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|30th May 2010, 11:27 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Location: Maine, USA
question about Sanders' PCB ESL stators
The patent application of Bloodworth and Sanders, found here, describes a method for fabricating electrostatic loudspeaker stators out of copper clad boards (printed circuit board material). One of the features they cite is the "complete encapsulation" of the conductors by the dielectric material. To do this, they use CNC machining to cut slots through the boards, and also cut back the copper trace so that there is a copper-free region between the edge of each trace and the slots that surround it (see figure, extracted from patent application). They then cover the copper traces with another slotted board to complete the encapsulation.
My question is: How important is the gap between the copper trace and the slots? I assume the gap is intended to provide insulation in the plane of the stator, but is that necessary? If not, it seems that a slotted printed circuit board stator could be made without resorting to CNC machining. I'd love to build a CNC router, but spending $2k to build the router is a bit hard to swallow. I can imagine much cheaper, albeit more labor intensive, methods for achieving the same ends as long as the gap between the copper and the slot can be eliminated without running into problems. For example, I have a cheap, plastic tile cutter with a diamond blade that does a great job of cutting PCB material. I can imagine using its blade to cut parallel slots through the boards without resorting to the complexity of a full CNC router.
Thoughts on the importance of the gap between the copper and the slots? The patent application states clearly that one of the main advances they lay claim to is the solution to the problem of insulating the edges of the copper traces, but is that really a big problem?
Last edited by Few; 30th May 2010 at 11:46 PM.
|31st May 2010, 03:24 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Oct 2009
That's why edges of the stator shall be round or rounded - it is noted in almost any esl design description.
Cutting the slots would not be the biggest problem. PCB itself with the buried copper layer will be the most expensive part
Besides that inexpensive pcb are usually limited in size - somewhat 18x18 in sq. And price does not come down unless you order hundreds of them..
P.S. It seems that much easier to make stencil and paint electrodes. Unfortunately that returns us to the root of the problem - insulation layer...
Last edited by alexberg; 31st May 2010 at 03:31 AM.
|31st May 2010, 01:54 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: May 2003
Location: Ft. Worth, TX
I went to Pad2Pad and drew up a reasonably sized (like 30"x10") PCB that was just the outline of a rectangle (to be used as the spacer, not the stator itself). It was several hundred dollars for each one, and you would need 2 per speaker.
The uniformity would be nice, but this is more of a "professional" part and not something an individual would be able to rationalize.
|31st May 2010, 03:30 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Location: Maine, USA
I hadn't considered the thickness of the copper clad layer and the resulting electric field strength so thanks for pointing that out.
On the other hand, the cost estimates seem overly pessimistic to me. McMaster-Carr has 24" x 36" single sided copper clad boards for about $29 for 1/16" thickness and $38 for 1/32" thickness.
Boards without the copper cladding (to be used for the insulating layer) cost about $13 for 1/32" x 24" x 36", although that's for a paper and phenolic composite. Fiberglass and epoxy is about $23 for the same dimensions--not sure if you can get away with the cheaper material for the insulating layer.
Either way, four boards of each type would build two 1 foot by 6 foot stators. Considering the flatness of the resulting stators, combined with the ease with which segmentation could be introduced, I find the approach to be an attractive alternative. Of course I have no interest in convincing others that they ought to do it this way--to each his or her own. My original post was aimed at the question of the need for the gap between the copper and the slots. Thanks for helping me think through that aspect. If others have ideas, by all means chime in.
|31st May 2010, 04:51 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2005
Location: Southern Germany
i do not see any sense in designing and manufactureing something tricky.
Its Ok just to make a single layer pcb. The copper layer is on the outside, and the copper has a certain distance to the holes. To make it perfect, the copper layer is insulated with coating.
In the picture you can see such a pcb. If you look closer you will recognize, that the copper has some gaps. This enables segmentatioon of the stator.
|31st May 2010, 06:25 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2005
Location: Fort Worth, Texas
Very nice looking stators. Thanks for sharing the pictures.
I did have two questions:
1) Can you share what material you are using for the coating over the copper? I understand you may not wish to share this information for company reasons.
2) Have you noticed any issue with the PCB stators tending to eat away the coating on the diaphragm due to increased corona from sharp edges of the copper? Beveridge describes it like this "...the edge of the thin copper sheet around each hole is like a knife blade. Even where the insulation did not break down, corona forms quickly at the edges around these holes...." He noticed that after years of use, the corona ate away at the coating in circles around the sharp edges of the holes in the copper layer. According to his patent, he used nylon as a coating over top of the copper trace.
Old Beveridge thread:
Beveridge PCB stator patent:
Electrode for electrostatic transducer - Google Patent Search
Last edited by bolserst; 31st May 2010 at 06:30 PM.
|31st May 2010, 06:43 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2005
Location: Southern Germany
1. The coating is from the german company Peters and is called DLZ 1600. Its a specific coating which builds up to 200 micron in one layer without droping into the holes (as you can see in the picture). Processing this coating is a nightmare. I did it on my own, but if i would have followed up the pcb-stator i certainly would have given this task to a coating specialist. It worked fine, but i cancelled further activities of pcb stator, because still a wire stator easily outperforms any other stator design for most aspects (costs, safety, reliability, easy, efficiency.......)
2. corona is an issue if the copperlayer has sharp edges and you are right, insulation wont help in this case. Therefore you need a certain edging of the copper. There are some pcb manufacturer which are able to edge in such a way , that the copper layer is softly rounded at the edges.
|1st June 2010, 02:20 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2009
Location: some place nice
This is very interesting, quote from "rbrv" along time ago, a way of testing and a differnt idea for an esl, his quote."That's a good question about a reverse esl. I would propose that the first thing to do is to define what constitutes an esl.
The common use and widespread acceptance of the high resistance, constant charge membrane working between two stators is what most people think of as an esl. In these systems the membrane is passive and the stators do all of the work.
If we accept that definition, then a reverse esl would be to have a constant charge on each of the stators and the membrane carrying the audio. This would make the stators passive and the membrane would do all of the work. In that case, the amount of voltage necessary would not change.
In a Beveridge system, there is no passive component. Both the stators and the membrane are active. All three carry the audio. The benefit of this is that it reduces by half the amount of voltage necessary for the same amount of sound pressure. I think that this is still an esl, but certainly is not what most people think of as an esl.
As far as having the aluminum evaporate from the Mylar when used with conventional electrodes, I may be able to shed some light on that.
I have studied the loss of aluminum I found in the transducers my father made with the more conventional circuit board electrodes. I believe you are correct regarding the high charge density, and specifically that it is caused by corona.
Corona is formed at the surface of a conductor carrying high voltage. It still forms even if the conductor is well insulated. On my father's circuit board electrodes, the edge of the thin copper sheet around each hole is like a knife blade. Even where the insulation did not break down, corona forms quickly at the edges around these holes.
In studying the Mylar from at least 50 of these transducers, I have found that the aluminum coating started evaporating in small circles around each hole. In more severe cases, these circles had grown to the point of overlapping each other. In the most severe cases, virtually all of the aluminum coating was completely gone from the entire surface.
I have a highly polished copper pipe which is about one inch in diameter. It has a long wooden handle. I use it in conjunction with a Variac and a neon light transformer to check my electrodes for arcing. This set-up can produce up to 9,000 volts. I place plastic spacers along the sides of an electrode and then I slide this copper pipe back and forth along the spacers. When I do this in a darkened room, I can see the blue light of the corona forming between the electrode and the copper pipe. The more voltage I apply, the brighter the corona.
With the circuit board electrodes, the corona first forms as circles around the holes and other places where there is an edge of the copper sheet underneath the insulation. The corona forms at relatively low voltages at these edges. At higher voltages, this blue circle gets very bright and even develops into a white ring surrounded by blue corona.
When I do the same thing with the Epoxy composite electrodes which we made in the '70's, this corona forms a uniform blue light along the whole surface of the copper pipe. At higher voltages, the blue light is brighter and some white "sparkles" appear as well. With my new electrodes, these "sparkles" still appear, but at much high voltages. With them at extremely high voltages, the lovely blue corona just gets thicker and a brighter blue and is still perfectly uniform.
I have been told that corona is mostly empty space with a few highly charged particles moving very fast. I know that the aluminum coating on the Mylar is only a few atoms thick. It is my guess that every once in a while, one of these high energy particles hits the Mylar and knocks off one or two atoms of aluminum and that this can eventually remove the whole coating. That is what it looks like to me.
Rick Beveridge
i do not mean to intrude on the toppic, but that is very neat and very crrious. Mav
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
A wise man does not need advice and a fool won't take it.
|1st June 2010, 06:04 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Oct 2009
As soon as AC voltge applied with or witout dielectric there will be discharge at some voltage level.
So ionised particles will move out or to the electrode, depending on the sign of the charge.
Electrons are small and does not damage electrode/dielectric.
The latter can't be said about ions. Older ones can recall ion traps in CRT.
Magnetron sputtering would be one of the technologies relevant to the phenomena observed - i.e. coating "disappearence".
|3rd September 2010, 03:04 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Location: Maine, USA
I'm either too stupid or too stubborn to let this idea go without convincing myself it doesn't have merit.
Latest thoughts:
There seem to be several reports of Sanders' pcb-based ESLs producing very high SPLs and he "claims" extremely high reliability. I realize we shouldn't believe everything stated by the manufacturers when they're trying to sell their wares, but if the Sanders panels play loudly and reliably, that would seem to suggest this approach is viable.
Thanks in advance to anyone with the patience to help work through these ideas.
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I've been in France for one week and two days. Not long enough for a holiday; certainly not long enough to fully experience the country through the eyes of the native French.
But, I've come with the mindset of a resident, not a visitor, and the experience is already completely different from previous visits to this lovely country. Yes, I've tasted (literally and figuratively) many new things that would be equally accessible to the holiday voyager. I spent a Sunday afternoon on the beach at the Mediterranean wading barefoot in the sea and collecting coquillages (seashells). I ate Jol poissons–little fish that come from the sea–fried with eyes and tails intact. I had to close my eyes to pop them in my mouth, but they were surprisingly delicious. I watched flamingos on the marshes, fed bread to the Camarguese horses, and finally saw two foals of these chevaux unique to the Camargue region.
My first week in the country brought some unexpected challenges, which may seem obvious to others, but having visited many times, took me quite by surprise.
First there was the language challenge. My French is primitive, at best. And while my clumsy attempts to speak in the past brought me great satisfaction when someone could actually understand the idea I was trying to impart, they now made me self-conscious of my illiteracy. And the mental strain of translation began to wear on me after less than a week.
I was also surprised by my fatigue in general. At first I chalked it up to the six-hour adjustment in time; but that had never incapacitated me on previous visits. This time I nearly slept away an entire week. I came to the conclusion that the language challenge and trying to adjust to new foods, routine, environment, was wearing me out.
It's different when you are visiting a place for a week or two. The new adventures are exciting. And while I still find this new life exciting, it's more like moving to a new city and starting a new job in the States, with new friends, a new home, new co-workers, a new schedule; they all lose their romance for a while. Adapting becomes the body's primary goal, rather than enjoyment.
For example, a trip to the supermarket (3 trips in the past week, so I can, with some expertise, comment on shopping in a foreign-speaking land) took me three times longer than it should have. Where do you find the garlic powder in a French grocery? The oregano wasn't too difficult because it's green, flaky and written origan feuilles in French. Curry is curry. Basil, basilic. But garlic translates ali, and my little Frenchman didn't know garlic. And how much fat content is in this yogurt? Fortunately, I read French better than I speak it, and a few brands are the same, like the Greek yogurt I usually buy at WalMart. They actually had it here. But they didn't have cream of mushroom soup for my potato soup recipe. I'll have to improvise on that one. Many of these packaged foods and vegetables are unfamiliar to me. (We won't even talk about the meats.) Even the images on the boxes are foreign to my U.S. born-and-bred eyes.
And so I've been surprised by the fatigue, the challenges, and at times the frustration, of trying to adapt to a new life in a new country. But then it's only been a little over a week…
…and the sun streaming in through these open, enormous arch-shaped, old-world windows in my little French villa; hundreds of birds in this bird habitat singing their little French songs in the trees just on the other side of the balcony; the absolute tranquility of this morning as I drink a cup of French coffee and reminisce about the last week and listen to my Frenchman puttering around outside… this moment reminds me why I am here.
I'll adapt.
2 thoughts on "New Culture, New Food, New Everything"
Thanks for the post, Toni! I am sure you are mentally tired; moving is always a huge adjustment no matter where you are moving to, and you had a lot to take care of before you left. Hang in there! I love reading your posts. Wish I could try those poissons some time!
Thanks for the post, Toni! I am sure you are mentally tired; monvig is always a huge adjustment no matter where you are monvig to, and you had a lot to take care of before you left. Hang in there! I love reading your posts. Wish I could try those poissons some time!


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The Mets and their front office are really playing dangerous games with their fanbase. If your a real fan you have to be infuriated when they see that stupid commercial. You know the one where the voice says "What started as a slow fall, turned into a productive winter!" or something like that. Say what? Did I miss something? Did you guys sneak Prince Fielder in the back door or something? What the hell did they do that I am supposed to be excited about?
I'll tell you what they did. They cut more payroll in one season then any other club in history. Yes more then the Marlins who caught so much heat for their fire-sale. They reportedly are cutting over 50 million from their payroll. The truly sad part is the payroll is still at 90 million and they have a terrible team. The Mets are truly playing casino games with their fans. They are basically betting they we are morons and don't know whats really going on. "Hey look we moved the walls in so our power hitters can hit more homers!" Guess what? We don't have any power hitters! This just means the opponents hitters are gonna hit more too. Smoke and mirrors folks.
Now we have Sandy Alderson starting a Twitter accounts to make jokes of the Mets financial problems. I know he's trying to make light of it, but here's some feedback, stop it. Maybe if you have been around more then 2 years you wouldn't find it funny. Maybe if you've been living the ups and downs of this team for 30 years like I have, you too would have a hard time finding the humor in the slow death that is now the Wilpons and the Mets, Mr Alderson.
The Mets continue to embarrass us as a fan base. Just remember this season, none of this is on the players so don't take it out on them. I really hope we set another record this year for the Wilpons, and that is the single season attendance drop off. You wont see me at any games that's for sure. I refuse to support the Wilpons as they leverage our beloved team in an effort to save their financial empire that was based on greed and stupidity. Save your money folks, it'd be better spend at the casino, so click here, I'd rather you waste your money gambling then by putting it in the Wilpon family bail-out!


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text:
Charles A. Allen (Los Angeles)
Not to be confused with Don A. Allen, Los Angeles City Council member, 1947–57.
Charles A. Allen was on leave from his job as supervisor of the Los Angeles City Hall parking garage when he was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 1941. He was reelected in 1943 and 1945, but in the April 1947 primary election his victory — already certified by the City Council—was set aside by court order, a recount was made, and he had to face a final election the next month, which he lost to Kenneth Hahn.
A native of Missouri, where he was a captain in the National Guard and was given the nickname "Cap," Allen was in the grocery business and ran several Los Angeles area markets. He was also active in clubs and civic associations. He took the garage job in 1935 and ran for Los Angeles City Council District 8 six years later in an election to succeed 12-year veteran Councilman Evan Lewis.[1][2] He won that year and was reelected twice more.
In 1940, the 8th District was bounded on the north by Vernon Avenue, on the west by Western Avenue, on the east by the city limits or Alameda Street and on the south by about Slauson Avenue.[3]
Allen was sworn in as a council member on May 14, 1941, to fill the unexpired term of Councilman Evan Lewis, who had died on May 5. Lewis's term was to end on June 30, and Allen's elected term was to begin July 1.[4]
These are two of the positions he took during his six years of service:
Minorities, 1945. During debate on a proposal to establish an interracial committee "devoted to the interests of so-called minority groups," Allen said he was opposed because he was:"convinced that this is a Communistic setup and that the people who have been associated with this effort have been misled." The proposed ordinance was killed by an 8-6 vote.[5]
Radio, 1946. He voted in favor of a resolution condemning the sending of individual letters by city councilmen to support any given radio station in making an application to the Federal Communication Commission. He denounced an organization, the Hollywood Community Radio Group, Inc., which had solicited such letters because its membership, he said, "contains names of persons with reputed Communist sympathies."[6]
See also[edit]
Access to the Los Angeles Times links requires the use of a library card.
- ^ "Every Council Post at Stake," Los Angeles Times, March 30, 1941, page 2
- ^ "Seven Council Candidates Recommended to City Vote," Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1941, page A-2
- ^ "Proposed New Alignment for City Voting Precincts," Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1940, page A-3 Includes a map.
- ^ "Allen Appointed to Fill Lewis' Unexpired Term in City Council," Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1941, page A-1
- ^ "Interracial Plan Dropped," Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1945, page A-1
- ^ "Radio Permits Peeve Council," Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1946, page A-2
|Preceded by
Evan Lewis
|Los Angeles City Council
8th District
|Succeeded by
Kenneth Hahn


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"mental health?"
Posted by D Evans
I am grateful n thankful for the timely help I received, when I was admitted to bowmere beechward. Yes I could complain, but I don't want to, everything happens as should for a purpose. It must be very difficult n complex care for 'mentally' unwell folk. But big part of me wants say broader treatment, n options be useful. Treat the soul, spiritually, as well as mentally. I would of liked more access to clergy. Or those who work within the chapel, prayer room at bowmere. Felt I didn't see their presence enough. N should be more a priority. To feel that support, that safety net. Hope. Faith. So hard be in a mentally n physically exhausted place n lost, without some sense of god. To be fully understood by a fellow man. Really can be lonely time when admitted into care. The biggest thanks I have is no offence, not to the staff, but fellow patients. Friends, saints. All connect together n help each other through. Meet n cross paths at a time need to. (As with everyday life). But particularly a profound time when within bowmere. Your garden, the smoking one is beautiful, the peace n harmony. The gate the scents the wild life the stained glass, light from within) the tables n paths n trees, the sky. All majestic n important part of healing. Need that contact with nature. N glimpses of outside world. (Other reality's) needed escape, time out from. I have so much I could say, but truely not enough words, to describe my time at bowmere. Please keep the art :) the books. The paper n pens. Visits from musicians. I met amazing beautiful people and will always remember them, even tho not in touch now. Must separate n let life flow, but its truely a very important time when we're there. Looking back. At first I hated it. But now. I'd go back anytime. :) keep the positive sayings n quotes on that screen. Near entrance/exit. Believe me when enter there alone we look in many places at many things. Notice a lot. Soak it up. The gardens are beautiful. N the church building is amazing to have. Even as a gym, made good common use out of it. All in all the history n energies at bowmere countess of Chester is a wonderful well rounded place. I would recommend in a flash, to anyone. In fact the only reason I've ended up here at this page is out of concern for a friend, who worries me deeply, n mentioned 111, I looked it up to find its a nhs number. N I immediately did a search for bowmere out of conce n for a friend who needs help. Hospital can be a fresh hell. But also, sometimes a heaven. Thanks for support.
Response from Bowmere Hospital 2 years ago
Thank you for taking the time to share your experiences with us here at Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. I have read your comment and was very interested in regards to understating your patient journey. If you are able to, I would be grateful if you could contact me on 0800 195 4462 to hopefully share further details with me of your experience. Kind regards. Helen Chadwick
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Will 2012 bring more "Deweys" in Biglaw?
When it comes to Dewey & LeBoeuf, we've been like gawkers driving slowly past a car crash, our morbid fascination at times overwhelming the tragedy of the long-established firm's slow and painful demise.
[via: More law firms may end up like Dewey, Forbes says at InsideCounsel]
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- You are here:
- goodtoknow
- Family
- Family pictures
Tom's Midnight Garden
What's it about? Tom is expecting a boring holiday at his aunt's until the clock strikes 13 and he discovers a secret garden in the grounds of her house.
Why will kids love it? A timeless classic about Tom's adventures in his secret, midnight garden. Full of magic and ghosts this is a story every child wishes would happen to them.
Your comments
- Best potties: Which is the best potty for toilet training?
- Top Christmas toys 2017
- Hidden sugar in kids foods: What's in your child's favourites?
- Top kids' toys for 2017
- Free knitting patterns
- The royals as babies
- Royal baby traditions
- Celebrities with twins
- Creative play: Christmas gift ideas that encourage imaginative play


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The Rotary Club of Gonzales is busy planning for its annual Food Festival fundraiser set from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. March 24 at the Gonzales Civic Center.
The annual event benefits the St. Theresa Food Pantry and showcases some of the area's best chefs, a news release said.
Tickets are $25 per person and are available at Gonzales City Hall, Ascension Chamber of Commerce office on La. 30 in Gonzales and at the door the night of the event. Tickets also are available through members of the club.
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Adam Chilton and I have posted a new paper that criticizes some recent studies that suggest that they do. We show in our paper that once one takes into account time trends, the positive results disappear for two treaties–CEDAW and CAT. Whatever has caused gender equality to improve over the years, it is not the treaty regime.
Category Archives: INTERNATIONAL LAW
Are we at war with Russia?
Not yet. The NATO treaty provides:
The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs … will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.
Article 5. But what is an "armed attack"? The protocol admitting Turkey to the pact says:
For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack … [1] on the territory of Turkey, … [2] on the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, when in or over these territories…
But neither the protocol nor the treaty define "armed attack." The Russian warplane did not not fire on Turkish forces but it did violate Turkish airspace and it did so despite many earlier protests by Turkey at similar incursions. The question is then whether the violation of airspace is an "armed attack."
Like nearly every term in international law, the term "armed attack" has no agreed-upon definition. Not every use of force constitutes an armed attack. As the International Court of Justice has noted, "As regards certain particular aspects of the principle in question, it will be necessary to distinguish the most grave forms of the use of force (those constituting an armed attack) from other less grave forms." Yet it continues "Every State has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate the existing international boundaries of another State." Isn't sending a military jet a "use of force" that violates Turkey's boundaries? On the other hand, the jet did not drop bombs on Turkey or try to, as far as we know. For this reason, I suspect that nearly everyone would regard the incursion as a violation of international law but not as an armed attack per se. Meanwhile, Turkey's response would be deemed a lawful countermeasure and not itself an act of war.
So we are not at war with Russia, but what if Russia retaliates by bombing Turkey? Article 5 supplies wiggle room. Each of the other NATO members is required only to take "such action as it deems necessary" which may, but need not, include the use of armed force. That is the law. Politically, the story may be different.
What's the best use for Human Rights Watch's budget?
For the past few years, I've been flogging the idea that money spent to enforce human rights would be more productively devoted to development aid. I make this argument in a book; and I have developed it in an article, just posted on SSRN, which argues that development agencies should not consider themselves constrained by human rights law or required to "promote" human rights, as this idea is sometimes put.
The argument is based on the premise that the "human rights regime" (which is hard to define in any event) does not actually improve the well-being of people in poor (or rich) countries. It's too hard for outsiders–well-meaning NGOs and more ambiguously motivated governments–to figure out how to advance human rights in foreign countries, or even what that means. There is a huge amount of disagreement about what rights mean and require, and how priorities should be established in a world of limited budgets and attention spans.
A problem with my argument has always been that the same thing can be said about development aid. Although the picture is not as bleak as the human rights picture is, many economists don't think that development aid does much good. The reasons are similar to the reason why human rights enforcement does not do much good: we (on the outside) often find ourselves flummoxed by foreign cultures, institutions, and values, which overturn the best plans.
Yet here is a paper by David McKenzie that reports the results of a randomized control trial where $36 million was randomly assigned to small businesses in Nigeria that applied for grants in a business-plan competition and reached the semi-final round. The winners received grants of around $50,000. Over the next several years, they hired many more people , innovated more, and earned larger profits than the control group. By stimulating economic activity, the donations did more than just transfer a fixed sum of money to people in a poor country.
Meanwhile, HRW's budget was $65 million as of 2013. It's an article of faith that HRW does good, but there is no evidence whatsoever. HRW's donors should use this paper as an opportunity to exercise effective altruism and redirect their donations accordingly.
What does the collapse of European integration mean for international law?
The flood of refugees into Europe–which will likely end badly–shows once again the inability of European institutions to handle a crisis. The source of the problem is the abolition of border controls without the creation of a pan-European homeland security agency and other institutions for allocating resources and sharing burdens. Europeans wanted the convenience of a borderless continent without the risks to national sovereignty that would have resulted from the creation of an agency with coercive powers. The problem parallels the debt crisis, a result of the abolition of currency borders without the creation of a pan-European fiscal and banking authority. European integration, once seen as a juggernaut and a model for the world, has been in crisis since 2009. I have more on this in Slate.
But the question I want to ask here is what does this chain of crises mean for international law. Back in 2000, law professor Peter Spiro wrote a piece in Foreign Affairs criticizing a tiny gaggle of American international law academics who expressed doubts about what Spiro saw as the inevitable triumph of international legal norms. These "New Sovereigntists" hold thee positions:
The first impugns the content of the emerging international legal order as vague and illegitimately intrusive on domestic affairs. The second condemns the international lawmaking process as unaccountable and its results as unenforceable. Finally, New Sovereigntism assumes that the United States can opt out of international regimes as a matter of power, legal right, and constitutional duty.
While these New Sovereigntists were writing about the United States, not Europe, Europeans might be forgiven for regretting that they never took them seriously. Intrusion on domestic affairs? That's what Eastern European countries think about refugee policy and the Southern countries about austerity. Unaccountable and unenforceable? That would include laws that were supposed to stop countries from accumulating too much debt and from allowing migrants to travel outside the country of arrival. The happiest countries are those which opted out of the eurozone, and the UK must be feeling pretty pleased that it's not in the Schengen area. Sovereignty might have slumbered for a few post-Cold War years, but it is returning with a vengeance.
The UN Human Rights Council: "all the cops are criminals…"
Here's a fun chart, put together by my colleague Adam Chilton. The blue dots show the average human rights performance of all UN members. The red dots show the human rights performance of the members of the special UN human rights body that is supposed to monitor and enforce human rights law. Yes, the members of the human rights body do a lot worse than the average country. Why? Well, it makes sense if you are a human rights violator to lobby for a position on the human rights body, where you can protect yourself from criticism by forming coalitions with other abusers. (The scores for each country are from Chris Fariss' data set.)
But there is hope for non-skeptics. The UN abolished the much-despised UN Commission on Human Rights and replaced it with the UN Human Rights Council in 2006, and made some effort to improve the membership. As both charts show, the human rights performance of the members increased noticeably. Still, not as good as the average country.
Vrij Nederland Interview
You can read an interview of me here (if you speak Dutch).
International Water Law: Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Nile
A guest post by Daniel Abebe:
To many people, water law might not sound like the most exciting area of international law but it is becoming an increasingly important issue. The dispute between China on one side, and Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand on the other, over the Mekong River affects access to water for millions of people in Southeast Asia. In more volatile parts of the world, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey have not agreed on dividing the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, while the Jordan River is subject to dispute among various countries in the Middle East. Perhaps most prominently, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and other countries in the Nile River Basin, have failed to agree on the equitable division of the world's longest river, the Nile. As populations grow and economic development demands greater access to water resources, these disputes will likely become more intractable.
But just a few days ago, the leaders of Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan signed an initial agreement in which they pledged to better share the Nile River's waters and, according to Egyptian President Al-Sisi, realize "mutual gains for everyone and avoid damage to any party." Although the key details have not been negotiated, the impetus for the agreement was Ethiopia's decision to construct the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile, the Nile's largest and most important tributary originating in Lake Tana, Ethiopia. In Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Nile, The Economics of International Water Law, I analyze the dispute, describing the complex legal, political, economic, and national security issues that have made reaching a comprehensive agreement on the Nile between Egypt and Ethiopia so difficult. The importance of the Nile to both countries is clear. For example, since the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has the potential to reduce the Nile's downstream water volume — and the Nile provides 96% of Egypt's freshwater and the Nile Valley hosts 98% of Egypt's 85 million people — Egypt had been vehemently opposed to its construction. Ethiopia, on the other hand, wants to exploit its water resources — Ethiopia provides over 85 percent of the Nile's volume but utilizes less than 1 percent of the Blue Nile — to provide hydro-electric power to a growing population. Any final agreement would not only have to delineate a mutually agreeable division of the Nile's waters, but also include mechanisms for implementation, monitoring, enforcement, and compensation for violations between two non-democracies with a long history of mistrust. In short, stay tuned. If you want to learn more about the dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Nile or potential approaches to resolving it, the paper is available on ssrn.
Visiting International Organizations & the Mechanisms of International Law
A guest post by Adam Chilton:
There are three pillars of international law: international human rights law, international humanitarian law (also know as the laws of war), and international economic law. Over the last week, I tagged along with a group of overachieving University of Chicago Law School students who decided to spend their spring break in Geneva visiting the international organizations most directly associated with each of these three branches of international law. When visiting these institutions, I was struck by how clearly each of their approaches to hosting visitors illustrates the mechanisms that scholars argue they use to change countries' behavior.
The United Nations Human Rights Council ("HRC") is a committee made up of 47 countries that tries to monitor the human rights practices of all countries that are members of the UN. The HRC meets in a large assembly room in the UN building in Geneva. The HRC's room has seating areas for both the press and the public to watch their meetings, and webcasts all of the proceedings live. When we met with the HRC spokesman, he spoke about how social media engagement is one of the primary ways the Committee accomplishes its goals. The message was clear that HRC's goal is to raise awareness of human rights abuses by engaging the public.
The International Committee of the Red Cross ("ICRC") is the international organization that tries to monitor and promote compliance with International Humanitarian Law. Similar to the HRC, the ICRC headquarters in Geneva have public-facing spaces designed to make the work performed by the ICRC accessible to visitors. This includes a museum that documents the work of the ICRC and that outlines the major violations of the laws of war over the last century. The ICRC also runs courses for visitors on the basics of International Humanitarian Law. The ICRC's goal is to clarify what is required of states during war, and to make the rules and violations well known.
The World Trade Organization ("WTO") is an international organization that administers the international trading system. Unlike the other two organizations, the WTO does not offer daily tours or have an elaborate welcome center. Instead, visiting the WTO is a bit like visiting a law firm. You have to check in at a reception desk, and wait for an official to escort you into the building. We met with five WTO officials over two days. The officials were incredibly generous with their time, but I found it notable that not one discussed the importance of raising public awareness or how they utilize social media. Instead, the constant message was that the WTO system is increasingly weighed down by its own success. In short, too many countries are using the WTO dispute resolution system to adjudicate trade disputes and the organization is stretched thin trying to handle all of the cases.
For all three institutions, the way they engage the public reflects the mechanisms that scholars have agued that these bodies of law use to influence state behavior: international human rights law tries to raise awareness of abuses to create domestic political pressure for countries to improve their rights practices; international humanitarian law tries to clarify the obligations of states during war to create a common understanding of what practices are acceptable; and international economic law channels disputes into legal processes that are then enforced by reciprocal suspension of economic concessions.
The Doctrinal Paradox & International Investment Law
A guest post by Adam Chilton:
When multi-member courts have to decide cases that involve multiple connected issues, the outcome of the case can change based on how the court counts the votes. This well documented phenomenon is known as the Doctrinal Paradox. Although it's possible to explain the paradox more formally, it can easily be explained with a simple example borrowed from the philosopher Philip Pettit.
Imagine that a three-judge panel has to decide liability in a torts case. To determine whether there is liability, imagine that the judges first have to decide whether the defendant caused the harm, and that they then have to decide whether the defendant had a duty of care. The judges' votes on these two issues will then determine whether they think there is liability. Now imagine that the judges vote in the following way:
|Issue 1:
Cause of Harm?
Issue 2:
Duty of Care?
|Judge A
|Judge B
|Judge C
In this case, there are two votes in favor of each sub-issue, but only one judge that thinks the defendant should be found liable. If the court counts the votes issue by issue, the defendant would be liable (this is known as "issue-based voting"). If the court instead goes with the overall votes of the judges, the defendant would not be liable (this is known as "outcome-based voting"). In these scenarios, how the case is resolved is entirely dependent on which aggregation method the court uses to count the votes.
A few years ago, Dustin Tingley and I wrote a paper explaining that the conditions for the doctrinal paradox are increasingly present in international adjudication generally, and that this problem is likely to arise during international investment arbitration specifically. Although we were pretty confident that this was an issue that investment arbitrators would eventually have to resolve, we weren't sure which aggregation rule would prevail.
Dustin and I were just notified that a doctrinal paradox has recently occurred in an international investment arbitration, and that our analysis was brought up in the proceedings. In Alapli Elektrik B.V. v. Republic of Turkey, the arbitrators had to decide whether they had jurisdiction to hear the case. The facts of the dispute are complicated, but essentially there were multiple arguments made by the defendant for why the panel did not have jurisdiction to resolve the case. One of the arbitrators disagreed with every one of the defendant's jurisdiction arguments, and thus thought that the panel had jurisdiction. The other two arbitrators concluded that the panel did not have jurisdiction to hear the case, but they reached that conclusion for different reasons. Given this distribution of votes, issue-based voting would result in a finding that the panel had jurisdiction, but outcome-based voting would result in a finding against jurisdiction.
Alapli Elektrik B.V. v. Republic of Turkey demonstrates that the choice of aggregation rule can change the outcome of international adjudications. Ultimately, the panel elected to go with outcome-based voting (a decision that was affirmed during an annulment proceeding), but this isn't binding on all future international courts or even investment arbitrations. There are principled reasons for selecting either aggregation rule, and it might be worth the time of scholars to debate which method is most appropriate for international adjudications. If you want to learn more, our paper is on SSRN and the annulment decision is publicly available here.
The Influence of History on Human Rights
A joint post by Adam Chilton & Eric Posner:
In a new working paper–The Influence of History on States' Compliance with Human Rights Obligations—we argue that scholars studying human rights could learn a lot from development economics.
There are considerable differences in countries' levels of respect for human rights. Human rights scholars trying to explain these differences have focused on current variables. These current variables include things like whether countries have ratified international agreements or included specific protections in their constitutions.
There are also considerable differences in countries' levels of wealth. Development economists trying to explain these differences have focused on the influence of history. For example, development economists have examined the influence of geographic factors, technological adoption hundreds of years ago, and the development of high-quality institutions centuries ago on countries' current GDP.
If the legacy of history is a powerful predictor of economic differences between countries, it follows that history should explain the differences in countries' respect for human rights. The graphs above illustrate this point. The graph on the left plots countries based on their latitude and GDP Per Capita in 2010. As the graph clearly shows, there is a strong, positive relationship between these two variables: countries further from the equator are wealthier. The graph on the right plots countries based on the number of years since they adopted women's suffrage and their current levels of women's economic rights (this data is from the widely used CIRI human rights dataset). Once again, there is a strong, positive relationship: the same countries that respected women's rights a hundred years ago respect women's rights today.
In our paper, we develop this argument by testing the relationship between historical variables used in the development literature and current human rights practices. The results provides evidence suggesting that a number of the variables from development economics are powerful predictors of respect for human rights. If you'd like to learn more about our argument, method, or results, the paper is now available on SSRN.
Libya, humanitarian military intervention, and the "responsibility to protect"
From Thomas G. Weiss, RtoP Alive and Well after Libya, Ethics and International Affairs (2011):
Perhaps Libya will make policy- and decision-makers realize that between 1999 and 2011 we witnessed not too much military intervention to protect human beings but rather not nearly enough. The international action against Libya was not about bombing for democracy, sending messages to Iran, implementing regime change, keeping oil prices low, or pursuing narrow interests. These may result from such action, but the dominant motivation for using military force was to protect civilians. A collateral benefit is that the (to date) encouraging nonviolent and democratic revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt may have greater traction. Now that the Arab world is no longer a democracy-free and human rights–free zone, Qaddafi's "model" for repression will no longer be interpreted as an acceptable policy option by other autocratic regimes.
From the Economist, Jan. 10, 2015:
Meanwhile Libya's ungoverned spaces are growing, and with some 6,000 km of border the country's problems are hard to quarantine. Each month 10,000 migrants set sail for Europe. Libyan arms in the hands of groups allied to al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb triggered the collapse of order in northern Mali two years ago; some of those who subsequently fought against the French there have now returned to Libya, where they are reportedly running jihadist training camps. On January 3rd, IS claimed to have extended its reach to Libya's Sahara too, killing a dozen soldiers at a checkpoint on a jihadist transit route to the Sahel. The conflict is as likely to spread as to burn itself out.
Guest Post: Ukraine and Russia–You Break It, You Bought It
The following guest post comes from Joseph Blocher and Mitu Gulati, Duke Law School.
Let's begin with a point of agreement: Ukraine's financial condition is bad. Its currency is in free fall, its foreign hard currency reserves have collapsed, its economy is shrinking, and it is fighting a war. Absent a big IMF-EU bailout soon, Ukraine will default.
That $ 15-20 bn bailout that Ukraine needs, however, does not appear to be forthcoming. There are many reasons for this, but a big one is probably that western politicians know that a large portion of Ukraine's debts are owed to Russia—including a $3 bn bond debt that matures in 2015. In other words, bailing out Ukraine would effectively mean transferring funds to Vladimir Putin. The bailout will probably come eventually, but it will not be the full amount Ukraine needs to pay its creditors. In the meantime, how can Ukraine (a) make up for the shortfall, and (b) make the bailout more palatable to western taxpayers?
We suggest that Ukraine respond to the Russian debt claims by arguing that it is entitled to a set-off for Russia having taken large portions of its territory. This argument will likely to made before an English judge, since the $3 bn debt is governed by English law.
As we explain in our article, traditional international law essentially gives that English judge two extreme and unappealing options. Either Ukraine had an exclusive right to determine Crimea's fate regardless of the Crimeans' wishes (the standard rule of territorial integrity), or Crimea was so egregiously oppressed that it had an exclusive right to determine its own fate (the principle of self-determination or remedial secession).
This is a disappointing menu of options, and seems particularly ill-suited to the Ukraine-Crimea-Russia crisis. We accept the idea of remedial secession, but it seems unlikely that Crimeans suffered the extreme humanitarian abuse necessary to justify it. And the traditional rule that nations can buy and sell regions as they see fit seems antiquated and in conflict with the right of self-determination that the UN Charter gives to "all peoples."
There has to be an in-between category, one that covers situations where a region is systematically disfavored but not horribly. In this in-between scenario, where the people of a region are clearly denied equal rights and representation (a standard we borrow from the Charter), we suggest that those people should have a right to look for a better sovereign partner. Further, the current sovereign should not be allowed to bar their exit. But, unlike in the scenario where the people are being abused so badly that they get to exit for free, there should be compensation owed to the former sovereign. Put another way, when a nation oppresses a region—albeit not egregiously—we would protect its sovereignty with a liability rule rather than a property rule. The "damages" due to the parent nation (in this case Ukraine) would be set by the market (i.e., bids from outside nations), with a right of appeal to an international body like the ICJ.
For purposes of illustration, let us assume that, prior to the Russian seizure of Crimea, Ukraine was denying representation and equal rights to the people of Crimea, but not (as some Russian sympathizers have suggested) oppressing them so severely as to trigger the right of remedial secession. This would trigger our liability rule. In such a scenario, a transfer might be legitimate (if the Crimeans actually chose Russia from among all other suitors), but still not free. Ukraine must be compensated for the loss. And because Russia is Ukraine's largest creditor, that compensation could take the form of an offset. Alternatively, a stay could be issued on the ability of Russia to enforce its debt claims until the compensation amount is decided. The end result would be a legitimate, compensated transfer of territory that reduces the incentives for further violence on either side.
Of course, it is somewhat complicated to apply this rule post-hoc, since Russia has already taken Crimea, and no bidding ever occurred. But—assuming that Crimeans genuinely prefer to be part of Russia, which is a plausible but not uncontestable assumption—this is a challenge for the valuation, not for the application of the concept.
Going forward, we think that a market for sovereign control could help lessen the incentives for conflict. Under the current regime, Russia had every incentive to stir up trouble within Crimea, then justify military intervention so as to protect the Russian-sympathizing population there. But such intervention carried both risks and costs for Russia, which wants its acquisition to be recognized as legitimate under international law. A market would have given Russia an alternative: direct that military spending into a financial offer, which could lead to a voluntary and more legitimate cession. It is nowhere near a silver-bullet solution. But surely anything that provides some marginal deterrent to the next crisis is a step in the right direction.
The Supply Side of Compliance with the WTO
A guest post by Rachel Brewster and Adam Chilton:
One of the primary questions studied by scholars of international law is whether countries comply with their international legal commitments. For example, scholars study whether countries comply with treaties they have signed that regulate the conduct of war or mandate the protection of human rights.
In most of these studies, the focus is on assessing whether the national government of a given country complies with some obligation. Of course, national governments are comprised of many institutions and, depending on the obligation, different institutions must take actions to comply with international law. A topic that has received little attention, however, is how the likelihood that the country will comply with international law is affected by which particular institution is required to take action on behalf of the national government.
In a recently published paper, Supplying Compliance: Why and When the United States Complies with WTO Rulings (available here), we argue that when the United States loses trade disputes, the particular domestic institution required to act is an important predictor of whether (and when) the U.S. will comply with the ruling. In fact, it was the most important factor.
Our paper empirically studies this topic by analyzing compliance with legal challenges brought against the United States at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO allows members to bring disputes against other members that arguably aren't complying with various trade agreements. Since the WTO was created twenty years ago, countries from around the world have brought over one hundred cases against the United States. In cases that the United States has lost, different branches of government have been required to take act to cure the violations. For example, the President responded to some complaints by issuing executive orders and Congress responded to other complaints by amending sections of the tax code.
The dataset we built for our project includes all WTO complaints made against the United States before 2012. For each complaint, we tracked down the policy changes that the United States made after the dispute. We also collected data on the characteristics of the countries that filed the complaints and the topics of the disputes. After controlling for a number of variables, we found that the United States was more likely to comply (and to comply more quickly) with a WTO decision when the executive alone could bring the country into compliance than when Congressional action was needed.
Although there are a number of confounding factors that may influence this result, as well as limits to the generalizability of our findings—both of which we discuss in the paper—we think these results suggest that having a complete understanding of compliance with international law requires paying more attention to the specific domestic institutions that are involved.
More on human rights clinics
Marco Simons writes a further response to my Chronicle article, in which I criticize university human rights programs and law school human rights clinics. One of my arguments was that the sponginess of human rights law allows it to be used by clinical professors to rationalize political activism. I did not say that all projects undertaken by human rights clinics are worthless, but I did express skepticism about many of them, which seemed not to teach students legal skills or advance any legitimate public goal.
Simons argues that I'm wrong about this:
And I also know that at least some of my projects led to benefits for clients. One of the cases I worked on was Doe v. Karadzic, which later led to a $4.5 billion jury verdict in favor of survivors of war crimes in Bosnia. Another major project was a Human Rights Watch report on corporal punishment in Kenyan schools, which was then rampant and highly abusive; two years later the Kenyan government banned the practice, and the ban was enshrined in the constitution in 2010. (Actually eliminating it remains a work in progress.)
Karadzic doesn't have $4.5 billion or (as far as I know) any money. He's languishing in jail in the Hague while awaiting the verdict in one of those endless trials that international courts specialize in (proceedings started in 2008). I doubt very much that Simons' clients are going to recover a dime. Meanwhile, the Alien Tort Statute is on life support as judges gradually realize that these purely symbolic judgments are a huge waste of judicial resources.
I was curious about the Kenya example in light of Simons' parenthetical and I found an article with the plaintive and revealing title, Why Are Kenyan Teachers Still Using Corporal Punishment Eight Years After a Ban on Corporal Punishment? The author surveyed Kenyan school teachers and here is the answer:
[The teachers] considered that the introduction of the ban on corporal punishment in schools had produced an increase in display of bad behaviour by pupils; for example, there was an increase in riots in schools leading to the closure of some schools. It seemed that once pupils knew corporal punishment had been banned they then started breaking school rules which they previously used to accept. The teachers were of the opinion that the use of corporal punishment was the most effective way of disciplining pupils and they argued that since corporal punishment inflicts pain, pupils avoided breaking school rules and displaying bad behaviour to avoid the punishment.
[As a result of the introduction of free primary school education, teachers] now had too many pupils in their classrooms which meant more children to attend to and more school books and papers to grade. In some schools, teachers who had been teaching a maximum of 40 pupils per classroom now had more than 100 pupils in each class. There was no more time to guide and counsel pupils let alone time for individual attention to any of the pupils. Teachers therefore saw corporal punishment as the only and most effective way of controlling the huge numbers of pupils in their classrooms.
The teachers also viewed corporal punishment as useful, especially in instances where a pupil was engaging in dangerous or negative behaviour that had to be stopped immediately for safety reasons.
The observation that parents had authorised teachers to use corporal punishment suggests parents were not informed about the negative effects of corporal punishment. Parents were encouraging teachers to break the law believing it was for their children's own good.
Prosecution has been viewed as a last resort in instances where corporal punishment continues in schools despite prohibition (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2006), but law enforcement can play a crucial role in protecting pupils from corporal punishment in schools. This, however, has not been the case in Kenya.
It's hard to read this and not feel for the Kenyan teachers, who may be right or wrong but are certainly in a better position to understand how to maintain discipline in a 100-child classroom than a bunch of westerner busybodies with their psychological studies. I suspect that few Kenyan schools have armed guards and metal detectors, like in the U.S, or that Kenya has the resources to house troubled and violent children in special facilities as in the West.
Simons helped into existence a law that is not enforced, and that no one pays attention to, most likely because if people obeyed it the result would be riots and general chaos in Kenyan schools. Another victory for the human rights movement.
The International-Law-in-U.S.-Courts Bubble
World Affairs Council talk on Twilight of Human Rights Law
You can watch me yammer away about Twilight of Human Rights Law here:
Has International Human Rights Law Failed?
A hugely exciting conference on this theme will be held at the University of Chicago Law School tomorrow and Saturday. If you're in the area, and would like to attend, you can register here.
Review of Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War by Isabel v. Hull
The Twilight of Human Rights Law
You can read an excerpt in Harper's if you subscribe.
Let Scotland go
Much ado about naething, I argue in Slate.


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Emmaberg rankings
Difficulty ranking world: 13026 (all)
Ranking Netherlands: 61 (all)
Ranking South Limburg Hills: 40(all)
Difficulty score: 11.54 what?
Emmaberg ratings
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The Emmaberg is situated in Limburg (NL). This climb belongs to the South Limburg Hills.
Starting from Valkenburg aan de Geul,
the Emmaberg ascent is 1.5 km long. Over this distance, you climb 58 heightmeters.
The average percentage thus is 3.9 %.
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Structural Shift in Demand for Food: Projections for 2020
Knowledge of demand structure and consumer behaviour is essential for a wide range of development policy questions like improvement in nutritional status, food subsidy, sectoral and macroeconomic policy analysis, etc. An analysis of food consumption patterns and how they are likely to shift with changes in income and relative price is required to assess the food security-related policy issues in the agricultural sector. With high growth rates in the agricultural sector, the average per capita income in the country shows an increase, accompanied by a fall in the per capita consumption of staple food. In this background the present study diagnoses the food basket of households in rural and urban areas under different expenditure groups in the last two decades and tries to investigate the driving force for these changes by computing the demand elasticities that explain the level of demand for the commodities by an individual consumer given the structure of relative prices faced, real income and a set of individual characteristics such as age, type of household [expenditure groups] and geographical environment [rural or urban]. The study projects the prospects of the food demand scenario in the country in 2020. And, finally, aims at finding answers to some of the most debatable issues relating to the country's food security, decline in cereal consumption and implications on poverty. The study uses data from the consumer expenditure survey of the National Sample Survey [NSS] rounds number 38, 43, 50 and 55
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|43 Pages
|Date of creation:
|Aug 2006
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: India Habitat Centre, Core 6A, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003
Phone: 91-11-43112400
Fax: 91-11-24620180
Web page: http://www.icrier.res.in
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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Barten, A. P., 1969. "Maximum likelihood estimation of a complete system of demand equations," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 7-73.
- Deaton, Angus, 1990.
"Price elasticities from survey data : Extensions and Indonesian results,"
Journal of Econometrics,
Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 281-309, June.
- Deaton, A., 1988. "Price Elasticities From Survey Data: Extensions And Indonesian Results," Papers 138, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Development Studies.
- Deaton, A., 1990. "Price Elasticities From Surveys Data: Extensions And Indonesian Results," Papers 69, World Bank - Living Standards Measurement.
- Christensen, Laurits R & Jorgenson, Dale W & Lau, Lawrence J, 1975. "Transcendental Logarithmic Utility Functions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 65(3), pages 367-383, June.
- Trueblood, Michael A. & Shapouri, Shahla, 2001. "Implications of Trade Liberalization on Food Security of Low-income Countries," Agricultural Information Bulletins 33705, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- J. V. Meenakshi & Ranjan Ray, 1999. "Regional differences in India's food expenditure pattern: a complete demand systems approach," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(1), pages 47-74.
- Meenakshi, J.V. & Ray, R., 1996. "Regional Differences in India's Food Expenditure Pattern: A Complete Demand Systems Approach," Papers 1996-06, Tasmania - Department of Economics.
- Huang, Jikun & Bouis, Howarth E., 1996. "Structural changes in the demand for food in Asia," 2020 vision briefs 41, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Huang, Jikun. & Bouis, Howarth E., 1996. "Structural changes in the demand for food in Asia.:," 2020 vision discussion papers 11, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Rosegrant, Mark W. & Agcaoili-Sombilla, Mercedita C. & Perez, Nicostrato D., 1995. "Global food projections to 2020: implications for investment," 2020 vision discussion papers 5, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Deaton, Angus S & Muellbauer, John, 1980. "An Almost Ideal Demand System," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 70(3), pages 312-326, June. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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For Part Two of the EPIP LA Wellness Series, we're meeting at Hermosa Vista Park on Saturday, June 4, for an outdoor yoga class and a conversation on meditation!
EPIP LA Member Marisa Colon will lead our group in a gentle Level I yoga class. For the hour, we'll focus on coordinating breath with movement and relaxation.
Following the class, we'll be sharing information and download cards for Headspace, an app that provides guided meditation courses and mindfulness tips.
Park at 100 N Toluca Street, walk up a short set of stairs, and meet our group at the first lawn area.
Please bring a yoga mat, a small blanket, and water.
Hope to see you there!
June 04, 2016 at 9:30am - 10:30am Pacific Time (US & Canada)
Hermosa Vista Park
100 N Toluca St
Los Angeles, CA 90026
United States
Google map and directions
100 N Toluca St
Los Angeles, CA 90026
United States
Google map and directions
EPIP Los Angeles ·
Who's RSVPing
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Cait Ahearn rsvped 2016-06-02 10:52:16 -0400
Annabelle Rosborough rsvped 2016-05-27 12:52:12 -0400
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Cait Ahearn published this page in Los Angeles Chapter 2016-05-26 12:38:46 -0400


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Los Angeles: Michael Keaton and JK Simmons have exited the 'Kong: Skull Island' due to scheduling conflicts. Legendary-Universal is currently in search of replacement for Keaton and Simmons, 60.
The project pushed back its production from early fall to before the end of the year. Jordan Vogt-Roberts is directing the project with a script from John Gatins ('Flight') and Max Borenstein ('Godzilla'), reported Ace Showbiz.
Legendary's Thomas Tull and Jon Jashni will produce the movie along with Alex Garcia and Mary Parent, while Eric McLeod will serve as executive producer.
Universal will release the movie in 3D on March 10, 2017. Keaton, 63, will next be seen in Thomas McCarthy's Catholic Church child-abuse drama 'Spotlight' which is slated for a November 6 release. He is currently filming 'The Founder' which will be released on November 25, 2016.
Simmons, meanwhile, has three upcoming films to be released in 2016 including 'Kung Fu Panda 3', 'The Accountant' and 'The Lake'.


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During the past few days, Athens Banner-Herald Editorial Page Editor Jim Thompson and Flagpole City Editor Ben Emanuel have spent at least a few hours going through the questions that have been submitted for a panel of Department of Homeland Security and Plum Island Animal Disease Center officials to answer at a Homeland Security-sponsored forum on the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility slated for Tuesday evening at the Georgia Center for Continuing Education on the University of Georgia campus.
While a large number of questions already have been submitted, there still is time to submit questions, which can be directed to Thompson and Emanuel via e-mail at email@example.com or email@example.com, respectively. There will also be an opportunity to submit questions in the half-hour before the 7 p.m. start of the meeting. In addition, at the insistence of the Homeland Security, Tuesday's meeting will include an opportunity for audience members to ask live questions, after the submitted questions have been handled. The submitted questions will be asked of the gathered officials by meeting moderator Tim Bryant, news director at local radio station WGAU-AM, after those officials have made a presentation on NBAF.
The idea behind having questions in advance and screened by Thompson and Emanuel is to avoid duplication of questions, in hopes of covering as wide a variety of issues as possible during the session.
While Thompson and Emanuel have spoken with Homeland Security officials in advance of Tuesday's meeting, those officials will not be provided with any specific questions in advance. That said, those officials have been advised by Thompson and Emanuel that there are a number of issues that should be covered in their presentation, from potential "worst-case" scenarios at the facility to its expected water usage to the role that any community sentiment against the project might play - or not play - in the NBAF siting decision.
"The Problem" is a regular feature of Sunday's Insight & Ideas section. If you have a problem you think your local government can, or should, be doing something to address, e-mail details - with a photo, if applicable, to Editorial Page Editor Jim Thompson at firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll get in touch with the proper local authorities and let readers know how the problem can be solved.
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text: Clare Scherer is Assistant Director with the Royal Navy & Royal Marines Children's Fund. She spoke with BFBS DAB Drivetime host Hal Stewart to share news of how the Fund plans to celebrate the 90th Birthday of HM the Queen this summer. You can now hear the interview in full.


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[Airport Fashion/Photo] EXO-K Leaves for Mexico
EXO-K members Suho, Baekhyun, Chanyeol, D.O, Kai and Sehun took off for Mexico in the evening of October 28 to participate in MBC′s Music Bank in Mexico special.
Photo credit: An Seong Hu
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- EXO-K 20141029 Airport Fashion 20141029 Airport Fashion (Photos) 20141029
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July 27, 2011
On Thursday, July 28, World Hepatitis Day will be held in Dundas Square from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. to raise awareness of the diseases.
Community groups and people living with or affected by the diseases will use this day to fight for changes in disease prevention and access to testing and treatment.
"Exciting music, passionate speeches and a community health fair will shine a spotlight on World Hepatitis Day and celebrate what we have accomplished and energize us to tackle new problems," said the organizers.
Listen to an interview with Zoe Dodd, a Hepatitis C Coordinator at the South Riverdale Community Health Centre in Toronto.
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