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Related terms for "denitrification process ":
denitrification companies
, nitrification/denitrification process companies
Environmental Operating Solutions, Inc. (EOSi) has been providing green chemicals and technical services for biological contaminant removal applications in water and wastewater treatment systems since 2003. Our agriculturally-derived MicroC™ line of products (MicroC 1000™ - MicroC 4000™) address contaminants including nitrogen, phosphorus, selenium and ...
based in Bourne, MASSACHUSETTS (USA).
Process Wastewater Technologies LLC is a leading global manufacturer of products for biological treatment, CSO/SSO, biosolids/sludge handling and municipal wastewater. We revolutionized the storm water and CSO treatment industry in the early 1990s by introducing continuous deflective separation technology to the market. We offer technologies for gross solids and sediment ...
based in Rosedale, NORTH CAROLINA (USA).
Process Engineered Water Equipment, LLC. offers innovative process and wastewater treatment solutions and recycling opportunities. The PEWE research and development team is actively seeking new technologies for the Industrial and Municipal global markets. This allows PEWE to offer optimal package systems at the lowest cost, producing the highest revenue for our client`s ...
based in Vancouver, WASHINGTON (USA).
Surcis is a company specialized in respirometry systems and wastewater biological treatment processes. The compact and fast BM multipurpose respirometers are unique in the market. Thanks to their three different working modes and the faculty to run under different conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen and sample volumes, they can cover an unlimited field of applications ...
based in Barcelona, SPAIN.
Thermal Process Systems was founded by experienced wastewater treatment professionals who understand first hand the complex issues of bio-solids processing and re-use. Frustrated by the compromises that were necessary with existing systems and the inability of these processes to meet industry demand they formed their own company focused exclusively on bio-solids ...
based in Crown Point, INDIANA (USA).
KEE Process has the international capability to provide effective wastewater treatment solutions with 'In-house' design, manufacture, install, commission and operate both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants on a site specific basis.
based in Aylesbury, UNITED KINGDOM.
Warco represents a wide range of companies, including Parkson Corporation, AnoxKaldnes, Krofta, and Biorem, that offer equipment and processes for treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater and elimination of odors. Industrial and municipal wastewater treatment: filtering bags, strainers, gravity bed, vacuum filters, evaporation, dissolved air flotation, ...
based in St-Laurent, QUEBEC (CANADA).
Vector Process Equipment Inc. specializes in process equipment and solutions for the municipal and industrial markets in Canada. Based primarily in Ontario we cover Ontario, Quebec and the rest of Canada depending on the company represented.
based in Mississauga, ONTARIO (CANADA).
Pollution and Process Monitoring - PPM is an independent limited company which manufactures and distributes instrumentation for water and wastewater applications. The company was founded in 1990 by a small team of highly qualified engineers that pioneered on-line TOC - Total Organic Carbon monitoring. The company has expanded over the years and now represents a number of ...
based in Sevenoaks, UNITED KINGDOM.
Fluid Process Equipment is a complete fluid handling products sales. Centrifugal Pumps, Rotary Pumps, High Preassure Pumps, and more.
based in Kalamazoo, MICHIGAN (USA).
M.A.L. Environmental Technology is one of the leading companies in the field of industrial flue gas cleaning for DeNOx plants. We offer innovative, customized solutions for denitrification of flue gas in order to ensure the lowest possible emissions.
based in Vienna, AUSTRIA.
Shanxi Xinhui Activated Carbon is one of the largest and professional manufacturers of activated carbon in China. Our activated carbon is made from coal, strictly selected using advanced technology. Shanxi Xinhui Activated Carbon is widely used in the fields of water treatment, air purification, desulphurisation and denitrification, solvent recovery, catalyst carrier and ...
based in Shanxi, CHINA.
Challenge Technology is the world leader in manufacturing and support of respirometric measuring equipment. For over 23 years, Challenge Technology has provided the highest quality respirometers available for testing in wastewater treatment and other fields, which use respirometry to gain an understanding of biological processes with respirometric evaluation.
based in Springdale, ARKANSAS (USA).
A.M. Gualba is an environmental technology company. We provide odor control and wastewater products worldwide. We neutralize odors from biological processes: Wastewater, compost, landfill, rendering plant, slaughterhouse, pulp and paper, etc. and from industrial one: oil and gas industries, paints-asphalts, wood preservatives, etc. In addition we can provide products ...
based in GUALBA, SPAIN.
WesTech Engineering, Inc. celebrates 40 years as a recognized leader in the manufacture of liquid/solids separation equipment for industrial and municipal process applications. Surface waters, groundwater, water reuse, drinking water, wastewater treatment and industrial process equipment and technologies designed to meet customer specifications, and exceed performance ...
based in Salt Lake City, UTAH (USA).
Leopold has long been a worldwide leader in the water and wastewater treatment industry supplying both filtration and clarification systems. Leopold both designs and supplies systems for gravity filtration, clarification, denitrification, sludge collection and backwash water recovery. Leopold solutions are ideal for algae, contaminant, and nutrient removal, desalination ...
based in Zelienople, PENNSYLVANIA (USA).
IMR Schwander designs and builds special wastewater treatment plants for over 30 years. Our plants are produced with the SBR technology and are intended for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. The plant is modular: plants is suitable for urban center, from villages to large cities, and production unit such as farm, milk factories, beverage industry. The ...
based in Romans d`Isonzo, ITALY.
Colsen is situated in Hulst (The Netherlands). Our customer base is in the food-processing industry and in the communal & industrial waste water area. Colsen is specialized in the execution of projects in the area of water treatment and energy production via (anaerobic) digestion. The Colsen activities range from problem solving, design and engineering, project ...
based in HULST, NETHERLANDS.
In 2008 the company terra-care environmental engineering was evolved from Michele Anlagenbau which is a worldwide acting and in its industry branch well-known plant engineering and construction company. Since then terra-care delivers sustainable, biological and environmental engineering services.Our core businesses are the selective catalytic reduction for ...
based in Recklinghausen, GERMANY.
IDRECO was created in 1976. Since the beginning its main field of activities has been the protection of the environment with particular attention to the design and the supply of complete turn key installations for municipal waste water and industrial water treatment.IDRECO, having a very well developed and organised water treatment department, created a new division, ...
based in Voghera, ITALY.
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Of course what I started out with, is not what I finished with... I really wanted some legs with character, and I saw a head board and foot board out of the corner of my eye with matching bedposts! So naturally, they became my table legs... the top, I created out of old fencing.
For the true beachy chic feel, I whitewashed with Annie Sloan Chalk paint.
I love my beach country.
And since her wedding theme is based on starfish, I had to add a special Coastal touch to the top.
The table represents marriage to me... we take a bit of our old selves, combine it with somebody else's old self and create something new and wonderful! Even the "discarded" parts of ourselves become new and useful again when we have the right partner to help us bring it out! The legs may not always be square and there are stripped screws, but marriage isn't always perfect either, right?
The secret is to always look for the beauty... and not the flaws.
Whether you are looking at a table... or your spouse.
Hopefully my niece's new, flawed table will remind her of just that. ;)

subset: commoncrawl


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Two different body styles both have plenty of room for five or six passengers in the 2010 Yukon-and the stretched Yukon XL can carry an astounding amount of stuff.
The standard 2010 GMC Yukon rides on a 116-inch wheelbase, with an overall length of 202 inches. The extended-wheelbase Yukons add about 20 inches of overall length and 14 inches of wheelbase, which goes to a more accessible third row and larger cargo capacity in back. That brings its total length up to 222 inches (more than 18 feet), which many city dwellers or even those who frequent shopping malls might find too large to fit easily into conventional parking spaces.
With "rugged and luxurious transportation for up to" nine passengers, according to Edmunds, the Yukon offers several seating configurations. All offer "great passenger comfort," Kelley Blue Book says, and a "spacious interior." In front, the seats are very generously sized and supportive, with a good view of the road ahead. The first two rows can be equipped with bench seats or buckets (called captain's chairs here); a third-row bench seat is standard on Yukon XL models and available on the Yukon. Kelley Blue Book states that the "front seats gain fore-and-aft and recline travel and second-row seats recline further, too." In the middle row, Edmunds finds that "the plush seats" offer "plenty of back and under-thigh support," while on the XL model, "the third row offers 34.9 inches of legroom, nearly 10 inches more than that of a standard Yukon." A third-row bench seat has seating for up to three more in back, but in any Yukon, the third-row seat is a bit difficult to clamber into. Cars.com notes "third-row passengers sacrifice headroom and legroom."
Denali models have slightly different seating. The standard configuration is for seven, spread across two front buckets, two middle-row captain's chairs, and a three-person rear bench seat. A second-row bench seat is a no-charge option. ConsumerGuide observes the "front seats are supportive," with "ample headroom and legroom" and "a power tilt feature [for] the steering column." Kelley Blue Book reports the middle row offers "power fold-and-flip second-row seats," but they warn that, "unlike the Ford Expedition, Dodge Durango and Nissan Armada, none of GM's full-size SUVs feature a fold-flat third-row seat," and point out "this could be the Yukon's deal-breaker." The seat itself-as in the standard Yukon-is cramped. ConsumerGuide says the "low-to-floor 3rd row cushion forces knees-up discomfort for anyone larger than toddler size."
Cargo capacity, even in the short-wheelbase Yukon, is massive-depending on the presence of the third-row seat, which robs the Yukon of some of its vast expanses. In the standard-length version, there's very little space behind the last row. It has 108.9 cubic feet with the second and third rows down-which "rivals that of the Ford Expedition and bests most other competitors," Edmunds says"-but just 16.9 cubic feet with the third-row seat raised. The XL fares much better, of course. With the third row removed and the second row folded, the Yukon XL has a huge 137.2 cubic feet of cargo space-"that's compared to the Expedition EL's 130.8 cubic feet," Cars.com explains-and there's still respectable room for cargo with people in all three rows. With the third row in place, the Yukon XL and Denali XL have cargo volumes of "45.8 cubic feet behind the third row," Cars.com reports. Inside the cabin, storage space abounds as well; for example, Kelley Blue Book proclaims that "the Yukon's gloveboxes are huge."
Throughout the Yukon's cabin, details and build quality impress reviewers from around the Web. Edmunds notes the "high-quality fit and finish" throughout the interior. Cars.com points out the "high-quality fixtures include flush-mounted controls, low-gloss materials and chrome instrument surrounds." Compared to both the domestic and foreign competition, Edmunds says the Yukon's fit and finish "place it among the class leaders." Edmunds also thinks "the quietness of the cabin at speed is eerie for something that looks as aerodynamic as a brick," while ConsumerGuide asserts noise suppression is "impressive for a large SUV."


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Cut The Rope Time Travel Guide app will help you to get pass the hard level which you are unable to solve. This is a free app. Besides, it also contain Cut The Rope official website and social network site. You can always get the update from this app. Everything you need to know about Cut The Rope Time Travel is in this app.
Notice: This is not an official guide.
This app will add a new icon on your home screen that links to a Games, Apps and Android Tricks mobile web page. If you do not want to use this awesome page, you can either ignore it or delete it. If you do use it, we get help promoting this app and make a few cents, it will also help us keep developing more great apps.
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|1 piece(s) per pack
|Black + deep grey
|Compatible Battery Model
|AGFA AP-45/AP45, PENTAX: D-LI63 \D-LI108; NIKON: EN-EL10, FUJI: NP-45; KODAK: KLIC-7006, Premier: DS-6370; CASIO: NP-80
|Fits Camera Models
|AGFA OPTIMA 102 / 103 / 104 / 105 / 107 / 145 / 830UW; NIKON: Coolpix S200 / Coolpix S510 / Coolpix S700 / Coolpix s210 / Coolpix S520 / Coolpix S500 / Coolpix S600; OLYMPUS: Camedia X-600, D-630 Zoom, FE-150, FE-150 Zoom, FE-160, FE-190, FE-220, FE-230, FE-240, FE-250, FE-5500, IR-300, SP-700, Stylus 710 Digital,Stylus 720 SW, Stylus 730, Stylus 740, Stylus 750, Stylus 760, Stylus 770 SW, Stylus 780, µ 700, µ 710, µ 720SW, µ 730, µ 740, µ 750, µ 780; PENTAX: Optio M30, Optio V10, Optio T30, OptioL36, Optio W30, Optio M40, OptioM900, OptioRS1000, Optio RS1500, OptioLS1000, OptioLS1100, OptioNB1000; Premier: DS-6370, DM-7365, SL68 DS-6371m, DM-6365, DS-5337, SL58; FUJIFILM: FinePix J10, FinePix Z20fd, FinePix Z100fd, FinePix Z10fd; KODAK: Easyshare M873 Zoom, Easyshare M883 Zoom; CASIO: EX-Z270, EX-Z1, EX-Z19; XP70/Z1010EXR/Z115/T410/T360/JZ260/JZ110/JX710/JX590/JX540/JX660
|Decode Status
|Battery Type
|Marked Capacity
|1400 mAh
|Actual Capacity
|1400 mAh
|Input Voltage
|Input Hertz
|50 / 60 Hz
|Input Current
|150 mA
|Output Voltage
|Output Current
|600 mA
|2-Flat-Pin Plug
|Other Features
|With DC 12~24V car charger connector, can connect to the car charging cable, diameter is 3.45 x 1.5mm
|Packing List
|1 x Battery
|1 x Charging dock
All packages from DX.com are sent without DX logo or any information indicating DX.com. Due to package variations from suppliers, the product packaging customers receive may be different from the images displayed.
To enable volume discounts on this site, use coupon code: BULKRATE during checkout. You will see a discount applied at the bottom of the shopping cart. Competitive pricing is available. Contact us for details.
|3+ units
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|US$7.97 shipped
|US$7.94 shipped
|US$7.92 shipped
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Pros: Great little bundle. Battery is excellent. Virtually perfect replacement for EN-EL10. Fits in and operates Nikon Coolpix perfectly. Charger has fold away feature on its AC connection so it will pack nicely. Has stops... Read more
You do not need any dangling wire attached to it. It has a LED that turns red when charging and green when done. The battery can only be inserted one way (the correct way). So you wont accidentally insert the battery into... Read more
Pros: Great little bundle. Battery is excellent. Virtually perfect replacement for EN-EL10. Fits in and operates Nikon Coolpix perfectly.... Read more
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In the first two parts of our equipment series we looked at Kevin VanDam's recommendation for three basic bass fishing rods (KVD Helps You Choose a Fishing Rod) and Skeet Reese's recommendation for reels to mount on those rods (Reese Gets Reel). Now, let's see what 2003 Bassmaster Classic Champion, Mike Iaconelli, has to say about line and what anglers should be using.
"Before we get started I'd like to say I'm glad to see an article about line," says Iaconelli. "There are plenty of articles about rods, reels, lures and places to fish but not nearly enough about line. It's every bit as important as anything we fish with. It's a serious subject. It doesn't get enough attention. "
He suggests that anglers spool their three reels with three different types of line braid and monofilament for casting applications and fluorocarbon for spinning applications. Each has its place in bass fishing.
"On your heaviest outfit you'll be doing everything from spinnerbaiting in heavy cover to pitching and flipping mats. Under those conditions you need something that's strong, abrasion-resistant and has no stretch. You want to set the hook immediately and then be able to move big fish out of heavy cover quickly.
"Spiderwire 65-pound test will do the job. Their advertising says it's 'tough as nails' and they're right. It's the best all around heavy cover line available today."
On the other casting reel, mounted on the lighter rod, Iaconelli advises anglers to use monofilament, specifically green 14-pound-test Berkley Sensation.
"For lighter cover and some lures you'll want something that's tough and abrasion-resistant but still has some stretch to it. A little give is important, especially with lures that carry treble hooks such as topwater baits, crankbaits and smaller swimbaits. In my opinion Sensation is the best."
On spinning outfits, the Runnemede, N.J., pro recommends fluorocarbon.
"You always want at least one spinning outfit in the boat. At some point bass will get tough to catch, and there will be a zillion boats in front of you. For that you'll probably want to finesse, and there's nothing better than 8-pound-test Berkley Trilene 100% Fluorocarbon.
"It's completely invisible while at the same time tough. It's also flexible enough for spinning applications. But, the most important reason to use it is because it's dense and sinks. That translates into more action on small lures, which is what you always want almost always anyway."
Iaconelli continues by offering these additional tips for getting the most out of your line:
1. Always fill about 1/4 of your spool with backing. Ike recommends old line but doesn't recommend tying it to your new line.
"Tie the backing off with a couple of overhand knots and clip it as close as possible. Then spool your new line. The idea is to increase the diameter of the spool with old line and therefore use less good line. That'll save a ton of money over the course of a fishing season."
2. Use line dressing or conditioner. Ike recommends soaking a cloth with it and then running your new line through the cloth as you spool it. After that, apply dressing or conditioner as required to keep the line pliable.
"I like Reel Magic and Kevin VanDam's Line and Lure Conditioner. They both do a good job. Conditioner is important. Don't neglect it. It makes a lot of difference in line performance."
3. Check your line constantly for problems and retie frequently. Ike recommends checking it every few minutes throughout the day.
"I suggest anglers retie or replace their line anytime there's anything different about it. I usually run it between my fingers. If I feel anything different not just nicks or scuffs I retie or replace. Nothing is as frustrating as losing a big bass because of poor line quality."
4. Braid is expensive. Ike recommends swapping it end for end to hold down the cost.
"After you've been fishing for a few days, strip the braid off your reel and reverse it. Use the end that was the fishing end against the spool and the end that was against the spool as the fishing end. This won't hurt a thing and you'll get double duty out of your line.
"But, don't do this with monofilament or fluorocarbon. It doesn't work. You'll have a mess. It only works with braid."


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I recently decided to seriously bump up my cardio workouts. I spent $200 on a Mio Alpha strapless heart-rate monitor watch. You'd think a $200 watch would have an accompanying smartphone app to track both your heart rate and your workout. But no such luck.
(Workout stats from the RunKeeper website.)
Instead, the Alpha communicates via Bluetooth with a handful of third-party iOS and Android fitness apps. Each app receives heart-rate data from the Alpha watch (and other devices) and incorporates it into your fitness-session data. I reviewed one such app, Endomondo, last month. Today, I'm focusing on RunKeeper, a free iOS and Android app that tracks running, walking, hiking, cross-country skiing and other activities in addition to your heart-rate data.
RunKeeper was recently updated with new social-media features, including the ability to follow friends' workouts live in the app (provided they enable the feature). Endomondo's most recent update also added more social-media hooks.
In terms of heart-rate data, the two are mostly equal. Both have corresponding websites that provide a bit more workout data than the apps. On the Web, both show your heart rate on charts that correspond with maps of your workout routes. And both let you check your heart rate, using the Web interface, at any point during your runs.
One big advantage to RunKeeper: The app provides audio cues throughout your workout for average heart rate, current heart rate and heart rate zone. Endomondo doesn't.
Both applications do, however, require a paid subscription to access heart-rate data. Endomondo's premium service costs $3 a month or $15 a year, compared to RunKeeper's $5 monthly fee or $20 annual fee.
Otherwise, the differences between RunKeeper and Endomondo have more to do with interface and features. For example, Endomondo doesn't let you control your music playlist on iPhone. But the Android app has a button that, when touched, takes you to your preferred music app. RunKeeper lets you control your music playlists, but I've had no success changing playlists in RunKeeper during workouts.
Endomondo has a treadmill-workout option, which I use often. With RunKeeper you have to log treadmill workouts manually, which is a major inconvenience.
Unlike Endomondo, RunKeeper lets you take pictures from within the app and store them along with workout data. It's a handy way to capture the workout data on your treadmill's screen.
Ultimately, I have a slight preference for RunKeeper, if only for the heart-rate audio cues. My advice: Both apps are free, so try one for a week, see what you think, and then try the other.
As for the Mio Alpha watch? It's not perfect. It's expensive. But it's accurate and, once you get past the learning curve, it's easy to use. The best part: You don't have to wear a strap around your chest to capture heart-rate readings.


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Really good location as you can walk to most sites from here. Maybe a tram ride to the museums. Staff very helpful, hotel very clean, rooms a bit small but even though you are right in the centre noise was not an issue. Bar and breakfast were good, really nice old style decorations in the hotel. Will stay there again.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Hotel Die Port van Cleve is a famous Dutch hotel located directly behind the Royal Palace & facing Dam Square. Due its central location, you will find many touristic and cultural sites within walking distance. Hotel Die Port van Cleve has a rich history. Heineken opened its first brewery in this building in 1864. Brasserie 'De Poort' is famous for its numbered steaks and Bar-Bodega 'De Blauwe Parade' has an unique Delft blue tile fresco dating from 1887. At the beginning of 2012, rooms were soft refurbished and all rooms were redecorated with references to the authentic tile fresco in the bar. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Expedia, Priceline, Booking.com, Ctrip TA, Agoda, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, Cheap Tickets, Evoline ltd, getaroom.com and HotelQuickly so you can book your Die Port van Cleve reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Die Port Van Cleve Hotel Amsterdam
- Die Port Van Cleve Amsterdam
- Cleve Hotel Amsterdam


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Naomi Campbell Wants a Baby
Baby nurses of the world be warned…Naomi Campbell is looking to start a family!
The often-violent 38-year-old told People that she wants kids. She's a master of brutality with cell phones and loogies, but will the aging supermodel be able to forge weaponry out of pacifiers and diaper genies?
"I was not able to have children up until March," she said, explaining that she was infertile until a recent operation in Brazil. "Now it's in God's hands. I would love to have a family."
Is Russian boyfriend Vladislav Doronin on board with Naomi's maternal plans?
One thing's for sure, slugger Naomi will make a great Mom. It's not like she's a vampire. As long as Nay-nay's little tyke stays away from mama's luggage there shouldn't be any problems at all.


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TEDDY SHERINGHAM isn't doing anything different these days. At 34, he hasn't had to compensate for dwindling pace; there was never much in the first place. Neither has this super-lean striker been forced to moderate a work-rate which always came second to flashes of sharp thinking.
The Londoner, in fact, is playing very much the same way he did at Millwall, Nottingham Forest and Tottenham: leading the line with admirable guile and craft. It still takes some doing, however, at this late stage of his career, to hold down a place at the richest club in the world.
Manchester United are benefiting more than ever this season from Sheringham's intelligent probings. With Dwight Yorke out of sorts and favour following injury and late return from international duty, Sir Alex Ferguson has taken the opportunity to regularly pair Sheringham with long-time antagonist Andy Cole.
Off the pitch, these two still don't speak after an argument some time ago, yet the lines of communication are restored once matches get underway. Against Chelsea on Saturday, Sheringham scored one and had a hand in the other two as he and Cole dovetailed beautifully.
A place in Kevin Keegan's expanded England squad for the upcoming World Cup qualifiers against Germany and Finland looks likely, especially with Liverpool's Emile Heskey limping off early at the weekend.
A backward step, some might say, bearing in mind the player's age, yet Sheringham offers something that no other Englishman can provide with his deft touches, ability in the air and penchant for dropping deep into midfield.
Marcel Desailly was either having to chase in after him or let his opponent get on with it free from harassment, a dilemma that confronts every centre-half when they come up against Sheringham.
But when he did make it into the box, sparks flew. A far post volley was blocked, resulting in a corner from which the United striker poked the ball back to Paul Scholes for the equaliser.
Later in the half the striker pounced on dire Chelsea defending to lash home his fourth goal of the season. Then, after he had chased back and dispossessed Jody Morris deep in his own half, Sheringham rejoined the attack to eventually lay a perceptive first-time ball into Cole's path which led to David Beckham adding a third. Classic stuff from a player exuding star quality at the moment.
Chelsea's new coach, Claudio Ranieri, was forced to introduce Mario Melchiot at half-time to bolster a midfield in which Sheringham was finding far too much joy. Either Ranieri wasn't aware of the forward's reputation or he underestimated his effectiveness.
Very few fall into that trap these days. Sheringham has been around long enough for most to know his capabilities. His partnership with Alan Shearer under Terry Venables was one of the most fluid England have boasted for many a year.
Now Keegan is trying something similar, employing Scholes against France earlier this month in a withdrawn role behind Cole. It would be madness now to change a system that worked so successfully against the world champions and one that many other countries saw the sense in long ago.
Scholes is virtually untouchable, so consistent and dazzling are his performances in an England shirt, so it would seem unlikely that Sheringham will get a run-out.
No matter, he would still provide experienced back-up. Immediately after getting into a little tussle with Morris towards the end, for which both were booked, Sheringham came off to unanimous applause.
Clearly, Old Trafford appreciates his worth. In his England squad announcement on Thursday, Keegan should do likewise.


text: Just found the little community here and thought I would stop in and check it out! Seems like a solid mix here, I think Ill enjoy posting and reading here. I hope someone will be kind enough to help me get my sig and avatars together so I dont look like a naked poster! Thanks in advance, and man are there alot of folks at this here barbque! But it tastes GOOODD!


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Product details
Dulux Kitchen+ Matt is an exceptionally tough, grease and stain resistant paint. Its Grease Proof formulation resists everyday cooking stains, and it's washable without the colour fading, so even the busiest kitchens will look great for longer. Chromalock is technology exclusive to Dulux that creates an invisible protective barrier around the colour on your walls, protecting from the wear and tear of everyday life, bringing you colour that lasts. Coverage is 13 m²/L. Leave 5 hours to dry between coats.
- Colour: Pepper Red
- Size: 2.5L
- Coverage (per litre): 13sq m
- Coverage per tin: 32.5sq m
- Effects and finish: Matt
- Features: Grease Proof formulation resists everyday cooking stains, Exceptionally tough, grease and stain resistant paint
- Usage: Walls & ceilings
- Suitable surfaces: Multi surface
- Number of coats recommended: 2
- Drying time: Leave 5 hours to dry
- Time to recoat: 5 hours
- Washable: Yes
- Waterproof: No
- Wipeable: Yes
- Interior exterior usage: Suitable for interior use
- VOC level: Low
- Coverage disclaimer: Coverage is dependent on the kind of surface being painted and should be used as a guide only
Dulux Kitchen Matt Pepper Red Matt Emulsion Paint - 2.5L 352928
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Dulux Kitchen Matt Pepper Red Matt Emulsion Paint - 2.5L
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Home delivery within 5 days
{"calculators": { "calculator": { "pimProductAttr": ["13.0", "L", "2.5", "2"], "calcType": "paint-calculator" } } }
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It's old news now that Marvel Comics intends to kill the mutant hero Logan AKA Wolverine. Wolverine's been one of Marvel's most popular superheroes for a while and he's basically the lead character of every X-Man movie, so his loss should have a tremendous impact. But will it? Comics are known for superheroes and villains seemingly dying only to return later, and the odds of resurrection seem to increase if you're a mutant or in a book with an "X" in the title. There was this time when we saw Wolverine get stabbed through the stomach and then the autopsy revealed it wasn't him but a shape-shifting alien who took his place while we weren't looking. Oh, and that time Logan actually did die alongside his teammates in Dallas.
That having been said, here's a quick list of some prime examples of false deaths and literal resurrections that have happened in the X-Men family of comics. To keep this from becoming a novel, we won't include cases when time travel or the Infinity Gauntlet has been used to prevent a death from happening in the first place.
Do you know how many times people in comics seem to die in explosions and then turn up alive? Sometimes that happens even when you find the body. During the days of the original X-Men roster, team mentor Professor Charles Xavier seemingly died in an explosion. Then it turned out it wasn't him but Changeling, a shape-shifter and former foe he'd asked to stand-in for him while he worked on a secret project. Weird. This made Changeling technically the first X-Man to die in action and he actually hasn't come back (although we've met Morph, a version of him from a parallel timeline).
If you are in the X-Men, just avoid aircraft. John Proudstar AKA Thunderbird joined the X-Men and died during his second mission when he forced down an enemy's plane. Many years later, he was briefly resurrected by the villain Selene during the Necrosha story. Later still, he was temporarily released from the afterlife during the Chaos War crossover. Though he returned to death, Thunderbird mentioned the possibility of coming back yet again in the future.
Warren Worthington III AKA Angel was on a plane that blew up. His friends saw the explosion and watched the burning rubble crash to the ground, but later learned he'd been teleported to safety moments before the blast. He was recruited by the evil Apocalypse, who turned him into Archangel.
Not long after that, the strange villains Nanny and Orphan-Maker fought the X-Men and then tried to escape in their personal aircraft. Storm went after them and then her teammate Havok, dazed and confused, unleashed a power blast that destroyed the aircraft. The X-Men found Storm's dead body in the rubble. As it turned out, Nanny and Orphan-Maker were prepared for Storm's interference and faked her death with a Life Model Decoy, an incredibly high-tech and expensive android designed by Tony Stark. Wait, really? They happened to have a fake Storm corpse just in case Storm happened to be on their aircraft during a crash? Um, okay.
Anyway, the real Storm was alive and well and then Nanny de-aged her into an amnesiac child. She got better later and it's honestly not even that weird when you consider how many times other X-characters have been de-aged into being children. Nah, that's still pretty weird.
Sean Cassidy AKA Banshee served with the X-Men for years and was a mentor to the Generation X team. Some years after that, he was killed when the villain Vulcan piloted the X-Men's Blackbird jet through him and into a passenger plane. The X-Men found Sean's body in the wreckage of the plane. However, he was later temporarily revived a couple times during Necrosha and Chaos War. Even more recently, he was fully restored to life by the Apocalypse Twins, who also made him evil. That happens in comics.
During an early mission with the original X-Force, Sam Guthrie AKA Cannonball was freaking impaled by the villain Sauron (a vampiric dinosaur-man, not the literal Lord of the Rings). He died instantly but revived moments later, his fatal wound healed. Cannonball learned he was an External, a rare type of mutant born with near-immortality. But years later it was said that this was a lie and he was just a normal, mortal mutant. So how did he survive getting impaled? We still don't know.
Years later, we met Marrow, a mutant who could grow bones out of her body and tear them off to use as weapons. Yeah, it's kinda gross. Anyway, for a time she was a terrorist and fought the X-Men. When her forces were defeated, she wired a bomb to her heart and told Storm to either yield or kill her. Pragmatically, Storm ripped out Marrow's heart and wasn't sorry about it. FATALITY! Storm tried to make a bad-ass statement afterward, but her phrasing was odd and the seriousness of the scene was undercut by the hilarious heart sound effect "SQUICK."
Oh, but then Marrow survived anyway because it turned out her mutation also gave her two hearts and she only needed one. That's real lucky, that. It's like being a Time Lord but without the time travel or charm.
The villain En Sabah Nur ("The First One") AKA Apocalypse is long lived, has molecular control over his body and uses advanced alien technology to recover from fatal wounds. Several times he's been seemingly killed and then we see him months or years later rising from a technological sarcophagus, ready for more evil. But one of his deaths was odder than the others.
In the storyline "The Twelve," Apocalypse realized his too-often resurrected body was wearing itself out and he needed to possess a whole new form. To stop him, Cyclops merged his own essence with the villain, seemingly killing them both. A merged being turned up alive later on, with Cyclops as the dominant factor and Apocalypse attempting to take control. The mutant warrior Cable then speared Apocalypse's spirit with a psychically empowered weapon (I love comics), seemingly destroying the guy forever. Cyclops' body returned to normal, though now he had a new perspective as he had seen the world through Apocalypse's eyes.
Despite literally having his soul speared like a fish, Apocalypse turned up alive later on, in a new body. We were told that his technology is so good, he only needs one drop of his own blood to build a new body to inhabit. Wait, if that's true, why did he have to go through all that trouble in "The Twelve"? Why not just build himself a brand new body to use for a few thousand more years? Huh.
During a battle in Dallas, the X-Men learned that they could only stop the villain Adversary if they sacrificed their lives. They agreed and their bodies were converted into energy for a spell that imprisoned him away from Earth. Then Roma, daughter of Merlin, brought them all back to life as reward for their sacrifice. The X-Men who died during this story were: Dazzler, Longshot, Wolverine, Storm, Colossus, Psylocke, Rogue, Havok and ally (later enemy) Madelyne Pryor.
That's not the last time literal magic brought someone back. Illyana Rasputin, young sister of Piotr Rasputin AKA Colossus, contracted the deadly Legacy Virus and developed cancer-like symptoms. Despite the best efforts of the X-Men, she died. Several years later, the demon lord Belasco used powerful magic to recreate Illyana as his servant/weapon.
Betsy Braddock AKA Psylocke first died fighting the Adversary, then resurrected minutes later. Years after that, the villain Sabretooth gutted her. The X-Men revived her with a magical healing elixir from the Crimson Dawn dimension. But two deaths isn't enough. Much later, Psylocke died in battle and was buried on the grounds of her family estate only to wake up a year afterward. Betsy found out that her older brother Jamie resurrected her by reaching back in time and using quantum forces to prevent her spirit from entering the afterlife. Some writers basically use "quantum" stuff as a substitute for magic, so we're totally counting this as magic.
The evil ninja organization the Hand (a group that inspired the Foot Clan of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) has occasionally used magic to resurrect fallen enemies into mind-controlled warriors. They killed Wolverine, then brought him back evil. During that time he killed his fellow X-Man Northstar who in turn was resurrected by the Hand and also evil for a time. Those crazy ninjas! Obviously, both Northstar and Wolverine got better.
Kurt Wagner AKA Nightcrawler was probably the most Catholic of X-Men. A few years ago, he died while protecting the young mutant Hope Summers. Later, the X-Men journeyed into after-life realms and fought Nightcrawler's evil father, Azazel, ruler of a Hell dimension. Nightcrawler's spirit joined the fray, dressing up with a pirate motif. In the end, he left Heaven, sacrificing paradise and his soul to cut Azazel off from a lot of his power. It may sound hokey to have a character literally walk out of the after-life but hey, there were pirates in Heaven and the X-Men had cool hats and swords. That's awesome.
Warpath lived in the shadow of his brother Thunderbird, who died during his second mission. After many adventures with X-Force, Warpath was injected with a drug that caused a fatal heart attack. Fortunately, his teammates retrieved his soul and sent back to his body, so he resurrected just fine. SCIENCE! Wait . . . Wait, that's not science at all!
Colossus met his end with a drug too (his second death since he died stopping the Adversary years before). Dr. Henry McCoy AKA Beast developed an anti-viral agent that would release into the atmosphere and destroy the deadly Legacy Virus wherever it was. But then he realized (through some strange reasoning that didn't make much sense) you had to inject the drug into a mutant and have them use their powers, which would charge up and release the anti-virus but kill them in the process. Beast wanted to search for a better solution, but Colossus had seen the Legacy Virus kill his sister and decided enough people had already died. He injected himself and was dead moments later. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered.
A few years later, Joss Whedon wanted to use Colossus for his own X-Men story and Marvel said sure, that's cool. So we learned that this evil alien named Ord had stolen Colossus's body right after his death, replaced it with a duplicate body that was cremated in his place, and then used strange science to resurrect the armored mutant hero.
Magneto has made a habit of avoiding death. At one point, he was on board his orbital base Asteroid M when it largely blew up and then crashed to Earth. Months later, he turned up alive and we were told he'd been encased in a protective shell that was amazingly effective at protecting people from crashing to Earth from orbit while inside a big rock.
Years later, Magneto was on the island of Genosha when a ton of mutant-killing Sentinel robots laid the place to waste. We saw the master of magnetism (recently confined to a wheelchair thanks to an attack by Wolverine) look up from his personal quarters to see a Sentinel fist flying at him. A moment later, the building and everything inside was rubble and ash. But this was a fake-out. Magneto escaped the destruction and used the opportunity to assume a new identity and infiltrate the X-Men, calling himself Xorn and falsifying a new history for himself. The plan worked pretty and he revealed his true face when he was done hiding, but events led to his defeat and then an enraged Wolverine decapitated him.
Almost immediately after this, Marvel decided they didn't want their most famous X-Men villain dead. So we were told a few months later that Xorn was not Magneto in disguise but actually just a guy named Xorn who had convinced himself that he was Magneto. The real master of magnetism had been living in seclusion ever since Genosha's destruction (possibly even before).
After Jean Grey AKA Phoenix killed herself (we'll get to that next), her love Scott Summers AKA Cyclops left the X-Men in mourning. He then met Madelyne Pryor, an Alaskan woman who was the spitting image of Jean. This haunted Scott and he wondered if his wife was reincarnated somehow. In the end, he realized she was a different person and came to love her for herself. They married and had a child, Nathan.
But then Marvel decided to bring back Jean, which meant Maddie had to go. She died during the Adversary battle in Dallas but was resurrected moments later along with the X-Men. A while later, it was revealed that she was actually a clone of Jean Grey with implanted memories. Her creator, Mr. Sinister, believed that the offspring of Jean and Scott would be the most powerful mutant, so Madelyne was created basically to be a replacement mom/incubator. This truth and an encounter with demonic forces led to a decline in sanity and Madelyne became the evil Goblyn Queen. After fighting the X-Men and their allies, she committed suicide in the hopes that her strange telepathic link with Jean Grey meant they would both die. But Jean was saved by the Phoenix Force.
So yeah. Bad character arc with not a great resolution. Rather than just let Madelyne fade away as a character whose story went horribly wrong, Marvel kept bringing her back time and time again. First, she was a psychic essence. Eventually, magic resurrected her as a physical woman at last. She's still evil and plotting against the X-Men somewhere.
Of course, this isn't the only clone-involved resurrection. In one would-be epic battle, Wolverine decided to finally take down his enemy Sabretooth and decapitated the villain. Sabretooth has a healing factor on par with Wolverine's, but it seemed decapitation wasn't something he could heal from (especially when it caused by a sword designed to negate this power). However, the baddie turned up alive a couple of years later and we were told that it was just a clone who had died.
The most famous case of resurrection in the X-Men (and arguably in superhero comics) concerns a lady named Jean Grey and her tenure as Phoenix. A founding member of the X-Men originally called Marvel Girl, Jean saved the entire team after an encounter with special Sentinels but was exposed to lethal levels of radiation in the process. She was burned alive but then instantly reborn as Phoenix, now wielding considerably magnified powers. So that's one death, kind of.
The X-Men discovered that the Phoenix Force was a cosmic energy that sometimes chose people to wield its power as a guardian of life. Jean became the team powerhouse, but then the illusion-casting villain Mastermind corrupted her mind and set her down a dark path. As Dark Phoenix, Jean became drunk on power and abused it, absorbing a star and causing an inhabited world to die. The original intention by writer Chris Claremont was that Jean would realize her sins and give up her powers entirely, sacrificing part of her identity in order to protect others. But Marvel decided that since her actions had ended lives, redemption wasn't enough; she needed to pay with her life. So instead, Jean decided that as long as she lived, she risked one day losing control of her motions and becoming Dark Phoenix again. She saw suicide as the only option and took it.
A few years later, Marvel decided to bring Jean back from the dead. To absolve her of her crimes, it was said that the Phoenix Force wasn't an energy that joined with Jean but a cosmic entity that replaced her. Phoenix copied Jean's body and mind, then placed the real one in suspended animation within a cocoon created to heal her radiation-damaged body. She joined the X-Men, went nuts and killed herself while the real Jean was asleep the whole time. Now Jean was out of the cocoon, awake and fully healed. Jean, naturally, had no memory of these events and had to be told about her double's life and death. A later story had Jean absorb the memories of Phoenix. If you think about it though, readers, this story doesn't absolve Jean since the Phoenix copied her personality and acted as she would have.
Claremont had never considered Phoenix to be a separate entity, so he wrote a flashback scene in X-Men Classics that changed the resurrection explanation a bit. We saw that Jean's spirit joined with the Phoenix Force energy and then she created a new body for herself because her original form was still too damaged by radiation. Seeing there was still a spark of life in her damaged "shell," Jean created the cocoon to heal it, deciding it would be a fail-safe for her in case things went wrong in the future. So Jean was indeed Phoenix and Dark Phoenix and when she committed suicide it caused her consciousness to rocket back to her original body. Later stories confirmed that Jean's initial belief that Phoenix was a separate entity was due to denial and repression resulting from her traumatic experiences.
During Grant Morrison's New X-Men run, Jean accepted her past actions as Phoenix and regained her cosmic power, now in full control. But not too long after that, new teammate Xorn revealed himself to be Magneto, big battles ensued, and then the villain killed Jean by giving her brain a targeted and powerful electro-magnetic blast (although it later turned out it wasn't really Magneto, just a crazy guy actually named Xorn). After a follow-up story that took place in a possible future, we saw Jean's soul join those of others who had wielded the Phoenix Force. She chose to venture off into an after-life realm rather than risk what would happen if she resurrected yet again. So that's basically a third death (or second if you don't count her original transformation into Phoenix).
The Phoenix Force attempted to come back in Jean's form later but this didn't work out and Marvel's been pretty good about letting the character finally rest in peace. Except for the fact that time travel was recently used to bring teenage, pre-Phoenix Jean Grey forward into the present. So she's kinda, sorta back until she's either returned to the past or we discover that this Jean is actually from a parallel timeline and not the past of the mainstream Marvel Universe. Whatever.
Hey, maybe Wolverine will die just so he can come back as the new Phoenix later on. Wouldn't be the craziest thing to happen in the X-Men comics.
This list is by no means complete. That's part of the point. It's hard to get worried about Wolverine dying when he's already literally died twice and this list includes just SOME of the examples of how little the concept of death means in X-Men comics. Then again, maybe it's fine to Wolverine's inevitable return as long as the story itself entertains us.
Alan Sizzler Kistler (@SizzlerKistler) is an actor and freelance writer who moonlights as a comic book historian and geek consultant. He is the author of Doctor Who: A History.


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So far, we have found very little information about Palestine. The little that we've found leads us believe that the community is historic.<1>
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Palestine would have been located within present day Lauderdale County.
While the community is gone, the present day location for Palestine is 700 feet [213 m] above sea level.<2>.
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The location where Palestine once stood is in the (256) and (938)<3> area codes.
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To learn more about neighboring communities and counties, please visit the Nearby Page for Palestine.
Using our Gazetteer, we have found that there are two Alabama communities named Palestine: This one is located in Lauderdale County and the other is located in Cleburne County.
Beyond Alabama, there are 34 communities that are also named Palestine - they are located in Arkansas (2), Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana (2), Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi (4), Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio (3), Ontario, Oregon (2), Pennsylvania, Tennessee (5), Texas (3) and West Virginia (2).
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
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|Henri Yandell <bay...@generationjava.com>
|[lang] Moving parts of patterns to lang
|Mon, 04 Nov 2002 14:26:18 GMT
I'd like to kick off a discussion on moving some parts of [patterns] over to [lang]. The parts in question are: Predicate - Object -> boolean Transformer - Object -> Object Command - Object -> void Factory - void -> Object The parts not in scope are: Beans Identifier The reasoning for the move is that the above four sub-packages are now mature, and would be of use to both the Collections and IO codebases. All four sub-packages above would get promoted into: org.apache.commons.lang.functor. which is what their equivalents in Collections are called. The ones in Collections currently, Predicate, Transformer, Factory, would I assume be deprecated in favour of the ones currently in Patterns. Collections currently calls the Command interface a Closure. We may want to repeat this debate again. I'm not assuming that Collections would automatically be dependent on these by the way, but it seems like a logical step. There has been some concern over whether Collections should add yet another dependency, so that would need to be broached later. Identifier and Bean might later move to Util or somesuch, or Patterns would remain. Hen -- To unsubscribe, e-mail: <mailto:email@example.com> For additional commands, e-mail: <mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com>
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Chapter 1 Part 1: The Crash
The GVG Team has taken a trip to Gaming Island to meet some game characters and retrieve the rare item in the Gaming Temple. They had to get to there by plane, when suddenly the storm hit. It hit the fuel engine and the plane was out of control. "We're going down!" the pilot said. The plane crashed on a mysterious island and when they looked out to the right, there were at the island of the looping pitfalls. "I'm scared," said Snowy. "Me too!" yelled Spooky. Pikachu and Mr. Fluffolopogus decided to explore. But three questions remain: Where are they? Will they do something, and without the GVG center crew, will they find help? Find out next time.
To be continued...
Part 2: The Brawl and the Looping Pitfalls


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Children love the sounds and excitement of the zoo and they love jigsaw puzzles. The best of both combine in this Melissa & Doug Zoo Animals Sound Puzzle. When the puzzle pieces are correctly placed in the puzzle board (easy with the matching full color image of each animal underneath) the lion will roar, the monkey chatter and the elephant trumpet! Eight favorite animals are featured to delight children aged 2 to 4 and help them to learn important matching, aural and hand/eye coordination skills.
Alvin the Elephant Soft Toy goes hand in hand with his best friend, Meiya the Mouse. (In fact, you may want to buy both toys so that you have a backup for those times when one of them is in the wash!) The soft cloth body is topped with an organic, all natural rubber-like, molded elephant head, with big ears for your little one to chew on. The texture of the cloth body is inviting to little hands, and it lets your baby grab and squeeze. Like his friend Meiya, Alvin is machine washable and for ages newborn and up.
$34.99 $39.95
Your little one will love pulling this adorable Hot Dog Pal behind them as they toddle around your home. This Pull Along Hot Dog Pal from Applepie Toys is low to ground and extremely long. He stands at 55 cm from the end of his tail to the point of his nose and can easily be snigged out from 100 paces. All toys are made from an eco-friendly wood material, so they are built to withstand years of use and indoor and outdoor fun. This is ideal for parents who are worried about the toys they purchase containing harmful contaminants in them.
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In a digital whizbang world, sometimes the simplest toys are the best. This well-crafted Spotty Dog Dalmatian pull toy is carved from a flat piece of wood painted black and white, with flex points at belly and tail to allow for dynamic motion. Designed for toddlers just finding their feet, this Pull Along Pal Spotty Dog from Applepie Toys features a bright red leash and rubber wheels that won't scratch or dent your floors as adventures ensue. Spotty is an old-fashioned companion with a contemporary feel. Great for kids aged 2 to 4, this toy encourages imaginative play and builds coordination.
View More ApplePie Pull Along Pal Toys
Looking for the perfect new baby/first baby memento? This little rocking horse figure comes in blue or pink, depending on what the new parents are expecting (boy or girl) and plays music. While it is a plush figure, it does have a music box inside and and is meant more for decoration and soothing baby than it is for playing with.Plays " Brahms Lullaby".
The teddy bear that rides on the back of the rocking horse is not removable, but it lends a very cute touch to this decorative gift. (It will rock gently when you press a finger on the back of the arches, but it does not sustain a rocking motion and is not meant to.)Authorized Dealer of Aurora World gifts


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 7, 1993
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 1992
|Priority date
|Sep 29, 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James D. Franson
|Original Assignee
|The Johns Hopkins University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (84), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. N00039-89-C-530i awarded by the U.S. Navy Department. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
The invention consists of an apparatus and method that use quantum-mechanical effects to permit the transmission of secure communications without the need for encryption codes.
Classically, the transmission of a secure/classified message requires encoding the message before transmission and decoding the message after its receipt. The necessary equipment and the distribution and use of the necessary codes is expensive and inconvenient and tends to limit the use of encrypted communications.
More importantly, there have been instances in which topsecret crypto codes have been divulged to the Soviet Union over a period of many years. The damage caused to the national security by the disclosure of these codes is a very real problem, and any method to eliminate the need for such codes would be of considerable importance.
The quantum-mechanical effects used in the present invention allow the transmission of secure communications without the need for encryption codes. Roughly speaking, quantum mechanics establishes nonlocal correlations between a pair of photons which are somewhat analogous to an automatic encryption code that exists at only one location and is immediately destroyed after either of the photons is detected. The latter feature also provides a means of determining whether or not there has been any unauthorized attempt to tap into the transmission line.
For a more complete appreciation of the invention, attention is invited to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention taken with the figures of the drawings. The scope of the invention, however, is limited only through the claims appended hereto.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical embodiment of the quantum mechanical encryption apparatus of the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates the invention's parametric down-conversion light source.
FIG. 3 illustrates the design of the invention's interferometers.
FIG. 4 illustrates coincidence data obtained from the invention for a large optical path lengths (D=51 m).
FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention for transmitting secure communications without an encryption code.
FIG. 6 illustrates an additional embodiment of the invention which uses proton polarization.
FIG. 7 illustrates an additional embodiment of the invention.
An illustrative embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings.
A light source 10, (typically a nonlinear crystal) emits a pair of photons γ1 and γ2 that are very nearly coincident, although the time at which they are emitted remains uncertain in the quantum-mechanical sense. After traveling a large distance D, the photons encounter two identical interferometers 12, 14 that have a shorter path of length S and a longer path of length L. The path-length difference Δl=L-S is chosen to be much larger than the first-order coherence length. Phase shifts φ1 and φ2 are introduced in the two longer paths. For experimental purposes, two mirrors (not shown) can be used to reflect the photons back towards the source, so that the optical path lengths, D, can be much larger than the actual separation between the two detectors.
In the case in which coincident photons are observed in detectors D1 and D2 with a time resolution much better than the difference in travel times ΔT=ΔI/c, where c is the speed of light, then both photons must have traveled over the shorter paths or both photons must have traveled over the longer paths. Interference between the quantum-mechanical probability amplitudes for those two possibilities results in a coincidence rate given by ##EQU1##
where ω0 is the frequency of the pump laser, φ1 =φ1 +φ2, and Rc0 is the coincidence rate with the beam splitters removed.
Although Equation (Eq.) (1) violates Bell's inequality, the time resolution of the coincidence circuits is often much worse than ΔT, in which case there is also an incoherent contribution to the coincidence rate corresponding to situations in which one of the photons traveled along the longer path while the other photon traveled along the shorter path. The coincidence rate is then given by ##EQU2## In an experiment, the resolution of the coincidence circuit used in the invention was 3 nanoseconds while ΔT was 132 picoseconds, which corresponds to the conditions of Eq. (2) rather than Eq. (1). The visibility of the corresponding interference pattern was therefore insufficient to violate Bell's inequality but will be seen to violate the classical inequality discussed in J. D. Franson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 290(1991).
The design of the light source 10 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The light from a helium-cadmium laser operating at a wavelength of 325 nanometers is incident upon a half-wave plate used to rotate the polarization of the light from the vertical plane to the horizontal plane. Filter F1 passes the ultraviolet light from the laser but attenuates any visible light produced in the gas discharge tube.
A nonlinear crystal of lithium iodate converts a small fraction of the pump photons into coincident pairs of photons γ1 and γ2 via parametric down conversion. The pump power is 5 milliwatts and the crystal is 1 cm thick. The orientation of the crystal is automatically adjusted by a personal computer to satisfy the phase-matching conditions necessary to produce downconverted photons traveling in very nearly the same direction as the incident pump beam (degenerate type-I process).
Filter F2 then absorbs the ultraviolet pump photons with very little fluorescence and passes the visible down-converted photons, both of which have a wavelength centered around 650 nanometers. The singles counting rate is equal to the detector dark count whenever the crystal is rotated away from the phasematching angle, which demonstrates that the ultraviolet pump photons are completely eliminated by filter F2 and that any fluorescence is negligible.
Lens L1, a microscope objective, is mounted on a three-axis translator whose position can be controlled with a resolution of 0.1 μm by the computer. Proper positioning of the lens allows both photons to be focused through pinhole P with a 25 μm diameter. Achromatic lens L2 then produces a collimated (<10-4 rad) beam with a diameter of approximately 2.5 cm. Filter F3 is an interference filter with a bandwidth of 10 nanometers centered on 650 nanometers (nm). Beam splitter BS2 separates the two photons onto different paths toward the detectors; those events in which both photons travel along the same path produces no coincidence counts and can be neglected.
The light from a helium-neon laser is attenuated by neutral density filter F4 before being imaged onto pinhole P by means of mirror M1 and beam splitter BS1. This is used in the alignment of the apparatus and in stabilizing the interferometers against thermal drift, as will be described below. When not in use the HeNe beam can be blocked off by a shutter under the control of the computer.
The large distances between the source and the interferometers require that both light beams be very well collimated. That, in turn, results in a relatively low coincidence rate typically on the order of one event every 3 min. Because of the low counting rates, the interferometers have to be extremely stable over long periods of time. In addition, it is desirable that the interferometers be constructed in such a way that their alignment can not change when they are moved from one location to another.
Each interferometer is therefore constructed from a solid plate of fused silica, as illustrated in FIG. 3. One of the collimated light beams from the source is incident upon the fused silica plate at very nearly a normal angle of incidence. Reflections from the front and back surfaces of the plate, both of which are coated with a dielectric giving 17% reflectance, produce a uniform interference pattern. The phase of the interference pattern can be controlled by the computer by rotating the plate through a small angle θ. Most of the incident light is transmitted and absorbed by a black surface behind the plate. Beam splitter BS3 is necessary to extract the reflected beam from the incident beam, although it does not form part of the interferometer itself. In an experiment, all the data was collected within one fringe of θ=0.
The front and back surfaces of the fused silica plates are within 1/20 wavelength, giving a total wave front distortion of less than 1/10 wavelength upon reflection or transmission. The visibility of the usual (first-order) interference pattern observed using the HeNe laser and a single detector is typically 90% and is limited primarily by the reflective coatings. The fused silica plates used in the two interferometers have equal thicknesses (13.6 mm) to within one wavelength, having been cut from a single polished plate.
The main advantage of this kind of interferometer is its long-term stability. The phase shifts of both interferometers are periodically monitored by the computer using the HeNe laser and adjusted as needed by changing the angle θ. The observed phase shifts at θ=0 varied by roughly one fringe throughout the course of an entire experiment as the result of temperature changes in the laboratory. The wavelength of the down-converted photons (650 nm) is sufficiently close to that of the HeNe laser (632.8 nm) that the corresponding phase shifts differed by an unknown constant that depends upon the exact thicknesses of the plates. Since the path-length difference never varies by more than one wavelength, the small difference in wavelengths is negligible over that range. Thus, the phase shifts measured with the HeNe laser provide a direct measurement of φ1 and φ2, aside from a fixed but unknown offset.
It would have been desirable in the experiment, mentioned above, to have the two photons travel in opposite directions toward the two detectors. That was not possible due to the limited size of the laboratory and, instead, both beams traveled side down a long (-25 m) metal enclosure to two mirrors which reflected the beams back towards the source. The optical path length D was 51 m while the actual separation of the two beams was 20 cm.
The data was collected by setting the two interferometers to a series of phase shifts (as measured with the HeNe laser) ranging from 0� to 360� in 45� increments. These phase settings were changed roughly every 2 min. for one interferometer and every 3 min. for the other, so that there was no synchronization between the two settings. The number of coincidence counts obtained for each such pair of settings was recorded by the computer, along with the difference in detection times. Photon counts differing by more than 4.5 ns were rejected as accidental. The accidental rate was simultaneously determined from the events outside that range and subtracted off; the accidental rate was typically a factor of 10 less than the true coincidence rate. The coincident events were also put into bins based on the sum of the phases of the two interferometers. All data collection was performed automatically by the computer over a total time interval of 98 hours and no data editing or selection was performed.
The coincidence data obtained at a large optical path length (D=51 m) are shown in FIG. 4. Here φ1 is the sum of the phases of the interferometers as measured with the HeNe laser, which differs from the corresponding phase at the wavelength of the down-converted photons by an unknown constant, as discussed above. A peak in the coincidence rate can be seen at approximately -45�, indicating that the thicknesses of the two plates were such that the difference between the phases at the two wavelengths happened to have that value. Measurements made at a shorter distance (D=0.55 m) gave the same offset in phase.
The single-photon counting rates in both detectors were recorded in a similar fashion and it should be emphasized that they showed no measurable modulation or interference, as expected. The only interference observed was in the coincidence rate and it depended only on the nonlocal sum of the two phases.
The visibility of an interference pattern is defined by ##EQU3## where Rmax and Rmin are the maximum and minimum counting rates. The data of FIG. 4 give a value of μ=0.31�0.04. Although Eq. (2) predicts a visibility of 0.5, the expected visibility can be shown to be reduced to 0.336 by the finite coherence length (10 cm) of the pump laser, given a difference in optical path lengths of Δ1=3.97 cm as determined from the thickness of the plates and the index of refraction. The expected visibility should be further reduced by roughly 10% due to the limited perfection of the optics, giving an overall expected visibility of 0.30. Thus, the observed visibility was in good agreement with the quantumthoery prediction.
Data were also collected with the two interferometers located as close as possible to the light source, which corresponded to D=0.55 m. The results obtained were similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and gave a visibility of 0.27�0.04, which is consistent with the visbility measured at the larger distance to within the experimental uncertainty. Thus, there is no indication that the nonlocal correlations are reduced due to a collapse of the wave function over larger distances.
The visibility of the interference pattern of FIG. 4 is not sufficiently high to violate Bell's inequality. Nevertheless, it was recently shown that the predictions of any classical or semiclassical field theory for two-photon interferometer experiments of this kind must satisfy the following inequality: ##EQU4## Here Rc0 (ΔT) is the coincidence rate that would be obtained with the beam splitters removed and at a delay time of ΔT using coincidence electronics with unlimited time resolution. When the interferometer measurements are performed using relatively large coincidence windows, as was the case in this experiment, Eq (4) can be generalized to ##EQU5##
It is well known that the pairs of photons emitted in parametric down conversion are highly coincident. Direct timing measurements have shown that the photons are coincident to within at least 91 picoseconds (one standard deviation), while indirect measurements suggest that they are coincident to within a few femtoseconds. More recent direct measurements have shown that the photon pairs from parametric down conversion are coincident to within 50 picoseconds. Only the results of the direct timing measurements will be used here, since it is conceivable that there may be a classical model that can account for the indirect measurements without giving coincident pulses. In that case, the inequality of Eq. (5) limits the visibility in any semiclassical theory to 0.139 for the conditions of the present experiment. The experimentally observed visibility violates this limit by 4 standard deviations. Thus, there is no semiclassical theory consistent with all the experimental observations and these effects must be viewed as quantum mechanical in nature.
In summary, the coincidence rates in the two-photon interferometer experiment discussed above were measured with an optical path length of 102 m between the two interferometers. The coincidence rate showed an interference pattern that depended on the sum of the phases of the two interferometers, with a visibility that was in good agreement with the predictions of the quantum theory. The singles counting rates showed no modulation at all. The visibility exceeded that achievable in any semiclassical field theory, which indicated that the effects observed were quantum-mechanical in nature. No significant difference was observed between the visibilities obtained at optical path separations of 102 and 1.1 m, which provides some indication that the collapse of the wave function is not dependent upon the distance over which it occurs and that the quantum theory remains valid when extrapolated to distances many orders of magnitude larger than atomic dimensions.
It has occasionally been suggested that the collapse of the wave function may be a dynamic process, presumably nonlinear in nature, in which case it would be confined to those regions of space where the wave function is nonvanishing. In that case, the collapse of the wave function would propagate only along the optical paths of the two photons and the fact that the spatial separation between them was relatively small in this experiment would be of no significance. The results of this experiment are relevant to theories of that kind but do not rule out the more general situation.
In the above embodiment secure communications can be sent by establishing a code based on emitting a certain number of photons and measuring their coincidence rate. Once established, the code can then be used to transmit secure communications with the same inability to tap in and "listen" as described below. This is due to the fact that the two photons shown in FIG. 1 are totally correlated when φ1 =φ2 in the sense that one will be detected in detector D1 and the other in D2, or both will travel along the direction at the arrows to two other detectors D1 ' and D'2 (not shown). If detection in the unprimed detectors is taken to be a bit "o" while detection in the primed detectors is taken to be a bit "1", then these correlations establish a shared secret key or code. That can then be used to encode and decode messages sent over an open communication link. The experiment described above is the first demonstration of this ability over large separations.
Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 5. Assume that an observer at location PB intendes to transmits a secure message to an observer at location PA, as shown by the direction of the message arrow. PA will be equipped with a laser of frequency ω0 whose output passes through a nonlinear crystal (such as KDP), thereby producing coincident pairs of photons γ1 and γ2 with frequencies ω1 +ω2 =ω0 via parametric down-conversion. These photon pairs are emitted at random times, with γ1 and γ2 correlated in both time and energy.
PA then transmits γ1 down an optical fiber toward Ps, while retaining γ2 in an optical fiber delay line of the same length contained in his own secure area; γ2 will later serve as the decoding "key". PB then transmits a bit of information by either reflecting γ1 back to PA down a second optical fiber with no additional delay (bit "1"), or delaying γ1 by a few nanoseconds before sending it back (bit "0"). PA can then "decode" the message by comparing γ1 and γ2 ; if the photons are coincident, the message bit is "1", whereas the message bit is "0" if they are not coincident. Note that the stream of γ1 photons returning to PA would appear to be a random sequence (white noise) with or without a delay added.
Now consider the information that can be obtained by an unauthorized set of taps as shown in FIG. 5. If classical pulses of light were being transmitted down the optical fibers instead of single photons, then one tap could be used to monitor the pulses going into PB while the other tap could be used to monitor the pulses leaving PB, thus determining the time delay introduced by PB and reading the bit transmitted. But no such possibility exists for single photons, which can be detected only once; any photons observed by the first of the taps will be eliminated and therefore not modulated by PB. Thus does the quantum-mechanical difference between single photons and classical pulses of light allow for secure communications.
The quantum-mechanical correlations used by the invention would be destroyed if an unauthorized person made any kind of measurements or observations on γ1 via a tap. This allows PA to continuously check for any unauthorized attempts at tapping the line. This capability is a result of the general property of quantum mechanics that any measurement on a particle or system unavoidably destroys the initial state of that system. The two-photon interference effects allow a practical means of making these checks for unauthorized taps.
Another embodiment of the invention consists of using photon polarizations. This approach uses a pulsed laser which produces a single photon by attenuating a high-intensity pulse. Using pockels cells, one observer rotates the polarization of the photon through an angle θ. A second observer measures the polarization and will obtain total correlation (same polarization). Any interception of the photon will destroy the correlation. As shown in FIG. 6, the design incorporates four pockels cells, polarization preserving optical fiber, and feed-back loop for phase drift compensation. The advantages of this embodiment include high data rates compact, inexpensive laser; and good coupling to optical fibers.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 23, 1992
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