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Carrying baby dolls and chanting "Black babies matter!", "His name is Ethan!" and "No justice, no peace!", about 50 protesters descended on the St. Louis City Police Headquarters Monday evening.
They were there to voice their anger over an alleged incident that took place Sunday night in South City.
The Reverend Melissa Bennett was not in the car, but is a member of the family that was pulled over. She says they were pulled over for no reason other than possible eye contact with a passing officer.
The two white officers pulled over the vehicle at a Family Dollar store at Chippewa and Jefferson. The officers approached with guns drawn, according to Bennett.


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Simo Sorce wrote:
Did I say already that USA has stupid law, which stops you from doing useful things?Because of one country's law we cannot use codecs etc. I hope EU will not do such law.FYI, the European Patent Office has awarded more than 30k (maybe we are more on the 40k at this point as this datum is old) Software Patents. |The legal status of such patents is uncertain but need to be ultimately still fought patent by patent in court ...
I wish someone would pursue the argument that if you have a licensed copy of the patented software technology in question you should be allowed to use any other version of that same technology on the same device. The theory that software should be covered by patents at all relies on the argument that it models a device or process (otherwise it is just math...). If you buy a patented device you are allowed to modify it yourself and continue using its patented features. So, my theory is that you should be able to take patented bits that you have (as perhaps you might have gotten with the device in the form of drivers for a different OS), and rearrange them into a different pattern of bits that perform the same patented operation in a way that works better for you. If you buy into the 'software as a model of a device' concept as the basis of patented software at all, this seems to be the logical equivalent of modifying your own licensed device.
Having to have a license to use some unique process is arguable reasonable (though there are good arguments against..). Having to have a different license for every version of every program under every OS that does that same process on the same device is insane.
-- Les Mikesell lesmikesell gmail com

subset: commoncrawl


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Your Porsche dealership isn't the only place to locate trusted replacement parts for your Cayenne. The vehicle in your driveway is head and shoulders above the rest when it comes to all the vehicles on the road today. You picked your Cayenne because its ultimate performance and the tip of the spear in sport agreed with your nature; so why would you be okay with second rate when it comes to great quality auto parts? Porsche car, truck, or SUV drivers have come to expect a certain level of ultimate performance when driving their Cayenne around town.
The key to engine power is clean fuel and clean air. Your Porsche Cayenne has an internal combustion engine that mixes fuel with air before it detonates, and an air filter needs to remove dust and debris before it is ignited. Without an air filter or air cleaner in your engine, your fuel would be filled with particulates from outside. This will clog fuel injectors and lower the octane in your fuel; leading to a lack of power produced by your engine. And unless your Porsche Cayenne air filter is replaced regularly your engine will be robbed of the necessary air flow needed to maintain optimum fuel efficiency. Clearly, replacement air filters are a necessity for everyone.
Don't let a broken Air Filter & Cleaner spell the end of your car, truck, or SUV, and don't gamble with its condition by installing anything but the highest quality replacement parts. Buying new Porsche parts from www.carpartsdiscount.com means you are getting the best deal on the highest quality original and aftermarket replacement Cayenne parts on the internet. Given all the hassles associated with fixing broken parts on your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the number one store you go to make buying it easy. If your car or truck was built in 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, then you will find the correct Porsche Cayenne Air Filter & Cleaner parts right here.


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Maruti Suzuki has launched its Ciaz sedan a while ago in petrol and diesel avatar. The Japanese based manufacturer has launched the Ciaz SHVS hybrid model on 1st of September, 2015.
The hybrid system is based on their diesel engine and claims fuel efficiency figures of 28.09 kpl ARAI certified. Maruti Suzuki call it their SHVS, which stands for Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki and is their first in India.
Here is the pricing of Ciaz SHVS by Maruti Suzuki:
- Ciaz SHVS VDi is priced at INR 8,23,000
- Ciaz SHVS VDi(O) is priced at INR 8,37,500
- Ciaz SHVS VDi+ is priced at INR 8,81,500
- Ciaz SHVS ZDi is priced at INR 9,52,500
- Ciaz SHVS ZDi+ is priced at INR 10,17,500
All prices are ex-showroom, Delhi.
Engineers will provide the Ciaz SHVS with an Integrated Starter Generator called ISG, which offers improved power regeneration. It also sports an engine auto start/stop system during idle
Energy harnessed from braking will be stored in a large battery, which will be used as a Power Assist during acceleration. Maruti Suzuki has placed this battery in the engine bay itself closer to the axle.
In terms of safety option Maruti Suzuki Ciaz SHVS will be offered with dual airbags, ABS with EBD. Maruti Suzuki will be offering five trim options in their Ciaz SHVS model.
Design wise not much has been changed by Maruti Suzuki with Ciaz SHVS. It sports a hybrid badge in the rear signifying the special stuff of this vehicle.


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The National Institute of Christian Leadership (NICL) celebrates 5 years of preparing men and women to faithfully lead the church, ministry or business with which God has trusted them and to take their organization to the next level.
Over the past 5 years Dr. Mark Rutland, Founder and Director of the NICL, has used his 45+ years of leadership experience to walk NICL participants through dealing with management issues, budgeting, staff and volunteers, turnarounds, attendance barriers and much more.
Recently, Dr. Rutland appeared as a special guest on the Marcus and Joni show on Daystar television network.
"What I'm teaching is all the things I wish someone would have told me," he said during the interview with Marcus and Joni.
Several of the Daystar crew personally went through the program and shared their personal experiences from attending the NICL.
"From a business background, to sit in a classroom with someone who has successfully turned around 3 major organizations, this is the best place to learn about the business side of ministry that no one else is talking about," Rachel Lamb said.
Take an inside look, hear from several recent students and discover how the NICL has made an impact over the last 5 years.
Video Highlights:
• Capitalize on over 40 years of expert leadership experience
• Learn proven ways to move past tough growth barriers
• Turn difficult people and situations into positive outcomes
• Jump start an advanced degree with college credit
• Inquire about scholarship opportunities for qualifying pastors
Join Dr. Mark Rutland as he begins his 5th year in the NICL. New sessions begin February 2015. CLICK HERE to learn more.
Readers are Leaders! Subscribe now and get 3 magazines for the price of 1. Get Charisma, Ministry Today and SpiritLed Woman all for $24. YES - Sign me up!
3 Reasons Why you should read Life in the Spirit. 1) Get to know the Holy Spirit. 2) Learn to enter God's presence 3) Hear God's voice clearly! Click here to draw closer to God!


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About the Book
Children's book for kindergarten aged children teaching the importance of rain and water to the natural environment. Hand painted pictures and pleasantly rhyming story.
Features & Details
- Category Children
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
20 Pages
- Publish Date Oct 12, 2013
- Language English
- Tags poetry, kindy, kindergarten, waterwise, rhyming, environment
See More
About the Creator
Violet Joukhadar
Cranebrook, NSW, Australia
This is my first children's book which is my year 10 Major Project at St Paul's Grammar School.
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More trip photos – polar bears galore!
The story behind the first four – when bears wander into the wrong areas, they can be tranquilized and held for up to 30 days before being released. This is to discourage the bears from wandering into human territory. Then they're airlifted back to their area.


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What's that I smell? That is the smell of sweet, semi-success. We have a poster of Eleazar! *squeal!!* He is so beautiful. And now that I look at the picture more, he looks sorta like a guy friend of mine that I haven't talked to in a while. Check out the Eleazar poster here. (Sorry, I won't be able to upload it.) Enjoy!
With Twilightish love,
TeamTaycob 23:45, November 4, 2011 (UTC)


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Oklahoma's most comprehensive health care network
Call 405-717-5400
1205 Health Center Parkway, Suite 100, Yukon, OK 73099
Treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and asthma
INTEGRIS Family Care Yukon is a primary care clinic. Our physicians and staff work together to provide high-quality comprehensive care and take pride in paying close attention to each patient's individual needs.
Whether you're looking for a family doctor or an obstetrician, at Family Care Yukon we understand that nothing is more important than the health of you and your family. That's why we offer a full range of health care for people of all ages – from infants and children to adults and seniors.
Located just inside the west entrance of INTEGRIS Canadian Valley Hospital in Yukon, OK, our primary care and OB clinic offers easy access to hospital services, should they be required. We also offer a variety of specialty care services, with specialists rotating through the clinic daily.
Thank you for trusting us to provide the best health care to you and your family.
To schedule your appointment, call 405-717-5400.
Fiorella Avant, D.O.
Family Medicine
Heather Barnes, M.D.
Family Medicine/Obstetrics
Jason Breed, M.D.
Natalie Cochenour, M.D.
Athena Friese, M.D.
Layne Keathly, M.D.
Tanya Livingston, M.D.
Ashley Taylor, PA-C
Have you had a wonderful experience? Does something need improvement? Or do you have an idea on how we can make our patient experience fantastic? We'd love to hear from you.
Contact INTEGRIS Service Excellence


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In search of the 'Great American Thanksgiving Feast' abroad
American expat Eric Asp does some soul-searching and asks why Thanksgiving is, for him, one of the hardest days of the year to be living in Europe.
When I was a kid growing up in the American midwest, I didn't really care much for Thanksgiving. It was boring: fancy table settings, visiting relatives, waiting an eternity while Mom stressed in the kitchen. And all for what? A bunch of food, and not even food I would actually order myself in a restaurant. Oh, I liked the pumpkin pie and the mashed potatoes. But honestly, to me turkey was always just an 'ok' meat (better than Spam or tuna – but nowhere near as good as, say, hamburger or pepperoni). And I was disgusted by traditional dishes like turkey stuffing and cranberry sauce.
No, no, no. The grown-ups could get all happy and misty-eyed about Thanksgiving, loosening their belts and leaning back in their chairs while drinking post-feast cups of coffee – but not me. As far as I was concerned, Thanksgiving drew the short straw in the holiday lottery for seasonal privileges: no presents, no firecrackers, no songs – just cold, grey weather with lame cornucopias and puritan action figures for decorations. Poor Thanksgiving.
Why, then, is Thanksgiving now one of the hardest days of the year to be living in Europe? Why is Thanksgiving suddenly the holiday from my homeland I miss the most? Why is it that ever since my move abroad – to the Netherlands in fact – I've been relentlessly trying to recapture the wonder of the 'Great American Thanksgiving Feast'?
A couple of times, my wife and I invited European friends to share the celebration with us – perhaps trying to channel the original Thanksgiving spirit between the Indians and Pilgrims, or probably more like that year when my brother brought his college Wrigleyville resident-assistant and his über-polite Korean classmate. But inevitably, our non-American guests could not muster the excitement and reverence for our American holiday that we typically bring to the table (excuse the pun). They showed up late for the dinner, cracked jokes about the silliness of some of our traditions, and scorned our videotaped American football games.
It's not to say that these Thanksgivings were complete disasters. Our European guests did their best to enjoy the occasion – taking pictures of the roasted turkey, engaging in interesting conversation and expressing their own forms of celebrations. But it just wasn't the same.
On other occasions, we tried to create an impenetrable aura of Americana in our home – shutting the locals out of our lives like Hans Brinker plugging holes in the dike. We cooked only with American ingredients (no substituting!), invited only American guests, used the marvels of modern technology to watch live coverage of the Macy's Parade and the Lions' game (albeit at the wrong time of day). My parents even came over one year, which should have totally completed the illusion. But pretence can never overcome reality – it just wasn't the same.
In the end, for me nothing can take the place of an American Thanksgiving in the American midwest, surrounded by all my relatives. If I've had a hard time re-creating the 'Great American Thanksgiving Feast' abroad, it's only because it's impossible to re-create it abroad!
I once shared this observation with my brother, over the telephone. He was willing to wax sentimental with me to a certain extent, but he also stopped me short: "It doesn't really matter, you know. Even if you had stayed in Ohio all these years – always buying the same groceries, always keeping the same traditions, always inviting the same relatives to join you for the big meal – it still wouldn't be the same, you know. You can't go back, man. That's the way life works."
Of course, he was right. The boring becomes the idealised becomes the obsolete; because such is the nature of memories, of the holidays, of the human condition. Unless we want to turn every holiday into a sort of Memorial Day – mourning, grieving, and pining for the past – we must consciously stop and consider the beauty of the way things are today, or how we can create new traditions in our new environments abroad. We must be mindful of the myriad ways we are blessed and privileged by the unique opportunity to enjoy our families, homes, jobs, and friends for what they are: right here, right now.
And if this is done successfully – regardless of what is on the table, or who is sitting around the table – well, the result is Thanksgiving.
Eric Asp / Expatica
Eric Asp is an American videographer/writer/pastor who lived in Amsterdam for 10 years, together with his wife and three children. His casual and critical observations on life, love, and faith can be found on his website.
Originally published 2007; updated by Expatica 2015. / Photo credit: Satya Murthy (Thanksgiving table).
Whether you've lived here for days, months or years, you won't regret attending the Expat Fair for Internationals. Sunday 8 October 2017, Amsterdam.
Get your FREE tickets and discover more about expat life in the Netherlands.
Comment here on the article, or if you have a suggestion to improve this article, please click here.
If you believe any of the information on this page is incorrect or out-of-date, please let us know. Expatica makes every effort to ensure its articles are as comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date as possible, but we're also grateful for any help! (If you want to contact Expatica for any other reason, please follow the instructions on this website's contact page.)The details you provide on this page will not be used to send any unsolicited e-mail, and will not be sold to a third party. Privacy policy .
2 Comments To This Article
c posted:
Since the whole thanksgiving story begins with British religious puritans that first fled to Holland and then to America giving thanks to their native hosts, I think that you can say that Thanksgiving is an intrinsically expat holiday. The only Americans that are not expats are the native Americans and I assume you are not refering to them.
Lindy posted:
I feel absolutely no different about Thanksgiving now that I am living abroad.
I am not American. Hard for Expatica to understand that not all expats are American I know.


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Question: Define inherent risk Can the auditors reduce inherent risk by
Define inherent risk. Can the auditors reduce inherent risk by performing audit procedures?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsDistinguish between the components of audit risk that the auditors gather evidence to assess versus the component of audit risk that they collect evidence to restrict.What disclosures should be made in the financial statements regarding material related party transactions?What information should a CPA firm seek in its investigation of a prospective client? Identify the general objectives of the auditors' substantive procedures with respect to any major asset category.Mary Deming has been asked to accept an engagement to audit a small financial institution. Deming has not previously audited a financial institution.a. Describe the types of knowledge about the prospective client and its ...
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Title: Rogers, Derek
URL: http://www.suitcasephotography.com
Description: Travel photography by Derek Rogers from all seven continents along with multimedia and travel articles. There are also downloadable screensavers and links to other sites for stock and art sales.
Date Submitted: 10/12/09
Listed / Last Time Edited: 04/20/10
Main Category: > Photographers by Names > R
Second Category (if any): R
Linkedin (if any):
Number of visitors we sent to this photo site: 99 time(s).


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Ryoken was a bloodspeaker who lived in Samui Kaze Toshi. [1] In 1166 after the death of Iuchiban the Blood Hunt was unleashed by the Empire. The Ninth Imperial Legion disembarked in the Earthquake Fish Bay to clean the city. [2] Ryoken accepted the offer made by Daigotsu Chaozhu and followed him to the Shadowlands to join Daigotsu. [1]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Blood Hunt (Region 7 - Highland, IN, USA)
- ↑ Blood Hunt, Region 6 - The Kaiu Wall, Crab Lands
|This Shadowlands related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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Illinois Road Conditions
January 21, 2012 by staff
Illinois Road Conditions, The Illinois Tollway continues its full deployment of all 183 snowplow trucks in an effort to combat snow conditions and keep all 286 miles of roadways clear of snow and ice. The Tollway's Snow Operations Center is open and fully staffed and will remain open throughout the duration of this weather event.
"Our snowplows have been out salting and plowing our roadways since this morning, but there are areas along our system that have begun to collect snow," said Illinois Tollway Executive Director Kristi Lafleur. "Our full fleet will continue to work throughout the evening, but we're expecting a challenging Friday night rush hour as a result of this snowfall. We're asking our customers to drive carefully and give our snowplows plenty of room to do their work."
Since the snowfall began this morning, the Tollway has helped 28 motorists in need of assistance, providing services such as changing tires, charging car batteries, dispensing fuel, calling for tows and transporting customers.
If travel is necessary, the Tollway provides the following tips:
. Slow down and leave enough time to reach your destination . Do not make sudden lane changes and always use your turn signal . Don't follow too closely and increase your intervals between vehicles . Remember to always wear your safety belt and ensure children under the age of 8 are securely restrained in child safety seats . Yield to snowplows and emergency vehicles . Don't text while driving. It's illegal.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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Wednesday 27 October 2004
It was Wednesday, under the sign of Scorpio. The US president was George W. Bush (Republican).
In that special week of October people in US were listening to My Boo by Usher.
In UK Call On Me by Eric Prydz was in the top 5 hits.
Ali G Indahouse, directed by Mark Mylod, was one of the most viewed movies released in 2004
while America (The Book) by Jon Stewart and The Writers of The Daily Show was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching My Life in Film.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Firepower (computer game) or Star Wars Trilogy: Apprentice of the Force.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 2004 or at October 27 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 27 October 2004 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last months ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released in the last 30 days ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 27 October 2004!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 27 October 2004 ?
- St. Namatius
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Independence Day (from Britain, 1979)
- Turkmenistan - Independence Day (from USSR, 1991)
- St. Desiderius
- R.C. saints - October 27th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints: St. Abraham the Poor
- St. Vincent, Sabina, & Christeta
- St. Capitolina
- St. Odhran
- St. Elesbaan
- St. Florentius
- St. Frumentius, the saint who introduced Christianity into Ethiopia.
- St. Gaudiosus
- St. Abban of Murnevin
Famous Birthdays:See famous people born on 27 October
Famous Deaths:
- Serginho: Brazilian footballer (Born 1974).
- Zdenko Runjic: Croatian composor (Born 1942).
- Lester Lanin: American bandleader (Born 1907).
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of October 2004 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 27 October 2004 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in October 2004?
- Time: TIME Magazine Cover: The God Gene -- Oct. 25, 2004
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.10016
- EW: Entertainment Weekly: no.789
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


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Are there things in life that you would REALLY love to have but simply can't afford? Of course there are…it's simply a fact of life for 99% of us that don't have unlimited disposable income.
But are there things out there that are just sooooo good…sooooo important to you that you think the price is totally worth it.
I'm one of those guys who lives paycheck to paycheck. It sucks, but in this economy I think it's more important to have job stability than to take unnecessary risks in order to potentially make more money than I need. At least at this point. Ask me again in another year or two.
But I can't lie…there are things out there that I believe are worth a premium. There are items…tangible items…that, to me, are so absolutely worth the price.
1. A good steak. Listen…I'm just not a fruit & vegetable kinda guy. I know I may turn off a certain demographic, but I absolutely LOVE meat. All kinds of meat, too…steak, fish, chicken…you name it, I'll eat it.
But when it comes to steak, I will pay $20 or more for a beautifully cooked steak that melts in your mouth. I mean, a pre-marinated thing of beauty that has been flamed-up just right…I can't even tell you how awesome it is.
For those of you who enjoy steak, I think you know what I'm talking about.
2. Razor blades. Hey…I'm bald by choice, kids. But even when I had hair, I always found myself having problems with razor blades…trying to find one that wouldn't irritate my skin or cut me or leave me with stubble five hours later.
I've found the perfect razor blade and I'll be totally honest…I've tried others but they don't come CLOSE.
I use the Gillette Fusion Proglide. No, this isn't a sponsored post at all…I'm just a consumer who uses razors for both my face and my head, and I have yet to find a better shave.
The only problem? A four-pack of blades costs around $20. Yeah…those little suckers are expensive as all get-out. And it's $20 if they're on sale!!
But it's totally worth it. And ladies…I'm sure you probably feel the same way about razors for your legs. Don't you?
3. A good movie. I download movies illegally online…I'll totally admit to it. But I also go out to the movies, as well…so it's not like I'll watch everything illegally.
I don't mind laying down $13 for a ticket and another $10 for snacks if the movie is totally worth my while. Sunshine and I recently saw "Bad Teacher"…and while good, it certainly didn't feel like it was worth the money to me.
My thought is that if I want to spend that kind of money on a movie, I want to feel as though I got my money's worth. Something like "Avatar", for example, was worth every single penny to see in 3-D on an IMAX screen.
At the end of the day, people will always want to see movies in a movie theatre if the movie is worth the money to pay to see it.
4a. Toilet paper. Okay…I realize this one may seem a bit odd to most but trust me on this one. If you happen to use no-name brand toilet paper and then buy the premium stuff, you'll quickly realize why the premium stuff is more expensive.
And I don't know about y'all, but considering what I use toilet paper for I think I owe it to myself to buy the absolute best product possible.
4b. Kleenex. Yes, I realize that it's supposed to be called "facial tissue" but to me there's only one really good recognizable brand out there and it's name has replaced the actual name (sort of like "Band-Aid" for bandages).
I'm a guy who gets sick more often than not (probably due to my poor eating habits). When I'm sick, I'm sick for a few weeks at a time.
I've tried being sick with the cheap tissues, but then my nose gets all red and raw and then it hurts to blow and yadda yadda yadda.
I'll take spending the extra money to get "Kleenex with Lotion" any day of the week in order to get the comfort my nose deserves. It might sound petty, but that's something I find is definitely worth the money.
5. Music. Similar to movies, I download a ton of music online. I used to buy cd's all the time so it's not like I've always been into illegal pirating, but I feel as though there was a time when the record companies simply priced themselves out of the market. Online pirating of music wasn't always about getting stuff for free…it was about making a statement that we thought we were paying too much for the product we were given.
Cut to today and I'll be the first to admit I buy songs via iTunes all the time. I absolutely do not mind paying for a song or an album if I think the music is worth it.
Obviously, in today's musical environment there is not a lot of stuff worth paying for anymore…but when there is, I absolutely have no problem slapping down a couple bucks for a song.
So what about you? Is there anything out there that you think is worth paying a little extra for?


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LONG-SLEEVE LACE TOPBlack
Delivery Methods
- Standard £5
- Next Day £7
- Same Day £15
- Collect In Store Free
We also offer Free returns on all UK orders.
For next working day delivery please order before 3:00pm
For same day delivery within London please order before 1:00pm.
All orders will be delivered by courier and will need to be signed for.
The black Molly top is cut from graphic lace with sheer long sleeves that showcase the intricate design. Layer on a statement necklace and wear it with a faux-fur gilet for a luxe winter look.
- Round neck
- Long sheer sleeves
- Lined body
The model is wearing a size 8
Model is 5ft 10"/177 cm, and a size 6
Composition - 65% Nylon 33% Viscose 2% Elastane
Washcare - Machine wash


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If one room of your house seems to be chillier than the rest, it is most likely an insulation issue. There may be leaks and cracks in the walls, floors, windows or near doors that need to be plugged. To insulate a cold room, start by diagnosing how the air from inside is getting in, then taking a trip to a hardware store to pick up a few supplies.
Things You'll Need
- Candle
- Caulk and caulking gun
- Plastic insulation sheets
- Foam insulation tape
- Draft guard, stopper or door sweep
Walk around the cold room with a lit candle (you can also use a stick of incense, streamer or feather that will move when air blows against it). Place the candle near the doors, windows and cracks in the room. If the light blows around or goes out suddenly, you have found the cold air leak.
Caulk the drafty openings in your windows. Fill them with a thick line of the caulk, and then use a paint stirring stick to push the caulk in before it dries. Add as much as you need to fill the crack thoroughly.
Put plastic sheeting up over the windows in the room. Place double-sided tape on the inside of the frame, then use your fingers to slowly secure the edges of the plastic sheeting to the tape. Run a hair dryer on medium heat over the plastic where it is held in place by the tape (the heat will meld the tape to the plastic) then quickly run it over the center of the plastic so that it will tighten.
Buy a draft guard or stopper for your door to stop air that is leaking in from the bottom. You can also nail a rubber door sweep to the bottom of the door as an alternative.
Use foam insulation tape to cover the leaks around the other edges of your doors. These strips have adhesive on one side so that you can easily attach them to the doorways. Open the door all the way, and line the inside frame of the doorway with this foam insulation. Close and open the door a few times when you're done to assure that it fits snugly into the insulated frame.
Check for cracks in the floor that could lead down to a basement. Cold air in the basement will move up through a crack to that room. Seal the cracks with your caulking gun as well, and be sure to insulate your basement next.
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Dr. Girendra Pal
Doctor Detail :
Dr. Girendra Pal is a General Physician (BHMS, MD - Homeopathy ) in M I Road, Jaipur and has 1 user reviews.
General Physician
Other Speciality
Speciality Alias
General Practitioner
- BHMS, MD - Homeopathy
Indian Coffee House, Regal Hotel Building, M I Road, Jaipur.
Consulting Timing :
Mon - Sat 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm
Phone No.: 01412363111, 01415105511, +919414078080.
Share your genuine experiences and reviews about the doctor!
R. K. SalechaVerified User
Good doctor.
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Author Tags: War
Never mind the typographical and spelling errors. Or the poor reproduction quality of the b&w photos. One of the most riveting memoirs youre not going to across is Klaus G.M. Sturzes From War to Peace, an account of surviving as a boy in post-war Germany.
Jerzy Kosinskis fictionalized A Painted Bird and boy soldier Ishmael Beahs A Long Way Home quickly come to mind, but both were skillfully embellished and/or edited, whereas Sturzes simply written account of his post-World War II privations is impossible to distrust.
Sturze relative lack of sophistication as a writer only serves to enhance the believability of his naïve perspective as an innocentso it reads like a novel.
I will never forget the night in January 1945, he begins. I wasnt yet ten years old. It was dark and bitter cold. We were standing on the platform for passenger trains in Breslau, Germany. Mother, her sister Lotte, whom we [had] been visiting, and I. Mother had suddenly decided we would go back to Schmuerckert, where we lived, a small town in Poland. A two-hour ride away. We found sheer pandemonium at the train station.
Sturzes mother is a resourceful woman who has befriended many uncles to make it through the war. She miraculously gets them to the Polish town only to learn the dreaded Russians are rapidly advancing. Either the Poles will kill them, or the Russian soldiers will rape his mother, so they join a phalanx of starving Germans, in horse-drawn carts, desperately trying to reach Berlin in the snows of January.
So begins a seamless nightmarecompletely fascinating when safely viewed through the rear view mirror of timededicated to all children surviving a war. Details have been burned into Sturzes mind. The horror and the tragedies of the war were with us every day and still is hounding me fifty years later, he writes.
Initially we assume the mother is saving her child with heroic ingenuity. That is his perspective. She repeatedly outwits and overwhelms figures of authority, using either sex or anger, or both. But the truth is uglier. From War to Peace is doubling alluring as we grasp the narrators emerging understanding of his manipulative mother.
She never wanted me. She had told me this often enough, but she was not willing to give me up either. It was too much of an advantage to have a little kid around in times like this . I was to learn later on in life, as I had grown up, she had dumped me on my father when I was six weeks old and made off with another man My father managed somehow to get my mother to live with him again when I was three years old
Evil begets evil. His mother has repeatedly used him to gain money and sympathy from her many lovers (including SS officers during the war). When he reaches his teens and earns money as an apprentice in a hotel, his mother steals money from him. With half the city in ruins, at age fifteen, Klaus asserts his independence, escaping from her tyranny.
In the mid-1950s, newly married, Klaus hopes to immigrate to Canada with his new wife and daughter. Estranged from his mother, he meets her in a café and asks for a loan. She replies, Do you think Im stupid? Ill never see my money again. No way. You got a good looking wife. She can go and make some pussy money. Appalled, Klaus calls her the dirtiest human he has ever come across. It was the last time he ever spoke to her. Even her cries for me on her deathbed could not move me to see her. I had no feelings for her. She didnt exist for me.
Conversely, Sturzes simple descriptions of his sexual awakenings as a boy and teenager are touchingly candid, sensitive and deeply appreciative of women. This strange friction between his loathing for his mother and his admiration for female contact lends a necessary poignancywe are on his side, we accept him as an individual storyteller beyond his platform as a victim of war. Every time he recounts an episode about the dawning of sexual relations, it serves as a beautifully rendered oasis within the narrative; a jarring reprieve, a detour towards health.
Evidently intense cruelty and privation can magnify beauty and joy. Similarly, the strength of the authors affection for Canada as a haven in which he has thrived is likely derived from the depth of his bitter resentment of Nazi Germany and Soviet-occupied Germany.
There is an inelegant Afterword that any commercial publishing house would likely expunge or sanitize. Under the word Epilog [instead of Epilogue], we learn:
Looking back today, I think the Nuernberg [Nuremberg] trial missed its mark. The maniacal and unconscionable leadership of the Nazi government should not have been hung, even though they deserved it. The death penalty was way too good for them. It was all over within a second.
There was no suffering. The terror and the slaughter, caused by them, to humans of all nation[s] involved, was horrendous. I think they should have been sentenced to life in prison at hard labor and received every Sunday five lashes with the whip, until they died in prison. All of the inner government were guilty, because they all saw the slaughter and no one was willing to put an end to it.
There are thousands of heartfelt and necessary first-person testimonies by Jews and others who suffered under the Nazis, and who lost their loved ones to atrocities and other police state machinations; Sturzes perspective as an innocent German child is alarming in its own way. Here is the collateral damage of despotism and racism. From an historical perspective, this is second class horror, but not for the individuals who absorbed it.
The perpetrators of evil didnt suffer; the child in Klaus Sturze did. He is angry about it, and haunted by that injustice. From War to Peace is the mirror image of a real life, an act of truthfulness, so unfettered by pretension that it is artful. It was self-published in 2007. There is no distributor, no professional representation. In March of 2010, there was only one copy for sale on the internet, from a store in Cranbrook. The author lives in Penticton. There was no listing on AbeBooks.com. You can almost not buy it. And you cant invent it.
It exists beneath the rubble of commerce and creative writing.
From War to Peace Memoirs of an Immigrant (Penticton: Self-published 2007). 8vo 8" - 9" tall; 490 pp. 978-0-9732575-4-0
A Father's Last Letter (Penticton: Self-published 2007) 8vo 8" - 9" tall; 292 pp.
Alan Twigg [BCBW 2010]


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"Good experience at NHS Lothian Community Dental Service"
About: NHS Lothian NHS Lothian Edinburgh EH16 4SA
Posted by Angelman (as ),
Took my son who has a severe Learning Disability twice now for planned root canal treatment following a fall that damaged his tooth.
He was treated twice at a sedation clinic and was in the surgery for around hour each time. His level of understanding is not good and he can be very complex to manage under stressful circumstances.
The standard of care and treatment he received was outstanding, delivered in a calm supportive and highly professional manner, from the reception staff to the doctors, dentists and nurses he was looked well after and treated as a person as well as a patient. He went home with a fixed tooth and equally as important an experience that will not put him of returning should he require to.
Well done to all and many thanks.
Response from Stuart Wilson, Director of Communications and Public Affairs, NHS Lothian 3 years ago
Dear Angelman,
Thank you very much for contacting us with feedback on your son's visit to the Community Dental Service.
The treatment and care of patients is our top priority and I am pleased to see that was the case for your son. Root canal is never a pleasant experience but it is nice to see that your son was treated well.
Feedback like yours is vital to the NHS to let us know how we are doing and I will be passing your comments to the team and management responsible for your son's care.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 12, 1988
|Filing date
|Feb 19, 1986
|Priority date
|Feb 19, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Buford R. Jean, Richard W. Newton, Andrew J. Blanchard, Billy V. Clark, Gary L. Warren
|Original Assignee
|Idea, Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (35), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This disclosure statement is made pursuant to the duty of disclosure imposed by law and formulated in 37 CFR 1.56(a). No representation is hereby made that information thus disclosed in fact constitutes prior art, inasmuch as 37 CFR 1.56(a) relies on a materiality concept which depends on uncertain and inevitably subjective elements of substantial likelihood and reasonableness, and inasmuch as a growing attitude appears to require citation of material which might lead to a discovery of pertinent material though not necessarily being of itself pertinent. Also, the following comments contain conclusions and observations which have only been drawn or become apparent after conception of the subject invention or which contrast the subject invention or its merits against the background of developments subsequent in time or priority.
This invention refers generally to tank level or ullage measurement by reflection of RF or radar signals directed at the surface of the tank contents, and more particularly concerns time/frequency domain processing of calibrate and return signals utilizing digital techniques.
Radar reflective techniques are well known to those skilled in tank level measurement arts. Exemplary of systems of this type is disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,355, hereby incorporated by reference. This patent discloses and claims a sweep frequency, continuous wave radar gauge employing complex analog filtering and processing techniques to improve accuracy of level measurements.
Prior art systems of this type are in fairly common use and have provided reasonably satisfactory operation however, systems of this type suffer from substantial difficulties due to highly complicated systems of removing spurious reflected signals encountered when received signals reflected from the tank content surface are processed. Known gauges of this type suffer from highly complex analog signal processing equipment and resultant degradation of accuracy over periods of time and use.
The system disclosed in this application overcomes many of the shortcomings inherent in presently used systems through the use of time/frequency domain transformations and a novel sweep synchronous measurement and storage of a generated transmit/receive difference signal. The inventions includes determination of a novel "virtual carrier" representation of the differences between transmitted and received tank signals.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a radar tank level gauge having improved accuracy through the use of synchronized sweep frequency, and measurement of a generated difference signal having a frequency proportional to tank level.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide a radar tank gauge utilizing time/frequency domain processing of a transmit/return difference signal over a predetermined swept frequency range.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a radar tank gauge wherein a virtual modulated carrier representation of the true transmit/return tank signal and calibrate signal difference is generated.
It is yet an additional object of this invention to provide a radar tank gauge wherein the sweep frequency signal includes gain compensation.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a radar tank gauge wherein returned difference signals include the full range of reflected information, including information sufficient to distinguish the tank bottom or distance limit of the predetermined measurement range.
A signal from a radar antenna positioned internal of a storage tank or other container for fluent material, allowing transmission and reception of radio frequency waves from the antenna to the surface, and then reflected from the surface back to the antenna. The transmitted signal typically having a frequency of 10 gigahertz (GHZ) sweeps or is varied over a frequency range of 1 GHZ in a linear or semi-sawtooth fashion. In keeping with conventional radar gauging techniques, an identical swept radio frequency signal is also transmitted through a calibrating line of known length.
Signals reflected from the surface of the fluent material delayed due to travel to and from the antenna are mixed through conventional techniques to provide a difference signal having a frequency representative of the distance traveled. Similarly processed calibration line and reflected signals are utilized to determine an accurate distance from antenna to fluent material surface.
A central processing unit triggers or initiates the sweep frequency and sampling period so as to be in synchronization although asynchronous with the difference signal. Measurement and storage intervals of "bins" are part of the novel signal processing aspect of the invention disclosed herein. The significance of the "bin" will become apparent from further description.
The central processing unit remote from the RF and sweep control portion establishes the above mentioned sweep periods and bin parameters through the use of a sweep control clock. Also contained in the central processing unit is means for converting received signals from time to frequency domain for further processing. Display signals are also performed by the central processing unit so that a continuous reading of tank content level or ullage is displayed.
The difference signal received from the mixer typically in the audio range of 0.25 to 9.6 kilohertz, is supplied or transmitted to the frequency analysis portion of the central processing unit. The received difference signal is sampled and stored.
These time domain difference signals are processed by the central processing unit utilizing a fast Fourier transform (FFT), thereby establishing a frequency domain representation of sinusoidal components contained in the difference signal. The frequency domain representation establishes the above mentioned bins, each bin containing a predetermined number of difference signal cycles.
Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that use of a synchronous sampling yields, after transformation by fast Fourier transfer (FFT) of the sampled return difference signal, a frequency domain signal essentially in the form of SINx/x. In keeping with the invention disclosed, synchronization of the sweep frequency and storage bin sampled periods results in a frequency domain representation of the signal's power spectral density, wherein frequencies are arrayed over the difference frequency range, with distinguishable amplitudes.
Further processing continues with selection of the principle frequency component of the transformed difference signal, analyzed from each bin content, resulting in a single or "carrier" frequency, having a period closely representative of twice the distance from the transmitting antenna to the tank material level. It should be noted that applicants have discovered that in essence, the received difference signal is essentially a modulated carrier wherein the carrier represents the true directly reflected signal and modulating components due to spurious reflection and other radio frequency interference, constitute "modulation" of the carrier. Therefore, in processing distinctly opposite to conventional detection, wherein the carrier is removed and sidebands generated by the modulation are retained, applicant's invention utilizes a novel technique to in essence, remove the modulation, thereby making the carrier available for distance measurement.
In keeping with the further aspects of applicants' invention, the power spectral density of the carrier signal as determined, is utilized to determine a centroid of the carrier fundamental. A similar centroid of the calibration signal is also determined. It will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that the quotient of the carrier centroid over the calibration centroid contains the information which allows correction based on the delay line length, thus providing a true measurement of the distance between tank antenna and tank content surface. Further corrections to the true length due to physical locations of radio frequency components are also provided by central processing unit operation.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a semi-schematic depiction of the radar tank gauge system.
FIG. 2 is a detailed semi-schematic depiction of the RF unit of FIG. 1, particularly showing the functions of RF generation, signal coupling, RF transmitted signal control, and difference signal detection.
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the audio amplifier and signal conditioner.
FIG. 3a is a graphic representation of the gain characteristic of the signal conditioner of FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the signal processing and conversion of the disclosed invention, particularly showing the relationship in time and frequency domain of transmitted, reflected, and difference signals.
FIG. 4a shows four cycles of a typical swept frequency signal as transmitted by the tank gauge antenna. Also shown is a representation of a reflected signal.
FIG. 4b is a graphic representation of the sampled window or "bin" as used in the invention.
FIG. 4c is a graphic representation of the reflected and mixed difference signal stored in the bins of 4b.
FIG. 4d is a conceptual representation of "typical" signals obtained from mixing the transmitted and reflected signals of 4a.
FIG. 4e is a graphic representation of the time based reflected difference signal, stored in the bins of FIGS. 4b and 4c, now transformed to the frequency domain.
FIG. 5 shows in graphic display the amplitude/frequency relationship of the difference signal, particularly showing determination of the centroid or "carrier" frequency of the reflected difference signal.
While the invention will be described in connection with a preferred method and typical embodiment, it will be understood that the radar gauge disclosed does not limit the invention to the methods and embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, applicants intend to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the radar gauge as defined by the appended claims.
Turning first to FIG. 1, there is shown the radar gauge and signal processing system 1 incorporating an antenna 15 mounted internal of a tank or other containing structure 17, having contents 18 contained by the tank to a level such that the difference between the tank content surface 20 and height of the antenna 15 results in a distance or measure range 19. The RF and tank assembly 3 is separated from the signal processing assembly 5 by safety barriers 6. The function of the safety barrier is to allow use of the RF assembly 3 in hazardous areas by limiting electrical power available to a value which does not provide the opportunity for ignition of the volatile tank contents.
The RF and tank assembly 3 further utilizes an RF unit 11 (reference FIG. 2,) supplying continuous wave radio frequency power, typically in the 9.5 to 10.5 gigahertz range. Also in the RF and tank assembly is a control and signal processing unit 12 for establishing time sequence of transmitted antenna signals, calibration signals, and preliminary operation on tank difference signals. The control and signal processing unit 12 performs the operations necessary to process the complete range of return signals. Included in this range is the predetermined maximum distance as represented by reflection of the tank bottom. Bottom reflections are recognized and distinguished for large ullage measurements, i.e. levels of fluent materials in the tank. This provides positive identification of a known distance, resulting in improved range measurement.
The safety barrier 6 also acts as an interface between the RF and tank assembly, and the above mentioned signal processing and display assembly 5. The signal processing assembly further comprises a central processing unit 7 having a frequency analysis function for performing discrete Fourier transforms of difference signals. Also contained in the signal processing and display assembly is a display 25 comprising a cathode ray tube, and d'Arsonval meters providing continuous indication of the measured tank range 19 and other quantities in signal processing as may be required. Simultaneous digital display of tank ullage, time and frequency domain representations of the reflected signals, and other specialized displays essential for operation of a specific gauge application are readily provided. Those skilled in the tank level gauging arts will readily see that many forms and variations of tank display can be used with the signals provided by the invention disclosed herein.
Transmission of the radio frequency signal generated by microwave oscillator 27 is routed between the RF switch 33, and detector 31, by microwave circulator 35. An additional circulator is utilized to route calibration signals from the control switch 33 through the calibration delay line 13 in order to generate a reference signal. The significance of this signal will be described in more detail.
As indicated above, the return or received signal 42 differing in time phase from the transmitted signal 40 by a time/frequency difference 41 (reference FIG. 4a) turns from the antenna 15 through the RF switch control 33 and circulator 35 to the detector or mixer 31.
With further reference to FIG. 4, an RF signal 40 having a swept frequency as shown between 9.5 and 10.5 gigahertz is transmitted by an antenna 15 arranged to direct a concentrated signal to the surface 20 of tank contents 18. In keeping with conventional radar gauging techniques, the signal 40 returns to the RF unit via the antenna 15 as the signal 42 delayed by an amount 41 in both frequency and time relative to the transmitted signal 40 due to travel to and from the fluent material surface. As shown, the received signal 42 is mixed with the originally transmitted signal 4 in the detector 31, generating a difference signal 48 (ref. FIG. 4d). Difference signals are stored in sample windows 43, having a period 44 identical to and synchronized with that of the frequency sweep portion 41 of the transmitted signal 40.
Operation of the circulator 35 will be well known to those skilled in the microwave arts and therefore not discussed in further detail. In operation, portions of the transmitted signal are also directly sent to the detector. Detector inputs now consist of the initially transmitted signal and the received signal delayed in time as indicated above. The mixing or detecting operation, also well known to those skilled in the radio frequency arts, provides an output frequency equal to the difference of the transmitted and returned signals. In the case of the invention disclosed herein, the mixed or difference signal 48 is in the audio frequency range characteristically 0.250 to 9.6 kilohertz for reflected signals traveling the distance 19 of 1 to 40 meters. A graphic representation of these return signals 48 are shown in FIG. 4d.
In keeping with the novel and inventive aspects of the applicants' invention, applicants have discovered that samples of the difference signal 48, taken in time synchronization with the period of the transmitted sweep signal 41, are stored for periods identical, i.e. having the same initial and terminal times, to that of the frequency sweep portion of the transmitted signal. This synchronous processing of difference signals, when transformed into the frequency domain, eliminates the phenomena known as frequency leakage. Non-synchronous sampling would result in introduction of additional frequency components, introducing frequency leakage errors into the signal representative of the tank ullage 19, in the mixed signal 48.
Applicants have further discovered that application of on-line direct Fourier transforms of the stored difference signals during the intervals Ts', indicated as 46 on FIG. 4c, provides a frequency domain representation 50 (reference FIG. 4e) of the measured and stored time domain return frequency 48, containing essentially all of the frequency components necessary to accurately determine the tank ullage 19 contained in the returned signal 42.
Further signal processing in the frequency domain in keeping with applicants' inventive discovery, proceeds with determination of a centroid of the synchronous frequency distribution of the return signal 48. With particular reference to FIG. 5, the now transformed signal 55 of the returned mixed signal 48 is shown in a SINx/x form. As those skilled in the art of transform mathematics will readily see, the SINx/x representation 55 shows as vertical components along the frequency axis here typified as 57 and 58, frequency components of the returned and mixed signal 48. As transformed, the components of the returned signal include extraneous frequency components returned to the antenna 15 through oblique reflection, noise, and non-direct radio frequency signals from other unknown sources. As these are not of interest in measuring the tank ullage, applicants have discovered that the frequency domain representation establishes a dominant frequency shown in FIG. 5 as component 56. An additional and substantial error is also introduced due to the relative non-linearity of the frequency sweep over its range of 9.5 to 10.5 gigahertz. In keeping with the invention disclosed, applicants have utilized techniques for linearizing sweep frequency voltages as are typically available from state-of-the-art equipment. Linearization is accomplished through generating a compensating control voltage wave form utilizing digital information stored in the central processor. Under control of the central processor, linearizing signals are applied to the voltage controlled oscillator portion of the variable frequency oscillator 27.
Novel aspects of the discovery disclosed herein can best be described through the following exemplary and nonlimiting example. For the case typically disclosed where the tank ullage range or distance of 40 meters is desired, the following well known relationship between return signal difference frequency, and other system parameters is representative; ##EQU1## where; B=the return signal frequency band width, i.e. the sweep frequency range of the oscillator 27 under sweep control 36 from the sweep linearizer 10.
R=40 meters, the desired measurement range.
T=0.025 seconds correponding to the sweep frequency period of oscillator 27 at 19 sweeps per second.
It should be noted that the sweep frequency is essentially an arbitrary quantity chosen to provide adequate measurement taking into account the maximum rate of change of the ullage 19.
c=3�108 meters/seconds, the speed of light and the transmitted signal.
If the above relationship is rearranged to determine the range R; ##EQU2##
Substituting the above constant provides the following;
R=fd /250
Since the difference frequency fd is measured to the accuracy of the quantity δf, then the corresponding accuracy of the range measurement δR is; ##EQU3##
Since, in the system disclosed, the sweep or sample frequency is approximately 18.75 hertz, the observational period is approximated by; ##EQU4##
In the frequency domain then, the return difference frequency represents a measured range increment δR equal to 1/250�53.3�10-3 =0.075 meters.
The above figure, i.e. 0.075 meters represents the basic distance which can be resolved through conventional conversion of the returned time domain signal fd in the frequency domain. Also, return signal errors in the above measurement are introduced by conventional instrumentation and measurement inaccuracies.
More importantly, errors due to corruption of the return signal spectrum in the frequency domain as would be transformed by prior art approaches, by inclusion of energy in the form of extraneous signals due to noise, uncontrollable, spurious reflections from inside the measuring tank or container, and other random energy measured as signals, are incorporated in the return signal fd. Prior art analog filtering methods suffer from inclusion of this error due to the non-linear characteristic of their filtering components. These errors are well known in the art as "frequency leakage".
In keeping with the invention disclosed herein, it has been discovered that frequency leakage can be substantially eliminated by synchronous measurement of predetermined time quantities of the return signal, as indicated earlier and shown in FIG. 4.
If synchronously measured and properly stored samples of the return difference signal are transformed or converted into the frequency domain utilizing a discreet fast Fourier transform, the frequency spectrum of the return signal fd is essentially preserved, allowing, in further keeping with the invention disclosed, determination of the centroid of the return signal spectrum, as a discreet frequency representing a measurement of the tank ullage having substantially increased accuracy.
In keeping with the invention disclosed, synchronous sampling of the returned frequency fd for an ullage or range value of 40 meters and a sweep sample rate of approximately 19 hertz, and a maximum return difference frequency fd of approximately 19�103 hz/second, a discreet number of sampling periods or bins synchronized in the above system is determined.
In order to avoid the frequency leakage inaccuracy, sampling periods for transformation by fast Fourier transform (FFT) as indicated above, the invention disclosed herein contemplates use of an integral number of bins or storage periods corresponding and synchronized to the oscillator frequency sweep. The number of storage bins also incorporates maximum storage sample frequency at least two times the maximum returned difference fd. Therefore, the number of bins or groups for storing values of the return frequency fd is; ##EQU5##
However, as the sampled period is one half the sweep period, 512 bins or samples can be used.
If 1025 or an integral number of sample periods or bins are measured and stored, in keeping with the invention disclosed, a fast Fourier transform of the return signal derived from the above bins will essentially eliminate frequency leakage. Therefore, the transformed difference signal fd in the frequency domain will demonstrate a spectrum of vertical lines, 55, 56, 57, and 58 (reference FIG. 5) providing a means for determining the most likely or carrier frequency in the measured samples of difference frequencies, i.e. frequency 56 of FIG. 5.
As will be discussed below, this technique in combination with conventional methods of determining centroids of the transformed frequency spectrum 55 provides a convenient method for improving the accuracy of the transform through introduction of zeros to prestored bins representing previously recorded values of return difference frequencies.
A zero introduction technique, a further aspect of the invention disclosed, allows the FFT to essentially generate a frequency spectrum over a sample period effectively made larger by the number of zeros added, resulting in increased accuracy in final determination of a frequency centroid.
Conventional digital signal processing using power spectral density analysis provide a means for determining the peak frequency 56 having a maximum amplitude and rejecting others, thereby increasing substantially the accuracy of tank ullage measurements. Frequency component 56 in essence, can be considered a "carrier" frequency having a time phase difference from the transmitted signal 41. The centroid location along the frequency axis, of a "typical" mixed return signal, is in fact a highly accurate representation of the time required for the radio frequency signal to traverse twice the distance between the antenna 15, and surface of the tank contents 20.
Applicants discovery therefore, provides a highly accurate mathematically rigorous method for isolating a single signal from the received signal after mixing, which provides a convenient method for rejection of spurious components. This approach attains accuracies in the order of +/-1.0 millimeter in distance measurements or tank ullage 19 of forty meters.
Computations including transformation of stored portions of the return signal 46 (reference FIG. 4c) into the frequency domain, and determination of the component or carrier 56 of the transformed difference signal 55 are performed continuously and on-line in the frequency analysis portion 9 of the central processing unit 7.
In operation, transmitted signal 8 from antenna 15 positioned closely adjacent to the tank surface at a range 19 from the surface 20, varies in frequency from 9.5 to 10.5 gigahertz at a sweep frequency of 18.75 hertz, giving a swept frequency period of 53.3 milliseconds as indicated above. Reflected signals 42 under control of the sweep control clock of the central processing unit 7 and TR switch 33, return via antenna 15 and circulator 35 to the detector/mixer 31.
Mixer or detector 31 generates a difference signal 48 which is returned to the frequency analysis portion 9 of the central processing unit 7 via the sweep linearizer 10. As the linearity of the frequency sweep, i.e. the linearity of the leading edge 41 of the transmitted signal, substantially affects the accuracy of ullage measurement, applicants' method utilizes the most linear portion of the sweep signal 4 (reference FIG. 3a). Applicants have discovered that adjustment of the utilized portion of sweep signal 4 is best accomplished in each assembled system. As the sweep signal is readily available in the display means of the processor 25, provision for adjusting the overall system so as to use the most linear portion of the sweep signal 4, are provided.
The CPU 7 generates a sampling pulse 46 in synchronization with transmitted signal 40. Typically, as indicated above, during the sampling period 44, 512 samples are stored at a frequency of 18.75 hertz.
Depending on the particular range or value of ullage 19, a difference signal 48 having a frequency of 0.250 to 9.6 kilohertz is generated during the swept portion 43 of transmitted signal 40. For a sampled signal having a period T, under control of the CPU 7, the sampled window is T/2 again in a synchronous relationship with the transmitted signal 43.
This method of sampling the mixer generated difference signal, when transformed into the frequency spectrum, provides discreet frequencies evenly spaced at 1/T, i.e. where T is the period of the transmitted swept signal, present in the frequency spectrum. Typically, frequency bin width is 18.75 hertz, corresponding to a sampling period of 53.3�10-3 seconds. Under these conditions, this represents 75 millimeters of ullage as shown above.
Returned and mixed signals from each storage bin after transformation from time to frequency domain are arrayed in a frequency domain representation roughly shown in FIG. 5. The representation in FIG. 5, while of the SINx/x configuration, is only typical, i.e. other amplitude/frequency distributions of the transformed signal can and may be obtained. The vertical frequency "spikes" 56, 57, and 58, represent discrete frequencies as transformed. Due to the synchronization of the sweep and sampling periods as shown in FIG. 4, these discrete frequencies are spaced at 1/Ts, that is, at a frequency spacing equal to the sample frequency. With particular reference to FIGS. 4d and 4e, the results of synchronous sampling of the difference signal 46 is shown. In particular, FIG. 4e represents the discrete frequency representation 50 of the time varying difference signal 48. It should be noted that synchronizing the period of the sweep frequency 41 with the sample period Ts' of FIG. 4c results in a frequency representation of the returned difference signal, having an identifiable dominant frequency represented by the peak of signal 56. Further to FIG. 4e, the band width of the dominant frequencies is equal to 2�1/T, where T is the period of the swept frequency signal 40.
Determination of the centroid of frequencies represented by the predetermined number of sample periods or bins, in this case 512, proceeds with transformation of the group of sampled signals in each bin from time to frequency domain with the consequent identification of a dominant frequency. The frequencies so determined are then scanned for maximum amplitude. In keeping with applicants' discovery, the frequency array in the vicinity of the maximum amplitude of the entire dominant frequency array is further refined to determine a unique frequency at the centroid of the power spectral density spectrum. This computation proceeds using centroid determining techniques well known to those skilled in the art, involving multiplying the amplitude of each frequency spike by its frequency from a predetermined zero or data reference point. The total sum of these products is then divided by the sum of all frequencies for each individual spike, thus determining the center or centroid frequency most representative of the true reflected signal from which an accurate value of ullage can be determined.
In keeping with the inventive concepts as disclosed, use of the power spectral density contained in the synchronously sampled signal when transformed into the frequency domain, and application of power spectral density techniques can reduce the resolution of any particular measurement along the time axis (reference FIGS. 4c, and 5) to plus or minus 1.0 millimeter at a maximum range of 40 meters.
With continuing reference to FIG. 4, measured distances represent return signals along a time axis returning later than, or lagging the swept transmitted signal 40, in time and frequency. In this case, the signal 42 represents the signal containing information by virtue of its time lag, essentially twice the distance between the transmitting antenna and surface of the contents of the tank 17.
Further, at each sampled window 43 having a sample period 44, information relative to the power spectral density distribution of the return signal 42 is made available in stored form. As discussed above, power spectral density (PSD) techniques provide a means for greatly increasing the accuracy of measurement through determination of a virtual carrier or fundamental frequency representative of the true time of transmission over a distance two times that between the transmitting antenna and the surface of the tank contents.
In order to utilize the carrier frequency domain information in a final determination of tank ullage, applicants have discovered that calculation of the centroid of the now transformed frequency domain difference signal incorporates the entire power spectral density of the transformed difference signal. This approach constitutes a major discovery in that, as indicated in FIG. 5, a unique or clearly identifiable carrier frequency depicted as 56, may not appear in the transformed difference signal. However, the use of power spectral density techniques (reference FIG. 5) in determining the relative magnitude and frequency of measured components present in the transformed difference signal, determines a "virtual" carrier incorporating or estimating the transformed components of the reflected wave utilizing a mathematically rigorous technique. The carrier frequency so determined provides a basis for measurement of tank ullage having greatly increased accuracy.
Further improvement in determining an accurate virtual carrier frequency from synchronously stored data can be accomplished through adding zeros to the individual bins in multiples of the initially collected group. In this case, as the initial storage proceeded on the basis of 512 storage intervals, adding an additional 512 zeros to each bin as located in the CPU, and proceeding with the transform, effectively provides transformed information based on 1,024 samples, resulting in substantially improved resolution of returned difference signals in the frequency domain. It should be noted that no new information is required and that due to the intermediate storage technique wherein bin data is available for processing, distance measurement can proceed with the initial 512 samples, followed by a further determination based on 1,024 samples. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the possibility for adding additional zeros and proceeding with a transform operation on the basis of integral multiples of 512, i.e. 1,024, 2,048, and so on.
Determination of the refined carrier frequency would then proceed as indicated above, wherein the maximum amplitude and centroid would be calculated for use in the range for tank ullage formula discussed below.
Exact determination of the tank ullage or distance 19 proceeds with the determination of a similar difference signal in a time sequential calibrate operation. The calibrate difference signal is determined through the use of periodic sweep radio frequency output passing through the transmit/receive (TR) switch 33, and entering the circulator 35 has an output to calibrated delay line 13 and an input from the calibrated delay line 13. In a manner similar to that described above for the transmitted antenna signal, a calibrate difference signal representative of time delay of a transmitted RF signal through the known length of calibration delay line 13 is similarly processed.
The now transformed and determined "virtual" carrier frequency of the returned delay line signal is used to determine a calibrate centroid of the returned delay line difference signal.
A corrected value of the range or ullage indicated earlier is therefore; ##EQU6## Where: R=the corrected value of measured range 19,
na =the centroid of the difference signal fd determined according to the disclosed invention in arbitrary units;
nc =the centroid of a returned calibrate distance determined according to the disclosed invention in arbitrary units;
Lc =the known length of the calibrate delay line 13;
Ro =an effective length correction for constant and determinable inaccuracies introduced by the radio frequency structure.
Tank ullage 19 can now be determined as being equal to one-half of the distance represented by time of signal travel from one end of the calibrate delay line, multiplied by a quotient, having a numerator equal to the centroid of the received antenna difference signal, and a denominator equal to the centroid of the calibrate difference signal. Determination of these signals and centroids was discussed above. A further correction for signal time delays inherent in the processing and measurement systems such as distance between the mixer, TR switch, and antenna are also incorporated. Typically, an average of two measurements, i.e. two determinations of the antenna difference signal incorporating a time to frequency transformation determined by 512 samples, and a similar measurement of the delay line difference frequency.
Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the disclosed invention a radar tank gauge that fully satisfies the objects, aims, and advantages set forth above. While the particular gauge as disclosed and its attendant signal processing technique has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, applicants intend to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 19, 1986
Owner name: IDEA, INCORPORATED, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS, A CORP
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:JEAN, BUFORD R.;NEWTON, RICHARD W.;BLANCHARD, ANDREW J.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004532/0884
Effective date: 19850816
|Nov 12, 1991
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 12, 1992
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 16, 1992
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19920412


text:
Apology To The Unknown Baker I Offended On Saturday
Lounge By mommachris Updated 13 Jun 2012 , 10:18pm by mommachris
At a Grace and Andrew's wedding here in California, I allowed my head to get too big, and offended another fellow baker.
I was not asked to make the cake at the wedding. I was asked by the wedding coordinator to cut the cake when someone else mentioned I had experience.
The reason I was there was as a favor to the bride's mother. She needed help and asked some friends to come and prep the food and serve it that day. I was so humbled that she would ask.
Some where along the day I forgot that I was there to serve and not to run the show.
I disrespected your method of cutting the tiers ( I was taught to disassemble the layers first) and in doing so I more than likely hurt your feelings.
I hope my apology that night was enough to earn your forgiveness. There is more than one way to cut a cake.
Thank you for allowing me to help you serve the guests your wonderful lemon dessert.
Again, I am so sorry I implied that you didn't know what you were doing. It was a lovely cake and the guest enjoyed it very much.
Since you said you have been doing cakes for five years I hoped that you are part of the community here and found this post.
I wish you happy baking.
It was very nice of you to apologize in a public forum. This is not a criticism, but I am curious to know how they suggested to cut the cake? I have only ever seen instructions that are based on removing the tiers. The best advice I've seen here also said to always cut the bottom tier and then up so that any left over cake is smaller and easier to take home.
I'm sure they were annoyed at you at the time but that's a pretty minor incident in the world of things and since you apologized I'm sure they're over it.
It's very thoughtful of you to apologize here.
In all honesty, I would have refused to cut the cake unless it was unstacked.
Yes, refused--because if an error is made while the cake remains stacked, it can result in a total disaster, something that I wouldn't want to be responsible for having occurred.
I was taught, and I always tell clients, to unstack the cake, remove the supports, and to cut the cake on a flat surface. Seeing the entire tier on a flat surface gives them better reference points for following the Wilton cutting guides.
It works for me, it works for them. There may be other ways to do it that work fine for other people, but I choose not to change something in which I'm so secure.
In other things in life, when I've been told to do something that makes me uncomfortable, I have no problem saying, "No. Thanks anyway. You do it yourself or find someone else to do it who ISN'T uncomfortable."
I've learned to trust my gut and just because nothing bad happened, it still doesn't mean I was wrong.
I think you are very gracious to consider the baker's feelings. But I am confused about why you are apologizing at all. I am also confused why anyone would have their nose out of joint about how you cut the cake.
It's simple. If the baker was a guest at the wedding, she was available to cut the cake that she made.
If she was there and directing you as to how to cut it, she shouldn't have directed you because the responsibility to cut the cake was falling on you.
BlakesCakes said it best . . ."There may be other ways to do it that work fine for other people, but I choose not to change something in which I'm so secure." . ."when I've been told to do something that makes me uncomfortable, I have no problem saying, "No".
You were a really nice person to go and help your friend. You should be allowed to feel special for that. You are special for that! It may be true that there are different ways to cut a cake. And others could have thought their way was better. Those people could have offered ahead of time to step in and have that responsibility.
But it appears that you were made to feel bad, and still have the responsibility upon you. That's not kind of the people who made you feel that way.
Meh...I cut still stacked if it's short enough. To each his own.
I fully intended to cut the cake after the baker walked away. So full of my abilities was I.
Then I ran into trouble with separating the layers. Instead of a normal single layer of cardboard there was a foil covered cake drum between the bottom and second layer. Not knowing that I attempted to lift the cake ABOVE the drum. It won't budge. The flimsy server and knife I had ( not my own equipment...I usually have a rimless cookie sheet to help me separate layers) was bending from the stress.
That is when I realized the this baker does things unconventionally and to attempt to go any farther would result in a disaster. In short...I don't know what all she had in there for supports, and it make me realize I needed to find her quick. A crowd of hungry guests was gathering with forks in hand.
I did end up cutting the bride's cake the way that the baker suggested. There was no way I could remove the tier ( too heavy). Nothing went wrong, people got dessert.
I wanted to back away from the whole thing and let her do it, but she asked me to help since there were actually two cakes to cut and she had no helper.
My daughter and I were guests at a wedding two weeks earlier. I'd made the cake for that bride but didn't serve it. I did swoop in and remove all the live flowers and their straws to make the job easier. Didn't serve the cake because the professional workers, I assumed, could serve it faster than I could. They did a fine job. I watched.