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Hardware-Software Implementation of a Sensor Network for City Traffic Monitoring Using the FPGA- and ASIC-Based Sensor Nodes
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This paper presents a prototype sensor network for monitoring urban traffic. The sensor network node, equipped with a low-resolution camera, observes the street and detects moving objects. Object detection is based on the custom video segmentation algorithm, using dual background subtraction, edge detection and shadow detection, running on dedicated multi-processor SoC hardware. The number and the speed of the detected objects are transmitted using a low-power license-free radio transceiver to another neighboring node. All the nodes create a self-organized network, data are aggregated at the nodes and passed further to the nodes closer to data sinks. Finally, information about the traffic flow is collected from the sinks and visualized on a PC. The prototype sensor network node has been realized in two versions: FPGA and ASIC. The ASIC version consumes approximately 500 mW and it can be powered from a photovoltaic solar panel combined with a single cell Li-Po battery. The comparison of power consumption of both versions has also been made. Apart from collecting traffic data, the proposed sensor network can gather environmental data, such as the temperature, the acoustic noise or the intensity of the sunlight. The set of 26 prototype sensors has been mounted on street lamp-poles on streets and tested in real conditions.
KeywordsWireless sensor networks Sensor systems Object detection
1 Introduction
Sensor networks are very useful in collecting data from large areas. Many potential examples of sensor networks can be found in the literature [1, 2, 3, 4]. The sensor network can also be effectively used for urban traffic. Traffic monitoring systems are very useful in providing management of the traffic flow and they can help in increasing the throughput and safety of the transportation and provide valuable information for planning of future road developments. Typically, detection of moving vehicles is done by inductive loops, passive infrared sensors, magnetometers, microphones, radars or microwave sensors [5, 6, 7, 8]. Also, high-resolution cameras connected to the monitoring center using high-bandwidth cables or fiber optic links are often used but collecting data from remote sensors is usually very expensive as far as installation and usage are concerned. In recent years, an automatic video detection has been becoming more popular in the literature. There are many algorithms and systems for this purpose. Unfortunately, most of them work with high-resolution images and require significant computing power, which is not suitable for low-power sensor networks. The paper [9] contains a survey of various image detection algorithms, from simple background subtraction to optical flow and stereo vision methods. In [10], the authors present the algorithm dedicated for existing street cameras, which uses background subtraction with the Bayesian Network Classifier. The background subtraction is also used in the algorithm described in [11, 12], where pixels are modeled as the mixture of Gaussians and the pixel model is learned using the EM algorithm. The mixture of Gaussian for low-level tracking is also proposed in [13], while high-level position estimation is done using the Kalman filter. The PC-based system described in [14] utilizes the probability-based foreground extraction, with color image processing and shadow removal. Two separate algorithms for day and night operation are proposed in [15]: the spatio-temporal analysis is used during daytime, the morphological analysis of headlights is used at night, the collected information is processed with the forward chaining rule production system. Another approach is described in [16], where the outlines of the detected cars are represented as quadratic B-spline curves. The 3-D model consisting of the edge segments is matched with 2-D image segments in [17]. In [18] an adaptive background estimation on image divided into non-overlapped blocks is described, with PC-based implementation capable of 15 fps image processing. In [19, 20], FPGA-based implementations are proposed, where some regions of interest are defined and analyzed in the observed image. The self-contained computer system running Linux with the attached camera is described in [21], where the authors demonstrate the application of simple background detection algorithm. Traffic detection based on frame differencing, background subtraction and virtual induction coils are presented in [22]. [23] contains camera detection systems evaluation and optimal camera placement considerations. Other video detection systems use statistical approach using principal component analysis and independent component analysis [24], neural network approach with multilayer feed-forward neural network [25], support vector machine [26] or symmetry-based vehicle detection [27, 28].
The motivation of the presented work was to propose the low cost method (in terms of the hardware and the maintenance costs) of measuring the city traffic. The set of small, low-power, autonomous devices (i.e. sensor network nodes), taken out-of-the-box and attached to the street lamp-poles, is able to evaluate the traffic using their built-in cameras and to transmit traffic data to the central computer, using the self-organized radio network (even ad-hoc installation is possible in emergency situations). Data collected by the network can be used for many purposes, such as: informing citizens by local radio station or internet, detecting extraordinary traffic events, guiding the emergency vehicles to achieve their goal more quickly or interacting with the traffic lights to improve the traffic flow, resulting in a decrease in traffic jams and environmental pollution. Compared to the standard vehicle detection method with the inductive loops, the use of small sensor network nodes has many benefits: simple installation, lack of wire connections, independent radio communication, possibility to estimate the speed, direction and size of the vehicles, capture and transmission of single images to the monitoring center.
In this paper, a sensor network for monitoring the traffic of the vehicles on the street of a city is described. The design target is a low-power sensor network node capable of estimating the traffic flow, due to the carefully developed video detection algorithms and proper hardware/software co-design. The node of the sensor network is designed to be installed on street lamp-poles to observe the scene from the location high above the road. Analysis of the video stream locally by each node of the sensor network significantly reduces the amount of data which needs to be transmitted over the radio, further decreasing the energy usage. The nodes are capable of detecting car traffic; additionally, single images from the nodes' cameras can be sent, informing the operator, for example, about snow on the street.
The layout of the paper is as follows: in section II, the authors present the algorithm and realization of the image processing for moving object detection. Section III describes the protocol and organization of the radio communication network. The details about the realization of the prototype nodes are given in section IV. The results of the sensor network operation and conclusions are presented in sections V and VI, respectively
2 Moving Object Detection
Low–Level Image Processing
The authors decided to use two background models concurrently [30, 31, 32, 33]: long-term with non-selective update and short-term with selective background update. In this way, the stopped objects are initially not included into the selective background, but after a while become a part of the non-selective background. After being part of the non-selective background, the stopped object is not detected any more, thus it can be quickly included into the selective background too.
The assigned tasks for PPs.
The non-selective background maintenance. Calculation of mask mB. Storing It-1.
The selective background maintenance. Calculation of mask mS.
Calculation of masks mSH and mET.
Calculation of masks mES, mHI and mX.
Indexing of the detected objects (phase 1).
Indexing of the detected objects (phase 2). Generating image after indexation. Generation of the tables with objects' parameters.
Calculating the combination of the masks mN and mS.
Calculating the combination of the masks mES and mET.
Erosion of mask mSH.
Generating the final combination of masks. Erosion of the final mask mBEHSX.
Dilation of the final mask mBEHSX.
High–Level Tracking
The attributes assigned to each detected blob B.
The time of creation of the blob B.
x0B, y0B
The coordinates of the center of the rectangle representing the blob B at the time t0B.
xB, yB
The coordinates of the center of the rectangle representing the blob B at the current time.
The current size of the rectangle representing the blob B.
\( {{\overline {{X}} }_{{B}}}{,}\,{{\overline {{Y}} }_{{B}}} \)
The average size of the rectangle representing the blob B since t0B, updated at every frame.
\( {{\overline {{V}} }_{{B}}} \)
The average velocity of the blob B since t0B, updated at every frame.
\( {{\overline \alpha }_B} \)
The average movement direction of the blob B since t0B, updated at every frame.
The number of pixels of the real blob represented by the rectangle B.
The quality of the movement path of the blob B, calculated according to the equations:
\( \matrix{ {{{\text{q}}_{{{\text{B,}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{0B}}}}}}\,{ = }\,0} \\ {{{\text{q}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}}\,{ = }\,{{\text{q}}_{{{\text{B,t - 1}}}}}{ + }2Q - \left| {{{\text{x}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} - {{\text{x}}_{{{\text{B,t - 1}}}}} - {{{\overline {\Delta X} }}_{{{\text{B,t - 1}}}}}} \right| - \left| {{{\text{y}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} - {{\text{y}}_{{{\text{B,t - 1}}}}} - {{{\overline {\Delta Y} }}_{{{\text{B,t - 1}}}}}} \right|} \\ }<!end array> \)
\( {{\overline {\Delta {{X}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} \), \( {{\overline {\Delta {{Y}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} \)—the average differences between the traveled distance by the blob B at two consecutive time moments t-1 and t for the direction x and y, respectively;
Q—acceptable change of \( {{\overline {\Delta {{X}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} \), \( {{\overline {\Delta {{Y}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} \) for consecutive frames, assumed value of Q = 2.
In further considerations, the blob's and model's time indexes will be omitted, unless necessary.
The attributes assigned to each model M.
The time of creation of the blob replaced by the model M.
x0M, y0M
The coordinates of the center of the rectangle M at the time t0M.
xM, yM
The current coordinates of the center of the rectangle M, calculated as: \( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{{\text{x}}}_{{{\text{M}},{\text{t}}}}} = {{{\text{x}}}_{{{\text{M}},{\text{t}} - 1}}} + {{{\text{V}}}_{{\text{M}}}}\,\cos \left( {{{\alpha }_{{\text{M}}}}} \right)} \\ {{{{\text{y}}}_{{{\text{M}},{\text{t}}}}} = {{{\text{y}}}_{{{\text{M}},{\text{t}} - 1}}} + {{{\text{V}}}_{{\text{M}}}}\,\sin \left( {{{\alpha }_{{\text{M}}}}} \right)} \\ \end{array} \)
The size of the rectangle M.
The velocity of the model M.
The movement direction of the model M.
Time to live for the model M. At every time step, the value of TM is decreased by 1. If TM = 0, the model is deleted (applicable only for the short-term model, as explained in the text).
The value informing about the size of the model, relative to the size of a typical car:
1 = small when w < 0.5·Wt
2 = normal when 0.5·Wt ≤ w ≤ 3·Wt
3 = big when w > 3·Wt
w is calculated as the width of car cast in the direction of its movement;
Wt is the width of a typical car (2 m).
Overview of situations when model is created and deleted. The details are presented in form of the rules in the text.
Model is created
A blob disappears or changes its shape.
Model is deleted
A blob and a model are close together, move in similar direction with similar speed.
A blob and a model overlap and their position is constant.
Two models are close together, they move in similar direction with similar speed and one of them is small.
Two models overlap and they move in similar direction with similar speed.
- rule #1
IfBlobSizeChange(Ba,t, Ba,t+1) ≥ 50 % then
Ma,t+1 = NewModelFromBlob(Ba,t)
Bb,t+1 = NewBlob(Ba,t+1)
- rule #2
IfBlobDisappeared(Bt) thenMt+1 = NewModelFromBlob(Bt)
- rule #3
IfDistance(B, M) < Dminand\( \left| {{{\text{V}}_M} - {{{\overline {\text{V}} }}_B}} \right| < {\text{V}}\,min \)andAngleDifference(\( {{\overline \alpha }_{B}},{{\alpha }_{M}} \)) < αminandt0B < t0MthenBlobAbsorbsModel(B, M).
- rule #4
IfOverlap(B, M) > 50 % and\( {{\overline {{V}} }_B} = 0 \)andVM = 0 thenDeleteModel(M)
- rule #5
IfSpeedDifference(\( {{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{a}}}}}}{, }{{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{b}}}}}} \)) < 50 % andAngleDifference(\( {{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{a}}}}}}},\,{{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{b}}}}}}} \)) < αminandDistance(Ma, Mb) < Dminand (\( {{{\text{S}}}_{{{{M}_{a}}}}} = {\text{small}} \)or\( {{\text{S}}_{{{{{M}}_{{b}}}}}} = {\text{small}} \)) thenConsolidateModels(Ma, Mb)
- rule #6
IfSpeedDifference(\( {{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{a}}}}}}{, }{{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{b}}}}}} \)) < 50 % andAngleDifference(\( {{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{a}}}}}}},\,{{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{b}}}}}}} \)) < αminandOverlap(Ma, Mb) < min(\( {\text{t}} - {{\text{t}}_{{0{{{M}}_{{a}}}}}} \), 100) thenConsolidateModels(Ma, Mb)
- rule #7
IfSpeedDifference(\( {{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{a}}}}}}{, }{{{V}}_{{{{{M}}_{{b}}}}}} \)) < 50 % andAngleDifference(\( {{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{a}}}}}}},\,{{\alpha }_{{{{{\text{M}}}_{{\text{b}}}}}}} \)) < αminand (Overlap(Ma, Mb) < min(\( {\text{t}} - {{\text{t}}_{{0{{{M}}_{{a}}}}}} \), 100) orOverlap(Ma, Mb) < min(\( {{t}} - {{{t}}_{{0{{{M}}_{{b}}}}}} \), 100)) thenConsolidateModels(Mb, Ma)
- rule #8
IfNewModelFromBlob(B) and\( {{\overline {\text{V}} }_{\text{B}}} \) and \( {{\overline \alpha }_{{\text{B}}}} \) are not known then create a new short-term model M using the parameters of B and TM = TMIN .
Short-term model is supposed to live shortly and it will disappear after TMIN frames. It is used to track "blinking" moving blobs, for which it is difficult to estimate \( {{\overline {\text{V}} }_{\text{B}}} \) and \( {{\overline \alpha }_{{\text{B}}}} \) due to their short existence on the screen. TMIN = 6 has been set experimentally for frame rate 32 fps.
- rule #9
IfNewModelFromBlob(B) and\( {{\overline {\text{V}} }_{\text{B}}} \) and \( {{\overline \alpha }_{{\text{B}}}} \) are known and\( {{\overline {\text{V}} }_{\text{B}}} < {{V}_{\text{MAX}}} \)and not (is_human(B)) and\( {{\text{q}}_{\text{B}}} > {{\text{Q}}_{\text{MIN}}} \)then create new model M using the parameters of B.
the maximum allowed speed for the vehicle
- Dmin
the minimum allowed distance (assumed 4 pixels)
- αmin
the minimum allowed angle, assumed αmin = 45°
the maximum speed for walking human
the constant defining the minimum and maximum number of pixels, respectively, for the blob recognized as a person. The values of PHMIN and PHMAX are calculated to represent the area of 0.75 m2 and 3 m2, respectively, at the image after geometrical transformation.
the constant defining the minimum allowed object's movement path quality qB.
- \( {{\overline {\Delta {\text{X}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}},\,{{\overline {\Delta {\text{Y}}} }_{{{\text{B,T}}}}} \)
the average differences between the traveled distance by the blob B at two consecutive time moments t-1 and t for the direction x and y, respectively.
- acceptable change of \( {{\overline {\Delta {\text{X}}} }_{{{\text{B,t}}}}},\,{{\overline {\Delta {\text{Y}}} }_{{{\text{B,T}}}}} \) for consecutive frames, assumed value of Q = 2.$$ {\text{BlobSizeChange}}\left( {{{\text{B}}_{\text{t}}},{{B}_{{{\text{t}} + 1}}}} \right) = max\left( {\frac{{\left| {{{\text{X}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} - {{\text{X}}_{{{\text{B,t}} + 1}}}} \right|}}{{max\left( {{{\text{X}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}},{{\text{X}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} + 1} \right)}},\frac{{\left| {{{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} - {{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{B,t}} + 1}}}} \right|}}{{max\left( {{{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}},{{\text{Y}}_{{{\text{B,t}}}}} + 1} \right)}}} \right) $$(5)
- Distance(B, M)
- the shortest distance between the outlines of two rectangles: B and M. If the rectangles overlap, the distance is 0.$$ SpeedDifference\left( {{{\text{V}}_1}{,}{{\text{V}}_2}} \right) = \frac{{\left| {{{\text{V}}_1} - {{\text{V}}_2}} \right|}}{{max\left( {{{\text{V}}_1},{{\text{V}}_2}} \right)}}100\% $$(6)
- AngleDifference(α1,α2)
the difference between two angles α1 and α2.
- Overlap(B, M)
returns % of overlapping area between the rectangles B and M with respect to the area of B.
- BlobAbsorbsModel(B, M)
the attributes' values of the model M are copied to the blob B and the model M is deleted.
- ConsolidateModels(Ma, Mb)
the models Ma and Mb are compared and the model which exists shorter is deleted, the remaining model is updated with the speed and moving direction as the average of the respective values from Ma and Mb.
The rules have been presented in a simplified form to aid the readability, in fact more conditions are checked, i.e. to protect from processing invalid data, division by 0, etc.
The moving models which leave the picture frame are filtered and only those considered as reliable are counted. The model is considered reliable if it comes from a blob that has been moving smoothly for some time (depending on the quality qB of the movement path) or it has been often overlapping with blobs moving with similar size, speed and direction. The traffic flow data are constantly updated, the moving vehicles are classified according to their speed and direction—this information is periodically transmitted by the radio to a nearby node which is closer to the data sink.
3 Data Transfer in the Sensor Network
The bit lengths of the transmission headers in different protocols.
Length [bits]
MAC header
802.15.4, (PHY + MAC header)
Protocol used in this paper. Header already contains its own 16-bit CRC. Each header (including Ack) contains additional data about the state of the transmitting node: battery state, external power supply, data buffer level.
The comparison of the most important parameters of 802.15.4 and the protocol presented in this paper.
The protocol used in this the presented sensor network node
Beacon interval
approx. 15 ms–4 min.
100 s
Access to the transmission medium
Contention based and contention free periods
Only contention free.
Number of channels
1 at 868 MHz
1 at 868.5 MHz
10 at 902–928 MHz
16 at 2400–2483.5 MHz
Data rate (at 868 MHz band)
20 kbps
38.4 kbps
Preamble length
32 bits
10 bits
Transmission Time ttx
Startup and Discovery of the Neighbors
At the startup, each node enters the discovery mode, when it continuously listens to the transmitted beacons, identifies neighbors and saves neighbors' transmission times ttx,i. To find new nodes and accommodate the network topology changes, the discovery mode is periodically repeated. This is similar to the procedure used in S-MAC protocol [35].
The general structure of the frame.
HEADER (64-bits)
PAYLOAD (0…1920 bits)
CRC (32 bits)
frame type, source and destination address, frame length, header's CRC
beacon data, 128-bit data packets (PKT)
CRC of the payload
The structure of the single 128-bit payload packet PKT.
PKT_ID (4-bits) (type of the packet)
PKT_ADDR (12 bits)
PKT_REALTIME (32 bits)
PKT_DATA (64-bits) (content depends on the PKT_ID)
PKT_CRC (16 bits)
PKTID_DATA1 (basic car traffic info)
Address of the source node
Time stamp
The number and the average speed of the detected cars in the last minute for each of four directions (N, E, W, S).
CRC of the payload
PKTID_DATA2 (environmental data)
Ambient temperature, sun intensity, etc.
PKTID_DATA3 (node working parameters)
Node's battery state, number of detected neighbors, IDs of the first eight neighbors.
PKTID_DATA4 (camera image)
64 bits of camera image data.
Each node switches on its receiver at the time ttx,i to listen to the possible transmission of the i-th neighbor. If the receiving node is not an addressee of the data transmission, it switches off its receiver just after receiving the header, in order to avoid overhearing.
Car traffic data in the sensor network are regularly transmitted from the nodes to the data sinks using data frames. To provide the ability of sending information in the reverse direction, i.e. from the sink to distributed nodes, the configuration frame is used. The configuration frame is transmitted without acknowledgement. Each node, after receiving a new configuration packet, simply retransmits it several times. This simple mechanism causes a heavy load of radio links but it is used rarely and only for service purposes, such as configuring remote nodes' parameters, updating the firmware (FPGA nodes only) or the software.
Data Protection
Each packet header is protected with 16-bit CRC, so the receiver can quickly verify the integrity of the header and the addressee of the packet without receiving the whole packet. Additionally, the payload has its own 32-bit CRC.
The header is transmitted using plain text, while the payload (PKT_DATA) is encrypted using AES with symmetric key. The hardware encryption, compared to the software encryption, has better energy efficiency measured in energy/bit, thus each node has the hardware encryption block. Decryption is used occasionally by the nodes (except the sink nodes), so it has been implemented in the software.
The 3 prioritized AES keys have been used: KEY1 and KEY2 are the same for all the nodes, the KEY3 is different for each node. During regular transmission, the KEY1 is used. To change the KEY1, the KEY2 is required. At a regular time interval, the change of the KEY1 (protected by KEY2) is commanded by the sink node. The KEY3 enables changes to the KEY1 and KEY2 and it should be used in case of a node's takeover.
4 Hardware Realization of the Sensor Network
Block Diagram of the Sensor Network Nodes
Hardware Implementation
The resources used in the FPGA implementation using Xilinx Virtex-4 XC4VLX60.
Total used
Flip Flops
10 325
LUTs (used as logic)
30 784
Total number of LUTs
31 676
Occupied Slices
19 220
18 Kb Block RAMs
The resources used in ASIC implementation using Faraday library and UMC 130 nm CMOS process.
Total used
Flip Flops
18 478
Primitives (gates, buffers, flip flops, etc.)
549 062
Chip area
25 mm2
Memory blocks
Memory bits
1 661 952
5 Simulation and Test Results
Object Detection
Evaluation of vehicle detection rate for the sensor network node for various scenes. As the reference, 100 cars were counted by the human operator in each test.
Network Data Transmission
The sensor network has been simulated to estimate the traffic parameters. The proposed sensor network is based on non-standard communication protocol and the use of popular simulation packages such as ns2 would require the creation of the exact communication model of the node. Instead of this, the authors decided to embed the exact copy of the node's software into the custom simulator written in C++. In this way there is no need to create the separate simulation model of the node and the simulation results are very close to reality.
Parameters of the proposed radio protocol.
Typical data stream generated by the node
9 bps
Maximal throughput—raw frames at single link (node to node)
651 bps
Maximal throughput—data packets at single link (node to node)
620 bps
Node's maximal number of neighbors
Power Consumption
The Sensor Network Installation
Apart from the current state of the traffic, the history of the traffic for each node and each direction can be displayed in the form of a time graph. The operator can also: configure a single parameter of each node, reset the node, update its software or download logs or single camera pictures, however these operations work slowly due to the low throughput of the radio network. Each node is also equipped with on-board temperature sensor and A/D converters for measuring the solar panel and battery voltages and currents. The proposed network protocol has dedicated data slots for transmitting 8-bit values of the measured temperature, noise, sun intensity and node's internal battery state.
6 Conclusions
This work represents an attempt to solve the problem of measuring street traffic using a sensor network. For the purpose of video detection, dedicated multi-processor hardware and algorithms have been developed. The system has been realized as a relatively low-power device, with low hardware and software resource usage.
The video detection of the vehicles is realized using low-resolution images and simplified algorithms, thus its accuracy is not high, but it seems appropriate for a rough estimation of the traffic flow. The reduction of video data from 8 bits to 4 bits resulted in a decreased sensitivity for low-light scenes.
The sensor network nodes acquire data about car traffic and environmental parameters, such as temperature or the voltage from the solar panel, and they transmit them by the radio in the compressed form to the node closer to the sink. Other measured parameters, such as acoustic noise level, can be easily added, giving the possibility to monitor the noise in the area of the city. For that purpose, a self-organizing multi-hop radio network protocol has been designed, responsible for downloading data from the remote nodes to the sinks. Data are aggregated at the nodes to decrease the number of radio transmissions. The radio protocol also enables the uploading of data to configure the remote nodes. Despite using 500 mW transceivers, the transmission range was only 900 m, which requires dense location of the nodes. In some situations, it might be more convenient to install GSM transceivers for the remote nodes.
The sensor network node has been practically realized in two versions: FPGA and ASIC and compared with each other. The network consisting of 26 nodes has been tested in real conditions for more than 12 months. The achieved detection rate (as shown in Table 11) was enough to report the traffic flows in the monitored area. The radio transmission performance was very close to the simulation results. In the case of transmission problems, the large nodes' data buffers were able to buffer data locally for up to 30 min, waiting for the radio link improvement. The installation was successfully collecting data, which were recorded and visualized on a PC, proving the usefulness of this idea.
This work was supported in part by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under R&D grant no. R02 014 01.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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- 24.Wang, C., & Lien, J.-J. J. (2008). Automatic vehicle detection using local features—A statistical approach. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 9(1), 83–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Junior, O. L., & Nunes, U. (2008). "Improving the generalization properties of neural networks: An application to vehicle detection" (pp. 310–315). Oct: Proc IEEE Conf. Intell. Transp. Syst.Google Scholar
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- 28.Chan, Y., Huang, S., Fu, L., & Hsiao, P. (2007). "Vehicle detection under various lighting conditions by incorporating particle filter" (pp. 534–539). Oct: Proc IEEE Conf. Intell. Transp. Syst.Google Scholar
- 29.Wójcikowski, M., Żaglewski, R., & Pankiewicz, B. (2012). FPGA-based real-time implementation of detection algorithm for automatic traffic surveillance sensor network. Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 68(1), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Cucchiara, R., Grana, C., Piccardi, M., Prati, A. (2000). "Statistic and knowledge-based moving object detection in traffic scenes", in IEEE Proc. Intell. Transp. Syst., Dearborn, MI, pp. 27–32.Google Scholar
- 31.Elgammal, A., Harwood, D., Davis, L.S. (2000). "Non-parametric model for background subtraction" in European Conf. Computer Vision, Dublin, Ireland, vol. II, pp. 751–767.Google Scholar
- 32.Duque, D., Santos, H., Cortez, P. (2005). "Moving Object Detection Unaffected by Cast Shadows, Highlights and Ghosts", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, pp. 413–416.Google Scholar
- 33.Porikli, F., Ivanov, Y., Haga, T. (2008). "Robust abandoned object detection using dual foregrounds", EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.Google Scholar
- 34.Cucchiara, R., Granna, C., Piccardi, M., Prati, A., Sirotti, S. (2001). "Improving Shadow Suppression in Moving Object Detection with HSV Color Information", in Proc. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Conf., Oakland, CA, pp. 334–339.Google Scholar
- 35.Ye, W., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2002). "An energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks". New York: Proc INFOCOM 2002 IEEE Press.Google Scholar


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Thursday, July 10, 2014
Last Call for the Summer School and Latin Course
The Latin Course is a must for anyone wanting to bone up on Latin in a Catholic environment. Let by Fr John Hunwicke and Fr Richard Bailey. Details and booking here.
The Summer School is a fabulous event, not to be missed, in a fantastic Catholic venue, the Franciscan Retreat Centre at Pantasaph in North Wales - a short distance from Holywell and Flint, and half an hour from Chester. Students come year after year - don't let your children miss out!
There is NO FEE. Parents can donate what they want. Donations from others are very welcome too!
The St Catherine's Trust Summer School takes place from Sunday 27th to Sunday 3rd August, for children aged 11-18. We have the Traditional Mass every day, the children are introduced to a wide range of subjects of Catholic interest - as well as catechism, art, music, history, literature, philosophy - and make friends with children from like-minded families from all over the country, and beyond.
This is the last call to sign up. We've already got more students than last year, and there's always a late rush, but please don't leave it to the last minute!
To apply please use our downloadable application form, or apply online.
Posted by Joseph Shaw at 6:00 pm
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


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Bleu "Jackpot" Damon Alberts (born March 19th, 1994) is a demigod son of Zeus.
Luck Isn't Compatible With Smarts
He swaps identities with his brother Henri when the latter falls in love.
He's super lucky, so he has the nickname Jackpot. He replaced John Moschitta as the fastest talker in 2007.
He can be a jock, but he stands up for his brother. He has longish blonde hair, blue-grey eyes, and pale skin. He was born an hour after his brother. He is 5'10 and weighs 132 lbs.
Theme Songs
- Whoa Oh Me Vs Everyone by Forever The Sickest Kids
- Can create hurricanes
- Controls lightning
- Controls electricity
- Zeus (Father)
- Henri Benjamin Alberts (Twin brother)
- Other children of Zeus (Half-siblings)


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A fall protection plan can't be drafted by just anyone.
So who must draft the plan?
A competent person must draft your fall protection plan
Your fall protection plan must be completed by a competent person (a fall protection specialist.)
The Health & Safety Advisor says SAQA Unit Standard 229994 requires a competent person to assess the worksite for working at heights and must prepare a fall protection plan.
The competent person must have received training in:
If your plan isn't drafted by a competent person, you could be fined or be jailed.
Don't take that risk. Make sure a competent person with the necessary training drafts your fall protection plan.
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Garrett Selleys: Xanax Makes Me Want to Burglarize Cars
According to the medical website drugs.com, some of the side effects of Xanax include decreased sexual desire or ability, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, light-headedness, nausea, tiredness, and weight changes.
One of the more severe side effects (as you can see in the mugshot to the right) is red, swollen blistered, or peeling skin.
The unexplained desire to burglarize a car, however, is not on the list, but being under the influence of the drug is the explanation 23-year-old Garrett Selleys gave police as to why he broke into a car and stole an iPad earlier this year.
Selleys was arrested yesterday after police tracked an iPad stolen out of a vehicle in August to a pawn shop -- and then to Selleys.
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According to court records obtained by New Times, on August 22, the victim reported his iPad -- worth about $700 -- was stolen out of his car.
Police tracked down the stolen iPad at the Mo' Money Pawn Shop at 1152 East Indian School Road in Phoenix, where transaction records showed that the iPad was sold by Selleys -- he used his Arizona driver's license as identification for the sale, and even signed the pawn receipt with his own name.
Yesterday, police tracked down Selleys at his girlfriend/co-defendant's house. When the cops dropped by, Selleys and his girlfriend, 22-year-old Brittany Joann Reppert, were in possession of seven grams of heroin, syringes, baggies, and a scale.
The couple admitted to police that they'd done heroin and snorted bath salts the night before. Then Selleys told police about the August burglary.
According to Selleys, he and a friend, "Jack," were walking late at night near the victim's house when they broke into the unlocked car and took the iPad.
The two went back to Jack's place to sleep, and in the morning Selleys took the iPad to the pawn shop, where he hawked the device to get money for drugs.
When asked why he stole the iPad, Selleys told police he was under the influence of Xanax. When he's on Xanax, he explained to police, the drug makes him want to break into cars.
Selleys -- an admitted drug addict who's currently on probation -- was booked into jail on one count each of narcotic drug possession for sale, possession of drug paraphernalia, burglary, trafficking stolen property, and narcotic drug possession for use.
Reppert also was arrested on similar charges.
As a friendly reminder to not become a heroin addict, have a look below at the couple during what appear to be happier times (compliments of Reppert's Facebook page -- ironically, Reppert's favorite quote is "A friend will bail you out of jail... A best friend will be in the cell next to yours saying, damn that was fun!").
Brittany Reppert's Facebook page
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If you've watched films and TV shows with helicopters featured in the scenes, you'd see what you'd expect to see: the helicopter's blades spinning quickly, appearing as a blur – Continue Reading »
Home / Archive by Category "Videos"
Roger Brooks is a Vancouver based architectural, interior & landscape photographer. And he is pretty damn good at what he does. Roger has put together an interesting video on Continue Reading »


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Six was a Sloathe.
On an incursion to Rubri, Six was wounded and abandoned. It was nurtured to health by the native polymorphs, whose form it eventually adopted. It eventually became a crewmember of the Schirron Dream. Six sacrificed itself by attacking the TARDIS with its phobia-inducing sting. This caused the TARDIS to lash out and kill Six and destroy the thing that had been Trenkor Lep, saving the TARDIS and its occupants. (PROSE: Sky Pirates!)


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|Courtesy of Emily Heller
Moving to the Chardonnay, I realized I had found a producer that really understands his trade. Showcasing chardonnay in a way I have been seeking out for a number of years. Produced in stainless steel this exemplary chardonnay remains bright, flavorful and keeps the integrity of the grape. Don't get me wrong, there are a lot of chardonnays being made in stainless steel but many fall short as some winemakers may be transitioning out of heavily oaked chardonnays to please the mass market's palate. Terra Savia does an extraordinary job at presenting the chardonnay grape in its original and fruity form. I think this has a lot to do with their sustainable practices, experience and passion.
|Courtesy of TerraSavia.com
In addition to their wines, Terra Savia also produces Olive Oil a secret (or not so secret) obsession of mine and honey through cultivating their own bees. Their land also serves as a Wildlife Rescue dedicated to the wise Owls which you will find gracing their label. With over 1000 species of plants and animals thriving on the property, this sounds like much more than just a great place to grow grapes but a wildlife retreat focused on sustainability.
Next time you are in Hopeland, Ca., make an appointment to tour and meet Jim who will tell you all about the Owl adventures happening at their oasis in Mendocino. Visit Terra Savia for more information.
Charlotte :)


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It's easy to determine the weight of a princess-cut diamond when you have a scale, but can you calculate the carats of such a stone without weighing it? Let's see how you can estimate the weight of a princess-cut diamond by its measurements.
Princess Cut Shape and Important Measurements
Princess-cut diamonds have a rectangular shape, and most such stones are square (or approximately square), i.e., all their sides are equal.
The most important dimensions of a princess-cut diamond you should be familiar with are its length, width, and depth:
- The length and the width of a princess-cut stone are measured along the girdle, which is the widest part of the diamond.
- The depth of a princes-cut diamond is the vertical distance from its flat top (the table) to its bottom.
These are the measurements you need to know in order to estimate the weight of a princess-cut diamond. Let's see how this is done.
Formula for Estimating the Weight of a Princess-Cut Diamond
The formula for calculating the carat weight of princess-cut diamonds is the following:
Weight (ct) = Length (mm) x Width (mm) x Depth (mm) x Coefficient
You already know how the length, width, and depth of a princess-cut stone are defined and how to measure them.
What you also need to know is how to calculate the value of the coefficient, which depends on the length-to-width ratio of the diamond.
To figure out the coefficient value, divide the length of the diamond by its width, and then find below the value that is closest to the result you got:
- Ratio closest to 1.25: Coefficient = 0.0080
- Ratio closest to 1.50: Coefficient = 0.0090
- Ratio closest to 2.00: Coefficient = 0.0100
- Ratio closest to 2.50: Coefficient = 0.0105
After you've determined which of the ratios above is closest to the length-to-width ratio of your diamond, use the corresponding coefficient in the formula to estimate the stone's weight.
A worked example: Suppose you have a princess-cut diamond with a length of 5.5 mm, width of 5 mm, and depth of 4 mm.
Its length-to-width ratio will be equal to 1.1 (5.5/5), and the coefficient value will be equal to 0.008. Using the formula, this is how the carat weight of the stone will be calculated:
Weight = 5.5 x 5 x 4 x 0.008 = 0.88 carats
Most princess-cut diamonds have square dimensions, or ones that are very close to square, so in most cases, their length-to-width ratios will be close to 1, and the coefficient you will need to use will be equal to 0.008.
Don't forget that this formula gives you only an approximation of a diamond's carat weight, so be aware that you will need to factor in some margin of error when interpreting the result.
Millimeter-to-Carat Conversion Table for Princess-Cut Diamonds
If you want a quick way of estimating the weight of a princess-cut diamond, you can reference a millimeter-to-carat conversion table.
The one below contains the most common diamond carat weights and shows what side length corresponds to each carat value.
These values are for square princess-cut diamonds, so it is assumed that all their sides are equal in length:
3.5 mm – 0.25 ct
4.4 mm – 0.50 ct
5.0 mm – 0.75 ct
5.5 mm – 1.00 ct
6.0 mm – 1.25 ct
6.4 mm – 1.50 ct
7.0 mm – 2.00 ct
8.0 mm – 3.00 ct
The values in this table are calculated assuming a certain proportion of the depth of the stone to its length, but your diamond won't necessarily have the same dimensions.
So, use these values only as a general guideline – they are not meant to replace a more precise calculation.
Where to Buy Diamonds and Diamond Jewelry?
For diamond jewelry, we highly recommend James Allen (read our review) because it shows real photos and videos for each diamond so you can take a 360-degree look at any stone before buying it.
Also read our Diamond Buying Guide and check out our selection of eye-clean diamonds.
Looking to Sell Your Jewelry?
To sell diamond jewelry or watches, go to WP Diamonds and fill out the valuation form to get an estimated price.
If you have gold, silver or platinum to sell, check out the Ross-Simons Gold Exchange.


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Stunning views over open countryside towards the Welsh border are enjoyed by visitors to this delightful and very comfortable detached cottage. Enjoying a wonderful location for walkers with Offa's Dyke long distance footpath just 200 yards from the door. The holiday property has an enclosed paddock with a wildlife pond, suitable for exercising dogs. Market town with good shops and restaurants 4 miles. The historic city of Chester and Shrewsbury are both under an hour's drive and Snowdonia National Park is easily accessible. Village shop/post office and pub 2 miles.
Ground floor: Living room/dining area/kitchen. Steep, narrow stairs to first floor: 1 double bedroom with additional single and en-suite bathroom with shower over bath and toilet.
Woodburner in living room (initial fuel inc). Underfloor CH and elec £20 pw, £10 per short break. Bed linen and towels inc. T/cot. Freeview TV. DVD. M/wave. Washer/dryer. Enclosed patio and furniture. BBQ. Parking. Cycle store. No smoking. Friday to Friday. NB: Steps in garden, pond in paddock.


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When you stay at Hinckley Island Hotel in Hinckley, you'll be near the airport and within the vicinity of Stoney Cove Diving Centre and Mallory Park. This 4-star hotel is within the region of Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre and Arbury Hall.
Stay in one of 362 guestrooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms have complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities, including a health club, an indoor pool, and a sauna. Additional features include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and a hair salon.
Enjoy a meal at one of the hotel's dining establishments, which include 3 restaurants and a coffee shop/café. From your room, you can also access 24-hour room service. Meet other guests and eat at a complimentary reception. Relax with a refreshing drink at one of the 2 bars/lounges. English breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, express check-in, and express check-out. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. Free self parking is available onsite.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.


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Francisco de San Roman († 1540) was the first Protestant burned at the stake in Spain.
San Roman was a rich merchant not noted for his learning. During his travels abroad,including time in Germany and the Netherlands, he was influenced by "Lutheranism", as the young Protestant movement was called. San Roman became a disciple of Jacobo Spreng, a former prior of Augustian monks at Antwerp.
It is believed that San Roman wrote some books, including a catechism and some letters addressed to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, which are now lost. Passing through Flanders, he was arrested by authorities of the Roman Church when books by Luther, Melancthon and Ecolampadius were found in his luggage.
San Roman was interrogated by the Dominicans and confessed the Reformed doctrines, including salvation by faith alone and the claim that the Pope is the antichrist. Afer six months in prison, he was set free. However, he later preached the Protestant doctrines before the Emperor and was arrested.
The Emperor's armies took Francisco de San Roman with them on an expedition to Algiers before handing him over to the Inquisition in Spain. He testified for his belief in salvation through Christ as the only mediator, and condemned the doctrines of the mass, auricular confession, purgatory and prayers to the saints. No efforts of the friars succeeded in convincing him to retract himself.
When San Roman was burned at the stake, he made an involuntary movement of the head, which was mistaken by the friars for a recantation. However, when they removed him from the flames he recovered and calmly asked them, "Do you envy my happiness?". He was returned to the fire, leaving a lasting impression on many spectators.
External links
|This Spanish biographical article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.


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Think Computer Products Think IceCube Portable 1.25TB FW800/ USB2 5 (TSP-TCP1000C)Item#: 534497 | Model#: TSP-TCP1000C
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Dylan Walker has been brought into the NSW squad as 19th man, as backline cover for State of Origin II.
Walker played in South Sydney's loss to the Wests Tigers on Friday night and was called into the Blues' camp on Saturday morning at Coffs Harbour.
The Rabbitohs' premiership winner made his Test debut last year, playing four Tests during the Four Nations campaign, but is yet to make his Origin debut.
He made his NSW City debut last year, but was ruled out of this year's fixture due to injury.
Tariq Sims was brought into the NSW squad on Friday as 18th man as forward cover, after Tyson Frizell was forced to withdraw due to a back injury.
NSW had their first contact session on Saturday, ahead of Game II at the MCG on Wednesday, including an oppose session against a side, which was a mixture of National Youth Competition players and representatives from local outfit the Coffs Harbour Comets.
NSW fly to Melbourne on Sunday.


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Photo: Duke's David Cutcliffe Looks Like He's Having A Blast Playing Arcade Games
Bowl season is a great time for football players and coaches, not just because of the awesome football games, or even the great gifts that everyone receives. It's a great time because teams essentially get to take half-vacations (you know, because they still have to focus and practice) during which they have a chance to check out the local scene and have some fun for a few days before they play their bowls.
The Duke Blue Devils are currently down in Atlanta preparing for their showdown with Texas A&M this coming Tuesday. Tonight, the players had a chance to go to Dave & Buster's in some down time, and it appears that they have a thing for racing games:
It's @Duke_FB vs. @Duke_FB vs. @Duke_FB on the racing games tonight #GoDuke pic.twitter.com/C7dWk7yXFl
— Chick-fil-A Bowl (@chickfilabowl) December 26, 2013
While the players are certainly competitive racers, nobody was more into the games than head coach David Cutcliffe — even at 59 years old, he was ready to ride:
Who's having the most fun from @Duke_FB at @DaveandBusters? Our bet is on @DavidCutcliffe! pic.twitter.com/uB12RTIyCQ
— Chick-fil-A Bowl (@chickfilabowl) December 26, 2013
It looks like Duke plays to win, no matter what game is being played.


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Welcome SEED Families, February 2, 2017
The education of your child is one of the most important goals we have in life. The SEED School of Washington, D.C. supports your interest and desire to discuss their academic and social accomplishments or difficulties. In order to meet this goal for communication, we have created the following schedule:
Pick up your child's report card, check your personal information for accuracy, visit your child's teachers, and visit the resource tables. Please note, conferences should last 3-5 minutes per teacher and are on a first come/first served basis.
o Tutoring/Intervention
§ Request tutoring services/Discuss the intervention program
o FACE Table
§ Purchase uniforms
§ Apply for sibling preference through My School DC
§ Purchase Love Grams for your scholar
§ Gather information on job training/adult education, discount internet programs, and offerings throughout the city.
§ Look through the lost and found for misplaced items
§ Purchase agenda books
o Student Support Services
§ Counseling services
§ Special education
§ Sex education and pregnancy prevention
§ Section 504
§ Kickboard
Also, please join The SEED DC community in welcoming our new faculty members and feel free to visit them to hear about the exciting things happening in class.
o Mr. Tarrence Hughes, 7th and 10th grade music
o Ms. Kesha Bennaugh: 6th grade math
o Ms. Cynthia Lee: 6th grade social studies
If you do not get all of your questions answered and would like a follow up meeting, please contact The Office of Family and Community Engagement using the contact information below.
Rashida K. Holman-Jones, MSA
Director of Family and Community Engagement | The SEED Public Charter School of Washington, D.C.
o: 202.248.3005 c: 202.329.8961f: 202.318.6343


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Need a Blood Titer in Olivehurst, CA? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Blood Titer at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
Why would I get a Blood Titer?
A Blood Titer is a blood test that checks the titer level. People in Olivehurst, CA order the Blood Titer to demonstrate immunity to certain diseases.
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Our Blood Titer prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Olivehurst, CA, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
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text: LemRockz's Movies-Spoof of 'Toy Story 2' Cast Lem (Planet 51) as Woody Spidermonkey (Ben 10 Alien Force and Ultimate Alien) as Buzz Lightyear Retrieved from "http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Alien_Story_2_(LemRockz_Style)?oldid=1970779" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: LemRockz Movie spoofs Toy Story Movies


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We provide the best quality products in an affordable cost. K9Apparels provides splendid collection of large number of varieties of fabrics. K9Apparels provides the best and renowned polo t-shirts manufacturer in Noida from more than 15 years. We are the manufacturer, exporter, supplier of all kinds of brands and fabric manufacturer. We have the large collection of different varieties of fabric of best quality. We are the leading school uniform manufacturer in Noida .We are the high class college t-shirts manufacturer in Noida. We are the recognized corporate t-shirt manufacturer in Delhi from many years. We provide the best quality products in an affordable cost.
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These Old Hollywood stars and modern-day icons won in the beauty category.
Christian Louboutin Eye Makeup Is Here
With the Oscars as the last stop on the awards-show circuit, it's the perfect excuse for Hollywood's leading ladies to go full tilt. While most of the attention is fixed on fashion, no floor-sweeping gown is complete without a glamorous beauty look. We can't imagine Lupita Nyong'o's pleated Prada dress without her lit-from-within glow and Fred Leighton headband, and Gwyneth Paltrow's pale pink Ralph Lauren number wouldn't be the same minus her matte raspberry lip. In anticipation of this year's red carpet, we selected the most unforgettable hair and makeup moments in Academy Awards history.More
The '50s-era actress was known for her provocative glamour, and she didn't disappoint at the 24th annual Academy Awards, with her short, soft waves and dewy complexion as the backdrop for extravagant jewels and fur.
Hepburn may have won Best Actress for her role in the film Roman Holiday, but we can't help but think that the flashbulbs went off to capture her iconic thick brows flawlessly framed by short, piece-y bangs.
12 Easter-Inspired Nail Looks to Try


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10 Things We Learned in Hayes Valley
A compilation of facts and figures gathered during our month-long residency.
September 12-26, 2015 Root Division, San Francisco, CA
Rise Over Run Field Trip
Sunday, September 20, 2015, 3:30-4:30pm Wassaic, NY
Walk the Walk Field Trip
Saturday, September 26, 2015, 3:30-4:30pm Wassaic, NY
Wassaic Artist Residency
September 2-30, 2015 Wassaic, NY
Precarious Vision Nights
Monday, October 12, 2015, 7:30-9pm Intersection for the Arts, San Francisco, CA
2015 Heavy Breathing Catalog
The inaugural season of Heavy Breathing culminated in a spiral-bound publication
Heel Toe Heel Toe Field Trip
Saturday, January 30, 2016, 11am-2pm Bernal Heights, San Francisco, CA
Sign Language in San Francisco Field Trip
Friday, April 29, 2016, 3-4:30pm Southern Exposure, San Francisco, CA
The Evolution of Power in Oakland Field Trip
Sunday, May 1, 2016, 12-1:30pm Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA
More Power to You! Field Trip
Sunday, June 5, 2016, 2-4pm Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA
Stairwell's Valley Step Works Public Event
Sunday, August 28, 2016, 12-3pm Hayes Valley Art Works, 456 Laguna St, San Francisco, CA
Stairwell's Valley Step Works
August 1-31, 2016 Hayes Valley Art Works, San Francisco, CA
Desire Trails at Headlands
Sunday, September 25, 2016, 12-3pm Headlands Center for the Arts, Sausalito, CA
KQED Arts Field Trip at SFMOMA
Thursday, September 29, 2016, 5:45-8pm San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
Stairwell's Radio Quarter-Hour for Untitled Radio
January 13-15, 2017, 11am–5pm Untitled Art Fair, San Francisco, CA
Stairwell's Stair Summit
Thursday, January 19, 2017, 5-8pm Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, CA
Read 'The Edda' at the Stairs Seyðisfjörður
The Edda is the title of two collected Medieval Icelandic folktales, prose and poem written by Snorri Sturluson. I have a larg
The Decline of the Incline
The Decline of the Incline: An Elegy for Cincinnati's Inclined Plane Railways, 1872 – 1948 PDF version The "Age of Incl
5 Things to Love about Stairs & Unstairs in 10 Things I Hate About You
In order of appearance… 1. After Cameron's first day of school at Padua High, Michael, his geeky tour guide, manag
Freaking Tiny Staircases at the Cooper Hewitt
Recently, a friend brought to our attention the amazing collection of staircase models at the Cooper Hewitt in New York. These
The Floating Museum (1975-1978)
While writing a review of the excellent Oakland Museum of California exhibition Marion Gray: Within the Light, I learned about
We're huge fans of the fantastic design podcast 99% Invisible over here at Stairwell's. Their recent episode abou
High Fives & Water Stairs
We took a recent trip to YBCA for a BAN7 planning meeting and managed to turn it into an exploration of back passageways and s
From the Ground Up: Liz Bernstein
For her part as a From the Ground Up Field Trip Leader, artist Liz Bernstein led an activity in the Oakland Columbarium and
From the Ground Up: Kari Marboe
For her part as a From the Ground Up Field Trip Leader, artist and writer Kari Marboe delved into the history of two Oakland
Proto-Stairwell's: Jim Melchert's Location Project #10
Jim Melchert, Location Project #10, from the Points of View series, Thursday, November 7, 1974; Paramount Theatre, Oakland; p
Take the stairs
Tomorrow I will ascend the stairs at 49 Geary for the best kind of event I can envision: a friend's art opening. The st
'The Cliff House' Documentary at Balboa Theatre
For those of you who had your appetite for all things Lands End-related whetted by our last Field Trip (or for those you who m
DREAM SITE: Stairwell's at Aquatic Park
What if the next Stairwell's show was in one these 2 circular concession stand/restroom structures at Aquatic Park? Ther
Walking and Listening: Podcasts
Hello, my name is Sarah and I'm a podcast listener. While binging on audio, I realized that by some cosmic alignment two
Some Stairs: Part II (Leading Stairs)
[This is the second in a series of posts by Joy Drury Cox. You can read Part I here.] A lot of my work deals with standard for
DISPATCH FROM LA: Missing Stairs
Taking a brief weekend away from the Bay Area, I flew down to Los Angeles for a few excellent reasons: a) the LA Art Book Fair
Living Upstairs
Until I moved to Brooklyn in the summer of 2007, I had never lived above street level. I don't count the one summer I sp
Stairs in the Dark
The staircase leading to the upstairs room in the back of the Hideout at Dalva, as seen peripherally. Delicious fancy cocktail
Portable Ramp at the Piers
I spotted this portable ramp on the Embarcadero while touring the new Exploratorium buildings at Piers 15/17 recently. I don
Some Stairs: Part I
How does one meet a staircase? My first response is negligently. Staircases incite an immediacy to respond that must tap into
The Second Longest Escalator in Nebraska
It is probably no accident that those lulls in a cross-country road trip, when eager camaraderie and ingenious mix tapes give
PAUSES: Bruce Nauman's Staircase at Oliver Ranch
In a recent quest for inspiration, I found myself revisiting PBS's Art21 series. I was pleasantly surprised by the interv
Winchester Mystery House
The Winchester Mystery House is a mansion located in San Jose, California. Now a famous tourist attraction, the mansion was on
LOS ANGELES: Angels Flight
A short time ago, I spent a weekend in Los Angeles, visiting my parents and celebrating a friend's inclusion in a great
The Cleveland Cascade is not a dance move common in the state of Ohio. Rather, it is an outdoor Oakland stairway disguised as
FORT POINT: Stairs to Safety
Fort Point (built in 1861) to defend the Union army and California's gold from outsiders, never saw any military action. The
THE RULES OF STAIRS: Poison arrows, crystals, & more
I have to admit that I'm not really a subscriber of Feng Shui. It seems to employ a threatening kind of reasoning: if yo
MATT KENNEDY: Jumping (2010)
jumping from matt kennedy on Vimeo. In this video, Matt Kennedy frames himself at the peak of his jumping capabilities, captur
COLLIN MCKELVEY: Updates from the studio
We did a second site visit with A GOOD WAY AWAY artist Collin McKelvey recently to see how things were coming together for th
NOAH KRELL: To Move a Body (2010)
The artists are hard at work on their pieces for the next Stairwell's exhibition (July 13!). Noah Krell, one of the thre
KIDS ON A RAMP: Low tide on the Marina Green
I pass this spot every morning on my way to work and one day these kids demonstrated that it doesn't go entirely unused.
Copies of Stairs: New work by Margo Woloweic
Bay Area artist Margo Woloweic is working on an exciting new project that features stair-related pieces made out of sewn tiss
World's Coolest Staircases
Is everyone thinking about stairs right now? We've tapped into some sort of zeitgeist, that's for sure. An article
Architectural LOLCATS <3 Stairs & Ramps!
Created by UC Berkeley Architecture students on spring break, these Architectural LOLCATS I just read about on the Archinect b
Stairs in film: A Matter of Life and Death/Stairway to Heaven
I recently stumbled upon an amazing romantic fantasy film from 1946 called Stairway to Heaven (also known by its original titl
Other art in stairwells: Ann Hamilton & Meredith Monk
While working on the first Stairwell's exhibition, DEEP DOWN AND BUILDING UP, a friend suggested I take a look at anothe
Studio visit with Maggie Haas
We recently paid a visit to SF-based artist Maggie Haas at her studio in the Mission. Maggie told us about her residency at AC
Research for future Field Trips
This weekend included research for future Field Trips in the areas just south of Piers 15/17 on the Embarcadero and the resid
Studio visit with Carrie Hott
We visited the studio of Carrie Hott at REAL TIME + SPACE in Oakland last weekend. Carrie's recent work touches on (but
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Tribal Fighters
Brave Men Can't Party
Cognitive Dissonance Records
"So, Tribal Fighters, math rock for the office worker that looks at the window and sees the shapes in the clouds racing a death rally. It makes more sense when you listen to it. I swear." - Sloucher
"They make you grin like you're eating the best jelly and ice cream ever." - Both Bars On
Fun. That's the first thing that comes to mind when listening to Manchester's Tribal Fighters.
These self-proclaimed purveyors of twiddly Babe Pop are blessed with the natural exuberance of youth but in contrast to so many other bands it is the exuberance, rather than the youth, that is immediately apparent in their music. Their debut EP is an immaculately-crafted body of work in which intricate melodies are carefully hung over a backdrop of funky rhythms, creating a foot-tapping, head-nodding whole that is utterly irresistible.
'Brave Men Can't Party' weighs in at a hefty forty minutes and combines 5 tracks of what can only really be described as 'math pop' with three striking remixes from Vei, Borland and fellow Cognitive Dissonance label mates The Narrows.
Cognitive Dissonance Records aims to uncover the most interesting, beautiful and extraordinary things happening in new music. We focus on bands who we truly believe are doing something different and whose music makes us want to leave them on repeat for all time.


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Need Help. They Want A "strawberry Cake"
Baking By yelle66 Updated 22 Jul 2008 , 12:31pm by BlueRoseCakes
They were okay with whatever I did, but I wondered if anyone knew what would be best. Should I do a strawberry flavored cake, a strawberry filling or both? I thought both would be too much strawberry. Anyone have any ideas?
Strawberry filled cake and a strawberry flavored cake are very different things so I think I'd really lock down what they want before you make yourself crazy! I have made a very good strawberry flavored cake using white chocolate pudding mix and some pureed strawberries in a strawberry flavored cake mix. I agree with you that strawberry cake and filling would be overkill.
First, definetally clarify the flavored cake vs. filled cake.
If they want a strawberry flavored cake, there are a bunch of ways to do it. I don't really have a written out recipe, I just mix by consistency. I use a white cake mix (with eggs, oil, and water), strawberries that have been mashed or pureed a little (want some strawberry chunks) probably a cup to a cup and a half, and a small package of strawberry jello. Make sure you account for the liquid in the strawberries by cutting down the water and adding a little extra flour. It tends to be a denser cake that needs a little longer to bake.
Whatever recipe you go with, definetally add red food color, whether it's jello or by adding red paste. Otherwise the berries will grey and you'll end up with a greyish-pinkish cake that does NOT look appetizing at all.
You may want to experiment with jello vs pudding mix added in. I did with both and found the jello version a bit dryer than the pudding version. Both were sturdy but definitely different tastes/consistencies.
dodibug, I actually have the opposite problem, I usually end up with a cake that is too moist! I think I under-compensate for the liquid in the strawberries. One of these days I'm going to have to learn how to write down what I'm putting in so I can correct it the next time.
I use BC super moist white cake mix, do you think that makes a difference? What do you use?


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|Only In Rhode Island.com
So, this time of year is always a time of transition - when our Summer Girls go back to school, the weather turns cooler (but no less humid, according to my giant hair), and we have to get ready for the Eastern States Exposition (The Big E), which is a 17 day event held each year in Springfield, Mass. Only In Rhode Island participates each year, representing all the fantastic things created in the Ocean State.
One such fantastic thing is our Rhode Island Seafood Company Lobster Bisque. We sell it along with the Black Pearl clam chowder and the Rhode Island Seafood Co. Clam Chowder, and just like the chowders, it has a cult following.
I'm not a very good cook and, as a result, I don't really like to do it very often. When we first started carrying this lobster bisque in our stores, we had product tastings to let our customers sample the new soup. It was a huge hit and pretty much everyone who tried it, bought some to take home - myself included. The directions say to mix the bisque with heavy cream or half-and-half, but I just couldn't bring myself to do it, and used 2% milk instead. It was phenomenal! I think the secret to preparing a premium soup like the ones we carry, is to let it simmer as long as possible, just like when you make it from scratch. That way the flavors get a chance to meld together and I swear to you, you would never believe it came out of a can! Not only do I make this lobster bisque at home on a regular basis, but I once even came down to the store in the middle of the night, in my pajamas, to get more - that's how good it is!
We have customers that buy it by the case and serve it at dinner parties and use it as a lobster sauce in all kinds of different dishes. One of the best I've tried is Pasta With Seafood & Lobster Sauce. It's the easiest thing to make and people who don't know me would readily believe that I know my way around the kitchen, despite the numerous smoke alarms placed strategically around my stove.
Ultimately, I've never been a huge fan of food from a can - but I happily indulge in this delicious lobster bisque at least once a week and it's as good as any I've had anywhere. Considering that I live on an island, surrounded by seafood, in NEW ENGLAND -that's saying something.
Believe me when I say, this is some good lobstah!!


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Butterick 7182; ca. 1937; Evening or Dinner Gown for Women and Misses.
Featured in Butterick Fashion News, February 1937.
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Gallery Edit
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[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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Well, this is my second pair of these speakers. The first pair I purchased the wire connecting to the mini USB that plugged into the speaker became loose and finally snapped off. The pair I purchased from Overstock were "refurbished", and when plugging them in I found that there was a loose connection at the exact same place as the first pair (that's why I get for purchasing refurbished) that was causing the speakers to short out. I went to the iHome website found the wire for $10 and purchased it. In theory, if you add up the amount I spent on the speakers here and the price of the wire I still saved money. But the whole process was just a bit of a nuisance. Besides the wiring problem the speakers are great. Very loud, decent sound quality, and portable. Everyone should have some.Read More
iHome Red iHM78 Rechargeable Mini Speakers for iPod (Refurbished)
Today $27.79


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Mary Latham
Mary Latham is a chartered accountant, company director and consultant. She has worked in the financial services industry in Australia and England for 15 years, and in the Australian not-for-profit sector since 2006. She is also a director of Australian Conservation Foundation, Australian Podiatry Association (Vic) and IDC Secretariat (Australia). Mary joined the Board in 2012 and is a member of the Governance Committee and the Audit & Risk Committee.


text: Shale Gas Gas Production Increased In 2016, As Number Of New Shale Gas Wells Decreased By Susan Phillips • May 20, 2017 Fractracker Alliance / StateImpact PA Pennsylvania's shale gas drillers continued to break records for production in 2016, tapping about 5.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Although the increase in production was not as high as in previous years, it still represents an upward trend, while the number of new well permits are declining, according to data published this week by the Department of Environmental Protection. Pennsylvania still ranks second behind Texas in total volume of natural gas production. Appalachian Region Could Support 4 More Cracker Plants, Says Report By Marie Cusick | State Impact • Jan 27, 2017 Marie Cusick / State Impact The Appalachian region could support up to four more petrochemical processing plants, known as crackers, according to a forthcoming report from IHS Markit. Denise Brinley, a special assistant to the Secretary of the state Department of Community and Economic Development, previewed the report Thursday during a presentation at the Hart Energy Marcellus Utica Midstream conference in Pittsburgh. She says it will be published in the next few weeks. State Extends Drilling Moratorium In Forests, Parks By Associated Press • Sep 24, 2016 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Pennsylvania has extended a moratorium on oil and gas drilling in state forests and parks for five years. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reports that a new five-year forest management plan spells out an oil and gas management policy that supports the public lands drilling moratorium ordered by Gov. Tom Wolf. The 234-page plan released last week by the state Department of Conservation and Natural Resources also addresses climate change impacts for the first time. Economic Organizations Hail Tri-State Shale Agreement By Deanna Garcia • Oct 16, 2015 Keith Srakocic / Associated Press The governors of Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia announced they'd signed a three-year cooperation agreement to try to maximize the economic impact of Marcellus Shale natural gas development following the Tri-State Shale Summit in West Virginia earlier this week. Economic groups in the three states are praising the deal. Eight Facts To Know About The Shale Gas Industry's Air Pollution By Natasha Khan and Eric Holmberg | PublicSource • May 4, 2015 Natasha Khan / PublicSource The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection recently released data on air emissions from the shale gas industry in 2013. PublicSource looked into the data and built a series of interactive charts so you can more easily explore the information. Marcellus Life: How an Elk County Town Is Struggling with Shale Gas Drilling Rules By Natasha Khan | PublicSource • Dec 8, 2014 Natasha Khan / PublicSource About a dozen St. Marys officials, outfitted with baggy blue jumpsuits, earplugs and white plastic hard hats, recently visited a Seneca Resources well pad on a wooded hilltop to see what fracking is all about. This part of Pennsylvania, about 120 miles northeast of Pittsburgh in Elk County, has been relatively untouched by shale drilling. But people see it coming in two test wells Seneca has there now, with more wells in the future. Specialists Called in to Subdue Chevron Blaze By Essential Pittsburgh • Feb 13, 2014 Katie Colaneri / StateImpact PA Listen Listening... / 12:46 According to the Department of Environmental Protection, Greene County residents can expect the Chevron shale gas well fire to burn into the weekend, but face no immediate danger. StateImpact Pennsylvania reporter Katie Colaneri is following developments in this story and says a Texas well control company that specializes in shale gas fires has arrived at the scene, but the size of the flames has halted progress. Discussing Municipal Bans on Fracking By Heather McClain • Sep 24, 2013 Natasha Khan / PublicSource Listen Listening... / 35:50 In 2010, Pittsburgh was the first municipality in the nation to institute a ban on hydraulic fracturing. Many others have followed suit, including the boroughs of Baldwin, West Homestead and Wilkinsburg, as well as State College, PA. Now citizens in Youngstown, Ohio are looking at the structure of Pittsburgh's fracking ban in shaping a their own ordinances. PublicSource reporter Natasha Khan recently wrote about the ongoing debates in Youngstown as it pertains to jobs and environmental concerns. Opponents of the Youngstown ban say it's unconstitutional for a municipality to regulate beyond state and federal law. Similar objections have also been raised in Pennsylvania. Shale Roundtable Makes Recommendations for Marcellus Industry By Deanna Garcia • Aug 16, 2013 Laurie Barr, via Wikimedia Commons A group charged with examining the Marcellus Shale industry in a comprehensive, unbiased manner has made several recommendations regarding the development, distribution and research of natural gas. The Shale Gas Roundtable released its final report, and any further action is up to industry leaders, lawmakers and environmentalists. Fracking Reporter Tom Wilber Screens Gasland II By Marcus Charleston • Jun 19, 2013 http://tomwilber.blogspot.com/ Listen Listening... / 7:31 Journalist Tom Wilber has been reporting on hydraulic fracturing since 2008. He's been our guest in the past to discuss the issue and help us sort fact from fiction when documentaries on the topic come out. He recently attended a screening of Gasland II, in his hometown of Binghamton, New York.


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Update (4:40 p.m.): Updated with Wednesday market close information.
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- India Globalization Capital (IGC) soared Wednesday after Indian president Pranab Mukherjee appointed Narendra Modi as the new Prime Minister of the nation.
Modi will succeed Manmohan Singh, whose Congress party suffered its worst defeat in history in India's recent general elections. Mukherjee will administer the oath of office and secrecy to Modi on May 26.
India Globalization Capital is a materials and infrastructures company that supplies and trades iron ore and leases construction equipment. It also constructs roads and highways and supplies rock aggregate.
STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more.
The stock closed up 60%, or 75 cents, to $2. More than 20.6 million shares changed hands, which eclipsed the average volume of 218,027.
Separately, TheStreet Ratings team rates INDIA GLOBALIZATION CAPITAL as a "sell" with a ratings score of D-. TheStreet Ratings Team has this to say about their recommendation:
"We rate INDIA GLOBALIZATION CAPITAL (IGC) a SELL. This is driven by a few notable weaknesses, which we believe should have a greater impact than any strengths, and could make it more difficult for investors to achieve positive results compared to most of the stocks we cover. The company's weaknesses can be seen in multiple areas, such as its unimpressive growth in net income, weak operating cash flow, generally disappointing historical performance in the stock itself and feeble growth in its earnings per share."
Highlights from the analysis by TheStreet Ratings Team goes as follows:


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Whose choice? Mine
02 March 2009While I work in the nip and tuck trade, I know that not everyone is a fan of cosmetic surgery. That's fine - if we all liked the same things the world would be a pretty boring place after all. But the fact that some protesters have been reacting to our latest advertising campaign - featuring the lovely Claire Thornton - has really got me thinking about what exactly some people out there think about companies like the one I work for.I like it when my friends come to me for advice and I always have all the latest, up-to-date news about the plastic surgery field to tell them. But that doesn't mean I'd try to talk any of them into a procedure, and I only tell them about cosmetic surgery news when I know they're interested - which I have to say a lot of them are! I guess what I'm trying to say is that it's all about the individual's choice. As long as you aren't hurting anyone else, I think everyone should be allowed to make their own choices without being judged. I would hate to think that people saw me as trying to push my beliefs on anyone else when the whole thing about cosmetic surgery these days is that grown men and women can make choices for themselves - and if they want cosmetic surgery that will make them feel better about themselves, who is anyone to tell them not to?


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Put a little extra spice in your life! The new Cherry BBQ Spice Rub is our new go-to flavor to make dinner extra delicious. Great on chicken, pork, beef, salmon or shrimp. Rub generously on meat before grilling (about 2 tablespoons per 1 pound), then sit back and savor.
Customer Reviews 1 item(s)
- Great on pork tenderloin
- Just tried this rub on pork tenderloin. The flavor is like cherries smell: distinctive, with a mild tang of spice. Not too sweet, but vaguely reminiscent of deep south pulled pork BBQ. Cold, sliced leftovers on a sandwich: heavenly!


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Episode discussion for week starting 30 April
EastEnders News Team
Have your say about this week's episodes!
The B&B reopens in grand style! Would you stay in Kim's Olympic Palace? It's very... erm... PINK. Carol struggles after Bianca's departure. Should she trust Derek's offer of help? Lorraine's back and Mandy is torn between Ian and her sick mum. Which way should she turn? Is the engagement off? What's Whitney up to? Discuss these hot topics and anything else that tickles your fancy about this week's episodes in the comments section below...


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HamIIIRockz's Movie-Spoof of 'Looney Tunes'
- Ham III (Space Chimps) as Bugs Bunny
- Sid (Ice Age) as Daffy Duck
- Jake the Dog (Adventure Time) as Sylvester
- Gumball (The Amazing World of Gumball) as Tweety
- Skunk (Skunk Fu) as Hippety Hopper
- Timmy Turner as Sylvester Jr.
- Huckleberry Hound as Porky Pig
- Eema (Dinosaur) as Tazmania Devil
- Boo Boo Bear as Speedy Gonzales
- Humungousaur (Ben 10 Alien Force and Ultimate Alien) as Foghorn Leghorn
- Ding A Ling as Henery Hawk
- Ben Tennyson (Ben 10 Alien Force) as Barnyard Dawg
- Yogi Bear as Pete Puma
- Dudley Puppy (T.U.F.F. Puppy) as Road Runner
- Kyle (Fanboy and Chum Chum) as Wile E. Coyote
- Janitor (Fanboy and Chum Chum) as Marvin the Martian
- Mr. Bumpy (Bump in the Night) as Yosemite Sam
- A Wild Chimp/Hot Cross Monkey/Monkey Hood
- Hollywood Sid/Baseball Chimp/Bell Skunk
- Skunk/Skunk Daze/Sid and the Dinosaur
- Too Skunk to Handle/Holiday For Drumsticks
- Sid Slept Here/Lickety-Splat!
- Skunk Go Lucky/Lighthouse Mouse
- Gumball Zoo/Gumball's SOS/A Pizza Gumball
- Dog's Paw/Gumball's SOS


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£19.98 per 100ml
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Long lasting hydration + Primer in 1 easy step
Product comes in a 50ML pump.
Instantly fresh, moisturised feel and smoother, more even looking skin ready for makeup application. Brighter, healthy-looking skin with daily use.
Avoid contact with eyes.
Size (50) Unit (ML) Height (15.4) Width (3.3) Depth (3.1)
Product code: 848666
Gently apply this hydrating primer every morning onto your face after cleansing and before applying makeup. No need for an extra moisturiser step; you'll look like you on a good day, every day. Avoid contact with eyes.
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order before 2pm - arrives 3 to 5 days
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text: Beach/Shore This is the beach Shore. You can see the Long Island Sound stretching far into the distance. Peaceful, huh? This is where campers go for picnics, playing, and having fun. Retrieved from "http://camphalfbloodroleplay.wikia.com/wiki/Beach/Shore?oldid=1465854" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Beach Camp Locations


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in medias res – 12" Vinyl
HORIZON – HORIZON ep
Sold Out
Elephant Shirt
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dow Braunschweig, Germany
Founded in 2007 by Ingo and Bodo. The band now exists out of four members.
2010 dow releases the first 5-track EP the burning sea, followed bei the EP HORIZON in 2012.
After playing a lot of concerts the next two years dow recorded their latest EP at the blubox Studio with the producer Guido Lucas and released FEKULAND in February 2015. ... more
Streaming and Download help


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LOCATION- Only 1 mile to downtown Morgan Hill, close to freeways. FABULOUS COMPLEX- a community park the size of a football field right outside your front door, pool, club house and lots of mature trees sprinkled throughout the property. THE HOME- Two huge picture windows allow in just the right amount of natural light. As you enter the home you're greeted with a 20ft ceiling and warm fireplace mantel giving the living-room a spacious and welcoming vibe. This 1,720sf home is two stories. The living room, dinning room, kitchen, pantry, half bath and two car (side by side) attached garage are laid out beautifully on the entry floor. Upstairs you will find the laundry room, three bedrooms, two full bathrooms and a den (or in our case, playroom). These bedrooms are spacious! In case you were wondering about the master, it has a walk-in closet and double sinks in the vanity! Lastly, stay cool in this home with AC! The sellers have loved this home.


text: Show Hide image Politics 18 March 2011 Met officer to give further evidence on phone hacking Assistant commissioner of the Metropolitan police is facing accusations of misleading the police on Sign up for our weekly email * John Yates, assistant commissioner of the Metropolitan police, is to be questioned by the culture, media, and sports committee over accusations he misled parliament last year. Yates claimed that the Met could only prove hacking in a small proportion of cases because the interpretation of the law surrounding phone hacking is too narrow. He stated that the the Crown Prosecution Service had affirmed that the only route to prosecution was if a voicemail message had been listened to by a third party before the intended recipient. The director of public prosecutions, Keir Starmer, argued that he has since made it clear to police that prosecution can be made without the need for a third party having heard a message first. He also claimed the narrow interpretation of the law Yates blamed played no part in the conviction of two men who were jailed in early 2007 for hacking voicemail. Liam McLaughlin is a freelance journalist who has also written for Prospect and the Huffington Post. He tweets irregularly @LiamMc108. Subscribe from just £1 per issue More