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Family nurture intervention (FNI): methods and treatment protocol of a randomized controlled trial in the NICU
The stress that results from preterm birth, requisite acute care and prolonged physical separation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) can have adverse physiological/psychological effects on both the infant and the mother. In particular, the experience compromises the establishment and maintenance of optimal mother-infant relationship, the subsequent development of the infant, and the mother's emotional well-being. These findings highlight the importance of investigating early interventions that are designed to overcome or reduce the effects of these environmental insults and challenges.
This study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with blinded assessment comparing Standard Care (SC) with a novel Family Nurture Intervention (FNI). FNI targets preterm infants born 26-34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and their mothers in the NICU. The intervention incorporates elements of mother-infant interventions with known efficacy and organizes them under a new theoretical context referred to collectively as calming activities. This intervention is facilitated by specially trained Nurture Specialists in three ways: 1) In the isolette through calming interactions between mother and infant via odor exchange, firm sustained touch and vocal soothing, and eye contact; 2) Outside the isolette during holding and feeding via the
The FNI is designed to increase biologically important activities and behaviors that enhance maternally-mediated sensory experiences of preterm infants, as well as infant-mediated sensory experiences of the mother. Consequently, we are enlarging the testing of preterm infant neurodevelopment beyond that of previous research to include outcomes related to mother-infant interactions and mother-infant co-regulation. Our primary objective is to determine whether repeated engagement of the mother and her infant in the intervention's calming activities will improve the infant's developmental trajectory with respect to multiple outcomes. Our secondary objective is to assess the effectiveness of FNI in the physiological and psychological co-regulation of the mother and infant. We include aspects of neurodevelopment that have not been comprehensively measured in previous NICU interventions.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01439269
The overall goal of our program of research is to test the hypothesis that increasing the amount of specific types of mother-infant and family-calming interactions will improve neurodevelopmental and emotional outcomes in preterm infants, and behavioral and emotional outcomes in mothers.
The stress that results from preterm birth, and the requisite acute care and prolonged physical separation in the NICU, can have adverse physiological/psychological effects on both the infant and the mother
There have been numerous trials of interventions for mothers of preterm infants. However, several aspects make this current study different. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of biologically-relevant mother-infant calming activities in their breadth and complexity using an RCT design. With the exception perhaps of some Kangaroo Care (KC) or Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) interventions, very few trials incorporate strategies that relate to mother-infant interactions while the infant is in the NICU, even fewer while the infant is confined to the isolette. No such trial to our knowledge has specifically identified the "Calming Cycle" (see Methods and Design below) as the central focus of the intervention, or included an extended family support component for the mother and infant. Few trials have included as extensive an array of physiological and psychological mother and infant outcome measures. Finally, few trials have followed the patients for two years. We seek to address these deficiencies by carrying out an RCT of a family-based nurture intervention (FNI) among the families of pre-term infants born 26-34 weeks PMA into the NICU, using blinded assessments of effectiveness with long-term follow-up.
By nurturing interactions and activities, we mean those mother-infant interactions inherently involved in mothering such as holding, touching and communicating. These activities engage the sensory systems of both the mother and her infant (i.e., sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste, temperature, vestibular, kinesthetic)
Nurturing interactions are equally important for establishing and maintaining the mother's physiological and behavioral adaptations necessary for the care of her infant
We are combining elements of prior interventions with known efficacy and testing these within the theoretic context we call the mother-infant
Figure 1
Conceptual representation of Calming Cycle hypothesis
Conceptual representation of Calming Cycle hypothesis. During a
Our intervention focuses on enabling mothers to engage in certain mother-infant interactions as early as possible after birth, within the constraints of the NICU environment. These interactions begin with odor-cloth exchange, firm sustained touch and vocal soothing, and eye contact while the infant is confined to the isolette; skin-to-skin contact and
The intervention used in this trial is based on a rich history of ethological and experimental studies in animals and humans, as well as from the 30-year clinical experience of the first author treating developmental disorders. Our approach also draws on existing early intervention literature, including studies on the effectiveness of kangaroo care (KC)
The rationale underlying many of the features of this intervention is also supported by a recent meta-analysis of early NICU interventions involving parents
The present report describes in detail the FNI methodology and summarizes the measures used to evaluate the efficacy, safety and practicability of this intervention. These assessments include a broad spectrum of infant physiological, infant behavioral and family health outcomes, starting from the time of enrollment in the NICU through the first two years of the infant's life. Our primary objective is to determine the effectiveness of FNI in improving the neurodevelopmental and emotional outcomes in preterm infants. Our secondary objective is to assess the ability of FNI to improve co-regulation in the mother and her preterm infant.
Methods and Design
FNI is a randomized controlled trial designed to determine the short- and long-term physiological and behavioral effects of a family nurture intervention on preterm infant development. The intervention takes place over the course of the NICU stay. FNI is designed to help the mother and her preterm infant engage in interactive biologically important activities and behaviors that enhance the maternally-mediated sensory experiences of preterm infants, as well as the infant-mediated sensory experiences of the mother. Extended family members are also engaged and encouraged to adopt both a supportive and supplementary role in the process. Our primary hypotheses are that the FNI group will have increased infant brain activity as assessed by electroencephalogram (EEG) power and better basic neurobehavioral function close to term and at 18 months CA as compared to the Standard Care (SC; described below) group. Our secondary hypotheses are that the FNI group will have decreased stress responses in mother and infant at four months CA, fewer maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms after discharge from the NICU, as well as better maternal attachment and support systems as compared with the SC group. In addition to the aforementioned measures, we are also collecting samples of infant blood, breastmilk and stool samples from mother and infant.
Ethical considerations
Written informed consent is obtained from families prior to enrolment in the trial. This trial and all protocols within it have been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Columbia University Medical Center, where the trial is being conducted.
The study setting is a high acuity neonatal intensive care unit at Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital in New York, NY. The intervention is conducted during the infant's stay in the NICU. All follow-up assessments are conducted at adjacent facilities to the hospital at Columbia University Medical Center.
Families are eligible for recruitment if the infant is born a singleton or twin in the hospital between 26 and 34 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA), if the mother has no history of drug addiction or psychosis or other severe mental illness, if the mother understands and speaks English, and if there is at least one adult other than the mother in the home. Infants are excluded from the study if their birth weight is below the third percentile for gestational age or if there are significant congenital defects. Families are excluded if there is not at least one adult other than the mother in the home, since in such cases the critical family support component of the intervention could not be completed or evaluated (see Family Support Sessions below).
Recruitment is undertaken by a trained research assistant (RA). The RA reviews birth records daily. After obtaining permission from the attending physicians of both mother and infant, the RA invites qualifying families in the Obstetrics Ward or NICU to participate in the study. The RA describes the study procedures to the parents, including the randomization process, and obtains a written consent form from those enrolling. Mothers wishing to think about the study or talk it over with family members are encouraged to make a decision within 24 hours so that the intervention can start as early as possible.
Mothers complete initial assessments after consent and families are then assigned to the FNI intervention group or the SC group using a randomized block design. For randomization, six group assignment cards (3 FNI: 3 SC) are placed in envelopes and sealed. The envelopes are shuffled, numbered and placed in a packet prior to use. The RA withdraws an envelope from the packet to determine group assignment. Within 1 to 2 days of consenting, mothers assigned to the FNI group meet with a Nurture Specialist (NS) designated to facilitate the intervention and begin to carry this out, as described in the Intervention Methods section below. Mothers of infants assigned to the SC condition receive NICU standard care as described in the Standard Care section below. Twins are "clustered" for purposes of randomization, with both infants being assigned to the same group along with the mother.
To determine the total sample size necessary to ensure statistical power of not less than 0.8 to detect differences between group means, we considered the detectable difference for each of the primary outcome variables that would be of interest for a successful study result. Our experience and that of others suggested that effect sizes within the 'medium' range would be achievable (i.e., 0.4 to 0.6). Therefore, given the two independent samples created within the RCT design, assuming a significance level of α = .05 for a two-tailed test, we estimate that we will have at least 80% power (1-
Table 1
Power analysis
Outcome Measure
Reference Population
Detectable Difference |
Effect Size
Total N Required
6.044 (.434)
4.32 (1.73)
1.77 (1.10)
18 months
96.4 (14)
4 months
Median = 2.4
4 months
19.8 (11.1)
A power analysis was conducted to determine the sample size needed to ensure statistical power of (1-
*Non-optimal reflexes. Illustrative of the 13 NNNS subscales. Citation for the reference population is the same as that for all Outcome Measures except CES-D. Abbreviations: Bayley-III, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, III; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HRV, heart rate variability; NNNS, NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale; PMA, post-menstrual age of the infant.
Intervention methods
Family Nurture Intervention
FNI is overseen and facilitated by specially trained Nurture Specialists (NS). Currently, these are former NICU nurses, although with proper training FNI could be facilitated by non-RNs. FNI employs three categories of calming activities that are based upon the availability of the infant for nurturing interactions with the mother and upon the availability of the family members to meet with the mother and NS. By including multiple activities, we are able to initiate at least some aspects of the calming intervention very early, when the medical status of the most vulnerable infants precludes more comprehensive approaches.
The intervention procedures in this trial are standardized and are accordingly meant to be replicable. However, the dose of the intervention varies according to the availability of the infant, the mother and the family. Mothers recruited into the study and assigned to the FNI group commit to at least four one-hour intervention sessions a week. However, FNI mothers who come in more frequently will perform these interventions more often. Research nurses facilitate at least the minimum four intervention sessions per week and keep logs of intervention activities and duration. Mothers in both groups also complete logs of weekly nurture activities. All of the nurture and intervention activities are tracked.
The first calming interactions between mother and infant take place while the infant is confined to the isolette. These activities are designed to be compatible with the limited access of the mother to the infant during the initial days in the NICU. For example, during the very first days in the NICU reciprocal odor cloth exchange may be the only way that the mother can begin to establish contact with her infant. Touching and vocal soothing are added as soon as possible. At this stage the intervention is designed to engage the sensory systems of smell, touch, hearing and sight through odor cloth exchange, firm sustained touch, vocal soothing and eye contact.
As the infant's medical status becomes stable and the infant is well enough to leave the isolette for skin-to-skin or non skin-to-skin holding and feeding, the mother is able to engage in
As the family members become available to meet with the NS and mother, the importance of ongoing calming activities between mother and infant as well as family support for the mother are discussed. These sessions are designed to engage the family members in reassuring and calming the mother and in providing continued support for her when the infant goes home.
Calming Interactions in the Isolette
Reciprocal Odor Cloth Exchange
Controlled laboratory experiments have shown that a mother's olfactory signature has unique relevance for her infant and that mothers recognize the characteristic scent of their newborn infant, even without extensive postnatal interactions
During the first meeting between the mother and the NS, two small cotton cloths (approximately 5 by 7 inches) are given to the mother. On the initial visit the mother is instructed to wear one cloth in her bra and place the other cloth underneath the head of her infant, whether or not the infant is on respiratory support. After the visit, the mother is shown how to exchange the cloth she was wearing with her infant's cloth. The mother is encouraged to repeat this cycle 1-2 times daily in the initial period of intensive care and at each visit for the duration of the hospitalization. These procedures take place within the NICU guidelines for infectious disease control. Once home, mothers are encouraged by the NS to continue odor exchanges once they are discharged from the unit during periods of separation. For example, the mother can sleep with an odor cloth and leave it with a caretaker when the mother is absent. If the infant needs soothing upon separation, he or she can then be swaddled with the mother's odor cloth.
Firm Sustained Touch, Vocal Soothing and Eye Contact
Exposure to the mother's voice begins
Loss of physical contact between the mother and infant can be the most salient nurture disruption that results from the NICU experience. Furthermore, much of the physical contact that infants do experience in the NICU is not calming, due to the nature of the medical procedures required. However, gentle therapeutic touch has been found to be safe for preterm infants, as measured by physiological stability and indices of agitation or pain
During the initial meeting in the NICU the mother is instructed to make contact with her infant through firm and sustained touch and eye contact. The contact is done with sensitivity to the infant's response and physiological and emotional state. When the infant is distressed, except in the case of the smallest and most premature infants, the mother is taught to place the infant's arms on the chest and gently place her hand on top, while using her other hand to cup her infant's feet and lightly draw the knees toward the chest. The mother performs this firm tactile containment after the infant has undergone a behaviorally disruptive procedure such as suctioning, blood drawing, or even diaper change and temperature check. Once the infant is calm, the mother is taught to place her hand firmly on the infant's belly for extended periods of time as a way of providing calming sustained contact not otherwise possible while the infant remains in the isolette. The mother also is shown how to hold her finger on the tips of her infant's fingers, an action that often induces the infant to wrap his or her fingers around the mother's finger. This phenomenon, known in the literature as 'the grasp reflex', has been shown to have a calming effect on the infant
While in physical contact with her infant, the mother is instructed to speak to her infant, to calm the infant, and to express her feelings and emotions. To do this, the mother is encouraged to use her primary language, the one she uses to express deep emotions. The use of the primary language has been observed to engage eye contact from the infant in a way that secondary language does not. This observation is supported by data suggesting that native and second languages are associated with distinct and different areas in the cerebral cortex
Calming interactions during Holding and Feeding
The intervention incorporates as a central feature repeated experience with a sequence of behaviors and states observed in clinical practice during mother and child active interaction sessions
Holding sessions give the mother the opportunity to increase her engagement in the
Skin-to-skin holding is conducted according to Kangaroo Care (KC) protocols used in many studies and NICUs
As holding sessions proceed, the NS helps the mother identify four phases through which mothers and infants cycle: 1) separate mother and infant discomfort/distress; 2) mutually shared distress; 3) mutual resolution of discomfort/distress; 4) mutual calm that may include periods of eye-to-eye contact and/or infant sleep. Often the mother falls asleep, too. The NS helps the mother recognize each of these elements of the
During these sessions, the NS maximizes a mother's comfort by providing a rocking chair or designated KC chair, dimming the lights, minimizing noise from the monitor, bringing the mother water, answering questions and addressing her concerns. The NS also helps reposition the infant if the infant is transitioning to breastfeeding. In addition, the NS encourages the mother to engage in vocal soothing and mimicking the infant's noises. Fathers are also encouraged to engage in holding sessions in order to gain experience with the
Family Support Sessions
Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of family education and involvement for infant development and healthcare
FNI family support sessions involve all possible family members and others outside the nuclear family who may take part in the infant's care while in the NICU and later at home. At least one Family Support Sessions is scheduled during the NICU stay, and weekly sessions are held if possible. Special sessions may be scheduled in order to include all the various family members. During the sessions, the NS leads the family through various discussions, including the characteristics and value of the
Additional file 1
Mom's Support Circle.
Click here for file
The NS also discusses how to prepare for taking the infant home from the NICU. Practical planning issues such as where the infant will sleep, who will care for siblings, and whom the mother can call in case of an emergency are addressed. Difficulties associated with bringing home a prematurely born infant are previewed with the family and possible solutions are discussed, so that the family members are prepared for particular circumstances that concern them.
Components of a high-nurture home environment are discussed. Key elements include seeking help from family members and using conflict resolution skills to alleviate distress within the family. This is particularly important in cases where the parents are separated or divorced, or where interpersonal conflicts could interfere with the special needs of the infant. The importance of unified support is emphasized and resources and referral services are reviewed.
Finally, the mothers are asked to continue to engage in FNI activities with their infants for a minimum of 2 years. Specifically they are encouraged to use olfactory cloth exchanges when they are separated from their infants, to continue
Twins as well as singletons are included in the study because twinning occurs commonly in the hospital where this study is being conducted, due largely to increased use of
Standard Care
None of the activities in FNI described above are explicitly part of the SC protocol for staff nurses in our NICU. Standard Care is provided equally to infants in the two groups and focuses on extensive training and practice in the management of premature infant care. Major elements of SC in the NICU focus on the maintenance of infant temperature in isolette and open crib; management of respiratory and oxygen support; provision of appropriate nutritional support; prevention and treatment of infection; pre and postsurgical care; and parent education including instruction in normal infant care, diaper change, bathing, temperature checking, holding, breast feeding, car seat use, and infant CPR.
For both SC and FNI infants, the staff nurse's attention is focused on performing and documenting the SC mandated procedures. Nurses often communicate to the mother that interacting with her infant is desirable, but facilitation of these activities is left to the discretion of the nurse. Instruction in KC can occur but it is not consistently recommended. A full-time feeding specialist is employed by the NICU who focuses on optimization of infant nutrition and evaluation of competence in oral feeding. Staff nurses provide instruction in breast pumping to mothers.
Family support group sessions are held weekly, but participation is optional and not consistently attended. Social workers and family life specialists are available when needs arise and for discharge planning as requested by parents. Family involvement with infant care is identified as important, but family engagement is at the nurse's discretion. Tasks such as feeding, bathing, and diaper change take place according to a specific time schedule. In summary, mother and family involvement in SC varies widely in implementation and participation.
Throughout the course of the study, a comprehensive series of biobehavioral assessments is conducted in both the FNI and SC infants and their families (Figure
Figure 2
Study flow-chart
Study flow-chart. Abbreviations: CA, corrected age; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; EEG, electroencephalogram; FNI, Family Nurture Intervention; HRV, heart rate variability; NNNS, NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale; PMA, post-menstrual age; RA, research assistant.
The timing of assessments in the NICU was determined both by what we are trying to measure and by an attempt to minimize the patient burden. Thus, in the case of FNI group EEG, the time points were chosen based on practicability of first assessment and time elapse of the intervention. The four and twelve month assessments were set based on prior work showing that infant attachment at one year is predicted by mother-infant interactions measured at four months CA
Psychological Assessments of FNI and SC Mothers
Mothers in both groups are assessed by means of a wide-range of psychometric instruments. As summarized in Table
Table 2
Outcome measures
Parental measures
Time(s) administered
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Mother's anxiety level generally and at the current moment
E1, D, T and 4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Mother's depressive symptomology during the past week
E1, D, T and 4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System
Mother's aversive and appetitive motivation
E2, T and 4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Adult Temperament Questionnaire
Mother's temperament
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Parenting Stress Index (short version)
Mother's parenting stress
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale
Mother's feelings of effectiveness in parenting
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Adult Attachment Interview
Mother's perception of her intimate relationships
APGAR Score
Health of newborn children immediately after birth
1 and 5 min after birth
NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Neurobehavioral functioning of infant
36 & 40 wks PMA
Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire
Infant's temperament
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Brief Infant-Toddler Social & Emotional Assessment
Screens for social-emotional problems in infant
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Infant Behavior Questionnaire
Assesses infant's temperament
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Ages and Stages Questionnaire
Screens for developmental delays in the infant
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Assesses infant motor, language, and cognitive development
18, 24 mo. CA
Child Behavior Checklist
Screens for child emotional and behavioral problems
18, 24 mo. CA
Preschool Language Scale-5
Assesses toddler language development
24 mo. CA
Mom's Support Circle (Additional File
Mother's self-report of family's support system for infant care in the home.
E2, T and 4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Nurture Time Daily Log
Mother's self-report of time performing nurturing activities with the infant
Weekly in NICU
Maternal Nurture & Family Support Meeting
Nurse's assessment of mother's nurturing ability and family support system.
1x post discharge
Home Nurture Questionnaire
Mother's self-report of nurture interactions with her infant at home.
4 mo. CA
Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (revised)
Assesses father's social support
4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
Hane Behavioral Assessment Video
Coded for quality of maternal caregiving behavior and infant stress reactivity
36 wks PMA and 4 mo. CA
Beebe Assessment Video
Coded and assessed for attachment and mother-infant attunement.
4 and 12 mo. CA
Records brain activity of infant during an hour of sleep
34§, 36§, 40 wks PMA
Records heart rhythm of infant during an hour of sleep
34§, 36§, 40 wks PMA and 4, 12, 24 mo. CA
Respiratory rate of infant recorded during an hour of sleep
34§, 36§, 40 wks PMA
Body Temperature
Body temperature
34§, 36§, 40 wks PMA
To analyse peptides present in mother's breastmilk
3x in NICU
To measure cytokines present in infant's blood
Once in unit.
From saliva. Assess mother and infant's stress levels
34§, 36§, 40§ wks PMA and 4, 12, 18, 24 mo. CA
1x/day for 3 wks, 1x/wk for 1 mo., 1x/mo. for 1 year
◆ Standardized Questionnaire
▲ Custom FNI-NICU Questionnaire
Assessments in mothers and infants will be performed from birth through 24 months to determine the primary and secondary outcomes of this study.
§ At these approximate ages the noted physiological variables will be obtained, simultaneously, from the mother and infant during a calming cycle. Abbreviations: CA, corrected age; D, Near Discharge; E1, Near Enrollment Before Assignment; E2, Near Enrollment After Assignment; PMA, postmenstrual age; T, At Term.
Neurobehavioral Assessments of Infants
At regular time points during the study, the neurobehavioral status of the infants is assessed using either standardized examinations conducted by research team members who are 'blind' to the infants' group assignments or through maternal questionnaires (Table
In addition to these blind assessments, mothers provide a wide range of information about their infant's development through questionnaires. At 4, 12, 18, and 24 months CA information about infant temperament is obtained using the Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire, EITQ
At 18 and 24 months CA, infants are administered the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Bayley III
Physiological Assessments
Physiological assessments are summarized in Table
Heart rate variability (HRV) will be assessed to provide indices of autonomic control during the three EEG assessments completed in the NICU and during the follow ups at 4, 12 and 24 months CA. HRV refers to rhythmic and predictable time-related changes in interbeat intervals (IBIs). HRV can be seen in a continuous recording of IBIs (or heart rate) over time. It is best seen while the infant is breathing normally or breathing at a paced rate within a normal physiological range. Heart rate variability is a measure of autonomic function. Respiratory rate and variability are measured at the same times using a respiratory belt and body temperature is measured employing a temperature probe taped to the flank of the baby. These measures provide an overall indication of the infant's autonomic function.
As a component of the mother-infant interaction assessments conducted at 4 and 12 months CA (see below), salivary cortisol levels are measured at four times during each session (and additionally at 18 and 24 months CA). Previous research has shown that neuroendocrine responses measured via cortisol in pre-term infants are a robust marker of stress reactivity
Mother-Infant Interaction Assessments
Diaper Change and Feeding
At 36 weeks PMA, while the infant is still in the NICU, and again at 4 months CA, videos of the mother changing the diaper and feeding the infant are obtained. These 5-10 min DVDs provide a means of assessing the qualities of the mother's interaction with her infant during a routine caregiving procedure, and are coded by research team members unfamiliar with the dyads' group assignment
Face-to-Face Interactions
At the 4 and 12 month CA follow-up visits to the clinic, a split-screen filming session is conducted following protocols developed in the laboratory of Beebe and Jaffe
Figure 3
Four-month follow-up visit time-line
Four-month follow-up visit time-line. The ~60 min protocol consists of: (1) consent, (2) mother-infant play, (3) stranger-infant play (4) diaper change, (4) Still-Face paradigm, (5) parental questionnaires. Cortisol (c; "red circle") is measured at 4 times: consent, ~15 min after mother-infant play (before diaper change), 15 min after still-face (~min 49), and 30 min after still-face (~min 64). Abbreviations: c "red circle", cortisol; HR, heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; M/I, mother-infant; S/I, stranger/infant.
Assessments of NICU Activities
Ascertainment of attendance and the frequency and/or time spent engaged in key aspects of the FNI are obtained from maternal self-report forms. These forms are filled out after each visit to NICU. The mother is asked to enter information about the start and stop times of each of her visits to the NICU and to estimate the amount of time or number of times she engaged in various types of interactions with her infant. A similar schedule of questionnaires is given to the SC group mothers, but without questions that pertain only to the FNI group (e.g., odor cloth exchange,
Research nurses keep logs of intervention activities and their duration while facilitating the intervention with FNI mothers. Additionally, mothers in both groups complete logs of weekly nurture activities. It is possible that kangaroo care is done in the SC group and we request that the mothers log this information. It is important to note that calming touch, vocal soothing, and odor-cloth exchange are not aspects of SC in the NICU.
Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures
The primary outcome measures assess the neurodevelopment and physiological functioning of the premature infant from birth through 24 months CA as summarized in Table
Our secondary outcome measures assess the co-regulation of the mother and the infant. Mother's mood, temperament and attachment will be assessed using: STAI, CES-D, BIS-BAS, ATQ, PSI, MSES, and the AAI. The infant's mood and temperament will be assessed using: BITSEA, IBQ-R, EITQ and CBCL. Mother-infant interactions and attachment will be assessed through scoring video recordings. Mother-infant stress responses will be evaluated by cortisol level assessment and autonomic function recordings (HRV, respiratory rate, body temperature). A mother's nurturing ability will be assessed by self-report and NS rating of nurturing abilities and the duration of nurturing behaviors as revealed by the Nurture Time Daily Log, the Maternal Nurture & Family Support Meeting, the Home Nurture Questionnaire and the NSSQ. An additional secondary outcome is the degree to which FNI may improve family support, which is assessed with the Mom's Support Circle worksheet. We will also collect data for an additional secondary, exploratory outcome-the effect of FNI versus SC upon peptide/cytokine/gene expression in the blood and/or breastmilk and upon the gut microbiome.
Planned analyses
Descriptive statistics will be derived for all predictor and outcome variables. Family socio-demographic characteristics are not expected to differ by study group, but significance tests will be conducted to confirm the success of the randomization process. Outcomes for the two study groups including infant EEG measures, stress and development, and maternal stress and depression will be compared at each measurement interval (intake, term, 4, 12, 18, and 24 months CA) using independent t-tests for differences between means for continuous data and chi-squared tests for differences between proportions for categorical data. The Bonferroni correction will be applied to account for multiple testing. Longitudinal analyses assessing differences over time will be conducted using repeated measures ANOVA for continuous data and Kruskal-Wallace or Friedman's adaptation of this test for non-parametric data. Generalized linear models will be used to assess the variability in infant development, as measured by Bayley-III Scales at 18 months CA. This variability is explained by repeated maternal and infant psychological and neurological factors after controlling for baseline family socio-demographic characteristics.
A set of well-known instruments with established validity and reliability was selected for psychometric testing in this study. For example, amongst the primary outcome variables of interest, concurrent validity with other tests of cognitive and motor skills such as the Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) (range:
Data coding and analysis
All data analyses are conducted on de-identified data, and assessments are made without knowledge of the mother and infant's group assignment whenever possible. Coding is performed by raters blinded to subject assignment.
Self-report assessments by mothers
Mothers in the two groups read and respond to self-report questionnaires independently and receive advice and consultation that may reduce anxiety and distress. However, it is not possible to blind mothers to group assignment because mothers in the intervention group are given extensive instruction in nurture activities and are given personal attention by the NS. In the course of receiving normal NICU care and attention, mothers in the SC group may observe FNI mothers receiving supplementary attention. Moreover, the infants in the two groups may occupy nearby isolettes. Thus, SC mothers may interact with FNI mothers and observe the FNI activities.
Objective assessments
Neurobehavioral assessments, including the NNNS and Bayley-III Scale, are conducted by clinical psychologists blinded to group assignment. Infant and mother physiological data (e.g., cardio-respiratory, EEG) is collected by non-blinded research assistants but coding, data reduction and preliminary data analysis is done without knowledge of group assignment. Only final group comparison analyses are, of necessity, performed with knowledge of group status.
Confidentiality of Study Data
At recruitment, a subject is given a unique study number. All forms and data are identified by this number, rather than by the subject's name. Patient data are stored in locked cabinets and access is limited to the study staff. All data collected in this study are computerized, managed and stored under the oversight of the Data Coordinating Center at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, in a physical and electronically secure relational database management system using Scientific Information Retrieval (SIR) software.
Nurture may be viewed as the integration of multiple processes within the mother-infant dyad, from cognitive and emotional to physiological to molecular levels. The biobehavioral processes that comprise mother-infant interactions provide regulation for both members of the dyad. In very young animals and human infants, the biological systems regulated by nurture are those from which psychological/motivational and cognitive systems develop as the organism matures
The decision to include the word "nurture" in the title for the intervention in this study was made with careful consideration. Nurture has long been associated in the lay community with a wide and complex range of mother and family environmental influences that are important to infant and child development. Yet, the term nurture remains loosely defined and largely misunderstood in modern society. Perhaps because of this, nurture as the subject for serious study has come to be viewed by a large segment of the scientific community with skepticism or dismissal. Increased demand for evidence-based practice and for simple quantifiable interventions has resulted in a reductionist approach to treatments, and studies testing the effects of interventions have become simpler as data has increased in quantity and has become more complex. As a consequence, few studies have viewed the nurture phenomenon in its breadth and complexity using a multi-disciplinary approach. The purpose of this trial is to address these shortcomings of NICU intervention studies. That is, we are attempting to study the complex multi-variable nurture phenomenon by keeping focused on the biology of development and by approaching nurture through its individual measurable components. In doing so, we hope that this study will lead to a more specific and comprehensive understanding of the word nurture in the public realm and a new appreciation of the concept in the scientific community.
For premature infants in isolettes in the NICU, we are trying to alleviate the multifaceted consequences of nurture deprivation revealed by studies of mother-infant separation in animal models
Based on the literature and on the extensive clinical experience of the first author, early introduction of repeated mother-infant sensory interactions is expected to alleviate maternal depression, anxiety, and guilt as well as lessen infant aversion to contact that stems from both separation/isolation and the many stressful medical procedures performed as life-saving interventions. The
Potential limitations
There are several limitations to this study. Comparing outcomes in two treatment groups with different patterns of care taking place on the same intensive care unit creates the potential for interactions between participants that can lead to unintended alterations in the treatment actually delivered and in the health of the participants, which, in turn, can affect the outcome measures themselves. For example, whereas the medical and nursing staff is explicitly blind to group assignment, they too may become aware of group status by witnessing NS activities in the FNI group. However, it should be noted that patients in both study groups are intermixed in the intensive care unit among a far greater number of non-study infants. The study NICU census averages 70 infants, with 10 being the maximum number of study infants at any one time, so that the probability of such interactions is low. However, in order to assess the possibility or extent of unintended alterations in treatment, we have included questionnaires for nursing staff and mothers as well as quantitative measures of the specific calming interactions actually taking place between the mothers and infants in both groups.
Another limitation is variation in infant health. Extensive data on infant health is recorded on the unit and differences between groups in rates of infection, medical procedures necessary, and oxygen requirement may influence the infant's availability for intervention or the outcome measures, independent of the intervention. It also should be noted that the mother's availability for spending time in the NICU is limited by other obligations, such as work or other children at home. This factor, however, should not differ significantly between groups. In summary, the NICU is such a busy place that we believe interactions between mothers in the two groups regarding the maternal care differences should be minimal.
To reduce the bias potentially associated with a randomized controlled trial of this size in a modern NICU, the following criteria developed by the Cochrane Collaboration for evaluation of intervention studies
This FNI study will provide neurodevelopmental evidence about the importance of early and extensive mother-infant interactions, within the constraints of the NICU. This study will also test the practicability of the Family Nurture Intervention as a means to improve outcomes in prematurely born infants and their families. We are hopeful that the evidence-based methodologies employed in this study will also lead to an improved level of personalized care in the NICU, enhanced family involvement, and a more constructive relationship between the hospital and the community.
List of abbreviations
AAI: Adult Attachment Interview; ATQ: Adult Temperament Questionnaire; BIS-BAS: Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Approach System; CA: Corrected Age; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; COPE: Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment; FCC: Family Centered Care; FNI: Family Nurture Intervention;
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
MGW and MMM conceived of the study, share in the responsibility for the conduct of trial and participated in the preparation of all drafts of the manuscript.
MGW designed the interventions and trains the personnel who facilitate the interventions.
MMM advised on methodology and data acquisition and participated in the preparation of all drafts of the manuscript.
MAH advised on the trial design and methodology and participated in the preparation of all drafts of the manuscript.
SAB advised on assessment measures and conducts assessments.
RIS advised on the methodology, acts as liaison with medical staff and participated in the preparation of the manuscript.
HA advised on data management and participated in the preparation of the manuscript.
JA designed and performed statistical and power analyses and participated in the preparation of the manuscript.
The FNI Trial Group advised on recruitment, data acquisition, data analysis, overall methodology and/or preparation and editing of the manuscript.
Authors' information
MGW is Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry (Division of Developmental Neuroscience), Pathology & Cell Biology and Pediatrics. She is a board certified child psychiatrist who has treated children with a wide range of developmental and behavioral disorders for more than 35 years with family nurture therapy. Since 1997, she has been investigating the epigenetic biologic processes and mechanisms that account for the therapeutic actions of mother-infant nurture. She is founder and co-director of the BrainGut Initiative at Columbia University Medical Center, which is translating basic research findings into testable biological treatments that will help repair or prevent childhood developmental disorders and restore physical and emotional homeostasis. The program is developing standardized strategies for clinicians and families for creating high-nurture environments to prevent or overcome childhood developmental disorders.
MMM is Chief of the Division of Developmental Neuroscience in the Department of Psychiatry at New York State Psychiatric Institute. He has conducted numerous studies in both animal models and human infant related to development of physiological systems and behavior. He is past president of the International Society of Developmental Psychobiology.
MAH is a Professor Emeritus and founder of the Division of Developmental Psychobiology (now Developmental Neuroscience) in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute. He was the first Director of the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology at Columbia University, past president of the International Society of Developmental Psychobiology, and author of many basic science studies that laid the ground work for this article.
RIS is Professor of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology. He is the past Director and Principal Investigator for the Perinatal Emphasis Research Center from the National Institute of Child Health & Development. In his animal work, Dr. Stark has studied the fetal baboon response to controlled maternal hypoxia and its effects on cardiorespiratory control. In his collaboration with the NICU Study, Dr. Stark engaged in the study design and methods. Dr. Stark brings years of clinical and translational experience to the study team, providing insights on patient care, sleep studies, and EEGs.
SAB is a research scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute as well as a board certified psychologist. In her animal work, Dr. Brunelli has studied the effects of mother-infant separation on behavioral and physiological development in rats. Dr. Brunelli's specialties include developmental neuroscience, child development, and child and adult neuropsychology.
HFA is an Associate Clinical Professor of Neuroscience and Biostatistics at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Director of the Data Coordinating Center at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Medical Center. Dr. Andrews has extensive experience in the design of data systems and statistical analysis for clinic trials.
JA is a registered psychologist, a doctoral candidate in the Epidemiology Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and data analyst with the FNI-NICU study. Ms Austin has a broad experience of research, monitoring and evaluation of large international programs that concern reproductive and maternal health.
Supported in part by Columbia University's CTSA grant No. UL1 RR024156 from NCRR/NIH and the Einhorn Family Charitable Trust, which had no influence upon the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, nor participated in the writing of the manuscript or submission/publication process. We would also like to thank Rob Northrup, Erin Guerriero, Molly Arnn, Talya Lieberman and Evaline Tso for their assistance with the study and Sara Glickstein and Sue Ann Power for their invaluable help with editing the manuscript.
The FNI Trial Group includes: Ladan Afifi, David A. Bateman, Beatrice S. Beebe, Kathryn E. Carnazza, Christine Y. Chang, Patricia A. Farrell, Ewelina S. Fiedor, William P. Fifer, Phillip Grieve, Amie A. Hane, Joseph Jaffe, Jeffrey G. Johnson, Qais Karim, Shanna Kofman, Yasmine A. Koukaz, John M. Lorenz, Robert J. Ludwig, Mary T. McKiernan, David Merle, Richard S. Polin and Rakesh Sahni.
Effect of early intervention on social interaction between mothers and preterm infants at 12 months of age: A randomized controlled trial
Prematurity, maternal stress and mother-child interactions
Maternal attachment representations after very preterm birth and the effect of early intervention
The effect of the Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program on mother-infant interaction after very preterm birth
Maternal resolution of grief after preterm birth: implications for infant attachment security
What can make the difference? Premature birth and maternal sensitivity at 3 months of age: the role of attachment organization, traumatic reaction and baby's medical risk
Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior
Hidden regulators in attachment, separation, and loss
Ordinary variations in maternal caregiving influence human infants' stress reactivity
Ordinary variations in human maternal caregiving in infancy and biobehavioral development in early childhood: A follow-up study
Back to basics: attachment, affect regulation, and the developing right brain: linking developmental neuroscience to pediatrics
Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity
Infant stress and parent responsiveness: regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion
Early dyadic patterns of mother-infant interactions and outcomes of prematurity at 18 months
Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later
Dyadic processes between mothers and preterm infants: Development at ages 2 to 5 years
Heart rate variability in premature infants during feeding
Outcomes of Prolonged Parent-Child Embrace Therapy among 102 children with behavioral disorders
Mother-child holding therapy and autism
Holding Time: How to Eliminate Conflict, Temper Tantrums, and Sibling Rivalry and Raise Happy, Loving, Successful children
Toward prevention of developmental disorders
Skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo Care) accelerates autonomic and neurobehavioural maturation in preterm infants
Comparison of skin-to-skin (kangaroo) and traditional care: parenting outcomes and preterm infant development
Skin-to-Skin contact (Kangaroo care) promotes self-regulation in premature infants: sleep-wake cyclicity, arousal modulation, and sustained exploration
Reducing hospital expenditures with the COPE (Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) program for parents and premature infants: an analysis of direct healthcare neonatal intensive care unit costs and savings
Reducing premature infants' length of stay and improving parents' mental health outcomes with the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment (COPE) neonatal intensive care unit program: a randomized, controlled trial
Development and dissemination of potentially better practices for the provision of family-centered care in neonatology: the family-centered care map
Implementation and case-study results of potentially better practices for family-centered care: the family-centered care map
Early interventions involving parents to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants: a meta-analysis
Olfaction and human kin recognition
Unique salience of maternal breast odors for newborn infants
Mammary odor cues and pheromones: mammalian infant-directed communication about maternal state, mammae, and milk
Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants
The calming effect of a maternal breast milk odor on the human newborn infant
The calming effect of a familiar odor on full-term newborns
Clinical usefulness of maternal odor in newborns: soothing and feeding preparatory responses
The importance of odors in mother-infant interactions
Recognition of mother's voice in early infancy
Of human bonding: newborns prefer their mothers' voices
Responses of neonates to parents' and others' voices
Altered pathways for auditory discrimination and recognition memory in preterm infants
Touch and massage for medically fragile infants
Massage accelerates brain development and the maturation of visual function
Procedural pain heart rate responses in massaged preterm infants
Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain
Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial
Heart rate deceleration during the grasping reflex
State of the art and recommendations. Kangaroo mother care: application in a high-tech environment
Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
Individualized developmental care for a large sample of very preterm infants: health, neurobehaviour and neurophysiology
Preterm birth and low birth weight among in vitro fertilization twins: a systematic review and meta-analyses
The origins of 12-month attachment: a microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction
STAI manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ("self-evaluation questionnaire")
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Adult Attachment Interview
Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales
Parenting Stress Index
Revision of the Parenting Stress Index
Further development of the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire: normative data and validity testing
Behavioral Competence among Mothers of Infants in the 1st Year-the Mediational Role of Maternal Self-Efficacy
Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament
The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale: a comprehensive instrument to assess substance-exposed and high-risk infants
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale procedures
The Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire
The reliability and validity of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised
The Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment: screening for social-emotional problems and delays in competence
Manual for the child behavior checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile
Revision of a parent-completed development screening tool: Ages and Stages Questionnaires
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant
A scoring system for states of sleep and wakefulness in term and preterm infants
Spatial correlation of the infant and adult electroencephalogram
EEG functional connectivity in term age extremely low birth weight infants
Longitudinal evaluation of salivary cortisol levels in full-term and preterm neonates
Is a nappy change stressful to neonates?
Technical manual for the systems for coding infant attachment and reciprocal maternal behaviors
The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction
Preschool Language Scale, 5th edition
Effects of in utero substance exposure on infant neurobehavior
History and description of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Components of depressed mood in married men and women. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies' Depression Scale
Psychobiological Roots of Early Attachment
Development and evolution of hidden regulators: selective breeding for an infantile phenotype
On the nature and consequences of early loss
Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations
Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
Normative neurobehavioral performance of healthy infants on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Salivary cortisol response in mother-infant dyads at high psychosocial risk
Percentile norms and accompanying interval estimates from an Australian general adult population sample for self report mood scales (BAI, BDI, CRSD, CES-D, DASS, DASS-21, STAI-X, STAI-Y, SRDS, and SRAS)
Depressive symptoms in mothers of prematurely born infants
Maturational changes in heart rate and heart rate variability in low birth weight infants
Sleep state, cardiorespiratory and electrocortical activity in infants with transposition of great vessels
Interactions among peripheral perfusion, cardiac activity, oxygen saturation, thermal profile and body position in growing low birth weight infants
Coregulation in salivary cortisol during maternal holding of premature infants
Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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I have a Cisco 3660 24PS-S at a remote location and it has winterminal and printers attached to it. The winterminal is not connecting to the terminal server, i am logged in to the switch and trying to find out if it has a live connection or not. What is the Cisco command to check all the devices connected to the switch. Please comment.
8 Replies
Feb 17, 2012 at 10:21 UTC
show mac-address-table will show you by MAC every device connected and to what port it's plugged into. It should look like this:
switch# show mac-address-table
Feb 17, 2012 at 11:05 UTC
What kind of connection you have on remote site?
Can you perform remote scan?
Can someone run Teamviewer Quick support progra on one of remote stations?
Feb 17, 2012 at 11:08 UTC
We have MPLS between two sites and i am connected to the Switch, i used xEODGuy's command and it is showing all the devices mac address but i need the IP address and device type. Is there a way for me to find out.
Feb 17, 2012 at 11:15 UTC
1st Post
switch# show mac-address-table
switch# show arp | include { mac-address}
Feb 17, 2012 at 11:37 UTC
Try to scan it with nmap remotely, or The Dude.
By available services and resolved stations netbios names, you shoudl be able to distiguish one from another.
Feb 17, 2012 at 11:55 UTC
If there are any other Cisco devices there you can use:
switch#show cdp neighbors
switch#show cdp neighbors details
Feb 17, 2012 at 8:25 UTC
show mac-address-table will show you by MAC every device connected and to what port it's plugged into. It should look like this:
switch# show mac-address-table
Actually its
show mac-address-table interface
Feb 17, 2012 at 8:26 UTC
Use spiceworks to scan it. With snmp on the switch it will tell you everything connected to the switch in your network diagram.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Drugs worth €4.3m discovered in Rosslare Port
Investigations are ongoing into the discovery of smuggled drugs, worth €4.3m, in Rosslare Port last night.
The drugs had been concealed in a consignment of frozen meat in an unaccompanied container that arrived from France.
Following routine profiling, the container was selected for scanning and the drugs were uncovered.


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San Antonio Spurs (NBA) - Reddit
[Post Game Thread] The San Antonio Spurs (4-0) defeat The Miami Heat (1-2) 106 - 99 (self.NBASpurs). submitted 21 hours ago by SquandasNutCheese.
San Antonio Spurs Unveil New Uniforms
21.09.2012 - The NBA season is almost upon us and the San Antonio Spurs are getting all gussied up for the occasion. The NBA Final […] of the legends that are passing the torch. San Antonio Spurs Unveil New Uniforms - FanSided - FanSided - An
Center of the Sun: The Phoenix Suns Were Perfect For A Week
04.03.2013 - — Authority 575 Recaps vs. Minnesota Timberwolves - W (84-83 OT) @ San Antonio Spurs - W (105-101 OT) vs. Atlanta Hawks - W (92
Report: Josh Howard to visit with Spurs
18.09.2012 - The last time we heard about Josh Howard and the San Antonio Spurs was on July 1, 2012. At that time, none of the
Detroit Pistons Gameday: Is San Antonio Spurs season in flux without …
04.03.2013 - Parker was ruled out for as long as four weeks with a severe ankle sprain suffered Friday, so if he actually misses that amount of time, how will it affect Spurs pursuit of home court and their playoff chances?
Video: Joey Dorsey Shatters Backboard
18.09.2012 - Suns Portland Trail Blazers Sacramento Kings San Antonio Spurs Toronto Raptors Utah Jazz Washington Wizards .
Is Wesley Johnson an Asset or a Liability to the Phoenix Suns?
04.03.2013 - rebounds and two steals in 35 minutes for a win against the Timberwolves. In the following game against the San Antonio Spurs
Knicks Real Rivals Are Heat Not Nets Says Shaq
18.09.2012 - Antonio Spurs Toronto Raptors Utah Jazz Washington Wizards .
Clippers Consulted Blake Griffin On Matt Barnes Signing
18.09.2012 - Philadelphia 76ers Phoenix Suns Portland Trail Blazers Sacramento Kings San Antonio Spurs Toronto Raptors Utah Jazz Washington
Jeremy Lin Must Take Advantage of Weaker Opponents to Help Rockets …
04.03.2013 - opportunities like this. Things get tough at the end of March with games against the San Antonio Spurs, Indiana Pacers, Memphis
No Moutinho move for Spurs
18.09.2012 - — Authority 119 posts: San Antonio Spurs vs New Jersey Nets One in, two out for Spurs L.A. Lakers vs San Antonio Spurs
Spurs Dismantle Detroit
04.03.2013 - — Authority 112 The #Pistons got utterly embarrassed by the Spurs Sunday night in San Antonio 114-75. It's games like this that tend to show you just how much work Detroit needs to do to be relevant. Key Points: Greg Monroe led the Pistons with 18 points and eight boards but a -33 in the box. I'm not sure I've ever seen a ...
The Credits: "Drive" - Lakers Links
04.03.2013 - Sports Analytics Conference Day 2 Bullets - SLC Dunk Around the NBA Detroit Pistons vs. San Antonio Spurs
How Matt Barnes Signing Affects Los Angeles Clippers Title Odds
18.09.2012 - Heat , Memphis Grizzlies and San Antonio Spurs . To sum up the Matt Barnes signing, consider this an individual bandage
The Pistons vs. The Spurs
04.03.2013 - — Authority 112 The 23-38 #Pistons are in San Antonio to take on the 46-14 Spurs Sunday evening. The good: The Spurs will be without Tony Parker and possibly Boris Diaw. Detroit proved they can beat one of the best teams in the NBA . The bad: The Spurs are almost unbeatable at home. The unknown: Can Monroe and Knight keep ...
NBA 3X no Pq. Villa Lobos
18.09.2012 - — Authority 150 Antonio Spurs, Tiago Splitter, foi o responsável por comandar a garotada do Projeto "Virando o jogo". Videorreportagem de
Thunder Win: Oklahoma Maintains Lead In 108-104 Victory Over Clippers
04.03.2013 - .500 basketball. The Thunder currently hold the third best winning percentage in the league, behind the San Antonio Spurs
Video: Manu Up to His Old Tricks vs. Kings
04.03.2013 - In the aftermath of the twenty-eight point throttling of the Sacramento Kings, San Antonio Spurs Manu Ginobili may need
All web results to the name "Antonio Spurs"
sorted by relevance / date


text:
Harker Heights police reports indicated:
A department store reported a felony theft at 11:44 a.m. Aug. 14 in the 2000 block of Heights Drive.
A house was reported burglarized at 2:19 p.m. Aug. 14 in the 900 block of Rebecca Lane.
A supermarket reported a misdemeanor shoplifting theft at 7:28 p.m. Aug. 15 in the 600 block of Indian Trail.
A specialty store reported a misdemeanor shoplifting theft at 8:01 p.m. Aug. 15 in the 200 block of East Central Texas Expressway.
A theft was reported at 12:30 p.m. Aug. 17 at a residence in the 1700 block of Verna Lee Boulevard.


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Wildflowers of the Carrizo Plain Photo Workshop Tour
Posted by: Greg Clure
Wildflowers of the Carrizo Plain Photo Workshop Tour
March 30, 2013 - The Carrizo Plain National Monument sits just a few hours drive from Los Angeles but remains isolated due to the fact that the nearest town is 50 miles away. As the largest open grasslands left in Californias Central Valley this monument is a glimpse back in time when much of the Central Valley was uninhabited. Wildflowers are abundant this time of year when average or above average rainfall occurs. Tidy-tips grow so dense you are unable to see the leaves of the plants as they carpet acres of the valley floor and extend as far as the eye can see. Desert Gold, California Poppies and Yellow Fiddleneck patches are also common along with owls clover and lupine. With no natural outlet, Soda Lake at the center of the valley, one of the largest alkali lakes in the Central Valley can be full and attracts migrating cranes, gulls and turns. The San Andreas Fault runs along the base of the Temblor Mountains and we will take a short walk to the exposed fault line at Wallace Creek. Join me for a full day of shooting as we tip-toe through the tidy-tips to capture some of the best examples of Californias wildflowers.


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NRHM Odisha Recruitment 2016 :- National Health Mission has published latest ANM and Nurse Recruitment Notification 2016 for the Orisha state. As we all know that NRHM will publish notification as per state based requirement so Candidate who wants ANM and Staff Nurse Jobs they must apply in NRHM Odisha Requirement 2016. NRHM Odisha recruiting 94 ANM post across the odisha state. All applicant should check the NRHM Odisha ANM Notification 2016, Educational Qualification of ANM and Staff Nurse, Last date for the NRHM Odisha Staff Nurse Recruitment 2016, How to Apply in Odisha NRHM Recruitment 2016 and all these information are given in the below section. Candidate should have domicile from Odisha state.
NRHM Odisha Recruitment Detail
Number of Post:-
Post wise Number of Vacancies
- Staff Nurse :- 93 Posts
- ANM:- 01 Post
Pay Scale :-
- Staff Nurse :- Rs. 11770/- (Per Month)
- ANM:- Rs. 9020/- (Per Month)
NRHM Odisha Staff Nurse and ANM Eligibility Criteria and Syllabus
NRHM Odisha published Latest Recruitment Notification of Staff Nurse and ANM so candidate who has eligibility and educational qualification as per its notification. Applicant we are going to provide the detailed NRHM Odisha Educational Qualification, Selection process of ANM and Staff Nurse 2016, Age Eligibility for the NRHM Odisha ANM Recruitment and many other. Applicant if you want more information related to the NRHM Odisha then you should check the official Recruitment Notification 2016.
Eligibility Criteria
- Educational Qualification :- Applicant should have Nursing & Midwife/ B.Sc. Nursing from any of the 3 Government Nursing school of medical college / School of Nursing, MCL Talcher or from any private colleges of government approved.
- Nationality :- Indian
- Age Relaxation :-
- OBC Candidate :- 3 Years
- SC Candidate :- 5 Years
- ST Candidate :- 5 Years
- PH Candidate :- 5 Years
Important Dates of NRHM Odisha Recruitment 2016
- Starting Date for Submission of NRHM Odisha Online Application :- Visit NRHM Website
- Last Date for Submission of NRHM Odisha Online Application :- 11.02.2016
NRHM Odisha Recruitment Notification 2016
Many well educated students from odisha state are looking to Staff Nurse and ANM Jobs in government organisation. So all candidate who has interest in doing ANM jobs they must apply in this before the last date given in this NRHM Odisha Notification 2016.In below section we are provided the link related to the NHRM Odisha ANM Recruitment 2016 link so click on that and apply. All recruitment on contract basis so apply as per interest.
Important Advertisement Links
- For Further Detailed NRHM Odisha Advertisement :- Click for NRHM Odisha ANM Recruitment 2016
- For NRHM Odisha Online Application Form :- Click for Online NRHM Odisha Staff Nurse Recruitment Form 2016


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Test you interculturality!
Following the success of the first two editions of the EFIL/AFS Intercultural Dialogue Day QUIZ, EFIL is repeating the initiative, very much counting on the support and participation of Brussels based NGOs and AFS returnees living in Brussels. The main purpose of the evening is to meet with people of Brussels' diverse international community in the frame of the Intercultural Dialogue Day. All income of the night will go towards a fund to allow less privileged volunteers to participate in the 2016 EFIL Volunteer Summer Summit. The quizz will take place on 1 October at 19.15 in Mundo B, Brussels.


text:
TE released latest update Ashampoo Photo Commander 10 v10.2.0, new featues and bug fix on this version
Whats New In Version 10.2.0 - 20121206?:
New Features:
Browser Speed Increase:
New Display Cache speeding up display of thumbnails in
Group View.
Hotkey for Optimize (Ctrl+O).
Supports Snap 6 *.snapdoc Format.
Changes in drawing functions. Improved display for 32bit images
in edit mode.
Updates to PDF Codec.
FrameCenter remembers selection of frame style.
Bugs Fixed:
Import Photo: Generating filename with date taken not working.
Fixes for saving jpg with EXIF/IPTC disappearing.
Several stability updates.
Creating objects, saving img, creating objects again not
SlideShow: Backbutton no result.
Tool Pencil/Marker fixes.
Classic Print: Printing in 100% not working.
MFALIST start up problems.


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Spring Girl Dressup
It looks like you have an ad blocker on. Please disable your ad blocker and refresh to fully enjoy our games.
Thank you.
Enjoy a breezy and wonderful spring weather style this year!
Use your mouse to click on and through the floating hair, clothing, and accessory options.


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well adventure time will always be my altime favorite show but i still really love other shows one of those being the total drama series.
and i'm making this blog post on the newest one revenge of the island or tdri as i call it. it takes pace back on the island and i like it more than the original for some reason. possibly because it's just a different feel then the original.
it has a 13 characters
anne maria a.k.a. snookie, B, brick, cameron, dawn, dakota, jo, lightning, mike, sam, scott, stacy, and zoey.
my personal favorites are
brick because he's just hilarious
scott because he's my favorite TD antagonist
and sam i like sam because he's relatable because he's a gamer nerd and me and all my firends love video games.
overall i just love the feel of the show and i think it's amazing. i think i did it i made it through a whole post of an upcomming show without spoiling it. oh yeah i already knows who wins the episdoes are all on youtube but 7-13 are sideways and 7 is in black and white. well bye.


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|Reviews for Worth it
| Munkeyfump20 chapter 21 . 6/27
Oh so sweet thanks for a very good read
| coldweathergal chapter 19 . 9/20/2014
"The lack of clothing highlighted her slim body and her muscled limbs."
No offense, but isn't that an oxymoron?
| Jane Doe51 chapter 20 . 12/28/2013
Okay, I think you know I love the whole Jisbon stuff...
...but it seems odd to me that they only adress the RJ topic when he's dead...I mean : one could expect Lisbon to ask Jane about it when she regains consciousness at the hospital, when she starts to get better. It would have been a perfectly logical talk to have, in my opinion, considering he was on trial for killing a man he believed was RJ. So that he didn't do it at the scene was a meaninful thing that deserved to be adressed...and the fact that Jane wouldn't have his revenge too.
Also, I think the whole trial thing should have been adressed. Here, we have to assume things are ok...I would have liked it better if it was clear in the story.
But it was your very first story. And as much as I think that your writing has greatly improved ever since, I have to say that the seed of your talent was already there. It had grown in a spectacular way since then !
But I still spent a nice evening reading your story ! (now it's 3 AM, I'd better head to bed !).
| Jane Doe51 chapter 19 . 12/28/2013
A mutual declaration of love and some kissing...how could a reader be more happy ?
| Jane Doe51 chapter 18 . 12/28/2013
So...is Lisbon really in danger or is it one more twisted mindgame ? Is RJ in jail anyway ? Nobody asked or commented it, that's a bit odd.
I take it you wouldn't put Lisbon in harm's way so close to the end of your story...so I'm gonna stay optimistic until I read chapter 19.
| Jane Doe51 chapter 17 . 12/28/2013
Jane was with her because there wasn't any work at the CBI ? Now I'm confused...he's still charged with murder on Carter, isn't he ? So...how can he be at the hospital, seemingly free of his move ? How can work at the CBI be one of his concern ? How can he have free time ? How can he back at the CBI ?
Are we supposed to believe that things have been cleared ? How so ?
Anyway, Lisbon and Jane do need to talk...they need to stop hiding the truth from themselves and from each other. They need to stop being scared and proud. They need to be honest so they can have what they need : each other. Can't wait to see that happen.
| Jane Doe51 chapter 16 . 12/28/2013
Yeah, there aren't any medicine against pouding in the heart and butterflies in the stomach, still no cure for lovesickness...So, looks like she's gonna be okay. Jane can be reassured. He was right not to confess his feelings right away, not after a confession of guilt...But he still has to do it. She has to know. The truth is the cure. Jane is.
| Jane Doe51 chapter 15 . 12/28/2013
Jane was leaving the hospital to find Lisbon ? But...where was he thinking she was ? I mean, she was so badly hurt...how could not she be in the hospital, receiving medical attention ?
So, from VP's phonecall, I guess the news aren't so great for Lisbon...
But at least, now Jane knows clearly how he feels about her. That's a start...
So, what's up with Lisbon ?
| Jane Doe51 chapter 14 . 12/28/2013
Yay, Cho wasn't dead...and Jane fought RJ but didn't kill him...he's not losing Teresa's trust again. Love how protective of her Jane is !
Now I hope they're all going to be fine...
And the court trial ? how is it gonna end ?
| Jane Doe51 chapter 13 . 12/28/2013
Did RJ really kill Cho or did he say so in order to make things look worse than they are ?
Poor Lisbon...so hurting...but trying to hide it from Jane so he doesn't feel guilty over what happened to her ! At least, Jane being here is comforting to her.
Now...what is Jane's plan ? Wil she come along ? Hope it won't backfire !
| Jane Doe51 chapter 12 . 12/28/2013
So...how bad is it ? How badly injured is Lisbon ?
Is Jane really gonna kill him ? Is he gonna risk Lisbon a second time ?
| Jane Doe51 chapter 11 . 12/28/2013
Of course, RJ's true target would be Lisbon...seems like he already made a move on her ! Hope the team will be able to rescue her...maybe it's time to let Jane in !
| Jane Doe51 chapter 10 . 12/28/2013
Wow...Lisbon, is this a declaration of love ? Yeah, Jane, you mean that much to her ! He really has the best friends, the best family he could ever hope for ! So Lisbon will keep him safe...hope someone's keeping her safe ! Because I'm not sure the threat is against Jane directly...
Okay, I should stop wondering and start reading next chapter !
| Jane Doe51 chapter 9 . 12/28/2013
There's hope in the darkness...hope for Lisbon that her affection towards Jane wasn't against her better judgement...hope for Jane that he could get some help from his friends, from Lisbon...
| Jane Doe51 chapter 8 . 12/28/2013
Awww...love Lisbon's attention to Jane's reaction while talking to her over the phone !
The fact that she was hidding her pain in the attic, where Jane hid his own pain so often, was truly heartbreaking...poor Lisbon watching the tape over and over again, despite breaking her heart, in order to clear Jane's name...so moving !


text:
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6月23日,安省艾略湖(Elliot Lake)市Algo Centre Mall雅高中心商场停车场屋顶坍塌 ,灾难发生到了第四天,至少有两人被困在钢筋混泥土废墟中,其中一人已确定死亡,逾20人受伤,失踪人数由最初的9人,增至12人。
Toronto Star《多伦多星报》6月27日的社论,标题是:MALL TRAGEDY: Elliot Lake's dark hour(艾略湖市黑暗的时刻),电子版的标题换上:Elliot Lake mall collapse raises questions about emergency response
Could the effort have been better organized from the get-go? Did Emergency Management Ontario rise to the challenge? Were enough properly trained and equipped rescuers called in soon enough? Should heavy lifting equipment have been ordered in earlier? Were the HUSAR and OPP teams adequately prepared?
Why were people initially told the search was off, only to be told after McGuinty's plea that it would go in a new direction using heavy machinery to clear a path for rescue/recovery teams? That left people scrambling to raise volunteer search parties in the interim.
Finally, were warning signs ignored? The owner spent heavily on repairs and the structure was apparently deemed safe. But mall-goers say that roof leaks and other problems were common. What does this say about Ontario's inspection regime?
STAR《 星报》同一日刊出评论员Rosie Dimanno的文章An indefensible delay,她也用上非常凌厉的笔锋,大事谴责救援工作的进度缓慢和欠缺协调,认为有人48小时便abandoned rescue mission放弃救人重任,进入recovery operation清理现场的决定,不可饶恕,况且,race against time, 救人争分夺秒,简直难以接受,她说:In a crisis where minutes literally matter, this is simply insupportable。人命关天,不到最后一刻,不容放弃:
In a mining town like Elliot Lake, this gospel of "Nobody left behind" is well understood: Searches are never suspended, whether proof of life exists or not.
Amidst calamity, Canada has shown itself, shockingly, to be worse than a Third World country, sluggish, confused and entangled in red tape。
A palpable lack of coordination between levels of government and departments within them; an astonishing inability to react with alacrity when time is of the essence.
TorontoSun 《多伦多太阳报 》的评论员Lorrie Goldstein,更进一步,以Why did Elliot Lake rescue take so long?为题,文章内容直接触及问题症结所在:安省省长介入,决定重新启动救人工作,虽然诚意可嘉,但是,到了今时今日,加拿是否需要48小时,才可以协调各方的人手和先进器械,紧急处理一个小镇的意外:http://www.torontosun.com/2012/06/26/goldstein-why-the-wait-in-elliot-lakeHow, in a post-9/11 world in Ontario, Canada, is it possible that an all-out rescue effort to save what could be up to a dozen people trapped in a mall collapse in Elliot Lake took more than 48 hours to get underway?
他又质疑:假如灾难发生在多伦多闹市咱的大商场,例如 Eaton Centre 或 Yorkdale Mall会不会有不同标准?
If this collapse had been at the Eaton Centre or Yorkdale in Toronto, does anyone think it would have taken two days for the premier to ask rescuers to consider doing everything possible to search for survivors, to publicly put the province's full resources behind the effort and to call on the prime minister to brief him as a possible prelude to requesting help from the military?
灾难事故关键性的转折点,是省长的介入是不是来得太迟?正如Globe and Mail《环球邮报》6月27日头版头条新闻标题:Preimier faces questions over stop-start rescue, 报导开头一段这样说:
Ontario's Premier acknowledges that confusion and delays in the effort to reach possible survivors of a shopping mall roof collapse have raised concerns about the province's capacity to respond to serious emergencies.
事缘6月25日星期一,HUSAR(Toronoto's Heavy Urban Search and Rescue) spokesman发言人 Bill Neadles announced at press conference that Minister of Labour 劳工厅长 had deemed that the site unsafe, forcing a halt to rescue operations,多伦多坍塌搜救专队,以商场结构不稳为由,宣布停止搜救。消息实时引起失踪待救者家属人员的反感:reeling with shock, anger and grief,惹起全市outrage公愤,省长McGuinty麦坚迪随即干预,下令use more mechanical means and resume the rescue operations,搜救工作继续,并大派定心丸,称全省 1,300万人都会支持艾略湖市,当局会用尽所有方法, 拯救被困瓦砾的人: " I believe we owe it to the families waiting for word of their loved ones to leave no stone unturned. We owe that to the people of Elliot Lake too. "
虽然HUSAR向联邦政府负责,但当进入危机阶段,执行命令便属于各省政府紧急管理部门的范畴:Although the HUSAR units ultimately report to the federal government .But when crisis strikes, the chain of command is provincial, and in this instance authority rests with the province's Emergency Management Ontario。
But what is deeply disturbing is that it apparently took public outrage by the people of Elliot Lake to restart the rescue effort and get McGuinty and his government doing what they should have been doing from the start.
Our focus is on the rescue。当前的首要任务,自然是全力抢救,尘埃落定后,才是检讨和追究得失的时刻:once the Elliot Lake rescue /recovery is complete, McGuinty should seek answers to those life-and death questions as quoted above in Star's editorial。


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|Francis GALIEGUE <...@one2team.com>
|Re: Help with bug diagnosis: <junitreport> task takes 30+ minutes to complete
|Tue, 15 Sep 2009 06:40:43 GMT
On Mon, Sep 14, 2009 at 13:25, Steve Loughran <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Francis GALIEGUE wrote: > ort is fairly quick. >>> >>> How can I diagnose the problem precisely? Can I use another XSL >>> processor that will be faster than xalan-j2? >>> >> >> Well, a simple ant -v showed the problem, as it shows which files are >> parsed. The two bigger files are 10 MB and 9 MB respectively! The >> sheer size of them is huge, but does it explain the 10+ minutes >> parsing time? >> > > > That'll be the stdout taking up most of the space. Try cranking back the > Log4J settings of whatever is printing so much out. > I've found out the culprit... The dev team has a custom file comparison assertion that prints out the whole content of the files into the report itself. Meh. > I've played with junit outputs that chuck out XHTML direct, rather than an > XML that needs transforming. You still have that option, but it isn't > compulsory. > That looks interesting, since we don't need the XML output anymore (it was needed before for some obscure, false reason). I don't see that option in ant's manual. Is this a future enhancement? -- Francis Galiegue ONE2TEAM Ingénieur système Mob : +33 (0) 683 877 875 Tel : +33 (0) 178 945 552 email@example.com 40 avenue Raymond Poincaré 75116 Paris --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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Competitiveness And Consumer Preferences Of Us Fruits In Taiwan
Taiwan is a major importing country of US fruits. This study examines the market competitiveness and consumer preferences of US fruits in Taiwan using cross-sectional data. Results indicate that for either retailers or consumers, imported US fruits compete favorably with domestic grown fruits in the Taiwanese fruit markets.
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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Allan N. Rae, 1997. "Changing food consumption patterns in East Asia: Implications of the trend towards livestock products," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(1), pages 33-44.
- C. P. Rosson & M. D. Hammig & J. W. Jones, 1986. "Foreign market promotion programs: An analysis of promotion response for apples, poultry, and tobacco," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 2(1), pages 33-42.
- Kaufman, Phillip R. & Handy, Charles R. & McLaughlin, Edward W. & Park, Kristen & Green, Geoffrey M., 2000. "Understanding The Dynamics Of Produce Markets: Consumption And Consolidation Grow," Agricultural Information Bulletins 33747, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- Barry H. Adams & Kim L. Jensen & George C. Davis, 1997. "Knowledge and use of export assistance services by agribusiness," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(3), pages 285-294.
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So, I really want this. And I only have my original virgin lower ear pierced, being that I've never been into piercing them. I've had other things pierced, so I'm not new to this. I just want to know if this would appeal to most people? I guess, I just want opinions.
Most Helpful Guy
yer life yer rules 8)00|00|0


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The Masochist
scantraxx xxl 005
Label: scantraxx xxl
- Hardstyle
- 8370000056
- public enemy #1 (00:06:21)
- timebomb (00:04:21)
- Ganzes Album 1.79€ 2.58€
ScantraXXL represents the subdivision of the long running dutch label, Scantraxx Records and it was established in 2005.
Scantraxx is a Dutch record label, founded back in 2002 by Dov Elkabas aka The Prophet. The next 10 years Scantraxx will be seeking for synergy between our label, artists and audience. Just like the past decade, we want to be the home of hardstyle: a spindle and driving force in this unique scene, by bringing you high quality hardstyle.
Through this unity and dedication, hardstyle became a very powerful scene. With solidarity as one of the main elements, Scantraxx feels one with all lovers. We need all these individuals to do what we do, and be who we are. Gratitude from Scantraxx therefore is only right. This thought characterizes the last 10 years of our label, and will be a strive to encourage for the next decade.
ScantraXXl sister labels: A² Records, Gold Records (14), M!D!FY, Not On Label (Atmozfears Self-released), Paint It Black, Scantraxx Evolutionz, Scantraxx Italy, Scantraxx Radioshow, Scantraxx Reloaded, Scantraxx Silver, Scantraxx Special, Squaretraxx.
ScantraXXL is the home platform for artists such as: The Masochist, Dirk Jan DJ, The Prophet, Acardipane, amongst many others.
5 Artikel. Du siehst: 1 bis 5.
The Masochist
scantraxx xxl 005
VÖ-Datum: 13.10.2008
Label: scantraxx xxl
Dirk Jan DJ
scantraxx xxl 004
VÖ-Datum: 20.02.2007
Label: scantraxx xxl
The Prophet
scantraxx xxl 004
VÖ-Datum: 29.05.2006
Label: scantraxx xxl
The Masochist
scantraxx xxl 002
VÖ-Datum: 01.04.2006
Label: scantraxx xxl
Acardipane featuring The Prophet
scantraxx xxl 001
VÖ-Datum: 31.03.2005
Label: scantraxx xxl
5 Artikel. Du siehst: 1 bis 5.


text:
Vogue 8043; ©1991; Men's Pants and Shorts. Baggy shorts or tapered baggy pants have waistband, carriers, front pleats, side pockets, back welt pocket and fly front closing. View A: above mid-knee. View B: flap with button trim. View C: cuffs. Purchased belt.
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Amala Paul and AL Vijay, the star couple filed for divorce recently. After they decided to part ways, the actress has been facing an unofficial ban in the Tamil movie industry.
Earlier, it was reported that AL Vijay's father, film producer AL Alagappan was behind the actress's unofficial ban. But now, the rumour mills suggest that another person is behind the ban.
According to the grapevine, a Kollywood superstar, who is extremely irked with Amala Paul's overfriendliness with his son-in-law, a leading hero of the industry, is the mastermind behind the ban.
Apparently, the superstar is highly upset with both his son-in-law and Amala Paul, for disrespecting the institution of marriage. He is said to be trying all possible ways to save his daughter's marriage.
If the rumours are to be true, the superstar has warned his son-in-law to stay away from Amala. As a result, the actress was removed from the hero's highly anticipated project in the last minute.
Sources suggest that popular Tamil production banners are fearing to cast Amala in their projects, as they want to be in the superstar's good book. Amala is currently concentrating on the Kannada movie industry.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Forms displaying blank pageAsked by TSMProduction on February 02, 2016 at 02:20 PM
This has happened to three of my forms so far, and now is happening to a form that I use Jotform API with. When the link to the form is clicked, the webpage shows up completely blank.
This form is now working again so obviously you won't be able to replicate. Is it possible to have someone look into why forms are intermittently showing up blank? This is the fourth time it has happened to me on four different forms. Thanks.
Now this form is showing up blank: https://form.jotform.com/51604468738968
I cannot have my forms randomly showing up blank, why is this happening!! Ever since January it seems that I have a serious issue with Jotform every week!
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The form is back now, sorry for the inconveniences.


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Clash Over South Dakota Voter Pamphlets Goes to the Courts
A state senator from Rapid City is suing South Dakota Secretary of State Jason Gant over a voter guide.
A state senator from Rapid City is suing South Dakota Secretary of State Jason Gant over a voter guide.
Sioux Falls police say a compliance check of off-sale liquor businesses on Tuesday evening turned up two violations.
A Sioux Falls man and woman face drug and child abuse charges for allegedly making and distributing methamphetamine out of a home where six children lived.
The school superintendent in Yankton has publically apologized for a weekend drunken driving arrest.
South Dakota's row crop harvest advanced again last week with the soybean harvest nearing completion.
A federal jury has convicted a Rapid City surgeon on 13 felony charges related to income tax evasion.
Farm owners across much of the Midwest are scrambling to salvage fall tourism seasons jeopardized by extreme weather.
Where do the leaves go when you are done raking? Find out.
If you wake up on November 7 and decide you just can't bear to live in a land with a President Romney or withstand another four years of President Obama, then have we got an offer for you: JetBlue Airways will fly you out of the country free of charge.
Authorities say the man who owns the reeking Sioux City home where dozens of cats were removed faces 14 counts of animal neglect.


text: Norimitsu Onishi Latest Stories Destinations Tokyo Business Travel Primer June 9, 2007 Destinations Seoul Business Travel Primer June 9, 2007 Share This Contributor Share on Facebook. Tweet it! Pin It! Email to a Friend Share on Google Plus. Share on LinkedIn. Print this Page Sign Up for the Daily Traveler Enter your email address Sign Up Please enter a valid email. We encountered a server error. Please try again later. Thank you! A welcome email has been sent.


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Alessandro Rolla
Birthday Number 22
Alessandro Rolla was a male celebrity.
He was born on Friday April 22nd 1757, in Pavia, Italy.
Alessandro Rolla has great potential as a leader, organizer, or builder of an institution or business. He has a vision and the capability to materialize it. Alessandro possesses the capacity for great strength, but conversely he can be deeply afraid of the dimensions of his ambitions. Mr. Rolla may secretly feel that nothing will measure up to his original dream. Consequently, Alessandro Rolla can turn away from his ambitions. This can result in enormous disappointment to him should Alessandro sacrifices his dream because of fear of failure.
Mr. Rolla's challenge is to be willing to start his enterprise small and take practical steps toward enlarging it to its full scope.
Alessandro Rolla has a gift for seeing both the details of a plan and how it should unfold. He is orderly and patient, and he can approach a problem methodically and systematically.
His solutions tend to be unique. Alessandro Rolla keeps his own counsel and has much inner strength.
Conversely, Alessandro can be nervous and suffer grave doubts about himself, which he also tends to hide. Yet, Mr. Rolla has unusual perception. His intuition is very good and he should rely on his first impressions.
Alessandro Rolla is both practical and idealistic. He tends to want to ground his ideals in realistic methods. Alessandro is not one to indulge too much in grandiose plans for their own sake.
Alessandro Rolla has enormous potential for success. Many who have left a permanent stamp on humanity - inventors, Nobel Prize winners, leading artists, and statesmen - have had the 22 prominent in their charts.
You and Alessandro
About Alessandro's Birthday number
Alessandro's day of birth is one of his four core numbers - the Life Path, Expression, and Heart's Desire being the other three. It is the least significant of the four core numbers, but perhaps the most finite, in that it reveals a specific ability Alessandro Rolla possesses in a marked degree.
Read more about our numerological interpretation of Alessandro Rolla's


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Check out Santa Fe's 1 boutique hotel
to see availability and live prices
Located just 1 block from the Historic Plaza and Convention Center, this Santa Fe hotel features designer suites with spa-style bathrooms. A guest fitness centre is located on site. read more
Boutique-hotels. And great places nearby
We help you find the best boutique hotels around the world. Hotels that are so unique and beautiful that you do not want to leave your room. But still - you should! Therefore, we also help hotels guide you to the greatest places nearby - be it coffeeshops, restaurants or museums.Here are some recommended places nearby boutique-hotels in Santa Fe: