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Anti Snoring Mouthpieces and Mouth Guards Reviews
This section is a description and review of some of the most popular stop snoring mouthpieces and mouth guards. The list will be revised as more sleep and snore products are reviewed. Each snore guard has links to the manufacturers website for more product information.
Below are a list of MAD (Mandibular Advancement Device) and TSD (Tongue Stabilizing Device). Other snoring solutions are described in the snoring section.
Some compensated affiliate links below. Disclosure: We receive compensation in the form of commissions or other payment from some of the companies whose products we list.
Top Anti Snoring Mouthpieces and Mouth Guards Reviews Chart
Most Popular
|Adjustable in 1 millimeter increments. Allows for full mouth breathing and custom impression of the teeth.
Use code "PatientAccess" for 10% off.
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|Adjustable by squeezing in both sides of the device. Custom impression can be created with the 'boil and bite' process
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|Adjustable with included hex tool to move the lower jaw.
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|Holds the tip of the tongue in a forward position.
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|Hinged at mandible/maxilla junction for more flexibility. Available in two sizes. No adjustment settings available.
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|Can be custom fitted through 'boil and bite' process. Unable to be adjusted.
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|'One size fits all' Tongue Stabilizing Device. Can be worn with dentures.
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|Three adjustable settings which cannot be changed after the boil-and-bite process.
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|Custom mold is taken with an impression kit that then is delivered to a dental lab.
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|Uses 'Boil and bite' for custom fit. Center hole supports mouth breathing.
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|Pivot at the front of the device allows the jaw to move laterally.
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|Allows for a custom impression. Non-adjustable. Two open holes on front accommodates mouth breathing.
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|Allows for a custom impression. Non-adjustable.
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|Hinged design to allow mouth to move freely. Cannot be fitted with the boil-and-bite process.
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|Large enter hole allows for mouth breathing. No adjustment setting available.
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|Positions jaw slide forward with integrated tongue suppressor to prevent tongue from blocking the airway.
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|Adjustable by calibrating strap on the side of the device. Support for lateral movement.
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What is snoring?
Snoring is simply the sound of resistance and turbulence in the upper airway. Contrary to popular belief, the sound of snoring does not come from the nose. Rather, snoring starts in the back of the airway. Behind the tongue, the oropharynx may become constricted during sleep.
About 50% of the population snores. So, chances are, that you are very familiar with the sound of snoring.
During sleep, the muscles that keep the upper airway open and patent relax. This is more prominent during REM sleep, or dream sleep, when muscles are most relaxed. As the airway gets smaller, air turbulence increases. Throat blockages can cause snoring. The soft tissues in the back of the throat vibrate. This is what causes the snoring sound.
The anti-snoring mouthpiece is one of the most effective anti-snoring devices options and is easy to use and generally comfortable for the user.
What is Sleep Apnea?
Sleep Apnea is a sleep breathing disorder that is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep. Pauses occur several times per hour and last for over 10 seconds. As the blood-oxygen levels decrease, the brain awakens the individual which often leads to a loud gasp or snort. Sleep apnea is associated with snoring, witnessed pauses in breathing, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
How do snoring devices and snoring aids work, and how can it stop snoring?
Snoring occurs because the soft tissues in the back of the throat vibrate and press against other throat anatomy causing resistance and turbulence, producing the familiar the snore sound. An anti-snoring mouth guard brings the jaw forward which widens the back of the airway, reducing resistance and turbulence to stop the snoring.
More information on other snoring aid devices
There are several different types of snoring devices which work in different manners. There Tongue Stabilizing Devices (TSD) and Mandibular Advancing Devices (MAD), also called JAD or jaw advancing device.
Snoring can cause much disruption to the people in your house. It can also be a symptom of much more dangerous problem. It is important to talk to one's doctor or primary care provider if one has daytime sleepiness or other symptoms that might be suggestive of health problems.
When choosing a snoring device, one of the most important variables is comfort. Are you going to wear the device because it is comfortable. If it is not comfortable, then you are not going to wear it. It will not work if you are not wearing it.
Some Tongue Stabilizing Devices (TSD) work by sucking the tongue forward — essentially out of the mouth, or stabilizing the tongue out of the way. My moving the tongue forward, or downward, there is increase open space in the back of the throat. This decrease the amount of tissues that can vibrate in the back of the throat, thereby reducing or eliminating snoring.
One of the benefits of the TSD compared to other snoring devices is that they generally do not cause jaw discomfort. They are less likely to cause TMJ or tooth shifting. For people who have dental issues or missing teeth, the TSD may be a more desirable option.
One of the complaints with TSD's is that people may feel uncomfortable with the position of the tongue. There are also several reports of increased salivation (more spit in the mouth).
Mandibular Advancing Devices (MAD) move the lower jaw forward to open the airway in the back of the throat. Like the TSD, MAD's also move the tongue forward – along with the entire mandible.
The MAD's used for treating sleep apnea are similar to many of the simple snoring devices listed here. They move the jaw forward.
With the MAD in place, the jaw moves forward, the airway becomes larger, and there is less tissue in the flow of air. This yields less turbulence and less snoring.
One of the most common complaints with MAD snoring devices is teeth shifting, tooth discomfort and teeth shifting. For people with dental issues, the MAD may not be a suitable candidate.
Fitting of Snoring Devices and Snoring Aids
The TSD's are often a 'one size fits all.' There are few variables with TSD's. They are ready to use out of the box.
The MAD and MAD-like devices may require extra fitting. Some MAD stop snoring devices can simply be place directly in the mouth and used.
Other, more advance snoring mouth guards and snoring mouthpieces, use a 'boil and bite' feature which allows for the personalization of the device. These devices allow for custom fitting with your mouth and teeth. Usually the devices are placed in boiling water for several seconds. After cooling the device for a few seconds, the snoring device is placed in the mouth. The user bites down on the moldable piece and pushes the soft plastic against the teeth.
Once cooled, these snore guards now fit the use, and only that user. That conform directly to the owners mouth.
Some of these dental devices can be refitted if the impression is not correct. By simply repeating the process, the device can be refit.
Many of these MAD's are now adjustable for snoring efficacy. Like the professionally made sleep apnea oral appliances, some of the snoring mouthpieces can have protrusion of the lower part of the guard adjusted.
Some of these adjustable devices require a tool for adjustment. By turning an allen wrench, the mandibular part of the mouthpiece can move forward or backward. This can allow for fine tuning of device based on efficacy vs. comfort.
Generally, the more forward the lower part, the less comfortable, and the more effective.
Of course, if the device is not comfortable, the user will not wear it, and thus will not end their snoring.
Most of these devices are made of a thermoplastic elastomer. This like a rubbery plastic that has some pliability or flexibility. They feel and look like sports mouthguards. However, sport mouth guards and bruxism mouth devices to not usually move the jaw forward. They work in different ways. Additionally some devices are made of medical grade resin and latex-free materials.
How much do snoring devices cost?
The cost of snoring devices can range from $30 to $150. Snoring mouthpieces that are made by dentists may cost $500 – $5,000.
How long do snoring devices last?
Durability depends on the type of device and how often it is used. Most snoring devices are not expected to last for more than 1 year. Some may last for a few years.
Keep in mind that bruxism (grinding and clenching of the teeth) may wear down the device faster.
What about dentures and snoring devices?
Most snoring devices do not work with denture users. MAD's require teeth as the 'anchor' of the mouth. There needs to be something to grip the mandible so that it can be moved forward.
Is a snore mouthpiece the same as a bruxism device or a sports mouthguard?
No, snoring devices are different that bruxism guards and sports mouthguards. They may look similar and feel the same, but they work in different ways.
MAD devices do offer some protective value for people who have bruxism or are teeth clenchers. Although MAD's may prevent the destruction that is caused from bruxism and teeth grinding, it is unclear if they prevent consequences of teeth clenching – like abfractions.
Do I need a physician's prescription or order for these treatments?
Some snoring treatments are offered over the counter (OTC). Snoring nose strips, and sprays (not recommended by this author) are offered without a doctor's order. However, many of the MAD's offered in the U.S. do require a physician order as they are listed as FDA Class II devices.
Why do I need a doctor's order for simple snoring devices?
Because many of these devices are regulated by the US FDA, they are considered treatment devices. There is concern that many individuals that have more severe health issues, like obstructive sleep apnea, may be undiagnosed, or misdiagnosed, and have complications as a result of no clinician intervention.
In general, it is recommended that you speak with your physician and dentist about using these devices before you use them.
What is the difference between an expensive snoring device and less expensive one?
One of the most significant differences is adjustable and customization. The more adjustable and personalizable, the more complex and expensive. Many of the newer, and more expensive devices avoid latex materials and plastics that contain BPA. Latex has much potential to be allergenic to some individuals. BPA is be actively studies because of the consequences of absorption into the body. Most high quality food containers and medical devices avoid latex and BPA because known and possible risks.
Can I use snoring mouthpieces for treating sleep apnea?
Some snoring devices have an FDA indication for treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea. Unless ordered in conjunction with physician care, you should not use a simple snoring device for the treatment of sleep apnea.
One of the risks of using a simple snoring device for the treatment of sleep apnea is that the device will not adequately treat all of the respiratory event during sleep. Consequently, the user risks being under-treated. There is an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, deadly heart rhythms, and accidents from daytime sleepiness in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea.
What about Central Sleep Apnea?
Generally oral devices are not used for the treatment of central sleep apnea.
What should I do after getting a snoring device?
As mentioned above, it is good practice to talk to you doctor and dentist before starting any treatment. Having good dental care and following dental hygiene is important in maintaining oral health. Once you have the device, you should have follow up with your doctor and dentist.
If you have pain or discomfort, this is something that should be discussed. If you have persistent snoring, pauses in breathing, witnessed apneas or gasps, or excessive daytime sleepiness, you may need to be evaluated for sleep apnea.
How do I maintain and care for my anti snore mouth guard?
One of the most important things to do with your mouthguard is to keep it away from animals that like to chew things. Dogs are well known for using snore mouthpieces for chew toys. Keep your device in a protective container away from pets.
There are some special cleaning fluids which can be purchased to clean your device. Simply using water with a gentle tooth brush will keep particles off of the device and help to prevent fungus and bacteria from growing on the device.
Always defer to your physician and dentist when seeking treatment of snoring or sleep apnea. It is advisable that every user of a snoring devices discuss the treatment plan and have proper evaluation.
What if snoring persists while using the snore device?
Using a stop snore guard does not guarantee that snoring will stop. Although these options work for many, they do not work for all. Additionally, what might work on Year 1 may not work on Year 2. If you find yourself continuing to snore with the device, make sure that you are using the device correctly. Make sure that the lower jaw is moving forward relative to the upper jaw with the device in place. Your device may allow for adjustment in order to optimize snore reduction. Do not exceed the stated adjustment instructions.
Often snoring will get worse with weight gain. If you gain 5 or 10 pounds, or more, your device may not be as effective. Losing some weight might certainly improve sleep breathing status. There is much data that shows a correlation between weight and snoring, and weight and sleep apnea.
Snoring is also known to get worse with alcohol use. Avoid alcohol 4 hours before sleep.
Snoring often is also worse in the supine or back position. Sleeping on your side may help to reduce or help end snoring.
As mentioned, snoring could also be a sign of sleep apnea.
Tongue Retaining Snoring Device
Because the tongue is one of the largest part of the mouth, has flexibility, and borders the airway, it is major variable with snoring. Tongue retaining devices generally work by moving the tongue forward or downward in order to open the airway and reduce snoring.
What are the complications of some of the best snoring solutions?
With most, if not all, snoring devices that move the jaw forward by anchoring the teeth, there is risk that the teeth will shift from their original position. Because of the traction that is placed on the teeth for 8 hours each night, there is tendency for the teeth to follow the direction of the stress. This can cause teeth and bite alignment issues.
The mandible and maxilla often feel misaligned in the morning. This is often most noticeable upon waking. When trying to eat breakfast, the teeth might not feel like they fit together like they did several hours prior. This often improves as the days continue.
Similar to most interventions in the medical field, there are risks and potential complications with dental sleep and snoring treatments.
Other features of the anti snoring mouthpiece
One of the favorites types of mouthpieces are the devices that are adjustable and allow for a more custom dental fitting. Adjustability allows for the movement of the lower jaw forward relative to the upper jaw. Generally, the more forward in position, the wider the airway becomes. This, in turn, reduces wind turbulence, which reduces or or eliminates snoring. Some of these devices use a screw-like motion to adjust and move forward. Others use a 'squeeze and adjust' technique.
Many of the devices allow for custom dental fitting by 'boil and bite' process. By using thermoplastics that 'melt' with heat, the plastic can be fitted the specific user teeth impression. This allows for a tighter and comfortable fit.
If you're a mouth-breather at night: never fear, mouthguard is available for your needs. Some devices are made specifically for mouth breathers.
One of the most common complaints with snoring devices is discomfort. Some do not like having the device in their mouths. Or because of their facial structure it doesn't seem to fit. Teeth shift, both temporary and permanent, is well documented. For some, TMJ discomfort is a problem.
Many of these devices cannot be used if the person has poor dental health and dental hygiene. People with several missing teeth, dentures, and TMJ might not be candidates for these devices.
Most of these devices are not indicated for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Using these devices for the treatment of sleep apnea without a physician's direction could be very dangerous and lead to bad health outcomes and death.
What do you look for in the best snoring mouthpiece?
The ideal snoring mouthpiece is one that is FDA cleared, is comfortable for the user, and is effective. Your doctor may have some insight into what will work for you based on your medical and dental history. One way to assess efficacy is bed-partner feedback. Another way to determine if the snoring mouthpiece is working is to use one of the snoring apps that 'listens' for snores.
Additional Resources
How to Stop Snoring – Other treatments
What is the best snoring device?
You have come to this website to find the best anti-snoring mouthpiece / stop snoring guard. Each device is slightly different, and there are advantages and disadvantages to many of these devices. Often, trying one for comfort and efficacy is required to determine which anti snoring mouthpiece is best for you. See more about Top Anti Snoring Mouthpieces and Mouth Guards Reviews on our other snoring pages.


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|Chug Patrol: Ready to the Rescue
Sarah Ball
Air Date
26th August 2013 (UK)
15th October 2013 (Canada)
20th October 2013 (US)
Previous Episode
Next Episode
Next Special
Chug Patrol: Ready to Rescue is a special episode. It acts as the Season 4 premiere and aired in the UK on August 26th 2013.
Wilson, Koko and Brewster are moving up to the next level of training! In Chug Patrol: Ready to Rescue, the first ever, super-sized special, Wilson takes on new challenges and makes daring rescues as the newest member of Chuggington's emergency rescue squad. Koko and Brewster join in on the new adventures as do new characters Chug Patrol Chief Jackman and super-speedy Hanzo!
It's Wilson, Brewster and Koko's first day to try out their new advanced training gear. They head up to Rocky Ridge, where Koko and Brewster go into the mine and Wilson stays back to try out Chug Patrol 1, a mobile crane car. He feels a shake on the ground and a wagon rolls away from him. While trying to stop the wagon, Wilson derails. Meanwhile, Brewster and Koko are in the mine when they feel the tremble. It knocks some stones onto the tracks which derail Koko and leave her dangling over an edge. Skylar then rescues Wilson and tells him he thinks the tremble came from Rocky Ridge Mine, when Wilson remembers that Brewster and Koko are down there. Wilson races to the rescue and saves Koko just before the mine collapses!
Then Emery breaks down in the forest and Chug Patroller Wilson uses his new skills to locate Emery with the aid of a flare and gets him back on track with a huge crane. Wilson proves that he's in control and ready to roll.
- Wilson
- Brewster
- Koko
- Jackman
- Hanzo
- Zack
- Tyne
- Fletch
- Calley
- Dunbar
- Skylar
- Emery
- Harrison
- Speedy McAllister
- Chatsworth (cameo)

subset: commoncrawl


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login with
4 weeks too early
We told my parents, siblings, and Craig's sister as soon as we found out. Other than that, we waited until I was 12 weeks to let everyone else know because of the miscarriage risk.
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About Sarah
Current: Narragansett, Rhode Island
Birth: November 05
On Moms.com since: Mar 9, 2014
Hey everyone, I'm new here! I'm a mommy to a beautiful baby girl born in November 2013. My husband Craig and I have been happily married since April 2011. I'll apologize now, I take TOO MANY pictures of the little lady!


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I am just asking because that seems to be the trend…
I was at Victoria's secret buying a bra (I wear a 34D, but I work out and I'm basically a perfect hourglass so it's not fat) and the lady who fitted me recommended that I get a minimizer.
I was a little surprised!—I told her that I was satisfied with my figure and preferred an underwire. She continued to point out all the "pretty" minimizers they had and even went so far as to say that if I wore a minimizer it would accentuate my butt more, and that would please the butt men! I REALLY thought that was overboard as there is absolutely nothing wrong with my butt either, and I didn't like her pushing me to be dissatisfied with myself.
She then went to say that large chests are going out of style, and that clothing manufacturers were tailoring their garments to suit smaller-busted women.
Needless to say, I was very frustrated and I left the store and bought my bra elsewhere.
Is it true that larger breast on a thinner woman are going out of style? I realize that celebrities sometimes will get implants, but I'm beginning to believe that for us mainstream girls, an A-cup is considered the new "hot." Not to insult anybody out there—but what's the deal?
Most Helpful Guy
Heres the thing: What women consider to be attractive on other women and what men consider to be attractive on women are two COMPLETELY different things. It's pretty safe to say that guys will always have the same "appreciation" for large breasts, but other women may not consider it attractive anymore.
My sister tells me that when women dress nice to look good, it's not to impress or attract men, it's to impress other women. Other women confirm this to be true. Based on that, yes, it's possible for large breasts to go "out of style", but only in the eyes of OTHER WOMEN, because in the eyes of men it's not about style.
THERE IS HOWEVER a small sliver of truth to this because there has been a recent growth in the popularity of athletic women. Take Kiera Knightley for instance, who has a six pack and flaunts it in just about every photo shoot she does, and guys are digging it. They don't care that she has practically no breasts to speak of, because her athletic figure makes up for it. And small boobs go hand-in-hand with athletic figures because you don't really see a woman with defined abs AND large breasts, since exercise burn away the fat.
Don't stress over it, keep on doing what you've been doing all your life, and the majority of guys will go nuts over the way you look in anything form-fitting, and remember that when you hear statements like that, it's not coming from a man who is lusting after you, it's coming from a woman whose opinion comes from a purely FASHION perspective.97|20|0
Thank you for your very insightful answer. I don't have a six-pack really (maybe a shadowy one lol) but I don't have tummy flab either so I'm not really trying to change anything. I just hope they don't go out of style because mine aren't going anywhere LOL.
I think it's easy to confuse what's fashionable with what's desirable to the majority of people at that particular moment in time. Maybe people are just learning to appreciate a broader spectrum of body types. Idk.
- Show AllShow Less
You're welcome. I meant to give you best answer before but I forgot lol. Thank you so much!
In response to your second paragraph, your sister is correct. And even beyond that, it would seem from my own experience that women care more about their breast size than men! In response to the question asker, a body type doesn't go out of style, what you put on it might, but you should stay proud of who you are. That bra saleswoman should be careful not to let the door hit her "accentuated" ass on the way out.


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JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
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We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
JotForm Support
Unfortunately, it is not possible to import your word document to JotForm.
However, that this can be achieved if you'll save it as an HTML file, here are the steps on how to do this:
1. Save or convert the word document as an HTML file. Here's a guide about it: http://www.wikihow.com/Convert-a-Word-Document-to-HTML
2. Host it on a web server as a web page.
3. Then copy the web link then import it by following this guide: https://www.jotform.com/help/28-How-to-Clone-an-Embedded-Form-from-a-Webpage
Please do note that cloning/importing the form in your web page may or may not able to copy the form as it is, like the designs, function and other complex features of it, this is because the structure of it may not be the same structure that we have.
You can also convert or import your spreadsheet forms to JotForm using this app: https://apps.jotform.com/app/spread2jot
I hope that helps.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How can I allow multiple selections on the radio buttons of my form?Asked by goquote on November 17, 2014 at 12:20 PM
JotForm Support
Unfortunately radio buttons are setup to specifically only allow one selection. For multiple selections, using a check box field is a better solution.
You can customize the amount selections allowed and things of that sort as well.
This is very confusing, especially for users like me coming over from Adobe FormsCentral. Why not just label these options "Single Selection" and "Multiple Selection" rather than "radio" or "checkbox"? I just wrote out 33 different options for a question and now I have to do them all over again because I was on radio buttons instead of checkboxes. These should be interchangeable.
JotForm Support
You do not have to retype all the 33 options on the Checkbox...
You can just copy them from the Radio option, and paste it to the Checkbox options.
Hope this help also. Let us know if you need further assistance.
Perfect, thanks!


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Book 1 : Sudden Deaths
Chapter 1
Redwall Abbey was quiet; very unusual for it to be mid-afternoon. The breeze was cool and swift, gently blowing the blades of grass and sending ripples through the pond. A gust came in a sudden; sending a snow white apron flying in the wind. The clothes looked like a cloud that came from the sky, it resting upon the ground. A golden brown mousemaid came and plucked it off the ground and started to retie it around her waist.
"You have to keep that apron with you Caria. You loose it, you won't get other from me again." a middle aged squirrel came to Caria, waving a ladle in her paw. "Now go and find Brother Porteur and serve him is tea. This will warm him up a bit, since he's caught a small autumn cold."
Caria took the tray of warm goods from the squirrel. "Yes Sister. I'll give the medicine Bartrid said for him to take as well."
"What medicine Caria?" Sister Raoyme asked carefully. The squirrelmaid was a gentle but serious beast of Redwall Abbey; she always making sure stuff stood in order. Call her a second Abbey leader.
The mousemaid turned back gracefully and held out a small jar of small plants. "These small beauties are some leaves Bartrid found in Mossflower yesterday; he said they have properties that came help our sick gatekeeper feel fresh like a blooming daisy. Do you know Porteur is now Raoyme? So I can find him quickly before the tea gets cold." Caria asked sweetly. Her young adult voice was sweet as nectar, but hidden in it was a smug of displeasure.
Raoyme straiten her posture and answered boldly. "He's inside that dusty gatehouse of his. I still wander why he was chosen as gatekeeper, never does he keep the place clean nor try to clean it!" trotting off, the Sister of Redwall went back inside, out of the chilly air. Caria turned her dark eyes to the gatehouse, and inside the small window, she saw Brother Porteur. She opened the cracked open door with her foot and slammed it shut; Portrur was startled, but saw t was the king mousemaid.
"Good day to you Caria. Oh, is that my tea? About time, I need a warm up." he said as he reached for the tray, but Caira set it down on the dusty desk behind her.
"Let put your medication in it now so you don't taste the disgusting stuff!" she chirped. Picking up the warm teacup and reaching for something inside her apron pocket, in her paws was a tiny square ring. With her finger, she popped open the cap that was on it. "Hurry up there Caria." she heard Porteur say, grumbling at either himself or her; he coughed loudly, almost sounded like he was choking. Inside the small compartment of the ring was a crystal-like white powder. Caria tipped her hand, and a bit of the powder floated into the cup.
"Here we are!" Caria said loudly, letting Porteur know she was done. He hurriedly grabbed the cup, gulping it down at once. "Hmph! Good; yes it was. Good day to you Caria." he was once again at his scrolls with a cough. But Caria didn't leave, only pace around the small room, gnawing at her bottom lip.
Porteur noticed this. "Why are you pacing about here Caria? I believe you should return to Cavern Hole. Abbess Ferna will need y-" the old one's glasses fell from his face with a clink! when he went still. Porteur fell from his chair and onto the stone floor. Dust rose and settle, reviling his still form. Caria smiled and kicked the limp form. Dead.
Caria went on her knees and rolled over the dead Brother. She raised his head, and underneath his neck was key; he wore the gatehouse key as a necklace so he won't loose it in this un-orderly place. Caria snatched the key and walked to the door. "Good day to you Brother...farewell!" the mousemaid slammed the door shut and locked it with it's very own key.
She looked back, "Tell your life story to whoever greets you at the Dark Forest." she said. Caria ran into Redwall Abbey's walls, no looking back at the deed she committed.
. . .
Caria tripped into Cavern Hole, falling to the floor with a smack! as her paws broke her fall. Everyone looked her way, their socializing silenced as she entered; the mousemaid smiled sheepishly and said, "Brother Porteur was glad to finally to get his tea!" that made everyone go back to their conversations.
A young mouse came and helped Caria off the floor. "You ran in here pretty quickly Caria. Got the shivers in cold?" he said, tinkling his nose at her.
"Well, all I had was this habit! I didn't want to become sick like Porteur, indeed I didn't. Have you seen Sister Sarisa anywhere, Noel? I need to ask her a favor." Noel straitened a whisker as he thought. "Hmm..the last time I saw Sarisa, she was running the dibbuns out of Friar Ballume's kitchen."
Caria was already running to the kitchen as she waved back. "Thank you Noel!" he just waved back absently, though she didn't see. The mousemaid ran through the halls, the patter of her paws announcing she was coming through non-stop.
She spotted Sarisa with a small otter, holding out her paw. "Where is it Daryn? Someone took Ballume's last sour plum and you were the last one out of the kitchen. C'mon, spit it out!" Daryn did what he was told; spitted out the sour plum right onto Sarisa's waiting paw. "Oh! Oh dear..t-thank you Daryn!" she said, putting the slimy plum into a pocket. Sarisa turned and saw Caria standing innocently in front of her.
"Good day Sister. Can I ask you a question?" Caria asked.
"Oh sure Caria; anything." the mouse leaned down and squeezed Caria's cheek. "What do you need sweetie?"
Caria rubbed her cheek with a paw as she spoke. "Well, when I was with Porteur, he was acting more strange than ever. He seemed even worst than before."
Sarisa placed a finger on her chin. "Hmm..whatever sickness he has, he's practically killing him." Caria sort of stiffened up, but the blabbing mouse never noticed. "I'll go check on him right away." and so she did. Caria bit her bottom lip again, and walked to her room.
As she entered her private dorm, she slammed and locked the door behind her. She scrambled to the window, where she saw Sarisa heading to the gatehouse. Her lip began to bleed when she saw the mouse try to open the door. So she looked through the dusty window; and scream : "Brother Porteur is dead! He's dead!"


text:
To edit your ShapeBootstrap profile or payout related information, at first sign-in to your account. Visit Shapebootstrap.net and click the Login button appeared on the top right corner. Sign-in using your account credentials. Once you're signed in to ShapeBootstrap site, your name will be displayed on the top right corner (navigation bar). Hover mouse on your name there. A new list will appear. Open the Account Settings link.
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text:
- 1 Portable utility wagon
- 1 Fitted carrying cover
- 1 Folding instructions sheet
- Steel-frame with durable polyester covering
- Quick and easy set-up
- Storage cover with carry handle and pocket to hold floor panel
- Telescoping handle
- Zippered hanging storage pocket inside wagon
- Opens to 35.6" L x 18.9" W x 21.9" H
- Maximum weight capacity of 110 lbs.
- Waterproof liner with elastic at the edges to stretch over the Adventure Wagon and fit snugly
- Drainage spout in liner
- Sturdy lid for wagon doubles as a table top which can be used to rest your food and drinks
- Liner: 32" x 16" x 15"; Table: 35" x 19" x 2.8"
- Maximum weight capacity of 110 lbs.
Shipping Information for Picnic Time 739-85-679 - The Adventure Wagon Elite
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- Items are generally shipped within 2 days, although team licensed products may take up to 7 days to ship due to printing, embroidering or laser etching if required.
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Love this picture. The backlighting is great. Love it when a girl teases!
Oh god to get clean in the shower with them!
I actually came home this morning to something a lot like this. Beautiful girl in a very hot shower!
Nothing better than waking up to some tight pussy in the morning.
She is sweet and beautiful!
Is it really so much to ask for two amazingly beautiful bisexual teens to be waiting on my sofa in their lingerie when I get home? I don't think it is!
Would be fun to have my own cosplay girl!
I am a little late on the 4th of July, but better late then never!
A thong, lots of oil, and some stripper heals, my idea of a great time!
Not exactly classy, but with tattoos like that, you know if you are lucky enough to get her in bed, she is going to take it from behind!
Art by display drivers update | Closed System Transfer Device | computer freezes randomly


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British motorcycle manufacturer Triumph has launched the Bonneville T120 in India. The new Bonneville T120 is priced at Rs. 8,70,000 ex-showroom (Delhi).
The T120 is powered by an all-new liquid-cooled 1200cc parallel twin engine that produces 79bhp and a chunky 105Nm of torque. The power and torque is sent to the rear wheel through a 6-speed manual gearbox.
To bring the new T120 to a halt, Triumph has fitted the bike with twin 310mm discs with 2-piston floating calipers while at the rear, there is a single 255mm disc with 2-piston floating calipers. The discs are helped along by ABS.
The front suspension is a set of Kayaba 41mm forks which have 120mm travel while the rear features twin kayaba shocks that also offer 120mm travel.
With regards to the styling of the T120, Triumph has retained the retro look with its round headlamps (which feature integrated Daytime Running Lights), sculpted tank and the two exhausts on either side of the bike.
The T120 packs quite a few features including heated seats and grips, ride by wire throttle, two riding modes, traction control, slip assist clutch, and an engine immobilizer.
The new Bonneville T120 is now available at Triumph's 12 showrooms across the country and it currently has no rivals on the streets of India.


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Add to your off-duty collection with these Crigan shorts by Boss. Crafted using linen, these shorts tick the boxes for both style and practicality with their comforting fit. Featuring four front and back pockets combined, a concealed zip fly closure and belt loops, this pair would be a welcome addition to your wardrobe.
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Eddie LeBaron, the 5-7 QB Lured from His Law Office to Start for the Cowboys, Has Died
Before Troy Aikman, Danny White, Roger Staubach, Craig Morton or even Don Meredith, there was Eddie LeBaron, the 5-foot-7 gunslinger who started 10 games for the Cowboys in their maiden season, including the first, a September 24, 1960 Saturday night game against the Steelers at the Cotton Bowl.
The Cowboys had lured LeBaron out of retirement with a $20,000 contract and a law partnership in Dallas. He tossed two first-quarter touchdowns to put the 'Boys up 14-0, before the Cowboys coughed the lead and eventually lost 35-28. The team wouldn't win a game in 1960, and would never win more than five during LeBaron's tenure.
The quarterback made his name at the University of Pacific, running a prolific, T-Formation attack. In 1949, his senior year, he helmed an offense that averaged 503 yards a game, scored 575 points in 11 games and broke the NCAA scoring record. Admirers of his play in college gave him a new Studebaker, a $1,000 diamond ring, two suits of clothes, matched luggage, a television set, a 12-gauge shotgun and a year's supply of ammunition, according to a 1950 Time article. He was given a more formal accolade for his collegiate play in 1980, when he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.
After being drafted by the Washington Redskins in 1950, LeBaron decided to join the Marine Corps. Serving in the Korean War, he was wounded twice and awarded the Bronze Star for valor. He joined the Redskins in 1952, before ditching the franchise for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League in 1954 when the Stampeders hired his college coach, Larry Siemering.
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LeBaron returned to the Redskins in '55. By 1959, he'd earned his law degree from George Washington, where he'd gone to class during off-seasons.
LeBaron was born January 7, 1930 in San Raphael, California. He's survived by his wife, Doralee; his sons, Edward III, Richard and William; and five grandchildren.
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Am still not feeling extremely creative.
Sometimes it is like that. I think Julia Cameron called it "Desert times" when you just can not be creative in your chosen art. But she also said something like: those times are needed and should be appreciated to do other things and other arts.
There is transformation at work. Underneath your conscience. Just let it happen. Go with the flow!
Related articles
- Artist's Way2: Week 2 (loveisdope.wordpress.com)
- 12 April 2013: support, stability and progress (gratitudeeveryday.wordpress.com)
- 8 Creative Ways To Practice Self-Care (blogs.psychcentral.com)
- beginning the Artist's Way (joyfulwise.com)
- Time Out (marilyndallavalle.wordpress.com)
- Julia Cameron on Why We Should Write #2 (mufidahkassalias.com)


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Therapeutic alliance building, establishing psychosocial stabilization/safety and the promotion of abstinence are the key goals in this phase and tract of treatment. Reliance is upon therapy in a structured group designed to engage, stabilize, and further assess the patient. The patient receives the core of his treatment in the twice weekly Evaluation and Engagement Group. Patients are seen individually if the patient is unable to tolerate groups or cannot maintain sobriety in groups. The group meets twice a week. Individual counseling is set up at a frequency that meets the patients' needs. Abstinence is encouraged, but not required. This flexible approach is based on the fact that this co-occuring disorder mitigates against engagement in treatment. Patients are encouraged to focus on behavioral changes that can assist them in establishing and maintaining abstinence. Frequently symptoms of PTSD become more acute with the onset of sobriety, and, therefore group therapists introduce coping strategies for managing re-emergent PTSD symptoms. In addition, attending adjunct treatment such as Anger Management or Seeking Safety Groups are encouraged for further stabilization and promotion of safety. Medications to assist with sleep problems associated with PTSD are sometimes prescribed. 1. Interested in exploring negative impact of SUD and potential for sober living 2. Combat or Military event-related PTSD 3. Wanting assistance with psychosocial SUD and PTSD-related problems.
If a patient does commit to abstinence, they move to the Educational and Learning Tract of Phase One treatment. Twice weekly attendance in a Phase One Group is the core of this tract. Due to the importance of maintaining the therapeutic alliance with this complex co-occuring SUD/PTSD population and the benefit of more structure early on in treatment, patient occasionally continue to attend the EEG group. If the patient chooses to continue with their home-base group is contingent on their regular twice weekly attendance in their Phase One group. Within the Phase One group, there are psycho-educational and supportive psychotherapeutic components. Models of relapse prevention, group function, and how to use groups more effectively are presented by staff. Psycho-educational modules include the ways that PTSD and substance abuse interact with each other to militate against recovering from either, the recent scientific data about various drugs of abuse, and the misuse of drugs to control emotional states of mind. Trauma-related themes are discussed in an educational context in order to reduce the chances of flooding the patient with overwhelming PTSD related affects. Patients learn about the distortions of thinking that occur because of both conditions. Additional SUD/PTSD adjunctive individual and group treatment is done if clinically indicated. 1. Has attended at least three weeks of Phase One/Home-Base. 2. Has committed to abstinence and improving their SUD relapse prevention skills. 3. Has an interest in learning about PTSD symptoms that are impeding their psychosocial goals. 4. Willing to commit to twice weekly Phase One group treatment.
Once a patient has learned basic information and coping skills regarding their SUD/PTSD disorder, they move into the action-oriented tract of Phase One. We expect them to begin developing and using emotional regulation and psychosocial coping skills through Phase One group treatment, adjunctive group treatments and in their outside lives. SUPT want the patients to begin to re-engage with life goals and start to practice the coping and affect modulating skills they have learned in their earlier Phase One work. As such, we expect everyone in the Practicing Tract to take part in at least one adjunctive group that has them practice affect modulation or techniques for stress reduction. Additionally, if their case coordinator feels they have the ability to do homework and tolerate some distress, we also expect them to take @ least one SUD/PTSD adjunctive group that teaches them how to reduce their PTSD avoidance. After a six to twenty four month period of work, an assessment is made by the case coordinator to see if the patient has the requisite skills and interest in pursuing further intra-interpersonal work in Phase Two. If so, the patient is moved to Phase Two treatment. If not, the patients continue in this SUPT Practicing Tract in consultation with their case coordinator until they meet their individual treatment and life goals. Has attended @ least three months of a Phase One group. Maintains educational treatment goals from Phase One/Educational and Learning Tract Has developed enough SUD relapse prevention skills to manage the additional PTSD learning goals of the Practicing Tract. Agrees to attend @ least one SUD/PTSD adjunctive group for stress reduction or affect modulation. As clinically indicated, agrees to attend @ least one SUD/PTSD adjunctive group to reduce avoidance.
The core component of this tract is once weekly insight-oriented group therapy. The main focus of this group treatment is to explore the self-defeating intrapersonal dialogues and the difficult interpersonal interactions that occur both in and outside the group. The Phase Two group also gives the patients a chance to problem-solve and gain insight about these common SUD/PTSD difficulties in a supportive group environment. Building on their Phase One work, this exploration improves the patient's overall level of social functioning and engagement in their relationships and life goals. Since SUD/PTSD is a life-long chronic and relapsing condition, we also expect completion of at least one additional SUD/PTSD adjunctive group in this phase of treatment. Has attended at least six months of Phase One/Practicing Tract. Shows a desire to work on PTSD/SUD specific interpersonal issues that are impeding their relationship and life re-engagement goals. Shows an ability to work interpersonally as evidenced by affect tolerance skills, ability to self-observe, and is open to feedback. Is willing to commit to at least one year of Phase Two group treatment
Phase Three/Maintenance Tract provides a place for patients who have completed their treatment goals in Phase One/Practicing Tract or Phase Two/Exploring Tract. The goal for patients in this Phase is to maintain their SUD/PTSD psychosocial gains in a supportive group environment. Emphasis is placed on relapse prevention, both to substance abuse problems and to the ongoing problems of PTSD hyper-arousal and avoidance, building psychosocial support and coping skills. The life-long learning of coping skills and affect modulation skills through attendance at SUD/PTSD adjunctive groups, 12-Step or other Self-Help Meetings is encouraged but not expected. Has completed their treatment goals in their Phase and Tract treatments. Wants to maintain SUD relapse-prevention skills in a supportive group environment Wants to maintain SUD/PTSD psychosocial and relational gains in a supportive group environment.


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FRANK ANTONIO Photographer
OrlanieModel Female BRONX, New York, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/orlaniepena
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About MeI'm friendly, fun, respectable, well educated, and always up for a challenge. I want to be a professional model as well as a fashion designer I have a great since of style and always look my best. Furthermore I'm always well presented and a real delight to work with.
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Get, Flat 3000 discount on minimum purchase of Rs.35,000 on International Round trip flight bookings, By using Goibibo Discount Coupon. Get Trip with your Beloved Family & enjoy well In this Summer Vacations. Use the given Goibibo Discount Coupon code IFICICI to get this Flight Offers!!
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Findings, Cabochons, Supplies.
I have a variety of cabochons and findings in my collection to share with you. If you don't see it please ask.
Thank you
Findings, Cabochons, Supplies.
I have a variety of cabochons and findings in my collection to share with you. If you don't see it please ask.
Thank you
Lynn Marston on Mar 19, 2017
Great finish! And it came so quickly! Thanks
WireWrap and Beadweaving designer
I think this all started in Quartzsite ,Arizona.
This little town is loaded with rocks, stones,beads and findings, I was so over whelmed I thought Oh I just have to try this, that was 20 yrs ago.
Beading is an addiction, you can't stop, you have to look at every single bead.
Over the yrs I have accumulated many and have been able with the grace of God design so many wonderful pieces.
My husband is my best supporter and inspector, if it gets by him.Thumbs up. He lets me know if I miss a bead.
I hope to keep at this for many years to come.
this is my story.
Thank you .
My shops are:
Shop members
Dee Erfourth
Owner, Maker, Designer, Curator, Wire Wrap And Beadwoven Jewelry
Dee and Vern Erfourth
Owner, Maker, Designer, Curator, I Love To Make And Create Jewelry.
HI my name is Dee, my hubbies name is Vern. I love to design jewelry and as a result I have many precious beads and findings to share. Please feel free to browse about and ask questions.Thank you.Dee
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If an item is reserved, I can't guarantee it won't be sold so please buy asap.
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Unfertilized frog eggs die by apoptosis following meiotic exit
A characteristic feature of frog reproduction is external fertilization accomplished outside the female's body. Mature fertilization-competent frog eggs are arrested at the meiotic metaphase II with high activity of the key meiotic regulators, maturation promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF), awaiting fertilization. If the eggs are not fertilized within several hours of ovulation, they deteriorate and ultimately die by as yet unknown mechanism.
Here, we report that the vast majority of naturally laid unfertilized eggs of the African clawed frog
The study reveals that naturally laid intact frog eggs die by apoptosis if they are not fertilized. A maternal apoptotic program is evoked in frog oocytes upon maturation and executed after meiotic exit in unfertilized eggs. The meiotic exit is required for execution of the apoptotic program in eggs. The emerging anti-apoptotic role of meiotic metaphase arrest needs further investigation.
The African clawed frog,
Fully grown
Once ovulated, eggs can either be fertilized and develop into embryo or they die within a short time. Fertilization causes the release of calcium from intracellular stores, which event is necessary and sufficient for egg activation. Consequently, calcium-dependent degradation of mitotic cyclins and Mos occurs, resulting in the inactivation of CSF and MPF, meiotic exit, and entry into the mitotic cell cycle. This allows development to proceed. Ovulated unfertilized eggs undergo a time-dependent quality loss, the process also known as postovulatory oocyte deterioration
The eggs from different species, such as starfish, mice and humans were shown to die by apoptosis within 24 hrs of ovulation if they are not fertilized
Here, we report that the majority of unfertilized
Immediately after their disposal,
Figure 1
Spontaneous meiotic exit in unfertilized
Spontaneous meiotic exit in unfertilized
Table 1
Timing of morphological and biochemical changes in the unfertilized
Change in egg morphology
Meiotic exit
Caspase acti-
Increase in egg diameter
Water (j)
within 6 h
within 12 h
18-36 h
12-18 h
DB buffer (d)
within 12 h
within 18 h
24-36 h
24-36 h
OR-2 (j)
within 12 h
within 18 h
30-48 h
24-36 h
OR-2 (d)
within 12 h
within 18 h
24-36 h
24-36 h
(d) and (j) denote dejellied and jelly-coated eggs, respectively.
Additional file 1
Figure S1. Degradation of unfertilized jelly-coated
Click here for file
Additional file 2
Figure S2. Degradation of unfertilized jelly-coated
Click here for file
Additional file 3
Figure S3. Degradation of unfertilized dejellied
Click here for file
Apoptotic events in unfertilized
Besides the beginning morphological changes, no other features of egg degradation could be detected at the time of meiotic exit. No significant changes in the level of cytochrome
Figure 2
Features of classical apoptosis in unfertilized
Features of classical apoptosis in unfertilized
Figure 3
Cell death events in unfertilized
Cell death events in unfertilized
Table 2
Timing of apoptotic events in the ovulated
Events in eggs
Control eggs
PG-treated oocytes
activated eggs
treated eggs
Meiotic exit
within 18 h
within 24 h
within 45 min
within 6 h
Cytochrome c release
24 h
24-36 h
18 h
Caspase 3/7 activation
24-36 h
48-60 h
18-24 h
18-36 h
ATP decrease
30 h
60 h
24 h
24 h
ADP/ATP increase
30 h
60 h
24 h
24 h
Drop in intracellular pH (< 6.0)
36 h
60 h
36 h
Increase in egg diameter
36 h
60 h
36 h
24 h
*not determined
Of note, prominent intracellular acidification could be consistently detected in the eggs by 36 hours using both spectrometric and fluorescent assays (Figure
Single-cell analysis of unfertilized
To better understand the sequence of events in a potentially heterogeneous population of unfertilized
Figure 4
Single-cell analysis of unfertilized
Single-cell analysis of unfertilized
Early meiotic exit promotes accelerated apoptosis in
Meiotic exit was found to precede apoptosis in the unfertilized
Figure 5
Apoptotic degradation of ionophore-treated
Apoptotic degradation of ionophore-treated
Presently, it is unknown if calcium rise is involved in releasing the naturally laid
Additional file 4
Figure S4. Apoptotic degradation of roscovitine-treated
Click here for file
Altogether, the results obtained demonstrate that earlier meiotic exit is associated with accelerated and more robust apoptotic degradation of unfertilized
The data presented above indicate that the majority of unfertilized
Figure 6
Stability of progesterone-treated and intact
Stability of progesterone-treated and intact
Figure 7
Apoptotic degradation of progesterone-treated
Apoptotic degradation of progesterone-treated
The main finding of this study is that unfertilized frog eggs die by apoptosis following meiotic exit. A plethora of classical apoptotic events, such as cytochrome
Our data suggest that meiotic arrest in frog eggs is one of the factors responsible for the delay in the execution of apoptotic cell death. Under different environmental conditions, unfertilized
Previously, it has been demonstrated that mature eggs are much more sensitive to apoptotic insult than prophase oocytes
Suppressing apoptotic program in mature frog eggs should serve the purpose of producing the largest possible number of gametes available for fertilization. This situation is quite reminiscent of the apoptotic induction in star fish eggs, where meiotic arrest effectively blocks apoptosis
Remarkably, although apoptotic protection conferred by meiotic arrest is lost at egg activation, unfertilized post-meiotic eggs are not engaged into apoptosis immediately after meiotic exit. It takes several hours to release cytochrome
Notably, the apoptotic scenario revealed in this study is not the only way of egg degradation. Some minor fraction of ovulated eggs (typically, not exceeding 5% of total population) experience robust and irreversible cortical contraction. Although this phenomenon occurs most often within the first 3 hours of ovulation, it can also be observed at later times. Irreversible cortical contraction is associated with excessive egg activation (so called, hyperactivation), leading to the fast egg whitening and swelling within just one hour (Figure
The present study reveals that: (i) unfertilized
Female frogs of
Animal treatment, oocyte and egg isolation
This study was conducted according to the Kobe University Animal Experimentation Regulation. All the experiments with oocytes and eggs were carried out at the ambient temperature of 21-23°C. To obtain eggs, frogs were injected hypodermically with 500 IU per animal of hCG in the dorsal lymph sac. Ovulation began in 8 to 10 hours after the hCG injection. Eggs were gently squeezed into DeBoer's buffer (DB) containing 110 mM NaCl, 1.3 mM KCl and 0.44 mM CaCl2, adjusted to pH 7.2 by addition of NaHCO3. The jelly layer was removed from eggs by incubation with the twofold volume of 2% cysteine in DB, pH 8.0, for 3-6 minutes. After the treatment, eggs were washed extensively with DB solution.
To obtain oocytes, frogs were anesthetized on ice followed by rapid decapitation, then ovaries were surgically removed and placed into OR-2 solution containing 82.5 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM Na2HPO4, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.6. Ovaries were manually dissected into clumps of 50-100 oocytes and extensively washed with OR-2 solution. Clumps of oocytes were treated with 0.5 mg/ml collagenase (280 U/mg) in OR-2 at 23°C for 3-4 hours by shaking at 60 rpm. Oocytes were extensively washed in OR-2 solution and left for stabilization over 4 h. Undamaged defolliculated oocytes of stage VI were manually selected and used in the experiments.
Detection of nuclear morphology
Detection of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation was carried out by monitoring the morphology of demembranated sperm nuclei in cell-free egg extracts prepared essentially as described previously
Protein samples were separated by SDS PAGE using 10% or 15% polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinulidene difluoride membranes using a semidry blotting device (BioRad). Membranes were blocked with T-TBS buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20) containing 3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and incubated at RT for 2 hours with 500-fold diluted anti-caspase 3 antibody, or 200-fold diluted anti-MAPK or anti-β tubulin antibodies, or 100-fold diluted anti-phospho MAPK, anti-cyclin B2, or anti-cytochrome
Protein kinase assay
Cdk1 activity in the eggs was assessed by specific phosphate incorporation into histone H1 protein substrate. The reaction mixture of protein kinase assay (20 μl) contained 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mg/ml histone H1, 2 μM protein kinase A inhibitor peptide, 100 μM [γ-32P] ATP and 5 μl of egg lysate (equivalent to 0.4 egg). Samples were incubated at 25°C for 15 min, then the reaction was stopped by the addition of concentrated Laemmli's buffer
Caspase 3 activity assay
Eggs were disrupted by pipetting in 20-fold excess of the ice-cold OR-2 buffer followed by centrifugation to remove insoluble material. To measure caspase 3 activity, 1-μl samples of lysates were incubated with 10 μM fluorogenic substrate peptide, caspase substrate IV, in the assay buffer for 3 hours at room temperature with a soft shaking at 100 rpm. Fluorescence was then measured using the LAS1000 plus Luminescent Image Analysis System (FUJIFILM, Tokyo, Japan).
Eggs were disrupted by pipetting in 20-fold excess of the ice-cold cytochrome
Intracellular pH measurements
Fifty to hundred dejellied eggs were washed extensively with NANOpure water to remove buffer. Eggs were packed by low-speed centrifugation at 400 g and then lysed by centrifugation at 10, 000 g, as described above. Ten to twenty microliters of cytoplasmic layer were spotted onto the Advantec pH indicator paper (measurement range 5.4-7.0) and read by two persons in double-blind trials.
Alternatively, the fluorescent pH indicator BCECF at 1 μM concentration was used to measure pH in the egg lysates prepared by the above method. The pH calibration curve was built over the pH range of 6.0 - 8.0 in the presence of egg lysate. Sample fluorescence was quantified using the LAS1000 plus Luminescent Image Analysis System.
Other methods
Protein content in the samples was determined spectrophotometrically using a protein assay kit (Bio-Rad). Measurement of intracellular ATP and ADP/ATP ratio was carried out using the ApoSENSOR assay kit from from BioVision according to the manufacturer's manual. Egg diameter was measured by determining the geometric mean of two perpendicular measurements taken in the microscopic egg image.
Cdk: cyclin-dependent kinase; CSF: cytostatic factor; GVBD: germinal vesicle breakdown; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MPF: maturation promoting factor.
Authors' contributions
AAT designed the research, performed the experiments and wrote the paper. SI performed the experiments and analyzed data. TI and YF participated in the design of the study and contributed critical comments and suggestions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We are grateful to Dr. Ushio Kikkawa (Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University) for providing the LAS1000 plus Luminescent Image Analysis System and to Dr. Ken-Ichi Sato (Kyoto Sangyo University) for stimulating discussions.
The Xenopus cell cycle: An overview
An overview in Xenopus development
Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes
The elusive cytostatic factor in the animal egg
Under arrest: cytostatic factor (CSF)-mediated metaphase arrest in vertebrate eggs
Mos in the oocyte: how to use MAPK independently of growth factors and transcription to control meiotic divisions
Ageing and reproduction: Post-ovulatory deterioration of the egg
Oocyte aging: cellular and molecular changes, developmental potential and reversal possibility
Overripeness of the egg as a cause of twinning and teratogenesis
Egg quality in fishes
Post-ovulatory ageing of the human oocyte and embryo failure
Reduced developmental competence of immature in-vitro matured and postovulatory aged mause oocytes following IVF and ICSI
Spontaneous activation of ovulated mouse eggs: time-dependent effects on M-phase exit, cortical granule exocytosis, maternal messenger ribonucleic acid recruitment, and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate sensitivity
A wave of free cytosolic calcium traverses zebrafish eggs on activation
DNA fragmentation of oocytes in aged mice
Postmeiotic unfertilized starfish eggs die by apoptosis
Fertilization blocks apoptosis of starfish eggs by inactivation of the MAP kinase pathway
Induction of apoptosis in starfish eggs requires spontaneous inactivation of MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) followed by activation of p38MAPK
MAP kinases regulate unfertilized egg apoptosis and fertilization suppress death via Ca+2 signaling
Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts: inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria
Apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts
Antiapoptotic role for ornitine decarboxylase during oocyte maturation
Features of programmed cell death in intact Xenopus oocytes and early embryos revealed by near-infrared fluorescence and real-time monitoring
Crk is required for apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts
Involvement of apoptosis in ovarian follicular atresia and postovulatory regression
Ovarian follicle atresia: a hormonally controlled apoptotic process
Features of programmed cell death in intact Xenopus oocytes and early embryos revealed by near-infrared fluorescence and real-time monitoring
A member of the Ste20/PAK family of protein kinases is involved in both arrest of Xenopus oocytes at G2/prophase of the first meiotic cell cycle and in prevention of apoptosis
Post-cytochrome c protection from apoptosis conferred by a MAPK pathway in Xenopus egg extracts
Inhibition of caspase-9 through phosphorylation at Thr 125 by ERK MAPK
Phosphorylation of caspase-9 by CDK1/cyclin B1 protects mitotic cells against apoptosis
Restraint of apoptosis during mitosis through interdomain phopshorylation of caspase-2
Resting membrane potential as a marker of apoptosis: studies on Xenopus oocytes microinjected with cytochrome c
A developmental timer that regulates apoptosis at the onset of gastrulation
Developmentally regulated activation of apoptosis early in Xenopus gastrulation results in cyclin A degradation during interphase of the cell cycle
Hydrogen peroxide induces Src family tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of Xenopus eggs
Analysis of signal transduction in cell-free extracts and rafts of Xenopus eggs
Cell cycle extracts
Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4


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Yes, there is positive news items from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) but it is pretty sparse. For example, here are a couple of headlines:
• Simple 5-Step Family Plan for Honoring Veterans
• VA patients with a VA identification card and flu voucher form can receive no cost flu shots at their local Walgreens
• VA partners with YMCA of the USA to support Veterans
Good news indeed. But these headlines are overshadowed when compared to the other stories.
Consider the report that the VA banned Christmas trees as decorations in public areas at the Salem, VA, Medical Center:
Displays must not promote any religion. Please note that trees (regardless of the types of ornaments used) have been deemed to promote the Christian religion and will not be permitted in any public areas this year."
The letter explained "When the public (Veterans and beneficiaries) accesses the Federal workplace, their reasonable impression should be that the government is not sponsoring or endorsing on religion over another."
Gee, evidently they forgot that Christmas is, yes, a federal holiday!
In April, 2014, Rep. Jeff Miller, (R-Fla), Chairman of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs said, "dozens of VA hospital patients in Phoenix may have died while awaiting medical care."
The next month, a VA investigative task force arrived at the Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center in Phoenix, AZ., whereupon the team "determined that Phoenix's Human Resources Management Service was "severely under-resourced" and "nearly a third of the HR staff had quit."
However, when they returned early in 2015, they were turned away from the facility!
Regardless, in March, 2015, President Obama visited this hospital complex and reported, "while progress has been made to improve service, more work needs to be done to restore the trust of veterans who rely on the facility."
Oh, by the way, in an attempt to download a application form to enroll in the VA healthcare system with the goal of completing and mailing it to the Health Eligibility Center you get this message:
Your connection is not private. Attackers might be trying to steal your information".
This makes a lots of sense, doesn't it? "stealing passwords, messages, or credit cards" from an online form that contains absolutely no information whatsoever?
And finally, adding to the VA's dismal treatment of veterans comes the news that it had "wrongly declared more than 100 veterans dead and suspended their benefit payments." Over the period of July 7, 2014, to April 1, 2015, the VA stopped payments to 115 veterans because they believed they were dead. Mike Rieker, a 69-year old Vietnam Navy veteran, was totally unable to convince the VA that he was alive and desperately needed his benefits. Of course, a VA spokesman said they were "updating its process to request further confirmation of the beneficiary's death before it terminates payments."
The question is, of course, why did these events happen in the first place? The answer is that the VA is totally out-of-control and a housecleaning is way overdue!
Retired United States Navy SEAL and Navy Cross recipient Marcus Luttrell, whose story was told in the book and film, "Lone Survivor" has often said he doesn't feel worth of praise. He once said,
Retired United States Navy SEAL and Navy Cross recipient Marcus Luttrell, whose story was told in the book and film, "Lone Survivor", has often said he doesn't feel worth of praise. He once said,
If the job you had in the military was not worthy of anything then the job wouldn't exist. Everyone who serves is part of the spear whether the staff, tip or razors edge. Always carry your head high and shoulders back. Enjoy this day you earned it."
Mr. Lattrell: it's a very hard thing for us to do with this news in 2015. But we will do our best!


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Pet Sitting & Walking
My name is Sean Papazis, I am 20 years old, and a college student. I have a very flexible schedule so that works to my benefit in petting sitting. I love animals. I have had dogs all of my life and a few other pets throughout such as, birds, a cat, and a goat. Pricing is something that will be worked out as the details on the sitting are discussed.
I live in the Statesville/Troutman area, but I am willing to work in the surrounding areas. Thank you.


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Taking Exercise Out of the Stone Age – 21st Century Technology for Busy People
We live in a high-tech world. This may seem like the understatement of the century, and in many ways, it is. Most of us, throughout our lives, have seen incredible advances in all facets of our daily experience thanks to technology. Entertainment has changed from local, live shows and community-centered concerts to high-definition streaming programs displayed on huge flat-screen televisions. Businesses used to rely on carbon copied documents, mail and courier services, and face-to-face meetings. Now, we can send documents electronically, sign and edit complex legal agreements on the computer, and conduct meetings thousands of miles apart watching one another on our laptops via VOIP phone services.
In fact, it's hard to think of an industry that has not been fundamentally changed by some type of technological advancement – except, of course, for the exercise industry. Actually, if you have been paying any attention to the latest fitness fads, you have noticed a shift away from technology, and toward more primitive forms of equipment and protocols. You may have seen people lifting logs, tipping tires, pulling on industrial sized rubber bands, or throwing old-fashioned medicine balls at each other. The old standard of dumbbells and weight stacks are still staples in just about any gym or fitness club. For some reason, the fitness industry has failed to leverage technology to improve the way people exercise.
Instead of going with industry trends, we have developed the most advanced strength and interval workouts in the world, utilizing the latest in equipment and computer technology. There are 3 key benefits to our high-tech approach at The Exercise Coach that cannot be found anywhere else in fitness:
- Convenience. Technological advances are designed to improve efficiency, which basically means reducing the time necessary to accomplish certain tasks. Our most famous claim is that you don't need to spend more than 20 minutes, once or twice a week, to get a total body workout and see all the results from exercise you are seeking. We have spent over a decade delivering on this claim, and have thousands of clients to prove it. The biggest exercise myth out there is that the total time spent moving around is key to getting results. This simply is not true. Our technologically-advanced strength and interval equipment allows you to get a full workout in a brief 20-minute session, and then spend time recovering with the proper nutrition and rest in order to see the transformation you desire.
What this means is that no matter how busy your life is, you can leverage our unique technology to fit exercise into your lifestyle. Whether you are a busy executive, have a full family schedule, or simply don't want to spend hours exercising, The Exercise Coach approach will work with your schedule.
- Customization. For technology to be truly useful, it must be able to adapt to the individual needs of the person using it. Our unique equipment is completely customizable, allowing our coaches to develop a one-of-a-kind workout to fit precisely what you need. There is a lot of wasted time and effort in the traditional, one-size-fits-all programs and workouts. Instead of asking you to adapt to a dumbbell or a treadmill, we have the ability to adapt every second of every workout to your unique strength, level of conditioning, and any restrictions you may have in range of motion, previous injury, or levels of experience.
In addition, we use bio-sensitive feedback to show you exactly the work you are doing in each and every second of the workout. You will see, in real time, a computer display showing your progress throughout the exercise. This accomplishes two things for our clients; first, it gives them increased motivation because they know they are doing meaningful work and not wasting their time. Secondly, we can measure each second of every workout, store that information, and show you precisely how much progress has been made. We see clients who improve strength up to 50% (or more) in a month or less. How do we know this? We test you in your first visit, and then retest you to compare before and after data. Not only will you feel stronger and look better, but you will have proof that you have made meaningful progress.
- Results. Ultimately, technology is only as good as what it produces for the end user. We all know people who just have to have the latest and greatest, and who rarely ask the question "How will this make my life better?" Before we invested in overhauling our equipment, we asked the question "Will this technological advancement improve our client's health?" The answer has been a resounding YES! As I have showed you above, not only does it cut down on the time necessary, and allow us to customize the workout to fit each individual, but the results are remarkable. We have helped people lose up to 200 pounds, increase bone density, reduce cholesterol, improve insulin sensitivity, and gain strength to be able to do things in their 70's they never dreamed possible in their 40's or 50's.
We know that many exercise claims are hard to believe. There is no magic bullet when it comes to your health. But we are confident that with our exercise approach, utilizing the most advanced technology in the fitness industry, you can receive all the benefits that exercise can offer in a safe, efficient, and pleasant atmosphere. Most people don't want to become exercise fanatics. Neither do we! Our passion is empowering normal people to change their lives through meaningful, approachable exercise.
We often say "Live Life. Leverage Exercise." We have developed our exercise approach with the unlikely exerciser in mind: the 85% of us who don't have time to work out, are afraid of injury, dislike going to the big gyms, and just dislike working out. While our advanced equipment and technology can produce amazing results even for the 21-year-old athlete, we have stayed focused on those of us who could benefit the most from the best workouts available.
To see our high-tech approach in action, visit an Exercise Coach near you. Currently, our studios are located in the Chicago area, but we have plans to expand to markets across the country. If you are not near a studio, visit us at www.exercisecoach.com. You can watch a video about how our clients have experienced amazing results, you can dig into our FAQ and Scientific Support sections under Resources, and if you are looking for a change in career or to own a unique, easy-to-operate business, visit our Franchise section to learn more.
Jesse Hudson
Director of Franchise Operations – The Exercise Coach


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Sam Groth has been bumped out in the first round of the Citi Open in Washington, losing a tight clash 7-6 (7-3) 7-6 (7-5) to American Brian Baker.
The Australian was dominant on his own serve, but unable to break Baker's serve.
Groth sent down 18 aces – double the amount by Baker, and did not face one break point in the match, however he won just 22 points on return of serve.
It continues a horror year for 28-year-old, whose ATP Tour record has now dropped to 4-13 and he has dropped 101 rankings places since August last year to No.154.
Fellow-Australians John Millman, James Duckworth and Jordan Thompson each progressed to the second round of the tournament on Monday (Tuesday AEDT), while Bernard Tomic had a first-round bye.


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"Great pharmacy where one can get wholesome and organic products and free friendly well researched sound advice. I highly recommend Netpharmacy which caters for all your needs."
Pamela G
Solgar Chlorella 100 Vegicaps
Product Classification:
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Style number: SOL3818
gst NZD$5.86
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Customer Reviews
Solgar Chlorella 100 Vegicaps
Solgar Broken Cell-Wall Chlorella offers exceptional digestibility for maximum absorption and utilization of the single-cell algae's constituents.
Chlorella is an algae rich in chlorophyll. It is an excellent source of protein, vitamins and minerals and essential fatty acids.
SUGGESTED USE: As a dietary supplement for adults, take one (1) vegetable capsule up to three (3) times daily, preferably at mealtime, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.
Each Vegetable Capsule provides: Chlorella 520 mg (from dried and milled green microalgae)
If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medication or have a medical condition, please consult your healthcare practitioner before taking any dietary supplement. Keep out of reach of children.Discontinue use and consult your healthcare practitioner if adverse reactions occur. Keep out of reach of children. Store at room temperature. Do not use if outer bottle seal is missing or damaged.


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The footage gives a hint at how Johnny Depp's Tonto helps Armie Hammer's John Reid in becoming the masked justice seeker.
"The Lone Ranger" will soon unveil its brand new trailer, but before fans get to see it, they are treated to a little sneak peek at the trailer. Thanks to "Good Morning America", the preview has now gone online, teasing some new scenes involving Armie Hammer's titular gunslinger and Johnny Depp's Tonto.
The short sneak peek features more narrations by the quirky Indian warrior played by Depp. Highlighting Tonto and John Reid's bromance, it also teases how the former helps the latter in becoming the masked Lone Ranger. Tonto suggests Reid to let people think he's dead and hide his identity behind a mask. "There will come a time when good man must wear a mask," so Tonto says.
"The Lone Ranger" is a thrilling adventure infused with action and humor, in which the famed masked hero is brought to life through new eyes. Native American spirit warrior Tonto recounts the untold tales that transformed John Reid, a man of the law, into a legend of justice - taking the audience on a runaway train of epic surprises and humorous friction as the two unlikely heroes must learn to work together and fight against greed and corruption.
Hammer recently said of Reid's bromance with Tonto, "It's an odd couple relationship, a lawman, an attorney who comes back to the West where he grew up, hoping to bring justice with him. He meets this wise Commanche who knows that, out West, you make your own justice."
Also starring Tom Wilkinson, Ruth Wilson, Helena Bonham Carter, James Frain, James Badge Dale and William Fichtner, the Gore Verbinski-directed Western film will make its way out onto the U.S. theaters on July 3, 2013.


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I'm talking about the scent that when your walking down the hall or where ever and a girl passes you and you get a good smell of her and you can't get enough of that smell...? something that really turns you on?
and I don't know if any of you guys have smelt this but.. if you have, do you like the scent cucumber melon from bath and body works?
Most Helpful Guy
girls wear so many great smelling scents that drive me nuts (in a good way of course) but I really don't know the names of them. only one I can remember that I like when girls wear is Vanilla scented perfumes. idk. just smells good to me. lol10|10|1
thanks.. it seems like all guys LOVE vanilla!?!
pretty much ;)


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Charges filed in drive-by shooting
Two of the three suspects in Friday's drive-by shooting have been charged.
Jesus Thomas Ali, 21, of St. Paul, and Randall Scott Seelye, 20, address unknown, were charged on Monday.
Ali was charged with a felony dangerous weapons charge of drive-by shooting toward a person, occupied motor vehicle or occupied building, and also being an ineligible person in possession of a firearm.
Seelye was charged with felony aiding and abetting a dangerous weapons charge of drive-by shooting toward a person, occupied motor vehicle or occupied building.
Both men remain the in the Beltrami County Jail.
Both were arrested, along with a juvenile male, following an investigation into a drive-by shooting that was reported at about 2 a.m. Friday on the 19800 block of Plantation Road Southeast.
According to the criminal complaint, witnesses reported seeing a red or maroon-colored Dodge Dynasty pulling up in front of a residence when a man wearing a black leather jacket exited the rear passenger door of the vehicle and fired six or seven shots at the house before getting back into the vehicle and leaving the scene.
Beltrami County Sheriff's deputies found seven 9 millimeter casings and observed where the shots had hit the ground and the side of the house, the complaint said.
There were three adults and an 11-month-old child in the home at the time of the shooting, but no one was struck or hurt, the complaint said.
About 30 minutes later, deputies located a 1992 maroon Dodge Dynasty on the 19700 block of Williams Road Southeast, the complaint said. They observed that the vehicle had recently been driven and there were three sets of footprints leaving the vehicle.
The owner of the residence let deputies into the house, claiming not to know to whom the vehicle belonged, the complaint said.
In the basement, deputies located Ali, a leather jacket, a ski mask and a pair of gloves, the complaint said. Seelye was also found hiding in the basement, along with the 15-year-old boy who was later arrested.
The boy told deputies that he was asked by Seelye earlier that day if he could use his vehicle, and then met with Seelye and Ali and drove to Plantation Road, the complaint said. The boy said Seelye and Ali had a "beef" with someone who lives at the residence.
Ali was wearing a ski mask and gloves when they approached the residence, and Ali took out the gun and fired several rounds at the home, the boy reported, the complaint said. Ali later tossed the gun into the woods.
Deputies followed the footprints in the snow and recovered the 9 millimeter pistol, wrapped in a ski mask, between 8 and 10 feet into the woods, the complaint said.
Seelye previously was convicted of felony possession of an assault weapon, the complaint said.
Ali, a confirmed criminal gang member, has numerous felony conviction and adjudication for weapons and drug offenses, the complaint said.


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Maid agents have been visiting Sri Lanka, or are planning to do so, to hire more maids to cushion the shortfall in supply from Indonesia.
Checks by the Singaporean Straits Times showed that at least seven agents aim to bring in more Sri Lankan maids in the next few months.
The Sri Lanka High Commission is arranging a meeting with representatives from the Association of Employment Agencies Singapore and officials from the Foreign Employment Bureau in Sri Lanka to discuss recruitment plans.
The Sri Lanka High Commission expects the number of Sri Lankan maids to go up to about 6,000 by the middle of next year, from about 4,500 now.


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Also known as a buffalo nickel because of the animal on the flip side, an Indian head nickel is very rare according to the website Rare Buffalo Nickel. However, most of these coins are not terribly valuable, despite the fact that there are not many in circulation.Continue Reading
Several areas on the first coins of this type had raised characters, making them prone to value-decreasing wear. These spots included the lettering "Five Cents" and the date. The mold was changed after the first year to fix the lettering, but the date issue continued throughout the coin's run.
In the final year the Indian head coin was minted, the buffalo imprint mistakenly only depicted three legs on the animal. Coins with this image are even more rare and therefore more valuable than other types of buffalo nickels.Learn more about Coins & Currency


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 17/6/2013 (1526 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Say what you want about Pierre Trudeau, but he understood the pettiness and dangers of nationalism.
In a provocative essay, written in September 1992 during the contentious debates around the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, he suggested that entrenching Quebec's demand to be recognized as a "distinct society" was "frankly racist." Because as Trudeau argued, "there is a very good chance then that Quebecers of Irish, Jewish or Vietnamese origin -- even if they speak perfect French -- would have trouble claiming to belong to this 'distinct society.' "
Or, he might have added , young Sikhs who want to play soccer wearing their turbans.
Trudeau likely would have given one of his trademark told-you-so shrugs about the Quebec Soccer Federation's initial refusal to follow the directive of the Canadian Soccer Association and lift its controversial ban on turbans. This decision was as absurd as a similar incident last July when a nine-year-old girl from Gatineau, Que., Rayane Benatti, was not permitted to play in a soccer tournament because she would not remove her headscarf.
For close to two weeks, QSF officials justified their ruling as a grave concern over safety, a pathetic defence for which there is no basis in fact. Only a judgment by FIFA, the international soccer federation, which stated head covers are acceptable provided they meet professional standards, convinced the QSF to reverse its decision and offer a tepid apology to the Sikh community.
The larger issue at stake is an underlying philosophy that everyone should be treated equally and that making such accommodations to non-distinct society ethnic or religious groups was somehow detrimental to Quebec's future.
According to this one-sided logic, a large crucifix hanging in the Quebec National Assembly is acceptable because it symbolizes a link with Quebec's past, while a teenager wearing a small, light turban on a soccer field is objectionable.
Naturally, Quebec Premier Pauline Marois, of the Parti Qu©b©cois, denounced the CSA's intervention as intruding on Quebec's right to autonomy. What else would you expect from a government that unleashes language police (inspectors from the Office qu©b©cois de la langue franßaise) to go after an Italian restaurant that dares to advertise the word "pasta" on its menu?
Outside of Quebec, the QSF's actions were condemned as yet another example of racism. That cry has been heard seemingly forever and has plenty of historical examples that go all the way back to the 18th century when the territory of Quebec was known as Lower Canada. Starting in 1807, Ezekiel Hart, a Jewish businessman, was elected to the Lower Canadian Assembly (the first Jew in the British Empire to be elected to public office) but he was not allowed to sit because he refused to swear an oath "as a Christian" on the New Testament.
In the 1930s, Adrian Arcand's fascist party in Qu©bec boasted a membership of 80,000 at the height of its popularity. In 1934, French-Canadian interns went on strike after the Notre Dame Hospital hired a Jewish doctor, Samuel Rabinovitch. French-Canadian Catholic intellectuals led by the still-revered Abb© Lionel Groulx sought to drive Jewish merchants out of the retail business by the "achat chez nous" ("buy from us") campaign. Though Groulx found anti-Semitism "a negative and silly solution," he still endorsed the anti-Jewish boycott and wrote about race purity.
In the pages of the L'Action Catholique and other Catholic newspapers, Jews were denounced as parasites and Bolsheviks. According to Marcel Hamel, the editor of La Nation, communism was "a Jewish invention," a view shared by Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis and other members of the Union Nationale. In the nationalist organ Le Devoir, according to historian Esther Delisle, Jews in the 1930s, were "aliens, circumcised, criminals, mentally ill, trash of nations, Tartars, infected with Semitism, malodorous -- they smell of garlic, live in lice-ridden ghettos, have greasy hair and pot bellies, big crooked noses, and they are dirty." Such notions were shared to different degrees by a generation of prominent Quebec leaders.
Still, these racist and anti-Semitic slurs did not generate the critical reaction they would today for the simple reason that similar nasty attitudes toward non-white and non-Christian immigrant groups were shared across Canada far beyond Quebec's borders. Prejudice and discrimination were part of Canadian life; a case in point was the University of Manitoba faculty of medicine's ethnic quota from 1932-44.
It is true, for instance, that in the late 1930s, Quebec politicians led by Ernest Lapointe, the federal minister of justice in Mackenzie King's government, were staunchly opposed to allowing into the country German-Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany. Yet the government's policy was shaped by a non-francophone, Frederick Blair, the deputy minister of immigration, a notorious anti-Semite, and most of the English-speaking ministers in King's cabinet supported Blair's racist policies and the kowtowing to Quebec's demands. They were just more subtle about it.
"We don't want to take too many Jews," astutely observed Norman Robertson, who worked at the external affairs department, "but, in the present circumstances particularly, we don't want to say so."
In his 1993 book, Blood and Belonging, former Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff draws a distinction between civic and ethnic nationalism. Civic nationalism, he explains, "maintains that the nation should be composed of all those -- regardless of race, colour, creed, gender, language, or ethnicity -- who subscribe to the nation's political creed." Ethnic nationalism, "claims by contrast, that an individual's deepest attachments are inherited not chosen. It is the national community that defines the individual, not the individuals who define the national community."
Over many decades, so-called English Canada -- which once perceived its collective identity as "white ethnic nationalism," as Ignatieff labels it -- gradually transformed itself from ethnic to civic nationalism, the result of more liberal and refined attitudes, immigration, multiculturalism and political correctness.
Quebec, on the other hand, which moved from a religious-based society to a more secular one, has firmly adhered to ethnic nationalism. Feeling isolated and threatened, compelled to protect its history, language and culture in a country and continent dominated by the English-language, its ethnic nationalism routinely leads to the silliness perpetuated by the Quebec Soccer Federation and its hyper-sensitive language laws.
It was the same story with recent issues about the ritual slaughter of kosher meat (allegedly "a contravention of Quebec values"), practising "parking tolerance" around synagogues during high holidays, or even putting up frosted glass at a Montreal YMCA at the request of Orthodox Jews who did not want see women exercising (the frosted glass was removed a year later after it was installed).
A multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society such as Canada's is always dealing with questions of accommodation. How far is too far?
Last year, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that a woman wearing a niqab that covered her face would have to remove it to testify. Ceremonial daggers should not be permitted on airplanes and ritual sacrifices in the name of religion are forbidden by law.
Yet, as long as Quebec continues to define that degree of accommodation much narrower and based on its sense of ethnic rather than civic nationalism as the QSF did with its ruling on turbans, charges of racism, rightly or wrongly, will continued to be levelled at its leaders and citizens.
Now & Then is a column in which historian Allan Levine puts the events of today in a historical context.


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"Before music, I was invisible." The gospel artist shares his story of struggle and how music became his saving grace. .
The new series premieres in January 2017!
Giselle Gant test Black people on White culture.
Lisa on her relationship to the roles she's played.
Lisa Nicole Carson on struggling with bipolar disorder.
Lisa Nicole Carson seeks the guidance of a life coach.
Bern Nadette Stanis's mother shares sound financial advice.
Bern Nadette Stanis becomes a moral role model.
"Don't let fear stop you from walking into your destiny…"
'Being' features Kierra Sheard, Elise Neal and more!
Remy Ma, Maxwell, Chance the Rapper & more win big!
7 Singers Who've Had Struggles Over Weight
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