text:
Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment (RFVE)
This study has been completed.
IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Pawel Kiper, IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: September 27, 2013
Last updated: August 31, 2016
Last verified: August 2016
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The aims of the study is to explore whether the rehabilitation of the upper extremity performed in interaction with a virtual environment could improve motor function in post-ischemic and post-haemorrhagic stroke subjects with hemiparesis, in comparison to the traditional neuromotor rehabilitation treatment.
|Device: Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment (RFVE) Other: Traditional Neuromotor Rehabilitation
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|The Role of Virtual Therapy by Means of Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment on Upper Limb Function in Post-stroke Patients.
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: RehabilitationU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Pawel Kiper, IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Fugl_Meyer Upper Extremity scale (F-M UE) [ Time Frame: 20 min ]Applied at the beginning and at the end of treatment 4 weeks thereafter.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Functional Independence Measure scale (FIM) [ Time Frame: 20 min ]Assessed at the beginning and at the end of treatment 4 weeks thereafter.
- National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) [ Time Frame: 5 min ]Assessed at the beginning and at the end of treatment 4 weeks thereafter.
- Kinematic assessment [ Time Frame: 30 min ]The kinematic assessment include the execution of standardised upper limb movements, such as: forearm pronation and supination, elbow flexion and extension, shoulder abduction and adduction, shoulder internal and external rotation, shoulder flexion and extension and reaching movements. The mean linear velocity (Speed), the mean duration of movements (Time) and the mean number of submovements (Peak) will be measured, by means of the Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS). The data will be registered at the beginning and at the end of treatment, 4 weeks thereafter.
Other Outcome Measures:
- Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) [ Time Frame: 5 min ]Assessed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, 4 weeks thereafter.
- Modified Ashworth scale [ Time Frame: 10 min ]Assessed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, 4 weeks thereafter. The scale consist of evaluation of 5 muscles; pectoralis major, biceps, wrist flexors, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus.
- Mini Mental State Examination scale (MMSE) [ Time Frame: 20 min ]Performed at the beginning.
|Study Start Date:
|January 2008
|Study Completion Date:
|August 2015
|Primary Completion Date:
|August 2015 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment
During the experiment, patients in the RFVE training group (Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment) will receive 1 hour of virtual reality-based therapy by means of RFVE and 1 hour of TNR treatment (Traditional Neuromotor Rehabilitation). Both treatments will last 1 hour a day, five days weekly for four weeks. The treatment is focused on motor function impairment of the upper extremity.
Device: Reinforced Feedback in Virtual Environment (RFVE)
The patients allocated to RFVE group, will be treated using the "Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System" (VRRS). During the virtual therapy the subject will be seated in front of the wall screen grasping a sensorized real object with the affected hand. If the grasp is not possible the sensors will be fixed on a glove worn by the patient. The real object held by the subject, equipped with electromagnetic sensors, is matched to the virtual handling object. Thereafter, the patient moved the real object (e.g. ball) following the trajectory of the corresponding virtual object displayed on the computer screen in accordance with the requested virtual task.
Other Name: Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS)
Traditional Neromotor Rehabilitation
The TNR training group (Traditional Neuromotor Rehabilitation) patients will be treated totally for two hours daily by means of a TNR programme. The treatment will last 4 weeks.
Other: Traditional Neuromotor Rehabilitation
The patients randomized to the Traditional Neuromotor Rehabilitation group will be asked to perform exercises for postural control, exercises for hand pre-configuration, exercises for the stimulation of manipulation and functional skills, exercises for proximal-distal coordination. All the exercises will be performed with or without the assistance of a physiotherapist. The upper limb motricity will be trained with progressive complexity. To achieve the requested goal (in a horizontal or vertical plane) patients will be asked to perform various movements, for example: shoulder flexion and extension, shoulder abduction and adduction, shoulder internal and external rotation and shoulder circumduction, elbow flexion and extension, forearm pronation and supination, hand grasping-release and clenching into a fist.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Senior)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- patients affected by a stroke occurring in the period no longer than 1 year before the enrolment
- both first ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
- subjects who did not had RFVE treatment previously
- scoring higher than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination test
Exclusion Criteria:
- upper extremity complete hemiplegia
- upper limbs sensory disorders
- clinical evidence of cognitive impairment
- neglect
- apraxia
- comprehension difficulties
- post-traumatic injury of the upper limb
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01955291
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01955291
|Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS
|Venezia, Veneto, Italy, 30126
Sponsors and Collaborators
IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
|Study Director:
|Paolo Tonin, MD
|Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS
More Information
Keywords provided by Pawel Kiper, IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on August 18, 2017
Laver K, George S, Thomas S, Deutsch JE, Crotty M. Cochrane review: virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012 Sep;48(3):523-30. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
|Responsible Party:
|Pawel Kiper, PhD, IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01955291 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
02/09 vers. 2.0
|Study First Received:
|September 27, 2013
|Last Updated:
|August 31, 2016
Keywords provided by Pawel Kiper, IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy:
Virtual Reality, Motor Learning, Rehabilitation, Upper Limb
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Brain Diseases
Central Nervous System Diseases
Nervous System Diseases
Vascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on August 18, 2017


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It's Spring! The flowers are blooming, birds are chirping (at 6:30 in the morning) and the rabbits have started nibbling on my early lettuce. And like so many Springs in the past, I am compelled to follow the Passover traditions of not eating anything with leavening while consuming massive quantities of hard boiled eggs. I get the whole eating of the unleavened starches part (See Exodus in the Old Testament for proof) but, after watching "The 10 Commandments" with Charlton Heston last night, am still a bit confused on the whole "Thou shall consume hard boiled eggs until you can eat no more!" commandment.
Nevertheless, be it a Commandment or a tradition, hard boiled eggs have been made and stacked in my refrigerator for my family to consume through out the week. (Side note: I really don't like hard boiled eggs. They remind me of that movie "Airplane!" when all of the people got sick from eating the fish and all of the sudden eggs came out of their mouths? Weird right?)
So K, who also hates hard boiled eggs, decided we need an infusion of color to encourage us embrace our egg eating tradition. K's suggestion was to follow the lead of our Christian brethren and "Color those eggs!" She decided to call in an egg decorating expert, her best friend (and neighbor E) who happened to be playing at our house when we decided to pull out the Easter Egg dyes and get "cracking!"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Easter Week 2013 cruise: Explorer of the Seas Cruise Review by FireStation46
Overall Member Rating
Easter Week 2013 cruise
Destination: Bahamas
Embarkation: New York (Manhattan)
The most notable thing about the cruise is the exceptional employees. Our room attendant was exceptional! Very positive attitude and attentive to any small request.
The rest More of the crew worked just as hard and all were welcoming and friendly.
If you prefer a good customer experience on service and you not a professional food critic, this is the cruise line for you.
I would recommend they drop Nassau from the stop. You do not want to wander far or late from the ship. You may not feel safe at that port. The reef snorkel trip there was fun and worthwhile. Less
Published 04/08/13
Cabin review: L9649 Interior Stateroom
Make sure you have the attendant put the single beds together. Make sure whoever takes the upper bunk can navigate in and out especially if the room is dark. Bathroom shower entrance may be tight for large folks but not an issue for us.Read All Interior Stateroom (L) Reviews >>
Port and Shore Excursions
Snorkeling can be tough and do not go outside the cove unless you are a certified diver. Food at beach was items from their Windjammer food court from the ship. Edible but not memorable. Not enough umbrellas for rental, so book that early. They have more umbrella holders at the rental stand than umbrellas there so I can not understand why so few are available for rent.
I did not rate as we just got off to shop at Ron John's. make sure you confirm the jitney bus fare, I believe the outbound trip they ripped us off $15 each vs. $6. Some folks tried Disney World and were sorry they did as this was the height of the tourist season for them, way too crowded they said.
Read Cruise Critic's Explorer of the Seas Review >>
Anniversary on the Booze Cruis...
Better then expected
Don't let the rust on the outs...
First Cruise to Alaska, Travel...
Fabulous Cruise. Excellent Sta...
Cruise to Alaska Visiting June...
Nice vacation, but chose anoth...
Cuba for the first time
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Daybreak Farm is an American Saddlebred breeding, training and sales facility established in 1983. Horses for sale from weanlings to finished show horses. Also, standing 3 Saddlebred stallions.
Advanced, Beginner, Competition, Driving, English Pleasure, Gaited, Intermediate, Lesson, Show, Youth
If so, you can update this page by editing your company information.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Thomas Müller <thomas.muel...@day.com>
|Re: Problem with JackRabbit 1.4 and temporary bin*tmp files
|Tue, 27 Jan 2009 11:02:53 GMT
Hi, > Where do I file bugs? No need to file a bug for a wiki change - I fixed it. For software bugs, use https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/JCR > As for the DataStore wiki, it says: > Well, this is wrong. Yes, the Jackrabbit 1.4 DTD doesn't allow that (the 1.5 DTD does). However Jackrabbit 1.4 doesn't validate. > If you edit repository.xml with a validating XML editor (I've used Oxygen), it will bark. True. I don't use a validating XML editor :-) Regards, Thomas
|View raw message


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I need to use 3 white cake mixes for a 14 X 20 cake pan. First one I baked came out to moist and broke up. Any suggestions on how to fix problem??? Lost my note on how to solve this problem. Know I have to alter ingred. but can't remember what and how.
1 reply
After you mix the batter per box instructions, try adding 1 cup of flour per box mix (in this case you will be using 3 cups of flour) to the batter. Mix on low speed just until combined and bake as usual. The result is a moist yet sturdy cake.


text:
Fire Fitness 50+ Pilot Programme
Fire Fitness 50+ Pilot Programme
Improve your health and wellbeing
Are you 50 or over? Do you want to improve your physical fitness? Fermanagh and Omagh 2030 Community Plan aims to ensure 'Our people are healthy and well – physically, mentally and emotionally'. The Fire Fitness 50+ Pilot Programme is a unique opportunity for both male and female participants aged 50 and over, developed by the Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service. The six week physical activity programme is focused on fun circuit based fire fitness exercises, tailored to all ranges of ability to help improve levels of physical activity. Other partners including Fermanagh and Omagh District Council, Sport NI, Public Health Agency, Cancer Focus, PSNI and the PCSP will enhance the physical element of the programme, providing useful health information on key issues at each session.
Where will it take place?
All six sessions will be held at Omagh Fire Station, 1 Killybrack Road, Omagh BT79 7DG
When will it take place?
The Programme will commence on Wednesday, 26th April 2017 from 10.30am until 12.00 noon (and every Wednesday thereafter for six weeks)
How can I get involved?
There are only 20 places, participation is free, however places are limited and it will be on a first come, first served basis. A registration form is available to download from the related files panel on this web page.
Alternatively contact Ryan Hanna, Leisure & Recreation and Sports Officer, Fermanagh and Omagh District Council on 0300 303 1777 (calls charged at local rate) or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Related Files
Fire Fitness 50+ Pilot Programme
47.50 KB | doc | 20 Mar 2017


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2996 King Settlement Road, Alpena 49707
See more homes for sale in Alpena, MI
This property has been Sold!
10/12/2016 at $219,000
Beautiful New Construction Home Sitting On An Acre Of Land! This 3 Bedroom 4 Bath Home Offers Plenty Of Storage And A Bonus Room In The Full Finished Basement That Includes A Bar And Large Gathering Area. Master Bath Features A Jet Tub And Tiled Shower. The Yard Is Beautifully Landscaped, With A Deck And Pergola. There Is Also A Second 2 Car Garage For Extra Storage. Just 10 Minutes From Town.
Property Information
- Subdivision
- T30n R7e
- Total Finished SqFt
- 4,224
- Garage
- 3.0
- Garage Desc.
- Attached/UN
- Waterfront Desc
- No
- Water
- Well
- Sewer
- Septic
- Home Style
- Ranch
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 17x17
- Bedroom2
- 15x12
- Bedroom3
- 13x11
- Dining
- 12x13 1st Floor
- Kitchen
- 16x12 1st Floor
- Living
- 17x18 1st Floor
- Basement
- Full-Finished
- Cooling
- Propane
- Heating
- Propane
- Appliances
- Ceiling Fan, Range/Oven, Refrigerator
- Interior Features
- Doorwall, Hardwood Floors, Tile Floor, Walk - In Closet
- Exterior Materials
- Vinyl
Listing Video for 2996 King Settlement Road, Alpena MI 49707
Mortgage Calculator
Listing Broker
Listing Courtesy of Real Estate One
Office Address 215 W. Chisholm
Listings last updated: . Some properties that appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have been sold and may no longer be available.
Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 2996 King Settlement Road, Alpena MI 49707. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Alpena, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Alpena, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Alpena, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Alpena, Michigan real estate for sale.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site appears in part from the IDX programs of our Multiple Listing Services. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One includes the name and address of the listing broker where available.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
The data relating to real estate one this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program of the Water Wonderland MLS (WWLX). Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One are marked with the WWLX logo and the detailed information about said listing includes the listing office. Water Wonderland MLS, Inc. © All rights reserved.


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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|5 nights
Villa Elma, is located in the Upper Iklin area (central part of Malta), close to Naxxar square and the historical palace, 'Palazzo Parisio'. The property is located on high grounds and in a peaceful location enjoying country views from the bedrooms and terrace. The villa is a three bedroom property with high quality finishes and gadgets providing its tenants with a unique experience, with a taste of true luxury. The outdoor area has a large south facing swimming pool with outdoor furniture, BBQ facilities and an area with artificial lawn, ideal for relaxation. The indoor pool enjoys ample natural light through the big apertures and includes a Jacuzzi. The property has been fitted with all modern comfort gadgets such as air conditioning, multi-room audio system which enables its tenants to play different music in the different areas of the house, intelligent lighting system as well as burglar alarm and CCTV which can all be controlled from an Ipad which is provided during the stay.
The property is owned and managed by Luxe-developments Ltd which is mainly involved in the development of high-end properties. However, the company is closely managed by my family and thus ensures thus tenants will get a personalized service.
Luxe-Developments Ltd purchased this villa in 2013
The property is located in Upper iklin which is one of the best Villa area developments in Malta. Iklin is located on high grounds offering nice views and is very central. The property is located off the main road of Iklin and hence in a peaceful location.
Villa Elma is one of the very few properties in Malta which has both a heated indoor swimming pool and a separate outdoor pool. In addition, the property includes a lot of very high tech gadgets. In fact, all the sound system, lighting and CCTV are controlled through an i-pad (which is provided for use upon arrival.
Kindly note that no functions can take place at the property and that no smoking is allowed inside the house. The indoor pool is not heated during the Summer period.
In addition, the property has just been completed and hence is brand new.
The is also licensed by the Malta Tourism Authority.
We had a wonderful time here in Malta. Thanks to Franco and his brother who were the perfect hosts. They are extremely kind and helpful. The accommodation itself is luxurious and spacious. Would really recommend it!
Simply fantastic. I'm worried about recommending it too highly as I'll want to book it again and don't want it to be taken! I travel to Malta a lot and have stayed in a number of places and this was definitely at the upper end of what's out there. In addition, the host and his family were superb and unlike many other Maltese hosts I've used before, they understood what's appropriate for a family on holiday and were a perfect mix of being very helpful and accommodating without being over-bearing, imposing or invasive. Parking is really easy (on and off property) which is a huge bonus in Malta. It's not by the sea but is really central and easy to get to most places even if you don't know Malta too well.
8 of us, inc 4ad + 4 kids (8-13y old) stayed 2 weeks at villa Elma.
Perfect place, quiet, design, fully equiped.
Franco and family were helpful, nice, and smooth to deal with on any subject.
Perfect location 20mn drive to the farest place in Malta.
We highly recommend. Enjoy / JC
The kids opening lines on running into the villa.......look at the pool,response..........which one!?!?
First Franco - great owner/host nothing was too much trouble
The villa - top quality fixtures/fittings all mod cons - kids loved controlling the music around either on the two pools by using the iPad
Location - depends what you want to if you need a car,we didn't bother & taxis are very cheap again booked through the iPad
In short would we/we will return yes of course don't hesitate .......it's the best.
Thanks Franco
Special interest holidays:
Facilities include a welcome food pack, WI-FI, use of I-pad, docking station for i-pod connected with multi room audio system, parking facilities in a lock-up garage, toiletries, mid-week towel-change and garden maintenance.
Personal trainer facilities and airport transfers can be provided upon request at an additional charge.
Golden Bay - 12 Kms
St. George's Bay - 4.9 Kms
Ghadira Bay - 17 Kms
Sliema (surf side) - 6.5 Kms
Malta International Airport (Luqa) is located 8.3 Kms away from the property (19 mins drive). Use of car is recommended. We can also make the necessary arrangements for airport transfers.
Mdina - 7 Kms (15 mins drive)
Naxxar - 2.5 Kms (5 mins drive)
St. Anton Presidential Gardens - 1.6 Kms (5 mins drive)
Valletta - 7 Kms (15 mins drive)
St. Julians - 5 Kms (11 mins drive)
Cirkewwa Terminal - 20Kms (35 mins drive)
Mosta - 3 Kms (9 mins drive)
Hagar Qim Neolithic temples - 14 Kms (27 mins drive)
Blue Grotto - 15 Kms (28mins drive)
Further Details:
The property is located close to the Naxxar square and hence close to all amenities. The distance to the nearest supermarket is of just 850 meters (3 mins drive). The villa is also located very close to a pharmacy, bakery, ATM, cafeterias, petrol station and restaurants which can all be found at the square.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
May 1 2017 - Sep 30 2017
5 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
5 night minimum stay
|No additional mandatory fees
|Damage Deposit
Booking Notes:
25% deposit is required to be paid in order to secure the booking. We can accept payments in Euros (€) by bank transfer. The rest of the amount is to be paid on arrival in cash. A refundable deposit is payable on arrival against damages. Price includes a daily electricity allowance of 40 KwH units per day.
No weddings and/or other parties can be held at the property. Only paying guests can stay at the property. No bookings are accepted unless one member of the group is over 25 years of age.
Following payment of the reservation, you will receive a confirmation by e-mail. Check-out time is at 10 am and check-in time is at 2 pm.
Changeover Day:
Notes on prices:
The rates are for a maximum of 8 persons for the entire villa not just a villa apartment.
Indoor pool is not heated during Summer period. The price includes use of fast internet Wi- Fi, parking, provision of clean towels and parking.


text:
Last night I had my first phone conversation with a guy I met through an online dating service. He lives 4 hours away. I told him I enjoyed our conversation and he said he did too, but he didn't mention having any further contact. This evening after work, he sent me an e-mail saying again that he enjoyed our conversation and signed it "take care" without mentioning further contact. I am interested in him, but don't know what to do next, if anything. What should I do, if anything, and is it true that one should wait 24 hours before responding to an e-mail? Thanks!
Most Helpful Guy
guys like it when a woman can initiate contact at times. he made contact with you, so there's interest on his part. take a chance and just email him already.
i can understand the whole dating protocol thing about waiting, and whatnot. but in this case things are early and you guys haven't even established that there is a mutual attraction. so just return his email.
i myself get disinterested quickly if I don't hear back in a timely manner.00|00|0
Good to know. Thanks!
- Show AllShow Less
Yes, is there a way I can message you directly and tell you more about it to see what you think?
Lol..yes of course. ist.ayj@gmail


text:
Author | exchange4media News Service | Saturday, Apr 09,2005 8:27 AM
India's most popular mid-size car, Ford Ikon has achieved a historic milestone by rolling out its 100,000th car out of the Ford India plant at Maraimalai Nagar recently. In continuation with its celebration, the company has also launched Josh 100 celebration series.
On the remarkable accomplishment, David Friedman, Managing Director and President, Ford India, said, "100,000 Ford Ikons in India is indeed a momentous milestone. This achievement is testimony to the Josh Machine's ever growing popularity."
After capturing 12- 15 per cent market share over the last few months, the company aims to notch up around 10 per cent in sales as compared to the last calendar year, said Vinay Piparsania, Vice President-Marketing and External Affairs, Ford India.
Asked on the reason behind coming up with the Josh 100 celebration series, Piparsania, said, "We believe in offering great value to our customers by offering them something different and exciting."
Available across the full Ford Ikon line up, the Josh 100 celebratory cars come in different variants like 1.3 Flair Josh 100, 1.6 Exi and 1.6 Zxi.
Equipped with features like premium audio system, leather-vinyl seat covers, remote entry and anti-theft alarm system, power steering, central door locking and tachometer, the celebratory cars will be available only in April and May and are priced at Rs 5lakh and upwards.
Asked on the marketing strategy built around Josh 100 celebration series, Piparsania said, "Our communication of advertising will be basically done through print campaigns which will be on from day after tomorrow."
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Jethro Tull
Agricultural horse-drawn seed drill
Jethro's life at first
Jethro Tull, was born in England - Berkshire. In the beginning, Jethro was in the study of law and graduated from Oxford University. Farm work as well. Not just any normal and low-class farm work, but having deeper experiments and research on inventing tools that could improve lives for farmers in their daily work! Tools like carts, auto rakes. But the most successful thing that he had ever came up to, was "the Seed Drill".
the Seed Drill
Firstly, the Seed Driller is a cart that positions seeds in the soil and then finishes every time by covering them as well. Bt deeply it works like this.....
The cart needs to be pulled forward, to allow the coulters to cut open the soil, with a mechanism on the hopper periodically allowing a constant amount of seeds to drop into the cut-open soil, and finishing with a cover up.
Even today, some of the farmers from all around the world, are still using this good idea, to work better on their farm works and improving their working quality too! It has a big leap towards the future concept of invention.


text:
For marriage and romance.
I am sociable, friendly, easy-going, down-to-earth. Well, these words describe me well. I am straightforward, persistent, responsible and at the same time kind and shy. I am tolerant and I listen to what people say to me, but I am able to stand my ground and to defend my point of view.
I am looking for a man who would not only fit in into my life, but who would like to create a new life together with me. Being compatible is not enough. Being devoted and passionate to each other - that`s what I want.


text:
Criminal Law
Criminal Law Questions? Ask a Criminal Lawyer.
Hello. Thank you for using JustAnswer.
The firearms restriction from both state and federal law for those convicted of a felony does not apply to bow and arrow.
This is because the definition of firearm excludes bow and arrow.
You can possess a bow in California as a felon.


text:
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Talk to a Specialist
Endorsed by Maria Sharapova, Victoria Azerenka and Serena Williams, the Nike Womens Capri Tights feature sweat-wicking stretch fabric and body-mapping seams to let you move naturally.
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text:
Jennifer Soterakis
Florida Elementary School Teacher
About Jennifer Soterakis
A veteran elementary school reading, writing, science, and mathematics teacher with more than a decade of experience, Jennifer Soterakis has taught at Beckford Richmond Elementary School, Sunset Lakes Elementary School, and Franklin Academy. Jennifer Soterakis also worked as a substitute teacher for Broward County Public Schools. Her experience includes serving as an interim substitute, FCAT instructor, and classroom teacher, and she currently teaches fifth-grade reading, language arts, and science at Franklin Academy. She received her bachelor's degree in elementary education in 2001 and has been teaching ever since, with only a short break to relocate between 2002 and 2003.
Jennifer Soterakis has also taken on several support roles in her schools and community, including new teacher mentoring, student government advisement, safety patrol advisement, and dismissal committee service. She frequently works with yearbook committees as an advisor or editor, in addition to involvement with the West Pines Girls Softball League as its events planner


text:
The Timeline: 30 days
The Charge: $0
We offer returns and exchanges up to 30 days from your date of purchase. All returns and exchanges are free, with no restocking or return shipping fees. All orders arrive with a prepaid return label attached to the invoice for added convenience. We will only accept returns from ayr.com, please contact third party retailers (such as Nordstrom or Shopbop) directly to return items purchased through their channels.
Typically sale items abide by the same 30 day window, though we will not accept "Final Sale" items for returns or exchanges. Our sale section will be labeled as "Final Sale" when these terms apply.
How To Make A Return:
- Pack up your unwanted items in any box
- Place the prepaid return label on top
- If you misplaced the original, print a fresh label through your account page
- Drop the box off at your nearest UPS location
- Breathe easy, we will send you an email once we have your returns and your refund is on its way
If you have any additional questions, reach out to our Customer Service firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
You have no items in your shopping cart.
Tygon Fuel Tubing; 1/4" ID, 3/8" OD. 25' reel
Part #: VTC-30 25'
List Price: $45.25Our Price: $36.99
Tygon premium brand tubing is non-hardening and stays soft for years. The transparent tubing is ideal for all small engines, go-karts, mini-bikes and snowmobiles. Has outstanding resistance to gas and oil. Resists swelling and holds securely.


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Bright and spacious four bedroom/ two bathroom home on a beautiful tree-lined street. Newly refinished hardwood floors on the main level and second floor. Fresh designer paint colors, and timeless & well maintained eat-in kitchen & baths. Second level features extrawide landing and three ample-sized bedrooms with hardwood floors. Inviting family room in the lower level - perfect for entertaining or game nights. Nice yard with patio & two car garage. This home is perfect - move right in!
The listing information set forth on this site is based upon information which we consider reliable, but because it has been supplied by third parties to our franchisees (who in turn supplied it to us) , we cannot represent that it is accurate or complete, and it should not be relied upon as such. The offerings are subject to errors, omissions, changes, including price, or withdrawal without notice. All dimensions are approximate and have not been verified by the selling party and cannot be verified by Sotheby's International Realty Affiliates LLC. It is recommended that you hire a professional in the business of determining dimensions, such as an appraiser, architect or civil engineer, to determine such information.


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A Stony Stratford Song
Good people all, from far and near;
Make your abode and join us here;
Where'er you may have planned to roam
Let Stony Stratford be your home
Here's where the Romans built a road
Along which legionaries strode;
Here's where their uncle first gained power
Over the "Princes in the Tower".
Of churches we can offer five
Which keeps the word of God alive;
Each one of them a different sect,
So come, and choose which you select.
Our inns and restaurants are known
For good rest, good food and good tone;
Of stories tall our Cock and Bull
Were once considered to be full.
But if you feel you can't decide
With us forever to reside
At least, please, make a little stay:
You will enjoy your holiday.


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question about noise from clutch/tranny
View Single Post
Scooby Specialist
Join Date:
Nov 2001
Lincoln, NE
2002 WRX 2.5L Hybrid
As for how much time you have on that clutch, I couldn't tell you that. With my Cobra, when we pulled out the toasted TOB, the friction plate actually looked brand new. I have heard about some people that have multiple drag runs, and are doing much more than 227 HP at the wheels even, and have not had any problems with their clutch whatsoever. Although there are some that have less than 5k on their clutch, and it's already down to the rivots on the friction disc. It all depends on how you drive your car. Whether you race it or not. Don't worry about taking the revs to a little over 2k to get rolling from a stop. What really matters is how long you ride the clutch on the way out before you let it fully engage. So far you sound like a responsible person, and one that doesn't beat the holy pud out of your car. How much longer you should wait before you really try to get something resolved? I would say go to the dealer the first chance you get. My reasoning for this would be so that you don't run into the same problem that I had with my other car. Sure they will replace the clutch assembly and TOB, although will they know to check the tolerances on the input shaft of the trans before they get it all back together? It sounds like you are kind of in a position of you're are damned if you do, or damned if you don't, ya know? I feel your pain man, and I hope that you get treated fairly wherever you go to get your baby fixed. Sorry this is so long...
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Frank Pepermans" <frankp...@hotmail.com>
|Re: Pushing Flex components thorough the GPU
|Tue, 24 Jan 2012 16:39:07 GMT
Indeed :) Not very slightly off topic, I created a Spark component a while ago, which utilizes pure Alchemy for all things related to layout, performance is acceptable, and it can still be optimized much more by for example using tinyTLF. http://www.igindo.com/orgchart/index.html (click drag to move around, randomly generated data) Now I do agree Alchemy is not a good option, but cutting the fat on Flex and maybe optimizing the compiler more would improve performance just the same > here the item renderers are just plain Flex ones -----Original Message----- From: Roland Zwaga Sent: Tuesday, January 24, 2012 5:16 PM To: firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: Re: Pushing Flex components thorough the GPU > > Would be good to know exactly why Flex underperforms in areas such as item > renderers right now, > so much goes on when for example a grid is created and shown, that it is > hard to track down. > > i.e. having tandem of the Flex layout framework plus Starling would still > be slow, especially the added code to manage an extra 3D display list. > > optimizing the Flex innards, finding a good alternative to the TLF > components (a big hit for Spark based renderers), in future maybe adding > the Worker classes into Flex etc... might be enough to leave the stage3D > alone? Good points Frank, I think the combination of Stage3D and DisplayList will probably be used mostly in specialised components. There is plenty of opportunity for optimization in the framework as it is. Perhaps TinyTLF could prove a viable alternative for TLF for instance? I'm sure if the fat is cut from the innards of the framework it should be able to perform acceptably on devices as well. Roland
|View raw message


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You know the sweet little names or terms you use when she is just so cute and you like her so much you just can't help yourself. Don't say baby/babe...that's over used I wanna know the other stuff :D
Most Helpful Guy
I don't use pet names. I only call girls by their name. The exception is when they earn a cool nickname that has a story behind it. Like my friend calls me Blockhead because of my addiction to Puzzle-style video games like Tetris.21|10|0


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Edit: After half day, my wife's Mac started having the same problem. I have then applied the solution that I found in the Apple
Apple's Head Of Design , Jonathan Ives Gifted KBE –
Apple's head of design , Jonathan Ives has been awarded a knighthood. He has been made a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) which now gives him the opportunity to add Sir in front of his name.Ives was raised in Chingford, UK and went to work for Apple in 1992 and basically from the word go he had a big influence on each and every product.
"absolutely thrilling" and said he was "both humbled and sincerely grateful".
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Katy Perry's Childhood Glamour Shot
Judging by this childhood photo, Katy Perry's penchant for posing and love of costumes dates back to her tween years.
The Teenage Dream singer tweeted an old glamour shot of herself wearing a sassy hot pink suit and matching hat. With one hand playfully cocking her chapeau, the young Katy is photographed giving that… More »


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While it is possible to use a full length connector arm when the op rod rail is wider than 5/16", unless you are handy with a dremel tool, you should not attempt this modification.
All modifications in the installation instructions must also be done to the con arm. It may be necessary to remove some of the wood on the inside of the stock on each end. It also may be necessary to file some material off the front portion of the base if it protrudes past the face of the modified sear release.
The above instructions are to be used entirely at your own risk. If the connector arm is modified in any way, it is not returnable.
If after reviewing these additional instruction, you have any questions, please shoot us an e-mail and we will be happy to answer them.
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The Carola Myers crew and the lovely ladies of the Washington Capitals Red Rockers have teamed up once again! We can't believe this is now the 4th year in a row that we have provided our services for their annual photoshoot. We certainly do love working with these spirited gals. A big thank you to Tyler Hines, the Game Entertainment Manager for the Washington Capitals, for all his assistance coordinating the wonderful shoot.
Best of luck in your upcoming season, Red Rockers!


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Halloween Porch Light Covers
Halloween Porch Light Covers
Halloween Porch Light Covers are one of those finishing touches that really brings your Halloween decorating all out. Your porch lights need some decorating to show the trick or treaters right to your door and they can be disguised as a friendly pumpkin or scary ghoul to bring your Halloween decorating right up to your home.
Halloween Porch Light Covers
It's typically the rule of thumb, leave the porch light on for trick or treaters. With a flip of a switch it's not just those white lights, you can choose a Halloween Porch Light Cover that will depict your favorite Halloween character. So your flipping of a switch will light up a smiling pumpkin or gory monster, that's up to you.
They are extremely easy to install. You simply slip the attached straps of the porch light cover over your existing light, no electric, screws or hardware or even tools are required. So easy and yet such an effective impact on your porch for Halloween.
Pumpkin Halloween Porch Light Cover
Halloween Pumpkin Porch Light CoverCheck It Out
Holiday Porch Light Covers go right over your existing fixtures to give any entryway a festive touch. Sparkling covers add holiday cheer to your home's exterior both night and day. Each flexible plastic cover has an elastic cord that slides over the light fixture for quick and easy installation. Perfect for a porch, side entrance or garage door.
Halloween Porch Light Covers
Ghost Porch Light Cover – PurpleCheck It OutSkull Porch Light Cover – ScaryCheck It OutBlack Cat Porch Light CoverCheck It OutHalloween Ghost Light CoversCheck It Out
Halloween Porch Light Covers
Disney Mickey Mouse Porch Light CoverCheck It OutStar Wars Darth Vader Porch Light CoverCheck It OutStar Wars C-3PO Porch Light CoverCheck It OutMarvel Spider Man Porch Light CoverCheck It OutMarvel Iron Man Porch Light CoverCheck It OutMarvel Hulk Porch Light CoverCheck It Out
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met ed electric in pa Reviews - Online Shopping Reviews on met ed electric in pa for SFPcables.com
Type-C 3.1 to USB 3.0 Adapter, GoldSKU: WGC4-F0408$2.44 Less than 100pcs: $3.62● Compatible with Type-C devices in market
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USB 3.0 to SATA-II Adapter, for 2.5" /1.8" HDD SSD, up to 5Gbps, 0.5MSKU: WGC4-E0507$6.66 Less than 100pcs: $9.88● High speed transfer files up to 5Gbps
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Type-C 3.1 to RJ45 Adapter, for Ethernet 10/ 100/ 1000MSKU: WG-T-F0404$10.65 Less than 100pcs: $15.80● Support New Macbook 12"
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QSFP Electrical Passive LoopbackSKU: CAB-QSFP-LB0
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HDMI to RJ45 Extender, 30-MeterSKU: WG-T-502
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For Brocade 40G-QSFP-SR4-INT, MTP (MPO) 1X8 or 1X12 ribbon connector, supports breakout to four 10GBASE-SR modules up to 100 m on OM3 multi-mode fiberSKU: Brocade-40G-QSFP-SR4-INT
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Ever wondered what other uses cutlery trays have? I cheaply sourced one at a garage sale recently with an extra sliding top tray which lifts off. I ended up using it to store/organize stationary bits and pieces in a drawer in our computer room. Before this I was going to use it in my make-up/hair accessory drawer.
By Knitwit
Add your voice! Click below to comment. ThriftyFun is powered by your wisdom!
That doesn't look like a cutlery tray to me. It looks like a desk drawer organizer.
I wasn't even aware you could buy specific desk drawer organizers like this! Luckily for me this 'very' cheaply found cutlery tray did the same job :)
I had intended to use it in my second utensil drawer in the kitchen but couldn't quite scrub it up to my 'kitchen clean' standards. Worked perfectly in this drawer instead though. As mentioned the sliding 4 compartment top tray lifts off so I have more stationary bits 'n bobs stored underneath.
Add your voice! Click below to comment. ThriftyFun is powered by your wisdom!


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Issue #14
in CBR Exclusives Comment
HEY, FOLKS! Today's my birthday, so here's some jpegs.
We've got: The cover to "Invincible" #32 (by Ryan Ottley and Bill Crabtree).
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Crabtree). The cover to "Walking Dead" #29 (Charlie Adlard and Cliff
Rathburn). The first three pages of "Invincible" #28 (Ottley, Rathburn and
Crabtree). The dust jacket for "The Walking Dead" Deluxe Hardcover (Adlard
and Rathburn).
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get your hot little hands on all these goodies is to BUY MY BOOKS.
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Ladies, would you ever propose marriage to a man? And guys what do you think of women popping the question first? Is this the age where it should be more common or should tradition still be carried out when it comes this. Girls, feel free to say why you would or would not and if you even support the idea. Guys, just say what you think about it. Thoughts, opinions and experiences are welcome.
Most Helpful Guy
I'm all up for equality and women chasing men. But there's no way in hell I'd like it if my girl (hypoteticly in this case) would propose to me. Seriously, call me old-fashioned but I want to pop the question. And if a man is ready for marriage, he'll propably ask it soon anyway.31|20|0


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- Australia (3)
- Belize (1)
- Canada (2)
- China (1)
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- Dominican Republic (1)
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1st Floor Metropolitan House
Darkes Lane
Potters Bar
Darkes Lane
Potters Bar
Since 1998, Churchill Knight & Associates Ltd have helped over 10,000 contractors legally maximise their take home pay. We provide tailored accountancy services to a variety of contractor industries. From engineering to marketing and social care to IT, we can personalise our service to suit your accountancy needs, both professionally and personally.
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John felt that both he, and his fellow contractors, needed a better accountancy solution. He created Churchill Knight in order to do just that. Growing the service over the last 18 years, John has remained fanatical about offering high quality service and contractor's needs are at the heart of the service we deliver.
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Qualifies for Free Shipping
The ACE JK Slant Back Tire Carrier Kit works with the ACE JK Pro Series Rear Bumper and Tire Carrier to convert your tire carrier into a prerunner style look. It's designed to work with the Bestop Trektop NX for both two door and four door JK Wrangler models.
This looks like it would work with other swing arm bumpers is their a reason why it wouldn't
Asked by John ash from on
John, the ACE Engineering Slant Back Tire Carrier will work with any tire carrier that uses a 4 bolt mount for the tire mount and has clearance on the back to allow you to mount it. Hope this helps!
Answered by Zach O. ext 4939 from on
will this work with existing rocky ridge bumpers?
Asked by Andrew from linwood, new jersey on
Andrew, the ACE Engineering Slant Back Tire Carrier is only for ACE bumpers. Hope this helps!
Answered by Zach O. ext 4939 from linwood, new jersey on
For over 22 years, ACE Engineering has been providing off-roaders with Jeep aftermarket parts to make trails safe and fun. Their philosophy is to keep their manufacturing standards high and their prices low relative to the competition and enthusiasts have responded to the company's offerings and warranties. Bumpers, rock sliders, tire carriers and fender flares are among the parts and accessories ACE carries and we have kits as well as individual components for a wide span of Jeep models. Protecting the underside of your Jeep as well as other vital areas is easy and affordable with ACE Engineering's array of 4x4 products. Shop ACE Engineering Now


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Tribe Minion USB 8GB
Special Price £0.97 was £14.99 Save £14.02
Out of stock
- Officially licensed Minions
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More product info
Tired of your usual memory stick? Bland design, nothing to shout about and often getting lost? Ditch your old stick and pick up one of these little helpers!
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Welcome to my website. My aim is to provide practical, down-to-earth information on how to talk more openly and honestly about the way we age, how we deal with increasing later-life crises, and how we approach the end of our lives.
I do hope you will find the resources and information helpful. Just go the relevant buttons on the main menu and a drop-down menu will appear. You can then choose the topics you want to read about.
My book Sex, Meaning and the Menopause tackles the difficult changes that we face as we cross over to becoming older women.
The D-Word: Talking about Dying and Nearing the End of Life: A guide for relatives, friends and carers provide information on how to talk about end of life issues. You can find further information about all three publications from Sue's Books, on the main menu.
Please do feel free to contact me. I welcome comments and stories of your own experiences, whether that's about the end of life, the menopause, or how so many babyboomers are now being confronted by later-life crisis.
Pop-up Death Cafes
I moved onto my narrowboat Mystic Moon in April 2015 to run pop-up death cafes. Over thirty death cafes later, and a host of fascinating conversations (which you can read about on my blog) I am still on my boat and loving every minute of it.
The next pop-up death cafe is on Saturday 7th October in Cirencester, Early booking is recommended as these cafes fill up quickly. To book a place, please click here


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 2007
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 2003
|Priority date
|Jun 3, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Martin E. Fermann, Gennady Imeshev, Ingmar Hartl, Donald J. Harter
|Original Assignee
|Imra America, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (47), Classifications (19), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/474,999, filed Jun. 3, 2003; the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to the construction of compact high energy fiber laser pulse sources, methods of designing and using such sources, and adaptive control techniques therefor.
Over the last several years, fiber lasers and amplifiers have been regarded as the most promising candidates for pulse sources for industrial applications, due to their unique simplicity of construction. Large core fiber amplifiers and specifically large core diffraction limited multi-mode amplifiers (as described by M. E. Fermann and D. Harter, 'Single-Mode Amplifiers and Compressors based on Multi-Mode Optical Fibers', U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,630) enable the amplification of optical signals to levels where micro-machining and laser marking become possible. See A. Galvanauskas et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/317,221. Since laser marking and micro-machining are dependent on the supply of high peak power pulses, it is advantageous to use such fiber amplifiers for the amplification of nanosecond regime (ns) pulses, as supplied, for example, by micro-chip lasers or general Q-switched sources. In conjunction with large-core fiber amplifiers, these ns pulse sources can be amplified to pulse energies in the hundreds of microjoules (μJ). Such fiber amplifier systems can operate as direct replacements for Nd-based solid state lasers in any micro-machining and marking application.
The use of diffraction limited fiber multi-mode amplifiers allows a significant improvement in power density to be delivered to a target compared to non-diffraction-limited multi-mode amplifiers as described for example in B. Desthieux, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 586–588 (1993)). Note, that in this early work the use of electrically driven semiconductor lasers for the generation of short optical seed pulses to high power amplifier chains, albeit with a final multi-mode power amplifier, was already described.
The use of electrically driven semiconductor lasers for amplifier chains was later reiterated by Grubb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,151,338. A variety of complex fiber amplifier implementations for use in micro-machining applications again reiterating the use of electrically driven semiconductor seed lasers was recently also suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,306 to Grubb et al. In another suggestion by Grubb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,615, the use of bent single-mode amplifier fibers has been suggested; the difficulty in making such single-mode amplifiers has also been a limitation in such high power fiber amplifier systems.
The most advanced micro-machining or micro-structuring applications are enabled by amplification of ultrafast optical pulses in fiber media. Ultrafast optical pulses are generally characterized by a pulse width of less than 50 ps; conveniently, chirped pulse amplification is implemented to enable the amplification of such pulses to the μJ-mJ energy range. Generally, chirped pulse amplification systems use a near bandwidth-limited seed pulse source, which is temporally stretched (i.e. chirped) in a pulse stretcher before amplification in a power amplifier. After amplification, the pulses are recompressed to approximately the bandwidth limit using a pulse compressor.
Commercially viable fiber chirped pulse amplification systems were suggested in A. Galvanauskas and M. E. Fermann, 'Optical Pulse Amplification using Chirped Bragg Gratings, U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,134). The system in this work relied on chirped fiber Bragg gratings for pulse stretching. Chirped fiber Bragg gratings have been developed into widely available commercial devices. The chirp imparted by the Bragg gratings can be designed to be linear or nonlinear to compensate for any order of dispersion in a chirped pulse amplification system. See A. Galvanauskas et al., Hybrid Short-Pulse Amplifiers with Phase-Mismatch Compensated Pulse Stretchers and Compressors, U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,863, which is important for the generation of near bandwidth limited pulses after pulse recompression.
Generally, in such systems, as a compromise between system compactness and high-energy capability, the use of a chirped fiber Bragg grating pulse stretcher in conjunction with a bulk grating pulse compressor is advantageous, providing at least partial integration of the high-energy fiber amplifier system. Alternative arrangements resorting to the use of bulk stretchers and compressors (as generally used in the state of the art) are generally much more difficult to align, require a significantly larger amount of space for their operation and are only of limited utility in real industrial applications.
However, to date, the mismatch in the dispersion profile between fiber grating pulse stretchers and bulk grating pulse compressors has limited the compressibility of the pulses, limiting their acceptance in the field of ultrafast optics.
Recently, modular, widely tunable fiber chirped pulse amplification systems were described by M. E. Fermann et al., 'Modular, High Energy Widely Tunable Ultrafast Fiber Source', U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/576,772, that further enhance the utility of such fiber laser sources in industrial applications.
What remains to be demonstrated is a particularly cost-effective, easily manufacturable and flexible fiber chirped pulse amplification system that is practical for mass production, but yet exhibits high pulse stretching and compression ratios by benefit of matched dispersion profiles.
The present invention relates to the use of nonlinearly chirped fiber gratings as pulse stretchers in ultra-compact high energy chirped pulse amplification systems. By minimizing the group delay ripple of the fiber gratings and matching their dispersion to the dispersion of bulk grating compressors, accurately dispersion matched pulse stretchers and compressors can be constructed. Very large pulse stretching ratios can thus be implemented in compact chirped pulse amplification systems. Even larger stretching ratios are possible when using concatenated fiber Bragg gratings.
Chirped fiber Bragg gratings can be implemented as pulse stretchers for both solid-state amplifier-based and fiber amplifier-based chirped pulse amplification systems. With regards to fiber chirped pulse amplification, the obtainable pulse energies can be maximized by using polarization maintaining, large-core fiber amplifiers. For ease of alignment, and to help maintain single mode operation, fibers with approximately step-like refractive index profiles and circularly symmetric rare-earth doping profiles are preferred.
Very high average powers can further be obtained by the implementation of double-clad fiber amplifiers. The spectral output of these amplifiers can be optimized by accurate control of the linear polarization state propagating inside the fiber amplifiers.
Adaptive control of the group delay variations in fiber Bragg gratings can further be performed to enable the minimization of group-delay ripple-induced pulse distortions due to chirped fiber Bragg grating imperfections. Adaptive control of the chirp in fiber gratings is enabled by controlling the temperature and/or pressure (stress) inside distinct fiber grating sections. Adaptive control of the group delay variations in chirped fiber gratings can further be used to compensate for self-phase modulation in high energy amplifiers.
The combination of fiber grating pulse stretchers and bulk grating compressors allows the generation of a variety of complex pulse shapes optimized for use in advanced micro-structuring applications.
Finally, fiber grating pulse stretchers can be designed to counteract spectral gain-narrowing in a chirped pulse amplification system, allowing for the generation of pulses with a bandwidth comparable to the gain bandwidth of the optical amplifiers incorporated in the chirped pulse amplification system.
However, by utilizing multiple grating stretchers, a longer pulse envelope can be generated that can be amplified to higher energies. One means to accomplish this is to have each of the stretcher gratings stretch only a portion of the spectrum of the input pulse. It is possible to coherently add the pulses back to form a single pulse, although it is difficult to maintain phase in such a case. Longer pulse envelopes from such a series of gratings can be recompressed by a series of similar compression gratings. The pulses can be incoherently added. The pulses can not be recompressed to the same degree as if a single grating is used, although this may be sufficient for many purposes.
The use of stretched pulses with a width of, for example, 4 ns enables the amplification of these pulses to the mJ energy level in large-core (≈30 μm mode diameter) Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. Such high pulse energies are very important for the application of ultrafast fiber laser sources to industrial scale machining applications.
Though in
The preferred application of the pulse stretcher as shown in
Moreover, as is well known in the art, in the assembly of negative dispersion bulk gratings compressors, no lenses are required in the dispersive section of the optical beam path (i.e. the optical beam path that provides the wavelength dependent group delay), greatly simplifying its construction.
Bulk compressor 119 as indicated in
Although, the present example refers to a dual fiber grating stretcher and a single fiber grating partial compressor, any number N of fiber gratings can be used in the stretcher. The number of fiber gratings in the compressor can then be selected between 1 to N, where the residual uncompensated group delay is compensated with a bulk grating compressor. The amplifier 113 can comprise a fiber, semiconductor or bulk laser amplifier. Alternatively, nonlinear amplifiers such as a Raman or parametric amplifers can also be implemented, where implementations in both waveguide (fiber) or bulk optical form are acceptable. In conjunction with bulk amplifiers, it is advantageous to implement multiple passes through the amplifier medium or to implement a regenerative optical amplifier. Such optical systems are well known in the art and amplifier 113 is representative of any such bulk optical amplification system. A plurality of amplifiers can be used. Either the same or different type.
The system shown in
To enable re-compression of the stretched pulses obtained from a chirped fiber grating stretcher in a bulk grating compressor, the group delay as a function of wavelength in the chirped fiber Bragg grating assembly has to be matched to the group delay as a function of wavelength generated in the bulk grating compressor. This is performed by balancing the spectral phase of the stretcher/compressor assembly. Generally, the group delay as a function of optical frequency produced by a highly dispersive bulk grating compressor is nonlinear, hence the chirped fiber Bragg grating stretcher needs to be designed with the opposite nonlinear group delay as a function of optical frequency. The nonlinear group delay can also simply be referred to as nonlinear chirp.
Generally, it is very difficult to match the nonlinear chirp produced by the stretcher/compressor assembly perfectly. Due to phase errors in the fiber grating stretcher, in general the fiber grating stretcher will exhibit periodic variations of the group delay from the design curve. The group delay variations produced in a fiber grating can be measured using standard techniques well known in the art. The group delay mismatch between stretcher and compressor can then be measured or calculated (generally, it is sufficient to calculate the group delay produced by a bulk grating compressor; a separate measurement is not necessary) and the results can be fed back to the fabrication process of the fiber grating, i.e. the dc or the ac component in the writing procedure of a fiber Bragg grating can be appropriately modified to reduce the group delay mismatch between fiber grating stretcher and bulk compressor. Through an iterative process very low group delay mismatch between stretcher and compressor can be obtained.
Note that iterative methods to minimize the group delay of chirped fiber gratings have been demonstrated (M. Sumetsky et al., 'Reduction of chirped fiber grating group delay ripple penalty through UV post processing, Conference on Optical Communications, OFC, Atlanta (2003), paper PD28), though to the author's knowledge the iterative method of group delay ripple reduction has not previously been suggested in the construction of high energy chirped pulse amplification systems. As is evident in the article by Sumetsky et al., without iterative group delay ripple reduction, a group delay ripple as large as �10 ps is generated even in high-quality chirped fiber Bragg gratings. With iterative group delay ripple reduction, the group delay can be reduced to �2 ps and even smaller values are possible. For pulse compression down to below 1 ps the control of group delay ripple is becoming increasingly significant, in eliminating an unwanted pulse pedestal, which can be detrimental in advanced material processing applications.
Referring now to
In a system demonstration, pulses with a full width half maximum (FWHM) width of 350 fs from a passively modelocked Er fiber oscillator operating at a repetition rate of 50 MHz were stretched in a 10 cm long nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating to a width of 700 ps. The nonlinearly chirped fiber grating was designed (e.g., by the iterative method) to provide the same dispersion as the bulk grating compressor; the bulk grating here having a groove spacing of 1200 lines/mm and operated at the Littrow angle. The maximum group delay variations (or group delay ripple) from the designed group delay in the chirped fiber Bragg grating were measured at �<2 ps. The oscillator pulse energy was 100 pJ. After amplification by a factor of 10, the pulses were recompressed in the bulk grating compressor. The recompressed pulses had a FWHM width of ≈700 fs sitting on an additional pedestal with a FWHM width of 3 ps, containing about 2% of the pulse energy. Hence a compression ratio of up to 1000 was obtainable with the present arrangement, limited only by the bandwidth of the amplifier. An autocorrelation of the compressed pulses with a 2% pedestal energy content is shown in
Though the amplified pulse energy in the present system was only 1 nJ, by reducing the repetition rate of the seed source, and the incorporation of additional fiber amplifier stages, much higher pulse energies can be generated. It is therefore instructive to calculate the practical energy limits of the present chirped pulse amplification system. The maximum obtainable pulse energy E can be expressed as
E=Φ nlmax τst/γeff L eff,
where Φnlmax is the maximum tolerable nonlinear phase delay (as induced by self-phase modulation) inside the fiber amplifier, τst is the FWHM width of the stretched pulses, γeff is the effective nonlinearity parameter of the fiber and Leff is the effective length of the final fiber power amplifier. For a large mode fiber with a mode diameter of 30 μm (which is generally obtainable with diffraction limited multi-mode fibers as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,630)γeff can be calculated as γeff=2�10−4/mW at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Highly Er doped silica fibers allow an effective amplifier length shorter than 0.5 m. Moreover, for waveguide amplifiers Φnlmax≈10 can be tolerated without significant pulse distortions. Hence, for a stretched pulse width of τst=4 ns, output sub-picosecond pulses with a pulse energy larger than 400 μJ can be safely generated in a large mode fiber with this system.
Regarding size constraints, the bulk compressor could fit into a box with a length of 2 m using 4 passes through a single bulk grating. Using additional optical folding, a compressor size of 1 m could be obtained. Considering that such laser systems would be used in heavy industrial machining (or other applications), located in a large factory hall, a box length of 1 m poses no significant obstacles.
Referring now to
PM fibers are preferably constructed using fibers with an internal birefringence Δn, where Δn>5�10−5 and preferably Δn>1�10−4. A fiber with a birefringence Δn=1�10−4 produces a polarization beat length 1b of 1b=λ/Δn=10 mm at a wavelength of 1050 nm. When launching a linear polarization state into a birefringence axis of such a fiber, the linear polarization state can be preserved over lengths of several meters with only minimal cross coupling to the orthogonal polarization axis. The leakage to the orthogonal polarization axis can be as small as −40 dB, i.e. the cross coupling to the orthogonal polarization state can be as small as 0.01%.
Assuming now that a linearly polarized pulse is launched with an angular rotational misalignment α with respect to a polarization axis of the fiber, this polarization axis is excited with a relative intensity of cos2 α and the orthogonal fiber polarization axis is excited with a relative intensity of sin2α.
Due to group velocity walk off in the PM fiber, at the PM fiber output, two time delayed pulses propagating in the two orthogonal polarization axes are generated with the main pulse having a relative intensity of ≈1 and the leakage pulse having a relative intensity of sin2α. The time delay between the pulses is given by τd≈LΔn/c, where L is the fiber length and c is the velocity of light. For a 3 m fiber length and Δn=1�10−4, the time delay between the pulses is calculated as τd=1 ps. When a second PM fiber is spliced to the first fiber with an angular misalignment of β, the leakage pulse couples to the main pulse generating a time delayed pulse in the same polarization state as the main pulse with a relative intensity of sin2 α sin2 β. Assuming α=β the leakage pulse has a relative intensity of sin4 α.
The leakage pulse in turn provides a modulation on the spectral output of the system with a frequency f=1/τd. For a time delay of 1 ps, the modulation frequency corresponds to a sinusoidal perturbation of the optical spectrum of 8 nm. The depth of the spectral perturbation corresponds to ≈4 sin2α; i.e. for a leakage pulse with a relative intensity of 1%, the corresponding relative modulation of the optical spectrum is ≈40%. The spectral modulation depth is typically further amplified in high gain amplifier systems and can degrade the obtainable pulse quality. When concatenating several sections of polarization maintaining fiber, very large spectral modulations can be obtained in high gain fiber amplifier systems leading to substantial degradation of pulse quality, especially in the presence of self-phase modulation.
To limit the polarization leakage induced spectral modulations in in-line fiber chirped pulse amplification systems it is therefore preferable to minimize the number of polarization maintaining fiber sections and to insert high extinction polarizers or fiber polarizers between sections of polarization maintaining fiber as shown in
Referring now to
A limitation with the fiber design from
Though a star-shaped air-cladding is shown in
The numerical aperture of the cladding of a fiber according to
Referring now to
For fibers as shown in
In contrast, a fiber with a step-like refractive index distribution as shown in
Optical assembly 164 comprises an ultrafast oscillator 165 emitting short optical pulses. These pulses are injected into optical circulator element 166. Element 167 represents an optical amplifier and element 168 represents a bulk compressor; the output from the system is represented with arrow 169. Circulator 166 circulates the oscillator pulses into adaptive pulse stretcher 170. Adaptive pulse stretcher 170 comprises a chirped fiber Bragg grating 171 with an array of selectively electronically addressable segments 172–175. While four array elements are illustrated by way of example, any number of segments can be used. Because of the high quality of nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings, only a limited number of individually addressable fiber Bragg grating sections is required. For a 10 cm long grating, around 100–200 individually addressable fiber grating sections are sufficient.
Beam splitter 176 deflects a small fraction of the optical output beam 169 generating an optical beam 177. A frequency-doubler assembly 178 is then used to provide a feedback signal via electrical control line 179 to adaptively control the fiber array segments to maximize the doubled output power using general numerical algorithms.
Instead of frequency doubler 178, other nonlinear pulse characterization devices could be used to provide a feedback signal to the adaptive pulse stretcher. Such pulse characterization devices can comprise auto-correlators or frequency-resolved optical gating devices, just to name two examples. Not only the peak power, but also the pulse quality of the compressed pulses can thus be directly measured and optimized.
Adaptive control of the chirp inside fiber Bragg grating 171 is obtained by independently modifying the refractive index in each of the separate fiber sections 172–175. Mechanisms for index modification will be described in
By adaptively controlling the chirp in fiber grating pulse stretchers, large amounts of self-phase modulation can also be compensated. Self-phase modulation generally produces a nonlinear chirp in stretched and amplified pulses which is, to first order, additive to the pulse chirp and not compressible with a conventional stretcher/compressor assembly. However, because the chirp induced by self-phase modulation is additive to first order, it can be pre-compensated in an adaptive pulse stretcher. Indeed, since the amount of induced self-phase modulation depends on the amplified stretched pulse shape, the required fiber grating modification can be estimated from a measurement of the stretched pulse shape and a static (non-adaptive) fiber grating stretcher for self-phase modulation compensation can also be implemented.
For some machining applications, complex pulse shapes or pulse trains may be required to achieve optimum performance. Chirped fiber Bragg grating stretchers in conjunction with bulk grating compressors can also be implemented as general pulse shaping devices to produce such complex pulse shapes. In this case, fiber Bragg grating designs can be obtained directly from the required output and input pulse shapes using inverse scattering algorithms well known in the state of the art. Fiber Bragg gratings usually have complex continuously varying amplitude and phase structures with discrete phase jumps at various locations along the grating. This type of fiber Bragg grating can usually be written by a continuous write and translate system. For example, as shown in
In short, the above disclosure describes optimized fiber Bragg grating pulse stretchers allowing for 1) precise dispersion control, 2) compensation of self-phase modulation and 3) the generation of optimum pulse shapes for micro-machining and other end uses via a chirped pulse amplification system.
In ultrafast optics applications, the generation of the shortest possible pulses from a chirped pulse amplification system is equally of prime interest. The obtainable pulse widths from chirped pulse amplification systems is limited by gain-narrowing in the amplifiers. Gain narrowing can be counterbalanced by fiber Bragg grating pulse stretchers that exhibit a reduction in reflectivity at the peak of the gain in the amplifier chain as implemented in a generic chirped pulse amplification system. This is further illustrated in
A further embodiment shown in
If the spacings between the compression and stretcher gratings are not equalized as described above, then multiple pulses will appear at the output. This can be beneficial for applications such as micromachining. By varying the stretching and compression ratios pulses with different pulse widths can be combined. A single broadband compression grating can be used if multiple pulses are desired.
This technique can also be used to increase the repetition rate. To increase the repetition rate by n times, n gratings would be used. The separation of these gratings would be equal to the time period between pulses T divided by n times the speed of light.
In this disclosure there are shown and described only the preferred embodiments of the invention and but a few examples of its versatility. It is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein. Further, it should be noted and understood that all publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill in the art to which the invention pertains. All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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An Australian-born actress and dramatist, who married Hugh Williams in 1940 and bore him three children. Their actor son Simon Williams married Belinda Carroll and Lucy Fleming, finding fame with "Upstairs Downstairs" and their elder son Hugo became a poet. Their daughter Polly was married to the actor Nigel Havers and was an actress and model, as ... See full bio »
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See Figure 1
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