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Ph.D., North Carolina State University – Fiber and Polymer Science
Brief Bio
Dr. Wadsworth received his bachelor's degree in Textile Chemistry from N. C. State University in 1968; M.S. in Textile Technology from the Institute of Textile Technology in 1970; and his Ph.D. in Fiber and Polymer Science from N. C. State University in 1978. Between his M.S. and Ph.D. studies, he worked for three years as a Development Chemist for Chicopee Nonwovens Division of Johnson & Johnson in Benson, NC. After completing his dissertation towards a new solvent system for regenerating cellulose, he joined the Kendall Company in Walpole, MA, for two years as a Fiber and Binder Specialist and Senior Research Chemist, and developed the base fabric for new hospital drapes and gowns. In 1979, he rejoined Johnson & Johnson, Surjikos, in Arlington, TX, where he obtained the world's first patent for the ambient temperature electrostatic charging of surgical face masks for enhanced bacterial filtration. Dr. Wadsworth joined UTK as a faculty member in the textile science program in March 1981. His research at UTK focuses on spun-melt nonwoven process studies and product development with emphasis on filters and breathable protective barrier fabrics. He has also served as an international consultant to several companies. He has obtained research grants in excess of $8 million; equipment donation grants of $5.5 million; and has over 50 refereed journal publications, 150 conference papers, 30 patents (with over $1.7 million in royalties to UTRF) and a textbook with Oldrich Jirsak titled Nonwoven Textiles.
Research Areas
» Process/property studies of melt blown and spunbond nonwovens
» Composite nonwoven fabrics of spun-melt and cotton
» Electrostatic charging of fibers and films for enhanced filtration
» Development of protective apparel for medical, military and industrial applications
» Development of cardiovascular stents and grafts
» Melt blown carbon fibers
Selected Awards and Honors
2001 Best Paper Award (Absorbents Session), INDA-TAPPI International Nonwovens Technical Conference
1998 Best Overall Paper, TAPPI Nonwovens Conference
1998 Arch of Achievement Award for Research, College of Human Ecology, The University of Tennessee
1993 Recipient, TAPPI Nonwovens Technical Achievement Award
1992 Selected as Alumni Distinguished Service Professor, one of 25 at UT
1991 Chancellor's Citation for Extraordinary Service to The University of Tennessee
1984 One of nine UT faculty recognized at the Chancellor's Honors Banquet and inducted into the Honor Society of Phi Kappi Phi
1983 Awarded First Place in the 1983 and 1985 Intersectional Paper Competitions at the International Meetings of the American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists
Professional Activities
» President, Sigma Xi, The University of Tennessee Chapter, 2000-2001
» Member TAPPI since 1993, Active in Nonwovens Division Vice Chair, TAPPI Nonwovens Division, 2005-Present Chair, Fibers and Process Technology Committee, 2005-Present
» Member, Technical Advisory Board, INDA Association of Nonwoven Fabrics Industry since 1990
» Member, INDA/TAPPI Planning Committee for Annual International Nonwoven Technical Conferences, 1998-Present
» Member American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) since 1968 Organizing Committee for 2006 and 2007 AATCC International Technical Conferences
» Chair, Annual TANDEC Nonwoven Conferences, 1991-1999
» Founder and Director of Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC), 1990-1997
» Editorial Advisory Board-Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics since 2006
Selected Publications
Wadsworth, L. C., H. S. Suh and H. C. Allen, Jr., "Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens for
Short-Wear-Cycle Apparel," International Nonwovens Journal 9 (2), 13-17, 2000.
Zhao, R., L. C. Wadsworth, D. Zhang and C. Sun, "Polymer Distribution During Bicomponent Melt Blowing of Poly)propylene)/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Its Improvement," Journal of Applied Polymer Science85, 2885-2889 (2002).
Zhou, R. and L. C. Wadsworth, "Study of Polypropylene/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Bicomponent Melt-blowing Process: The Fiber Temperature and Elongational Viscosity Profiles of the Spinline," Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, 1145-1150 (2003).
Lee, Y. E. and L. C. Wadsworth, "Process Property Studies of Melt Blown Thermoplastic Polyurethane Polymers for Protective Apparel," International Nonwovens Journal, 2-9, Winter 2005.
Wadsworth, L. C. and P. P. Tsai, "Cotton-Comfortable Face Masks with Protective Finishes and Electret Filter Media for Safety from Microbial Threats," Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, December 2006.
Selected Patents
Tsai, P. P., C. B. Hassenboehler, L. C. Wadsworth, and G. Heismeyer, "Meltblown Composites and Uses Thereof," U. S. Patent 6,197,709 , March 6, 2001, assigned to UTRF
Hassenboehler, C. B. and L. C. Wadsworth, "Post-Treatment and Consolidation of Laminated Nonwoven Webs," U. S. Patent 6,030,906, February 29, 2001, assigned to UTRF
Wadsworth, L. C., O. Jirsak and P. P-Yi Tsai, "Mechanically Interlocked & Thermally Fused Staple Fiber Pleated and Non-Pleated Webs," U.S. Patent No. 6,090,469, July 18, 2000, assigned to UTRF
Wadsworth, L.C. and P.P. Tsai, "Method and Apparatus for the Electrostatic Charging of a Web or Film," U.S. Patent 5,686,050, Nov. 11, 1997, assigned to UTRF
Hassenboehler, C.B. Jr. and L.C. Wadsworth, "Post-Treatment of Nonwoven Webs," U. S. Patent Re-Issue 35,206, April 16, 1996; Re-issue of U. S. Patent 5,244,482, Sept. 14, 1993, assigned to UTRF
Department of Materials Science & Engineering
Emeritus Professor
The University of Tennessee
203 TANDEC Building
1321 White Avenue
Knoxville, TN 37996
Ph: (865) 974-5336
Fax: (865) 974-4115


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200 pages, colour photos, colour illustrations
Sepp Holzer is renowned the world over for bringing degraded landscapes back to life using his unique methods of creating water retention basins. In Desert or Paradise he inspires us to look beyond previously tried, tired and failed solutions to drought by following his catalogue of successes, furnishing each case study with photographs, illustrations and anecdotes. These restored or newly-constructed lakes not only re-aquify the surrounding landscape to turn back the tide of encroaching desertification, but also support abundant edible landscapes of orchards and crops planted along the banks, and provide freshwater mixed aquacultures.
Desert or Paradise explains why natural water management is at the centre of any earth restoration. Injected with Sepp's unique style and opinions, Desert or Paradise gives hope to those who see an apparently barren landscape as a failure from which there is no return. Sepp helps us move beyond conventional methods that trap us in a cycle of dependence. He offers a wealth of information for the gardener, smallholder and alternative farmer, yet Desert or Paradise s greatest value is in the attitudes he teaches. He reveals the thinking processes based on principles found in nature that create his productive systems. These can be applied anywhere.
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Sepp Holzer was born in the Province of Salzburg, Austria. He is a farmer, author and an international consultant for natural agriculture. He took over his parents' mountain farm business in 1962 and pioneered the use of ecological farming, or permaculture, techniques at high altitudes (1100 to 1500 meters above sea level) after being unsuccessful with regular farming methods. Sepp has been known as the 'rebel farmer' for his persistence despite being fined and threatened with prison for practices such as not pruning his fruit trees. He has also created some of the world's best examples of using ponds as reflectors to increase solar gain for passive solar heating of structures, and of using the microclimate created by rock outcrops to effectively change the hardiness zone for nearby plants. Sepp conducts permaculture ('Holzer Permaculture') seminars at his farm and worldwide, while continuing to work on his alpine farm. His farm now spans over 45 hectares of forest gardens, with 70 ponds, and is said to be the most consistent example of permaculture worldwide. He is author of several books and the subject of the film The Agricultural Rebel. He works nationally as a permaculture activist in the established agricultural industry, and works internationally as adviser for ecological agriculture.

subset: commoncrawl


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Three people hospitalised after Garda van rolls into crowd
Three people were taken to hospital after a Garda van rolled into a crowd in Waterford over the weekend.
The Garda Press Office have confirmed the incident took place and the matter is now being investigated by the Garda Siochana Ombudsman Commission (GSOC).
According to reports in the Waterford Star, a Garda van was attending the scene of a public order incident on John Street in the city in the early hours of Sunday morning when it rolled down a hill, hitting a parked car and three members of the public.
The three were taken to hospital but their injuries were not life threatening.
In a statement released to the Sunday World, GSOC said: 'The matter was referred to GSOC under section 102(1) of the Garda Síochána Act 2005, which provides that "the Garda Commissioner shall refer to the Ombudsman Commission any matter that appears to the Garda Commissioner to indicate that the conduct of a member of the Garda Síochána may have resulted in the death of, or serious harm to, a person."
'It is understood that, while two gardaí were responding to a public order incident, their marked patrol van rolled into the crowd.
'Three people were taken to hospital and the incident was referred to GSOC by the Garda Síochána for independent investigation.
'None of the three people appear to have serious injuries at this point. An examination will be conducted to establish the facts.'


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How can I implement coupon through PayPal on my form?Asked by Elizabeth on July 08, 2016 at 10:53 AM
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Welcome to the ineedhits Search Engine Marketing blog, where we share the latest search engine and online marketing news, releases, industry trends and great DIY tips and advice.
If you run a local retail business like a toy store, book store or even a shoe store, then a new study indicates that you need to start getting online.
The study by market research firm The Leading Edge shows that almost one third of the 1500 online shoppers surveyed said the main reason they shopped from overseas websites was to buy goods not available …
Keep up to date with the latest from our blogs.


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- Description
Graceful twist hall tree is enhanced by a warm "Nostalgic Oak" finish. Features a revolving coat and hat rack. Ideal accent for any home or office. Minor assembly required.
1 Coat Rack
20" dia. x 72" tall
- Additional Information
Additional Information
SKU 16001104 MPN 451 GTIN UPC 081438045108 Brand Powell Collection No Assemble Length No Assemble Width No Assemble Height No Assembly Required Yes Material Wood Color Oak Styles Contemporary Shipping Time 1-2 Weeks Free Shipping Yes
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About the Book
What is it about athletics that can inspire such passion?
Athletes dedicate their lives to the pursuit of perfection in order to be eligible to compete in the Olympic Games. Some reach their goals but some never quite measure up. But why? To what end?
Fourteen students and two professors traveled to some of the most famous (and infamous) sites in Olympic history in an attempt to understand.
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Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH
Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH
Kiefer M.,University of Heidelberg |
Schmickl R.,University of Heidelberg |
Schmickl R.,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic |
German D.A.,University of Heidelberg |
And 8 more authors.
Plant and Cell Physiology | Year: 2014
The Brassicaceae family (mustards or crucifers) includes Arabidopsis thaliana as one of the most important model species in plant biology and a number of important crop plants such as the various Brassica species (e.g. cabbage, canola and mustard). Moreover, the family comprises an increasing number of species that serve as study systems in many fields of plant science and evolutionary research. However, the systematics and taxonomy of the family are very complex and access to scientifically valuable and reliable information linked to species and genus names and its interpretation are often difficult. BrassiBase is a continuously developing and growing knowledge database (http://brassibase.cos.uni-heidelberg.de) that aims at providing direct access to many different types of information ranging from taxonomy and systematics to phylo-and cytogenetics. Providing critically revised key information, the database intends to optimize comparative evolutionary research in this family and supports the introduction of the Brassicaceae as the model family for evolutionary biology and plant sciences. Some features that should help to accomplish these goals within a comprehensive taxonomic framework have now been implemented in the new version 1.1.9. A 'Phylogenetic Placement Tool' should help to identify critical accessions and germplasm and provide a first visualization of phylogenetic relationships. The 'Cytogenetics Tool' provides in-depth information on genome sizes, chromosome numbers and polyploidy, and sets this information into a Brassicaceae-wide context. © 2013 The Author.
Kokh D.B.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Wade R.C.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Wenzel W.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science | Year: 2011
Protein structural flexibility plays a critical role in receptor-ligand binding processes and should be considered in computational drug design. However, the treatment of protein conformational changes is still a major challenge because it is associated with a large increase in the conformational space that needs to be sampled and requires highly accurate scoring functions that incorporate the receptor reorganization energy. A number of different approaches have been proposed recently to address this problem. Most of them have been shown to be successful in reproducing the correct docking pose of known ligands, but their benefit regarding enrichment, affinity prediction, and screening of large molecular libraries is less clear. Here, we review current methodologies to treat receptor conformational changes in structure-based docking procedures, and show their impact on the accuracy of docking and scoring. We also discuss pitfalls and limitations of state-of-the-art flexible-receptor docking strategies and perspectives for their improvement. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mereghetti P.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Mereghetti P.,The Interdisciplinary Center |
Wade R.C.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Wade R.C.,University of Heidelberg
Journal of Physical Chemistry B | Year: 2012
High macromolecular concentrations are a distinguishing feature of living organisms. Understanding how the high concentration of solutes affects the dynamic properties of biological macromolecules is fundamental for the comprehension of biological processes in living systems. In this paper, we describe the implementation of mean field models of translational and rotational hydrodynamic interactions into an atomically detailed many-protein Brownian dynamics simulation method. Concentrated solutions (30-40% volume fraction) of myoglobin, hemoglobin A, and sickle cell hemoglobin S were simulated, and static structure factors, oligomer formation, and translational and rotational self-diffusion coefficients were computed. Good agreement of computed properties with available experimental data was obtained. The results show the importance of both solvent mediated interactions and weak protein-protein interactions for accurately describing the dynamics and the association properties of concentrated protein solutions. Specifically, they show a qualitative difference in the translational and rotational dynamics of the systems studied. Although the translational diffusion coefficient is controlled by macromolecular shape and hydrodynamic interactions, the rotational diffusion coefficient is affected by macromolecular shape, direct intermolecular interactions, and both translational and rotational hydrodynamic interactions. © 2012 American Chemical Society.
Pachov G.V.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Gabdoulline R.R.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Gabdoulline R.R.,University of Heidelberg |
Gabdoulline R.R.,BIOBASE GmbH |
Wade R.C.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH
Nucleic Acids Research | Year: 2011
Several different models of the linker histone (LH)-nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber. © 2011 The Author(s).
Kokh D.B.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Corni S.,National Research Council Italy |
Winn P.J.,University of Birmingham |
Hoefling M.,Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich |
And 2 more authors.
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation | Year: 2010
In order to study protein-inorganic surface association processes, we have developed a physics-based energy model, the ProMetCS model, which describes protein-surface interactions at the atomistic level while treating the solvent as a continuum. Here, we present an approach to modeling the interaction of a protein with an atomically flat Au(111) surface in an aqueous solvent. Protein-gold interactions are modeled as the sum of van der Waals, weak chemisorption, and electrostatic interactions, as well as the change in free energy due to partial desolvation of the protein and the metal surface upon association. This desolvation energy includes the effects of water-protein, water-surface, and water-water interactions and has been parametrized using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of water molecules and a test atom at a gold-water interface. The proposed procedure for computing the energy terms is mostly grid-based and is therefore efficient for application to long-time simulations of protein binding processes. The approach was tested for capped amino acid residues whose potentials of mean force for binding to a gold surface were computed and compared with those obtained previously in MD simulations with water treated explicitly. Calculations show good quantitative agreement with the results from MD simulations for all but one amino acid (Trp), as well as correspondence with available experimental data on the adhesion properties of amino acids. © 2010 American Chemical Society.
Wittig U.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Kania R.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Golebiewski M.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
Rey M.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS GGmbH |
And 11 more authors.
Nucleic Acids Research | Year: 2012
SABIO-RK (http://sabio.h-its.org/) is a web-accessible database storing comprehensive information about biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties. SABIO-RK offers standardized data manually extracted from the literature and data directly submitted from lab experiments. The database content includes kinetic parameters in relation to biochemical reactions and their biological sources with no restriction on any particular set of organisms. Additionally, kinetic rate laws and corresponding equations as well as experimental conditions are represented. All the data are manually curated and annotated by biological experts, supported by automated consistency checks. SABIO-RK can be accessed via web-based user interfaces or automatically via web services that allow direct data access by other tools. Both interfaces support the export of the data together with its annotations in SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language), e.g. for import in modelling tools. © The Author(s) 2011.
Uddin R.,University of Karachi |
Lodhi M.U.,University of Karachi |
Ul-Haq Z.,University of Karachi |
Ul-Haq Z.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH
Chemical Biology and Drug Design | Year: 2012
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus has become a major health concern and it requires new therapeutic agents. Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A enzyme contributes in adherence of bacteria with the cell wall of host cell; consequently, inhibition of S. aureus Sortase A by small molecules could be employed as potential antibacterial agents against methicillin resistant S. aureus. Current study focused on the identification of 3D pharmacophoric features within a series of rhodanine, pyridazinone, and pyrazolethione analogs as S. aureus Sortase A inhibitors. Pharmacophore model was constructed employing representative molecules using Genetic Algorithm with Linear Assignment of Hypermolecular Alignment of Database. The identified pharmacophoric points were then utilized to create alignment hypothesis for three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships. Outcome of comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis experiments were in good agreement (comparative molecular field analysis: q 2=0.562 and r 2=0.995, comparative molecular similarity indices analysis: q 2=0.549 and r 2=0.978) and capable of explaining the variance in biological activities coherently with respect to the structural features of compounds. The results were also found in concurrence with the outcome of pharmacophoric features. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Stamatakis A.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Izquierdo-Carrasco F.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Izquierdo-Carrasco F.,Exelixis
Briefings in Bioinformatics | Year: 2011
Verification in phylogenetics represents an extremely difficult subject. Phylogenetic analysis deals with the reconstruction of evolutionary histories of species, and as long as mankind is not able to travel in time, it will not be possible to verify deep evolutionary histories reconstructed with modern computational methods. Here, we focus on two more tangible issues that are related to verification in phylogenetics (i) the inference of support values on trees that provide some notion about the 'correctness' of the tree within narrow limits and, more importantly; (ii) issues pertaining to program verification, especially with respect to codes that rely heavily on floating-point arithmetics. Program verification represents a largely underestimated problem in computational science that can have fatal effects on scientific conclusions. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press.
Mereghetti P.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Mereghetti P.,The Interdisciplinary Center |
Wade R.C.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH
BMC Biophysics | Year: 2011
Hydrophobins are small proteins produced by filamentous fungi that have a variety of biological functions including coating of spores and surface adhesion. To accomplish these functions, they rely on unique interface-binding properties. Using atomic-detail implicit solvent rigid-body Brownian dynamics simulations, we studied the diffusion of HFBI, a class II hydrophobin from Trichoderma reesei, in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of a graphite surface.Results: In the simulations, HFBI exists in solution as a mixture of monomers in equilibrium with different types of oligomers. The oligomerization state depends on the conformation of HFBI. When a Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) layer is present in the simulated system, HFBI tends to interact with the HOPG layer through a hydrophobic patch on the protein.Conclusions: From the simulations of HFBI solutions, we identify a tetrameric encounter complex stabilized by non-polar interactions between the aliphatic residues in the hydrophobic patch on HFBI. After the formation of the encounter complex, a local structural rearrangement at the protein interfaces is required to obtain the tetrameric arrangement seen in HFBI crystals. Simulations performed with the graphite surface show that, due to a combination of a geometric hindrance and the interaction of the aliphatic sidechains with the graphite layer, HFBI proteins tend to accumulate close to the hydrophobic surface. © 2011 Mereghetti and Wad; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Salo-Ahen O.M.H.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH |
Salo-Ahen O.M.H.,Åbo Akademi University |
Wade R.C.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies HITS gGmbH
Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics | Year: 2011
Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is an established anticancer target. It catalyses the production of 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate, an essential building block for DNA synthesis. Because of the development of cellular drug resistance against current hTS inhibitors, alternative inhibition strategies are needed. hTS exists in two forms, active and inactive, defined by the conformation of the active-site (AS) loop, which carries the catalytic cysteine, C195. To investigate the mechanism of activation and inactivation, targeted molecular dynamics (TMD) simulations of the transitions between active and inactive states of hTS were performed. Analysis of changes in the dihedral angles in the AS loop during different TMD simulations revealed complex conformational transitions. Despite hTS being a homodimeric enzyme and the conformational transition significantly involving the dimer interface, the transition occurs in an asymmetric, sequential manner via an ensemble of pathways. In addition to C195, which reoriented during the simulations, other key residues in the rotation of the AS loop included W182 and R185. The interactions of the cognate bulky W182 residues at the dimer interface hindered the simultaneous twist of the AS loops in the hTS dimer. Interactions of R185, which is unique for hTS, with ligands at different allosteric sites affected the activation transition. In addition to providing insights into the activation/inactivation mechanism of hTS and how conformational transitions can occur in homodimeric proteins, our observations suggest that blocking of AS loop rotation by ligands binding in the large cavity between the loops could be one way to stabilize inactive hTS and inhibit the enzyme. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


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Tuscan Vegetable Soup (Low Calorie)
Be the first to review
READY IN: 35mins
Recipe by Chef Cameo
Valerie Bertinelli's recipe. I found this in April 2010 Good Housekeeping magazine. It just looked to simple to be good but boy, was I wrong. Not only is it simple, but it's delicious. I got tired of those "cabbage" diet soups and decided to try this one. Boy am I glad I did. Only 63 calories per cup including the TB parmesan cheese. Try it!
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄4 cups cubed peeled eggplants
- 1 cup water
- 1 (14 1/2 ounce) can no-salt-added diced tomatoes
- 1⁄2 cup sliced mushrooms
- 1 garlic clove, crushed in a press
- 3⁄4 cup coarsely chopped zucchini
- 1 teaspoon dried Italian seasoning
- 1⁄4 cup grated parmesan cheese
- salt and pepper
Directions See How It's Made
- In 2-quart saucepan, place eggplant, water, tomatoes with their juices, muchrooms, garlic,zucchini, italian seasoning and salt and pepper to taste. Heat to boiling on high.
- Cover; reduce heat to low. Simmer 25 minutes or until vegetables are tender.
- Sprinkle with parmesan cheese.


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I don't know why people think if you have a piercing, it means you're automatically trashy or something along those lines. I think if it's done tastefully, it looks really pretty. I want a simple nose ring that looks something like this:
I don't think she looks nowhere near trashy, just a pretty girl with a nose ring. I really want one. Do you think it would look ok on me? :p
Most Helpful Girl
Not it wouldn't look trashy if its the nose or ears, but make sure you stick a small sticker of a design at the soon-to-be-pierced area and see how you will look, if it looks good go for it if not I would say no.
Supposedly in my family all the girls are supposed to get their nose piercing but I didn't cause I have a small face with a perfect nose and when I tried to see if it looks nice on me IT DIDN'T! I was hoping to get one.
But hey, if you don't like it after a awhile the piercing closes up. So its okay. :)00|00|0


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Mater Private Eye is the ninth episode of the spin-off of Casey jr and Friends
Lightning McQueen's tires are flat so he asks Flo for some air. Then, Mater jumps in and says he thought he already solved that mystery. Then he starts his story. Mater was a Private Investigator solving mysteries. It was 7:15 on a Friday night, Mater was in his room reading different newspapers about counterfeit tires. Tia comes in the room and Mater asks what she wants. Tia says her sister, Mia, has been carnapped. Tia says she last saw Mia working for Big D at his night club, the Carbacabana. Mater goes to the night club and asks a singer named Laverne if she's seen Mia anywhere. Laverne says she saw her a few days ago with Big D and that she smelled salty, like the ocean. Then, one of Big D's henchmen, Clyde, kicks him out and breaks one of his headlights for being nosy. Mater then goes to a garbage truck named Stinky and asks him what the "dirt" on the street is. He says he doesn't know, that he's just throwing out lots of flat tires. It's odd though, he says, because they all smell salty and that he hasn't smelled anything like that ever since he was working at the docks. Then Mater takes off to the docks. After trying to sneak in by wearing boxes over himself, Big D's henchmen see him and dangle him over the ocean waters. Tia shows up, begging them not to hurt him. Mater now finds out that Tia double-crossed him. Tia claims she only did it because it was the only way to save her sister. But just before they're going to throw him in the ocean, Lieutenant Lightning McQueen and other Police Cars arrive. Tia then sets Mater free and he stops Big D by throwing a box on top of him. The box breaks, revealing counterfeit tires. The Police then take Big D away to jail. Back in Fantasy and Fairytale Railway Traction Company Limited, Lightning then says that's the most ridiculous thing he's ever heard. But before either of them can say anything, Laverne shows up telling everybody to Conga. And Mater then dances away with them.
- Mater
- Lightning McQueen
- Big D
- Clyde
- Stinky
- Laverne
- Tia
- Mia
- Flo
- Luigi
- Guido
- Ramone
- Susie the Little Blue Coupe


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Foreign Policy Vocabulary by Daniel Kosmyna
Foreign Policy
Definition- A government's strategy in dealing with other nations (Google).
"The World is Flat"
In his book, The World is Flat, Friedman recounts a journey to Bangalore, India, when he realized globalization has changed core economic concepts (Wikipedia).
Definition- The conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations (Dictionary.com).
Commander in Chief
Definition- A head of state or officer in supreme command of a country's armed forces (Google).
War Powers Act
Definition- A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress (Wikipedia).
Definitions- An accredited diplomat sent by a country as its official representative to a foreign country (Google).
Definitions- The official residence or offices of an ambassador (Google).
Definition- The Central Intelligence Agency is one of the principal intelligence-gathering agencies of the United States federal government (Google).
Definition- National Security Council. A committee in the executive branch that advises the president on matters relating to domestic, military, and foreign security (Google).
Senate/House Foreign Relations Committees
Definition- It is charged with leading foreign policy legislation and debate in the Senate (Wikipedia).
Definition- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949 (Google).
Warsaw Pact Countries
Definition- A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe (Google).


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Jackson's : Professional Wooden Stretcher Builder : 43 x 58 mm Bars (cm Sizes)
Available in different lengths.
Professional STRETCHER BARS Pair : 43x58mm profile.
very solid stretcher bar with profile dimensions of 43 x 58mm. These bars only come with a cross bar slot on each stretcher bar at the size of 80cm or above. They are easy to assemble, solid and a guaranteed high quality product. Please note that some people get confused by the unusual square end of the stretcher bar. Just slip the bars together as shown in the diagram for the perfect snug fit.
Professional CENTRE BAR (15x58mm) in cm size for 43mm deep bars.
These stretcher bars use only renewable wood, red fir from Austria, dried to the right degree of humidity, employed to assure the best stability of stretcher. They are easy to assemble, solid and a guaranteed high quality product.
The 43mm deep stretcher bars in the cm length are designed with 2 slots for these 15x58mm cross bars to pass each other without the need for half bars.
Sold individually.
We recommend a second cross bar is used when the size is over 100cm.
|To use with
|Oil, Acrylic
- Review by John
Write Your Own Review
If you have used this product and would like to share your experience with other artists, please log in to leave a review


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Jonah Hill Gets Owned By French Weather Girl, Takes It Well
Jonah Hill had a rough day, and all of France will suffer for it. More »
Jonah Hill had a rough day, and all of France will suffer for it. More »
Jonah Hill is raw sexuality. More »
Leonardo DiCaprio might've ignited the dad bod craze, but you know who else has one? His best friend Jonah Hill. Has he mentioned they're best friends? Totes best friends. He came to his birthday party once. … More »
"Say something stupid for me, Judd. Say something stupid real good."
Eventually some Hollywood asshole was going to put his/her foot in her mouth and compare the Sony email leaks with The Fappening because we're dealing with a subset of people who aren't accustomed to not having their asses kissed or their massive… More »
Jonah Hill looks like this whenever he's around Leonardo DiCaprio and makes box office bets that end with him kissing Channing Tatum's penis which makes him one of the last people who should walk around going Alec Baldwin on the paparazzi. Which is exactly what he did over the weekend when he yelled, "Suck my… More »
Channing Tatum is GQ's cover interview for the month of June, yet all anyone seems to be talking about is how he openly admits to being a high-functioning alcoholic, and not how Jonah Hill made a bet where he gets to kiss the tip of Channing's penis. Which seems oddly out of character for Jonah… More »
Last year, Latino Review reported that Zac Efron and Ryan Gosling were up for the roles of Han Solo and/or Luke Skywalker's son(s) which did not happen at all. But this time, they're super serious that Zac Efron has met with Marvel about playing.. something. Unleash The Speculator!
We can exclusively report that… More »
Posted by Photo Boy
Regular readers of the site know that my bread-and-butter here is a post called The Crap We Missed, a feature I've been doing it for so long now that when I see something like Jonah Hill downing a bucket of frozen yogurt, knowing I'm not making a TCWM gallery… More »
Here's the rest of The 2014 MTV Movie Awards which you'll quickly notice is mostly Rita Ora's cleavage, and for some odd reason, an almost equal amount of Zac Efron shirtless which was a typo. I have no idea how those got there, or why I tried to wash my clothes on them. I should… More »
"I wish I could tell you that Andy Dufresne fought the good fight, and that he didn't drown in that studio audience when Jonah Hill ejaculated. I wish I could tell you that, but when a man reaches that level of person nirvana – well, I suppose there's no limit to what might come out… More »


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Osterhaut-Henry House & barns c1860
Samuel Osterhaut inherited this farm property from his father in 1854 and lived there for twenty-six years. Several other families have own the property since the Osterhauts sold it. To the rear of the house is one of the County's most intriguing barn complexes. The main gambrel-roofed barn runs parallel to the road, and projecting from it, forming a U-shaped barnyard are two smaller wings. The octagonal cupola vent is also a notable detail. Today Mark & Lynne Henry own the complex which includes a B&B, a renovated barn which is used for weddings, theatre, music and other community venues. The complex also includes a Floral Design Shop, beautiful gardens., and of course apple orchards on which their "County Apples" barn quilt was based. Lynne's grandmother made the quilt , that was recreated in paint for their second barn quilt. Check out their website at Fields on Westlake
Painted by the Barn Quilt Painters Group


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Download Underworld For PC from Online Apps For PC.
Battle in real-time as your Champion, and those loyal to them, traverse multiple Battle Zones, attacking nearby opponents with brutal close and long range strikes. Prepare to get bloody, as only the last Champion standing can take the spoils of war and earn reward packs to marshal their forces. Collect over 250 unique cards inspired by Underworld: Awakening and Underworld: Blood Wars!
REAL-TIME STRATEGY: Real-time decisions have real-time consequences. Watch your opponent's moves and attacks on the battlefield and plan your counter-attack on the fly!
RULE THE BATTLEFIELD: Move your Champion and supporting characters over multiple Battle Zones, attacking at close and long-range as you see fit.
LEAD THE ATTACK: Don't settle for less. Compete in head-to-head battles to improve your rank and win exclusive cards and bonuses!
BE THE CHAMPION: Choose your favorite characters from the latest Underworld films to be your Champions and harness their unique fighting styles!
STACK THE DECK: Build your own style to turn the tides in your favor. Collect and create cards from hundreds of new characters, weapons, and moves never before seen in the Underworld universe!
Got feedback? Tell us about your experience at email@example.com to make the game better!
Underworld collects non-personal user data (including aggregated data)
Source: Underworld (Google Play)
Guide to install Underworld For PC
Underworld can be installed on PC using the Bluestacks Emulator. you can read the guide on how to install Underworld For PC using Bluestack emulator here;
Similarly you can install an android OS on your PC to use Underworld as you do on your smart phone. Learn what is Remix OS and how to install Remix OS on your PC here
More From Us: Paradise War For PC (Windows And Mac)
That's it guys For the Underworld For PC, Hopefully, you enjoyed this tutorial and find it useful. For more Cool and Fun games and Apps like Underworld please Follow our blog.


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Most Helpful Guy
Veery nice. Do you live there? Can I move in? Just for a few days.. or weeks.. or maybe a few years until I find my own apartment, ok? :))00|00|0
Most Helpful Girl
Thoughts? Hm I'm hoping that my future husband would be a romantic and maybe propose to me at a beautiful place like that, but wanting and getting are two different things lol00|00|0


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Desktop PC Computers
Processor model
Os provided
Total storage capacity
Optical drive
Desktop PCs from Ebuyer.com
With higher specifications and delivering a better performance than laptops and tablets desktop PCs are ideal for work and as the main computer at home. Their superior computing power delivers the fast media steaming, painless video editing and of course the higher storage capacity that portable machines just can not match. Designers, gamers and media enthusiasts use desktop PCs simply because they out-perform other kinds of computers. And, although laptops and tablets are becoming more popular, a desktop PC can still be the best choice if you need a computer for work, school or for gaming.
Read more...
HP 280 G2 i5 SFF Desktop Y5P85EA
- Intel Core i5-6500 3.2 GHz
- DVD Writer
- Intel HD Graphics
- Windows 10 Pro 64bit
£434.99 inc. vat£384.99 after Trade-In deal
£362.49 ex. vat£320.82 after Trade-In deal
BT Shop
£474.32 | 06.07.17
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Zoostorm Evolve Desktop PC
- Intel Celeron N3050 1.6GHz
- DVD Writer
- Intel HD
- No Operating System
£179.99 inc. vat
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QuickFind: 787859 | Mfr part code: 7290-3078
Intel Compute Stick
- Intel Atom x5-Z8300 1.44GHz
- 2GB RAM + 32GB Flash
- Intel HD Graphics
- WIFI + Bluetooth
- Windows 10 32bit
£131.99 inc. vat
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Hannspree BT Keyboard
- Strong and durable build
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Intel Compute Stick
- Intel Atom x5-Z8300 1.44GHz
- 2GB RAM + 32GB Flash
- Intel HD Graphics
- WIFI + Bluetooth
- No Operating System
£113.99 inc. vat£119.99save £6.00
£94.99 ex. vat£99.99save £5.00
QuickFind: 729659 | Mfr part code: BLKSTK1A32SC
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A powerful argument in their favour is that you certainly get much more 'bang for your buck', as they give you better performance for your money. Creating documents, working with photo-editing software, gaming and more is so much easier with the extra processing power, not to mention the larger monitor, keyboard and mouse.
No matter what you use the machine for, it is much less arduous working for extended periods with a desktop computer than it is with a laptop.Finding the right desktop PC for you
Ebuyer.com has a huge range of desktop PCs and all at great prices, but how do you narrow down the options and find the ideal machine? The first thing you need to do is to determine exactly what you will be using the computer for.
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Ebuyer.com has a huge selection of desktop PCs, and all are available at fantastically low prices and with free delivery to your door*. Find the machine to suit you and place your order today.
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Even militants and most wanted terrorist have now got the hang of Twitter. But the way they use it is as awful as what they do.
American jihadist Omar Hammami was kicked out of Al-Shabab, a Somali militant group, because of his 'narcissistic pursuit of fame'. Hammami who is also known as Abu Mansur Al-Amriki tweeted on April 25th that he had been shot in the neck:
just been shot in neck by shabab assassin. not critical yet— abu m (@abumamerican) April 25, 2013
Hammami live-tweeted his post-failed assassination pursuit (probably by Al-Shabaab militants):
We were forced to fight in self defense &killed 3 and wounded others w/no losses. The main amir who wanted 2 fight us was from the killed— abu m (@abumamerican) April 29, 2013
Since Omar Hammami has survived the attacks, he emerged on Twitter today and tweeted:
May not find another chance to tweet but just remember what we said and what we stood for. God kept me alive to deliver the mssg 2 the umah— abu m (@abumamerican) April 29, 2013
Hammami is notorious not only for being a terrorist but also for the militant groups in Somalia. The American jihadist posted rap videos on YouTube in hope of attracting more people towards his cause which of course the Islamist groups didn't support.
Also, Omar Hammami has almost 2600 followers on his Twitter account. His live tweets from his failed assassination have caused a stir in the world of online media. While some were hoping for his death and cursing him, others were actually interested in knowing whether he survived or not.
So what do you have to say about this incident? You can share your thoughts in the comments section below.


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Roberto Bellarmino Items4 textbooks were found
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Opuscula Quinque: Nempe I. De Ascensione Mentis In Deum, Ii. De Aeterna Felicitate Sanctorum, Iii. De Genitu Columbae, Iv. De Septem Verbis A Christo ... Cruce Prolatis, Volume 4 (Romanian Edition)List Price:$24.75
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Tractatus De Potestate Summi Pontificis In Rebus Temporalibus Adversus Gulielmum Barclaium (Italian Edition)List Price:$32.75
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Introduction to Design for Small and Medium Chemical Processes
By God's grace, this is the third book globally released in my 24 years of lecturing and engineering practice. The Scientists and Engineers design skill is now assessed by the ability to utilize developed software packages. Design is an art and should be taught from the fundamental principles. My earlier 2 books "Introduction to Principles of Chemical Processes" and "Modeling and Simulation...
Joseph Obofoni Odigure
Odigure Joseph Obofoni » Prof. Joseph O. Odigure is a Professor of Chemical Engineering. He has served as Dean of School of Engineering and Engineering Technology and Foundation Coordinator/Dean, School of Information and Communication Technology and Director, Centre for Open Distance and eLearning, Federal University of technology, Minna, Nigeria. Chairman, Committee of Deans of Engineering and Technology of Nigerian... view full profile


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Quality Psychological Services v. Hartford Ins.
Insurance Law
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LOL ok so i just got my second star and a "nominate me" button. I think it just made my whole day! lol
i was sitting at my desk and was just so excited lol!
anywho just had to share my excitement
Congrats! I cannot describe my ridiculous excitement when I realized I'd hit 'superstar' status. It takes so little to thrill me.
i can imagine the excitement! lol it doesnt take much to thrill me either!
I'm so happy for you I cried.
Is there a significance to the stars? Do you become a superstar by posting a lot, or because you are an expert? In other words, is the advice of the multi-starred folks what you should be paying attention to?
no, no, no, I'm no expert. It's just based on how many times you've posted. It really doesn't mean anything except that I talk (type) a lot.
LOL. I was excited, when I got rid off the "newbie" call. In a real I am still newbie! Most of my post were questions, but there were a few people I could help, and that feeling is fantastic. Congratulation to you!
I've never paid attention, but now I have to post, just to see how many, if any I have!
I never noticed all those stars before......... how does one earn them?
(there's probably a sticky with the answer but my computer is so slow this morning and so am I)
anyway, congratulations
I just realized I have 3
How'd those get there
Nannie, you get more stars the more you post.
Thank You shelbur10 who has 5 gold stars, is a forum superstar and an adorable child as her avatar
Aw thank you nannie. I'm ashamed to admit, but that adorable child is digging into his Walmart smash cake and is now 7 yo with considerably fewer adorable moments. But at least he doesn't get Walmart cakes anymore. He doesn't really care to eat much cake anymore, either...he just demands the biggest, most elaborate showpieces that Mommy can make, then eats about half a slice.
I'm a frequent member and can't wait til I hit the next level! Doesn't take much to thrill me either, lol. (BTW, this post counts toward my next star! )
Shelbour10 - I read your sig a while ago, and I think of it often......I think more folks should read it - it may make some stop and think.??? Anyhow, I just wanted you to know what an impact it had on another!
AND conrats SJ - you'll have more stars before you know it - I think I have been here forever now!
mine still says newbie but i am try to get rid of that status. I love to reply and post when I can help.
I am so happy for you! I love this post! I have read many signature and find "this" signature to be the perfect one. I have a hundred so far! As for the stars, we all grew up getting stars as a postive reinforcement of our good behavior, now we get them for our addiction! Ain't life sweet?
Keep it up! I love seeing members participate.
It really disheartens me to see members who have been here longer than I, and only have 2-3 posts written, all of them questions because they need help. It's time they give a little back, right?
Glad to have ya!
I started out finding the other threads that had the answers looked for in the new question, and posted them so they could be found.
I was so excited the first time I could actually answer someone's question!
I haven't found much that I can answer, so most of my posts are questions too. That's probably the reason why I have so few! But I love this site, I'm on here atleast every alternate day!
Shelbour10 - I read your sig a while ago, and I think of it often......I think more folks should read it - it may make some stop and think.??? Anyhow, I just wanted you to know what an impact it had on another!
Thank you Loucinda, it's always nice to know you've touched someone else's life in some small way. I can't even remember where I first heard that quote, but I *try* to live by it.


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From CT
The media always says that billionaire businessman Donald Trump is against immigrants. However, what Trump did to a guy in a T-shirt at a rally this weekend in Illinois proved them all wrong.
Trump was at an event in Bloomington, Illinois, on Sunday when he saw a guy with a homemade T-shirt. He immediately knew he had to have him on stage.
The shirt's message — "Legal Immigrant for Trump" — was drawn onto the white T-shirt with what looked to be black marker. Trump acknowledged it as he talked about immigration.
"We want people to come in, but they've got to come in like you — legally!" he said, pointing at the man.
Trump then beckoned him up on stage.
"Bring him up," Trump said, then referencing a scary incident where a protester tried to jump him at an event. "He knows if he makes a move he's gonna get clobbered by these guys. Did you see these guys take the guys down yesterday?"
"I'm here because I'm agitated that the media doesn't separate legal immigration from illegal," the man in the T-shirt said, addressing Trump. "You do support immigration."
Illinois has long been a destination for Latino immigrants, and if he hopes to win the state, he's going to have to count on their vote.


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Well, now on to more painting. My sister said I could have my very own beach cottage feel, and since I already bought and paid for the paint for my laundry room, and still had some left, I painted the main bathroom in my house! Now everything that was red is now AQUA!
And it didn't cost me a dime!
I already had this cute aqua-lime green-and brown table topper from Cotton Way and used it on the floor as a bath mat. I think I will re-make it in September with their new fabric line, BLISS....gota have a bit of red!
The little cupboard over my toilet got a paint job too.....and I shopped through my closets for towels.....and didn't spend any money because I had some white ones and a few odd colors from years past. Love that! Shopping and spending NO money!


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With the holiday season can come lonely times for single-again adults. It does not matter if you are widowed or divorced, the loneliness is the same. It can create an emotional roller coaster for the one who is facing another evening alone. Others are rushing around shopping for new clothes, purchasing last-minute gifts, and preparing to try to fit into an already-packed schedule more parties and events. You are there telling them how nice they look and what great choices in {Read More}
About Patti M. Hummel
Patti M. Hummel was called to missions in a youth revival. She was married to the late Rev. Donald R. Hummel, Sr. Patti has certificates in Bible from Moody Bible College and Duncan Park Bible Institute. She served in Christian Children's Homes and as GA State Sales Manager for Zondervan Publishing House. After her husband died, she and her three small children spent seven years in the South Pacific as long-term missionaries. Patti is an author and compiler/ author of 18 books. She is an international speaker to Christian groups. She is currently President of The Benchmark Group LLC in Nashville (benchmarkgrouppublishers.com) and is the grateful mother of 3 adult children and 2 precious granddaughters with another grandchild due spring of 2010.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 2008
|Filing date
|Nov 12, 2004
|Priority date
|Nov 12, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas M. Brey, Giles R. Frazier, Gregory F. Pfister, William J. Rooney
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (21), Classifications (23), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to managing resources within a communications environment, and, more particularly, to a method and system for authenticating a requestor without providing a key.
In one embodiment, a communications environment includes a plurality of client nodes coupled to one or more nodes via a communications medium. One example of such as communications medium is the InfiniBand™ transport, which is described in further detail in "InfiniBand Architecture Specification Volume 1," Release 1.2, October, 2004, available from the InfiniBand Trade Association at 5440 SW Westgate Drive, Suite 217, Portland, Oreg., 97221, or online at www.Infinibandta.org, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. InfiniBand is a trademark of the InfiniBand Trade Association.
The InfiniBand transport enables a set of interconnected client and server nodes, referred to as a subnet, to communicate with one another. It also provides a partitioning scheme that allows a subnet to be logically subdivided into sets of nodes, referred to as partitions. A partition includes one or more client nodes, as well as one or more server nodes. A node, such as a server node, can be included in more than one partition. The members of a partition communicate with one another, but are unaware of any other partition.
Within an InfiniBand™ (IB) fabric, resource provider nodes that may be shared by various client nodes are partitioned by a network administrator such that each client node is allowed to use all of the resources at the shared node. Thus, when a node (e.g., a server node) is included in multiple partitions, all of the resources of that node are accessible by all of the partitions that include that node. When a resource provider node receives a request from a client node, it provides access to all of the resources that the client node is allowed to use regardless of the application within the client node from which the request came. However, this accessibility is undesirable (e.g., from a security standpoint) when there is a need to restrict the resources that each application can use to a subset of the client's full resources. Thus, a need exists for a capability that restricts the resources that each application on a given client node is allowed to use. In Attorney Docket Number POU9-2004-0157US1, filed concurrently herewith, a capability is disclosed in which the resource allocations of a client node's applications may be dynamically changed without the need for human interaction, such that system operations may continue uninterrupted.
In an original version of such capability, a 64-bit or an arbitrarily long binary key is entered at the provider node (e.g., a storage device), and then again at the client node (e.g., a host operating system). However, this authentication approach can be time consuming, as well as error prone. Thus, it would be desirable to enable a customer to implement the definition at the resource provider node, and allow the client (identified in the InfiniBand architecture by a unique hardware value) to obtain binary keys so authorized from a key provider node, without the need to provide a key (or password) in the request from the client to the key provider node itself. This in turn would eliminate the requirement to reenter the key at the client, as well as avoid any errors associated with incorrectly entering that key.
The foregoing discussed drawbacks and deficiencies of the prior art are overcome or alleviated by a method for authenticating a requesting entity in a communications environment. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes determining a client identification of a client node associated with the requesting entity, and determining whether the requesting entity associated with the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity. A key to the requesting entity is returned from a provider node upon determining that the client identification of the client node indicates that the client node is permitted to access one or more resources of the provider node, and that the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity.
In another embodiment, a system for authenticating a requesting entity in a communications environment includes a means for determining a client identification of a client node associated with the requesting entity, and a means for determining whether the requesting entity associated with the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity. A resource provider node is configured to return a key to the requesting entity upon a determination that the client identification of the client node indicates that the client node is permitted to access one or more resources of the provider node, and that the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity.
In still another embodiment, a storage medium includes a machine readable computer program code for authenticating a requesting entity in a communications environment, and instructions for causing a computer to implement a method. The method includes determining a client identification of a client node associated with the requesting entity, and determining whether the requesting entity associated with the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity. A key to the requesting entity is returned from a resource provider node upon determining that the client identification of the client node indicates that the client node is permitted to access one or more resources of the provider node, and that the client node is acting in a supervisor capacity.
Referring to the exemplary drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several Figures:
Disclosed herein is a method and system for authenticating a requestor in an environment in which a client is allowed to request a set of keys that will provide access to resources within a communications medium such as InfiniBand. In order to properly authenticate the requestor and return the requested key information, certain conditions are satisfied beforehand. First, the request is associated with a predetermined client identification (ID) so as to verify that the requestor has not spoofed its physical node identifier. For example, in InfiniBand, the client ID is a globally unique identifier (GUID), typically associated with a unique piece of hardware. Then, it is further determined whether or not the request has come from supervisor state code executing on that node. If both the requestor's node client ID and supervisor state conditions are satisfied, then a key or set of keys is returned to the node, which key(s) may be used on subsequent calls so that this verification sequence is not needed for those future calls.
Briefly stated, the embodiments presented herein describe a methodology that is used to determine the physical node from which a request was sent, and to which keys may be returned. In an exemplary embodiment, the methodology may be applicable to resource provider nodes that have the ability to provide a different set of services, resources or private data to each client node that makes a request to the resource provider node. It may also be used in any situation in which it is necessary to determine the identification of a remote node that sends a packet containing the remote node's source local ID (SLID) without the possibility of being spoofed.
Furthermore, a significantly simpler authentication mechanism is provided to authenticate a supervisor as the sender of a request for private information. In so doing, the complexity and computing overhead of certificate exchange mechanisms is eliminated. When implemented in an InfiniBand network, the present methodology eliminates the need to manually query the Network Administrator to determine the set of keys needed for the client node to access resources within the resource provider node. These keys are provided to both the requesting node and the resource provider during configuration, and a key is included within request packets to the resource provider. The resource providers use the key provided in the clients' request to uniquely identify a client node, and thereby identify the resources that the requesting client is allowed to use. An exemplary size of the key is 128 bits, although it may be made as long or short as needed in order to ensure that it is unguessable. Thus, the invention embodiments described herein provide a method of securely passing private data to a requester, without the need to configure both ends of the exchange with an arbitrarily long binary key, or other type of password, which is both time consuming and error prone.
Determining Client ID of Requester
Referring initially to
In such a framework, the request contains a header that includes the SLID of the requester and a payload describing the request. Although the SLID is generated by trusted hardware, it is only a temporary identifier. In order to determine actual node from which the request came, the resource provider first determines the permanent identifier associated with the physical node of the requester, referred to as the globally unique identifier (GUID) of the requester. Upon receipt of the request and before responding to that request, the IB Service or resource provider determines the GUID of the requesting node by sending a new request to the Subnet Administrator (SA). Since the SA is aware of all assignment of SLIDs to physical nodes, it will respond with the set of GUIDs corresponding to any given SLID.
The request, which contains the SLID of the client node, requests the SA to return the GUID corresponding to the SLID sent in the request. In response to the request, the SA returns the GUID (or GUIDs) of the node to which the SLID is currently assigned. After receiving the response from the SA and thus determining the GUID of the requester, the resource provider can determine if the requesting client is allowed to access the resource. If the resource is allowed to be used by the node identified by the GUID returned from the SA, then the server node will allow the use of the resource by the requesting node.
As is shown in
After initial configuration of the communications environment 100, a client node (e.g., Client Physical Node A) sends a request 116, in which the request packet header contains the SLID of the requester. Upon receipt of the request 116 and before responding, the resource provider 108 determines requester's GUID by sending a query 118 to the SA 102 containing the requester's SLID. In turn, the SA 102 sends a response 120 with the GUID(s) associated with the requester's SLID.
Alternatively, the resource provider 108 could also construct and maintain a table 121 of client SLIDs and their corresponding GUIDs that the resource provider had previously determined. In other words, whenever the resource provider 108 queries the SA 102 to determine the GUID corresponding to a SLID from a request packet, it then adds this information to a table of SLID to GUID mappings. Upon receipt of a subsequent request with a known SLID, the resource provider 108 determines the corresponding GUID from its local table 121, thus removing the need to query the SA. However, it should be understood that in this case the resource provider 108 would need the capability of recognizing any change in the SLID of any of its clients. Because it is not always possible to guarantee this capability, the use of resource provider 108 to maintain SLID to GUID information is preferably not implemented unless the change capability can be guaranteed.
After further determining that the request 116 was sent by the supervisor of the client node 106 (discussed below), the resource provider 108 may then determine the resources/private data the requester is authorized to use, and return such resources/private data via response 122.
Assuring Requestor is Supervisor
In addition to determining the physical client ID of a requesting entity, there is still the specific task of determining whether the requestor at a certain client node is actually a supervisor as opposed to, for example, an application running on the client node. In the InfiniBand communication network example presented, there are mechanisms by which end nodes communicate with one other within the IB fabric. In accordance with the IB architecture, nodes exchange Q_Keys during communication establishment. The receipt of a packet with a different Q_Key than the one the node provided to the remote queue pair means that packet is not valid and is thus rejected.
There are two general types of Q_Keys in the IB architecture, privileged and non-privileged. Per the IB architecture, Q_Keys with the most significant bit set are privileged Q_Keys whose use is controlled by the operating system. The principal distinction between privileged and non-privileged Q_Keys is that non-privileged Q_Keys may be attached to messages by user-mode programs by several means. However, the InfiniBand architecture requires that only code running in privileged state (i.e., a supervisor) can cause privileged Q_Keys to be attached to messages. This is enforced by making the operation of associating a Q_Key with a Queue Pair be a privileged operation, when and only when the Q_Key so associated is a privileged Q_Key. Once that association is made, any message sent from the Queue Pair will have that Q_Key attached (unless overridden on for a specific message with a non-privileged Q_Key). There is no other way to attach a privileged Q_Key to a message; thus if a message contains a privileged Q_Key, it is guaranteed that either: (a) the supervisor sent the message, or (b) the supervisor allowed the message to be sent by setting a Queue Pair's Q_Key to a privileged Q_Key, and then allowed user-mode code to use that Queue Pair.
In addition, there is a single well-known Q_Key called the Well-Known Privileged_Key (WKPQ_Key). IB managers, agents and services currently establish connections by sending a connection request containing the WKPQ_Key value, which is documented in the IB specifications. However, the usage of the WKPQ_Key is not restricted to the supervisor, since the IB managers, agents, and services running in either supervisor or application state may also be allowed to use it. These are an instance, as discussed above, of the supervisor setting a Queue Pair's Q_Key to a privileged value, and then allowing the user mode code to use that Queue Pair. Consequently, a connection request containing the current WKPQ_Key is inadequate to authenticate that the connection request came from a supervisor.
Therefore, to address this identification issue, a new privileged Q_Key is defined, and referred to herein as a Supervisor-Only Privileged QKey (SOPQ_Key). The use of this SOPQ_Key value in a connection request is permitted only by supervisors or their trusted agents and, as such, the establishment of a connection using the SOPQ_Key affirmatively indicates that the connection is being made by the supervisor of the node that sent the request. This correspondingly enables the receiver of the connection request to determine that the request came from a supervisor by verifying that the connection request contains the SOPQ_Key value. If the request does not contain the SOPQ_Key value, the connection request recipient will refuse the connection, and, consequently refuse to provide any private information.
Because the supervisor on the requesting node restricts the use of the Queue Pairs using the SOPQ_Key to the supervisor itself and its trusted agents, client applications residing on the same node as the supervisor cannot send connection requests containing the SOPQ_Key. The supervisor can so restrict this use because the SOPQ_Key is a privileged Q_Key, and therefore, as explained above, only the supervisor can associate the SOPQ_Key with a Queue Pair. This process enables a node that receives a connection request containing the SOPQ_Key to be certain that the request came did in fact come from a supervisor, and that requests for privileged resources may be accepted on the connection.
One practical use for implementing the above described node client ID and supervisor verification protocols lies in the distribution of private information such as supervisor and resource keys. A supervisor or resource key is a sequence of digits arbitrarily long enough to be unguessable. Each resource on the IB fabric that can be shared by multiple nodes may be associated with a set of one or more resource keys, wherein each resource key corresponds to resource(s) that a given node is permitted to access or consume. In order to use the shared resource, the supervisor of each node must acquire a resource key in order to obtain access to its portion of resources in the provider node. In order to distribute the resource keys, a key service is provided for distributing the resource keys to the appropriate supervisors upon request. To verify that a request to the key service came from a supervisor, therefore, the key service accepts the request only if it contains the SOPQ_Key. This process prevents all applications except the supervisor or its trusted agents from obtaining resource keys from the key service. The key service may or may not be on the same node as the resource provider.
Thus configured, the resource provider node 108 permits a connection only where the request came from the supervisor of a client node, thereby ensuring that private data is not distributed to any process that is not a supervisor. It will be noted that any process that has been authorized by the supervisor to use the SOPQ_Key is considered part of the supervisor. Accordingly, by defining the SOPQ_Key and allowing this to be used only by a supervisor, the need for time-consuming supervisor authentication processes (e.g., the exchange of certificate data) is eliminated, thereby improving system performance, decreasing complexity and cost.
Providing Key(s) for Subsequent Calls
Referring now to
During normal operation, each client node 106 includes its corresponding key in all connection requests to the resource provider node 108. When the resource provider node 108 receives the request, it determines the resources that the client node 106 is allowed to use by examining the tables 302, 112 (formed during the configuration step) to identify the resources corresponding to the key received in the request. For example, if Client Node B sends a request 304, then the request 304 contains Client Node B's key, which is represented as "Key B" in table 302.
Upon receipt of this request, the resource provider node 108 uses table 302 to determine the GUID of Client Node B, and further uses table 112 to determine the allowed resources associated with the client node having GUID B. A connection response 306 is then sent from the resource provider node 108 to Client Node B. This procedure eliminates the need for the resource provider node 108 to access the SA 102 in order to determine the resources Client Node B is allowed to use each time a connection to the resource provider 108 is made, as explained above. The elimination of the need to access the SA 102 improves performance significantly, since each SA access requires a lookup operation on the SA and thus round-trip delay multiplied by many resource provider nodes querying the SA, which also decreases the utilization of the SA, thereby allowing the SA to process other transactions more efficiently.
Such requests, which originate from clients to resource providers, may simply be independent requests for usage of a resource, or they may also be connection requests and responses between the client node and resource provider node. If a connection is formed between the client node and resource provider node, then the client is allowed to use all resources corresponding to the resource key contained in the connection request during the duration of the connection, without the need to pass the resource key in each subsequent request.
Still a further additional aspect of the present invention embodiments involves updating a resource key. If the resource keys need to be updated after having been transferred to the resource provider node, the trusted administrator 104 may send a list of GUIDs and their corresponding keys to the resource provider node 108. The list of resources associated with each GUID need not be resent, however. With respect to
It should be recognized that although the above described exemplary embodiments of the invention use tables 302 and 112 that contain the GUIDs of the requesting client nodes, use of a GUID is not needed. For example, an alternative embodiment would eliminate the use of GUIDs and simply associate keys directly with allowed resource lists or other parameters, thus effectively merging tables 302 and 112 into a single table. Such an alternative would be applicable in situations wherein the administrator assigned resources, not on a GUID basis, but based on another identifier such as a globally unique software identifier.
As shown in
A random access memory (RAM) or other type of dynamic storage device 406 (depicted as main memory in
The computer system 400 may also be coupled via the bus 402 to a display device 412, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD), for displaying information to a computer user. An alphanumeric input device 414, including alphanumeric and other keys, may be coupled to the bus 402 to allow a user to communicate information and command selections to the processor 404. Another type of user input device that may be associated with computer system 400 is a cursor control device 416, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys to communicate direction information and command selections to processor 404, as well as to control cursor movement on the display device 412. In addition, a network interface 418 may be used to provide access to a network, such as a local area network.
In view of the above, the present method and system embodiments may therefore take the form of computer or controller implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The disclosure can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer or controller, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The disclosure may also be embodied in the form of computer program code or signal, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer or controller, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 13, 2005
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BREY, THOMAS M.;FRAZIER, GILES R.;PFISTER, GREGORY F.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015590/0618
Effective date: 20041112
|May 28, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 29, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 29, 2012
|Surcharge for late payment
|Feb 10, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Taken in isolation, Mary Landrieu's remark about Southern attitudes toward African-Americans can hardly be disputed.
"The South has not always been the friendliest place for African-Americans," she said in an interview Thursday with NBC News.
Considering the region's long and bloody history of slavery, lynchings, segregation and overtly racist politicians, that comment is a vast understatement.
But of course, Landrieu's remark was not delivered in isolation.
To begin with, she's in the middle of a tough campaign to win her fourth term in the U.S. Senate from Louisiana, and she's struggling in the polls, which gives her statement a whiff of desperation — especially as the state's sizable black electorate is her most reliable base of support, and she's eager to motivate them to vote Tuesday.
Second, the comment was in response to a question about the unpopularity in Louisiana of her fellow Democrat, Barack Obama, the nation's first black president. Landrieu herself pointed to Obama's antipathy to a robust pro-energy policy as a major reason for his lack of acclaim in Louisiana before she extended the explanation to include Southern racial thinking. But Obama isn't unpopular just in the South: He's pretty unpopular nationwide (although a statement that "the United States has not always been the friendliest place for African-Americans" would be no less true than the one Landrieu delivered).
But likely the biggest problem for Landrieu is the difficulty and reluctance of the South (and the nation) to confront and acknowledge its historical struggles with race, the great crack in the shield of American exceptionalism.
Nowadays, most all Americans regard racism as a vice, and no one likes to consider himself or herself as other than virtuous. Given the undeniable historical record, the standard response to reminders about racism is, "That was then, this is now."
Sometimes, facts, events or ongoing behaviors may intrude to perturb that comforting belief, such as disparate unemployment, incarceration and sentencing rates, or exclusionary policies by country clubs or Mardi Gras krewes, or a Trayvon Martin or Michael Brown shooting. But although even the most self-congratulatory American might harbor a suspicion, however faint, that, for example, Martin's and Brown's chances of being alive today might have been enhanced had they been white, these kinds of things generally can be rationalized away.
Predictably, Landrieu's Senate election opponents and their fellow Republicans reacted with shock and outrage to what they branded as an insult to the citizens of the very state she represents.
"Senator Landrieu's comments are remarkably divisive," the state's Republican governor, Bobby Jindal, tweeted from his Twitter account. "She appears to be living in a different century."
Like, maybe, the 20th century — and specifically, 1990.
That was the year of another U.S. Senate election in Louisiana, with another Democratic incumbent, J. Bennett Johnston Jr., facing a challenge from the Republicans.
Longtime state Sen. Ben Bagert, of New Orleans, was backed by the Republican establishment. But his candidacy was soon eclipsed by a rising star in the party: David Duke.
Duke was just in his first year as a state representative from Metairie. He owed his appeal to his past as a grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan and as the founder of the National Association for the Advancement of White People. He was an unabashed white supremacist and admirer of Hitler who peddled Nazi propaganda from his legislative office.
Johnston defeated Duke, 54 percent to 43.5 percent. But the demographics of the electorate made it plain that Duke had captured a clear majority of the white vote — as he would the next year in losing the governor's race to Edwin Edwards.
But of course, that was then. That particular "then" was less than 25 years ago. Given that citizens become eligible to vote at 18, and given the propensity of Louisianians to stay in Louisiana, it's safe to say many tens of thousands of Duke voters remain in the Louisiana electorate.
The right of citizens to vote for whom they choose is a bedrock of our democracy. And perhaps those Duke voters have undergone a conversion experience and now regard candidates of all colors with a salutary lack of prejudice.
Or perhaps not.
Gregory Roberts is chief of The Advocate Washington bureau. His email address is email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter, @GregRobertsDC.