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Structural Grades of Timber by Bending and Compression Tests Jorge Branco 1,a, Humberto Varum 2,b and Paulo Cruz 1,c
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1 Structural Grades of Timber by Bending and Compression Tests Jorge Branco 1,a, Humberto Varum 2,b and Paulo Cruz 1,c 1 DECivil Engineering School, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal 2 DECivil, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal a b c Keywords: Timber, structural grades, mechanical tests, bending and compression Abstract. This paper presents the results obtained in a series of tests on Pinus Pinaster Ait. timber specimens, using the pren408:2000, to estimate the local and global Young s modulus and strength both in bending and compression parallel to the grain. The results obtained are compared with the values presented in the Portuguese Nationally Determined Parameters of Eurocode 5, for the quality classes assign by Portuguese Standard NP4305:1994 by visual grading. Introduction The results achieved in any assessment of mechanical properties are function of the testing method adopted. Timber mechanical properties depend of various factors, as for instance: load duration, moisture content, span, depth of the section, etc. Therefore, to accomplish the comparison between the results obtained in different laboratories, a standardization of the test procedure is required. Moreover, with the adoption of limit state design and with the development of both visual and machine stress grading, attention will be increasingly focused on the determination and monitoring of the strength properties and variability of structural grades of timber. The pren408:2000 European Standard specifies laboratory methods for the determination of some physical and mechanical properties in structural sizes. This standard presents test methods for determining the modulus of elasticity, the bending strength and the compression strength in a parallel direction to the grain orientation in structural timber. In addition, the determination of dimensions, moisture content and density are specified. In follow the bending and compression tests procedure adopted by pren408:2000 are described. Bending Test. This test use a piece simply supported with a span of 18 times the depth with the loads points placed on the third of the span, as it is shown in Fig. 1. Small steel plates of length not greater than one-half of the depth of the test piece may be inserted between the piece and the loading heads supports to minimize local indentation. >h/2 a = 6h 6h 6h F/2 l = 5h F/2 1 >h/2 l = 18h Fig. 1 - Test arrangement of the bending test The evaluation of the modulus of elasticity in bending is based on the deformations measured at the centre of a central gauge length of 5 times the depth of the section. This deformation shall be taken as the average of measurements on both faces at the neural axis. w h
2 The local modulus of elasticity in bending (E m,l )is obtained from the follow equation: 2 al1 F E m, l =. (1) 16 I w where F is an increment of load on the straight-line portion of the load deformation curve (N), w is the increment of deformation corresponding (mm), a is the distance between a loading position and the nearest support (mm), l 1 is the gauge length (mm) and I is the second moment of area (mm 4 ). Using the deformation value measured at the centre of the span and at the centre of the compression or tension edge we can also calculate the value of the global modulus of elasticity in bending. Thus, the global modulus of elasticity in bending (E m,g ) is obtained from the follow equation: 3 3 l F 3a a E m, g = 3. (2) b h w 4l l where b and h are the width and depth of the cross section (mm), respectively, l is the span (mm). The bending strength is obtained with the continuation of the test just to failure, applying the load with a constant loading-head movement so adjust that maximum load is reached within (300±120)s. Therefore, the bending strength (f m ) is given by: a Fmax f m =. (3) 2W where F max is the maximum load (N) and W is the section modulus (mm 3 ). Compression Test. In this test, the test piece shall be of full cross section, and shall have a length of 6 times the smaller cross-sectional dimension. The end surfaces shall be accurately prepared to ensure that they are plane and parallel to one another and perpendicular to the axis of the piece. The load shall be applied concentrically using spherical seated loading heads permitting the application of a compressive load without inducing bending. Deformation shall be measured over a central gauge length of 4 times the smaller cross-sectional dimension of the piece, using two mechanical strain gauges positioned in such way that the eventual effects of distortion shall be minimized. The modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the grain (E c,0 ) is given as the result of: l F E c = 1, 0. (4) A w where A is the cross-sectional area (mm 2 ). The compression strength is obtained with the increment of the load, applied at a constant loading-head movement so adjusted that maximum load (F max ) is reached within (300±120)s. The compression strength (f c,0 ) is taken as the result of the follow equation: Fmax f c, 0 =. (5) A The mode of fracture and growth characteristics at the fracture section of each test piece shall be reported. Experimental Activity The experimental program is based on Pinus pinaster Ait. specimens classified as belonging to quality class EE in result of a visual strength grading conducted following the National Standard NP 4305:1995 [2]. In both tests kinds conducted, the failure time was register and the moisture content of each specimen was measure with an electronic thermo-hygrometer for wood. The tests
3 were carried out at the Structural Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department of the Minho University. Bending Tests. Four beams with a cross section of 80x105 mm 2 and 1.95 m length were evaluated by four-points bending tests using a test arrangement following pren 408:2000 (see Fig. 1). A displacement control procedure (0.14 mm/s) with an actuator having a capacity of 100 kn has been used. In each test, apart the registration of the deformations measured at the centre of a central gauge length of 5 times the depth of the section, the deformations at the centre of the span at the centre of the tension side edge were measured. With the deformations values corresponding to the elastic deformation the calculation of the local and global values of the modulus of elasticity in bending were possible. Incrementing the load, it was also possible to obtain the bending strength as it was previously explained (Eq. 3). The bending tests results founded are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Bending tests results Beam Moisture (%) F max (kn) Time (s) E m,l (N/mm 2 ) E m,g (N/mm 2 ) f m (N/mm 2 ) B B B B Mean CoV Like it was expected, the local value for the modulus of elasticity (E m,l ) was always higher than the global value (E m,g ) as no shear deformation is taken into account in first value contrarily to the second. However the pleasants coefficients of variance (CoV) presented by both modulus of elasticity (E m,l = 0.16 and E m,g = 0.11), beam B4 did not reached the bending strength level presented by the others beams. As Fig. 2 show, the maximum load reached by B4 stay quite far from the others results, with direct consequences in the bending strength CoV (0.27). 20 Load (kn) Mid-span deformation (mm) Fig. 2 Mid-span deformation vs load curves obtained in the bending tests B1 B2 B3 B4 Compression Tests. Four specimens of 80x105x480 mm 3 were used in the compression tests conducted in accordance with the recommendations presented by pren 408:2000. The tests were performed under displacement control with a velocity of 0.01 mm/s using a load cell of 500 kn. Two mechanical strain gauges (one in each the two bigger cross-sectional dimensions) were used to measure the deformations and one additional LVDT (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer) was placed in the loading head of the test machine, measuring thereby the grain displacement
4 presented by the specimens. After the moisture content measurement, the specimens were tested with a correct loading head movement (all the failure were reached within 300±120s). Base in the mean values of the deformation measured by the two mechanical strain gauges (in the range of elastic deformation) it was possible to calculated the modulus elasticity (E c,0 ) and with the maximum load value the calculation of the compression strength (f c,0 ). Table 2 shows the compression tests results carried out. Table 2 Compression tests results Specimen Moisture (%) Time (s) F max (kn) E c,0 (N/mm 2 ) f c,0 (N/mm 2 ) S S S S Mean CoV It is clearly show by the results achieved that the compression behaviour of timber is quite heterogeneous. The coefficient of variance presented by the modulus of elasticity and strength round 0.3. This conclusion is confirmed by the observation of the experimental grain displacement-load curves presented in Fig. 3. Load (kn) C1 C2 C3 C Grain displacement (mm) Fig. 3 Grain displacement - load curves obtained in the compression tests The Fig. 3 confirm the plastic behaviour recognize to wood under compression parallel to grain and point out a good softening in the grain displacement-load curves. Discussion of the Results On the basis of the experimental results, it can be stated the pleasant homogeneity presented by the bending behaviour, especially in terms of elastic modulus. The local modulus of elasticity in bending (E m,l ) presented a CoV equal to 0.11 while the global modulus of elasticity (E m,g ) achieved showed a CoV of In terms of the compression parallel to grain tests results, although the plastic behaviour obtained and the ductile failures achieved, a significant variability was pointed out. Coefficients of variations near of 0.3 were obtained for the elastic modulus and strength. When comparing the experimental results with the values reported in the Portuguese Nationally Determined Parameters of Eurocode 5 (DNA EC5) [3], for the quality class assign in the visual grading performed following NP4305:1995 [2] (Table 3), different conclusions are reached: (1) the bending strength achieved is 21.6% higher than the characteristic value assumed by the National Standard; (2) the mean value obtained for the modulus of elasticity (E m,l ) is 34.2% smaller that the
5 one suggest by DNA-EC5; and (3) good agreement between the compression strength value adopted in the DNA-EC5 and the experimental results. If the experimental result was MPa, DNA-EC5 suggests 24.7 MPa as the characteristics value for the compression strength parallel to the grain. In this standard any value of modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the grain is presented. Table 3 Mechanical properties of Pinus Pinaster Ait. Class EE [3] Class E m (N/mm 2 ) f m (N/mm 2 ) f c,0 (N/mm 2 ) EE It is important to remember that the values exposed in the DNA-EC5 were obtained on specimens free from faults, with non-structural dimensions and with a moisture content of 12%. It is recognize that the mechanical characterization of wood by means of tests on specimens in small dimension can be inadequate to have reliable and complete information on the structural behaviour of timber elements and structures. For instance, the failure modes obtained in the bending tests conducted are quite different from typical bending failure characteristic of small pieces free from faults, Fig. 4 (a). The existence of knots does not allow the development of the plastic behaviour in the compression side of the cross section (see Fig. 2). Failure append in the tension side and progress rapidly under influence of shear forces without any plastification of the compression side, while the formation of a plastic hinge in the compression side is always obtained in specimens free from faults. In compression, also the existence of faults can determine the failure mode. If in this kind of test the failure mode is more and less constant, is development is always stipulate by the presence of knots, reaction wood, etc., Fig. 4 (b). (a) Bending test B2 (b) Compression test S3 Fig. 4 Failure modes obtained in the experimental work Conclusions With a natural material like wood, so depending of the existence of faults, the mechanical evaluation can not use small specimens free from faults, especially when their presence have the importance showed in this work. Attention has to be moved towards the experimental investigation of the mechanical evaluation of wood elements having structural dimensions and presenting the natural faults recognize to this material. References [1] pren 408:2000: Timber structures Structural timber and glued laminated timber Determination of some physical and mechanical properties, CEN, [2] NP 4305:1995: Structural maritime pine swan timber Visual grading, CT 14 LNEC, [3] NP ENV :1998: Eurocódigo 5 - Projecto de estruturas de Madeira. Parte 1-1: Regras gerais e regras para edifícios. CT 115 LNEC, 1998.
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Watch/listen to our podcast to learn more about Call of Duty, Final Fantasy XV, and the Double Fine Adventure documentary.
Watch or listen to this special podcast to learn from Ubisoft's developers more about how South Park's new season might affect the game.
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Watch our emergency, special episode to learn all about the shocking reveal of Nintendo's next system and the new Mario game teased.
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In this video podcast, we share exclusive impressions of South Park, review PlayStation VR, and weigh in on Andrew Ryan's death.
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Watch us discuss TGS 2016's most impressive games, interview a surprise celebrity guest, and dive deep back into Rapture.
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Tiny 10mm Lichen Resin Sphere on Sterling Silver Chain
Item Description: Scottish lichen garden preserved in resin in a tiny 10mm sphere on a sterling silver chain. Perfect as a thank you gift, a souvenir of Scotland or a birthday gift.
Botanics from: Mugdock Country Park, Milngavie.
Picked: 20/7/16. Pressed until 30/7/16.
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Materials: moss, sterling silver, resin.
Packaging: Gift box. Botanic Isles business card.
Size of pendant: 10mm diameter approx.
At Botanic Isles, every single botanical element is hand picked and hand pressed by me. I collect a wide variety of flora from all over Scotland's highlands and islands to bring my customers the best and most unique jewellery. This item comes beautifully presented in a white gift box. Personal touches are everything to me, if I can customise your order for you in any way by changing the length of chain, adding a charm, initial or birthday number do not hesitate to ask. Perfect as a gift or as a treat for yourself, this item is perfect for any age or occasion. The chain is 18" and sits elegantly just below the collar bones.
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Dr. Francesco Falcioni
Dr. Francesco Falcioni
IMD Natural Solutions
Otto-Hahn-Str. 15
44227 Dortmund
Tel.: +49-231-9742 7400
Fax.: +49-231-9742 7401
Peer Reviewed Articles
- Falcioni F., Bühler B. and Schmid A. (2015)
Efficient hydroxyproline production from glucose in minimal media by Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 112(2):322-330, DOI-Link
- Falcioni F., Blank L. M., Frick O., Karau A., Bühler B. and Schmid A. (2013)
Proline availability regulates proline-4-hydroxylase synthesis and substrate uptake in proline-hydroxylating recombinant Escherichia coli.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(9):3091-3100, DOI-Link
- Falcioni F., Theodosiou E., Frick O., Schmid A. and Bühler B. (2013)
Whole-cell biocatalysis for the conversion of L-proline to trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline with high specificity, yield, and productivity.
Biotrans 2013, 21. - 25. July 2013, Manchester, UK
- Falcioni F., Eiden F. and Schmid A. (2011)
ChemBioTec: a successful platform for sustainable chemical and biotechnological processes.
Italian Industrial Biocatalysis Workshop, 29. November 2011, Milan, Italy
- Falcioni F., Frick O., Blank L. M., Schmid A. and Bühler B. (2011)
Relationship between cell physiology and biocatalytic activity in E. coli expressing proline-4-hydroxylase.
Biotrans 2011, 2. - 6. October 2011, Giardini Naxos, Sicily, Italy
- Hillen M, Frick O., Falcioni F., Schmid A. and Bühler B. (2011)
Metabolic analysis and optimization of a recombinant Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst for the production of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline from L-proline.
2ND SUMMER SCHOOL Biotransformations, 22. - 25. August 2011, Bad Herrenalb, Germany
- Fu J., Falcioni F., Bühler B., Bühler K. and Schmid A. (2011)
Biochemical characterization of P4Hs: Towards hydroxyproline production by recombinant E. coli.
DECHEMA Summerschool , September 2011, Bad Herrenalb, Germany
- Falcioni F., Frick O., Blank L. M., Schmid A. and Bühler B. (2010)
Microbial physiology determines the catalytic efficiency of proline hydroxylation by proline-4-hydroxylase.
BioTrends 2010, 1. - 2. December 2010, Dortmund, Germany
- Falcioni F., Frick O., Blank L. M., Schmid A. and Bühler B. (2010)
Interrelation between α-ketoglutarate dependent proline hydroxylation and metabolic network operation in recombinant E. coli.
Gordon Research Conference on Biocatalysis, 11. - 16. July 2010, Smithfield, RI, USA
- Falcioni F., Kleinsteuber P., Bühler B. and Schmid A. (2009)
How to improve proline hydroxylation in a whole-cell biocatalyst.
Biotrans 2009, 5th – 9th July 2009, Bern, Switzerland
- Falcioni F., Kleinsteuber P., Bühler B. and Schmid A. (2008)
Microbial proline-hydroxylase: a model for α-ketoglutarate dependent oxygenases.
Biocat 2008, 31st of August - 4th of September, Hamburg, Germany


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World of Warcraft pays tribute to Overwatch with new 'Ogrewatch' event
Well-rounded Blizzard fans will soon see some familiar-yet-slightly-off additions to World of Warcraft. A parodied version of the Overwatch crew is crossing over for a limited time. Blizzard is set to bring The Brawler's Guild back to ... read


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Question: Beer shelf life is a problem for brewers and distributors
Beer shelf life is a problem for brewers and distributors because when beer is stored at room temperature, its favor deteriorates. When the average furfuryl ether content reaches 6 g per liter, a typical consumer begins to taste an unpleasant chemical favor. (a) At α = .05, would the following sample of 12 randomly chosen bottles stored for a month convince you that the mean furfuryl ether content exceeds the taste threshhold? (b) What is the p-value?
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View Solution:
Answer to relevant Questions(a) A statistical study reported that a drug was effective with a p-value of .042. Explain in words what this tells you. (b) How would that compare to a drug that had a p-value of .087? In trials of an experimental Internet-based method of learning statistics, pre-tests and post- tests were given to two groups: traditional instruction (22 students) and Internet-based (17 students). Pre-test scores were not ...Below is a random sample of shoe sizes for 12 mothers and their daughters. (a) At α = .01, does this sample show that women's shoe sizes have increased? State your hypotheses and show all steps clearly. (b) Is the decision ...In 2006, a sample of 200 in-store shoppers showed that 42 paid by debit card. In 2009, a sample of the same size showed that 62 paid by debit card. (a) Formulate appropriate hypotheses to test whether the percentage of debit ...The American Bankers Association reported that, in a sample of 120 consumer purchases in France, 60 were made with cash, compared with 26 in a sample of 50 consumer purchases in the United States. Construct a 90 percent ...
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Montreal QC
March 29
Arobas Personnel is looking for talented individuals to join a dynamic and growing team in Montreal. In this role, you will take part in the design and development of server features.
In charge of developing and maintaining code pertaining to server operation and tests:
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Jürgen Klopp isn't underestimating the importance of Liverpool's Premier League trip to Swansea City on Sunday afternoon although it appears that his side have little to play for.
A top-four finish is now all but out of reach for the Reds, who are nine points off Manchester City in fourth having played one game less. Instead, they are left playing purely for pride and to finish as high as possible in the league table.
As a result, Klopp is expected to field a largely understrength starting eleven in comparison to the team that lost 1-0 in the first-leg of their Europa League semi-final with Villarreal on Thursday night.
Given that Liverpool are left needing to overturn that one-goal deficit at Anfield in order to reach their first European final since 2007, the likes of Roberto Firmino, James Milner, Nathaniel Clyne and Dejan Lovren are all likely to be rested so that they are fully fit for the return leg.
But according to Klopp, resting such key players doesn't mean that he is taking the match lightly, instead treating it as an opportunity for Liverpool to climb up the table with a fully refreshed team.
Reds boss explains plans to field second-string side
"I'm really the first [person] who wants everything," he told the media in his pre-Swansea press conference, insisting that they travel to the Liberty Stadium to "try to win" because they "know about the situation" and "can read about the table."
He acknowledged that his side "know about everything" and realise that they have played "one game less" and so can catch up on their rivals, but also admitted that they "have to make a few difficult decision with the line-up."
On recent teams he has fielded, Klopp justified his decisions as being motivated by "the intensity" of their fixture schedule and "all the games" they have had to play in quick succession, meaning they have been "changing a lot" in order to cope.
"We know we need, again, fresh legs and fresh minds at Swansea," the German continued, insisting that winning is all "we are thinking about" and saying that they can "change the situation in the table with this game."
Before last weekend's 2-2 draw with Newcastle United, Klopp and co. had won their last four matches in all competitions as they put together an encouraging run of performances and results.
That came despite the boss frequently ringing mass changes to the team, with Liverpool's fringe players helping them to a 4-1 win over Stoke City as well as a 2-1 win away at Bournemouth, both which followed intensive clashes in continental competition.
And the Reds boss admitted that ensuring performance levels don't fluctuate despite making changes across the board is something they are actively working on, insisting it is something they are trying to improve "all the time."
Klopp added: "You have a starting line-up and we always try to keep the rest of the players confident too with little talks, with little sings or whatever - especially in training. I'm pleased with [them] and for them because Bournemouth was impressive, Stoke was impressive, so that's very important for us."
It "wouldn't make sense" to name same team, says Klopp
The manager, who has regularly declared that changes are necessary to ensure the best possible performances from his team, explained that it's "really not probable" that they would "start with the exact line-up" like Thursday because "it wouldn't make sense."
Instead, Klopp believes they "have to make a few changes" so that they can "try everything" to beat Swansea. He called that "the only target for this week and nothing else" as he refused to look forward to Villarreal.
He also called himself "pleased" with the development of the club's younger players, which he says is "what they have to do" in order to feature more regularly. "We can give advice, we can give training sessions, we can give a lot, but at the end, it's a decision of the players," he insisted.
"It's up to the players to show [that they are good enough] and perform," he said, despite acknowledging that it is "not too easy with no rhythm."
On the confidence of the Reds' fringe and young players, Klopp said that it would be "a big mistake" for 18 or 19-year-old playersto "lose confidence" if they are starting one week and not in the squad the next.
He said that this attitude "make no sense" because instead they need to "take the chance" they get and "work as hard as possible" in order to feature "more often in the future."
Klopp states that it is "not too important" how regularly players play, but that it is "more important how you play" which he says he is trying to communicate with the players.
"Stay patient and, in the same moment, be greedy," he explained is the "information" they are trying to get across to the players, adding: "That's maybe something like a challenge, but it is possible and, until now, they have done well."


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Redundancies & Business Transfers
Many employers are reviewing their costs in the current climate and exploring ways in which these can be reduced. Headcount is often a target, and redundancies have been high. Other employers seek to make changes by improving efficiency through structural changes. Such disruption can be daunting for employees anxious to retain their position within an organisation, and their income.
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March 12, 2012
OREM, Utah -
Seven University of Wyoming wrestlers were named to the All-Conference squad in the Western Wrestling Conference, announced Monday by the league. All-WWC honors were given for top-three finishes at the 2012 NCAA West Regional/WWC Championships on March 4 in Cedar Falls, Iowa. All seven league schools competed at the West Regional, at which the Cowboys won their third-straight team title.
Two Cowboys defended their West Regional individual championships successfully and earned First Team All-WWC honors, UW's Shane Onufer (165) and Pat Martinez (174). Onufer also won his fourth consecutive title and his fourth straight first team honor and Martinez won his second crown.
Seniors Michael Martinez (125) and Joe LeBlanc (184) earned their fourth-straight All-WWC nod. LeBlanc was First Team for the third time, and Martinez earned Second Team honors.
Redshirt freshman Zach Zehner (133) was Second Team for the first time in his young career and redshirt junior Alfonso Hernandez (197) was First Team, his third overall honor. Junior L.J. Helbig (285) was Second Team, his third overall honor.
Team-wise, Wyoming led the way with four first-team honorees.
The Western Wrestling Conference is comprised of seven schools including the Air Force Academy, North Dakota State, Northern Colorado, Northern Iowa, South Dakota State, Utah Valley and Wyoming.
165 - Shane Onufer (Wyoming), Sr., Auburn, Wash. (Auburn HS)****
174 - Pat Martinez (Wyoming), So., Hemet, Calif. (Temecula Valley HS)**
184 - Joe LeBlanc (Wyoming), Sr., Meeker, Colo. (Meeker HS)****
197 - Alfonso Hernandez (Wyoming), RJr., Blackfoot, Idaho (Blackfoot HS)***
125 - Michael Martinez (Wyoming), Sr., Pagosa Springs, Colo. (Pagosa Springs HS)****
133 - Zach Zehner (Wyoming), RFr., Tomahawk, Wis. (Tomahawk HS)*
285 - LJ Helbig (Wyoming), Jr., Mason, Mich. (Mason HS)***
*One-time honoree
**Two-time honoree
***Three-time honoree
****Four-time honoree


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Amendment sends Robins top
Swindon Robins have gone top of the Sky Sports Elite League after the The Speedway Control Bureau amended their result with King's Lynn.
Last Updated: 09/08/12 11:13am
Swindon Robins have gone top of the Sky Sports Elite League after the The Speedway Control Bureau amended their result with King's Lynn.
During their home draw with King's Lynn on July 19, Stars were judged to have used Cory Gathercole illegally.
The Amended result moves Swindon to the top of the Elite League table level with Poole, but a superior points difference sees them move the Pirates down to second place.
The SCB Statement read: "The Speedway Control Bureau have issued the following statement regarding the Swindon v King's Lynn Elite League match that was staged on Thursday July 19.
Elite League: SWINDON v KINGS LYNN: Thursday 19th July 2012
At this Meeting Kings Lynn contravened The Speedway Regulations by using Cory Gathercole as a Guest to replace the Doubling-Up position occupied by David Howe & Ulrich Ostergaard.
Kings Lynn were only entitled to use a PL Rider whose Match Average was 6.00 or less.
Cory Gathercole, with a PL MA was 6.50 was therefore not eligible and on the night he scored 2 (+1) points and the Meeting ended as a 45 - 45 draw with Swindon gaining 1 Match Point and Kings Lynn 2 Match points.
Accordingly as permitted by SR 15.10.1 the Meeting Result is now revised by deducting Gathercole's points and is therefore:
The effect is that Swindon have 2 Match Points and Kings Lynn 1 Match Point."
King's Lynn were quick make their own statement and they were far from happy.
"King's Lynn Speedway are saddened and confused to learn that the SCB have decided to alter the result of their away meeting at Swindon on July 19 2012.
"It is clear that even without the new 1-7 being in effect because of the previous nights rain off, we were still entitled to use a guest for the previously declared Joe Screen/David Howe partnership as neither rider was available for this fixture.
"What is even more surprising is that this result has been altered nearly 3 weeks since the meeting took place, at which point neither the Swindon promotion or official SCB referee had any issues with King's Lynn using Cory Gathercole as a guest.
"We believe that decisions like this are clearly not in the best interest of the sport, and we can only worry about the future of speedway in Great Britain as a result."


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Lore City Ohio Golf Courses
|Salt Fork State Park Golf Course
Additional Golf Course Reviews:
|Oak Knolls Golf Club - East Course -- Dont really know if its worth full star
|Review by: Dave
|Golf this June the 23rd , West course in very bad shape! Wet, water laying and smelling greens slow and lots of spot on greens. And lots of roped off places.
|From Cleveland Ohio


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20-2940 - Lint Free Wipes
High quality wipes are ideal for all types of general purpose equipment cleaning.
21-7800 - 8" x 12" Statshied® Transparent Metal-In Standard ESD Shielding Bags
Transparent metal-in ESD shielding bags are the most commonly used shielding bag. These bags allow for 40% light transmission for easy identification of bag contents.
Excellent and accurate buying experience, products exactly as they are described and work perfectly.


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Product Spotlight
Featured Research
Quick Stats
You are here
Grocers Pumped for Produce For Kids' 13th Campaign
Earns support of 35 fresh produce suppliers
Participating retailers in Produce for Kids' (PFK) 13th annual campaign are gearing up for the April 24 kickoff of this year's event, which will again be featured in the produce departments of select nationwide grocery stores through July.
Grocery retail partners participating in the Produce for Kids campaign include: Acme Markets; Associated Wholesale Grocers; Country Mart; Homeland; United Super Markets; Meijer; Niemann Foods Inc.; Price Chopper; Publix Super Markets; and Roundy's Supermarkets Inc.'s Pick n' Save Copps and Metro Market divisions.
This year's program offers in-store and online meal solutions, recipes and tips for families looking to embrace healthier eating habits. Many stores will host recipe demonstrations and special events featuring characters from "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2."
The Orlando, Fla.-based Produce for Kids campaign, which has raised $5 million for children's charities since 2002, will again raise funds to benefit charities that support children, including its primary philanthropic partner, Feeding America, as well as other local community children's organizations.
"It is our mission to educate families about the benefits of eating nutritious produce as part of a healthy lifestyle," said John Shuman, PFK president. "We are extremely proud of the $5 million we have raised thus far to support local children's charities and are excited to partner with Feeding America this year to help fight childhood hunger."
The Produce for Kids campaign will be supported by more than 35 participating fresh fruit and vegetable suppliers, representing every major category of fresh produce. Grocery shoppers are encouraged to purchase more nutritious fruits and vegetables and, in exchange, suppliers will make a donation to Feeding America and other community children's organizations.
In-store displays and signage will be featured in local grocery produce departments and will list all participating companies. The signage will direct shoppers to www.produceforkids.com, which features more than 200 registered dietitian-approved and family-tested recipes, meal planning tools, grocery store-specific campaign details, and healthy tips from real parents. Shoppers will be encouraged to share their own healthy recipes and ideas during the campaign using the hashtag #produceforkids.


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Is it me....is it that Ben was not as knowlegeable as he claimed. We know that he had never communicated with Jacob although he pretended to. Ben did not fully understand the rules if he did he would have known that Alex was in real danger. Ben didn't know about the candidates, he wasn't a true leader, Jacob didn't appoint him he took the power, therefore he wasn't brought in the "need to know loop" He is very cunning and used his smarts to gather information, thus learning that certain people are hard to kill.
He thought that because she was born on the Island that Alex was one of the protected and totally believed she wouldn't die. What Ben didn't know it was Danielle who was the candidate not Alex.


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"So grateful!"
About: Queen's Hospital (Romford) Queen's Hospital (Romford) Romford RM7 0AG
Posted by susan
I was treated at Queens following a complication after a hysterectomy.
I stayed on cornflower b and had first class care. From the consultants, doctors, nurses including the wonderful student nurses , to the radiology department and health care assistants, I can't thank enough. My dignity was respected , which believe me could have been tough at times!
I never felt like anything was any bother even when I felt embarrassed at certain times. I thank the staff at Queens for nursing me back to health.
Please pass my thanks to radiology and cornflower b. I'm so grateful!
Response from Queen's Hospital 13 months ago
I am so pleased to hear of the first class care you received at Queen's hospital at what was a very tough time for you. I am pleased your dignity was respected and am glad the staff made you feel like nothing was a bother for them. I appreciate you taking the time to leave your comment and I will pass this onto the divisional nurse for these departments so she can share this with her staff.
Yours Sincerely
Kathryn Halford
Chief Nurse
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Nov. 11: Chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee has asked chief secretary S.N. Roy to get in touch with the Centre and arrange for increased patrolling around Kendo and its adjoining islands near the Bangladesh border to check the intrusion of foreign trawlers.
Bhattacharjee, who had a meeting with Sundarbans development minister Kanti Ganguly and fisheries minister Kironmoy Nanda at Writers Buildings, assured that he would take up with the Centre the issue of setting up a permanent Coast Guard station in the area.
The meeting was called in the wake of the intrusion of highly sophisticated Thai fishing trawlers near Kendo last weekend.
After the meeting, Nanda said putting up sophisticated wireless stations at Frasergunj and Shankarpur for a better communication network will help check intrusion. On Saturday, fishermen reported to police that about nine Thai trawlers raided theirs with sophisticated firearms.
The strengthening of the Coast Guard setup depends on the Centre and we have been making the demand for some time, said Ganguly.


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Question: At a student caf there are equal numbers of two
At a student café, there are equal numbers of two types of customers with the following values. The café owner cannot distinguish between the two types of students because many students without early classes arrive early anyway (i.e., she cannot price discriminate).
The MC of coffee is 10. The MC of a banana is 40. Is bundling more profitable than selling separately? If so, what price should be charged for the bundle?
View Solution:
The MC of coffee is 10. The MC of a banana is 40. Is bundling more profitable than selling separately? If so, what price should be charged for the bundle?
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions1. The prisoners' dilemma is an example ofa. A sequential game.b. A simultaneous game.c. A shirking game.d. A dating game2. Nash equilibriuma. Is where one player maximizes his payoff and the other ...Every year, management and labor renegotiate a new employment contract by sending their proposals to an arbitrator who chooses the best proposal (effectively giving one side or the other $1 million). Each side can choose to ...You want to price posters at the Poster Showcase profitably and run an experiment to estimate the demand elasticity. You raise the price of kitten posters 10% but keep your dog poster prices unchanged. After a month, kitten ...Moe Green estimates the cost of future projects for a large contracting firm. Mr. Green uses precisely the same techniques to estimate the costs of every potential job, and formulates bids by adding a standard profit markup. ...BPO Services is in the business of digitizing information from forms that are filled out by hand. In 2006, a big client gave BPO a distribution of the forms that it digitized in house last year, and BPO estimated how much it ...
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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Specializing in women's hairloss, thinning hair, fusion, hair systems, extensions, hair replacement, etc. non-detectable, natural looking, affordable hair
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Excellength is located at 72 Glenwood Rd, Englewood, NJ. This business specializes in Beauty Salons and Doctors & Clinics and has 1 review(s) with a star rating of 5.0.


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Creativity, Innovation, Products, Learning - these are my passions and areas of expertise. I have extensive experience as a Product Manager, an Innovation and Creativity expert and consultant in numerous organizations. I am also an experienced learning management and learning development manager. I worked internally in multinational companies such as Motorola and Teva Pharmaceuticals, and was also a senior consultant at ZOOZ Strategy, Innovation and Management consulting. In various roles, I consulted and facilitated countless processes and workshops on a multitude of innovation and creativity tools - Blue Ocean Strategy, Systematic Inventive Thinking, De Bono Lateral Thinking, SCAMPER, TRIZ Creative Problem Solving and more.
Today, I am Director of Product Innovation and Learning at the international learning solutions company Kineo. I am also very much involved in the Learning Community and served as the Israeli national annual learning conference chairperson in 2013.
I am the author of the successful "100 Creative Presentation Ideas" book, and based upon that I also created the creative ideas app of the same name and the Ideas Flux innovation mobile and tablet app.
I hold a Bachelors degree in Philosophy and General studies, and a Masters in Organizational Development. I am also Six Sigma Green Belt certified.


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wp_page_links() not functioning correctly
I picked up a job as the maintainer of a few websites recently, and my client has emailed me with a pretty weird problem.
He was trying to use the <!–nextpage–> tag, and the pages are generated and split, but when you select a page number, the first page loads no matter what the number given in the url is.
The client updated some plugins before this happened. I asked for a list, and checked if one of them caused the issue, but none returned functionality. This seems to have affected not just new pages, but also pages published before the updates.
Example here:http://www.bmxunion.com/blog/photogallery/banned-jam-photogallery/
- The topic 'wp_page_links() not functioning correctly' is closed to new replies.


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A dozen more bags of trash sat nearby, awaiting transport to an open landfill where Y-12 workers routinely dump garbage with no bearing on national security. When employees of Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services, Y-12, LLC, the contractor responsible for running the site at that time, poked inside two of these additional bags, they found more top-secret documents.
"(They) then decided not to search any additional containers because they were, given the prior results, presumed likely to contain additional classified information," a preliminary notice of violation issued Feb. 2 by the Energy Department's enforcement arm said.
Many of the records discovered that day detailed how the department's employees and contractors worked with nuclear explosive materials, such as highly-enriched uranium, housed at the Y-12 complex. But it quickly got worse: Further investigation by the National Nuclear Security Administration, which oversees such work, led officials to conclude that nuclear secrets had been thrown away with lax security at the Tennessee plant for more than 20 years.
Read more at Public Integrity
Related Posts:
Posted by GPD on February 3, 2016, With 1578 Reads Filed under Government & Politics. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
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Creating and reading QR codes
With the right tools, you can create your own QR code squares with information you want to share, for example, on a business card, in a letter, or on your website.
Read errors of unreliable, one-dimensional bar codes often caused interruptions in industrial production, prompting companies like Toyota and its subsidiary Denso Wave to develop as early as 1994 a new code for acquiring stock data. The new matrix bar code was designed to store more information than the traditional bar code and to stay legible, even if the label was dirty, wrinkled, or partially destroyed.
The quick response code, or QR code, comprises a matrix of square dots instead of the usual lines. Measuring up to 177 by 177 dots, the QR code encodes up to 4,296 characters, compared with a bar code that encodes just 13.
Thanks to numerous free reader apps for smartphones, QR codes have gained in popularity in recent years. Posters, catalogs, magazines, business cards, and even television screens display the small squares, offering additional information or URLs for microsites.
Data Grabber
If you want to encode your address into a QR code for a business card, you could try one of the many services on the Internet. However, restrictions typically apply. For example, some services allow only QR codes in a certain size or in limited quantities. Also, you never know for sure, what the services do with your data. For example, some sites explicitly allow sharing and selling the data to third parties in their terms of use, more or less pre-programming an increase in junk mail in the future. Fortunately, several QR code tools can help you avoid these problems in Linux.
On My Mark!
The quickest way to create a QR code is with the Qrencode [1] command-line utility. Any major distribution can install Qrencode via the package manager. The following command then creates a QR code containing the text "Hello World!" (Figure 1):
$ qrencode -o qrcode.png 'Hello World!'
The generated QR code ends up in the
qrcode.png file. If the file already exists, it's overwritten without prompting. If you have at least version 3.3.0 (
qrencode -V), Qrencode can generate an EPS graphic,
$ qrencode -t EPS -o qrcode.eps 'Hello World!'
or ASCII output (Figure 2). In the QR code image, the software creates a white border the width of one dot. This facilitates the process of deciphering the code for programs or the smartphone later on. If desirable, you can increase or decrease the edge with the
-m parameter; in the following example the border width would be 10 code pixels:
$ qrencode -m 10 -o qrcode.png 'Hello World!'
If you are saving the QR code in PNG format, the
-s parameter specifies the height of a black QR code pixel. By default, Qrencode draws every black dot three by three pixels. The program creates a slightly smaller QR code with quite a wide margin with the following command:
$ qrencode -s 2 -m 10 -o qrcode.png 'Hello World!'
A white border appears around the QR code that is exactly 20 screen pixels wide (10 QR code dots in width, with each dot two pixels). If you are creating EPS images, the only parameter available is
-s moves the entire QR code out of the image in this case. To control the resolution of PNGs further, use the
-d parameter to define the dpi.
Besides the specified data, the QR code contains additional error correction information. If a portion of the image is damaged, it allows you to reconstruct the missing or illegible data. The more additional information the QR code contains, the more heavily damaged it can be without becoming useless.
Increasing the error tolerance increases the size of the image because you need more black dots (Figure 3). The QR code standard thus uses four levels of error correction:
H level allows you to read all data if 30 percent of the QR code is destroyed,
Q level if 25 percent is unreadable, and
M level if just 15 percent is unintelligible. At the lowest level,
L, only 7 percent of the data can be faulty. In Qrencode, the
-l parameter selects the error correction level. The possible values are pretty much what you would expect:
Q, and
The level you choose depends on the proposed use. If you expect the QR code to be exposed to external influences (e.g., wind, weather, graffiti) or if you are planning to manipulate the image deliberately (see the "Intruders" box), you will want the highest level,
H. On a business card, the lowest level,
L, is sufficient. If in doubt, simply omit the
-l parameter. The program then uses level
L by default.
QR codes are quite robust against destructive behavior, which allows you put a logo or image in the middle. If the "foreign body" is small enough, the code still works, and it looks pretty, too.
None of the generators available for Linux can add images like this, however, which only leaves you with the option of switching to a web service or editing the image in another application. In the latter case, you will want to create the QR code with error correction level H as a precaution and then check that it works with a smartphone.
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LibreOffice 5.4 Released
Comes with improved support for Microsoft Office file formats.
Red Hat to Drop Support for Btrfs
The company is building their own storage solution called Stratis.
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Opportunities and Risks: Containers for DevOps
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Are you ready for DevOps? Try your luck with the beta version of Linux Professional Institute's new DevOps exam.
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Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.


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Question: What are the major differences between the oxidations in the
What are the major differences between the oxidations in the citric acid cycle that use NAD+ as an electron acceptor and the one that uses FAD?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsWe have seen one of the four possible isomers of isocitrate, the one produced in the aconitase reaction. Draw the configurations of the other three. How could the expression "milking it for all it's worth" relate to the citric acid cycle? Calculate E°' for the following reaction: Succinate + 1/2 O2 ( Fumarate + H2O Reflect and apply Experimental evidence strongly suggests that the protein portions of cytochromes have evolved more slowly (as judged by the number of changes in amino acids per million years) than the protein portions of ...What yield of ATP can be expected from complete oxidation of each of the following substrates by the reactions of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation? (a) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (b) ...
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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Test Preview and Source Code not the sameAsked by mrrcomp on November 10, 2013 at 07:09 AM
I am embedding source code to my website. On the preview test page here the labels and fields are on the same line. When I put it on my website they Labels are above the fields?
Below is the beginning of the code
<form name="form_32021673537450" class="jotform-form" id="32021673537450" action="http://submit.jotform.me/submit/32021673537450/" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">
The webpage is http://www.wellnesschoices.net/Signup
Would appreciate your input
Meir R.
JotForm Support
Hi Meir,
From what I have checked so far, this is due to the script conflict between the form and those scripts that exist on the web page where you have embedded the form.
What I can suggest you can do is to create a separate html page for the form using its source code (since you probably have reason for using the source), and then embed the html page using an iframe tag into your website page http://www.wellnesschoices.net/Signup .
Hope this workaround fixes the issue.
Please inform us if you need further assistance.


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A Superb Pair of Cast Iron Urns
c. 1860 England
Offered by John Carroll Antiques Ltd.
€6,800 eurRequest Information Favourite Item
A superb pair of mid 19th Century English cast iron garden urns
English, circa 1860
Height: 34.5in (77cm)
Width: 24in (61cm)
English, circa 1860
Height: 34.5in (77cm)
Width: 24in (61cm)
|34.50 cm
|(13.58 inches)
|24.00 cm
|(9.45 inches)
|24.00 cm
|(9.45 inches)
John Carroll Antiques Ltd.
John Carroll Antiques Ltd.
Unit 3
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Republic of Ireland
+44 (0)7802 345529Favourite Dealer Request Dealer Alerts
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Elegance Wreath Centerpiece Rental
Transport your friends, family, and guests to another place with Amore's superior quality and affordable Elegance Wreath Centerpiece Rental. Make it an event to remember. Each centerpiece includes a colored LED Light (your choice of color).
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$495.0010 Elegance Wreath Centerpieces with LED light in each vase*Additional Tables above 10 – $49.00 each
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The images above may depict "Elegance wreath centerpiece rental" that have been customized and or combined with another collection that was based on an individual request. Custom requests require additional time and supplies and may incur additional costs. Please CONTACT US for pricing and customization details.


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
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Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


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Broadcom Becomes Linux Foundation Member
"We applaud Broadcom for its recent move to work more closely with the Linux community; their membership in the Linux Foundation speaks volumes of their commitment," says Amanda McPherson, Vice President of Marketing and Developer Programs at The Linux Foundation.
Broadcom's membership in the Linux Foundation moves them further into the Linux Community. "In September, Broadcom announced it had open sourced its drivers for selected Wi-Fi chipsets, a pivotal move that garnered applause throughout the Linux community," The Linux Foundation says in its upcoming announcement. According to the foundation, that's not all Broadcom is doing. "Since then, the driver has been integrated into the latest Linux kernel release 2.6.37 and, as a result, is actively being improved upon by the entire Linux community. Given its portfolio of semiconductors for wired and wireless communications, Broadcom is an important addition to The Linux Foundation," the announcement says.
More information on the Linux Foundation can be found on their website.
Issue 202/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
LibreOffice 5.4 Released
Comes with improved support for Microsoft Office file formats.
Red Hat to Drop Support for Btrfs
The company is building their own storage solution called Stratis.
Reinvent your network with DevOps tools and techniques:
Opportunities and Risks: Containers for DevOps
Automated Builds Using CentOS 7 and Kickstart
Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana – The ELK stack
Are you ready for DevOps? Try your luck with the beta version of Linux Professional Institute's new DevOps exam.
Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.


text:
Odd Sucking Disc of Remora Fish Developed From Dorsal Fin
Posted on June 7, 2013
Remora fish are 1 to 3 feet long and are known for having a very odd sucking disc on top of their heads. They sometimes attach themselves to the hulls of boats. They even try to attach themselves to divers. Remoras mainly use their sucking disc to attach themselves to large marine animals and feed off of scraps of food and parasites from the bigger animal.
Smithsonian scientists say that in ancient times when remora fish attached themselves to ships they were thought to be purposely trying to slow the boat down. Something else not well understood about the remora has been the origins of its odd sucking disc. Scientists at the Smithsonian Institution and London's Natural History Museum have finally solved the mystery. They say the sucking disc is actually a greatly modified dorsal fin. The research is published here in the Journal of Morphology.
Dave Johnson, zoologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and co-author of the research, said in a statement, "One reason I think this hasn't been done before is due to the difficulty in finding early stage remora larvae. In our study we closely tracked the development of the sucking disc beginning with tiny remora larvae, through to juvenile and adult remoras. We followed the earliest stages of the disc's development by matching the first vestiges of elements of the sucking disc with the first vestiges of elements of the dorsal fins of another fish, the white perch (Morone americana), which has the typical dorsal fin of most fishes."
The team identified three main fin elements that are radically modified and develop into the different elements of the remora's unusual disc. Up to a certain stage in the remora's development it has a developing dorsal fin that is similar to other fishes. Then, through a series of small changes, the remora's dorsal fin begins to expand and shift towards the head. By the time the remora has reached about 30mm in length, the dorsal fin has become a fully formed 2mm sucking disc. It still has the components found in a regular dorsal fin - tiny fin spines, spine bases and supporting bones - but the spine bases have greatly expanded. This research confirms that the sucking disc is formed by a massive expansion of the dorsal fin through small changes while the fish is developing.
The scientists say the sucking disc of the remora fish is not the result of the evolution of a completely new structure.
Photo: Dave Johnson/Smithsonian (top)/NOAA (bottom)
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