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Suicide attack
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A suicide attack is an attack in which the attacker or attackers intend to kill others and intend to die in the process (see suicide). In a suicide attack in the strict sense the attacker dies by the attack itself, for example in an explosion or crash caused by the attacker. The term is sometimes loosely applied to an incident in which the intention of the attacker is not clear though he is almost sure to die by the defense or retaliation of the attacked party.
In modern times, such attacks are often carried out with the help of vehicles or explosive materials such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or both (i.e. a vehicle loaded with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed upon impact or detonation.
Suicide attacks are a kind of tactic, planned and organized by extremely committed military or paramilitary groups. According to Robert Pape, director of the Chicago Project on suicide terrorism and expert on suicide bombers, ninety-five percent of such attacks in recent times have the same specific strategic goal: to cause an occupying state to withdraw forces from a disputed territory. Pape notes that in recent decades suicide attacks as a political tactic are used against democratic countries in which public opinion plays a role in determining policy.
As a military tactic aimed at causing material damage in war, suicide attacks became widely known during the Second World War in the Pacific as Allied ships were attacked by Japanese kamikaze pilots who caused maximum damage by flying their explosive-laden aircraft into military targets. Since the 1980s, the apparent low cost and high lethality of the tactic perhaps explain its increased use by resistance movements, including guerrilla and insurgent groups -- termed "terrorist groups" by the targeted governments. Most notably, the tactic has been used in the Middle East and Sri Lanka. The Tamil Tigers, who have been waging a terrorist campaign against the Sri Lankan government, were, as of 2000, "unequivocally the most effective and brutal terrorist organization ever to utilize suicide terrorism"<ref>according to Yoram Schweitzer of the Institute for Counter-Terrorism in Israel: [1]</ref>. Suicide bombings by Islamist militants, mostly in the Al-Aqsa Intifada and the Iraqi insurgency, have been the most frequent and cumulatively destructive. The September 11, 2001 attacks used hijacked airplanes to become the largest and most destructive individual suicide attacks on one day.
[edit] Overview
Military historians classify suicide bombing as a form of armed violence, belonging to the tactics of asymmetric warfare—suicide bombings are only common when one side in a violent conflict lacks the means for effective, conventional attacks. The cost-benefit analysis, expressed here by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, is simple: "The method of martyrdom operation [is] the most successful way of inflicting damage against the opponent and the least costly to the mujahidin in terms of casualties".<ref>http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/ayman_bk.html</ref> The strategic rationale may be military, political, or both; the target may be military, in which case the bombing is usually classified as an act of war, or civilian, in which case it is usually considered terrorism. Civilians are the favored targets, being easier to attack than fortified installations, armored vehicles, or armed and wary soldiers. The political message of the suicide bomber's action is potent, and the difficulty of deterring an attacker who is willing to die sparks greater fear than other forms of terrorism. The fact that the attacker dies in the attack eliminates the need for the attacker to have a plan to escape and avoid capture after he has completed the attack. The regular targeting of civilians, however, often calls into question the moral legitimacy, and often erodes the broader credibility, of the bomber's cause (although in some of the perpetrating group's base population, it may be thought to enhance those qualities).
The bombers themselves are predominantly male. Females bombers make up a minority of such attackers, and are more common among the Tamil Tigers, Chechen rebels, Palestinian militants and the Kurdistan Workers Party). But even among these groups, suicide operatives are still overwhelmingly male <ref>Robert Pape (2005), Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6317-5 </ref>. They are often from middle-class backgrounds in countries with little political freedom. They are usually well-educated and hold strong political or religious beliefs; they are generally not poverty-stricken or mentally ill, though some may have had difficult childhoods. The ritualistic communion of the extremist groups to which they belong ("lone wolf" suicide bombers are rare), in addition to their strongly-held beliefs, helps motivate their decision to commit suicide; for the religious, e.g. Hamas, the rewards of an afterlife may provide additional impetus. Coercion and deception are occasionally factors.
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Suicide attacks throughout history have taken various forms and have been encouraged by the lionization of those who laid down their lives for causes they deemed righteous. There are numerous examples, from Samson's suicidal destruction of a Philistine temple (as recounted in the Book of Judges) to the legendary Swiss hero Arnold von Winkelried to the Japanese kamikaze pilots of World War II. The first modern suicide bombing—involving explosives deliberately carried to the target either on the person or in a civilian vehicle and delivered by surprise—was in 1981; perfected by the factions of the Lebanese Civil War and especially by the Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, the tactic had spread to dozens of countries by 2005. Those hardest-hit were Lebanon during its civil war, Sri Lanka during its prolonged ethnic conflict, Israel and the Palestinian Territories since 1994, and Iraq since the US-led invasion in 2003.
Responses and reactions to suicide bombings are mixed, so that a full assessment of the action's impact—especially whether it helped or hindered the cause in whose name it was carried out—is difficult. The public response of politicians is usually one of determination and condemnation. Military and law enforcement are mobilized to disrupt or destroy the organization which planned the attack. The root cause of the violence is often obfuscated by the occupying power in order to avoid discussion of the military occupation that evokes the violent countermeasures. Often the bomber is portrayed as irrational and motivated by blind hatred. Those who support the bomber's cause will often hold him up as a hero; for example, the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, who are mainly Hindus and Marxists, publish celebratory books containing the photos of those they regard as heroic freedom fighters; militant Islamist groups like Al Qaeda, for example, make use of religious language to lionize suicide bombers, calling the bomber Shahid, or 'martyr'.
The term dates back to the 1940s, when it was used in reference to certain German and Japanese battle tactics, but did not gain its present meaning until 1981. Various alternate terms have been used to frame the act differently: the Islamist use of shahid for the bomber or martyrdom operation for the bombing emphasizes the self-sacrificial aspects, while the term "homicide bombing" (preferred phraseology of the George W. Bush Administration and right-leaning media outlets such as Fox News) emphasizes the fact that the bomber kills others.
[edit] Tactics
In the case of using explosives, a suicide attack does not require remote or delayed detonation. In the case of causing a crash, it allows human guidance of the weapon (carrying it, driving a car or boat, flying a plane, etc.) without the need for remote or automatic control as in a guided missile. Also, obviously, the attack plan does not require a plan on escaping to safety from the enemy after the attack.
- Suicide attack on foot: explosive belt
- attempted suicide attack with a plane as target: Richard Reid on American Airlines Flight 63
- Suicide car bomb: 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Central Bank bombing, numerous incidents in Iraq since 2003
- Suicide attack by a boat with explosives: USS Cole bombing, attacks by the LTTE Sea Tigers.
- Suicide attack by a submarine with explosives (human-steered torpedo): Kaiten, used by Japan in World War II
- Suicide attack by a plane with explosives: kamikaze
- Suicide attack by a hijacked plane with fuel: September 11, 2001 attacks, possibly Air France Flight 8969 and attempted by Samuel Byck
- Suicide attack by diverting a bus to an abyss: Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 massacre
- Suicide attack with guns: Kashmiri insurgents on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 killing 15 people.
In some cases a nuclear attack on a nuclear power may be considered a suicide attack in the wider sense, with the attacking country being sure or almost sure of going to suffer many fatalities in a retaliation. See also mutually assured destruction.
See also suicide weapon.
Suicide attacks usually (but not always) target poorly-guarded, non-military facilities and personnel. It can be either a military tactic, a political one, or a mixture of the two. It may qualify as terrorism when the intention is to kill, maim or terrorise a predominantly civilian target population, or fall within the definition of an act of war when it is committed against a military target under war conditions.
As a political tactic, suicide attacks send a message of impassioned opposition to enemy forces (that the attacker is willing to die for his or her cause) and a message of desperate recklessness to third parties (that the attacker feels the justice of the cause so strongly that he would rather die than submit and that he is giving little thought to the danger).[citation needed] However, it may backfire, as suicide attacks ignite rage and hatred and undermine the belief in the humanity of those who perpetrate them.[citation needed]
When used against civilian targets, suicide attacks usually cause fear in the target population greater than that caused by other forms of terrorism, as the fact that the attacker intends to die makes deterrents ineffective. [citation needed] However, use against civilian targets has differing effects on their goals (see reaction below). Some economists suggest that this tactic goes beyond symbolism and is actually a response to commodified, controlled, or devalued lives, as the suicide attackers apparently consider family prestige and financial compensation from the community as compensation for their own lives.[citation needed] Whether such motivation is significant as compared to political or religious feeling remains unclear.
The doctrine of asymmetric warfare views suicide attacks as a result of an imbalance of power, in which groups with little significant power resort to suicide bombing as a convenient tactic (see advantages noted above) to demoralize the targeted civilians or government leadership of their enemies. Suicide bombing may also take place as a perceived response to actions or policies of a group with greater power. [citation needed] Groups which have significant power have no need to resort to suicide bombing to achieve their aims; consequently, suicide bombing is overwhelmingly used by guerrilla, and other irregular fighting forces. Among many such groups, there are religious overtones to martyrdom: attackers and their supporters may believe that their sacrifice will be rewarded in an afterlife. Suicide attackers often believe that their actions are in accordance with moral or social standards because they are aimed at fighting forces and conditions that they perceive as unjust.
[edit] Profile of a bomber
A common reaction to a suicide bomber is to assume that he or she was motivated by despair, and probably came from a poor, neglected segment of society. Both President George W. Bush and the Dalai Lama have made this claim. However, anthropologist Scott Atran found in a 2003 study that this is not a justifiable conclusion. A recently published paper by Harvard University Professor of Public Policy Alberto Abadie "cast[s] doubt on the widely held belief that terrorism stems from poverty, finding instead that terrorist violence is related to a nation's level of political freedom."<ref>http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf</ref> More specifically this is due to the transition of countries towards democratic freedoms. "Intermediate levels of political freedom are often experienced during times of political transitions, when governments are weak, political instability is elevated, so conditions are favorable for the appearance of terrorism".<ref>http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html Quote</ref><ref>http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf Original Paper</ref>
From 2003 to 2004, women were more frequently involved in suicide attacks in the Middle East and elsewhere. In Messengers of Death: Female Suicide Bombers, Clara Beyler writes that women have channeled the frustration stemming from their role in society into ruthless behavior.<ref>http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=508</ref> This can demonstrate strength and power in societies where women have a submissive role. That women have become more involved in suicide bombings makes it more difficult to profile a suicide bomber.
Some suicide bombers are educated, with college or university experience, and come from middle class homes. Most suicide bombers do not show signs of psychopathology. Indeed, leaders of the groups who perpetrate these attacks search for individuals who can be trusted to carry out the mission; those with mental illnesses are not ideal candidates. They often find solace in the ritualistic communion found in extremist circles, which are often headed by charismatic individuals looking for new recruits.
[edit] Rationality
Much of the discourse that frames or responds to suicide bombing addresses the rationality of the action itself. Generally, the suicide bomber is understood as irrational—driven beyond the boundaries of rational thought by environmental, religious, political, and/or social factors—ergo capable of setting aside the "common sense" of self-preservation. Furthermore, isolated and independent violence clearly seems to be at odds with the idea of a "politics" and so seems ineffective as a tool of state—especially when considered in the context of global awareness and visual presence. Of course, irrational action can be made rational by reframing it in a specific historical and social context. For example, the section above references the entrenchment of the suicide bomber in the transition of a democratic state. In this instance, the presence or promise of democracy functions as the context within which the rationality must occur. It would seem clear at first that suicide bombing denies the effectivity of any democratic process—i.e.: it is murder and breaks law, it closes off dialogue, it happens by the decision of few or one, etc. However, the actions of the suicide bomber can still be explained as existing in a wholly rational dialogue with a democratic state.
For further illustration of this, it might help to turn to the way in which Italian political philosopher Giorgio Agamben illustrates the history of the theory of the "state of exception" in Western modernity. The state of exception can be understood as a temporary "suspension of the juridical order" claimed by governments in certain times when the nature of that democracy itself can be considered under threat. The state of exception is instituted through a determination of "necessity" and generally results in a temporary de facto rule by the sovereign. Importantly, the state of exception does not exist against the law, rather it exists in a relationship or mutual interdependence with the law, neither outside nor inside. It is exercised as a way to preserve the possibility of democracy in a moment determined incapable response through democratic process. For example, the current American War on Terrorism or the recent military tribunals in Guantanamo can both be understood as arising from a George Bush-appointed state of exception. The existence and persistence of terrorism, for Bush, creates a necessity by which—temporarily—law does not apply. These actions exist in a relationship with law, but they are not bound by law; they are carried out in order to preserve the possibility of law and democracy. This is an interesting paradox: democracy is simultaneously the goal and part of the problem and ultimately not utilizable as the way to a solution.
The dependency upon the state of exception in a time of necessity can then also be applied to Palestinian suicide bomber. Agamben points out that "the problem of the state of exception presents clear analogies to that of the right of resistance", but the case of the Palestinian suicide bomber complicates the division—in this case the needs of the state are folded onto the rights of resistance of that state, and the representative parties of state and resistance are the same. The suicide bomber acts as both Palestinian representative and resistance to Israeli state control, as Palestine sits in the unusual position of being a transitionary state under the control of another state. The suicide bomber here takes the same step as the executive power. He or she dictates a state of exception whereby the rational action needs to disregard law in order to enable it to exist in the first place.
The comparison here is not that American executive power and suicide bombers are guilty of the same actions, rather that they share in a similar exercise in rational exception of the law through self-proclaimed necessity.
[edit] History
[edit] Background
Often acts of terrorism, such as the suicide bombing of civilians, are compared to the self-sacrifice of soldiers in wartime. The principal difference is that the soldier is implementing the policy of a nation and is thus held responsible, whereas a civilian may or may not support their nation's policies and may or may not consider the terrorist's nation (or peoples) an enemy.
The concept of self-sacrifice has long been a part of war. From the earliest days of honoring fallen soldiers as heroes, those who sacrifice themselves to further a political, moral, or cultural ideology have been and are still highly regarded figures in their respective societies. Soldiers who lay down their lives to protect their comrades are commonly awarded the highest recognition for courage in battle, while those who survive combat are honored for their physical and psychological sacrifice. An example of such self-sacrifice in warfare in medieval legend is Arnold von Winkelried. The earliest reference of a suicide attack outside a context of warfare has been suggested to be the Biblical story of the Amorites attacking the Jews:
The Amorite who dwell on that mountain went out against you and pursued you as the bees would do; they struck you in Seir until Hormah. (Deuteronomy 1:44)
The French 11th century rabbi Rashi suggested this to mean that the Amorites attacked like bees do, i.e. stinging and then dying, not that they attacked in swarms. Modern Bible scholarship has however abandoned his interpretation, as seen for instance in the Swedish translation of 2000.
A less controversial example is from the time of the Crusades, when the Knights Templar destroyed one of their own ships[citation needed], killing 140 Christians in order to kill ten times as many Muslims. Another early example of suicide bombing occurred during the Belgian Revolution, when the Dutch Lieutenant Jan van Speijk detonated his own ship in the harbour of Antwerp to prevent being captured by the Belgians.
The act of deliberately destroying oneself to inflict harm on an enemy is more restricted to modern times and the era of explosives. The line between the two is considered by some a matter of subjectivity, as in the argument that many WWII soldiers killed were "martyrs" (in the sense that they were to suffer for the sake of a principle, rather than dying as the penalty for refusing to renounce a belief) because their life expectancy in combat was very low—often averaging only two or three months.
Modern suicide bombing as a political tool can be traced back to the assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia in 1881. Alexander fell victim to a Nihilist plot. While driving on one of the central streets of St. Petersburg, near the Winter Palace, he was mortally wounded by the explosion of hand-made grenades and died a few hours afterwards. The Czar was killed by the Pole Ignacy Hryniewiecki (1856-1881), who died while intentionally exploding the bomb during the attack.
The ritual act of self-sacrifice during combat appeared in a large scale at the end of World War II with the Japanese kamikaze bombers. In these attacks, airplanes were used as flying bombs. Later in the war, as Japan became more desperate, this act became formalized and ritualized, as planes were outfitted with explosives specific to the task of a suicide mission. Kamikaze strikes were a weapon of symmetric war used by the Empire of Japan chiefly against United States Navy aircraft carriers.
The Japanese Navy also used both one and two man piloted torpedoes called kaiten on suicide missions. Although sometimes called midget submarines, these were modified versions of the unmanned torpedoes of the time and are distinct from the torpedo-firing midget submarines used earlier in the war, which were designed to infiltrate shore defences and return to a mother ship after firing their torpedoes. Though extremely hazardous, these midget submarine attacks were not technically suicide missions; while the early kaiten were equipped with escape hatches, there is no evidence that they were ever used or that the pilots had any intention of using them. Later kaitens, by contrast, provided no means of escape.
After aiming a two-person kaiten at their target, the two crew members traditionally embraced and shot each other in the head. Social support for such choices was strong, due in part to Japanese cultural history, in which seppuku, honorable suicide, was part of samurai duty. It was also fostered and indoctrinated by the Imperial program to persuade, often through coercion (such as through doping[citation needed]), the Japanese soldiers to commit these acts.
Following World War II, Viet Minh "death volunteers" fought against the French colonial army by using a long stick-like explosive to detonate French tanks, as part of their urban warfare tactics.
In 1972 in the hall of the Lod airport in Tel-Aviv, Israel, three Japanese used grenades and automatic rifles to kill 26 people and wound more than a hundred.[citation needed] The group belonged to the Japanese Red Army (JRA) a terrorist organization created in 1969 and allied to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). Until then, no group involved in terrorism had conducted such a suicide operation in Israel. Members of the JRA became instructors in martial art and Kamikaze operations at several Hezbollah training camps bringing the suicide techniques to the Middle East.
Examples of suicide attacks and self-sacrifice can be found in American history. Americans who voluntarily stayed at the Alamo in Texas against what was known to be an overwhelming force of well armed Mexican regular soldiers are one example. In 1863, in both Fredericksburg, Virginia and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Americans conducted shoulder-to-shoulder charges over vast fields of fire against well defended soldiers with rifled firearms (the Stone Wall at Fredericksburg and Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg). During the Civil War it was considered a high honor to carry the military banner of a unit even though soldiers who did were almost certain to be the first shot. Likewise, African American soldiers in the Union Army conducted a suicide attack against a Confederate position in South Carolina, as honored in the 1988 film "Glory." In 1944, Americans who led the Allied Forces onto the beaches on D-Day to a man did not expect to see the end of the day, and in most cases did not. Self-sacrifice in American culture is as honored and glorified in the same way as it is in the examples from the other cultures as cited above.
In Britain the stories such as those of the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae, Horatio at the bridge, the lone Viking who held the bridge at the Battle of Stamford Bridge etc., suicide defences rather then suicide attacks, were once held up as examples of what an Englishman should aspire to be.
Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli conducted a suicide attack against the well defended positions of Turks in World War I. Military officers of the highest rank repeatedly ordered soldiers to charge positions that were defended with heavy automatic weapons, and they did.
[edit] 1980s to present
The first modern suicide bombing occurred in Iran in 1980 when 13-year old Hossein Fahmideh detonated himself as he ran up to an Iraqi tank at a key point in a battle of the Iran-Iraq War. Lebanon, during its civil war, saw a modern suicide bombing: the Islamic Dawa Party's car bombing of the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, in December 1981. Hezbollah's bombing of the U.S. embassy in April 1983 and attack on United States Marine and French barracks in October 1983 brought suicide bombings international attention. Other parties to the civil war were quick to adopt the tactic, and by 1999 factions such as Hezbollah, the Amal Movement, the Ba'ath Party, and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party had carried out around 50 suicide bombings between them. (The latter of these groups sent the first female suicide bomber in 1986. Female combatants have existed throughout human history and in many different societies, so it is possible that females who engage in suicidal attacks are not new.) Hezbollah was the only one to attack overseas, bombing the Israeli embassy (and possibly the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association building) in Buenos Aires; as its military and political power have grown, it has since abandoned the tactic.
Lebanon saw the first bombing, but it was the LTTE Tamil Tigers who perfected the tactic and inspired its use elsewhere [2]. Their Black Tiger unit have committed between 76 and 168 (estimates vary) suicide bombings since 1987, using more than 240 attackers throughout South Asia. Their victims included former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (assassinated by Thenmuli Rajaratnam), many prominent Lankan leaders (among them the late president Ranasinghe Premadasa), Colombo's Central Bank, and even warships. Sri Lanka's only female president Chandrika Kumaratunga was blinded in the right eye in a suicide attack in late 1999.
In Northern Ireland, in the early 1990s, as part of the Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997, the IRA used the tactic it called the "proxy bomb" - a sort of involuntary suicide bomb, where a victim was kidnapped and forced to drive a car bomb into its target. In one infamous operation in Derry in 1990, the PIRA chained a Catholic civilian to a car laden with explosives, held his family hostage and forced him to drive to a British Army checkpoint as a "human bomb" where the bomb exploded, killing himself and five soldiers. This practice was stopped due to the revulsion its caused among the Irish nationalist community.
Suicide bombing has, since 1993, been a particularly popular tactic amongst some Palestinian groups, including Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. Bombers affiliated with these groups often use so-called "suicide belts", explosive devices (often including shrapnel) designed to be strapped to the body under clothing. In order to maximize the loss of life, the bombers may seek out cafés or city buses crowded with people at rush hour, or less commonly a military target (for example, soldiers waiting for transport at roadside). By seeking enclosed locations, a successful bomber usually kills a number of people.
Palestinian television has aired a number of music videos and announcements that promote eternal reward for children who seek "shahada",<ref>http://www.pmw.org.il/tv%20part1.html</ref> which Palestinian Media Watch has claimed is "Islamic motivation of suicide terrorists".<ref>http://www.pmw.org.il/index.html</ref> The Chicago Tribune has documented the concern of Palestinian parents that their children are encouraged to take part in suicide operations.<ref>http://www.eufunding.org/Textbooks/EuropesPalestinianChildren.html</ref> Israeli sources have also alleged that Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah operate "Paradise Camps," training children as young as 11 to become suicide bombers.<ref>http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp</ref><ref>http://www.cnsnews.com/ForeignBureaus/archive/200107/For20010723d.html</ref>
The September 11, 2001 attacks involved the hijacking of large passenger jets which were deliberately flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon, killing everyone aboard the planes and thousands more in and around the targeted buildings, thus making it one of the most destructive suicide attacks in history. The passenger jets selected were required to be fully fueled to fly cross-country, turning the planes themselves into the largest suicide bombs in history. The 'September 11' attacks also had a vast economic and political impact: for the cost of the lives of the 19 hijackers and financial expenditure of around US$100,000, al-Qaeda, the militant Islamist group responsible for the attacks, effected a trillion-dollar drop in global markets within one week, and triggered massive increases in military and security expenditure in response.
In December 22 2001, Richard Reid attempted to destroy the American Airlines Flight 63 by the means of a bomb hidden in a shoe. He was arrested after his attempt was foiled when he was unable to light the bomb's fuse.
After the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iraqi and foreign insurgents carried out waves of suicide bombings. They attacked United States military targets, although many civilian targets (eg. Shiite mosques, international offices of the UN and the Red Cross, Iraqi men waiting to apply for jobs with the new army and police force) were also attacked. In the lead up to the Iraqi parliamentary election, on January 30, 2005, suicide attacks upon civilian and security personnel involved with the elections increased, and there were reports of the insurgents co-opting disabled people as involuntary suicide bombers.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/news/After-Saddam/Handicapped-boy-made-into-bomb/2005/02/01/1107228705132.html</ref> Professor Pape suggests that the bombings of Iraqis by Iraqis target those believed to be in the service of the American occupation.
Suicide bombings have occurred in more than 30 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, Croatia, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, the Palestinian territories, Panama, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, and Yemen. (Suicide planes were also used in the United States).
[edit] Range of opinions
World leaders, especially those of countries that experience suicide bombings, usually express resolve to continue on their previous course of affairs after such attacks. They denounce suicide bombings and sometimes vow not to let such bombings deter ordinary people from going about their everyday business.
Suicide bombings are sometimes followed by reprisals. As a successful suicide bomber cannot be targeted, the response is often a targeting of those believed to have sent the bomber. In targeting such organizations, Israel often uses military strikes against organizations, individuals, and possibly infrastructure. In the West Bank the IDF formerly demolished homes that belong to families whose children (or renters whose tenants) had volunteered for such missions (whether successfully or not),<ref name="demolition">Through No Fault of Their Own: Punitive House Demolitions during the al-Aqsa Intifada B'Tselem, November 2004</ref> though an internal review starting in October 2004 brought an end the policy.<ref>Human Rights Issues for the Palestinian population - April 2005 Ed Farrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> The effectiveness of suicide bombings—notably those of the Japanese kamikazes, the Palestinian bombers, and even the September 11, 2001 attacks—is debatable. Although kamikaze attacks could not stop the Allied advance the Pacific, they inflicted more casualties and delayed the fall of Japan for longer than might have been the case using only the conventional methods available to the Japanese Empire. Subsequently, Japanese leaders acknowledged the great cost in losing many of their best young men in these actions. The attacks reinforced the resolution of the World War II Allies to destroy the Imperial force, and may have had a significant effect in the decision to use atomic bombs against Japan.
In the case of the September 11th attacks, the long-term effects remain to be seen, but in the short-to-medium term, the results were profoundly negative for Al-Qaeda as well as for the Taliban Movement. Furthermore, since the September 11 attacks, Western nations have diverted massive resources towards stopping similar actions, as well as tightening up borders, and military actions against various countries that the U.S. and its allies believe to have been involved with terrorism. However, critics of the War on Terrorism suggest that in fact the results were profoundly positive, as the proceeding actions of the United States and other countries has increased the number of recruits, and their willingness to carry out suicide bombings.
It is more difficult to determine whether Palestinian suicide bombings have proved to be a successful tactic. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the suicide bombers were repeatedly deployed since the Oslo Accords.<ref>http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm</ref> In 1996, the Israelis elected the conservative candidate Benjamin Netanyahu who promised to restore safety by conditioning every step in the peace process on Israel's assessment of the Palestinian Authority's fulfillment of its obligations in curbing violence as outlined in the Oslo agreements.
In the course of al-Aqsa Intifada which followed the collapse of the Camp David II summit between the PLO and Israel, the number of suicide attacks drastically increased. In response, Israel mobilized its army in order to seal off the Gaza Strip and reinstate military control of the West Bank, patrolling the area with tanks. The Israelis also began a campaign of targeted assassinations to kill militant Palestinian leaders, using jets and helicopters to deploy high-precision bombs and missiles.
The suicide missions, having killed hundreds and maimed thousands of Israelis, are believed by some to have brought on a move to the political right, increasing public support for hard-line policies towards the Palestinians, and a government headed by the former general, prime minister Ariel Sharon. In response to the suicide bombings, Sharon's government has imposed restrictions on the Palestinian community, making commerce, travel, school, and other aspects of life difficult for the Palestinians, with the average Palestinian suffering due to the choices of the suicide bombers. The Separation barrier under construction seem to be part of the Israeli government's efforts to stop suicide bombers from entering Israel proper.
Social support by some for this activity remained, however, as of the calling of a truce at the end of June 2003. This may be due to the economic or social purpose of the suicide bombing and the bombers' refusal to accept external judgements on those who sanction them.
If the objective is to kill as many people as possible, suicide bombing by terrorists may thus "work" as a tactic in that it costs fewer lives than any conventional military tactic and targeting unarmed civilians is much easier than targeting soldiers. As an objective designed to achieve some form of favorable outcome, especially a political outcome, most believe it to be a failure. Terrorist campaigns involving the targeting of civilians have never won a war. Analysts believe that in order to win or succeed, any guerrilla or terrorist campaign must first transform into something more than a guerrilla or terrorist movement.<ref>http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20050723-092116-9131r.htm</ref> Such analysts believe that a terrorist cause has little political attraction and success may be achieved only by renouncing terrorism and transforming the passions into politics.
Often extremists assert that, because they are outclassed militarily, suicide bombings are necessary. For example, the former leader of Hamas Sheikh Ahmad Yassin stated: "Once we have warplanes and missiles, then we can think of changing our means of legitimate self-defense. But right now, we can only tackle the fire with our bare hands and sacrifice ourselves."<ref>Quoted in Mia Bloom, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005) p. 3-4.</ref>
Such views are challenged both from the outside and from within Islam. According to Islamic jurist and scholar Khaled Abou Al-Fadl,
The classical jurists, nearly without exception, argued that those who attack by stealth, while targeting noncombatants in order to terrorize the resident and wayfarer, are corrupters of the earth. "Resident and wayfarer" was a legal expression that meant that whether the attackers terrorize people in their urban centers or terrorize travelers, the result was the same: all such attacks constitute a corruption of the earth. The legal term given to people who act this way was muharibun (those who wage war against society), and the crime is called the crime of hiraba (waging war against society). The crime of hiraba was so serious and repugnant that, according to Islamic law, those guilty of this crime were considered enemies of humankind and were not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere. ... Those who are familiar with the classical tradition will find the parallels between what were described as crimes of hiraba and what is often called terrorism today nothing short of remarkable. The classical jurists considered crimes such as assassinations, setting fires, or poisoning water wells - that could indiscriminately kill the innocent - as offenses of hiraba. Furthermore, hijacking methods of transportation or crucifying people in order to spread fear and terror are also crimes of hiraba. Importantly, Islamic law strictly prohibited the taking of hostages, the mutilation of corpses, and torture.<ref>Khaled Abou Al-Fadl: The Great Theft. Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (HarperCollins 2005. ISBN 0-06-056339-7) p.243</ref>
[edit] The Islamic View
The vast majority of mainstream Islamic judicial opinion rejects suicide for any reason.<ref>http://islam.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=islam&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatwa-online.com%2Fworship%2Fjihaad%2Fjih004%2Findex.htm</ref><ref>http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?Option=FatwaId&lang=E&Id=699</ref>
According to Professor Charles A. Kimball, chair of the Department of Religion at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, "There is only one verse in the Qur'an that contains a phrase related to suicide", Verse 4:29 of the Qur'an.<ref>http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/004.qmt.html</ref> It reads O you who believe! Do not consume your wealth in the wrong way-rather through trade mutually agreed to, and do not kill yourselves. Surely God is Merciful toward you. Some commentators believe that the phrase "do not kill yourselves" is better translated "do not kill each other", and some translations (e.g. Shakir) reflect that view. (A note on the Qur'an's unique textual density is perhaps in order here: It is not uncommon for a single Qur'anic Arabic phrase to embrace two or more complementary meanings at the same time, and this may be the case with 4:29.)
Mainstream Islamic groups such as the European Council for Fatwa and Research use the Quran'ic verse Al-Anam 6:151 (And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law) as further reason to prohibit suicide.<ref>http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503549272&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaEAskTheScholar</ref> In addition, the hadith unambiguously forbid suicide.<ref>http://www.aljazeerah.info/Islam/Islamic%20subjects/2004%20subjects/June/Committing%20Suicide%20Is%20Strictly%20Forbidden%20in%20Islam,%20Adil%20Salahi.htm</ref>
A contrary view is presented by Faisal Bodi writing in The Guardian, who said many Muslims celebrate suicide bombers as heroes defending things they hold sacred.<ref>Template:Cite web - "In the Muslim world, then, we celebrate what we call the martyr-bombers. To us they are heroes defending the things we hold sacred. Polls in the Middle East show 75% of people in favour of martyr-bombings."</ref>
A tiny minority of Muslim clerics, while condemning the London bombings, have stated that under certain circumstances Islamic suicide bombings are justified. For example, Sayed Mohammed Musawi, head of the World Islamic League in London, insisted "there should be a clear distinction between the suicide bombing of those who are trying to defend themselves from occupiers, which is something different from those who kill civilians, which is a big crime."<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/22/AR2005072201629.html</ref> This is, however, far from the mainstream opinion; an overwhelming consensus of Muslim scholars hold that suicide attacks are simply forbidden.
Nevertheless, Islamist militant organisations (including Al-Qaeda, Hamas and Islamic Jihad) continue to argue that suicide operations are justified according to Islamic law, despite Islam's strict prohibition of suicide and murder.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20041011230417/abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/ruling.html</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20041009222904/abdulhaqq.jeeran.com/fatwa_sheikh_qaradhawi.html</ref> Irshad Manji, in a conversation with one leader of Islamic Jihad noted their ideology.
"What's the difference between suicide, which the Koran condemns, and martyrdom?" I asked. "Suicide," he replied, "is done out of despair. But remember: most of our martyrs today were very successful in their earthly lives." In short, there was a future to live for--and they detonated it anyway.
Since the four suicide bombings in London, there have been many scholastic refutations of suicide bombings from Sunni Muslims. Ihsanic Intelligence, a London-based Islamic think-tank, published their two-year study into suicide bombings in the name of Islam, titled 'The Hijacked Caravan',<ref>http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf</ref> which concluded that, "The technique of suicide bombing is anathema, antithetical and abhorrent to Sunni Islam. It is considered legally forbidden, constituting a reprehensible innovation in the Islamic tradition, morally an enormity of sin combining suicide and murder and theologically an act which has consequences of eternal damnation."<ref>http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/isl/0-sbm/The.Hijacked.Caravan.html</ref> The Oxford-based Malayist jurist, Shaykh Muhammad Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti, issued his landmark fatwa on suicide bombing and targeting innocent civilians, titled 'Defending the Transgressed, by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians', where he states suicide bombing in its most widespread form, is forbidden: 'If the attack involves a bomb placed on the body or placed so close to the bomber that when the bomber detonates it the bomber is certain [yaqin] to die, then the More Correct Position according to us is that it does constitute suicide. This is because the bomber, being also the Maqtul [the one killed], is unquestionably the same Qatil [the immediate/active agent that kills] = Qatil Nafsahu [suicide]"<ref>http://www.livingislam.org/k/dcmm_e.html</ref>
In January of 2006, one of Shia Islam's highest ranking marja clerics, Ayatollah al-Udhma Yousof al-Sanei also decreed a fatwa against suicide bombing, declaring it as a "terrorist act".<ref>http://www.adnki.com/index_2Level.php?cat=Terrorism&loid=8.0.245083220&par=0</ref>
[edit] Usage and related terms
The usage of the term "suicide bombing" dates back to at least 1940. An August 10, 1940 New York Times article mentions the term in relation to German tactics. A March 4, 1942 article refers to a Japanese attempt at a "suicide bombing" on an American carrier. The Times (London) of April 15, 1947, page 2, refers to a new pilotless, radio-controlled rocket missile thus: "Designed originally as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber,' it is now a potent weapon for defence or offence." The quotes are in the original and suggest that the phrase was an existing one. An earlier article (Aug 21, 1945, page 6) refers to a kamikaze plane as a "suicide-bomb."
The term with the meaning "an attacker blowing up himself or a vehicle to kill others" appeared in 1981 when it was used in an Associated Press article to describe the bombing of the Iraqi Embassy in Beirut.
In order to assign either a more positive or negative connotation to the act, suicide bombing is sometimes referred to by different terms. Islamists often call the act a isshtahad (meaning martyrdom operation), and the suicide bomber a shahid (pl. shuhada, literally 'witness' and usually translated as 'martyr'). The term denotes one who died in order to testify his faith in God (Allah), for example those who die while waging jihad bis saif; it is applied to suicide bombers, by the Palestinian Authority among others, in part to overcome Islamic strictures against suicide. This term has been embraced by Hamas, Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Fatah and other Palestinian factions engaging in suicide bombings. (The title is by no means restricted to suicide bombers and can be used for a wide range of people, including innocent victims; Muhammad al-Durra, for example, is among the most famous shuhada of the Intifada, and even a few non-Palestinians such as Tom Hurndall and Rachel Corrie have been called shahid.)
[edit] "Homicide bombing"
Some effort has been made to replace the term suicide bombing with the term homicide bombing. The first such use was by White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer in April 2002.<ref>http://www.wordspy.com/words/homicidebombing.asp</ref> The Fox News Channel and the New York Post, both owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, are two media organizations that have adopted the term.
Arguably, "homicide bombing" is a less useful term. Although it correctly indicates that the bomber's primary objective is the death of others, it fails to capture the distinctive feature of suicide bombings, namely the bombers' use of means which they are aware will inevitably bring about their own deaths. For instance, Timothy McVeigh and Theodore Kaczynski could both ostensibly be called "homicide bombers," but neither could be called a "suicide bomber." To this extent it has also been argued that all bombings are "homicide bombings", as loss of life is their inherent aim.
[edit] "Genocide bombing"
Another attempted replacement is genocide bombing. The term was coined in 2002 by Canadian member of parliament Irwin Cotler, in an effort to replace the term "homicide bomber" as a substitute for "suicide bomber."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The intention was to focus attention on the alleged intention of genocide by militant Palestinians in their calls to "Wipe Israel off the map."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This term is not common.
[edit] "Islamikaze"
In 1997, Professor Raphael Israeli coined the term Islamikaze as a proposed description for Islamic suicide bombers.<ref name=Islamikaze1>Template:Cite journal See also Israeli, Raphael (2002-05-01). Green Crescent Over Nazareth: The Displacement of Christians by Muslims in the Holy Land. Routledge (UK), 70, fn.23. ISBN 0-7146-5258-X., in which Professor Israeli repeats the claim that his 1997 article coined the term "Islamikaze."</ref> According to Professor Israeli, he developed the term "Islamikaze" in an effort to signify that the primary goal of "suicide bombers" is not suicide but the infliction of damage to the enemy.<ref name=JerusalemLetter>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The term has not entered into widespread usage.<ref name=MuslimPolitics>Eikelman, Dale, James Piscatori (2004-07-26). Muslim Politics. Princeton University Press, ix. ISBN 0-691-12053-6. "In this environment, Islamikaze, a term proposed by an Israeli colleague of Moroccan origin (Israeli 2003), is unlikely to catch on."</ref> Primarily, it continues to be used in Professor Israeli's own publications and in works discussing Professor Israeli's publications. For example, the most prominent usage of the term is probably Professor Israeli's 2003 book.<ref name=Israeli2003>Israeli, Rafael (2003-08-30). Islamikaze: Manifestations of Islamic Martyrology. Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-8391-4.</ref> Other examples of recent usage of the term include Stephen Blackwell, who criticizes Israeli's coinage as a "flippant phrase" that "demonstrates a fundamental ignorance of Islamic culture",<ref name=Blackwell>Template:Cite journal</ref> and former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn, who discusses whether Israeli's concept of "Islamikazes" as motivated by military rather than suicidal goals may be helpful in profiling possible suicide bombers.<ref name=Nunn>Template:Cite journal</ref>
[edit] Notes
[edit] See also
- Jing Ke
- Hassan-i Sabbah
- Forlorn hope
- Human wave attack
- Assassination
- Baby Suicide Bomber
- Child suicide bombers in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Female suicide bomber
- Using animals instead of suicide
- Al Fateh
- List of Hamas suicide attacks
- List of Palestinian Islamic Jihad suicide attacks
- List of Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades suicide attacks
- The Tailor of Death
- Suicide attacks in popular culture
[edit] External links, resources, references
[3] See Pierre Rehov's latest film : "Suicide Killers"
Channel 4's Cult of the Suicide Bomber
- The psychology of Palestinian suicide bombing and Israeli paranoia
- The Economic Logic of Suicide Terrorism by Mark HarrisonPDF
- The Logic of Suicide Terrorism by Bruce Hoffman published in The Atlantic Magazine June 2003
- Suicide Bombers Why do they do it, and what does Islam say about their actions?
- The Hijacked Caravan Study refuting suicide bombing in Islam by Ihsanic Intelligence
- Defending the Transgressed Fatwa against suicide bombing by Shaykh Muhammad Afifi al-Akiti
- What makes suicide bombers tick? - Suicide bomber profile and info
- The Culture of Martyrdom How suicide bombing became not just a means but an end by David Brooks in The Atlantic Magazine June 2002
- Erased In A Moment Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians [Human Rights Watch]
- History of use of the phrase "suicide bomber"
- USAF Suicide Bombers Intelligence Brief
- Has Israel beaten the suicide bombers? The Telegraph.
- Women Armed for Terror - list of women terrorist-bombers.
- An Islamist view of Martyrdom Operations
- The mechanics of a living bomb
- Chronology of suicide bomb attacks by Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
- How a laser device can detect a suicide bomber's explosives belt or chemical weapons from dozens of meters away - A web article
- short clip showing the victims of Palestinian suicide bombing Warning: Graphic Images
- An examination of the most thoroughly stated 'fatwa' approving of suicide bombing. By Abdassamad Clarke
- Suicide Killers - 2006 Documentary by Pierre Rehov
- Cult of the Suicide Bomber- a television history by ex-CIA agent Robert Baer
- Canadians Against Suicide Bombing Salim Mansur leading member
- Suicide Terrorism: Rationalizing the Irrational
- Concept Wizard - Mideast Conflict presentations Flash, various languages
- IMAGINE Flash, images of bombings
[edit] Further reading
- Rex Hudson (2002), Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Lyons Press, ISBN 1-58574-754-8
- Mia Bloom (2005), Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-13320-0
- Robert Pape (2005), Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, Random House, ISBN 1-4000-6317-5
- Diego Gambetta, Editor (2005), Making Sense of Suicide Missions, OUP, ISBN 0-19-927699-4
- Farhad Khosrokhavar, translated by David Macey (2005), Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs, Pluto Press, ISBN 0-7453-2283-2
- Martin Kramer. 1996. Sacrifice and "Self-Martyrdom" in Shi'ite Lebanon.
- Bernard B. Fall. 1966. Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu. Da Capo Press. (References to suicide bombers on pages 352 and 368).
- Rosemarie Skaine (2006), "Female Suicide Bombers", McFarland Publishers, ISBN 0-7864-2615-2
- M.R. Narayan Swamy. 1996. Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas, 2nd Ed. Vijitha Yapa Bookshop (Colombo).
- Dr. Eyad Sarraj. "Why we have become Suicide Bombers".התאבדות
- Gerhart Scheit. 2005. Suicide Attack ISBN 3-924627-87-8 (German)
- Reuter, Christoph trans. Ragg-Kirby, Helena. My Life is a Weapon: A Modern History of Suicide Bombing. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2004.
- Davis, Joyce M. (2004). Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6681-8.ar:عملية انتحارية
de:Selbstmordattentat es:Atentado suicida fr:Attentat-suicide id:Serangan bunuh diri he:פיגוע התאבדות nl:Zelfmoordaanslag ja:自爆テロ no:Selvmordsbombe simple:Suicide bomber fi:Itsemurhaisku sv:Självmordsbombning zh:自殺攻擊


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Evolution Fuels Executes Letter of Intent for First Fuel Station
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DALLAS -- Evolution Fuels Inc. executed a letter of intent to enter into a lease agreement for the company's first fuel station under the brand "Evolution Fuels." The station will be located in the heart of the Dallas metropolis, near the upscale Park Cities neighborhood, the "uptown" area, and the Turtle Creek neighborhood, and will serve as the first "marquee" location for the company's planned rollout of its branded stations, the company reported.
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Although the octane content actually increases going from E10 to E30, the company foresees the pricing to be $0.05 to $0.10 per gallon lower for the E20 product compared to E10, and likewise the same discount for the E30 product compared to E20.
The company also plans to offer specialty foods, beverages and other products in order to help create a recognizable brand as it rolls out more stations according to its business plan, the company reported.
Evolution Fuels expects to sign the definitive lease agreement pursuant to the non-binding letter of intent within the next 30 to 60 days.
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text: Editor's Note: TheStreet ratings do not represent the views of TheStreet's staff or its contributors. Ratings are established by computer based on metrics for performance (which includes growth, stock performance, efficiency and valuation) and risk (volatility and solvency). Companies with poor cash flow or high debt levels tend to earn lower ratings in our model All three major indices are trading down today with the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( ^DJI) trading down 155 points (-1.0%) at 15,255 as of Wednesday, May 29, 2013, 12:50 PM ET. The NYSE advances/declines ratio sits at 466 issues advancing vs. 2,548 declining with 68 unchanged. The Insurance industry currently sits down 0.58 versus the S&P 500, which is down 0.89. A company within the industry that fell today was Erie Indemnity Company ( ERIE), up 4.99. TheStreet Ratings group would like to highlight 3 stocks pushing the industry lower today: 3. Chubb ( CB) is one of the companies pushing the Insurance industry lower today. As of noon trading, Chubb is down $0.84 (-1.0%) to $87.05 on average volume Thus far, 412,970 shares of Chubb exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 1.0 million shares. The stock has ranged in price between $86.81-$87.47 after having opened the day at $87.32 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $87.89. The Chubb Corporation, through its subsidiaries, provides property and casualty insurance to businesses and individuals. Chubb has a market cap of $22.8 billion and is part of the financial sector. The company has a P/E ratio of 13.9, below the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 17.7. Shares are up 16.7% year to date as of the close of trading on Tuesday. Currently there are 8 analysts that rate Chubb a buy, no analysts rate it a sell, and 8 rate it a hold. TheStreet Ratings rates Chubb as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, increase in stock price during the past year, increase in net income, attractive valuation levels and largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company shows low profit margins. Get the full Chubb Ratings Report now. STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12-months. Learn more.


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In this week's "Advocate Sports: Southern University podcast," Advocate Online Sports Editor Pierce W. Huff and Advocate sportswriter Les East talk about if any Southern football coaches may or may not be on the move for next year, the football facility improvements, the men's basketball team playing host to Champion Baptist College on Tuesday and the pending NCAA sanctions.
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Mild November = Cycling!!!
Saturday, November 17, 2012
Yesterday I got 14 miles on my road bike, and I've still been riding to school every day too, although the weather hasn't been as warm in the morning so I've been driving part of the way to school and then pulling my bike out of the back of the van to ride around campus. It takes a lot of pressure off my foot when I can ride instead of walk everywhere!
Anyway it's amazing how much better I feel when I'm on a bike!!! After I got that ride done, I went on about my day, and it was a pretty crappy day, I won't lie. I had class and I worked at the food pantry, and my husband got the wrong medication and flipped out on the whole family, but through it all, I felt pretty good because I got that morning ride!!! I can't believe it's been in the 50's the past couple of days!!! I'm so thankful for this weather so I can get out and do what I love.
Tomorrow is the Clare House 5K. It is for the food pantry I work at, and I'm excited about it! I'm really focusing on doing the shorter races, as many as I can, so I will be ready for my triathlons next summer. I'm not even convinced that I will be able to run much longer, with all this foot stuff that's happened this past year. I'm trying really hard to hang in there, I'm trying really hard to LIKE it, and I do, usually...just the foot pain gets to me SO MUCH!!! I hope as I continue to lose weight, that it will be less pressure on my foot and the pain will eventually stop!!!
Anyway! I'm pretty happy with my eating. Yesterday I had a slip at b-fast but then reined it in at lunch and dinner...and today, I did good and had veggies at lunch and at dinner, and my husband made pulled pork in the crockpot and I had that without the bun, and I've loaded up on the water again. I'm doing really good. I think tomorrow I'll be ready to start counting again. :)
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Manchester: A bizarre own goal from West Ham's James Collins helped Manchester City back to winning ways in the English Premier League.
West Ham 'keeper Adrian watches the ball go in from a James Collins header against Manchester City at Etihad Stadium. Pic/Getty Images
Top scorer Sergio Aguero was also on target as the fallen champions, after a horrendous run of six defeats in eight games, claimed a welcome and routine 2-0 victory at the Etihad Stadium.
Collins set them on their way when he contrived to lob goalkeeper Adrian when an attempted interception went wrong before Aguero added to the tally before half-time.
It was not enough to lift City back into the top three but at least increased the gap to fifth-placed Liverpool — with heat increasing in the race for Champions League positions — to seven points.
The result is also unlikely to alleviate the pressure on City manager Manuel Pellegrini much.


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Optoma Announces Three 3D-Ready Data Projectors
LAS VEGAS Optoma is adding three 3D-ready models to its PRO series of portable data projectors. The PRO360W, PRO260X and PRO160S each provide 3,000 ANSI lumens and a 3000:1 contrast ratio. All are equipped with a full complement of inputs, including HDMI, VGA-in/out, S-Video, Composite Video, Stereo Audio-In/Out and RS-232, for connection to multiple sources. Each of the new projectors weighs 5 pounds.
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The three models are slated to begin shipping in February, the PRO360W priced at $749, the PRO260X at $649, and the PRO160S at $549.


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What made you want to look up out of business? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Meinl FS-BK Foot Shaker
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text:
My Outlook Express won't run anymore.
I had a power outage right as I was launching the program, and when I restarted the computer, something was wrong and I can't get the program to launch. The computer told me it was recovering from a serious error.
I spoke to the Dell support people and they got me to reinstall Windows, the upgrade mode, not the full reinstall, to try to fix it, and that didn't work, then they had me try something else, and now my computer reboots really slowly.
Other than not being able to run Outlook (it gives me an error message every time) and the slow start-up, my system seems to run fine. Ad-aware scan found nothing.
I'm wondering if I should just download that Mozilloa email program and leave it alone, but I'm worried I might have a virus or something that's just going to get worse.
Can anyone tell me how to speed up my reboot time and fix this Outlook Express trouble? The Dell support people are down to wiping the hard-drive and reinstalling the whole system, which I really don't want to do since everything else runs fine.
Somebody save me, again, please.
Here's my HT log, if that helps:
Logfile of HijackThis v1.97.7
Scan saved at 10:32:37 PM, on 5/20/2004
Platform: Windows XP (WinNT 5.01.2600)
MSIE: Internet Explorer v6.00 (6.00.2600.0000)
Running processes:
C:\Program Files\Norton AntiVirus\navapsvc.exe
C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Works Shared\WkUFind.exe
C:\Program Files\Netropa\OSD.exe
C:\Program Files\Real\RealPlayer\RealPlay.exe
C:\Program Files\Adaptec\Easy CD Creator 5\DirectCD\DirectCD.exe
C:\Program Files\MusicMatch\MusicMatch Jukebox\mm_tray.exe
C:\Program Files\Messenger\msmsgs.exe
C:\Program Files\Spybot - Search & Destroy\TeaTimer.exe
C:\Program Files\EarthLink TotalAccess\TaskPanl.exe
C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Works Shared\wkcalrem.exe
C:\Program Files\Workpace\WorkPace.exe
R0 - HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main,Start Page = http://google.com/
O2 - BHO: (no name) - {06849E9F-C8D7-4D59-B87D-784B7D6BE0B3} - C:\Program Files\Adobe\Acrobat 5.0\Reader\ActiveX\AcroIEHelper.ocx
O2 - BHO: EarthLink Popup Blocker - {4B5F2E08-6F39-479a-B547-B2026E4C7EDF} - C:\Program Files\EarthLink TotalAccess\PnEL.dll
O2 - BHO: (no name) - {53707962-6F74-2D53-2644-206D7942484F} - C:\PROGRA~1\SPYBOT~1\SDHelper.dll
O2 - BHO: NAV Helper - {BDF3E430-B101-42AD-A544-FADC6B084872} - C:\Program Files\Norton AntiVirus\NavShExt.dll
O2 - BHO: (no name) - {FDD3B846-8D59-4ffb-8758-209B6AD74ACC} - C:\Program Files\Microsoft Money\System\mnyviewer.dll
O3 - Toolbar: Norton AntiVirus - {42CDD1BF-3FFB-4238-8AD1-7859DF00B1D6} - C:\Program Files\Norton AntiVirus\NavShExt.dll
O3 - Toolbar: Pop-Up Blocker - {D7F30B62-8269-41AF-9539-B2697FA7D77E} - C:\Program Files\EarthLink TotalAccess\PnEL.dll
O3 - Toolbar: &Radio - {8E718888-423F-11D2-876E-00A0C9082467} - C:\WINDOWS\System32\msdxm.ocx
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [Microsoft Works Update Detection] C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Works Shared\WkUFind.exe
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [NvCplDaemon] RUNDLL32.EXE NvQTwk,NvCplDaemon initialize
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [DellTouch] C:\WINDOWS\DELLMMKB.EXE
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [UpdReg] C:\WINDOWS\Updreg.exe
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [AHQInit] C:\Program Files\Creative\SBLive\Program\AHQInit.exe
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [NAV Agent] C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~1\navapw32.exe
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [RealTray] C:\Program Files\Real\RealPlayer\RealPlay.exe SYSTEMBOOTHIDEPLAYER
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [AdaptecDirectCD] "C:\Program Files\Adaptec\Easy CD Creator 5\DirectCD\DirectCD.exe"
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [MMTray] C:\Program Files\MusicMatch\MusicMatch Jukebox\mm_tray.exe
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [THGuard] "C:\Program Files\TrojanHunter 3.7\THGuard.exe"
O4 - HKLM\..\Run: [Ad-aware] "C:\Program Files\Lavasoft\Ad-aware 6\Ad-aware.exe" +c
O4 - HKCU\..\Run: [MSMSGS] "C:\Program Files\Messenger\msmsgs.exe" /background
O4 - HKCU\..\Run: [Symantec NetDriver Monitor] C:\PROGRA~1\Symantec\LIVEUP~1\SNDMon.EXE
O4 - HKCU\..\Run: [SpybotSD TeaTimer] C:\Program Files\Spybot - Search & Destroy\TeaTimer.exe
O4 - HKCU\..\Run: [E6TaskPanel] "C:\Program Files\EarthLink TotalAccess\TaskPanl.exe" -winstart
O4 - Startup: WorkPace.LNK = C:\Program Files\Workpace\WorkPace.exe
O4 - Global Startup: Microsoft Works Calendar Reminders.lnk = ?
O6 - HKCU\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Control Panel present
O8 - Extra context menu item: Add to Ad Hunter - C:\Program Files\MYIE2\config/blacklist.htm
O9 - Extra button: MoneySide (HKLM)
O12 - Plugin for .spop: C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer\Plugins\NPDocBox.dll
O16 - DPF: {2042B57E-6336-459E-B7CE-2A0F6C9E6AF8} (IEPlayInterface Class) - http://www.lotrdvd.c...ds/iaieplay.dll
O16 - DPF: {74D05D43-3236-11D4-BDCD-00C04F9A3B61} (HouseCall Control) - http://a840.g.akamai...all/xscan53.cab
O16 - DPF: {9F1C11AA-197B-4942-BA54-47A8489BB47F} (Update Class) - http://v4.windowsupd...7959.4471759259
O16 - DPF: {D27CDB6E-AE6D-11CF-96B8-444553540000} (Shockwave Flash Object) - http://download.macr...ash/swflash.cab
Outlook Express won't launch!
Started by Ed Brubaker, May 21 2004 12:40 AM
3 replies to this topic
Posted 21 May 2004 - 12:40 AM
Posted 21 May 2004 - 03:45 AM
Do you have system restore enabled? How about trying a restore point prior to power outage...
Failure is not an option, it comes bundled with the software.
Posted 21 May 2004 - 11:21 AM
Tried and failed. And trying to reinstall directly from the XP disk did nothing as well.
And for some reason, my Image Expert program now needs to install itself (which takes only ten seconds) every time I open it.
And for some reason, my Image Expert program now needs to install itself (which takes only ten seconds) every time I open it.
Posted 22 May 2004 - 03:34 AM
It looks as though you may have to reinstall your xp as internet explorer & outlook are the same package. I have found alink which i think the dell people talked you through which is here
which tells you how to try & fix
also this forums gives some pointers which may help
hope you get it fixed
It looks as though you may have to reinstall your xp as internet explorer & outlook are the same package. I have found alink which i think the dell people talked you through which is here
which tells you how to try & fix
also this forums gives some pointers which may help
hope you get it fixed
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SHEPHERDSVILLE – Following a rebuilding season that saw the team win just ten games, the Bullitt Central Cougars look to parlay a wealth of experience into another successful season this winter.
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Galactik Football is definately one of the best shows on Jetix right now, and is it any wonder why?
Alphanim has brought magic to a concept which would have otherwise been completely boring in this show, with conspiracy and competition going hand in hand.
As the name suggests, the show focuses on a football team from a planet named Akillian, which was the victim of a mysterious exxplosion caused by a miraculous force caused flux, which is unique to every planet. Due to this explosion, Akillian's flux, the Breath vanished.
But 15 years later, at the start of the series, the breath returns after star striker of the old Team Akillian, Aarch, comes back to form a football team with new, young players.
Whilst this is going on, there's a subplot involving a corrupt company, Technoid, who's vice president Bleylock is out to get complete control of the Galaxy.
Even people who aren't fans of football will find this series exciting and interesting, I highly recommend!


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This video will have you laughing like crazy. A viral video of a Russian baby laughing and cackling like an evil genius is absolutely hysterical.
See for yourself.
This adorable, but interesting little baby sounds like something right out of a funny cartoon or movie.
If this video doesn't put a smile on your face, then there's something seriously wrong.


text:
NASHVILLE, Tenn. — Here is the expected lineup that the Ducks (32-8-5) will start with against the Nashville Predators on Thursday night at Bridgestone Arena. Jonas Hiller has won 12 in a row in goal but Frederik Andersen (9-2-0, 1.98 GAA, .927 SV%) will give him a break and start for the first time since Dec. 29 in San Jose. Dustin Penner (elbow) will sit out his second straight game but may be ready for Saturday against Phoenix. Bryan Allen (foot) is on injured reserve and not on the trip.
Matt Beleskey-Ryan Getzlaf-Corey Perry
Kyle Palmieri-Mathieu Perreault-Teemu Selanne
Daniel Winnik-Saku Koivu-Andrew Cogliano
Patrick Maroon-Nick Bonino-Tim Jackman
Cam Fowler-Ben Lovejoy
Hampus Lindholm-Francois Beauchemin
Mark Fistric-Sami Vatanen
— And here is the expected lineup for the Predators (19-19-6), who are coming off a 3-2 home win over San Jose but sit in sixth place in the Central Division. Star goalie Pekka Rinne is still on crutches as he recovers from a hip infection. Marek Mazanec (8-8-3, 2.78 GAA, .905 SV%) stopped 26 shots against the Sharks and will be back in goal. Patric Hornqvist (lower body) will sit out and is day-to-day. Filip Forsberg, who was the most valuable player for Sweden in the recent world junior tournament, is back in Nashville but won't dress.
Colin Wilson-Mike Fisher-Craig Smith
Nick Spaling-David Legwand-Gabriel Bourque
Eric Nystrom-Matt Cullen-Viktor Stalberg
Rich Clune-Paul Gaustad-Matt Hendricks
Roman Josi-Shea Weber
Mattias Ekholm-Seth Jones
Kevin Klein-Ryan Ellis


text:
Controversial new traffic lights - the construction of which has caused road rage for scores of Aylesbury drivers and residents - are finally being switched on today.
The Tring Road lights at Bedgrove and Broughton Lane, replacing the roundabout, have been under construction for months but will go live after rush hour, ahead of schedule.
Transport chiefs hope the lights will bring relief for motorists, whose journeys have been blighted by long delays along the road.
The switch on at Bedgrove is the culmination of work that began back in January, with the changes agreed as part of the deal to allow the Arla megadairy near Aston Clinton to go ahead.
But while bosses will hope the end of construction brings some relief, they have admitted that there was never any pressure on Arla to make the junctions any better, with the company only required not to create a 'severely' worse situation.
Bucks County Councillor Phil Gomm, who represents Aylesbury East, where the lights are situated, said he hopes people begin to see an improvement.
Mr Gomm said: "Now will be the time to see if they're going to work together like I have been told.
"Once they get things operating I think it will make it work a lot better than it has been.
"I will be glad to see the junction opening up again. It's going to be a fantastic relief for everybody.
"It's going to improve the situation that we are in but it's not going to solve the problem of the amount of traffic coming into the area. It's not a permanent fix."
The Bucks Herald letters pages have been inundated with complaints about the Bedgrove works and the King Edward Avenue/Oakfield lights.
What do you think of the new lights? Write to use at email@example.com


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Nothing official has been released so far concerning the next installment of the Call of Duty brand, and given Activision's track record that won't be the case for long. But an early leak seems to unveil the official logo for Black Ops 2, and promises that more information on the game will be coming on April 28, 2012.
The new leak may not clear up any of the new multiplayer game mode details that previously surfaced, but will surely get fans of online multiplayer talking. We've been hoping that more information would arrive on exactly how as contained and historically-anchored a narrative as Black Ops could be given a sequel in Black Ops 2, and whether or not the same cast of characters would be returning.
Unfortunately, all MP1st managed to get their hands on was the reported title card for the game, not particularly notable for the art style or… font. What is compelling is the date of April 28, 2012 seeming to imply that the last Saturday of April is the day fans should mark on their calendars. Since the existence of the game surprises no one, it's safe to assume that an announcement trailer will arrive at that time.
If more leaks don't appear before then, that is:
Even though a sequel was a foregone conclusion when Black Ops become a runaway success, Activision has been silencing reports on Black Ops 2, even going so far as apparently blacklisting news outlets. Hopefully this logo leak won't be excessively punished (seriously, they added a '2') and before long Treyarch and Activision will be more forthcoming with information.
Don't expect any excessive gameplay footage from a debut trailer, since the release is still a long way away. We'll settle for an idea of the story, as curiosity still runs high on how committed the development team will be to their 1960s-era-brainwashing backdrop. The first trailer could also help clear up the debate over CoD's foray onto the PlayStation Vita, and whether or not Black Ops 2 will release on the handheld.
Is Black Ops 2 a game that you're looking forward to this coming year? Or is the growing range of triple-A franchises releasing this holiday season already capturing more of your attention?
Black Ops 2 is expected to release in November 2012 for the PC, PS3 and Xbox 360. Apparently, more information will be arriving April 28, 2012. We'll keep you updated.
Follow me on Twitter @andrew_dyce.
Source: MP1st