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The present study investigated how trait anxiety alters the balance between attentional control systems to impact performance of a discrete preplanned goal-directed motor task. Participants executed targeted force contractions (engaging the goal-directed attentional system) at the offset of emotional and non-emotional distractors (engaging the stimulus-driven attentional system). High and low anxious participants completed the protocol at two target force levels (10% and 35% of maximum voluntary contraction). Reaction time (RT), performance accuracy, and rate of change of force were calculated. Expectations were confirmed at the 10% but not the 35% target force level: 1) high anxiety was associated with slower RTs, and 2) threat cues lead to faster RTs independently of trait anxiety. These new findings suggest that motor efficiency, but not motor effectiveness is compromised in high relative to low anxious individuals. We conclude that increased stimulus-driven attentional control interferes with movements that require greater attentional resources.
Impaired attentional processes have been identified as one of the primary cognitive factors underlying the inception and maintenance of anxiety (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007). Anxiety related changes in attentional processes manifest in deficits in performance noted across a broad range of tasks including spatial and verbal reasoning (Darke, 1988: Experiments 2 and 3), digit-string short-term memory (Derakshan & Eysenck, 1998) and motor learning (Calvo & Ramos, 1989). The processing efficiency hypothesis (PET: Eysenck & Calvo, 1992) -which was central to the development of the aforementioned studies- has recently been superseded by attentional control theory (ACT: Eysenck et al., 2007). The present study tests the interactions among trait anxiety, emotional distractor cues, and motor planning within the context of two of the six hypotheses proposed in ACT.
ACT (Eysenck et al., 2007) contends that anxiety manifests in impaired attentional control, which leads to performance deficits in tasks involving the central executive of the working memory system. This theoretical position is founded in the assumption that attention is regulated by (1) a goal-directed attentional system, and (2) a stimulus-driven attentional system (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002). The goal-directed attentional system is governed by expectations, knowledge, and current goals and exemplifies top-down attentional control. In contrast, the stimulus-driven attentional system is sensitive to salient stimuli, and exemplifies bottom-up attentional control. Importantly, ACT proposes that anxiety modulates the balance between these two attentional systems with increased anxiety leading to "...an increased influence of the stimulus-driven attentional system and a decreased influence of the goal-directed attentional system" (Eysenck et al., 2007, p.338). This imbalance is reflected in performance deficits on cognitive tasks (Arnell, Killman, & Fijavz, 2007; Blair et al., 2007; Bledowski, Prvulovic, Goebel, Zanella, & Linden, 2004), but the consequences of this imbalance have yet to be investigated when performing discrete goal-directed motor tasks. ACT suggests that inhibition (in addition to shifting and updating) is a distinct function of the central executive. Inhibition refers to one's ability to minimize disruption or interference from task irrelevant stimuli. That is, an increased ability to inhibit interference from task irrelevant stimuli (which engage the stimulus-driven attentional system) allows the goal-directed attentional system to continue to function with minimal disruption.
When considering goal-directed voluntary movements, a controlled approach to studying how the nervous system regulates motor output is to use tasks that require individuals to produce force against an object. Performing simple functional activities of daily living such as eating, dressing, grooming, and drinking, all require the application of a planned grasping force against an object. Such acts of daily living require the production of a range of sub-maximal forces with most acts necessitating low to moderate levels of force (Marshall & Armstrong, 2004; McPhee, 1987). Motor abnormalities have been associated with affective disorders (Lohr & Caligiuri, 2006; Rossi, Bartalini, Ulivelli, Mantovani, & Di Muro, 2005; Wada, Sunago, & Nagai, 2001; Yardley, Britton, & Lear, 1995), and these motor abnormalities may lead to movements that are repeatedly performed inefficiently and/or inaccurately which, in turn, may compromise quality of life. Moreover, minor variations in force output can lead to dire consequences within military, sport, and medical domains, where anxious states and unexpected distractor stimuli are routinely experienced (Janelle & Hatfield, 2008; Norman, Eva, Brooks, & Hamstra, 2006; Satava, Gallagher, & Pellegrini, 2003).
Much of the current literature that validates PET and ACT is derived from cognitive tasks (e.g., Bonnot & Croizet, 2007; Hardy, Beattie, & Woodman, 2007). Those studies that have tested PET/ACT hypotheses within the motor domain have relied on continuous tasks (Murray & Janelle, 2003; Smith, Bellamy, Collins, & Newell, 2001; Williams, Vickers, & Rodriques, 2002; Wilson, Chattington, Marple-Horvat, & Smith, 2007) or simple reaction time tasks (Elliman, Green, Rogers, & Finch, 1997). Questions therefore remain concerning how emotion and anxiety impact the parameterization of functional motor tasks. By implementing a discrete goal-directed motor task in the current study, force output will be precisely measured and movement errors will be reliably quantified in the context of ACT hypotheses for the first time.
The notion that efficient motor function is susceptible to changes in anxiety and attention has been previously demonstrated (cf., Janelle, 2002). Attentional control and working memory are critical for effective motor planning given that planning voluntary motor action requires the conscious parameterization of movement, which is made possible by the working memory system (Baddeley, 1986; Beilock, Jellison, Rydell, McConnell, & Carr, 2006). Motor planning is generally accepted as a process that occurs prior to movement initiation and uses visual and cognitive information derived from the environment and actor to assist in selecting an appropriate motor response (e.g. Glover, 2004). Before movements are initiated, current information is integrated with memories of past experiences (Rosenbaum, Loukopoulos, Meulenbroek, Vaughan, & Engelbrecht, 1995). Working memory is therefore essential to motor planning. Hence, even well-learned motor behaviors which engage the goal-directed attentional system remain highly susceptible to interference from the stimulus-driven attentional system. Central to the purpose of the current study, we argue that the susceptibility of motor planning to stimulus driven interference will be inflated among anxious individuals (Eysenck et al., 2007).
The current study tested hypotheses three and four proposed in ACT. Hypothesis three predicts that "Anxiety impairs attentional control by increasing the influence of the stimulus-driven attentional system" (Eysenck et al., 2007, p. 342). Evidence for this hypothesis comes from protocols in which performance on a central task is negatively affected by interference from a task commanding attention from the stimulus driven attentional system in high as compared to low anxiety individuals and situations (Fenske & Eastwood, 2003; Hopko, McNeil, Gleason, & Rabalais, 2002; Janelle, Singer, & Williams, 1999). In the current study, the task targeting the goal directed attentional system required the production of a brief force contraction to a predetermined target force level as quickly and accurately as possible. Viewing the distractor images in this case served as the more salient task relative to the motor task. We anticipated that viewing the distractor image would result in a shift in attentional control from the goal-directed attentional system (planning the execution of the goal-directed motor task) to the stimulus-driven attentional system, and this stimulus-driven shift would be less inhibited in high as compared to low anxious individuals. The subsequent question, therefore, is how should increased salience of the stimulus-driven attentional system manifest in performance of the primary goal-directed motor task? ACT predicts that although the effectiveness of a task may be similar between high and low anxious groups, anxiety will lead to a reduction in performance efficiency (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992; Eysenck et al., 2007). Accordingly, presence of distractor cues should result in high anxious individuals performing tasks more slowly, but with similar accuracy to low anxious individuals (Beilock, Kulp, Holt, & Carr, 2004; Fox, Russo, Bowles, & Dutton, 2001; Koster, Croombez, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2006).
The fourth hypothesis of ACT predicts that "Anxiety impairs efficiency (and often effectiveness) on tasks involving the inhibition function, especially with threat-related distractors" (Eysenck et al., 2007, p. 344). This hypothesis qualifies the third hypothesis based on the characteristics of present distractors, specifically the emotional salience of the distractors. Data from the attentional bias literature demonstrates that highly anxious individuals direct their attention to threat faster than low anxious individuals, and also show deficits in being able to disengage attention from those threatening cues (see Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoom, 2007, for a comprehensive review and meta-analysis). Accordingly, in the present study one may predict that threat images should engage the stimulus-driven attentional system to a greater extent than non-threatening images in anxious individuals, which would be reflected in even slower RTs. However, threat-related attentional effects in high anxious individuals only manifest at very short subliminal or supraliminal time windows immediately following the presentation of threatening cues (Etkin et al., 2004; Fox, 2002). Therefore, a plausible explanation or argument is that, although threatening images engage the stimulus-driven attentional system at the expense of the goal-directed attentional system, this may only be captured at very short time intervals within a single trial. Moreover, when viewing times of emotional images are in the magnitude of seconds as compared to milliseconds, previous evidence in non-anxious individuals suggests that exposure to unpleasant (~3 s: Hajcak et al., 2007) and threat images prime the motor system for action, and lead to faster RTs (Coombes, Cauraugh, & Janelle, 2007a). Hence, because the primary task in the current study is motoric, and because the presentation window of the distractor image is 2−4 s (to replicate a previous protocol: Coombes et al., 2007a; Coombes, Cauraugh, & Janelle, 2007b), threat cues should prime the motor system in high and low anxious individuals, leading to faster RTs and more efficient performance.
The current project required high and low anxious individuals to execute brief goal-directed force contractions (to engage the goal-directed attentional system) to the offset of emotional and non-emotional distractor cues (to engage the stimulus-driven attentional system). Our primary interest was to determine the extent to which these distractor cues altered the speed, accuracy, and vigor [i.e., rate of change of force production] of a planned motor task. We tested two hypotheses: 1) High anxious, relative to low anxious individuals will display slower RTs, and 2) High and Low anxious individuals will display faster RTs to threat cues as compared to non-threat cues. We expected each of these hypotheses to hold true across two target force levels (10% and 35% of MVC) and we did not expect between group differences in performance accuracy or performance vigor.
Following power analyses for each hypothesis1 65 (Female = 36, Male = 29, M age = 20.25 years, SD = 1.37) undergraduate volunteers participated in this study for extra course credit. Over 500 potential candidates completed the trait version of the STAI (Spielberger, 1983). Random subsets of participants who reported high (>40) and low (<30) anxiety scores were recruited to participate. One low anxiety group (N = 16) and one high anxiety group (N = 18) completed the protocol at the 10% MVC target force level, and one low anxiety group (N = 16) and one high anxiety group (N = 15) completed the protocol with the target force set at 35% of MVC. Table 1 shows the characteristics of each of the four groups. Data 3 SD from the mean for each group at each target force level were considered outliers and removed prior to statistical analyses. With target force set at 10% of MVC, 4 participants were removed from the RT analysis and 3 participants were removed from the rate of change and RMSE analyses. With target force set at 35% of MVC, 1 participant was removed from the RT and rate of change analyses, and 2 participants were removed from the RMSE analysis. All participants were right handed and reported no central nervous system disorders that would affect movement. All participants provided university approved written informed consent prior to taking part in the experiment.
The trait version of the STAI assesses global levels of anxiety. Although the STAI has been identified as a unideminsional tool for assessing anxiety, one's aggregate STAI score is calculated from scores on multiple questions assessing several different dimensions including apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry. The inventory is comprised of 20 questions scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Reliability scores range from .65 −.86. Previous studies which have investigated trait anxiety in young adult samples have dichotomized high and low anxious groups using scores ranging between 37.5 to 41 (Bradley, Mogg, Falla, & Hamilton, 1998; Derryberry & Reed, 2002; MacLeod & Mathews, 1988; Mogg & Bradley, 2002). Accordingly, we used trait scores of 40 as a low cut-off for the high trait anxious group, and trait scores of 30 as a high cut-off for the low trait anxious group.
Participants executed isometric ballistic contractions by pinching a force transducer (MLP-75, Transducer Techniques, Temecula, CA, USA) with the thumb and index finger of their right hand while seated in a chair positioned 1 m from a 19" LCD monitor (1024×768 resolution; 70Hz refresh rate). Their elbows were placed at a right angle with their wrists positioned midway between maximum supination and maximum pronation. Analog output from the force transducer was amplified through a 15LT Grass Technologies Physiodata Amplifier System (Astro-Med Inc. West Warwick, RI, USA) at an excitation voltage of 10 V. Custom Labview software (8.1; National Instruments, Austin, TX) controlled trial onset, trial offset, visual stimulus presentation, and also controlled a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (A/D) (PCI-6220, national Instruments, Austin, TX) which sampled the force at 100Hz. Force data were streamed to disk for offline analysis.
Participants' maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was assessed using a previously established protocol (Vaillancourt & Newell, 2003). This value was used as the reference for computation of each individual's submaximal goal force level (i.e., 10% or 35% of MVC). MVC values for each high and low anxiety group for each target force level are shown in Table 1. Independent samples t-tests revealed that MVC values between high anxiety and low anxiety groups at each target force level did not differ (10%: t (28) = 1.41, p = .170; 35%: t (28) = 1.51, p = .143).
Participants viewed 30 digitized photographs selected from the International Affective Picture System2 (IAPS: Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005). These pictures represented five emotional categories: 1) erotic couples, 2) mutilation, 3) neutral, 4) adventure, and 5) attack. Images were selected according to affective normative ratings to match arousal between pleasant and unpleasant images while discriminating each from neutral images, and to differentiate valence across all categories. Image presentation order was randomized and counterbalanced between participants.
Having provided informed consent, subjects completed the procedure which allowed us to calculate MVC. Task instructions were then verbally communicated to the participant. Participants were informed that they would first see a fixation cross, which would be replaced by an image. They were instructed to look at the image for the entire time it was on the screen. Images were presented for 2−4 s and presentation time was independent of each individual picture. At picture offset the screen went blank and participants were instructed to squeeze the force transducer as quickly and accurately as possible. The goal of the contraction was to match the peak force generated as accurately as possible with the imposed target value (i.e., 10%, 35% of MVC). Completion of the force contraction signaled the end of the trial and the screen remained blank during the intertrial interval (14.5 s). Presentation of the fixation cross marked the beginning of the subsequent trial.
Familiarization with the target force was achieved during a practice session in which participants completed a version of the experimental task with two modifications: 1) all images presented were neutral images taken from the IAPS, and 2) participants received visual feedback following each trial. Following completion of each contraction during the practice period, a horizontal red line representing the target force and a white line representing the force output were visually displayed for 3 s. The practice session was completed once participants were able to execute 4 consecutive contractions within a range of +/− 20% of the target force. The average number of practice trials completed by each group is shown in Table 1. Independent samples t-tests revealed that the number of trials required to obtain the necessary accuracy threshold were not different between groups at each target force level (10%: t (28) = .912, p = .37; 35%: t (28) = .04, p = .967).
Following the practice session, participants completed 30 experimental trials free of experimenter interaction. Performance feedback was not provided during experimental trials. Upon completion of the experimental trials, participants were fully debriefed.
Dependent measures included RT, root mean square error (RMSE), and peak rate of change of force production (maximum of the first derivative). RT data were calculated by measuring the time between the offset of the image and the onset of force production. Onset of force production was identified as the time point when force production increased 3 fold above baseline. Mean force output during the 100 msec preceding image offset served as the baseline value. The peak rate of change of force was the maximum of the first derivative of force from force onset to when the force level reached its peak force for that trial. Summary statistics for RT and rate of change of force were calculated by averaging these scores within valence category for each participant. RMSE was computed by subtracting peak force for each trial from the target value, squaring that value, and then taking the mean of these values within valence categories. Calculating the square root of each of these values resulted in the RMSE summary statistic. Hence, each valence category was represented by one RMSE value for each participant.
High and low anxiety group data were compared within each target force level. RT, RMSE, and rate of change of force were each analyzed in separate 2 (Group: high anxiety, low anxiety) × 5 (Valence: adventure, erotica, attack, mutilation, neutral) mixed design ANOVAs with repeated measures on Valence.
Although MVC between groups was not statistically significant, the low anxiety group had higher MVCs across both target force levels (see Table 1). Relatively higher MVC levels mandate higher target forces that in turn typically lead to greater error and an increased rate of change of force production, which could have potentially confounded our primary analyses. To guard against this potential confound, secondary analyses were conducted. Specifically, all primary analyses were re-run but with MVC level added as a covariate.
For analyses involving Valence, the Greenhouse-Geisser conservative degrees of freedom adjustment was used if the sphericity assumption was violated. Follow-up analyses were conducted using simple effects tests and Tukey's HSD procedure. The probability value was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses. Results from each target force level are presented consecutively for each dependent variable.
Table 2 shows RT, RMSE, and rate of change of force data from the high and low anxiety groups for each target force level across each level of valence.
A two-way mixed model ANOVA confirmed the trends shown in Table 2, revealing significant between group differences for RT, F (1, 28) = 6.89, p = .014, η2 = .20. Follow-up tests showed that the high anxiety group was slower than the low anxiety group to initiate movements (HA: M = 362.75, SE = 27.91; LA: M = 463.05, SE = 26.11). A significant main effect of valence was also evidenced, F (3.03, 84.74) = 3.59, p = .017, η2 = .02, with follow-up tests showing a general bias of faster RT's to unpleasant images. Specifically, RT's following the offset of attack images were faster than following adventure, erotica, and neutral images, as well as following mutilation images as compared to erotica images. The Group × Valence interaction was not significant, F (3.03, 84.74) = .24, p = .87, η2 = .01.
Force onset varied significantly as a function of valence (F (4, 112) = 2.52, p = .045, η2 = .08), with follow-up tests revealing faster responses following exposure to attack as compared to mutilation images. Neither a significant main effect of Group nor a Group × Valence interaction were evidenced (Group: F (1, 28) = 1.34, p = .26, η2 = .05; HA: M = 409.05, SE = 22.25, LA: M = 373.78, SE = 20.82; Group × Valence: F (4, 112) = 1.49, p = .21, η2 = .051).
Follow-up analyses on a significant main effect of group (F (1, 29) = 8.26, p = .008 η2 = .22) revealed that the high anxiety group executed the task with greater accuracy as compared to the low anxiety group (HA: M = 1.68, SE = .22; LA: M = 2.58, SE = .23). The main effect of Valence and the Group × Valence interaction were not significant (Valence: F (3.02, 87.52) = 1.08, p = .36, η2 = .04; Group × Valence: F (3.02, 87.52) = .43, p = .73, η2 = .02)
With the target force set to 35% of MVC, analyses revealed that accuracy of performance was not significantly different between groups (F (1, 27) = .35, p = .56. η2 = .01), valence categories (F (4, 108) = 1.22, p = .31, η2 = .04) (HA: M = 4.89, SE = .53; LA: M = 5.32, SE = .48) or between any combination of these two factors (Group × Valence: F (4, 108) = 1.89, p = .12, η2 = .07).
The rate of change of force data for the high and low anxiety groups at each force level for each valence category is shown in Table 2. For contractions made to target force levels at 10% of MVC, rate of change of force differed significantly between groups (F (1, 29) = 9.63, p = .004, η2 = .25), with the high anxiety group displaying an attenuated rate of change of force production relative to the low anxiety group (HA: M = 33.70 SE = 3.97; LA: M = 51.40 SE = 4.10). Rate of change of force production was also significantly altered by valence, (F (2.84, 82.32) = 4.47, p = .007, η2 = .13), with follow-up tests revealing a general increase in rate of change during pleasant images (erotica > attack, mutilation, neutral; adventure > neutral). The Group × Valence interaction was not significant (F (2.84, 82.32) = 2.05, p = .12, η2 = .07).
Main effects of Group and Valence and the interaction between these factors were all non-significant (Group: F (1, 28) = 1.45, p = .24 η2 = .05; HA: M = 117.81, SE = 15.37, LA: M = 143.19, SE = 14.38; Valence: F (4, 112) = .46, p = .77, η2 = .02; Group × Valence: F (4, 112) = .10, p = .92, η2 = .004.
All significant differences are reported for the secondary analyses, as well as non-significant findings that deviated from the primary analyses (covariate: 10%: 42.05N; 35%: 52.01N). Figures 1--33 show the adjusted means for RT (Figure 1), RMSE (Figure 2), and mean rate of change of force (Figure 3). Although data from the 35% target force level are shown in Figures 1--3,3, note that data from the 35% target force level are not reported below because the critical p-values in the secondary analyses did not differ from those in the primary analysis. As such, Figures 1--33 are presented for each target force level to provide a visual comparison between data for each group, target force level, and valence category.
RT analyses with the target force at 10% of MVC remained largely unchanged from our primary analyses. A significant main effect of Group (F (1, 27) = 4.57, p = .042, η2 = .15) corroborated our initial findings by showing that the high anxiety group were slower than the low anxiety group (HA: M = 453.32, SE = 24.88; LA: M = 373.97, SE = 26.66). A main effect of Valence was also evidenced (F (4, 108) = 4.35, p = .003, η2 = .14) with the follow-up analyses also unchanged from the primary analyses (attack < adventure, erotica, neutral; mutilation < erotica).
With regard to movement accuracy at the 10% target force level, although the trend within the data remained in the same direction as the primary analysis (HA < LA: HA: M = 1.88, SE = .20; LA: M = 2.36, SE = .20), the between group difference was not significant (F (1, 28) = 2.70, p = .11 η2= .09). Hence, when controlling for MVC level, the effect of trait anxiety on performance accuracy was lost, removing the speed-accuracy trade-off that emerged at the 10% MVC target force level in the primary analyses.
Mean rate of change of force production was altered by Group when the target force was set at 10% of MVC (F (1, 28) = 4.17, p = .05, η2 = .13) with the high anxiety group still displaying attenuated rate of change (M = 36.57, SE = 3.83) as compared to the low anxiety group (M = 48.34, SE = 3.97).
The goal of the current study was to determine how the balance between attentional control systems and the inhibition function impact a preplanned goal-directed motor task in individuals with high levels of trait anxiety. Three novel contributions emerged from these findings: 1) High anxiety was associated with attenuated performance efficiency but not performance effectiveness. 2) Threat stimuli lead to faster RTs in high and low anxiety groups. 3) Between group differences were evidenced in the hypothesized direction at relatively low but not at relatively high force levels. Each of these findings is addressed in detail below.
ACT (Eysenck et al., 2007) postulates that high anxiety leads to a decreased ability to inhibit the stimulus-driven attentional system when the goal-directed attentional system is concerned with executing fast and accurate performance. This imbalance is hypothesized to manifest in slower RTs (Arnell et al., 2007; Blair et al., 2007), a prediction that drove our first hypothesis. RT findings with the target force set at 10% of MVC supported this hypothesis. This finding was noted in our primary analyses and was confirmed by the secondary analyses when controlling for between group differences in MVC.
We did not expect movement accuracy to differ between groups. However, the primary analysis revealed that although slower to initiate movements, the high anxiety group was more accurate, and therefore displayed the classic speed-accuracy trade-off (Fitts, 1954, 1966). Such a classic speed-accuracy trade-off may have been driven by between group differences in strategic concerns/regulatory focus (Forster, Higgins, & Bianco, 2003). Previous evidence suggests that highly anxious individuals have a greater tendency to implement a prevention oriented regulatory focus (Forster & Higgins, 2005), and these initial findings support this assertion. The high anxiety group may have employed a prevention regulatory focus rather than a promotion regulatory focus, emphasizing movement accuracy at the sacrifice of movement speed.
Prior to embracing a regulatory focus interpretation, however, secondary analyses were conducted to ensure that MVC, and thus target force level between groups were not driving this speed-accuracy trade-off. Indeed, although MVC between groups was not statistically significant, the low anxiety group had higher MVCs across both target force levels. Relatively higher MVC levels led to higher target forces which in turn typically lead to greater error and an increased rate of change of force production which could have potentially driven between group differences in our primary analyses. This finding is exemplified in Figures 2 and and3,3, where decreases in absolute response accuracy and increases in absolute response vigor are evidenced when the target force was set at 35% of MVC as compared to 10% of MVC. Once MVC levels were controlled within our secondary analyses, between group accuracy scores were no longer different. In consequence, performance accuracy did not differ between groups which suggested that as theorized, performance efficiency is compromised in high as compared to low trait anxiety, but performance effectiveness is not. Importantly, this finding only held true at the low target force level (to be discussed below). As such, we interpret our data as supporting and extending the scope of ACT (Eysenck et al., 2007), suggesting that following presentation of distractor visual cues, highly anxious individuals are less able to inhibit the influence of the stimulus-driven attentional system on the goal-directed attentional system during a discrete preplanned goal-directed motor task.
Rate of change of force production, reflecting performance vigor, remained unchanged across analyses, suggesting attenuated vigor in the high anxiety group as compared to the low anxiety group at the 10% MVC force level. Although this finding was not expected, the secondary analyses suggested that this effect was partially driven by the lower MVC scores of the high anxiety group. Additionally, this finding may have also been driven by differences in regulatory focus and a general increase in inhibition. Specifically, attenuated vigor is in line with a more prevention biased regulatory focus (Forster et al., 2003) as well as an increase in inhibition (Eysenck et al., 2007). Clearly, further research is needed to clarify the effect of anxiety on the rate of change of force production.
Concerning our second hypothesis, we anticipated that both groups would be faster following the presentation of threat as compared to non-threat images. With the target force set at 10% of MVC our data supported this hypothesis and in doing so corroborated previous evidence that threat images prime the motor system, leading to faster RTs (Coombes et al., 2007a). Importantly, there was no effect of valence on performance accuracy, suggesting that the emotion driven priming of the motor system had no influence on the accuracy of force production. Moreover, in previous studies, increases in the speed of movement during exposure to unpleasant images have been evidenced only when the movement direction and emotional state are congruent (i.e., extension movement + unpleasant image). In the present case, movements were not direction specific (i.e., towards or away from the body), thus suggesting that when no conflict (or congruence) exists between the emotional state and the movement direction, unpleasant emotional states facilitate the speed of contractions. Interestingly, given that previous evidence shows that sustained pinch-grip tasks are equally altered by pleasant and unpleasant states as compared to neutral states (Coombes, Gamble, Cauraugh, & Janelle, 2008), we argue that this specific unpleasant priming may only hold true for short duration discrete movements. Nevertheless, this finding further validates the notion that emotional states alter activity within the motor system (Coombes, Cauraugh, & Janelle, 2006; Coombes, Janelle, & Duley, 2005; de Gelder, Snyder, Greve, Gerard, & Hadjikhani, 2004; Hajcak et al., 2007; Marsh, Ambady, & Kleck, 2005; Pessiglione et al., 2007).
Finally, we found that group differences were only evidenced at low as compared to high target force levels. Three potential explanations may account for this finding. First, effects may not have been similar across target force levels because different subjects composed each group at each target force level. However, this would suggest that at the high target force level, either the low anxiety group performed as one would expect the high anxiety group to perform, or vice versa. While acknowledging this as a possible explanation we argue that it is highly unlikely given the polarization between trait anxiety scores between groups at each target force level. Dissimilar findings across target force level suggest that high anxiety will not always lead to an increase in reaction time and that anxiety driven changes in reaction time are modulated by task demands. Thus, a second possible explanation is task difficulty. Our data suggest that the target force level of 10% MVC was more difficult and required greater planning to achieve greater precision. Consequently, the increased demand on the working memory system was more susceptible to interference from the stimulus driven attentional system. Previous fMRI evidence supports this position. For instance, Ehrsson, Fagergren, and Forssberg (2001) provided evidence that force production at relatively low precision grip forces, relative to larger grip forces, more strongly activated several sensory and motor related fronto-parietal areas involved in higher order sensorimotor integration during the planning and execution of goal-directed actions. Moreover, the average number of practice trials to reach the qualifying pre-experimental performance level suggested that the criterion was easier to reach when the target force level was set at 35% of MVC, and this pattern was stable across groups (see Table 1). Finally, a third explanation is that limited power may have resulted in the null findings at 35% of MVC. Although power analyses were conducted prior to recruitment, they were based on pilot data which probed performance at the 10% target force level. Hence, the null findings at the 35% target force level may well have been the result of a small sample size and limited power.
Greater specification of performance differences as an interaction of trait anxiety and valence of distractor cues may require the manipulation of cue exposure length. Previous evidence suggests that conscious and unconscious processing of threatening information represents distinct operations that are thought to be associated with different neural and behavioral responses (van Honk, Schutter, d' Alfonso, Kessels, & de Haan, 2002; Williams et al., 2006). Indeed, changes in neural and behavioral function in response to unconscious threat appear to be most prominent in individuals with high levels of trait anxiety (Etkin et al., 2004; Fox et al., 2001), which supports the link between trait anxiety and negative affectivity. Therefore, future research should investigate the role that level of awareness (i.e., subliminal vs. supraliminal) of distractor cues may play in modulating the effect of trait anxiety on a ballistic goal-directed motor task. The current findings could also be extended by exploring the effect of emotional distractors on more complex and dynamic motor planning processes, which could be accomplished by alternating the target force level within the same protocol. Further, given the meaningful effects that we have evidenced in a relatively small sub-clinical sample, the replication of these findings in larger clinically anxious samples may accelerate the formulation of practical recommendations related to the clinical assessment of motor performance efficiency in highly trait-anxious individuals.
Additionally, future research efforts could extend our behavioral findings by integrating attentional, neurological, and self-report measures. Although we argue that high anxious individuals' slower RTs resulted from an inability to inhibit the stimulus driven attentional system, we did not directly assess attention allocation to disparate image content, and we acknowledge this inferential limitation. While we do not believe this limitation compromises the current evidence, we encourage future researchers to verify our behavioral findings with the use of additional attention measures such as eyetracking (e.g., Calvo, Nummenmaa, & Hyona, 2007).
Finally, as previously mentioned, performance differences could have been a product of disparate self regulatory focus between high and low anxiety groups. Although secondary analyses suggested this was not the case, the potential emergence of a speed-accuracy tradeoff which is driven by regulatory focus should not be ruled out in future work given that high anxiety is associated with a prevention regulatory focus (Forster & Higgins, 2005). Thus, future experiments should include self regulatory focus indices if we are to (a) understand how self-regulatory focus impacts the balance between the attentional control systems, and (b) better understand how this (im)balance impacts the motor system.
In conclusion, guided by predictions derived from ACT (Eysenck et al., 2007), the current study investigated how individual differences in trait anxiety alter the planning of force specific motor tasks under varying emotional states. The new findings presented show that motor efficiency, but not motor effectiveness was compromised in high anxious relative to low anxious individuals, but only when the motor task to be performed required greater precision and increased attentional resources. We argue that decreased performance efficiency was driven by attenuated inhibition in the high anxiety group which led to enhanced stimulus driven attentional control at the expense of goal driven attentional control. Finally, our data validate the hypothesis that unpleasant emotional states prime the motor system and do so irrespective of dispositional trait anxiety levels.
This research was supported by in part by National Institute of Health grants F32-MH-083424, T32-MH-067631, R03-MH-70678, R03-HD-044534, and American Heart Association grant 00061194.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
1Based on pilot data from 2 subjects who reported high anxiety and 2 subjects who reported low anxiety we conducted a power analysis for each hypothesis. The power analysis (independent t-test, α=.05) for the first hypothesis (Reaction time: HA > LA) used a mean difference of 98 msec (HA = 483, LA = 385; sigma = 100) which was taken from a comparison of RT collapsed across all valence images for each pilot group. To achieve a power goal of 80%, we calculated that we would need to recruit 18 subjects per group. The power analysis (paired t-test, α=.05) for the second hypothesis (threat < non-threat) used a mean difference of 49 msec calculated from RTs to threat images (M = 385, SD = 60.8) and to all non-threat images (M = 434, SD = 80.4) collapsed across all pilot subjects. With a power goal of 80%, we calculated that we would need to recruit a total of 32 subjects for each target force. Taking each power analysis into account, we took the more conservative estimate by setting a recruitment target of 18 subjects per group.
2Adventure: 5621, 8180, 8185, 8186, 8490; erotic couples: 4647, 4660, 4800, 4659, 4670; mutilation: 3064, 3030, 3060, 3068, 3071; attack: 3530, 6230, 6250, 6313, 6560; neutral: 7000, 7010, 7030, 7025, 7090, 7059, 7175, 7052, 7050, 7055.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Sunday 21st December 2014
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Copyright © Alan Harman 2017
Picture Id: #305798
11238 1.5 L Strawberry http://imgs.photo4me.com/11238/305798_t.jpeg L http://imgs.photo4me.com/11238/305798_m.jpeg
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Strawberry Strawberry is a simple and basic photographic study of a single red strawberry (fragaria ananassa) shot against a stark bright white background. © Alan Harman Photography 2013. All Rights Reserved. www.alanharmanphotography.com by Alan Harman
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Instructions on how to use the public transportation means from the port of Piraeus and from the Athens International Airport.
OPTION A- USING THE ATHENS METRO SYSTEM FROM THE PIRAEUS.To get to Piraeus metro station, you can:
Once you arrive at the metro station in Pireaus you get on the metro in the direction KIFISSIA (line 1) and in 20 minutes you reach the MONASTIRAKI metro station where you change train destination to " AIPORT OR DOUKISSIS PLAKENTIAS". You get off at the next stop which is SYNTAGMA metro station. Once off the train you will follow the EXIT signs until you reach the ticket validating machines and the escalators will be directly in front of you. Our office representative or tour guide will be waiting underneath the hanging clock and next to the ticket validating machines holding and orange ATHENS WALKING TOURS sign to identify them. The cost is 1,40 € per person one way.
To get back to Piraeus you may take the metro from either Monastiraki or Thisseion in the direction toward Piraeus (line 1) and get off at the last station. You will then walk to the pier or take the bus 843 from opposite the metro station of Piraeus and get off at the same stop you took it in the morning.
You can take bus 040 from near the pier B (the terminal is 200 ft away from the main exit) towards Athens. You get off at the last stop which is on Filelinon Road at Syntagma Square and only 3 minutes walk from our meeting point. The ride is approximately 50 minutes and the ticket is 1,40 Euro one way.
To go back to the port you take the bus 040 from the same place you were dropped and get off at the last bus stop.
Instructions on how to use the Athens Metro System from the airport towards Athens and back.
You may come to Athens from the airport easily and quickly by taking the Athens metro. A one way ticket costs 8 Euro and the ride is approximately 30 minutes.
To get to the airport from the city centre you may take the metro from Syntagma Station or Monastiraki metro station always in the direction to the Airport. It leaves twice an hour from Syntagma every 29 and 59.
For time table and more info please click here
The ride with the metro to Athens from Piraeus is approximately 20-30 minutes.X95 BUS TO ATHENS You can also the use the X 95 bus leaving from the airport to downtown Athens. It runs every 50-60 minutes, ends at Othonos street at Syntagma square which is very convenient if you need to travel to some other place within the city. Your hotel may be at Syntagma area as this is the area where most hotels are located and it is also very easy to catch a taxi from there to reach your further destination .You may also ask the driver to drop you on the way if you know the area your hotel is located.Duration of the trip is 60-70 minutes Tickets: The cost is 5 Euro per person one way. Seniors over the age of 65 as well as students up the age of 25 are entitled a reduced ticket upon showing their ID card or passport or their student card. Children under the age of 6 do not have to hold a ticket as they are entitled to travel for free.
For tickets issues and more info about Public Transportation in Athens please click here


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
Indian Ridge Oaks is a small development close to the 192 Disney entrance. It is a mixture of rental properties and private homes.The sub-division also has a large communal pool, childrens play area and tennis courts which are available for our guests use.
Our Villa is beautifully furnished and well equipped throughout, it comfortably sleeps 10 people and a baby. Both of the double bedrooms are professionally furnished. The comfortable master suite is light and airy having patio doors which open out onto the large pool decking and lanai. The master bedroom has a king sized bed, Flat screen Smart LCD/HD cable T.V. with internet access, clock radio alarm and telephone. It also has the benefit of a large en-suite bathroom with roman tub, over sized shower and double vanity unit, which leads into the spacious walk in closit. The second double bedroom is also beautifully furnished with a queen sized bed, cable T.V. and radio clock alarm and I pod docking station as well as having full wall closits for all your holiday attire.
Both of the two twin rooms are also equipped with cable television, the first twin is more suited to children, and is decorated in a childrens theme, equipped with a selection of toys, books and a night light. The other beautifully appointed twin overlooks the pool, and is thoughtfully furnished having a large closit and clock-radio alarm. There is also a second house bathroom and shower situated between the other bedrooms with good access from the pool area.
The well equipped dining kitchen has all you will need and more, including a dishwasher, wide bodied cooker, microwave, toaster, coffee maker and fridge freezer with ice maker. Our utility room houses an automatic washing machine, tumble dryer and ironing facilities. There is a large open plan dining room, which leads into the spacious lounge. Our lounge is comfortably furnished with a luxury suite and is the ideal place to relax with a glass of wine or two! after a hard day at the parks.
The lounge benefits from a large 42" LCD/HD cable TV, DVD-player, VCR and a selection of children's videos, a book library, a selection of family games and a music system. There is also a Play station 2 and games for the kids, and big kids in your party. Patio doors open from the lounge onto our spacious South facing pool deck and lanai, on a safety note, the doors are fitted with an alarm system to stop youngsters venturing out without supervision. The large South facing 30'by 15'swimming pool, has solar heating and optional gas heating for the winter months. Our pool deck and lanai are luxuriously furnished with comfortable well padded chairs, table and recliners on which to soak up the best of the Florida sunshine or watch the beautiful sunsets.
The villa benefits from a fantastic new games room, located in our fully carpeted garage, equipped with All American "Games Centre", 7 foot pool table, air hockey, Darts etc. Electricity is included, however there is an additional charge for the gas heating for the pool should this be required. All towels and bed linen are provided, and there is also a hair dryer, buggy, highchair, cot with bedding and safety deposit box at no extra charge.
The villa is managed by a local english couple who can easily be contacted via the free phone number from the villa phone. Prices are based on a per week rental, and are for the villa \n Amenities \n En-Suite Bathrooms \n Big Screen TV \n Spa \n Games Console \n Baby Facilities \n Safe \n Themed Room \n Disabled Friendly \n South Facing \n
A brilliant location in a clean well equipted villa. Not in a new gated complex BUT brilliant location , had everything we needed , lots of personal touches and spotless clean .
*Plus compulsory or optional charges based on actual occupancy or consumption. The payment has to be made in the currency offered by the property manager, before use of conversion tool. Payments in other currencies have to be negotiated beforehand with the property manager. The currency conversion tool is provided for your convenience only and is non-binding.


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Maison Scotch Womens Pink Burnout Jersey And Woven Dress
Sorry, this item is unavailable to buy.
Maison Scotch Burnout Jersey Dress features an all over coral pink 'burnout' print over a black silky backdrop which is shown within the lining. The Maison Scotch summer dress has an elasticated waist and curved lower hem.
- Maison Scotch Print Dress
- Summer Dress
- Elasticated Waist
- Double Layer
- Coral Colourway
Info & Care
- 55% Polyester
- 45% Cotton
- Wash at 30°C on Gentle Cycle
- Do Not Tumble Dry
- Iron on Low Heat
- Do Not Dry Clean
Masdings aim to dispatch all orders placed before 15:30 on the same day, Monday – Friday excluding weekends and bank holidays. Please see the Delivery page for further information.
Masdings offer 7 delivery options across the UK, Europe and Rest of the world, for more details check the delivery page.
Please return the item(s) to us in their original condition complete with labels* within 14 days of receipt in a protective postage bag/box.
For more information please see the Shipping & Returns page.


text:
- megafaunal
- adjective see megafauna
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
megafaunal — See megafauna. * * * … Universalium
megafaunal — adjective Of or pertaining to the megafauna … Wiktionary
megafaunal — adjective see megafauna … Useful english dictionary
Quaternary extinction event — Late Pleistocene landscape of northern Eurasia The Quaternary period saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly larger, especially megafaunal, species, many of which occurred during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene epoch.… … Wikipedia
Megafauna — This article is about large land animals. For naked eye visible bottom dwelling animals, see Macrobenthos. The African bush elephant, Earth s largest living land animal In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas large + New Latin… … Wikipedia
Younger Dryas impact hypothesis — The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis or Clovis comet hypothesis was the hypothesized large air burst or earth impact of an object or objects from outer space that initiated the Younger Dryas cold period about 12,900 BP calibrated (10,900 BP… … Wikipedia
community ecology — Introduction study of the organization and functioning of communities (community), which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat. As populations of species interact with one … Universalium
Great American Interchange — The Great American Interchange was an important paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea… … Wikipedia
Australian megafauna — is a term used to describe a number of comparatively large animal species in Australia, often defined as species with body mass estimates of greater than 30 kilograms, or equal to or greater than 30% greater body mass than their closest living… … Wikipedia
List of North American megafauna — Megafauna are large animals (for definitions, see Megafauna). This list includes extant and recently extinct (in the Pleistocene) native North American (north of Mexico) species with a body mass of 40 kg or greater, the minimal mass to be… … Wikipedia


text: The Residence L'Aigle Bleu is right next to the ski tracks. It has furnished apartments overlooking the Southern Alps provinding the most modern services and facilities. Private parking is possible on site. Wi-Fi is available in public areas for free. A sauna, a fitness area, a hammam are available for free.


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Window 3
100 cm (h) x 80 cm (l)
Acrylic on canvasProducing dizzying perceptions underlined by concrete, feeling of touch, Hou Yong separates balance and order to pursue and solve paradigmatic questions of painting in this new series, started in 2012. Aiming to introduce more ambiguous and chaotic elements, the objects he chose for these paintings are things he photographed at whim with his cellphone. Hou Yong takes these fragments of minutiae and uses them to recreate a new order within the picture plane.
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- Location:
- United States
- Price:
- Manufacturer:
- Beckman coulter
- Model:
- allegra x-15r
- Condition:
- used
- Division:
- Lab Equipment
- Category:
- Processing equipment in United States
- Subcategory:
- Centrifuges
- Subcategory 2:
- Centrifuges, bench
Beckman Coulter Allegra X-15R benchtop centrifuge with rotor
(1) Reconditioned Beckman Allegra X-15R Refrigerated Centrifuge with 4 X 750 bucket rotor
$5398 or make offer
Excellent Cosmetic and Functional Condition
90 Day Warranty
With a maximum speed of 10,200rpm and a maximum RCF of 11,400g, as well as increased flexibility, the refrigerated Allegra X-15R centrifuge allows you to perform faster separations and optimized recoveries. It features a hold or pulse timer up to 99 hours and 59 minutes and ten user-defined programs with 10 acceleration and 11 deceleration profiles. It will perform both fast and slow blood component spins and harvest up to 3mL of microbial cells in just 14 minutes, as well as centrifuge cells directly in T-25cm2 or T-75cm2 cell culture flask adapters (see BK369295 series) to save time and avoid a potential contamination step. The Allegra X-15R accommodates the SX4750A ARIES* self-balancing swinging bucket rotor
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I think its so stupid and immature. Like i think they should just be gay or lesbian or asexual if they hate the opposite sex so much. I see so many men on gag just bashing women saying negative things like we are the worst thing to be created. Like it's so childish to generalize people, and think you know them when you don't...
Most Helpful Guy
There is a small group of *people* who have, much like any group of prejudice / racism / ethnocentrism, fallen into the bad habit of viewing one gender or other negatively.
I would like you to look at the opposite side of this though. There are so many awesome people on GirlsAskGuys who have deep concern for and insight into the other gender, and I have met so many girls on here that know things about men it sends a shiver down my spine, and there are many guys who also have depth of understanding about girls. These are really great people and I'm glad to see them on here.
I know its cliche, but "haters are gonna hate" =-) They are not interested in opening their minds or spending their time productively. You just got to ignore them and hope these dregs don't have children. Most actually won't :)00|00|0
you are so right. There are some great men and women on this sight. I consider myself one of them. I am glad to know that not all people are ignorant and bitter.
He's really not right. If you spend your life ignoring everyone and just assuming they're a hater and writing them off because they aren't kissing your ass, then you're probably the problem. People are allowed to actually disagree with you without just being a hater... in fact, that term in and of itself is dismissive and really does imply that you believe they are the whole problem. It's closed-minded, and I wouldn't expect any less out of the generation that produced YOLO as well
umm MAX he didn't say don't be friends with someone who doesn't agree with you, what from what he said makes you think that? I just won't be friends who go around bashing a person whether man or woman making assumptions. Who said someone has to kiss our ass? where the heck you got that assumption from? I think people are allowed to be however they wanna be but doesn't mean i have to tolerate hateful persons.


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text:
Detroit's Benkari Mechanical is Michigan's first and only female, minority-owned plumbing and mechanical contractor. Benkari provides both plumbing and heating & cooling services for a variety of facility types including from commercial buildings and transportation facilities to single family homes. Adrienne Bennett, President and CEO, holds the distinction of being America's first African American female licensed master plumber, plumbing contractor, plumbing inspector, and medical gas system inspector and installer. Additionally, Bennett was recently named the National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) Detroit, Crystal Vision Woman of the Year. She founded Benkari, a family-owned business, nine years ago and within the past few years has brought her son into the business as well.
What is the history and background of Benkari?
I've been in the A/E/C industry for 35 years and after holding positions from plumbing apprentice to Senior Project Manager, I decided to utilize my experience in the field and boardroom and launch my own company. My youngest son, Adrian-Keith (A.K.) decided to follow in my footsteps and has become a tremendous asset to the company's growth as its project manager. Together we are dedicated to providing apprenticeship and employment opportunities to employ the unemployed and give back to Detroit in any way possible.
What are some of Benkari's notable clients?
We've had the pleasure of working with many wonderful clients. One of the largest to date, is the Detroit Transportation Corporation which operates the Detroit People Mover. As their maintenance contractor, Benkari has completed extensive plumbing and heating repairs and renovations including fixture replacement, backflow prevention testing, and replacing significant spans of drainage pipe within the facilities and along the track of the system. We worked on build-outs for The Albert located in Capitol Park. We also had the opportunity to work on the site storm water drainage for the Detroit Events & Entertainment Center in late 2015. We hope to return to "The District" for more work in 2016.
Beyond those two projects, other renovation work recently completed includes PNC Bank, Burger King and the City of Warren.
A project we just began is the Goodwill Welcome Center on E. Grand Boulevard in the Milwaukee Junction area. We're very excited to be a part of the team building a new facility for Goodwill Industries, a beacon in our community.
What is Benkari's culture?
We strive to be personable, passionate and loyal to our clients, employees, colleagues and to provide quality services. A personal mantra I try to instill by example is to: be someone people are happy to see coming and sad to see go. Relationships are the bedrock of our business and we take them seriously. Tenacity and perseverance are requirements to survive in this industry and that's a big part of our culture. We're small but mighty.
Why did Benkari select Detroit as its headquarters?
I grew up in Detroit and am a graduate of Detroit Public Schools. I spent the vast majority of my apprenticeship here in the city, and I served as the master plumber for Henry Ford Health System for a decade. I was the plumbing inspector for the re-opening of the Fox and worked on the Hart Plaza fountain and Millender Center. The city, its past and present, are in my bones. There's no question that we want Benkari to be a mainstay of Detroit for decades to come. We are currently planning to purchase property in the city to establish an expanded headquarters with additional office space and a fabrication shop.
What companies have you collaborated with in Detroit?
Clients of ours located in the city include W3 Construction, Sachse Construction, Walker-Miller Energy Services, Blaze-Iafrate, and DAPCO. We strive to use Detroit-based suppliers as well. Engineering Reproduction Inc. supplies all of our blueprints, B & D Construction LLC is one of our trusted subcontractors and we utilize both Advance Plumbing and Heating Supply and Safway Services frequently. We're always looking to meet and work with other Detroit businesses.
What are the benefits of connecting with other Detroit businesses?
When Detroit businesses work together and support each other, we're helping the city flourish. As Detroit company revenues rise, tax revenues rise and the city is able to improve its services and areas we operate in. Connecting together helps build a network of businesses and people passionate about Detroit and that network becomes a tremendous source of referrals, contracts and sales.
Brian Watkins
D2D Program Manager


text:
Phebe Mckay, RN, BSN, has joined the administrative team at Wesley Medical Center as chief nursing officer. Mckay comes to Hattiesburg from Medical Hospital of South Dallas, where she served as CEO and chief nursing officer. She has nearly 25 years of clinical experience and has worked in administrative roles for more than 20 years.
Mckay was drawn to the nursing profession early in life when, during a brief hospital stay as a child, she was impressed with the nursing staff that cared for her. After earning her RN certification at Pensacola Junior College and bachelor of science in nursing at the University of West Florida, Mckay began her career in her home state of Florida. She has since worked in Kentucky, Missouri and Texas.


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The UK version of singing competition show The Voice premiered on Saturday night to strong ratings, but only beat Simon Cowell's Britain's Got Talent for 20 minutes. The Voice, airing on BBC1, drew an average 8.43 million viewers in its debut in the 7-8:20pm time slot. Britain's Got Talent, over on ITV, nabbed an average 9.43 million pairs of eyeballs in the 8-9:20pm slot. When the two shows went head-to-head from 8-8:20pm, however, The Voice had a hard lead with an average of 8.96 million viewers compared to Britain's Got Talent's 6.56 million. Overall, Britain's Got Talent had a 41.1% share; The Voice took a 37.6% share. Simon Cowell has returned to Britain's Got Talent to give it a shot in the arm, but the launch numbers this year did not line up with 2011 when 9.9 million Brits tuned in. New judges alongside Cowell include comic actor David Walliams and singer Alesha Dixon. The Voice has singer Jessie J, hip hop artist Will.i.am and Welsh crooner Tom Jones. Last year, the BBC and ITV were locked in a bidding war for The Voice with BBC1 ultimately winning out. The two broadcasters have since waged a scheduling battle as ITV moved the return of Britain's Got Talent to air on the same day as The Voice launch. Britain's Got Talent usually debuts in April. Meanwhile, it's been reported that a young woman has been charged with aggravated burglary after an alleged break-in at Cowell's London home on Saturday night. She is due to appear in court today.
'The Voice' U.K. Debuts In Face-Off With Simon Cowell On 'Britain's Got Talent'
3 Comments
Cowell is off his game and The Voice will only highlight that. First he idiotically fires Cheryl from the US X-Factor to replace her with the disastrous Nicole Sherzinger, telling us he's confident in that decision, only to fire Nicole Paula and Steve Jones. The UK version fared slightly better the lack of chemistry was palpable. Now he's 'stolen' Alesha Dixon to add a not fresh face to BGT whereas The Voice has a stellar mentor panel. If he can't get Britney and another A Lister for the US X I think his tv empire will slowly crumble.
Not familiar with British TV, Im still surprised at how they get such high viewerships for these reality shows, esp on a sat nite…Also the time slots – 7 to 820 8 to 920…I guess they don't program on the half hour like we do
Both shows would be great successes if they didn't overlap.
Interestingly enough, British networks (especially BBC-1 and commercial ITV) still program some of their "big guns" on Saturday nights.
It's been nearly two decades since any U.S. network has slotted one of their top hits on Saturday nights, and gotten great ratings in that Saturday slot.
Maybe the U.S. networks should adopt the BBC-1/ITV model of having "big" shows on Saturday nights, and give them aggressive promotion. It might keep people home and tuned-in.


text: About EVC Group, Inc.EVC Group is an investor relations and public relations firm that provides advice and execution to businesses of all sizes that need to communicate their unique value to investors, customers and the consumer. EVC Group's practice areas include biopharmaceuticals, life sciences, financial & business services, natural resources, and technology. Established in 2002, EVC Group is well regarded for its strategic thinking; seasoned, senior-level staff; frank counsel; long-standing relationships, and tangible results that have a measurable impact on its clients' businesses. The firm maintains offices in San Francisco and New York City.


text:
Welcome to the Cambridgeshire Target Shooting Leagues
CTSA News and Bulletin Board
|We run all our self-scoring smallbore rifle leagues on this website and all our league competitions are open to shooters of any target rifle and/or pistol club in the UK. As our leagues are self-scoring we don't expect cards to be sent in the post, scores to be emailed, or anything equally time-consuming or costly!
You can enter our leagues quickly and easily on this site and enter your shooters' scores each round at the click of a mouse. As soon as midnight of the round-end date is reached you'll be able to see the results for all competitions up to that round.
New Competition from Summer 2017 - 10m Air Rifle Benchrest (Any Sights). See League Information for more details
Winter 2017 Leagues are now open for entry. Entry deadline 18th September
Increase in Home Office Approval fees for shooting clubs unacceptable!... Please get involved to help stop this by visiting this page on the NSRA site. The Home Office Survey link is here
|Text 2
These are the competitions we run in both our Summer and Winter Leagues, that can be entered on this site:
- 25yd individual and team (4) .22 rimfire
- 50m individual and team (3) .22 rimfire
- 100yd individual and team (3) .22 rimfire
- 10m individual .177 air pistol
- 10m individual .177 air rifle
- 10m individual BENCHREST .177 air rifle
- 20yd individual .177 or .22 air pistol
- short range benchrest individual and team (3) .22 or less
- long range (50m and 100yd) benchrest individual .22 or less
- 20yd/25m individual and team (3) LSR, .22 rimfire or .177 air rifle
Please check out our League Information and Rules and Regulations pages in the menu on the left for more information on our leagues.
To enter our leagues you will need to create an account, if you haven't done so already. Please note that you cannot enter these leagues as an individual - you need to be a member of a Home Office approved club. Please follow the instructions in the How to Enter our Leagues page in the menu on the left. If you have any problems using our site please contact us and we'll do all we can to help.
We run our leagues in accordance with the NSRA rules on shooting and scoring cards and even though we expect clubs to self-score, we do randomly and regularly call in shot cards for checking.


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This was all that was in fact decided by the court which has any bearing upon the question of the responsibility of a principal for the wrongful act of his agent, and, if there is any general language to be found in the opinion whicbseems to go beyond this in discussing the liability of the principal for the act of his agent, it must be remembered that it was used with reference to the fact that the action in the case. there under discussion was remedial,-one in which the government was authorized by the statute to recover damages by way of indemnity for goods and merchandise illegally imported,-and not, like this, an action to enforce a penalty. The question of the liability of a principal or master for a statutory penalty on account of the act of his agent or servant, done without his knowledge or authority, was not involved in Stockwell v. U. S., and cannot, therefore, be regarded as having been decided in that case. The demurrer to the answer will be overruled.
ELECTRIC CO. v. RAHWAY ELECTRIC LIGHT & POWER CO. (Circuit Court, D. New Jersey. July 7, 1899.)
PATENTS-ANTICIPATION-BuFFER SPRING FOR TROLLEY ARM.
A patent for a buffer spring so constructed as to come into operation wben the upwardly pressed trolley arm of an electric railway car has assumed a vertical position, and, by engaging therewith, prevent damage being done to the trolley, or by it to the car on which it is placed, was anticipated by the prior use of 5iimllar springs as recoil buffers to receive the shock of the projector arm in devices for throwing glass balls as targets.
The Baker patent, No. 437,961, for an improvement in trolley devices for electrlCiJ'ailways, waS anticipated by the Holden patent, No. 244,897, and the Bloom patent, No. 313,804, covering analogous devices in traps for glass balls, and also by the Van Depoele patent, No. 405,750, for an improvement in trolley devices.
R C. Mitchell and Oharles E. Mitchell, for defendant,
L. F. H. Betts and Frederic H. Betts, for complainant.
KIRKPATRICK, District Judge. It appears from the bill of complaint in this cause that Isaac F. Baker, having assigned to the complainant, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, his entire right, title,. and interest in and to an application for letters patent, and: the inventions and improvements described therein, the patent office of the United States afterwards, and on October 7, 1890, granted to the Thomson-Houston Electric Oompany letters patent No. 437,961. The object of the invention, as set out in the specification of said patent, is to secure strength and compactness, as well as simplicity and durability, in devices employed in connection with electrically propelled railway cars. It also relates to "means for preventing damage to the trolley arm in case the trolley should slip off the Wire or conductor." The particular diffi·culties which had been experienced in the operation of ordinary constructions, and which
Baker sOl1ght to obviate by his combination, are set out in the pat· ent as fol' JWS:
"In ord;lIary constructions, if the trolley or contact should slip off the wire or conductor, the trolley arm or bar would be thrown violently forward by the spring which produces the pressure, and the bar or arm) by striking the roof of the car, would be apt to be broken, or to damage the car. I obviate this difficulty by providing a spring safety stop which shall take up the shock of the blow produced by the moving arm or bar when it has moved forward a certain distance after escaping from the wire. Such a spring safety stop may be formed by a stiff blade spring, C, fixed to the support, S, and arranged to be engaged by some part moving with the trolley arm; as, for instance, a cross rod, E, connecting the sector. The blade spring is located as shown so that it will be engaged by the cross rod by the time that the rod assumes a vertical position, and before it can have acquired any great momentum under the action of the pressure spring. Another form of spring is also provided for, which is described as a spiral extensible spring and connects with the bar, B, by a loose, flexible cord or chain which is given sufficient slack not to inter· fere with the ordinary movement of the arm, B. Should the trolley wheel slip off the wire, this slack is taken up, and the spring, C, acts as a stop to destroy the shock of the blow which would otherwise be produced."
The claims of the patent which the defendant's device is said to infringe are set out as follows:
Claim 1: "The combination with a pivoted electric trolley or contact arm and the spring intended to swing the outer end of the arm toward the electric wire or conductor of a buffer spring, C, mounted on the standard or support for said pivoted arm, and arranged as described, to be struck by a part attached to the arm' at or about the time said arm. assumes a vertical position." Claim 4: "The combination with the pivoted trolley arm and the spring tending to swing the outer end of the arm toward the line conductor of a spring safety stop arranged to be engaged by parts connected to the arm for checking .the movement of :the arm above the line conductor."
The complainant's testifies that the bhlde spring and the· spiral extensible spring of the Baker are mechanical equivalents, and it is obvious that the purpose of both is but to arrest the forward movement of the· trolley-bar after it leaves the wire or con-
ductor, and so prevent it from injuring the top of the car by coming in forcible contact therewith, or itself being broken by the same means. It has been suggested by the complainant's expert that the invention had the additional purpose of preserving from injury the span wires which hold the conductor in place, and preventing damage to them by the trolley pole forced. upward by the pressure spring. I find, however, no warrant for this suggestion in the patent. Span wires are not shown in the drawings, nor are they anywhere mentioned in the specifications, nor are the buffer springs brought into action until after the trolley pole has passed the span wires, and assumed a vertical position. 'rhe object of affording protection to the span wires must, I think, be eliminated from consideration. With a due regard to the right of the patentee to obtain the full benefit of his invention, it must be limited to what has been expressed in the claims, specifications, and drawings, and care be taken lest we be led into the error of reading into the patent purposes which it does not include, and attribute to it advantages which, on its face, nowhere appear, and which were not in the contemplation of the inventor. The complainant's device must be limited to an ordinary trolley with an ordinary buffer spring so constructed as to come into operation when the trolley has assumed a vertical position, and, by engaging therewith, prevent damage being done to the trolley, or by it to that car upon which it is placed. The upwardly pressed trolley arm was old, as was the buffer spring, and their combination produced no electrical effect, and added nothing to the art of operating electric railways. An examination of the record shows that prior to the date of the application for the Baker patent similar or equivalent means had been employed to accomplish similar results. The Holden patent, 1'0. 244,897, July 25, 1881, is a device for throwing glass balls, in which a projector arm is thrown upward by a spring, and a recoil buffer is used to receive the shock, and by means of its compression to relieve the strain on the mechanism when it is stopped, and render it less liable to become broken or disabled in use. Acting upon the same principle, and for the same purpose, a recoil spring was used in the Bloom patent, No. 313,804, 10, 1S85, where a pivoted throwing lever is checked by its impact with a concentric spring, and gradually brought to a full stop, and gently returned to a position of rest. The expressed object here is to prevent breakage of the projector and mechanism with which it is connected. In my opinion, the complainant's device was but the application to the trolley of the well-known principles embodied in the patents above mentioned, and for the like purpose of protecting it from injury. It is objected that the patent in suit relates to a different art, but, as has been said, the invention in no way produced an electrical effect, or could strictly be said to relate to the advancement of the electrical art. It is apparent that the difficulties encountered and to be overcome were the same. It was not a new use to which the principle of the buffer was to be adapted, but an old one. It was immaterial whether the intention was to prevent damage to or by a.n upwardly spring-actuated trolley pole or a projector of glass balls. It did not require invention to apply
similar means to accomplish the same result. If more were needed to show anticipation of the complainant's device, it would be found in the Van Depoele patent, No. 405,750, dated June 25,1889, in which the trolley arm is pivoted at one end, and is equipped with two oppositely acting tension springs by which it is pressed upwardly against the trolley wire. While the trolley is under the pressure of the upwardly actuating spring, a similar spring upon the opposite side is inactive, and idle, but adapted to be brought into action when the trolley leaves the conductor, and reaches a vertical posi. tion. It will then operate as a buffer spring, and tend to bring the trolley at rest, and prevent injury to the trolley and the car. These springs in the Van Depoele patent perform the functions and are the equivalents of those described in complainant's patent, and, in my opinion, are a complete anticipation of claim 4 of the patent in suit. The testimony of complainant's expert tends to show that the devices of the Van Depoele patent mentioned would overcome all the difficulties which, as I have stated above, the Baker patent was intended to remedy. Other patents have been cited to the court as anticipating that of complainants, but I do not deem it necessary to refer to them in detail. The foregoing are, in my opinion, suffi· cient to warrant a dismissal of the bill on the ground of want of pat· entable novelty. Let a decree be prepared.
MACH. CO. v. GODDARD
et at.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, First Circuit. June 1, 1899.) No. 278. 1.
For the purpose of ascertaining the state of the art, the court may take judicial notice of what is disclosed by its own records in a previou8 case involving machines appertaining to the same art.
The fact that an alleged infringer at one time held a license, since expired, and marked his machines as marked under the patent sued on, is not an estoppel against him on the question of Infringement, when the record dOes not show whether or not his Conduct in obtaining such licenses and so marking his machines was because he misconstrued the patentee's rights under his claims, or was merely not disposed to make any contest for the time being. S. SAME-PAPER' Box MACHINES. The Cushman patent, No. 364,161, for an Improvement in paper-box machines, is limited, in view of the prior state of the art, to the sj}ecifie form of mechanism shown and described. Sewing-Mach. Co. v. Lancaster, 9 Sup. Ct. 299, 129 U. S. 263, and Hobbs v. Beach, 34 C. C. A. 248, 92 Fed. 146, distinguished.
SAME-INFRINGEMENT-EsTOPPEL-ExPIRED LICENSE.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts. This was a suit in equity by the Cushman Paper Box Machine Company against Harry W. Goddard and others for alleged infringement of claim 1 of letters patent No. 364,161, issued May 31, 1887, to George H. Cushman, for an improvement in paper-box machines. The circuit court found that the defendants were not guilty of in·


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Upon walking into our room for the first time I noticed the garbage can was actually a empty laundry detergent containter with a garbage bag inside. The tv didn't work and there was no good wifi connection after they assured me there was wifi. My socks stuck to the floor and I had to wear shoes the whole time. The beds were comfy but clearly dirty and worn out. We told front desk about the tv situation and he said for us to clean the room and make it look like we werent there and he'll give us a new room cause there was no way to fix the tv. The new room was nicer until we looked in the drawer to find a plate and some gravol. When flushing the toliet it would leak and literally sound like it was going to explode. From 2-4am there people talking very loudly and we found out that one of the those loud people was the guy at the front desk joking around. We heard loud noises and banging and were getting worried. Also to add the whole hotel smells like pot but the beds were comfy even though we went and bought new blankets to use.. also found some hairs on my pillow.. Gross
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- Shoreline Motor Hotel Thunder Bay, Ontario


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Save your money for the weekends and eat cheap during the week! Skip expensive nights out Sunday through Thursday nights and opt to cook at home instead. It can be hard to find interesting, gourmet meals to eat at home, but we have gathered some economical recipes to help you save money AND keep your taste buds happy.
1. Crustless Cauliflower Quiche
TIP: Making crustless quiches is healthier AND cheaper.
2. Martha Stewart's Pasta with Marinated Tomatoes
TIP: Freeze sauces (or marinated tomatoes) in small bags, ice cub trays, or tupperware so you have an easy go-to for a weeknight meal.
3. Avocado Citrus Salad with Curry Dressing
TIP: Buy hard avocados in bulk- they are cheaper and because they are hard you don't have to use them all up at once.
4. Lemongrass Chicken Satay
TIP: Buy chicken thighs because they are less expensive than chicken breasts.
5. Zucchini and Phyllo Pizza
TIP: Add your favorite vegetables or meats to customize this pizza.
Check out our past Dinner Series recipes:
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Spectrum features conversations with an eclectic group of fascinating people, some are famous and some are not, but they all have captivating stories. Spectrum, hosted by veteran journalist Tom Hodson, addresses a wide range of relevant topics through gripping stories of individuals.
Live from Jorma Kaukonen's Fur Peace Ranch
Host Jorma Kaukonen introduces each program's featured artist in a series of concerts recorded at the Fur Peace Ranch guitar camp in Meigs County, Ohio. An eclectic blend of performances including blues, folk, Americana, rock, bluegrass, and jazz.
Jazzed About Work
Jazzed About Work features lively, informal conversations about everything it takes to create a resilient and rewarding career. In each segment, host Beverly Jones interviews professionals who can share their expertise related to the workplace. Her guests go beyond the research and get personal, as they talk about their interesting and often surprising professionals paths.
457SEO: Where stories, information, and observations about our communities are shared and explored.
Teaching Matters
Hosted by Scott Titsworth, Dean of the Scripps College of Communication at Ohio University, "Teaching Matters" is an audio series exploring learning and teaching a new generation of students in a technological age. It is aimed at teachers, parents and students.


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WatchGuard XTM 545 Security Software Suite - Subscription license renewal / upgrade license ( 3 years ) - 1 appliance (WG019540)Item#: 9296577 | Model#: WG019540
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About AnyCLip
AnyClip is a leading technological platform for video monetization and personalization.
AnyClip has curated a rich video content library made up of a million clips from the world's leading premium content owners, film studios, and sports teams. Through proprietary technology, AnyClip is able to enrich each clip with an AI-driven metadata layer of insights, match and seamlessly blend content with relevant ads, and serve personalized ads to consumers by predicting the content they are most likely to find compelling.
This enables advertisers to personalize their video ad campaigns and achieve better ROI. It positively impacts consumers, who receive more relevant and engaging video ads. And it helps content owners better monetize existing video and publishers increase ad revenue.
Based in Tel Aviv, with offices in New York and London, AnyClip is backed by Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP), Roman Abramovich's Millhouse LLC, former Sony America President & CEO Michael Schulhof, and Limelight Networks.
In 2016 the company was named the second-fastest-growing technology company in Israel and 14th fastest in EMEA by Deloitte.
- WeaVo™ Personalized Video Ads – AnyClip's proprietary WeaVo™ engine automatically weaves an individual ad with multiple pieces of premium content, generating an unlimited number of personalized, content-based ads. The Sense & Match™ Smart Recommendation Engine analyzes billions of data points and delivers each content-driven ad to an individual user by predicting the content he or she will find compelling.
- Automatic Video Tagging – A fully automated, scalable smart tagging solution leverages proprietary deep learning technology to tag hours of video content in seconds, creating a rich metadata layer of tags and insights for content owners.
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Management Team
Gil Becker
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Vadim Balannik
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Sascha Weis
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Ari Applbaum
VP Marketing
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VP Content Acquisition
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VP Operations, US
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Head of HR
Gadi Tirosh
Board Chairman
Rafi Kesten
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Anna Evdokimova
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Michael P. Schulhof
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Gil Becker
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text:
|By Sameershal
|More from Sameershal
|Airbending Lesson
|Chapter information
|Written by
|Last chapter
Airbending Lesson is the 7th episode of the fanon series, The Life of Team Avatar.
Aang's time has come, he has been waiting a long time, he wanted to learn how to control Airbending. How could he control, what moves could he do, how could he use that power? But once he went and been there, he thought wrong.
The Day I've waited for
I couldn't wait, I'm finally gonna learn how to Airbend. It was like a dream but I was wrong, it finally is. When I woke up, I started off as my regular routine but when it was supposed to be time to play with my friends, actually it was time for me to go to class. Luckily, all my friends were there.
"Aang, aren't you happy that you're gonna learn how to Airbend?" said Yino.
"Yes, I really am. I can't wait." I replied back to Yino.
Then Air Nomad boy came in and said, "I've talked with the older, trained kids. They said that there are thirty-six tiers of Airbending, in order to be a fully trained Airbender, you have to finish your thirty-six tier."
"Oh, that's a lot of work, what else." I looked at Air Nomad boy wisely and talked.
"Well, they also say that we will have to learn the Air Nomads traits and how we are." he looked toward me and said.
"Great!" Yino, who looked grumpy and kind of mad.
"Well, we are Air Nomads, so we will have to learn this. So, I think we'll learn this first, then Airbending, then whatever else," I said.
Monk Gyatso and Monk Tashi came to the room and we ended the conversation and sat down, then the monks explain themselves and told about who the Air Nomads, what are the Air Nomads' duty, and who are we, and mostly, where we came from and how we were formed.
Then, after the talking, me and my friends left and start talking.
"So now we know a little about ourselves," said Yino.
I was sad, "So this is what we came for. Gosh!" I said.
"No no no, come on," said Air Nomad boy.
We then left and went back to our regular routine.
Gosh! Has if only the day has got better.
As if only the day got better, well it didn't. We didn't learn anything about Airbending. Days got bad for me any I didn't want to go to class.
Each day, we kept on learning about the Air Nomads, we learned about the Mediation, the Food, the History (mostly the boriest time), and Air (which was kind of fun, not at all fun but little.)
I continue on with the regular routine, I just wish that if only, only if this time never happened then this wouldn't happen, I wouldn't be like this, I would be playing and enjoying. Then one day, on the last week of Summer, Monk Gyatso said that the Autumn is coming, so it's was time to learn Airbending but we would start learning a week later.
I've beening waiting and it has come.
Yes, this day has come, now I understand, Autumn is the season where Airbenders mostly start learning Air, it goes by season. Has I did on the first day of class, I did it again.
When I made it to class, I saw that Kur (the bully) got pranked and got fruit pie on his head and Ango (my prank friend) got in trouble with Gyatso but let him go cause he use to do that when he was a kid.
Then class begin, Gyatso and Tashi start talking of what we are gonna do, the first trick is to create air out of our hands.
"Well, wanna start together." Yino said.
"I don't know. Well, okayaayy!" I replied.
As we prepare, we start numbering.
We did it but my air grew and all the air from my hand and his hand's air combined and created a big airball, then air was tooked from the students, and created a big airball, luckily, Gyatso controlled the airball and stopped it. He then studied me and brought Tashi and then left. I don't want it was about but it seems like if I've done something.
Anyway, it was fun and I really start enjoying the class.
- I decided to put Aang has the main character and this would make him not know and keep this information secret. Just this story will be first person point-of-view.
- I've been gone because I've been planning of what to write and how to make it interesting.
- We should understand what Aang feels so this should help.
- This is the mid-season finale for this season;
See more
For the collective works of the author, go here.


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C++ on small micro-controllers
Small micro-controllers are a small :) but important subset of embedded systems. The traditional language for programming small micro-controllers is C, but C++ has much to offer beyond C in abstraction power, compile-time computation, and compile-time checks. But constrained resources and real-time requirements make the art of programming a small microcontroller significantly different from programming a larger system like a desktop PC. This talk highlights these differences and shows the consequences for the usability of C++ language features, library features, and programming practices, leading to the conclusion that C++ can be a valuable tool for programming small micro-controllers, but this is not the full C++ as you would use it on a larger system, and designers of libraries, language features and language implementations might (should?) want to take this into account.
Speaker: Wouter van Ooijen


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The name "Atlas", as applied to a person, real or fictional, could refer to a (potentially large) number of beings.
Ultimately, in almost all usages, "Atlas" originates with the fictional Titan, "Altas", from ancient/classical Greek mythology. Nearly every derived use of the word can be traced back to this root.
Atlas was one of the Titans, one of several types of deity present in ancient/classical Greek mythology (most of whom were biologically related to one another, in some way).
As one result of the complex interactions (including conflicts) among the various deities of the greek mythological pantheon, Atlas was condemned, by Zeus, to stand at the western edge of Gaia, the Earth and hold up Ouranos, the Sky on his shoulders, to prevent the two from resuming their primordial embrace.
there are various, & often conflicting biographies of the Titan Atlas, events in his "life", & matters relating to him.
there are also instances of the name "Atlas" in greek mythology (& classical greco-roman mythological history), some of which may or may not refer to the same being, & some of which clearly do not.
"Atlas", as a word derived from the name of the mythological Titan, occurs in many usages.
aside from its use as a common noun referring to "a book of maps", "Atlas" is used as a proper name, or part of a proper name, for many things.
As a name for a person or being, there are an extremely large number of instances of use of the name "Atlas". This includes both fiction & non-fictional beings.
for a more complete (but not comprehensive) list of uses of "Atlas", please see the english wikipedia disambiguation page for "Atlas".
|Includes CC-BY-SA content from Wikipedia's Atlas_(disambiguation) article (authors)
|Includes CC-BY-SA content from Wikipedia's Atlas_(mythology) article (authors)
|Includes CC-BY-SA content from Wikipedia's Atlas article (authors)