text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1998
|Filing date
|Apr 18, 1996
|Priority date
|Apr 18, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas L. Mehl, Sr., Nardo Zaias
|Original Assignee
|Mehl, Sr.; Thomas L., Zaias; Nardo
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (67), Classifications (23), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to methods of permanent hair removal by photothermolysis. Specifically, methods of hair method are disclosed wherein the absorption of light energy used to kill the hair follicle and germative cells is enhanced by introducing additional melanin into the hair follicle, the surrounding tissue, and hair itself using a liposome based delivery system.
Photothermolysis as a method of hair removal can be divided into two general methods. The first being essentially the application of laser energy selected to be absorbed preferentially by elements residing naturally in the proximity of the hair follicle (see Zaias - U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,192). The second being differentiated from the first by introduction of a foreign element to provide a radiation target with an absorption frequency different from the naturally occurring elements (see Tankovich - U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,226,907 and 5,425,728). In both cases death of the hair follicle is caused by localized thermolysis and subsequent destruction of the living tissue. One objective of any method of laser depilation is to minimize the radiation absorption of the surrounding skin and thereby reduce collateral damage.
A limitation of the second method, that of applying laser light by which natural skin and hair elements are not energized, is the obvious restriction from potential use of many available laser light sources. Because melanin naturally occurring in the skin is generally darker in color than the surrounding skin cells and tends to absorb, to some extent, a broad range of frequencies of incident light energy, depilation methods which attempt to avoid excitation of such natural elements are greatly limited. This is also true of incoherent light sources. What is needed to broaden the range of useful light energy frequencies in permanent hair removal processes are methods which are not dependent upon avoiding the excitation of natural skin elements.
It is an objective of this invention to provide an improved method of permanent hair removal which uses light energy which is absorbed preferentially by naturally occurring elements surrounding the hair follicle to cause photothermolysis damage resulting in death of the hair producing tissue.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method of hair removal which increases the quantity of melanin surrounding the hair follicle to create an enhanced target for incident light energy and improve the preferential absorption in the proximity of the hair follicle.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method of laser hair removal which uses laser energy of a wavelength which is absorbed by naturally occurring elements in the skin.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of hair removal by photothermolysis which minimizes the required irradiation and thereby minimizes the damage to the surrounding skin.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a method of destroying cancer cells by photothermolysis by selective delivery of melanin using liposomes to create an enhanced target for subsequent application of light energy.
The present invention encompasses a depilation method which meets the above objectives by providing a system wherein the naturally existing elements surrounding the hair follicle, namely the melanin, are enhanced as a light energy receiving target. This is accomplished by preferentially depositing additional quantities of melanin at the follicle site or its proximity. This preferential deposition is effected by encapsulating a melanin compound in a liposome specifically selected and formed to penetrate the epidermis and bind to specific sites in the proximity of the hair follicle. In use, such a liposome or liposome carrying medium is applied topically to the skin. After the liposome has carried the melanin to the hair follicle site, laser energy of a frequency which is readily absorbed by the melanin is directed at the skin. As a consequence of the added quantity of melanin, a greater proportion of the incident light energy is absorbed at the hair follicle causing thermolysis and death of the hair follicle. Overall irradiation of the skin can be reduced while still effecting depilation due to the enhanced absorption at the follicle. With the above process the present invention can be used to cause permanent hair loss using a variety light energy sources, both coherent and incoherent, including such lasers as ruby red and Nd-YAG, alexandrite, and diode lasers, or any other light source providing an effective frequency and intensity. To effect energy absorption by melanin, the light energy should be in the wavelength range of 400 to 1500 nm.
The techniques of the invention are extended to delivery of melanin to other deleterious tissue. In this manner photothermolysis may be used to remove cancer cells.
These advantages as well as others will be apparent in the following description.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of three hair shafts showing the stages of the hair cycle.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a hair follicle after the top has been cut, but prior to application of light energy. Liposomes are shown and distinguished in the bulge and papilla regions.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the follicle of FIG. 2 after exposure to light energy treatment, showing the damaged hair germ.
In using high energy light sources such as lasers on mammalian skin, it is preferable to use the minimal amount of treatment required to achieve the objective. As with chemical epidermal treatments, overdosage can cause unwanted scarring or damage. A ruby laser is preferred to produce the desired effect of depilation and eliminate hair regrowth.
However, to reduce the required exposure in using any laser, as well as other light sources, and thereby avoid producing unwanted side-effects, such as scarring, the following method of introducing additional melanin to the follicle region has been developed. In addition to reducing the required light energy exposure for effective hair removal, by increasing the relative absorption of the target, this method allows the use of laser light of wavelengths that would be otherwise excessively damaging to the surrounding skin. Prior to discussing a liposome delivery process for addition of melanin, the process of laser photothermolysis for depilation will first be detailed.
Using the process of selective photothermolysis, a laser wavelength is matched with the absorption spectrum of the melanin found at the base of the hair follicle. Melanin is a pigment which is concentrated at the base of the follicle and which has an absorption spectrum that is highest in the ultraviolet range and gradually diminishes toward the infrared. The depth of penetration of light is dependent on its wavelength and duration of pulse and longer wavelengths are required to damage the hair follicle deep in the dermis as well as germative tissue in the bulge region.
Therefore, the depth of penetration can be selected through the selection of an appropriate wavelength, desired pulse duration and the damage at a particular depth is controlled by the energy applied. Of course, as higher energy levels are used, the depth of penetration will be increased through the generation and accumulation of heat through absorption. A careful balance of the laser parameters leads to destruction of the hair follicle without permanently destroying normal adjacent epidermal and dermal structures.
FIG. 1 shows a hair shaft 10 which has been cut down to the near the surface of the skin 12. The shaft 10 extends down to the follicle 14 which at the anagen stage of the hair cycle joins the papilla 16. It is generally accepted that destruction of the papilla 16 is necessary to prevent hair regrowth. After growing for about three years in the anagen stage, the hair shaft 10 enters the catagen stage represented by hair shaft 20 wherein the papilla 22 separates from the base of the follicle 24. The catagen stage lasts only a few weeks.
Hair shaft 30 represents the telogen stage of the hair cycle wherein the papilla 32 completely separates from the follicle 34 and forms a new secondary hair germ which will repeat the cycle. The telogen stage lasts about three months.
In order to assure sufficient injury to the papilla 32 at the telogen stage as well as the papilla 16 at the anagen stage, use of a light source with sufficient energy and depth of penetration is usually necessary to achieve sufficient melansomal destruction.
Cutting of the hair shaft 10 down to the skin 12 provides two important functions of the treatment process. First, the tip 18 of the hair shaft 10 allows the operator to position the light source substantially vertically over the hair follicle opening such that an optimum location for aiming the light energy to strike the papilla 16 is obtained. Second, the reduction of excess hair eliminates additional scattering of the radiant energy contained.
FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of the hair shaft 10 prior to treatment, wherein the follicle 14 and papilla 16 are normal in appearance in the anagen stage.
FIG. 3 show the treatment after the light energy has been applied to the follicle 14 and the resulting effect on the papilla 16.
Application of the laser pulse to the follicle and the papilla causes photothermolysis which provides melanosomal disruption, including vaporization of the melanin in the follicle 14 and papilla 16, as well as vacuolation, edema, gas bubbles and protein denaturation. When the radiation absorbed is of sufficient energy level, these effects seriously injure the hair follicle and papilla, thereby damaging the hair germative cells which causes hair regrowth.
The hair follicle 14 may extend into the reticular dermis up to 3 mm from the skin surface. In order to achieve the depth of penetration required to destroy the hair follicle 14, it has been found that a wavelength of about 694 nm, which is produced by the ruby red laser, is preferred. The ruby red laser tends to produce less severe dermal injury.
Where the hair follicle has not been enhanced by addition of melanin, or other enhancing compound, the degree of follicular injury is solely dependent on the radiant exposure dose to the existing melanin. Without melanin enhancement, follicular damage is first observed at as low as 0.4 J/cm2. At such a low dose, the hair may fall out of the skin. However, normal regrowth will soon occur. Scarring has been found to occur at about 10 J/cm2. While an exposure dose of 8.0 J/cm2 has previously been found to be optimum, with the enhancement of the target follicles with liposome delivered melanin, the required effective doses may be reduced.
The upper limit of exposure dose for laser hair removal is set by collateral damage to the surrounding skin. To improve the effectiveness of applied light energy in causing hair follicle death, the present invention introduces additional melanin to the hair follicle region to enlarge the effective target. In this manner a greater portion of the incident energy is directed to death of the hair follicle and germative cells.
Although the above description has been principally in terms of lasers as the light energy source producing photothermolysis, incoherent light sources can be similarly applied so long as the wavelength and intensity of light produced meets the above requirements. In the same vain, it is possible to control pulsed, continuous wave, and q-switched lasers as well as others to effect photothermolysis of germative cells in this process. An example of such a light source in a therapeutic application is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,434 to Talmore.
To accomplish the preferential delivery of melanin to the hair follicle a liposome based system has been developed. Liposomes have the combined benefits of providing an encapsulating and carrying means as well as being able to be structured for selective delivery of its contents.
Liposomes provide a non-toxic means for encapsulation and can be further modified to bind to specific sub-populations of cells. Specifically, the liposome membranes according to the present invention can be made to bind to specific sub-populations of the basal cell region in the proximity of the hair follicle thereby increasing efficiency and specificity of melanin delivery. There are currently two theories regarding the optimum target region for thermolysis as a means of preventing hair regrowth. The generally accepted theory is that destruction of cells at the depth of the papilla is required to prevent cells in the telogen stage from forming new hair. The above description of depilation is generally based on this presumption. However, a second theory is that regrowth may be prevented by destruction of cells no deeper than the "bulge" region 40 depicted in FIG. 2. Liposomes in the present invention can be selected to bind preferentially to cells in either, or both, of the bulge and papilla regions. In this way, laser depilation under either theory may be enhanced by the introduction of melanin into the target region. In FIG. 2, liposomes (42 and 44) in both the "bulge" region and in the papilla region are shown.
Liposomes have also been previously used to encapsulate melanin for introduction into non-pigmented human fibroblast. See "Polyethylene-Glycol-mediated Delivery of Liposome-entrapped Pigments into Fibroblasts: Experimental Pigment Cells as Models for Mutator Phenotypes" by S. Schmitz, T. M. Allen and K. Jimbow in CANCER RESEARCH, 1992, Vol. 52, pp. 6638-6645.
Liposomes are microscopic spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles or sacs made artificially in the laboratory by a variety of methods. The primary requirements according to the present invention are that the liposomes should not be toxic to the living cells and that they should preferentially bind to, or otherwise be constrained to, the hair follicle vicinity. The liposomes according to the present invention may be of various size and may comprise either one or several membrane layers separating the internal and external compartments. An important element in liposome structures is that the liposome be resistant to destruction as it travels from the surface of the skin down to the target region. Liposome structures according to the present invention include small unilamellar vesicles (less than 250 angstroms in diameter), large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
The liposomes according to the present invention may be made from natural and synthetic phospholipids, glycolipids and other lipids and lipid congeners; cholesterol, cholesterol derivatives and other cholesterol congeners; charged species which impart a net charge to the membrane; reactive species which can react after liposome formation to link additional molecules to the liposome membrane; and other lipid soluble compounds which have chemical or biological activities.
The liposomes of the present invention may be prepared by combining a phospholipid component with an aqueous component containing the selected melanin compound under conditions which will result in vesicle formation. The phospholipid concentration must be sufficient to form lamellar structures, and the aqueous component must be generally compatible with the melanin compound to be encapsulated. Methods for combining the phospholipid and the aqueous components so that vesicles will form include: drying the phospholipids onto glass and then dispersing them in the aqueous components; injecting phospholipids dissolved in a vaporizing or non-vaporizing organic solvent into the aqueous component which has previously been heated; and dissolving phospholipids in the aqueous base with detergents and then removing the detergent by dialysis. The liposomes can be produced from the foregoing mixtures either by sonication or by dispersing the mixture through either small bore tubing or through the small orifice of a French Press. The methods for producing the liposomes as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,211 to Yarosh are incorporated herein by reference.
It is within the scope of the present invention to use other methods for encapsulating melanin within a liposome. A specific example of producing the liposomes would include the following process. A lipid mixture as set forth above is dissolved in an organic solvent and dried to a thin film in a glass vessel. The selected melanin compound is purified and added to the vessel at high concentrations in an aqueous buffer to rehydrate the lipid. The mixture is then agitated by vortexing and sonicated to form liposomes. The liposome spheres containing the encapsulated melanin compound are then separated from the unincorporated melanin compound by centrifugation or gel filtration.
A similar process for producing liposome encapsulated melanin is provided in the above work by Allen and Jimbow. In that process, liposomes are formed of a egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol mixture and then repeatedly extruded through polycarbonate membranes to increase uniformity of size. The unencapsulated melanin was removed by gel filtration. Generally, uniformity of size is not critical in delivery of melanin for the present invention. However, use of smaller liposomes may be advantages due to increased stability. This method in incorporated by reference.
The prepared liposome encapsulated melanin is administered to the hair follicle by topical application to the skin. Administration to humans requires that the liposomes be pyrogen-free and sterile. To eliminate pyrogens, pyrogen-free raw materials, including all chemicals as well as the melanin compounds and water are used to form the liposomes. Sterilization can be performed by filtration of the liposomes through a 0.2 micron filter. An effective concentration of liposomes is then suspended in a buffered polymeric glycol gel carrier for even application to the skin. In general, the gel carrier should not include non-ionic detergents which can disrupt the liposome membranes. Other similar vehicles can also be used to topically administer the liposomes. The concentration of the melanin in the final preparation can vary over a wide range and the desired concentration will depend upon parameters such as the laser light to be applied and the nature of the target skin and hair.
A general discussion of liposomes and liposome technology can be found in a three volume work entitled Liposome Technology edited by G. Gregoriadis, 1993, published by CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. The pertinent portions of each of these references are incorporated herein by reference.
Melanin, and melanin compounds, as used herein, refer to the family of compounds which exist naturally as the coloring pigment in mammalian skin and hair.
After the hair follicle region has been enhanced with melanin deposited liposomes, the skin is exposed to high intensity light energy. While the ruby red laser produces a preferred light energy in that it matches well the absorption range of melanin, the enhancement of the hair follicle as a target makes possible use other light frequencies. Diode lasers within the proper frequency can be used with similar effectiveness when configured to provide for sufficient power. Laser light such as produced by lasers other than the ruby red laser is not absorbed as readily by the natural melanin and surrounding skin. The consequence is unacceptable scarring. However, after the hair follicles have been enhanced with melanin by the above process the overall exposure can be reduced sufficiently to reduce or eliminate scarring such that a broad range of light sources can be successful employed in effecting permanent hair loss. As a result the present method may be successfully applied using any light source producing light of a frequency readily absorbed by melanin. The applicable wavelength range is about 400 to 1500 nm. This includes lasers commonly known as the ruby red, Nd-Yag, alexandrite, and diode lasers.
The selective delivery capabilities of liposomes can be used to extend the above process to other applications. By properly selecting and preparing an encapsulating liposome, melanin or other light absorption enhancers can be directed at other tissue such as cancer cells. In this manner, when removal of cancer cells or other deleterious tissue is required, application of liposome encapsulated melanin can increase the tissue's absorptivity of incident light and thereby enhance the tissue as a photothermolysis target. Application of a high energy light source will then cause photothermolysis of the cancerous tissue while damage to the surrounding skin is reduced. Similarly, where destruction of any particular tissue is desired, preferential photothermolysis can be effected by delivery of melanin to the area of interest by a appropriately selected liposome carrier followed by application of high energy light. Skin tissue effected by psoriasis can be similarly treated by the same process although the light energy applied is lessened to reduce the extent of tissue destruction.
The present technology can be further extended to processes for the dyeing of hair. The present processes can be used to deliver additional melanin coloring to the hair. Application of light energy of a intensity and total energy level below that causing photothermolysis can be used to release and affix the melanin in the tissue.
While this invention has been described as having a preferred method, it is understood that it is capable of further modifications, uses and/or adaptions and that these and such departures from the present disclosure as have come within known or customary practice in the art fall within the scope of the invention or the limits of the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Oct 22, 1991
|Nardo Zaias
|Method of hair depilation
|Jan 24, 1991
|Nov 19, 1991
|Warner-Lambert Company
|Thermally assisted shaving system
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|Process for absorbing ultraviolet radiation using dispersed melanin
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|May 2, 1995
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|Tankovich; Nicolai I.
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|Jun 27, 2000
|Altshuler; Gregory
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|U.S. Classification
|606/9, 607/89, 607/88, 606/133
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 18, 1996
Owner name: ZAIAS, NARDO, FLORIDA
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|Nov 21, 1997
Owner name: MEHL, THOMAS L., SR., FLORIDA
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Rochelle is located in Texas.
Rochelle, Texas 76872 has a population of 662.
The median household income in Rochelle, Texas 76872 is
The median household income for the surrounding county is $40,908
compared to the national median of $53,482.
The median age of people living in Rochelle 76872 is
58.5 years.
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Despite the fact that the typical enterprise user employs multiple devices, exchanging information from many locations and using application data across hybrid cloud infrastructures, the network security management of most organisations still struggles to accomplish secure unified access without leaving a morass of duplicated and often contradictory policies in their wake. According to Fortinet, a leader in high-performance network security, the escalating number and complexity of security rules and policies accumulated by organisations over time is leaving many unable to respond effectively to the changing threat landscape.
"Rules are constantly added to security devices, but seldom removed, and this complexity is spiralling out of control," said Darren Turnbull, VP Strategic Solutions at Fortinet. "Administrators find it increasingly challenging to understand the security they are implementing and are under impossible time pressures to troubleshoot new problems. The risk is that security holes open up amid the chaos. The answer to complexity is not more complexity."
The following are Fortinet's top five tips for minimising 'policy accumulation':
1 Drive Application Awareness. The process of simplifying security policies is challenged by the introduction of application-aware security; a key tenet of next-generation firewall technology. Critical, however, is the ability to attach this to individual user-IDs in one place, and enforce it throughout the network and across network security functions.
2 Enable Single-Sign On. In reality, the added granularity that arises from running distinct security policies according to each different authentication environment can be burdensome to security management. Applying Single Sign On (SSO) is another instance where (when implementing the correct approach) simplified security policy need not be at the cost of losing valuable context about the user's location or device.
3 Unify Wired and Wireless Network Visibility & Control. Runaway policy accumulation invariably occurs where wired and wireless network access is entirely separate for management purposes. Where both coexist, wireless is typically the more dynamic environment with similar levels of traffic as wired infrastructure; compounding the rationale for integrating both (including user-centric policies) for easier oversight and simplified monitoring and compliance.
4 Rationalise Network Security. Managing a large estate of specialised security devices from many different manufacturers is a sure fire way of multiplying the number of live security policies. Deploying a suite of complementary systems from the same vendor reduces operating costs by enabling easier and more responsive management with less policies, higher performance and better overall security. It also enables network access policies to be integrated with all other security policies.
5 Focus Smart Policies by Users and Devices. iOS, MacOS, Windows, RIM, Android, Ubuntu, Unix, Linux all require policy differentiation at some level, which can have a huge drain on management time. Combined with a SSO approach to policy enforcement at a unified ingress point onto the wired/wireless network, all policies can be determined according user ID, device type and location.
Fortinet has followed up the release of its new FortiOS 5 operating system with a new white paper resource for security administrators to easily and seamlessly implement ID-based 'smart policies' across their wired and wireless network infrastructures. Entitled "Making Smart Policies with FortiOS 5", the white paper shows how organisations can unify access and security policies, apply an integrated, ID based authentication and authorisation model, and benefit from simplified visibility of detailed real-time data.


text:
Screw Plug Immersion Heater, 18 In. D
TEMPCO| Zoro #: G1777693| Mfr #: TSP02221
Zoro #: G1777693Mfr. Part #: TSP02221
$162.00 /ea
This item ships free. DetailsStandard ground shipping
Technical Specifications
|Zoro #: G1777693 Mfr #: TSP02221
|Item: Screw Plug Immersion Heater
|Enclosure Type: NEMA 1
|Phase: 3
|Min. Immersion Depth: 18"
|Watt Density: 21 sq. in.
|Watts: 3000
|Overall Length: 21-1/4"
|Sheath Material: Steel
|Country of Origin (subject to change): United States
Product Description
Screw Plug Immersion Heater, 3000 Watts, Sheath Material Steel, Watt Density 21 sq. in., Heater Voltage 240VAC, 3 Phase, Overall Length 21-1/4 In., 2 In. NPT, Enclosure Type NEMA 1, Min. Immersion Depth 18 In.


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Let's say someone offered you $1,000,000 to have control of your life for a year and you would essentially become a real life Sim, would you accept the offer?
The only conditions would be that they can not make you do anything illegal or life-threatening, but everything else is fair game for them.
Bonus question: If you had that kind of money, and someone offered you control of their life in exchange for that money, would you do it? Like the first offer, you can not make them do anything illegal or life-threatening.
Oh, and for options B & C, you have to specify a REALISTIC price. So no bullshit answers like "A trillion dollars" or "All the money in the world".
- I would accept both offers.Vote A
- I would accept both offers, but only if they pay me more money for the first one (specify price).Vote B
- I would only accept the first offer, but for more money (specify price).Vote C
- I would only accept the second offer.Vote D
- I wouldn't accept either offer.Vote E
Most Helpful Girl
I would let someone control me for one week for one million. I wouldn't have any interest in controlling someone else.00|00|0
Most Helpful Guy
At first I was like "But what if they make you go in the pool and take away the ladder? D:"... but then I read you can't do "life threatening" stuff.
Even then, $1,000,000 is not worth it. Here's my thoughts why: Taking control of your life for a year, or even a week and screw up your life. What happens if they make you do something so embarrassing and stuff that you won't be able to get any job for your life. You won't be able to live the rest of your life with a million dollars. They could also make you spend all your current money (besides the million you'll get), then destroy your house, home, car etc. They could make you straight up kill your pets since that isn't illegal! They could take any precious priceless antiques given from your grandparents or whatever and burn them in the flames and stuff. They could make you eat your own shit.
If that happened, you'd have to live with that you killed your pets, now need to spend a lot of money to fix your stuff, your dignity is gone, you have a crappy taste in your mouth, and you feel like a total dick for getting greedy.
Not worth it.00|00|0


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Date: Friday, August 17th, 2001. 9:15pm.
Place: 5 miles outside Spokane, Washington
About me: My name is Mark. I am 6'3", 180 pounds, a little muscular, and I have a 9" cut cock. I have brown hair, with a little on my arms and legs. I have brown eyes. I am Caucasian, and I live in suburban Spokane.
Now, the story. I was single and 23 years old when this happened.
I was driving home from work on this dirt country road that no other cars were on, and the no one lived on. It was getting dark. Then, fate decided to play with me.
Car: [Sputter sputter sputter]
Me: "Oh no."
Car: [Sputter sputter SPLAT sputter pa-POP]
Me: "N-n-n-no."
Car: [POP chiggity chiggity pop pa-pop POW]
Me: "PLEASE no."
Car: [Pop pop POW! Wheeze]
Me: "Argh! Stupid car!"
Great! I was stuck in the middle of nowhere, and I just had to leave my cell phone at home. And I'm sure as hell not walking back to Spokane in the dark. So I decided to just take a nap until help comes.
I must have slept for 2 hours when I was startled by a knock on the window. I turned in my seat to see a man leaning towards me. He was tan, skinny but muscular, with dirty blonde hair only on his head, blue eyes, and he was wearing boots, jeans, a flannel shirt with the sleeves cut out, a white sleeved undershirt, and a cowboy hat. He looked to be about 19 or 20
Him: "Howdy, my name's Toby. Ya need a tow?"
Me: "Yes."
Toby: "I'll give ya one. I'll even bring it to my house and fix it for ya. Just help me hook it up, and I'll give you a ride, too."
We drove to his house, in a neighborhood kind of far from mine. It looked like he lived alone, and he had a small barn out back.
Toby: "Just me and the chickens. I didn't go to college, because I can make a living without any help. I haven't even communicated with my family for over a year now."
Me: "Wow. Where do they live?"
Toby: "Butte, Montana."
Me: "Oh, wow. Don't you ever get lonely?"
Toby: "I have a few people over now and then. Now, let me fix your car. You can watch TV in the den if ya want."
After a half hour, he came back in, and took a shower. After he got dressed he came back into the den, and sat next to me.
Me: "How much?"
Toby: "On the house. I make enough money with the animals."
Me: "Oh. Thanks."
Toby: "It's pretty dark now. You up to driving yourself back?"
Me: "I'm not really comfortable driving in the dark."
Toby: "You can stay here if ya'd like."
Me: "Ok."
We started watching TV, but we got bored after a while. I was changing the channel looking for anything we both found remotely interesting, when I found a gay porn channel. I put down the remote, and started rubbing my crotch through my jeans.
I looked over at him, and he was zonked out on the couch. I decided to risk everything, and brought my other hand over to his leg. I rubbed slowly up his jeans, almost to his knees, when all of a sudden, he grabbed my hand, and shoved it to his crotch.
Me (nervous): "Uh... did I wake y..."
Toby (calmly): "Shh."
He kissed me, first on the lips, then moving down to my neck, and started unbuttoning my shirt. He pulled it off, and sucked on my nipples. He moved down, and kissed my abs. Then he sat back up, and took off his shirts, but kept the hat on, which was so sexy. I licked up his hip, and when I got close enough, swallowed his right nipple. He moaned. I moved to his other nipple, and sucked it down, too. He was breathing hard by now.
I kissed my way down his chest, and lingered in his abs, long enough to unbuckle and yank down his pants. He wasn't wearing anything underneath, which was so sexy. His 9 inch cock was right there in front of my face. I kissed it, then suck his head, and went deeper every time I went down. I finally got down as far as I could, and just sucked away, while I took of my jeans, and stroked my dick. He finally got to his peak, and burst into my mouth.
Then, he got down, and stroked my dick. He swallowed the whole thing without flinching! If I wasn't distracted by the sex, I would've worried he'd choke! But he just kept bobbing up and down the shaft. When I let go, he crawled over me, and we made out so each could taste the cum we made. It was so sexy. I couldn't believe it. All of my ex-boyfriends COMBINED weren't this good.
Finally, we got to the best part. I sat on the couch, and he crawled up, and lay on his back. I lifted his legs over my shoulder, and I lubed up my dick. I poked at his crack, and shoved the thing in. We moaned. It felt so good. I pulled out, and pushed right back in, all the while he stroked his dick. After 5 minutes, I squirted jet after jet into his body, while he came all over our chests.
And for the last part of the night, I got on the carpet in doggy style, and he got right to work. He shoved in and out so hard, and so fast, while I was jacking off. When we finished, we collapsed, and fell asleep in a puddle of our cum.
We are now married. I moved into his house, and we have adopted 2 kids. And, of course, our sex life is still alive.


text:
Andy Millikan
Team 7-3 Omaha Zoo Trip
May 1,2014
Omaha Animals
Common name: Arapaima
Scientific name: Arapaima gigas
Biome: Jungle water
Home Range/habitat: Asia, Brazil in the jungle
FISH Adaptations SPECIES Adaptations
1)breathe with gills 1)breathe with lungs
2)ectothermic 2)can hold breath for 10-20 min.
3)most have scales 3)have teeth on their tongue
4)fins for swimming 4)can weigh up to 440lbs.
5)jelly-coated eggs 5)14' long
Common name: Blue Poison dart frog
Scientific name: Dendrobates azureus
Biome: Humid rainforests
Home range/habitat: Northern South America
AMPHIBIAN Adaptations SPECIES Adaptations
1)breathe through skin and lungs 1)eat ants that make the poison
2)lay eggs in water 2)attract mates with buzzing noise
3)live on land and in water 3)male carries babies to water
4)have gills as larvae and lungs as adult 4)discs help cling to leaves
5)have legs to walk and swim 5)use poison on other frogs
Common name: Komodo dragon (endangered)
Scientific name: Varanus komodoensis
Biome: desert(outback)
Home range/habitat:Indonesia, wet areas
REPTILE Adaptations SPECIES Adaptations
1)ectothermic 1)toxic saliva
2)scales 2)10 feet long
3)amniotic eggs 3)run 11mph
4)lungs 4)eat almost any meat
5)legs for walking 5)300lbs
Common name: Black Swan
Scientific name: Sygnus atratus
Biome: Water
Home range/habitat: Australia, lakes/ estuaries
BIRD Adaptations SPECIES Adaptations
1)legs and feet have scales 1)webbed feet
2)claws/talons 2)soft whistle to communicate
3)feathers 3)long neck
4)beaks 4)grooves in beak hold plants
5)endothermic 5)molt feathers so they can fly during breeding
Common name: Black-Footed Ferret
Scientific name: Mustela nigripes
Biome: prairies
Home range/habitat: Great Plains, U.S. (native)
MAMMAL Adaptations SPECIES Adaptations
1)fur/hair 1)snapping jaw
2)mothers nurses baby with milk 2)camouflage
3)give live birth 3)very fast
4)large brains 4)slim body
5)endothermic 5)nocturnal


text:
So, October 2014 saw the relaunch of Bet365 Bingo. The popular online bingo site has relaunched on the Virtue Fusion software and has had a complete makeover. But, it's not only the design that's been updated, the offers have too – and you're in for a right treat!
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There's a £20 slots bonus too. The £20 slots bonus is awarded when players spend their first £10.
The £20 bingo bonus explained. Players simply need to make their first deposit of £10 or more and then spend it on bingo tickets to get a minimum £20 bingo bonus!
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Stake £5 cash in any bingo room and you will earn a ticket to that week's prize draw. You'll get triple the number of tickets on a Tuesday, and double on a Sunday. There are over 30,000 cash prizes up for grabs, so play today to earn your tickets to this week's draw; the more tickets you collect, the better shot you have at winning. Then join us on Monday to see Whowonit last week!
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Whether you're hanging out with your gals or your significant other, one thing's for sure. Valentine's Day is all about sharing the love. And I've got a great (and cheap) idea to pamper your loved one that's calorie and hangover-free — a hand massage. Make it sensual (for your luv-ah) or soothing (for your friends/family). Whatever you choose, check out my how-to now.
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Awesome! I've had friends do this for me but I've never been able to piece together exactly how to do it for others. Thanks Bella!
Love it, makes me want a manicure.
I love the hand massage when I get a manicure.
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Butterick 5007; 1970s; Men's Shirts. Close fitting shirt has pointed collar on band, front band closing, shaped front and back bias yokes, full length sleeves eased into bias cuffs, shaped hemline, and topstitch trim. With or without shaped patch pockets and bias flaps. Button or hammer on snap closings. A: embroidery on pocket flaps and pintucked yokes. B: embroidery on front yoke. C and D: solid or bi color. Included are embroidery directions for views A and B and transfer for view B.
Butterick 5007 is the Men's version of Butterick 5006


text:
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Flash recap: Serra Lake takes Go For Wand
SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. - Serra Lake powered to the lead in the final sixteenth to notch a 1 3/4-length victory Sunday in the $250,000 Go For Wand Handicap at Saratoga Race Course before a crowd of 58,835 inflated by a hat give-away.
Trained by the suddenly red-hot Shug McGaughey, Serra Lake ($18.40) moved up along the rail on the turn and then rushed past Pompeii, March Magic and favored Beautiful Pleasure in the stretch to record her first Grade 1 stakes victory in the 1 1/8-mile test for fillies and mares.
Pompeii held second by 1 3/4 lengths over March Magic.
Serra Lake covered the nine furlongs in 1:49.62.
The victory was the fourth in her last five starts for Serra Lake, a 4-year-old daughter of Seattle Slew. The lone came in her last start, a fourth-place finish in the Grade 1 Hempstead at Belmont Park.
Beautiful Pleasure, seeking to regain her brilliant 2000 form, darted out to a 12-length lead after a half-mile in 46.86 seconds. But she wilted in the stretch and wound up a weary fifth. Beautiful Pleasure, the champion older filly of 1999, was making her second start of 2001 after finishing seventh - and last - in the Hempstead.
Beautiful Pleasure, coupled in the wagering with Darling My Darling, was sent off at $1.30-1 odds.
Critical Eye, coming off a neck victory in the Hempstead, was a disappointing sixth as the $1.70-1 second-choice.
McGaughey was a horrid 1-for-40 at the Belmont Park spring/summer meet, but has won with five of his first 10 starters at Saratoga.
Secret Status was scratched after rearing in the starting gate and suffering a cut above her right eye.


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The official blog of University of Missouri Skeptics, Atheists, Secular Humanists, & Agnostics
Welcome to the official MU SASHA daily blog!
First time here? Read this.
Click here to Like our Page on Facebook (or use the sidebar if you're logged in).
Local to Columbia? Join the Facebook Group, too!
Today's article is a guest post by computer scientist and long-time friend of SASHA, Benjamin Schulz.
In the five decades since its original publication, Milton Friedman's "Capitalism and Freedom" has become a landmark of libertarian politics and neoliberal economic thought. It is a sign of the book's tremendous influence that many of its arguments are taken starkly for granted in the political climate today. The broad popularity that "Capitalism and Freedom" has enjoyed masks the challenges presented by the climate in which it was originally composed: in the 1950s and 1960s, Keynesian theories of the economy held considerable sway, and memories of the Great Depression provided a powerful political impetus for many of the initiatives to which Friedman's argument is opposed. If nothing else, the subsequent changes to the intellectual climate in the following decades give considerable force to Friedman's retrospective on his own work: "Only a crisis — actual or perceived — produces real change. When that crisis occurs, the actions that are taken depend upon the ideas that are lying around." "Capitalism and Freedom", an appeal to the general public, marks Friedman as a public intellectual, and his subsequent success in that role is worthy of note by all intellectuals, regardless of their stance toward Friedman.
Friedman's main argument is simple and very direct: the principles of classical liberalism entail that individuals should be able to exercise as much personal discretion as possible in the conduct of their own business through market exchanges. As a corollary, government regulation of market exchanges should be as limited as possible. While this argument was not new at the time of Friedman's work, Friedman's exposition of the ideas is articulate and clear. The subsequent conclusions of the work, that less regulation is both more conducive to smooth economic development, and better in accordance with the liberal democratic ideal, have since become a standard part of the political discourse. Friedman deserves credit as one of their essential forebears.
What distinguishes "Capitalism and Freedom" from many other expositions of the libertarian argument is its distinctly economic perspective. The book's strongest portions make simple and fairly convincing arguments, for instance, that occupational licensure prevents and undue barrier to gainful employment without increasing the quality of services offered, and that social welfare programs, such as public housing, are less economically efficient than direct cash giveaways. In particular, the ingenuity displayed in the argument against even the licensing of physicians is impressive and, though certainly controversial, is well worth contemplation. Overall, Friedman shows considerable knowledge of the ways in which state-administered programs may thoroughly fail to achieve their intended ends, and skillfully raises important practical considerations in the pursuit of such goals. The book's argument also touches upon the elements of monetary policy and currency exchange, which are the lesser-known but more essential foundation of Friedman's economic career. These would perhaps have enjoyed a lengthier treatment. These subjects nonetheless fit well with the other parts of the book, and serve as interesting introduction to some of the related problems.
"Capitalism and Freedom" is weaker, unfortunately, in its philosophical and theoretical elements. Although the book's popular audience probably makes it unsuitable for a highly technical discussion of economic theory, many of its further flung generalizations rest on much shakier foundations than its more specific points. To his credit, Friedman does a good job of pointing out those specific economic issues on which he is asserting his professional opinion, but about which could be some considerable debate, e.g. tax policy, and the financing of Social Security. There were other points at which I found justification to be lacking, such as Friedman's lightly argued assertion that a private monopoly is preferable to a nationalized or government-regulated industry. The greater danger, I fear, is that Friedman's contemporary fame as an economist may be an invitation to overestimate the sophistication of his stated philosophical positions and their underlying assumptions. A prime example of such simplistic assumptions is found in the Chapter X, "On the Distribution of Income", in which Friedman asserts that "we are generally much readier to accept inequalities arising from chance than those clearly attributable to merit." Certainly, there can be some honest debate on such an assumption, but it is by no means self-evident. This lack of self-evidence is illustrated by considering that the precise negation of Friedman's assumption, namely that we are and should be less, not more, willing to accept inequalities of chance than of merit, is the cornerstone of John Rawl's highly influential work of political philosophy, "A Theory of Justice." Similarly, Friedman makes irregular, patchwork use of the notion of "neighborhood effects" (costs to persons not willingly participating in an exchange) without more closely examining why they should be applicable in some cases but not others. While a theory dealing with these issues more thoroughly presents a tremendous challenge, and is well beyond the scope of the book, it is important to separate Friedman's expert economic observations from his occasional political and philosophical leanings.
Perhaps the most interesting feature of the book is Friedman's impressively principled stances, which occasionally straddle conventional political lines. For example, Friedman argues controversially against forced desegregation of private businesses, while applying the same reasoning to reject so-called "right to work" laws which prohibit the formation of "closed shops", wherein union membership is required for employment. Although something of an anachronism today, Friedman's stance against the draft provides another interesting example.
"Capitalism and Freedom", is still a fairly short work, and would probably be well supplemented with further reading. An obvious recommendation is Robert Nozick's classic, "Anarchy, State, and Utopia", which better develops many of the arguments for libertarian theories of property and exchange that Friedman seems to presume. Interested readers would probably also enjoy Thomas Friedman's (no relation) "The World Is Flat", a very popular anecdotal discussion of the future of global capitalism. Naomi Klein's painstakingly researched expose, "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism", directly criticizes Friedman's position by describing many very serious contemporary problems that free markets seem unable to resolve.
All told, "Capitalism and Freedom" is a worthwhile read for persons of all political persuasions. Conservatives and libertarians will find much to sympathize with, and leftist thinkers will find an engaging examination of some of the practical problems that attend constraints on the free market. While I do not personally agree with many of Friedman's conclusions, it is nonetheless refreshing to read an opposing viewpoint that retains its force and directness while remaining principled and well-reasoned.
Benjamin Schulz is a computer scientist and long-time friend of SASHA whose regular blog, "Hot, Cold, Sun, Rain: Practical Spirituality, Irregular Philosophy, and Personal Civics" appears here.
Helpful resources:
Iron Chariots Wiki
Skeptics' Annotated Bible / Skeptics' Annotated Qur'an
YouTubers: Evid3nc3, Thunderf00t, TheAmazingAtheist, The Atheist Experience, Edward Current,NonStampCollector, Mr. Deity, Richard Dawkins, QualiaSoup
Blogs: Greta Christina, PZ Myers, The Friendly Atheist, WWJTD?, Debunking Christianity, SkepChick, Rationally Speaking
Benjamin, I'm only somewhat familiar with (what I take to be) Friedman's argument against the draft. When you say that it's something of an anachronism, is that simply because the draft isn't an issue now, or has his argument itself been questioned at some level? Thanks.


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(Caption: Delicious dinner inspired by Ms Nava Krishnan's recipe. Thank you miss.... Since I can't resist spiciness, I added birds eye chilli as well as asparagus, parmesan and mozzarella cheese for extra taste)
Nava Krishnan's Asian Egg Mayonnaise Sandwich! The kids loved it)
Spicy Tuna With Potatoes
(Caption: Spicy Chili Tuna with Potato courtesy of Ms. Nava Krishnan's blog. And it sure tasted wonderfulll.....!!)
Urulaikilangu Poriyal (Potato Stir Fry)
(Caption: Nava Krishnan's Urulaikilangu Poriyal (Potato Stir Fry). A most delicious and favourite dish among South Indians!. I must thank you for this superb recipe. My hubby's fav!)
Now, over to the chicken sambal burger recipe. Last week I made big plans to cook something lavish. But with the running around due to the unforeseen circumstances. back to the humble bread again. Said before, bread and me so far but this sambal sandwich okay! okay! - chicken patties scented with spring onion and coriander leaves, sambal the Asian love and cheesy cheese. May be time consuming to make but alls well that ends well.
For the sambal/chilli gravy
1 tbsp (or as needed) dried chilli paste
1 large onion - cut into rings
1 tomato -- chopped
2 tbsp oil
Vinegar for taste
Sugar for taste
Salt for taste
For the chicken patties
500g minced chicken
2 sprigs coriander leaves - chopped/shredded
2 sprigs spring onions - chopped/shredded
1 tbsp breadcrumbs
Salt for taste
To assemble
3 slices of bread- toasted/grilled (with or without crust)
2 slices of cheese
For the sambal/chilli gravy
Heat oil and sauté onion.
Add chilli paste and tomato.
Fry till oil splits.
Season with vinegar, sugar and salt.
Remove and keep aside
For the chicken patties
Mix all the ingredients together.
Split the portion into two.
Shape and pat into flat patties.
Fry, grill or bake.
Remove once done.
To assemble:
Deck up; bread, patties, sambal and cheese.
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