFM to image in torsional resonance mode is that optimum performance depends on efficiently driving the cantilever probe into torsional resonance. It is important to note that typical AFM cantilever probes are manufactured for flexural motion, i.e., motion in the "Z" direction. This is primarily due to the fact that the optical system used in detecting mechanical changes in the oscillating motion of a cantilever are aligned in the "Z" direction. Also in this regard, probes designed for flexural motion are easy to produce in batches while preserving their planarity, which is important to ensure accurate measurement of changes in flexural oscillation.
A potential problem arises with standard AFM cantilevers designed for flexural oscillation due to the fact that there is physical asymmetry along the corresponding length of the lever which although acceptable when driving the probe into flexural oscillation, can render driving the cantilever into pure torsional resonance difficult. For instance, if torsional resonance is excited with two piezoelectric actuators driven out of phase, the piezo-actuators must be disposed generally symmetrically about (1) the length of the cantilever, along its central axis, and the (2) corresponding tip to create pure rotational motion of the cantilever about a rotation center, approximately equidistant from the two piezoelectric actuators. The problem is, it is difficult to insure that the central axis of the probe lies at the rotation center of the drive. For instance, mounting the probe (i.e., probe chip) in the AFM head is often an imprecise task due to allowable variations in probe chip position, as well as structural variations of the probe chip and probe itself. In addition, even if the actuators are positioned equidistant from the central axis of the cantilever, due to fabrication limitations, it is difficult to determine whether the drive actuators are positioned symmetrically about the tip which, although preferably resides at the central axis of the lever, often does not.
Notably, in this regard, the tip of the probe attached to the lever is relatively massive (it can be as much as fifteen microns long) such that the inertia of the tip causes a torque. This torque produces an arcing motion at the apex of the tip, but given the scale that this motion occurs, the apex moves substantially horizontally. Overall, however, it is difficult to determine the amount of lateral motion that can be provided by such a system due to inefficiencies coupling the energy to the tip caused by the imperfect spatial relationship between the probe tip and the drive.
As suggested previously, if the probe is well centered between the two piezo actuators (eg., plates) that are employed to drive the probe into torsional resonance, then the system will excite pure lateral motion of the tip. As a practical matter, however, because the tip typically is not centered, due to, for example, imperfections produced during the probe manufacturing process which may cause the tip to be positioned off the central axis of the cantilever or the entire probe to be mounted off-center intermediate the two piezo plates when secured in the AFM head.
Whatever the cause, this compromised relationship between the drive and the probe can produce imperfect lateral motion of the cantilever, and thus the tip. In particular, often times, this motion will exhibit a vertical component. Such non-ideal motion lowers the efficiency of operation in torsional resonance mode. For instance, a vertical component in the cantilever motion can make maintaining operation at the setpoint difficult. Moreover, due to the high "Q" associated with torsional resonance mode, the overture of the flexural vibration of the cantilever is fairly close to the fundamental torsional resonance oscillation frequency of the cantilever. Therefore, the vertical component of cantilever motion may become mixed with torsional oscillation such that the system becomes very unstable, with the possibility that AFM operation toggles between, for instance, torsional resonance and flexural resonance modes of AFM operation. Clearly, this unpredictability is non-ideal. Overall, due to the many potential pitfalls with insuring true alignment between the probe tip and the center of rotation produced by the drive, including imperfect mounting of the probe within the AFM had, an alternative driving arrangement was desired.
Maintaining oscillation generally at the true torsional resonance of the probe is particularly important when considering the range of applications offered by operating the AFM in torsional resonance mode. In an AFM application that is particularly interesting, the probe is used to manipulate, for instance, nanoparticles. Given the scale of operation, one key challenge in using an AFM probe to perform nanomanipulation is determining whether a particular operation associated with manipulating nanoparticles has actually been accomplished. In standard AFM operation, once a target to be manipulated has been identified and an operation attempted by the AFM probe, there is no convenient way to determine whether the target has actually been acted on. For instance, if the operation is to pick up a target, one might think that the change in weight at the tip could be measured. However, because the target to be manipulated typically does not have an appreciably greater weight than the tip, methods based on directly measuring a change in weight are unreliable and, in any event, difficult to implement. In fact, there is such a small change in mass at the tip, e.g., one part in a million of the entire cantilever, directly measuring the change is generally impossible. As such, an alternate technique, preferably one which observes a unique parameter associated with the AFM probe, was therefore desired.
In addition, known techniques for performing nanomanipulation, such as ones that employ what are known as "nanotweezers," have significant limitations. Most such techniques only have the ability to manipulate targets that are on the scale of a micron or even a little larger. This is due to the fact that there are often difficulties associated with locating the tweezers at a location of interest, and controlling the force applied by the tweezers to the sample, for example. In one technique, electrostatic forces are used to actuate two adjacent columns or beams. In this case, a voltage is applied to at least one of the beams to modify the attractive force between the two beams, thus causing the beams to close one against the other. By controlling the voltage, the beams can be used to close on an object to be manipulated. One problem with such a system is that large magnitude forces are required to close the arms, which can compromise the object being manipulated. Moreover, in this regard, the dimensions of candidate target objects to be manipulated are correspondingly limited in that objects that are too small cannot be feasibly manipulated, especially given the higher voltages, and thus the higher forces, that are difficult to accurately control. Development of manipulation applications is continuing on the nanoscale, and thus a superior design was desired. In particular, an improved nanomanipulation device with the ability to close a gap of about fifty to two hundred nanometers in a highly controllable and accurate fashion, would be particularly valuable.
The preferred embodiments overcome the above-noted drawbacks by aligning the rotational center produced by the torsional resonance mode drive with the tip so that pure torsional motion can be obtained. In the preferred embodiment, the power provided by the two piezos driving the cantilever into torsional resonance is generated by applying signals out of phase with each other and having varying amplitudes so as to distribute power such that the rotational center of the motion directly overlies the apex of the tip. More particularly, by appropriately modifying the amplitudes of the signals applied to the piezo plates, the rotational center of the cantilever can be moved to produce ideal torsional motion and optimum data acquisition capabilities in torsional resonance (TR) mode.
According to a first aspect of the preferred embodiment, a method of operating a scanning probe microscope includes using a probe having a cantilever and oscillating the probe at a torsional resonance frequency thereof. In addition, the method includes substantially maximizing an amplitude of probe oscillation.
In another aspect of this embodiment, the oscillating step includes using first and second actuators disposed relative to the probe so as to generate torsional motion of a tip of the probe. Preferably, the actuators are piezoelectric actuators.
In a still further aspect of this embodiment, the first and second actuators are driven by corresponding first and second drive signals, the first and second drive signals being about 1808 out of phase. The maximizing step includes altering at least one of the amplitudes of the first and second drive signals.
According to another aspect of this embodiment, the altering step includes using a balance mode control unit to adjust the amplitudes of the first and second drive signals so that the torsional response at a given drive power is maximized. The balance control unit preferably includes a voltage multiplier and operates automatically to substantially maximize the torsional response amplitude.
According to a further aspect of this preferred embodiment, the probe is an active probe having at least one active element and at least one corresponding electrode integrated with the probe. Ideally, the probe includes first and second electrodes adapted to receive corresponding first and second drive signals.
According to yet anther aspect of this preferred embodiment, the cantilever is split into first and second longitudinal portions and a tip at a distal end of the cantilever is split into first and second tip portions that are actuatable so as to form a nanotweezers.
In accordance with another aspect of this preferred embodiment, a method of operating a scanning probe microscope in torsional resonance mode includes oscillating a tip of a probe with an actuator at a torsional resonance frequency of the probe. Preferably, the oscillating step includes substantially maintaining an axis of rotation provided by the actuator so that it substantially directly overlies an apex of the tip.
According to a further aspect of this preferred embodiment, the maintaining step includes balancing the output of the actuator. The actuator preferably includes first and second actuator elements disposed generally symmetrically about the probe and the balancing step includes applying first and second drive signals to the first and second actuators. The applying step includes selecting the amplitudes of the first and second drive signals having opposite phase automatically.
In yet another aspect of the preferred embodiment, the oscillating step is performed using a shear piezoelectric actuator. Moreover, the vertical and shear actuators are preferably coupled.
According to a still further aspect of the preferred embodiment, a scanning probe microscope includes a probe having a tip, and a drive to oscillate the probe at a torsional resonance of the probe. The drive preferably has an axis of rotation that substantially directly overlies an apex of the tip.
In another aspect of this embodiment, the drive includes a drive source and an actuator including first and second actuator elements. The drive source applies first and second drive signals to the actuator elements.
In a still further aspect of this embodiment, a mode control unit is employed to balance the drive so that the torsional oscillation of the probe is substantially maximized. Preferably, the mode control unit includes a voltage divider.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.
A preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals represent like parts throughout, and in which:
A probe-based instrument, such as an AFM, that analyzes one or more characteristics of a sample in a torsional resonance mode is shown in the FIGS. and described herein. More particularly, a number of techniques for generating a steady torsional resonance in the cantilever of the SPM probe assembly is discussed. TR mode, together with feedback control, is used to image or otherwise characterize sample surfaces.
During operation, a property of a torsional oscillation of the probe (e.g., amplitude or phase of probe oscillation about the longitudinal centerline of the probe's cantilever) is monitored to determine sample surface characteristics. Notably, the torsional signal detection and feedback control is preferably implemented using configurations similar to that used in known AFMs, such as in the AFMs offered by the Veeco Instruments Inc. However, compared to known AFM operating modes, including flexural oscillation mode operation, the potential benefits of the present torsional resonance mode of AFM operation include improved scanning speed, as well as offering the ability to significantly improve small-scale mass detection and nanomanipulation of particles. Moreover, these benefits can be achieved while simultaneously operating the AFM in conventional flexural mode.
Note that when the term "horizontal motion" is used herein, it is intended to refer to the motion that is produced by the torque that rotates the tip so that the apex of the tip moves parallel to the sample surface. However, because the scale of the arc that is traced out by the motion of the tip is relatively small, motion is effectively only in the horizontal direction.
With reference to
Piezoelectric actuator 62 is typically a vertical actuator that oscillates the probe 54 into flexural motion. When driven in this fashion, the tip 56 of probe 54 will tap on the surface of the sample under test (not shown) as the flexural motion of the probe 54 is monitored, for example, with a laser detection scheme. By employing a vertical piezoelectric actuator, lateral motion of the probe 54 cannot be achieved and thus torsional resonance cannot be excited.
Turning to
One problem, however, is that the actuator 78 often times is not disposed symmetrically about probe 74, and particularly the tip 76, when probe chip 72 is mounted in probe holder 60. As described in detail in the Background, this causes non-ideal torsional oscillation of the probe.
More particularly, tip 76 of probe 74 often times does not lie on a line through the center of the entire probe chip 72 (marked with a dashed line labeled "C"), perpendicular to the backside of the cantilever of probe 74, as shown in
To overcome this non-alignment problem between tip 76 and the center of rotation of actuator 78, a preferred modification to the assembly 70 shown in
As shown in
It is notable that it is difficult to predict exactly where tip 76 lies relative to actuator 78. Therefore, the values of the amplitudes of i3 and i4 are selected, either manually or automatically, to achieve the greatest response amplitude. The output of this selecting operation is illustrated by "A1" and "A2" in
More particularly, as the amplitudes of the drive signals i3 and i4 are modified, the amplitude of the response of probe 74 oscillating at its torsional resonance frequency is observed. This is shown, for example, in
In one preferred embodiment, this may be accomplished by trial and error as the amplitudes of the two signals are modified and the response of probe 74 is monitored by a user. As the i3 and i4 amplitudes are adjusted, the torsional amplitude can be made to shift from A1 to A2 (
This operation is illustrated similarly in the out of scale perspective views of
To achieve optimum response at the torsional resonance frequency, input signals having the opposite phase and different amplitudes (A1 and A2) are applied to the actuator elements 130, 132. In this case, because probe 122 is situated closer to actuator element 130 than element 132, A2 should be greater than A1 upon balancing the drive 128, to move the rotational center thereof. Again, balancing the drive is accomplished by the user manually, via observation, or it can be implemented automatically using a control algorithm, as described in further detail below. Again, as discussed previously, by balancing the drive, the rotation center of actuator 128 is shifted from a position on a center plane between the two actuator elements 130, 132 to a position that is substantially contiguous with the center line of probe 122 through tip 124. As a result, pure torsional resonance is achieved, thus maximizing sensitivity and otherwise optimizing performance.
Turning next to
In operation, probe 154 is driven into oscillation while a detection system 170 monitors probe oscillation, including changes thereof. Detection system 170 includes a light source (not shown) that generates a laser beam "L", for instance, that is directed towards a back side 174 of a cantilever 172 of probe 154, such that the beam is reflected off cantilever 172 and towards a sensor 178. Preferably, sensor 178 is a quadrature photodetector that can monitor both lateral changes and flexural changes in the oscillation of probe 154, as is well known in atomic force microscopy. Signals from sensor 178 are then transmitted to the mode control unit 162 whereby changes in the reflected lateral AC signal and the reflected vertical AC signal can be discriminated. More particularly, depending upon the mode of operation, either flexural mode or torsional mode, the lateral AC signal or the vertical AC signal is monitored to detect changes from the set-point characteristic of oscillation (for example, amplitude or phase) in response to interaction between a tip 176 of probe 154 and the sample (not shown). Using a feedback controller 168, the set-point can be maintained based on the mode of operation in conventional fashion. These changes can then be plotted to map sample characteristic(s) under test.
Again, critical to optimum operation is balancing the drive to achieve pure torsional resonance of probe 154. In this regard, mode control unit 112 is employed to appropriately drive probe 154 at torsional resonance when in torsional resonance mode, and drive probe 154 into flexural resonance in vertical oscillating mode. Turning to
More particularly, in flexural mode, state switches 180, 182 operate to transmit the signal applied to their top inputs, which in each case is the output of the piezo drive source 164 directly, with no further signal processing. As a result, the same signal, including phase and amplitude, is applied to the piezoelectric actuators of the drive so that the flexural resonance of the probe 154 (
When the state switches 180, 182 are set for torsional mode operation, the signals applied to the piezoelectric actuator elements can be modified. A voltage multiplier (e.g., a voltage divider 186) is provided to modify (in this case split) the voltage applied by piezo drive 164 to mode control unit 162 according to the setting of balance control unit 166. More particularly, in this case, the divided voltage is applied to operational amplifiers 188, 190 (i.e., differential amplifiers,
Importantly, balance control unit 166 may be a manually operated knob (operable similarly as a left-right balance control knob of an audio amplifier), or it may be implemented with appropriate electronics in feedback to automatically set the balance control, and thus the applied signals "Piezo Drive 1" and "Piezo Drive 2," to achieve the maximum output amplitude, as illustrated in
Alternatively, this balancing is done automatically using appropriate circuitry and control software. Specifically, an algorithm can be employed to evaluate the response of the probe (i.e., lateral AC input (e.g., amplitude) to mode control unit 162) and, based on the response, appropriately adjust the balance control unit 166 so that "Piezo Drive 1" and "Piezo Drive 2" cause the probe to oscillate with a maximum amplitude at torsional resonance. Notably, in torsional resonance mode, signal switch 184 may be set so that the lateral AC signal acquired by the sensor is transmitted from mode control unit 162 to controller 168 to maintain probe oscillation at the set-point.
Next, turning to
Alternatively, the system may be operated in flexural mode. In this case, rather than a lateral deflection signal transmitted to signal processing unit 200 by the quadrature photodetector 178, a probe deflection (flexural) signal is transmitted to signal processing unit 200. Notably, in this regard, optional signal switch 184 of mode control unit 162 shown in
Turning next to
A pair of actuator elements 220, 222 are preferably formed with the probe and comprise a piezoelectric material such as zinc oxide. Base 212 and cantilever 216 of probe chip define a top surface upon which the first and second zinc oxide actuator elements 220, 222 are disposed generally symmetrically about a longitudinal plane passing through tip 218 of probe 214, perpendicular to the top surface of cantilever 216. On top of each of the zinc oxide actuator elements 220, 222 is disposed a respective electrode 224, 226 via which the piezo drive signals are applied to the elements. In this arrangement, the energy coupled to tip 218 of probe 214 does not need to propagate through additional structure (such as probe holder 60 in
Notably, in this embodiment, a central portion 228 of cantilever 216 of probe 214 can be machined so that the probe defines two separate parallel arms 230, 232 joining together again at the point 229. The zinc oxide actuator elements 220, 222 and corresponding electrodes 224, 226 are disposed upon the two separate arms 230, 232, thus reducing the lateral stiffness of cantilever 216. Torsional stiffness thus approaches the flexural stiffness of the probe which can permit more predictable excitation of torsional oscillation. In addition, when using the mode control unit 162 (
Turning to
An alternate preferred method of exciting torsional resonance of a probe in an SPM application is shown in
Notably, unlike the previously described embodiments, balance control is not needed to optimally drive probe tip 307 at torsional resonance. This is due to the fact that shear piezo actuator 310 is employed to directly facilitate lateral motion of tip 307, i.e., the problem associated with the center of rotation of the driving mechanism does not exist. Overall, by mounting piezoelectric elements 308, 310 on a base 304 of probe assembly 300 as shown, an image of a sample in flexural mode can be generated while nearly immediately being able to image the same scan line of the sample in torsional resonance mode with appropriate control of Vv and VT.
An illustration of the response of probe 230 shown in
Referring back to
In this regard, and in contrast to
One aspect of driving the probe into torsion in addition to that described above is fabricating the probe to improve the inertial effects of the probe itself on the corresponding oscillation. In particular, the construction of the probe may be intentionally modified to improve the efficiency of achieving torsional oscillation. In this regard, the probe may be made asymmetric along a longitudinal centerline of the probe, thus facilitating oscillation at, for example, a torsional resonance of the lever. This is accomplished using a microfabrication process to place the tip off the centerline of the probe, a process that is relatively easy to control. Alternatively, or in addition, the tip height may be made greater than the tip height of conventional probes, thus facilitating excitation of the probe to produce torsional motion thereof.
For examplary purposes only, we refer to
A similar characteristic of the probe that may be modified to facilitate exciting torsional oscillation is fabricating the cantilever itself so that its shape adds to the inertial force responsible for creating the torsional motion. More particularly, by making the cantilever asymmetrical, for example, by placing a paddle-shaped portion having an asymmetric shape near its end (see 315 in phantom in
Although the best mode contemplated by the inventors of carrying out the present invention is disclosed above, practice of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the sample may be subjected to alternate environments (e.g., varied media, atmospheric conditions, etc.), and the corresponding torsional mode response analyzed. Notably, such alterations may change oscillation properties of the probe as desired by the user. Moreover, a voltage phase control unit may be used in addition to the mode control unit to modify the phase of the two drive signals in the preferred embodiment, to selectively operate the AFM in torsional and flexural modes. It will be manifest that various additions, modifications and rearrangements of the features of the present invention may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the underlying inventive concept.
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text: Editor's Note: Any reference to TheStreet Ratings and its underlying recommendation does not reflect the opinion of TheStreet, Inc. or any of its contributors including Jim Cramer or Stephanie Link. All three major indices are trading down today with the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( ^DJI) trading down 59 points (-0.4%) at 16,657 as of Wednesday, May 14, 2014, 12:55 PM ET. The NYSE advances/declines ratio sits at 1,380 issues advancing vs. 1,556 declining with 176 unchanged. The Services sector currently sits down 0.7% versus the S&P 500, which is down 0.2%. On the negative front, top decliners within the sector include URS ( URS), down 7.4%, LATAM Airlines Group ( LFL), down 4.0%, Las Vegas Sands ( LVS), down 2.8%, Kohl's ( KSS), down 2.7% and Melco Crown Entertainment ( MPEL), down 2.5%. Top gainers within the sector include Myriad Genetics ( MYGN), up 4.4%, YY ( YY), up 4.3%, Vipshop Holdings ( VIPS), up 4.0%, Hertz Global Holdings ( HTZ), up 2.5% and SBA Communications ( SBAC), up 1.2%. TheStreet would like to highlight 3 stocks pushing the sector lower today: 3. Starbucks ( SBUX) is one of the companies pushing the Services sector lower today. As of noon trading, Starbucks is down $0.70 (-1.0%) to $70.46 on light volume. Thus far, 1.5 million shares of Starbucks exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 5.6 million shares. The stock has ranged in price between $70.36-$71.20 after having opened the day at $71.18 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $71.16. Starbucks Corporation operates as a roaster, marketer, and retailer of specialty coffee worldwide. Its stores offer coffee and tea beverages, packaged roasted whole bean and ground coffees, single serve products, and juices and bottled water. Starbucks has a market cap of $53.6 billion and is part of the leisure industry. Shares are down 9.2% year-to-date as of the close of trading on Tuesday. Currently there are 17 analysts that rate Starbucks a buy, no analysts rate it a sell, and 5 rate it a hold. TheStreet Ratings rates Starbucks as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, increase in net income, good cash flow from operations, largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures and increase in stock price during the past year. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company has had somewhat disappointing return on equity. Get the full Starbucks Ratings Report now. STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more.


text: ArchiveSaudi school official rejects criticism Saudi Arabia's schools cannot be blamed for the September 11 attacks any more than American teachers were guilty of the 1995 Oklahoma bombing. 02 Jul 2003 11:55 GMT Schools cannot be blamed for the September 11 attacks Khalid al-Awwad, Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Education Undersecretary, said Riyadh was revising its school curriculum to emphasise "peace and tolerance", but accusations that its text books promote violence are unfounded. "People who are accusing our education, especially our text books, took it out of context, took it irrationally," he said. "I can just as easily conclude that education in the United States teaches terrorism because of (Timothy) McVeigh and Oklahoma," said al-Awwad, in reference to the American who blew up a federal building in Oklahoma, killing 168 people. Western criticism Western critics blame Saudi Arabia's schools for fostering what they say is "extremism". Fifteen of the 19 hijackers in the 11 September attacks against the United States were from Saudi Arabia, fuelling accusations that the kingdom's schools were breeding grounds for "terrorism". Al-Awwad said the international definition of peace and tolerance had always been a part of classroom lessons but, "because of the new changes in the world we need to put more emphasis on it". But opponents say Riyadh needs to do more. Academic Hamzah al-Mozainy recently wrote in a Saudi newspaper, criticising an exhibition at his son's school about death which he claimed encouraged human bombings. Al-Awwad said schools in Saudi Arabia should teach all of Prophet Muhammad's sayings. "We teach it because it is our culture," he said. Source: Unspecified


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When it comes to events there are many types of events and if you are lucky, you might get the opportunity to steer an event right from the scratch. First of all, you might want to make sure that you identify all your requirements since this will help you to carry it out without any formalities. Talking about the requirements, you could always have set up meetings with the client just to make sure if it's possible to get the event done under the budget which is provided. After many discussions, you might agree upon a decision and based on that decision you could move forward. If there are issues on the way, you could always resolve them without having any formalities. If it's a musical event for example, you could make it a point to look into the venue before anything else.
If it's going to be an entrance free event you might have to look at a larger venue and on the other hand if its paid entrance, based on the number of attendees you could book one. The location of the venue and the date when it's going to be held plays an important role as well. Once the venue is booked, you could start setting yourself up. The needed music guys, technicians, computers etc could be put up. It's always good to have IT support services in Cairns around because there could be malfunctions which could take place. To prevent such things, it's always good to have the required professionals around.
If computers are being used, computer technicians could come in handy too. Once these are looked upon, you could start working on the invitation cards or the tickets. Invitation cards would come in handy if it's an entrance free event and on the other hand if it's paid entrance you might have to get tickets for the people who are attending. Building up the hype is another important factor. Therefore, you could always hype everyone up by taking it up on social media.
You could have free giveaways and even messages from the artists who are performing so that the fans would get amped up. The final thing which you need to keep your head on is the budget. It's important to stay within the budget at all times. Exceeding the budget limit could make it unsuccessful. Therefore, it's important to make sure that it's under budget and within the scope. All in all, it's not an easy task to pull off an event. You need to make sure that you plan months ahead to get everything right.


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What You Recommend Royal Icing Or Frozen Buttercream Trnasfe
Decorating By miasuzzette Updated 22 Mar 2010 , 6:09pm by JGMB
I need to make some Cartoon Characters . My 1st time. What would you recommend for me to use? Frozen Buttercream transfer or Royal Icing? I want to make the figure to stand on the side of the Cake.
Thanks for looking and responding...
Definitely FBCT, I only use RI on cookies, and only if I have to........
I would use royal if you want them to stand. FBCT would require you to get them to stick to the side of the cake just right and I would think would be much harder.
Or - you could try a chocolate transfer:
You could also try a chocolate transfer.
JMHO, but if it's your first time doing either of those, I'd go with the RI. I tried the FBCT once, and it didn't work at all, whereas my first time with the RI worked like a charm.


text:
Viewing 4 posts - 1 through 4 (of 4 total)
Viewing 4 posts - 1 through 4 (of 4 total)
Is it possible to open the URLs inside the PDF document that start with "HTTP" in a Webview Activity and prevent the browser from opening.
I have set a an AnnotEventListener to the ReaderView class and I can open the Webview, but the browser is still being open. What method should I override to prevent the browser from opening?
Thanks in advance,
Hello Granit,
What do you mean by "prevent the browser from opening."?
I am sorry that I don't entirely understand your remark.
Please, be so kind to attach some screenshots.
Thank you.
I do not want to open the pdf using a url. I want to be able to handle the event of links on an already opened pdf document.
If e.g. I have a pdf document loaded in ReaderView and the document has a text http://example.com somewhere in a page, is it possible to handle it's click link event so I can open it in a webview instead of it's default behaviour of opening via a web browser.
P.S. I forgot to mention this is for an Android app where I'm using plugpdf library.
Thanks a lot
Hi Granit,
Actually in our Plug PDF there is a event named AnnotEventListener.onTapUp(BaseAnnot annot)
So if you want to handle a link touch event, follow this examle
AnnotEventListener.onTapUp(BaseAnnot annot) {
if (annot instanceof AnnotLink) {
// do what you want.
Best Regards,


text:
Microsoft has sued Motorola over its use of the Android mobile operating system in smartphones, alleging that patents held by Microsoft were violated.
Application lifecycle management (ALM) provider Collabnet rolled out a new version of its flagship TeamForge ALM platform this week, as well as a general-availability release of its free Subversion Edge product.
Microsoft used the occasion of an open source conference last month to advance its vision of an open cloud by breaking it down into four basic principles.
Google yesterday pulled the plug on Wave, the company's effort to provide a shared online communications hub.
Visual Studio add-in extends support to Mac OS X and features improved debugging and deployment.
Microsoft touted its operating system interoperability partnership with Novell on Monday.
DotNetNuke got 5.4 out a week after ASP.NET 4 was released to the Web, but some developers ran into significant issues when they tested the technology.
Microsoft voiced support for the H.264 video codec in future versions of Internet Explorer, while affirming Adobe Flash.
Microsoft and HTC signed a patent deal involving HTC's mobile smartphones running the open source Android operating system.
Evans Data conducted a global survey of 425 developers earlier this month to find out their overall satisfaction with software frameworks and Web platforms.
Within the last two months, Microsoft has announced a command-line tool for PHP to deploy applications on Windows Azure, OData interoperability with PHP and guidance for using PHP with the Windows Azure Tools for Eclipse plug-in.
I've always been a data guy. I think data maintenance, sharing and analysis is the inspiration for almost all line-of-business software, and technology that makes any or all of it easier is key to platform success.
Novell's board turns down $2 billion bid calling it 'inadequate.'
Silverlight news will play a major part in Microsoft's annual MIX10 conference for Web developers and designers in Las Vegas next week.
Microsoft released a community technology preview (CTP) of its U-Prove cryptographic tech, and opened up its patented crypto algorithms under the company's Open Specification Promise (OSP)
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Build an Online Store in Magento 2
Budget min $50 USD / hour
We are looking for a Magento designer and developer. Magento 2.0 and a theme we choose from Template-Monster is installed.
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- assistance structuring product data for importing properly and
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text:
Hearing Summary: Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee on General Management and Oversight Issues at NASA and NSF
July 24, 1997
On July 24, 1997, the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee held a hearing on general management and oversight issues at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Witnesses testifying on NASA management issues included: Daniel Goldin, Administrator, NASA; Roberta Gross, Inspector General, NASA; Thomas Schultz, Associate Director, GAO. Witnesses testifying on NSF management issues included Joe Bordogna, Deputy Director, NSF; Philip Sunshine, Deputy Inspector General, NSF; and Susan Kladiva, Associate Director, GAO.
Senator John McCain (R-AZ) chaired the NASA portion of the hearing, and discussion focused primarily on agency downsizing and privatization of certain functions, the International Space Station (ISS) and Shuttle Mir safety, information technology, and procurement and contract management. The majority of the debate centered on containing costs and ensuring Russian participation in the ISS, as well as preventing the safety problems that have plagued Mir. Throughout the hearing, Administrator Goldin reassured the Committee that NASA has learned a substantial amount from Mir that will help the agency ensure safety on the International Space Station.
Senator Bill Frist acted as the chair during the NSF discussions and asked a series of questions on duplication in the Small Business Research (SBIR) Program, the National Science Foundation's role in the management of Internet domain name registration and the Foundation's implementation of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). During their testimony, Philip Sunshine and Susan Kladiva summarized their primary issues with the National Science Foundation. Such issues included the registration of domain names, NSF hiring practices, the SBIR program, GPRA and the Year 2000 Computer problem. Dr. Joe Bordogna highlighted the valuable role that the National Science Foundation plays in supporting merit-based, cutting-edge research and education, demonstrating how this mission drives the Foundation to maintain highly efficient and effective management.
With regard to Senator Frist's concerns about duplication in the SBIR program, all witnesses agreed that preventing duplication in the SBIR program is an interagency problem. Dr. Bordogna pointed out specifically that NSF's recent internal check for duplication revealed a small percentage of duplication.
In response to questions on the NSF's role in domain name registration, Dr. Bordogna relayed the Foundation's belief that its strength and expertise lies in the support of merit-based, cutting-edge research and education in such areas as the Next Generation Internet and Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence, rather than in the management of the commercial operation that domain name registration has become. He described the interagency working group -- of which NSF is a member -- which formed to determine if there should be some continuing form of Federal oversight of Internet addresses. He assured Senator Frist that the working group expects to have a recommendation several months before the NSF's cooperative agreement with NSI expires next March.
Finally, Dr. Bordogna discussed the means by which the National Science Foundation is implementing GPRA. He pointed out that the impacts of research and development investments are difficult, but not impossible, to measure. Nonetheless, he assured the Senator that, while tracking the outcomes of its investments may be difficult, the Foundation is determined to take on such a challenge. One of the means by which it is measuring its impact is by looking retrospectively to determine what previous investments have produced. The development of the Boeing 777, which can be traced back, in part, to a National Science Foundation grant, is only one example of how initial investments can have dramatic and often unpredictable outcomes.
See also: Testimony from Dr. Bordogna .


text:
The Adventures of Ramona is a fan-fiction TV Show created by Pikachufreak.
- The show resolves on Ramona (from The Stolen Stones) the main character. Her younger brother is Keegan (also from The Stolen Stones), her boyfriend is Koji (Keegan's rival, from Good 'Quil Hunting), her best friend is Nicolette Spicer (from How To Be A Girly Girl In Just 10 Days), her little sister is Ramonita, her parents are Naomi (from Lapras of Luxury) and Naomi's Husband, Keegan's girlfriend is Cherry (from The Psychic Sidekicks) and Keegan's best friend is Malachi (from Carrying On). The series premiered on September 11, 1999 and is currently in its 13th Season.
- Ramona
- Keegan
- Koji
- Nicolette Spicer
- Ramonita
- Naomi
- Naomi's Husband
- Cherry
- Malachi


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34 year old woman | Waldorf, MD, United States | Seeking men 33-40 within 50 miles
Looking for an honest guy!!
At this point in my life, I am looking for a male companion who is looking for friendship, companionship, and hopefully, ultimately a relationship. Most of my friends are married and are having children, so I am looking for a man to join me in....... hanging out on King Street, going to baseball games, cooking and just having fun in general. I am fortunate to have parents who have been married for 33 years and are still going strong. My father, my grandfathers, (who have passed away) along with my Uncle Jack (who loved Ireland as much as I do) are incredibly important to me. I think about my grandfathers everyday and I strive to lead a life that would make them, along with the rest of family, proud. Overall, looking for an honest, trustworthy, genuine, fun guy (who is not just looking for a hookup) to join me in my adventures and create new adventures. I currently live in Waldorf, but am selling my house (it is on the market and hopefully sells soon). When my house sells, I will be moving to Arlington Virginia.
Alumni connections , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Dancing, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
I grew up with Labrador Retreivers --my favorite breed--but I love all dogs. My parents have told me that when I was a baby, I used to scream at the top of my lungs whenever I saw a dog. I plan to have dogs my whole life!
Middle of the Road
When I was a junior in college I studied abroad in London and had the opportunity to travel throughout Europe. My favorite spots in Europe were Ireland and Italy. Baltimore (Canton, Inner Harbor) National Harbor Annapolis Arlington, DC
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
Favorite music- Neil Diamond, Michael Jackson, 80's Favorite shows- Scandal, House of Cards, The Blacklist, Breaking Bad Favorite movie- 61* (explanation to follow) Favorite food: pizza family, friends, dogs
relax with friends, go to a movie, go into DC
Autobiography on The Kennedy Brothers, The Hunger Games
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|About average, Athletic and toned, Stocky
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Education / Teacher / Professor
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Architecture / Interior design
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
I was raised Catholic but I consider myself a spiritual person, not religious.
|Religious Attitude:
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
I was raised Catholic but I consider myself a spiritual person, not religious.
|Graduate degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Product details
Crown Ceiling Paint - Pure Brilliant White - 2.5L covers fine hairline cracks and is easy to apply with less drips.
- Colour: White
- Size: 2.5L
- Coverage (per litre): 14sq m
- Coverage per tin: 35sq m
- Effects and finish: Silk
- Usage: Walls and ceilings
- Suitable surfaces: Multi surface
- Can be used in: Kitchen and bathroom
- Number of coats recommended: 2
- Drying time: Touch dry in 1 hour
- Time to recoat: 4 hours
- Interior exterior usage: Suitable for interior use
- Coverage disclaimer: Coverage is dependent on the kind of surface being painted and should be used as a guide only
Crown Pure Brilliant White - Silk Ceiling Paint - 2.5L 027271
Select product options
Crown Pure Brilliant White - Silk Ceiling Paint - 2.5L
Free collection in store.
Home delivery within 14 days
{"calculators": { "calculator": { "pimProductAttr": ["14.0", "L", "2.5", "2"], "calcType": "paint-calculator" } } }
Calculate how much you need?
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text:
CNC Operators - Temp to Perm
- Recruiter
- Cordant People
- Location
- Wolverhampton, West Midlands
- Salary
- £10
- Posted
- 24 Jan 2017
- Closes
- 24 Feb 2017
- Sector
- Manufacturing
Are you a CNC Operator looking to join a well established Manufacturing Company in Wolverhampton?If you are an experienced CNC Operator who is looking for new opportunities with a renowned company that has your best interests at heart then this is the job for you!The Client is offering great working conditions and the chance of further training and progression, whilst earning an industry leading salary.Our Client is a multi million pound business that has been established for 60 years and has constantly invested in their machines and their staff. They are committed to manufacturing and distributing the best quality products on the market.Ideal candidate will be able to work as a part of the team as well as have enough experience to hit the floor running without supervision. You will be operating CNC machines to produce high precision tooling equipment for customers around the world.You will be starting on a temporary basis with a view to go permanent after 12 Weeks.Days of Work: Monday to FridayWe have 2 positions available: Day shift (38 hours) and Night Shift (36 hours) + possible OvertimeThere is a competitive Salary available for the right person!Depending on your previous experience and knowledge the Client is prepared to pay anywhere from £10 to £12 for the right candidate. There is a 30% Shift Allowance on top of the Basic Rate for the Night Shift.We are looking for Candidates with previous CNC Operating Experience. You need to be able to operate the machines and read the drawings.Knowledge of Mazatrol CNC Controls is desirable, but not essential.Ideally you will hold a driving licence or live locally due to the location of this Client.This role will start immediately for the right candidate!Please do not hesitate to get in contact with Cordant People today. You can send your CV or give us a call on . Cordant is acting as an Employment Business in relation to this vacancy.


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The Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditioning to complex learning and problem solving. Each chapter provides a thoughtful integration of a body of work. Volume 35 covers spatial working memory, memory for asymmetric events, distance and location processes in memory, category learning, and visual spatial attention.
Format: PDF
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 337
Published: 28th October 1996
Publisher: Elsevier Science