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Aging is the process of people growing older.
Key Points
- Population aging is a demographic phenomenon which involves the rise in the median age of a country or region.
- Traditionally, the extended family was primarly responsible for taking care of the elderly, a fact which is no longer the case in many societies.
- Today, the state and various charitable organizations are largely responsible for providing care for the elderly.
- In the U.S., two major problems associated with an aging population are the pension crisis and the strain on the healthcare system, particularly Medicare.
Growing Old
In the 1961 book Growing Old, Cumming and Henry formulated the disengagement theory of aging. It was the first theory of aging that social scientists developed.
disengagement theory
The disengagement theory of aging states that "aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to."
Full Text
As people grow older, they become less self-sufficient in terms of taking care of their own finances, health, and general day-to-day needs and obligations. For example, most societies have a generally accepted age of retirement (based on both societal norms as well as a country's tax laws and pension rules) after which point an individual ceases to engage in employment. The rest of society typically assumes some level of responsibility in ensuring that the elderly are cared for. The elderly can receive care from a variety of different sources, including their families, the state, the private sector, and charitable institutions. Nevertheless, even in societies that have a strong system in place to provide for the aged, an aging population poses a significant financial and economic burden . In the U.S. specifically, the pension system and the healthcare sector are two important examples of this problem.
Does Social Security Decrease Poverty among the Elderly?
The blue line represents social security expenditure in 2010 dollars, while the red line indicates the percentage of the population aged 65 and over who are at or below the poverty line. As the graph shows, the amount of social security expenditure is correlated with a drop in the number of elderly people at or below the poverty line.
History of Elderly Care
Traditionally, the extended family would look after the older generation. While this role is still attributed to the family in many parts of the world, particularly in non-Western nations, the modern family has evolved in such a way that care for the aged is now provided for by the state and various charitable organizations. Some of the main reasons why elders are less likely to be taken care of exclusively by their families include the decreasing size of families, the increased longevity of the elderly, the geographic dispersion of families, and the fact that women have become more educated and commonly work outside the home. While this trend is widespread in Europe and North America, there is growing evidence of it in many parts of Asia, too. The various forms that elderly care services can take include assisted living, adult day care, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-home care. The different institutions can further be classified as medical (skilled) care and non-medical (social) care.
Several countries today are facing an aging population, where the median age of the population has increased and a larger portion of the population is considered to be older. Two primary reasons for this are increased life expectancy and lower birth rates. Currently, the majority of the countries facing this demographic phenomenon consists of advanced economies, such as Japan and many parts of Europe. However, it is predicted that the greatest future impact will occur in Asia.
Advantages of an Older Population
There may be some economic advantages to having an older population. For example, since older people have higher accumulated savings per head than younger individuals do, a large aged population can result in lower interest rates as well as a lower rate of inflation. However, for the most part, a substantial aged population leads to a lot of financial pressure on both the public and private sectors.
Disadvantages of an Older Population
One of the problems that may arise from a large segment of society being aged is a pension crisis. In the U.S., it is probably going to become increasingly difficult to pay corporate, federal, and state pensions, because the number of workers relative to retirees is shrinking. In order to improve the sustainability of the pension system, a few measures can be undertaken. For example, the worker-retiree ratio can be rectified by increasing the retirement age or by changing employment and immigration policies. Alternatively, it may be possible to reduce the amount owed to retirees. Finally, it may become necessary to expand resources to fund pensions through increased contributions or higher taxes. Trying to implement any of these solutions will likely result in some level of controversy and public debate.
Another significant source of problems related to an older population resides in the healthcare sector. In 1965, Congress created Medicare under the Social Security Act in order to provide health insurance to U.S. citizens over the age of 65, regardless of their income and medical history. Aside from premiums paid by Medicare enrollees along with the fund source itself, Medicare is financed by revenue levied on employers and workers through the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the Self-Employment Contributions Act. However, due to rising enrollment as the population ages and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollers, Medicare is facing financial difficulties. While the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is supposed to address many issues confronting the healthcare sector today, the rising cost of healthcare remains a national problem, as patients are paying more in order to receive the same care as before.
Key Term Reference
- Birth rates
- Appears in these related concepts: Fertility, Islam, and Problems in Forecasting Population Growth
- More
- Appears in these related concepts: The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce Resources, Norms and Sanctions, and Sampling ties
- Social Security
- Appears in these related concepts: The Benefits of Mixed Economies, Social Security Legislation, and Corporate and Payroll Taxes
- Social Security Act
- Appears in these related concepts: Toward a Welfare State, Launching the New Deal, and Conclusion: The Legacy of the New Deal
- age
- Appears in these related concepts: The Life Course, Introduction: Manipulating network data structures, and Elements of Socialization
- aging
- Appears in these related concepts: The Middle Years, Implications of Different Rates of Growth, and Introduction
- birth rate
- Appears in these related concepts: Family Life, Three Demographic Variables, and Mortality
- economy
- Appears in these related concepts: The Baby Boom, The Disadvantages of Socialism, and The Economy
- extended family
- Appears in these related concepts: Family Structures, The Family Life Cycle, and Child Care
- family
- Appears in these related concepts: Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties, The Functionalist Perspective, and The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
- immigration
- Appears in these related concepts: Civil Rights of Immigrants, The Immigration Act of 1965, and Migration
- institution
- Appears in these related concepts: Peace, The Conflict Perspective on Deviance, and Introduction
- interest rate
- Appears in these related concepts: Greenspan Era, The Financial Account, and Determinants of investment
- life expectancy
- Appears in these related concepts: Global Aging, Race and Health, and Socially Constructed Interpretations of Aging
- longevity
- Appears in these related concepts: World Health Trends, Gender Differences in Aging, and Children of Divorce and Impact of Divorce
- mores
- Appears in these related concepts: Folkways and Mores, Counterculture, and Human Sexuality and Culture
- norm
- Appears in these related concepts: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Values, and Conformity
- organization
- Appears in these related concepts: General Organization of the Somatosensory System, Communicating Organizational Culture, and Types of Organizations
- pension
- Appears in these related concepts: Employee Retirement Income Security Act, What Goes on the Balances Sheet and What Goes in the Notes, and Overview of Pension Accounting
- population
- Appears in these related concepts: The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance, Quorum Sensing, and Basic Inferential Statistics
- relative
- Appears in these related concepts: Relative Deprivation Approach, Addition of Velocities, and Relative Velocity
- resource
- Appears in these related concepts: Organizing Tasks, Staffing Roles, and Defining and Defending Property Rights
- society
- Appears in these related concepts: The Credentialized Society, Introduction, and Families and Theory
- state
- Appears in these related concepts: Politics, Thinking Politically, and Article IV
- the state
- Appears in these related concepts: Participatory Democracy, Functions of the State, and Authority and Legitimate Violence
Boundless vets and curates high-quality, openly licensed content from around the Internet. This particular resource used the following sources:


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Do you own premium domains? Are you looking to sell? If so, we can help! You are welcome to submit your domains for our brokerage service. Usually we will get back to you within 3 days.
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Can confirm it (Beijing.com) was sold, but the price will remain private. Big props to George Hong who knows his stuff and was an awesome partner.
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I feel safe when having you, George, a domain name broker.
Guta is fantastic! They are particularly effective at negotiating for domains that are owned by individuals in China. I would highly recommend Guta to those who need a brokerage service that gets results.

subset: commoncrawl


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Helen Cederbaum, 100, of 571 S. Fifth St., died Monday, Nov. 18, 2002.
A native of Riga, Latvia, Mrs. Cederbaum was a daughter of the late Cavrums and Valentina Cavrums Suiltkowskis and was the widow of Herbert Cederbaum. She was a homemaker and of the Catholic faith. She was preceded in death by a daughter, Zigrid Maria English.
Graveside services will be at 11:30 a.m. Wednesday at Colbert Cemetery with the Rev. Earl Dunmon officiating.
She is survived by a son-in-law, Sam English.
Pallbearers will be Kenny Sproull, Jamie Sproull, Andrew Wheller, Gary Inlow, Donnie English and Bernie Inlow.
The family is at the residence and will receive friends from 3-5 p.m. today at Brown Funeral Home, Danielsville.
Athens Banner-Herald, Tuesday, Nov. 19, 2002
Published in the Athens Banner-Herald on Tuesday, November 19, 2002.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Current Projects
Current architectural design projects include private residences throughout New York City, Hamptons, Martha's Vineyard, Connecticut, New Mexico, and France's cote d'Azur. Among these are large and small country estates consisting of main residences, cottages, pool houses and equestrian and recreational facilities. They range from alterations and additions to ground-up designs.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Form (shopping cart) abandonment infoAsked by VOMIChairman on November 07, 2014 at 09:49 PM
Is there a way for me to know when someone fails to complete filling out my (order) form? I guess the form would capture all information previously entered and submit it to me for evaluation. Basically I want to track "shopping cart" (or critical information) abandonment in order to better improve or streamline content information.
JotForm Support
You can setup Incomplete Payment Email, please check this guide: http://www.jotform.com/help/273-How-to-setup-Incomplete-Payment-Notification-E-mail.
Enabling this option to your Paypal payment integration would let you receive an email when someone didn't complete the payment process.
Thank you!
Thank you. Very helpful.
You are most welcome. If you need further support please let us know as we are here to help.


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Weekend Fun: Pimp My Segway
Customization of cars and motorcycles have reached new heights in the last few years, so it was only a matter of time before the owners of the Segway decided to Pimp Their Rides. The Segway, for those of you living on Easter Island, is a futuristic "Personal Transporter" that utilizes gyroscopes to steer and balance. Dean Kaman, the brilliant inventor, unveiled the first Segway in late 2001, and the company has branched into new markets including golf, police and forestry.
After building a customer base, it was only a matter of time before owners wanted to make their Segway's a little more "distinctive." Enter Segway Junkyard. The company specializes in selling custom parts to turn your Segway into a moving podium, that would feel right at home on the Death Star, trailer hitches, and custom "rims" to spice up your transporter's wheels. Sadly, we didn't see any spinners on their site…
And if you don't feel you're being bombarded with enough advertising during the course of your day, the Junkyard has lived up to its name by developing a Segway wrapper that can turn your unit into a Personal Billboard Transporter.
More information on Customized Segways.


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Character Info Edit
Scoobert "Scooby"-Doo is a Great Dane belonging to Shaggy, and mascot of Mystery Inc..
Physical appearancesEdit
Scooby is a brown-furred dog. He has black spots around him. Scooby is almost as big as Velma. He has a blue collar with a diamond shaped tag on it labeled SD.
Scooby and his buddy Shaggy are always scared of the monster. They sometimes pretend not to be scared. Scooby and Shaggy are always chosen as live bait and they love to eat. Scooby Snacks will make them do the job.


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100% Positive Rating on eBay
Quality and authenticity, guaranteed.
Dolce & Gabbana Carnation Print Trousers - Black Pants w/ Flower Print
Prada Perforated Pointed Toe Flats - Black Leather
Prada Chunky Heel Halter Strap Sandals - Women's Size 9.5 US/40.5 Italiant - Black Calfskin
Manolo Blahnik Khan Quarter Strap Sandal - Women's Size 39.5 / 9.5 US
Marc Jacobs Ligero Backpack - Tumbleweed Beige
About Adorned in Fashion
Welcome to Adorned in Fashion, a direct source for hand picked designer fashion at discount pricing. We carry an exclusive selection of designer ready-to-wear, footwear, handbags and accessories.
Our inventory is dependent on the seasonal market, availability of items, and frequency of turnover (sales); in the event that we do not have the items you seek in stock, make a request and we can do some style hunting for you!
With sustainability in mind, Adorned in Fashion is dedicated to the reuse of items previously worn but delicately treated. By offering quality fashion-forward finds at reasonable pricing, we bridge the gap between quality and affordability, while combining a circular exchange of positive resource management.
Many items are new with or without tags, some items are gently loved, but all items are fitting to be your 'go-to' in creative self-expression. Some of the exclusive authentic designer brands we re-sale include:
3.1 Phillip Lim; 7 For All Mankind; A.L.C.; Akris; Alberto Fermani; Alexander McQueen; Alexander Wang; Alice + Olivia; Aquatalia; Armani; Autumn Cashmere; Burberry; Charles David; Chloé; Citizens of Humanity; Coach; Cole Haan; Diane von Furstenberg; Dolce&Gabbana; Eileen Fisher; Fendi; Franco Sarto; Free People; French Connection; Frye; Givenchy; Gucci; Helmut Lang; Hudson Jeans; Jimmy Choo; Joe's; Joie; Kate Spade; Louise et Cie; Manolo Blahnik; Marc Jacobs; Marni; Max Mara; Michael Kors; Miu Miu; Oscar de la Renta; Paul Green; Pedro Garcia; Prada; Rachel Roy; rag & bone; Ives Saint Laurent; St. John; Stella McCartney; Stuart Weitzman; Tahari; Ted Baker; Theory; Tod's; TopShop; Tory Burch; Valentino; Versace; Via Spiga; Vince; Vince Camuto
All items sold are authentic designer brands and are accurately depicted in pictures associated. Photos are sole ownership of Adorned in Fashion, but we would love if you shared our services with friends. Get new item alerts and Adorned Fashion review by signing up for our useful email notifications, never miss out on our latest trending items!


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Furniture | THE FURNITURE WAREHOUSE LTD
The Furniture Warehouse "Everybody's Furniture Store!"
The Furniture Warehouse offers good quality furniture at low prices. We have a big selection of dinette furniture, inexpensive T.V stands, affordable bunk beds, twin beds, full beds, bedroom furniture, mattress, recliners, furniture clearance and more. We have the best furniture deals in Edmonton. Visit The Furniture Warehouse and Buy with confidence, because we guarantee the lowest price, all day, every day.
The Furniture Warehouse offers its own exclusive furniture and mattress lines, "Double Tree Furniture" and REM Sleep Systems as well as top brand names like Ashley Furniture, Homey Design, Acme Furniture, Mcferran Home Furnishings and Crown Mark Furniture, encompassing a fabulous selection of Living Rooms, Dining Rooms, Bedrooms, Coffee & End Tables, Entertainment, Home Office, Mattresses, Accessories and Home Décor at affordable prices. Large Selection…Low Prices!
The Furniture Warehouse has three locations for your convenience, Edmonton North Side, Edmonton South Side and Hinton, Alberta. We are proud to offer furniture and mattress shoppers a large selection at low prices.
The Furniture Warehouse has everything you need at prices you want to pay, the best selection, value, and deals.
Alberta, T5L4T4
Tel: 780-488-0626
Fax: 780-488-0627


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HEREFORD United manager Jon Taylor is expecting reinforcements for his squad in the very near future following today's defeat by title favourites St Neots.
"We're waiting for six players to get international clearance and that has caused us a bit of a problem today," he said.
"But in football you don't make excuses, you have to put out the best team you can on the day and I thought today's team could have combated them.
"But there were a few silly errors and that is what has cost us the game.
"Same old cliché, if you don't take your chances, you don't win games."


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- Provision of Careers Consultants
Partner reviews
What our clients say
"The IOE uses The Careers Group to deliver our careers service provision. The advantages of this for a small college are that we are able to tap into the considerable experience and connections that The Careers Group has to offer. We would not otherwise be able to devote enough resources to this area if we had a stand lone service.
"Our careers adviser is able to draw on all the shared information regarding jobs and career progression, and this then benefits our students who are able to also draw on these resources. This has been of particular use in the development of a VLE careers resource for IOE students, and in the delivery of careers sessions using webinars for example. In addition, we are able to call in specialists for particular events. We are also able to get DLHE data and other customer usage and satisfaction data."
Clare Hewitt, Assistant Registrar, Student Support, Institute of Education.
"The Careers Service has totally transformed the Careers and Employability provision at the RVC. As a small specialist college, it's difficult to have an in-house service, outsourcing to the Careers Group has brought a depth of professionalism and dedication to the RVC that has greatly enhanced our students' experience on all courses. Highly recommended!"
Fiona Nouri, Advice Centre Manager, Royal Veterinary College
UCL Careers, part of The Careers Group University of London, first embedded a careers programme with UCL School of Management in 2010.
Designed to enable its ambitious students to achieve long term career success, University College London's MSc Management careers programme has been adapted over the years to ensure it is best tailored to changing student body and departmental requirements. The programme comprises mandatory careers consultant-led, employer-led activities and 1-to-1 career coaching. These activities increase students' commercial awareness and improve the skills needed for them to stand out in the global job market.
Awarded the 2013 AGCAS Careers Service/Academic Department Partnership Award, students are empowered to take ownership of their career planning and have ample opportunities to engage with a wide range of employers.
Natasha Weller, UCL School of Management


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Dementia and Your Legal Rights is a practical guide that sets out some of the legal issues a person with dementia, their families and carers may face, their legal rights and the actions they can take to protect their rights.
The guide offers specific information and important contacts for each state and territory about Advanced Care Directives, Power of Attorney, Enduring Guardianship, Superannuation and Wills.
Written to help people diagnosed with dementia, their families and carers Dementia and Your Legal Rights covers:
1. What mental capacity means, and how it applies to decision-making
2. Your legal rights and decision-making with regard to your finances
3. Your legal rights and decision-making with regard to your health care and personal matters
4. Your legal rights and responsibilities in relation to other matters including employment; superannuation; criminal responsibility; voting, driving; travel; and your Will


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Northampton Santa Run & Walk is a 3km event taking place in Abington Park, Northampton. Around 2500 people are expected to take part, raising funds for local charity Cynthia Spencer Hospice and this is your chance to support them. The 1 lap course is great for people of all ages and is guaranteed to get you in the spirit of Christmas.
The spirit of the event is taking part and raising money for some great local charities. No previous experience is required as you can run, walk or stroll the course. You can even bring your dog along too!
We are asking everyone to make the most of this opportunity and as it is 2017, to try and raise at least £20.16 each, there will be a prize for the fundraiser who raises the most. Everyone will receive a finisher's medal and a Santa Suit to keep. Bring your friends and family and let's get fundraising for some very deserving charities this Christmas!


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Ww Pumpkin Pie With Graham Cracker Crust
Recipe by SVSOUZA
POINTS® Value: 3 Servings: 8 Preparation Time: 10 min Cooking Time: 65 min Level of Difficulty: Moderate Our take on a Thanksgiving classic features a light graham cracker crust. Just the right sweetness to offset the pumpkin pie spice.
Top Review by BBoop999
I made this pie to accompany our Thanksgiving dinner this year. It was DELICIOUS! I'm not really big on pie myself and made it in a wierd looking 9 inch cake pan. Overall it seemed to make the crust a little thicker and thus making the pie taste even better in my opinion. I used the full 2 tsp. of pumpkin pie spice. Delish! I'm making this again for our Christmas dinner. It's a keeper!
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 ounces cinnamon graham crackers, reduced fat
- 1 tablespoon light brown sugar, packed
- 2 tablespoons butter, melted
- 2 large egg whites
- 1 large egg
- 1⁄2 cup dark brown sugar
- 1⁄4 teaspoon table salt
- 2 teaspoons pumpkin pie spice
- 1 cup canned pumpkin
- 1⁄2 cup fat-free evaporated milk
- 1⁄4 cup light whipped topping
Directions See How It's Made
- * Position rack in middle of oven. Preheat oven to 350ºF.
- * Place graham crackers and light brown sugar in a food processor; process into crumbs (or smash into crumbs in a sealed plastic food bag with a rolling pin). Spoon crumbs into a small bowl; add melted butter and combine with fingers into a coarse meal. Distribute crumbs evenly on bottom and up sides of an ungreased 9-inch pie plate. Chill for 30 minutes before baking. Bake until crust starts to turn golden, about 8 to 10 minutes; remove from oven and let cool.
- * Meanwhile, in a large bowl, using an electric mixer, whip egg whites until frothy; fold in egg, dark brown sugar, salt, pumpkin pie spice, canned pumpkin and evaporated milk. Beat pumpkin custard until smooth and pour into pie shell. Bake until a knife inserted in center comes out clean, about 45 to 55 minutes. Slice into 8 pieces, top each piece with 1/2 tablespoon of whipped topping and serve warm or at room temperature. Yields 1 slice per serving.


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It was done 7 days ago, but I came home with a nasty head cold so pretty much lots of last week was spent laying on the sofa.
We started the week by fitting our goats.
This involves washing them,
clipping their hooves,
and shaving them for fair.
My project all works together and spends the bulk of the day at the farm; I love seeing the older ones helping the younger ones.
That Monday morning before fair I got a phone call from the girl who watches our goats. She said that one of them wanted to just keep laying down and didn't look right. We headed out there right away to check him.
He was not acting right, and after observing him for a while, we realized he wasn't peeing.
Goats pee pretty often, but wethers are susceptible to blockages.
After a couple of hours and ruling out a few other things, we took him to UC Davis Animal Hospital.
It was not good news; he had fluid all through his abdomen and they could not find his bladder on the ultrasound. It was very sad, but we had to put him down. The girl who lost him had a great attitude; it was especially sad because she had really worked hard with him and was a great showman. And very sad, because now she had nothing to auction.
Losing a goat the day before fair was devastating....I spent the rest of the day trying to get permission for her to show another goat and finishing the 56 things on my To Do List. We did get approval for her to show Bookworm's second goat, but there wasn't anything we could do to get her into the auction.
The next day we headed to the fair.
I had planned a new display for our project and the kids helped to decorate it and put it up.
And God was so good.....we were given adequate stall space and my eight bales of straw were delivered and waiting for me.
Our goats came in that afternoon and everything was in place.
The next day was weigh in. Boring so no photos. Everyone made weight and the lamb, even though he was a heavy-weight at 145 pounds, still looked good.
Thursday the fair officially opened and we had all our goat competitions.
All the kids did great; in market Bookworm got first in her class.
Showmanship was lots of fun; Nutsy got 3rd in Novice.
And seniors was pretty competitive; Dasher got 3rd and Bookworm got 2nd.
They were all winners in my book.
Friday was the lamb day.
Here is Mr. Lego, showing for the last time ever.
He did so well, and got 2nd in market class.
The sheep judge was a little strange. For novice showmanship he had all 25 kids get out there at one time. They were so stacked on top of each other that they had to show at angles.
And then they couldn't even complete a circle around the ring.....he quickly pulled 8 kids and dismissed the rest.
Which brought Mr. Lego's 4H career to an end.
I am so proud of him, and all he accomplished these last 6 years!
Bookworm made the cut and ended up winning novice showmanship.
She went on to compete in seniors, and took 3rd.
This was where things got interesting. We have kids in our fair that compete in both 4H and FFA (Future Farmers of America - a public high school program). You can only show in one organization per species, but really good kids can win multiple animals species, and then they declare which species/organization they will use to get into master showmanship.
So, the girl who won sheep seniors decided to show in FFA masters. Then the 2nd place girl was actually the junior winner, and she opted to compete in junior masters.
Which bumped Bookworm up to senior 4H master showmanship.
We only found it out the next morning, about 3 hours before masters started. She quickly hooked up with a few other kids, and they went out and worked with some steers and hogs.
Master showmanship is lots of fun to watch.
Dairy goat
I loved this photo I shot of the whole group of master showman watching horse.
And the results?
3rd place in 4H senior master showmanship.
Sunday was auction; all the kids in my project did well and made enough to do the whole thing over again next year. Except of course my one girl who lost her goat; she wrote up a special letter and distributed it to the buyers that day.
And it wasn't all work.....
Clover Club goat project potluck dinner
Playing with another club in the stalls after auction.
Ninja Destruction
Card games
I had a great group this year! They all worked so hard, and even though there were tears, tough lessons, and lots of work, we had a successful fair year.


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Bank Make Your RM100 to RM103
Investment Make Your RM100 to RM103
Insurance Make your rm100 to RM100000
No Matter How great you are in your life, that's 2
things beyond your control…..
That's accident & illnesses
When Tragedy happen……
Friends moght help you with RM200
Relatives might help you with RM2000
Parents or sibling might help you with Rm20,000
But…For sure only insurance not might but CAN help you
with RM200,000, RM2Mil even million!!
Thats the real world! That's the importance of Insurance/Takaful
THink of it before you say no
Zulkarnain Zainal
Prudential BSN Takaful Malaysia Medical Card


text: After a thorough examination, Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.has diagnosed you as suffering from a case ofGay Cooties Gay Cooties (Imaginarium Gay Disease) Gay Cooties are a gay disease created on a gay lab to infect our children with teh ghey. Gay Cooties are a threat to our children's safety. HistoryEdit 01:25 Cooties PSA: Beware of Teh Cooties! External TubesEdit "Gay Cooties"is a part of Wikiality.com's dictionary, "Watch What You Say". For the full dictionary, click here. Retrieved from "http://wikiality.wikia.com/wiki/Gay_Cooties?oldid=273143" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: The Diseases Dictionary Add category Cancel Save


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Classroom grammar instruction, fallacy II: teaching grammar rules to native speakers
That isn't very many people these days.
"Anon: having two teenagers around and seeing what books sell to kids, it's hard for them to even find high-quality prose. Most of the stuff out today is dreck"
Then they should read classics. I was doing that as a kid over 40 years ago: Mark Twain, Conan Doyle, Jules Verne. Stuff that was old even then.
- Anon


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Search 1000s of commercial spaces by size, location, and price.
Good commercial location! Currently in business as a bar & lounge. This large building can be used for a variety of purposes. Includes almost all fixtures and equipment. Adequate parking. Also included is a 2BR/1BA SWMH (Zoned AG) and Liqour license included in the price. Seller will entertain owner financing with $150,000 down. Zoned C-2, AG. Built in 1984.
From intersection of SR 20 & Sr 19, take SR 19 South to Ocala National Forest. Property is on right before reaching Salt Springs


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- "Holy Hannah! No more arthritis!"
- ―Jacob Carter[src]
Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints.
Jacob Carter is known to have suffered from arthritis. However, after blending with the Tok'ra Selmak, his arthritis was fully cured. (SG1: "The Tok'ra, Part 2")


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The paperless office may still be some way away for some of us, but many organisations are now relying on electronic documents. This is an accelerating trend that will place much more importance on the properties and capabilities of the different electronic document formats.
The traditional paperless office concept brings to mind scanning paper documents, but we are already starting to see documents being created and exchanged electronically; if required, the paper copy will be of secondary importance. Online filing of tax and company information is a topical example. Technologies such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language) allow data to be created, transmitted, received and processed electronically, eliminating the need for documents to be archived as discrete items.
At some point, however, th...
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Patient Handling Equipment 2016 Global Market Opportunities and Forecasts 2022
WiseGuyReports.com adds"Patient Handling Equipment 2016 Global Market Opportunities and Forecasts 2022"reports to its database.
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Patient handling equipment assist to move, transfer, or support a person or body part conveniently in medical facilities. It ensures safety of care givers and doctors while handling patients. The enhancement in quality of care and maintaining personal hygiene of patients is possible with the help of patient handling equipment. It also increases the productivity of care givers, reduces possibility of patient injuries, and is cost efficient than retrofitting.
Rising aging population, government policies, and rising incidences of diseases are key factors driving the growth of the world patient handling equipment market.
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However, the scarcity of skilled professionals and challenges to bariatric care patients are factors restraining the growth of the market. On the other hand, technological advancements and private institutional nursing create opportunities for growth in the market.
The world patient handling equipment market is segmented based on product, type of care, accessories, end users, and geography. The products covered in the report include wheelchair, scooter, beds, bathroom safety, mechanical, and ambulatory. The types of care included in the report are bariatric, fall, critical, and wound. The accessories discussed in the report are lifting and transfer. The end users covered in the report are homecare, hospitals, elderly care homes, and others. The market is divided geographically into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America, Middle East and Africa (LAMEA).
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The prominent manufacturers operating in the market are Stryker Corporation, Hill-Rom Holdings Inc., Invacare Corporation, Prism Medical, Guldmann Inc., Getinge Group, Linet Spol. S.R.O., Stiegelmeyer & Co. GmBH, and Joerns Healthcare. They have adopted various strategies, such as new product launches, mergers & acquisitions, expansions, partnerships, joint ventures, and others to strengthen their position in the market.
The report offers a detailed analysis of key driving and restraining factors of the world patient handling equipment market.
An exhaustive analysis of key strategies adopted by leading manufacturers helps in understanding competitive scenario.
This report offers an in-depth quantitative analysis of the current market and estimations through 2015 and 2020, which assists in identifying the prevailing Market - Opportunities.
The report provides an extensive analysis of current and future market status of the world patient handling equipment market.
Comprehensive analysis has been done in this report by constructing market estimations for the key market segments between 2015 and 2020.
An extensive analysis of current research and clinical developments withinthe world patient handling equipment market is provided with key market dynamic factors that help in understanding the behavior of the market.
The world patient handling equipment market is segmented into North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, and Latin America, Middle East and Africa (LAMEA).
Bathroom Safety
Type of Care
End User
Elderly Care Homes
North America
Latin America, Middle East and Africa (LAMEA)
Stryker Corporation
Hill-Rom Holdings Inc.
Invacare Corporation
Prism Medical
Guldmann Inc.
Getinge Group
Linet Spol. S.R.O.
Stiegelmeyer & Co. GmBH
Joerns Healthcare
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Stress testing of real credit portfolios
Stress testing has become a crucial point on the Basel II agenda, mainly as Pillar I estimates do not explicitly take portfolio concentration into account. We start from the credit portfolio of the German pension insurer being a cross-sectional representation of the German economy and subsequently compose three bank portfolios corresponding to a small, medium and large bank. We apply univariate and multivariate stress tests both by using the Internal Rating based (IRB) model and by a model that additionally allows for variation of correlation. In a severe multivariate stress scenario based on historical data for Germany IRB capital requirements increase by more than 80% with little differences between the credit portfolios. If stress testing is additionally applied to correlation, the Value-at-Risk increases by up to 300% and portfolio differences materialize.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: Postfach 10 06 02, 60006 Frankfurt
Phone: 0 69 / 95 66 - 0
Fax: 0 69 / 95 66 30 77
Web page: http://www.bundesbank.de/
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Schmieder, Christian & Memmel, Christoph & Stein, Ingrid, 2007.
"Relationship lending: empirical evidence for Germany,"
Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies
2007,14, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
- Memmel, Christoph & Schmieder, Christian & Stein, Ingrid, 2008. "Relationship Lending - Empirical Evidence For Germany," Economic and Financial Reports 2008/1, European Investment Bank, Economics Department.
- Heid, Frank, 2007. "The cyclical effects of the Basel II capital requirements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 3885-3900, December.
- Treynor, Jack L, 1977. "The Principles of Corporate Pension Finance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(2), pages 627-638, May.
- Lopez, Jose A., 2004. "The empirical relationship between average asset correlation, firm probability of default, and asset size," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 265-283, April.
- Jose A. Lopez, 2002. "The empirical relationship between average asset correlation, firm probability of default and asset size," Working Paper Series 2002-05, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Merton, Robert C, 1974. "On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 29(2), pages 449-470, May.
- Merton, Robert C., 1973. "On the pricing of corporate debt: the risk structure of interest rates," Working papers 684-73., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
- Lütkebohmert, Eva & Gordy, Michael B., 2007. "Granularity adjustment for Basel II," Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies 2007,01, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
- Düllmann, Klaus & Scheicher, Martin & Schmieder, Christian, 2007. "Asset correlations and credit portfolio risk: an empirical analysis," Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies 2007,13, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
- Philippe Artzner & Freddy Delbaen & Jean-Marc Eber & David Heath, 1999. "Coherent Measures of Risk," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(3), pages 203-228.
- Gordy, Michael B., 2003. "A risk-factor model foundation for ratings-based bank capital rules," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 199-232, July.
- Michael B. Gordy, 2002. "A risk-factor model foundation for ratings-based bank capital rules," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2002-55, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Jose A. Lopez, 2005. "Stress tests: useful complements to financial risk models," FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, issue jun24.
- Dirk Tasche, 2005. "Measuring sectoral diversification in an asymptotic multi-factor framework," Papers physics/0505142, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2006.
- Masschelein, Nancy & Düllmann, Klaus, 2006. "Sector concentration in loan portfolios and economic capital," Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies 2006,09, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
- Peura, Samu & Jokivuolle, Esa, 2004. "Simulation based stress tests of banks' regulatory capital adequacy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(8), pages 1801-1824, August.
- Wolfgang Gerke & Ferdinand Mager & Timo Reinschmidt & Christian Schmieder, 2008. "Empirical Risk Analysis of Pension Insurance: The Case of Germany," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 75(3), pages 763-784.
- Schmieder, Christian & Reinschmidt, Timo & Mager, Ferdinand & Gerke, Wolfgang, 2006. "Empirical risk analysis of pension insurance: the case of Germany," Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies 2006,07, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
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Lacuna Coil Unveil 'Nothing Stands in Our Way' Video
Lacuna Coil are digging deeper into their 'Broken Crown Halo' album by debuting their 'Nothing Stands in Our Way' video.
Lacuna Coil are digging deeper into their 'Broken Crown Halo' album by debuting their 'Nothing Stands in Our Way' video.
Lacuna Coil rack up a lot of frequent flyer miles from Italy with plenty of North American touring.
Loudwire chats with Lacuna Coil co-vocalist Andrea Ferro about the band's latest album 'Broken Crown Halo' and much more.
Mental note: study up on chess moves before ever even considering taking on Lacuna Coil's Cristina Scabbia. You'll understand why after watching the new video for the band's latest single, 'I Forgive (But I Won't Forget Your Name).'
Lacuna Coil co-vocalist Cristina Scabbia was the guest on Full Metal Jackie's radio show this past weekend. Fresh off the "Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock" tour, Scabbia talked about the trek, the band's transition after having two members retire and channeling her own personal struggles into the band's songwriting. If you missed Jackie's show, here's her full interview with Lacuna Coil's Cristina Scabbia.
First off, congrats to Korn, as their song 'Spike in My Veins' just earned its fifth consecutive victory in the Cage Match to land it in the Loudwire Cage Match Hall of Fame. With the song retiring from competition, that means we have two new hard rocking heavyweights ready to enter the battle.
These are interesting times for Lacuna Coil, as the band has just released 'Broken Crown Halo,' but done so as two of the group's longtime members have decided to retire from the band. However, the transition appears to be going well, as the group just took part in the 'Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock' tour leading into the release of their album.
Lacuna Coil have unleashed their seventh studio album 'Broken Crown Halo' via Century Media Records, and this is a key album for the band. It's their last disc to feature retiring drummer Cristiano "Criz" Mozzati and guitarist Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore.
We've got an extra special treat for you thanks to Lacuna Coil. The Italian metal band's newest album, 'Broken Crown Halo,' will be released tomorrow (April 1), but you can hear the entire album right now exclusively at Loudwire.
Anyone up for a late night stroll through the graveyard? It might be a little more enticing if you had Lacuna Coil's latest single 'Die and Rise' serving as the soundtrack.


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Games > adventure
Unlock memories from the past and solve intricate puzzles to break the webs of a curse. Explore a magical world beyond your imagination that has been waiting for you to save it. Experience Curse at Twilight: Thief of Souls, a stunning Hidden Object Puzzle Adventure game! • Seven lands to explore + seven chapters of fun! • Save a hauntingly magical world • Collect map pieces to travel quickly • Discover your destiny Get the Strategy Guide!
You are hired by a monk to break a curse on a haunted tower deep within the wilderness. To solve the mystery of the cursed tower, you must navigate a strange maze full of traps and puzzles. Upon your adventure, you will meet strange beings, most who wish to do you harm, and a few who wish to help you succeed on your quest.Finding the tower is only the beginning. Once you break the curse, you discover a secret that puts everyone you love in jeopardy. Are you clever enough to outsmart the Tower of Secrets and save all that you love? Need some help? Check out the official Strategy Guide!


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 7, 1999
|Filing date
|Apr 16, 1996
|Priority date
|Apr 16, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ronald C. Mullin, Scott A. Vanstone
|Original Assignee
|Certicom Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (57), Classifications (22), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for generating digital signatures.
It has become widely accepted to conduct transactions, such as financial transactions or exchange of documents, electronically. In order to verify the transaction, it is also well-known to "sign" the transaction digitally so that the authenticity of the transaction can be verified. The signature is performed according to a protocol that utilizes the message, i.e. the transaction, and a secret key associated with the party. The recipient can verify the signature using a public key of the signing party to recover the message and compare it with the transmitted message. Any attempt to tamper with the message or to use a key other than that of the signing party will result in an incompatibility between the sent message and that recovered from the signature or will fail to identify the party correctly and thereby lead to rejection of the transaction.
The signature must be performed such that the signing party's secret key cannot be determined. To avoid the complexity of distributing secret keys, it is convenient to utilize a public key encryption scheme in the generation of the signature. Such capabilities are available where the transaction is conducted between parties having access to relatively large computing resources but it is equally important to facilitate such transactions at an individual level where more limited computing resources are available.
Automated teller machines (ATMs) and credit cards are widely used for personal transactions and as their use expands, so the need to verify such transactions increases. Transaction cards, i.e. credit/debit cards or pass cards are now available with limited computing capacity (so-called "Smart Cards") but these do not have sufficient computing capacity to implement existing digital signature protocols in a commercially viable manner.
As noted above, in order to generate a digital signature, it is necessary to utilize a public key encryption scheme. Most public key schemes are based on the Diffie Helman Public key protocol and a particularly popular implementation is that known as DSS. The DSS scheme utilizes the set of integers Zp where p is a large prime. For adequate security, p must be in the order of 512 bits although the resultant signature may be reduced mod q, where q divides p-1, and may be in the order of 160 bits.
The DSS protocol provides a signature composed of two components r, s. The protocol requires the selection of a secret random integer k referred to as the session key from the set of integers (0, 1, 2, . . . q-1), i.e.
k.di-elect cons.{0, 1, 2, . . . q-1}.
The component r is then computed such that
r={βk mod p} mod q
where β is a generator of q.
The component s is computed as
s=[k-1 (h(m))+ar] mod q
where m is the message to be transmitted,
h(m) is a hash of that message, and
a is the private key of the user.
The signature associated with the message is then s,r which may be used to verify the origin of the message from the public key of the user.
The value βk is computationally difficult for the DSS implementation as the exponentiation requires multiple multiplications mod p. This is beyond the capabilities of a "Smart Card" in a commercially acceptable time. Although the computation could be completed on the associated ATM, this would require the disclosure of the session key k to the ATM and therefore render the private key, a, vulnerable.
It has been proposed to precompute βk and store sets of values of r and k on the card. The generation of the signature then only requires two 160 bit multiplications and signing can be completed within 1/2 second for typical applications. However, the number of sets of values stored limits the number of uses of the card before either reloading or replacement is required. A problem that exists therefore is how to generate sufficient sets of values within the storage and/or computing capacity of the card.
One possibility is to use a smaller value of p but with the DSS scheme this will jeopardize the security of the transaction.
An alternative encryption scheme that provides enhanced security at relatively small modulus is that utilizing elliptic curves in the finite field 2m. A value of m in the order of 155 provides security comparable to a 512 bit modulus for DSS and therefore offers significant benefits in implementation.
Diffie Helman Public Key encryption utilizes the properties of discrete logs so that even if a generator β and the exponentiation βk is known, the value of k cannot be determined. A similar property exists with elliptic curves where the addition of two points on a curve produces a third point on the curve. Similarly, multiplying any point on the curve by an integer k produces a further point on the curve. However, knowing the starting point and the end point does not reveal the value of the integer `k` which may then be used as a session key for encryption. The value kP, where P is an initial known point, is therefore equivalent to the exponentiation βk.
In order to perform a digital signature on an elliptic curve, it is necessary to have available the session key k and a value of kP referred to as a "session pair". Each signature utilizes a different session pair k and kP and although the representation of k and kP is relatively small compared with DSS implementations, the practical limits for "Smart Cards" are in the order of 32 signatures. This is not sufficient for commercial purposes.
One solution for both DSS and elliptic curve implementations is to store pairs of signing elements k, kP and combine stored pairs to produce a new session pair. For an elliptic curve application, this would yield a possible 500 session pairs from an initial group of 32 stored signing elements. The possibilities would be more limited when using DSS because of the smaller group of signing elements that could be stored.
In order to compute a new session pair, k and kP, from a pair of stored signing elements, it is necessary to add the values of k, e.g. k1 +k2 →k and the values of k1 P and k2 P to give a new value kP. In an elliptic curve, the addition of two points to provide a third point is performed according to set formula such that the addition of a point k1 P having coordinates (x,y) and a point k1 P having coordinates (x2 y2) provides a point k3 P whose x coordinate x3 is given by: ##EQU1##
This computation may be significantly simplified using the normal basis representation in a field F2m, as set out more fully in our PCT application Ser. No. PCT/CA95/00452, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, even using such advantageous techniques, it is still necessary to utilize a finite field multiplier and provide sufficient space for code to perform the computation. This is not feasible within the practical limits of available "Smart" cards.
As noted above, the ATM used in association with the card has sufficient computing power to perform the computation but the transfer of the coordinates of k1 P and k2 P from the card to the terminal would jeopardize the integrity of subsequent digital signatures as two of the stored signing elements would be known.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate the above disadvantages and facilitate the preparation of additional pairs of values from a previously stored set.
In general terms, one aspect of the present invention proposes to compute on one computing device an initial step in the computation of a coordinate of a point derived from a pair of points to inhibit recognition of the individual components, transfer such information to another computing device remote from said one device, perform at least such additional steps in said derivation at such other device to permit the completion of the derivation at said one device and transfer the result thereof to said one computing device.
Preferably, the initial step involves a simple field operation on the two sets of coordinates which provides information required in the subsequent steps of the derivation.
Preferably also the additional steps performed at the other device complete the derivation.
In a preferred embodiment, the initial step involves the addition of the x coordinates and the addition y coordinates to provide the terms (x1 ⊕x2) and (y1 ⊕y2).
The addition of the coordinates is an XOR operation that can readily be performed on the card and the results provided to the terminal.
In this manner, the coordinates (x,y) representing kP in a stored signing element are not disclosed as insufficient information is provided even with subsequent uses of the card. Accordingly, the x coordinate of up to 500 signatures can be generated from an initial set of 32 stored signing elements.
The new value of k can be computed on the card and to avoid computing the inverse k-1, alternative known masking techniques can be utilized.
A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of generating additional sets of points from the initial set that may be used individually as a new value of kP or in combination to generate still further values of kP.
According to this aspect of the invention, the curve is an anomalous curve and the Frobenius Operator is applied to at least one of the coordinates representing a point in the initial set to provide a coordinate of a further point on the elliptic curve. The Frobenius Operator .O slashed. provides that for a point (x1,y1) on an anomalous curve, then .O slashed. (x1,y1) is a point (x1 2,y1 2) that also lies on the curve. In general, .O slashed.i (x1 y1) is a point x2.spsp.i, y2.spsp.i that also lies on the curve. For a curve over the field 2m, there are m Frobenius Operators so for each value of kP stored in the initial set, m values of kP may be generated, referred to as "derived" values. The new value of k associated with each point can be derived from the initial relationship between P and .O slashed.P and the initial value of k.
For a practical implementation where 32 pairs of signing elements are initially retained on the card and the curve is over the field 2155, utilizing the Frobenius Operator provides in the order of 4960 possible derived values and by combining pairs of such derived values as above in the order of 107 values of kP can be obtained from the initial 32 stored signing elements and the corresponding values of k obtained to provide 107 session pairs.
Preferably, the stored values of kP are in a normal basis representation. The application Frobenius Operator then simply requires an "i" fold cyclic shift to obtain the value for an .O slashed.i operation.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of generating signature components for use in a digital signature scheme, said signature components including private information and a public key derived from said private information, said method comprising the steps of storing private information and related public key as an element in a set of such information, cycling in a deterministic but unpredictable fashion through said set to select at least one element of said set without repetition and utilizing said one element to derive a signature component in said digital signature scheme.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a programmable credit card;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a transaction performed between the card and network;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the derivation of a session pair from a pair of stored signing elements;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of one step in the transmission of information shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a preferred implementation of the derivation of a session pair from two pairs of stored values; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a selection unit shown in FIG. 1.
Referring therefore to FIG. 1, a programmable credit card 10 (referred to as a `SMART` card) has an integrated circuit 12 embedded within the body of card 10.
The integrated circuit includes a logic array 14, an addressable memory 16 and a communication bus 18. The memory 16 includes a RAM section 20 to store information, a pair of cyclic shift registers 22 for temporary storage of information and programming code 24 for control of the logic array 14 and communication bus 18. The array 14 includes an arithmetic unit 26 to provide modular arithmetic operation, e.g. additional and multiplication, and a selection unit 28 controlled by the programming code 24. It will be appreciated that the description of the card 10 is a schematic and restricted to that necessary for explanation of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
The card 10 is used in conjunction with a terminal 30, for example an automated teller machine (ATM), that is connected to a network to allow financial transactions to be conducted. The terminal 30 includes a keypad 32 to select options and tasks and has computing capabilities to perform the necessary functions in conjunction with the card 10.
Access to the terminal 30 is obtained by inserting card 10 into a reader 34 and entering a pass code in a conventional manner. The pass code is verified with the card 10 through communication bus 18 and the terminal 30 activated. The keypad 32 is used to select a transaction, for example a transfer of funds, between accounts and generate a message through the network to give effect to the transactions, and card 10 is used to sign that transaction to indicate its authenticity. The signature and message are transmitted over the network to the intended recipient and upon receipt and verification, the transaction is completed.
The RAM section 20 of memory 16 includes digital data string representing a private key, a, which remains secret with the owner of the card and a corresponding public key Q=aP where P is the publicly known initial point on the selected curve. The RAM section 20 also includes a predetermined set of coordinates of points, kP, on an elliptic curve that has been preselected for use in a public key encryption scheme. It is preferred that the curve is over a finite field 2m, conveniently, and by way of example only, 2155, and that the points kP are represented in normal basis representation. The selected curve should be an anomalous curve, e.g. a curve that satisfies y2 +xy=x3 +1, and has an order, e. Each point kP has an x coordinate and a y coordinate and is thus represented as two 155 digital data strings that are stored in the RAM 20. By way of example, it will be assumed that the RAM 20 contains 32 such points identified generically as kP and individually as k0 P, k1 P . . . k31 P. Similarly, their coordinates (x,y) will be individually designated x0 y0 . . . x31 y31.
The points kP are precomputed from the chosen parameters of the curve and the coordinates of an originating point P. The k-fold addition of point P will provide a further point kP on the curve, represented by its coordinates (x,y) and the value of k cannot be determined even if the coordinates of points P and kP are known.
RAM 20 therefore contains the values of k associated with the respective points kP so that a set of stored signing elements k,kP is available for use in the signing of the transaction.
To sign a message m generated by the transaction, one session pair kj ; kj P is required and may be obtained from RAM 20 as set out more fully below. Assuming that values kj, kj P have been obtained, the signing protocol requires a signature r,s) where
r is the data string representing the x-coordinate, xj reduced mod q (q is a preselected publicly known divisor of e, the order of the curve, i.e. q/ex); and
s=[k-1 (h(m))+ar] mod q where h(m) is a q-bit hash of the message m generated by the transaction.
In this signature, even though r is known, s contains the secret k and the private key, a, and so inhibits the extraction of either.
The generation of s requires the inversion of the value k and since k is itself to be derived from the stored set of values of k, it is impractical to store corresponding inverted values of possible k's. Accordingly, a known masking technique is used to generate components r, s1 and u of a signature. This is done by selecting an integer, c, and computing a value u=ck. The value s1 =c(h(m)+ar) mod q.
The signature value s can then be obtained by the recipient computing s1 u-1 =k-1 [h(m)+ar].
The signature (r,s1,u) can be computed on the card 10 and forwarded by bus 18 to the terminal 30 for attachment to the message m.
As noted above, in order to generate the signature (r,s), it is necessary to have for session pair k and kP. Security dictates that each session pair is only used once and it is assumed that the number of signing elements stored in RAM 20 is insufficient for commercial application.
In the preferred embodiment, two techniques are used to generate additional session pairs to the stored signing elements. It will be appreciated that each technique may be used individually although the combination of the two is preferred.
The first technique involves the use of the Frobenius Operator to derive additional session pairs from the stored signing elements and is shown in FIG. 3. The Frobenius Operator denoted .O slashed. operates on a point P having coordinates (x,y) on an anomalous elliptic curve in the finite field 2m such that .O slashed.i P=(x2.spsp.i,y2.spsp.i). Moreover, the point .O slashed.i P is also on the curve. In the field 2155, there are 155 Frobenius Operators so each point kP stored in memory 20 may generate 155 points on the curve by application of the Frobenius Operators. Thus, for the 32 values of kP stored, there are 4960 possible values of kP available by application of the Frobenius Operator.
To derive the value of .O slashed.i P, it is simply necessary to load the x and y coordinates of a point kP into respective shift registers 22 and perform an i-fold cyclic shift. Because the coordinates (x,y) have a normal basis representation, a cyclic shift in the register 22 will perform a squaring operation, and an i-fold cyclic shift will raise the value to the power 2i. Therefore, after the application of i clock cycles, the registers 22 contain the coordinates of .O slashed.i (kP) which is a point on the curve and may be used in the signing protocol. The 155 possible values of the coordinates (x,y) of .O slashed.i (kP) may be obtained by simple cyclic shifting. The representations in the registers 22 may then be used to obtain r.
Where the use of Frobenius Operator provides sufficient values for commercial use, only one coordinate is needed to compute the value of r and so only a single shift register is needed. However, as will be described below, further session pairs can be derived if both the coordinates are known and so a pair of registers is provided.
For each value of .O slashed.i (kP), it is necessary to obtain the corresponding value of k.O slashed.(P)=λP. λ is a constant that may be evaluated ahead of time and the values of its first m powers, λi computed. The m values are stored in RAM 20.
In general, .O slashed.i (kP)→λi kP so the value of k associated with .O slashed.i (kP) is λi k. Since k is stored for each value of kP in RAM 20 and λi is also stored, the new value of k, i.e. λi k, can be computed using the arithmetic unit 26.
As an alternative, to facilitate efficient computation of λi and avoid excessive storage, it is possible to precompute specific powers of λ and store them in RAM 20. Because m is 155 in the specific example, the possible values of i can be represented as an 8-bit binary word. The values of λ2 →λ2.spsp.7 are thus stored in RAM 20 and the value of λ represented in binary. The prestored values of λ2.spsp.i are then retrieved as necessary and multiplied mod e by arithmetic unit 26 to provide the value of λi. This is then multiplied by k to obtain the new value associated with .O slashed.i (kP).
It will be seen therefore that new session pairs k, kP may be derived simply and efficiently from the stored signing elements of the initial set. These session pairs may be computed in real time, thereby obviating the need to increase storage capacity and their computation utilizes simple arithmetic operations that may be implemented in arithmetic unit 26.
A further technique, illustrated schematically in FIG. 4, to increase the number of session pairs of k and kP available, and thereby increase the number of signatures available from a card, is to combine pairs of stored signing elements to produce a new derived value. The addition of two points k1 P and k2 P will produce a third point k3 P that also lies on the curve and may therefore be used for signatures.
The addition of two points having coordinates (x1,y1) (x2 y2) respectively on a curve produces a new point having an x coordinate x3 where ##EQU2##
In the finite field 2m, y1.O slashed.y2 and x1.O slashed.x2 is an XOR field operation that may be performed simply in logic array 16. Thus the respective values of x1,x2 and y1,y2 are placed in respective ones of registers 22 and XOR'd. The resultant data string is then passed over communication bus 16 to the terminal 30. The terminal 30 has sufficient computing capacity to perform the inversion, multiplication and summation to produce the value of x3. This is then returned to register 22 for signature. The potential disclosure of x3 does not jeopardize the security of the signature as the relevant portion is disclosed in the transmission of r.
The value of k1 +k2 is obtained from the arithmetic unit 26 within logic array 16 to provide a value of k3 and hence a new session pair k3, k3 P is available for signature.
It will be appreciated that the value for y3 has not been computed as the signing value r is derived from X3 rather than both coordinates.
It will be noted that the values of x1 and x2 or y1 and y2 are not transmitted to terminal 30 and provided a different pair of points is used for each signature, then the values of the coordinates remains undisclosed.
At the same time, the arithmetic functions performed on the card are relatively simple and those computationally more difficult are performed on the terminal 30.
The above technique may of course be used with pairs selected directly from the stored signing elements or with the derived values obtained using the Frobenius Operator as described above. Alternatively, the Frobenius Operator could be applied to the value of kP obtained from combining pairs of the stored signing elements to provide m possible values of each derived value.
To ensure security and avoid duplication of session pairs, it is preferred that only one of the stored signing elements should have the Frobenius Operator applied, as in the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5.
In this arrangement, the coordinates x1,y1 of one of the stored signing elements is applied to the registers 22 and cyclically shifted i times to provide .O slashed.i k1 P.
The respective coordinates, x.sub..O slashed.1,y.sub..O slashed.1, are XOR'd with the coordinates from another of the stored values k2 P and the summed coordinates transmitted to ATM 30 for computation of the coordinate x3. This is retransmitted to the card 10 for computation of the value r.
The value of k1 is processed by arithmetic unit 26 to provide λi k and added to k2 to provide the new value k3 for generation of signature component s. In this embodiment, from an original set of 32 stored signing elements stored on card 10, it is possible to generate in the order of 107 session pairs. In practice, a limit of 106 is realistic.
The above procedure requires a pair of stored signing elements to be used to generate each session pair. In order to preserve the integrity of the system, the same set cannot be used more than once and the pairs of stored values constituting the set must not be selected in a predictable manner.
This selection function is performed by the selection unit 28 whose operation is shown schematically in FIG. 6.
Selection unit 28 includes a set of counters 40,42,44 whose outputs address respective look up tables 46,48,50. The look up tables 46,48,50 map the successive outputs of the counters to pseudo random output values to provide unpredictability for the selection stored signing elements.
The 32 stored values of k and kP are assigned nominal designations as elements in a set 52 ranging from -15 to +15 with one designated ∞. To ensure that all available combinations of stored values are used without repetition, the nominal designations are grouped in 16 pairs in an ordered array 54 such that the difference (mod 31) in the assigned values of a pair uses all the numbers from 1 to 30. ∞ is grouped with 0. This array provides a first row of a notional matrix.
Successive rows 54a,b,c, etc. of the notional matrix are developed by adding 1 to each assigned designation of the preceding row until 15 rows are developed. In this way a matrix is developed without repetition of the designations in each cell. By convention ∞+1=∞.
Counter 42 will have a full count after 15 increments and counter 40 will have a full count after 14 increments. Provided the full count values of counters 40,42 are relatively prime and the possible values of the counter 50 to select Frobenius Operator are relatively large, the output of counters 40,42,44 are mapped through the tables 46,48,50 respectively to provide values for row and column of the notional matrix and the order i of the Frobenius Operator to be applied.
The output of counter 48 selects a column of the array 54 from which a designation associated with a starting pair can be ascertained. In the example of FIG. 6, the output of counter 42 is mapped by table 48 to provide an output of 3, indicating that column 3 of array 54 should be selected. Similarly, the output of counter 40 is mapped through table 46 to provide a count of 3 indicating that values in row 3 of the matrix should be used.
The assigned designations for a particular row are then obtained by adding the row value to the values of the starting pair. This gives a new pair of assigned designations that indicate the locations of elements in set 52. The signing elements are then retrieved from the set 52.
One of those pairs of signing elements is then output to a shift register 22 and operated upon by the designated Frobenius Operator .O slashed.. The value of the Frobenius Operation is obtained from the output of table 50 which maps counter 44. The value obtained from table 5 sets the shift clock associated with register 22 so that the contents of the register 22 are cyclically shifted to the Frobenius value .O slashed. indicated by the output of table 50.
Accordingly, a new value for kP is obtained. The associated value of k can be computed as described above with the arithmetic unit utilizing the output of table 50 to determine the new value of λ. Accordingly, a derived value is obtained.
The derived value and signing element are then combined as described at (ii) above to provide a new session pair k, kP for use in the signing process.
The use of the counters 40,42 provides input values for the respective tables so that the array 54 is accessed in a deterministic but unpredictable fashion. The grouping of the pairs in the array 54 ensures there is no repetition in the selected elements to maintain the integrity of the signature scheme.
Counter 44 operates upon one of the selected pairs to modify it so that a different pair of values is presented for combination on each use, even though multiple access may be made to the array 54.
The counters 40,42,44 may also be utilized to limit the use of the Smart Card if desired so that a forced expiry will occur after a certain number of uses. Given the large number of possible signatures, this facility may be desirable.
Alternative structures to the look up tables 46,48,50 may be utilized, such as a linear feedback shift register, to achieve a mapped output if preferred.
In summary, therefore, pairs of signing elements from an initial set of stored values can be selected in a deterministic and unpredictable manner and one of those elements operated upon by the Frobenius Operator to provide additional values for the elements. The elements may then be combined to obtain a new session pair with a portion of the computation being performed off card but without disclosing the value of the elements. Accordingly, an extended group of session pairs is available for signing from a relatively small group of stored values.
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|Verifying implicit certificates and digital signatures
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|Jean-Sebastien Coron
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|Cardinal Commerce Corporation
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|Feb 4, 2005
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|Apr 1, 2005
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|May 2, 2006
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|Granting an access to a computer-based object
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|Hendrik Brockhaus
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|Oct 8, 2009
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|Cardinalcommerce Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|713/172, 713/180, 380/30
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 16, 1996
Owner name: CERTICOM CORP., CANADA
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text:
Paperhouses Offers Open Source Blueprints of Contemporary Architecture
Tatiana Bilbao | The Module House
If you're like us (and the 99.99 percent of the rest of the world), you've probably all but given up on the idea of living in a two story modular masterpiece built by Tatiana Bilbao or a light-infused, private sky structure by Florian Busch.
But thanks to a new online architecture resource on opensource.com, your dream home doesn't have to be a dream at all.
See also: Filmmaker Eileen Yaghoobian Makes Sexting Art
Paperhouses is a pioneering open source platform that allows users to download the residential blueprints from the some of the biggest names in contemporary architecture.
Since it's creation in 2012 by New York-based Founder and CEO Joana Pacheco, Paperhouses has acquired coveted home blueprints of 12 world-renowned architects including Carl Turner Architects, Christ Christ associated architects, Christian Pottgiesser architecturespossibles, Dekleva Gregoric Arhitekti, Dekleva Gregoric Arhitekti, Dellekamp Arquitectos, EMBT - Enric Miralles - Benedetta Tagliabue , Florian Busch Architects, Jun Igarashi, Panorama Arquitectos, SPBR Angelo Bucci, Spora Architects, and Tatiana Bilbao S.C. -- with future plans to release new designs each month.
Stemming from the philosophy that "free information is only beneficial if it can be implemented," Paperhouses also provides users with a directory of local contractors as well as a network of building partners who can help tailor a chosen design to meet the specific needs of the user (i.e. materials, location, etc.).
While Paperhouse's free registration is currently open, the full-scale blueprints will not be available until the begining of 2014.
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Free Stuff, Samples, Coupons, and Sweepstakes | Woman Freebies
April 26, 2015 | Videos
This speed painter had me guessing until the very end. When I saw what he had done, I couldn't believe my eyes!
You work too hard for your money to throw it all away on full price when you don't have to!
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text:
HEARTBREAKING: A two young arab girls cry when their beloved filipina nanny say goodbye
This Heartbreaking video of a two Arab girls crying while their Filipina nanny say's goodbye to them this scene in video was touched the hearts of many Filipinos worldwide.
The story of this was (tagalog)"pauwi si ate para magbakasyon pero ang mga sumunod na eksena ay totoong nakakadurog puso, dahil sa damang dama ng dalawang bata ang lungkot kapag ang nanny nila ay nawalay sa kanila,"said by netizen who shared this video.
Some netizens claimed that filipina nanny was studied arabic so she could efficiently serve her employers.
People around the globe praised this filipina nanny.here are some netizens said and complimentary.
"Ang mga pinoy na kasama sa bahay ang syang tumatayong ina at ama ng mga batang kanilang inaalagaan." Mark tan felix
However, a few people and netizens used this video to raise awareness for those OFW's who are being mistreated by their employers in Saudi Arabia.
"Halos lahat naman ng mga pinoy mapagmahal sa mga sinisilbihang amo.kaso may mga amo sa saudi na abusado." A social media user said.


text:
Who we are
TVS Group
Composition of Committees of Board of Direcrtors
Board of Directors
Contact details of KMPs
What is Road SenseMaintenanceTyre BasicsTyre History
Three Wheeler
Industrial Pneumatic - IT30
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Investor RelationsFinancial ResultsCode of ConductShareholding Pattern
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MilestonesTyre CareWhat's New?In the News
Charles Goodyear invented vulcanised rubber in 1844 that was later used for tyres.
In 1888, John Dunlop invented the air-filled or pneumatic tyres. These, however, were for bicycles.
In 1895, André Michelin was the first person to use pneumatic tyres on an automobile. This, however, was not successful.
In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tyre, which was a combination tyre and an air-filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tyres.
In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tyre. However, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.
In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tyres with improved road traction.
In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented tyres with a longer life by adding carbon to the rubber.
Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tyres in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum.
Pneumatic tyre
John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921) was a Scottish veterinarian and the recognised inventor of the first practical pneumatic or inflatable tyre. His patent was for a bicycle tire, granted in 1888. However, Robert William Thomson (1822-1873) invented the actual first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tyre. He patented his pneumatic tyre in 1845; his invention worked well but was to costly to catch on. Dunlop's tire patented in 1888 did, and he rec eived the most recognition. William Thomson also patented a fountain pen (1849) and a steam traction engine (1867).


text:
Before you answer this question here are somethings you should know:
Doctors work long hours, especially those in training.
You may not get to see your partner as much as you'd like to, especially if you have a lot of free times on your hands.
Depending on their spec, they could work a lot their whole life.
Sometimes their work can take a toll on your partners psychological state, not just the fatigue.
Those are the people who sacrifice themselves in order to give to the society. Being a doctor is much more then a job. It is who you are and it is hard for most people not to take it home with you.
Most doctors are competitive and hardworking.
They don't choose this career for the money, so don't think dating someone involved in medicine remotely equates to searching for a sponsor.
If you are in it, or are intending to enter the medical field, do you consider having a partner with a similar job a pro or a con?
A random question directed to both males and females:
Do you consider doctors attractive? ;)
Most Helpful Guy
I think thier importance could be seen as attractive (people in uniform) and I'd appreciate thier intelliagance... but that wouldn't make them desirable necassarily
As for the long hours I've worked as a chef before and decided that I'd never return to a kitchen. I loved my job, loved watching people enjoy food I'd made, loved having waiting staff come into the kitchen telling me and my colleagues that a certain table would like to thank us in person for the food they'd enjoyed so much, loved the creativity, the 'hands on' aspect... but the hours destroyed your soul.
Split shifts (10-2. (2-5 was your split inbetween service... you can do NOTHING with 3 hours other than go to the gym, pop home for a shower) 5-finish (finish could be anywhere from 11-1am) 5/6 days a week... I had NO life and was underpaid for the hours I put in. I worked at a expensive prestigious restaurant amongst people with michelin stars and if I worked I could progress, make a good career out of it... but I hated all the times I'd missed friend's birthdays, days out in the summer, holidays I couldn't go on, girls I couldn't see etc... These kinds of jobs need a focused, driven person who as you said make SACRIFICES for thier work
I've still got my whites, knives etc just in case I ever reconsider, perhaps start working part-time again as I really enjoy cooking BUT having a life that involves just working and sleeping 6 days a week, being out of the house 70-80 hours a week isn't what I want nor could I live like that again. Far to strenuous11|00|0